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refactor(swc-plugin): remove client transform mode, merge into step mode#1686

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refactor(swc-plugin): remove client transform mode, merge into step mode#1686
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@TooTallNate TooTallNate commented Apr 10, 2026 •
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Summary

  • Remove the client transform mode from the SWC compiler plugin, merging it into step mode
  • The plugin now has 3 modes (Step, Workflow, Detect) instead of 4
  • All integrations that previously used mode: 'client' now use mode: 'step'

Motivation

The client and step modes were nearly identical — both preserved step function bodies, replaced workflow bodies with throw stubs, and emitted the same JSON manifest. The only differences were:

  1. Registration mechanism: client used a simple .stepId property assignment; step used an IIFE with global Map registration
  2. Dead code elimination: client ran DCE; step did not
  3. Object property step call sites: client replaced inline functions with hoisted variable references; step kept the original inline copy

None of these differences were fundamentally necessary. Merging them simplifies the codebase by ~450 lines of Rust and removes 67 test fixture files.

What changed in step mode

  • DCE now runs — removes dead code just like it did in client mode, preserving step bodies and their dependencies
  • Object property steps use hoisted variable references at call sites so .stepId is accessible on the same function object
  • IIFE registration is unchanged — all step functions are registered in the global Map

Changed packages

Package Change
@workflow/swc-plugin Removed Client variant from TransformMode enum, ~450 lines of client-specific match arms
@workflow/next loader.ts now always uses mode: 'step'
@workflow/builders base-builder.ts, apply-swc-transform.ts, swc-esbuild-plugin.ts — removed 'client' from types and mode values
@workflow/cli Removed 'client' from transform command options
@workflow/rollup Changed mode: 'client' to mode: 'step'
@workflow/nest Changed mode: 'client' to mode: 'step'
@workflow/swc-playground-wasm Removed client output from batch transform

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🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

Passed Failed Skipped Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production 923 0 67 990
❌ 💻 Local Development 821 1 168 990
❌ 📦 Local Production 897 1 182 1080
❌ 🐘 Local Postgres 897 1 182 1080
✅ 🪟 Windows 82 0 8 90
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds 133 74 24 231
✅ 📋 Other 228 0 42 270
Total 3981 77 673 4731

❌ Failed Tests

💻 Local Development (1 failed)

nuxt-stable (1 failed):

  • runClassSerializationWorkflow - Run instances serialize across workflow/step boundaries | wrun_01KNWFWGNCRXG3NFCTFRKASBKE
📦 Local Production (1 failed)

nextjs-turbopack-stable (1 failed):

  • error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
🐘 Local Postgres (1 failed)

nextjs-turbopack-stable (1 failed):

  • error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
🌍 Community Worlds (74 failed)

mongodb (7 failed):

  • hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNWFHWV6ABZ9HAAV8ZBCSSPP
  • webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KNWFJ6AAR8240ZJKB0DE8MB9
  • fetchWorkflow | wrun_01KNWFNP7ZYKPHAP50YZ5DM193
  • concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNWFT8QKNX84VHY2BZA2CPEJ
  • health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
  • health check (CLI) - workflow health command reports healthy endpoints
  • resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KNWG1AA252HQN4ERYXGJD0T1

redis (7 failed):

  • hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNWFHWV6ABZ9HAAV8ZBCSSPP
  • webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KNWFJ6AAR8240ZJKB0DE8MB9
  • fetchWorkflow | wrun_01KNWFNP7ZYKPHAP50YZ5DM193
  • concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNWFT8QKNX84VHY2BZA2CPEJ
  • health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
  • health check (CLI) - workflow health command reports healthy endpoints
  • resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KNWG1AA252HQN4ERYXGJD0T1

turso (60 failed):

  • addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KNWFGNZ2QZPEP9506T66Y60J
  • addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KNWFGNZ2QZPEP9506T66Y60J
  • wellKnownAgentWorkflow (.well-known/agent) | wrun_01KNWFHCD4PCYAVQC7KKGFGJ8Q
  • should work with react rendering in step
  • promiseAllWorkflow | wrun_01KNWFGX5FP40TH7XKK1V4RV9F
  • promiseRaceWorkflow | wrun_01KNWFH23F6B00DKGQ8X8MJVGT
  • promiseAnyWorkflow | wrun_01KNWFH4CEMDQNH9DY2SRZTWVR
  • importedStepOnlyWorkflow | wrun_01KNWFHR0PF0XJW43G3E6PM7ZC
  • hookWorkflow | wrun_01KNWFHGFKK40GTGGMNHJJCVES
  • hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNWFHWV6ABZ9HAAV8ZBCSSPP
  • webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KNWFJ6AAR8240ZJKB0DE8MB9
  • sleepingWorkflow | wrun_01KNWFJCMVAG94T8HXW6NPDGN5
  • parallelSleepWorkflow | wrun_01KNWFJRNCWVPNX0SEB9ASBFTK
  • nullByteWorkflow | wrun_01KNWFJXF8052GNQ77VCKFQC09
  • workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow | wrun_01KNWFJZS4DTJHZSGRH3JPADBT
  • fetchWorkflow | wrun_01KNWFNP7ZYKPHAP50YZ5DM193
  • promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow | wrun_01KNWFNSVJ4GXJB9VQRNDTRPCS
  • error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
  • error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
  • error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
  • error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
  • error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
  • error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
  • error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
  • error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
  • error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
  • error handling not registered WorkflowNotRegisteredError fails the run when workflow does not exist
  • error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the step but workflow can catch it
  • error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the run when not caught in workflow
  • hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion | wrun_01KNWFSK12ENERTQ4BSKFC18Q3
  • concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNWFT8QKNX84VHY2BZA2CPEJ
  • hookDisposeTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after explicit disposal while workflow still running | wrun_01KNWFTYA8SN3QM2JKTDM825PP
  • stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars) | wrun_01KNWFVKEQKZP79XX3S2X3RF1R
  • stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument | wrun_01KNWFVX7XQEXQZFCRJX809319
  • closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables | wrun_01KNWFW37NZPFAYV1HXHSK6V95
  • spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step | wrun_01KNWFW5JZKDMK6P3AR273EY3G
  • runClassSerializationWorkflow - Run instances serialize across workflow/step boundaries | wrun_01KNWFWGNCRXG3NFCTFRKASBKE
  • health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
  • health check (CLI) - workflow health command reports healthy endpoints
  • pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly | wrun_01KNWFX01AYT50QVMGTX7D8T0Q
  • Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class | wrun_01KNWFX6393C4F3JHMGYAGZ6KM
  • AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods | wrun_01KNWFXCJTCFAYY8V02ZK771WJ
  • ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class | wrun_01KNWFXKMBR102K6A7B0JV2M7T
  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply() | wrun_01KNWFXTQFCWMEASWJ7D7Y4P6M
  • customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE | wrun_01KNWFY1X9RRSJV6RB1MDHFN3B
  • instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive | wrun_01KNWFY8ZXVKE0MJ7YXMSD52YJ
  • crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context | wrun_01KNWFYP89MNVQWX526K219FQD
  • stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument | wrun_01KNWFYYK7H7NTD9TXXCSAYZV6
  • cancelRun - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KNWFZ5V3YY7GHE93Q4PV6VYJ
  • cancelRun via CLI - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KNWFZFH9XKXAK6PF73RXC54G
  • pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
  • pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
  • pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router
  • hookWithSleepWorkflow - hook payloads delivered correctly with concurrent sleep | wrun_01KNWFZW5SNB35VPG6XVCAX0KY
  • sleepInLoopWorkflow - sleep inside loop with steps actually delays each iteration | wrun_01KNWG0JFB7H4V0XEC0HNBEWWC
  • sleepWithSequentialStepsWorkflow - sequential steps work with concurrent sleep (control) | wrun_01KNWG0X5JRTHH1H57PB99RV7R
  • importMetaUrlWorkflow - import.meta.url is available in step bundles | wrun_01KNWG15N2E3NKAEJRQGD5M69C
  • metadataFromHelperWorkflow - getWorkflowMetadata/getStepMetadata work from module-level helper (#1577) | wrun_01KNWG1803PBTTT1ZF1H1ZVK8K
  • resilient start: addTenWorkflow completes when run_created returns 500 | wrun_01KNWG1AA252HQN4ERYXGJD0T1
  • getterStepWorkflow - getter functions with "use step" directive | wrun_01KNWG1DRE82HSWYYJ60W9X8M4

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production
App Passed Failed Skipped
✅ astro 83 0 7
✅ example 83 0 7
✅ express 83 0 7
✅ fastify 83 0 7
✅ hono 83 0 7
✅ nextjs-turbopack 88 0 2
✅ nextjs-webpack 88 0 2
✅ nitro 83 0 7
✅ nuxt 83 0 7
✅ sveltekit 83 0 7
✅ vite 83 0 7
❌ 💻 Local Development
App Passed Failed Skipped
✅ astro-stable 76 0 14
✅ express-stable 76 0 14
✅ fastify-stable 76 0 14
✅ hono-stable 76 0 14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary 63 0 27
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable 82 0 8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary 63 0 27
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable 82 0 8
❌ nuxt-stable 75 1 14
✅ sveltekit-stable 76 0 14
✅ vite-stable 76 0 14
❌ 📦 Local Production
App Passed Failed Skipped
✅ astro-stable 76 0 14
✅ express-stable 76 0 14
✅ fastify-stable 76 0 14
✅ hono-stable 76 0 14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary 63 0 27
❌ nextjs-turbopack-stable 81 1 8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary 63 0 27
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable 82 0 8
✅ nitro-stable 76 0 14
✅ nuxt-stable 76 0 14
✅ sveltekit-stable 76 0 14
✅ vite-stable 76 0 14
❌ 🐘 Local Postgres
App Passed Failed Skipped
✅ astro-stable 76 0 14
✅ express-stable 76 0 14
✅ fastify-stable 76 0 14
✅ hono-stable 76 0 14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary 63 0 27
❌ nextjs-turbopack-stable 81 1 8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary 63 0 27
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable 82 0 8
✅ nitro-stable 76 0 14
✅ nuxt-stable 76 0 14
✅ sveltekit-stable 76 0 14
✅ vite-stable 76 0 14
✅ 🪟 Windows
App Passed Failed Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack 82 0 8
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds
App Passed Failed Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev 6 0 0
❌ mongodb 56 7 8
✅ redis-dev 6 0 0
❌ redis 56 7 8
✅ turso-dev 6 0 0
❌ turso 3 60 8
✅ 📋 Other
App Passed Failed Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable 76 0 14
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable 76 0 14
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable 76 0 14

📋 View full workflow run

❌ Some E2E test jobs failed:

  • Vercel Prod: success
  • Local Dev: failure
  • Local Prod: failure
  • Local Postgres: failure
  • Windows: success

Check the workflow run for details.

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📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
💻 Local 🥇 Express 0.041s (+13.8% 🔺) 1.005s (~) 0.964s 10 1.00x
💻 Local Nitro 0.043s (+3.1%) 1.006s (~) 0.963s 10 1.04x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 0.054s (-18.5% 🟢) 1.010s (~) 0.955s 10 1.32x
🐘 Postgres Express 0.059s (+2.6%) 1.010s (~) 0.951s 10 1.43x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Nitro 0.218s (-15.8% 🟢) 2.098s (+4.0%) 1.880s 10 1.00x
▲ Vercel Express 0.248s (-4.1%) 2.014s (+11.8% 🔺) 1.766s 10 1.14x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 0.308s (+17.7% 🔺) 2.636s (+16.7% 🔺) 2.328s 10 1.41x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
💻 Local 🥇 Express 1.125s (+2.6%) 2.006s (~) 0.880s 10 1.00x
💻 Local Nitro 1.133s (~) 2.007s (~) 0.874s 10 1.01x
🐘 Postgres Express 1.144s (-0.5%) 2.011s (~) 0.867s 10 1.02x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 1.154s (~) 2.010s (~) 0.856s 10 1.03x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 1.991s (-2.7%) 4.117s (~) 2.126s 10 1.00x
▲ Vercel Express 2.006s (+1.2%) 3.441s (-10.9% 🟢) 1.435s 10 1.01x
▲ Vercel Nitro 2.534s (+32.9% 🔺) 4.028s (+5.2% 🔺) 1.494s 10 1.27x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Express 10.871s (~) 11.019s (~) 0.148s 3 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 10.897s (~) 11.020s (~) 0.124s 3 1.00x
💻 Local Express 10.920s (+2.7%) 11.022s (~) 0.102s 3 1.00x
💻 Local Nitro 10.968s (~) 11.024s (~) 0.055s 3 1.01x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 16.773s (-4.8%) 19.419s (-1.3%) 2.646s 2 1.00x
▲ Vercel Express 17.623s (-0.5%) 18.861s (-6.7% 🟢) 1.238s 2 1.05x
▲ Vercel Nitro 17.904s (-5.7% 🟢) 19.078s (-7.0% 🟢) 1.173s 2 1.07x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Nitro 14.527s (~) 15.023s (~) 0.496s 4 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Express 14.545s (~) 15.022s (~) 0.477s 4 1.00x
💻 Local Express 14.945s (+4.9%) 15.028s (~) 0.083s 4 1.03x
💻 Local Nitro 15.075s (~) 16.033s (+6.7% 🔺) 0.957s 4 1.04x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 30.358s (-15.0% 🟢) 32.125s (-15.1% 🟢) 1.768s 2 1.00x
▲ Vercel Nitro 31.143s (-8.7% 🟢) 32.811s (-9.1% 🟢) 1.668s 2 1.03x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 32.110s (-16.2% 🟢) 34.322s (-14.7% 🟢) 2.212s 2 1.06x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Nitro 13.966s (-1.1%) 14.452s (-1.9%) 0.486s 7 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Express 14.223s (+2.0%) 15.026s (+5.0%) 0.803s 6 1.02x
💻 Local Express 16.787s (+11.6% 🔺) 17.030s (+9.7% 🔺) 0.243s 6 1.20x
💻 Local Nitro 16.962s (+1.3%) 17.365s (+2.0%) 0.403s 6 1.21x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 50.904s (-14.7% 🟢) 53.359s (-13.6% 🟢) 2.455s 2 1.00x
▲ Vercel Express 52.957s (-2.8%) 54.905s (-2.7%) 1.948s 2 1.04x
▲ Vercel Nitro 54.710s (-1.3%) 56.014s (-3.0%) 1.304s 2 1.07x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Nitro 1.255s (-2.1%) 2.009s (~) 0.755s 15 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Express 1.262s (-1.1%) 2.010s (~) 0.748s 15 1.01x
💻 Local Express 1.518s (+5.3% 🔺) 2.005s (~) 0.487s 15 1.21x
💻 Local Nitro 1.545s (+1.5%) 2.006s (~) 0.460s 15 1.23x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 2.344s (-10.3% 🟢) 4.454s (-0.7%) 2.109s 7 1.00x
▲ Vercel Express 2.531s (-5.9% 🟢) 3.945s (-11.4% 🟢) 1.415s 8 1.08x
▲ Vercel Nitro 2.832s (-3.1%) 4.236s (-9.1% 🟢) 1.404s 8 1.21x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express | Nitro

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Nitro 2.316s (-1.7%) 3.010s (~) 0.694s 10 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Express 2.322s (-1.1%) 3.010s (~) 0.688s 10 1.00x
💻 Local Express 2.894s (+12.2% 🔺) 3.107s (+3.3%) 0.214s 10 1.25x
💻 Local Nitro 3.012s (+1.6%) 3.885s (+3.3%) 0.873s 8 1.30x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 2.569s (-2.5%) 4.019s (-8.6% 🟢) 1.450s 8 1.00x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 2.703s (+5.6% 🔺) 4.700s (+12.8% 🔺) 1.997s 7 1.05x
▲ Vercel Nitro 2.887s (+5.6% 🔺) 4.579s (~) 1.692s 7 1.12x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Express 3.454s (-1.2%) 4.012s (~) 0.558s 8 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 3.482s (~) 4.012s (~) 0.531s 8 1.01x
💻 Local Express 8.082s (+20.3% 🔺) 8.770s (+25.0% 🔺) 0.688s 4 2.34x
💻 Local Nitro 8.639s (+3.2%) 9.277s (+2.8%) 0.638s 4 2.50x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 3.333s (+6.5% 🔺) 4.474s (-9.3% 🟢) 1.141s 7 1.00x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 3.500s (+8.7% 🔺) 5.450s (+7.8% 🔺) 1.950s 6 1.05x
▲ Vercel Nitro 3.814s (+46.4% 🔺) 5.611s (+32.5% 🔺) 1.797s 6 1.14x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Nitro 1.236s (-2.5%) 2.009s (~) 0.772s 15 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Express 1.273s (+0.6%) 2.008s (~) 0.735s 15 1.03x
💻 Local Express 1.524s (+3.9%) 2.005s (~) 0.482s 15 1.23x
💻 Local Nitro 1.556s (+2.1%) 2.006s (~) 0.450s 15 1.26x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 2.125s (-7.6% 🟢) 3.509s (-18.8% 🟢) 1.384s 9 1.00x
▲ Vercel Nitro 2.147s (+4.8%) 3.702s (-9.6% 🟢) 1.555s 9 1.01x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 2.224s (~) 4.165s (+3.5%) 1.941s 8 1.05x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Nitro 2.322s (-1.8%) 3.012s (~) 0.690s 10 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Express 2.375s (+0.5%) 3.011s (~) 0.635s 10 1.02x
💻 Local Express 3.046s (+2.5%) 3.759s (+12.5% 🔺) 0.714s 8 1.31x
💻 Local Nitro 3.241s (+4.7%) 4.010s (~) 0.769s 8 1.40x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 2.525s (-6.6% 🟢) 3.896s (-11.2% 🟢) 1.370s 8 1.00x
▲ Vercel Nitro 2.576s (+3.2%) 3.941s (-5.9% 🟢) 1.365s 8 1.02x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 2.986s (+3.4%) 5.042s (+7.8% 🔺) 2.056s 6 1.18x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Nitro 3.483s (~) 4.012s (~) 0.529s 8 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Express 3.494s (~) 4.011s (~) 0.517s 8 1.00x
💻 Local Express 8.630s (+7.3% 🔺) 9.022s (+2.9%) 0.392s 4 2.48x
💻 Local Nitro 9.135s (-2.2%) 9.773s (-2.5%) 0.638s 4 2.62x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 2.974s (-7.6% 🟢) 3.989s (-22.0% 🟢) 1.015s 8 1.00x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 3.298s (-1.8%) 5.060s (-6.8% 🟢) 1.762s 6 1.11x
▲ Vercel Nitro 3.941s (+32.4% 🔺) 5.331s (+5.5% 🔺) 1.391s 6 1.33x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Nitro 0.807s (-3.6%) 1.006s (~) 0.199s 60 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Express 0.819s (-1.8%) 1.006s (~) 0.187s 60 1.01x
💻 Local Express 0.987s (+40.9% 🔺) 1.137s (+13.2% 🔺) 0.150s 53 1.22x
💻 Local Nitro 1.007s (+1.8%) 1.627s (+29.7% 🔺) 0.620s 37 1.25x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 8.801s (-9.0% 🟢) 10.009s (-13.4% 🟢) 1.208s 6 1.00x
▲ Vercel Nitro 9.167s (-1.8%) 10.426s (-6.4% 🟢) 1.259s 6 1.04x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 9.278s (-14.3% 🟢) 11.612s (-8.4% 🟢) 2.333s 6 1.05x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Express 1.900s (-3.2%) 2.029s (-8.9% 🟢) 0.129s 45 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 1.900s (-1.9%) 2.053s (-8.8% 🟢) 0.152s 44 1.00x
💻 Local Express 3.006s (+23.1% 🔺) 3.547s (+11.5% 🔺) 0.542s 26 1.58x
💻 Local Nitro 3.070s (+1.7%) 3.843s (+7.2% 🔺) 0.773s 24 1.62x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 28.434s (+1.8%) 29.800s (-1.4%) 1.366s 4 1.00x
▲ Vercel Nitro 28.811s (+3.0%) 30.564s (+1.6%) 1.753s 3 1.01x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 31.374s (+6.3% 🔺) 33.514s (+6.2% 🔺) 2.141s 3 1.10x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Nitro 3.884s (~) 4.043s (-2.5%) 0.159s 30 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Express 3.912s (-2.7%) 4.182s (-6.1% 🟢) 0.270s 29 1.01x
💻 Local Express 9.072s (+24.2% 🔺) 9.633s (+21.1% 🔺) 0.561s 13 2.34x
💻 Local Nitro 9.390s (+1.5%) 10.019s (~) 0.629s 12 2.42x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Nitro 73.288s (-4.3%) 74.763s (-4.7%) 1.474s 2 1.00x
▲ Vercel Express 73.435s (+3.4%) 75.324s (+2.2%) 1.889s 2 1.00x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 75.883s (-1.1%) 78.461s (-1.2%) 2.577s 2 1.04x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Nitro 0.274s (-0.7%) 1.007s (~) 0.734s 60 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Express 0.284s (+0.7%) 1.007s (~) 0.723s 60 1.04x
💻 Local Express 0.573s (-1.6%) 1.004s (~) 0.431s 60 2.09x
💻 Local Nitro 0.604s (+4.0%) 1.004s (~) 0.401s 60 2.21x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 1.516s (+5.1% 🔺) 2.939s (-8.7% 🟢) 1.423s 21 1.00x
▲ Vercel Nitro 1.597s (+16.3% 🔺) 3.030s (+3.2%) 1.433s 20 1.05x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 1.636s (+1.3%) 3.527s (+1.9%) 1.892s 18 1.08x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Nitro 0.491s (-1.8%) 1.006s (~) 0.516s 90 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Express 0.492s (-2.3%) 1.007s (~) 0.515s 90 1.00x
💻 Local Express 2.501s (+4.4%) 3.008s (~) 0.507s 30 5.10x
💻 Local Nitro 2.550s (+3.0%) 3.009s (~) 0.458s 30 5.20x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 2.722s (+3.8%) 4.124s (-8.0% 🟢) 1.402s 22 1.00x
▲ Vercel Nitro 2.787s (+1.2%) 4.255s (-5.1% 🟢) 1.468s 22 1.02x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 3.675s (+16.4% 🔺) 5.602s (+14.8% 🔺) 1.927s 18 1.35x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Express 0.782s (-1.0%) 1.007s (~) 0.225s 120 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 0.796s (+1.7%) 1.008s (~) 0.212s 120 1.02x
💻 Local Express 11.189s (+11.8% 🔺) 11.847s (+10.8% 🔺) 0.658s 11 14.30x
💻 Local Nitro 11.200s (+0.8%) 11.847s (~) 0.648s 11 14.32x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 6.221s (-5.7% 🟢) 7.722s (-10.4% 🟢) 1.501s 16 1.00x
▲ Vercel Nitro 6.827s (+2.2%) 8.450s (-3.8%) 1.624s 15 1.10x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 7.022s (+20.3% 🔺) 8.948s (+14.8% 🔺) 1.926s 14 1.13x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks (includes TTFB metrics)
workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time TTFB Slurp Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
💻 Local 🥇 Express 0.199s (+42.6% 🔺) 1.004s (~) 0.012s (+25.5% 🔺) 1.018s (~) 0.818s 10 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Express 0.203s (-1.7%) 1.000s (~) 0.001s (~) 1.009s (~) 0.806s 10 1.02x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 0.209s (-1.8%) 1.000s (~) 0.001s (+7.7% 🔺) 1.010s (~) 0.801s 10 1.05x
💻 Local Nitro 0.218s (+7.5% 🔺) 1.004s (~) 0.013s (+5.9% 🔺) 1.019s (~) 0.801s 10 1.09x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - - -
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time TTFB Slurp Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 1.527s (~) 2.886s (+4.3%) 0.429s (-39.4% 🟢) 3.686s (-7.1% 🟢) 2.158s 10 1.00x
▲ Vercel Nitro 1.532s (-2.9%) 3.023s (+0.8%) 0.353s (-4.8%) 3.741s (-1.7%) 2.209s 10 1.00x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 1.721s (-5.4% 🟢) 3.308s (-2.8%) 0.285s (+7.3% 🔺) 4.145s (-1.5%) 2.425s 10 1.13x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time TTFB Slurp Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Nitro 0.601s (-2.0%) 1.007s (~) 0.004s (+2.7%) 1.021s (~) 0.420s 59 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Express 0.611s (~) 1.006s (~) 0.004s (-21.7% 🟢) 1.022s (~) 0.412s 59 1.02x
💻 Local Express 0.726s (+30.1% 🔺) 1.012s (~) 0.009s (+0.6%) 1.022s (~) 0.296s 59 1.21x
💻 Local Nitro 0.944s (+30.0% 🔺) 1.012s (~) 0.009s (-8.3% 🟢) 1.228s (+19.9% 🔺) 0.283s 49 1.57x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - - -
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time TTFB Slurp Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Nitro 3.930s (-12.2% 🟢) 5.292s (-12.5% 🟢) 0.223s (-21.3% 🟢) 5.922s (-15.0% 🟢) 1.993s 11 1.00x
▲ Vercel Express 4.219s (+1.6%) 5.354s (-9.5% 🟢) 0.262s (-4.4%) 6.000s (-9.8% 🟢) 1.781s 11 1.07x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 140.315s (+2976.9% 🔺) 142.118s (+2100.9% 🔺) 0.277s (-6.3% 🟢) 143.462s (+1832.6% 🔺) 3.147s 1 35.71x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time TTFB Slurp Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Express 0.973s (+2.9%) 1.184s (+1.3%) 0.000s (+96.2% 🔺) 1.200s (+1.3%) 0.227s 52 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 0.980s (~) 1.300s (+9.0% 🔺) 0.000s (+10.9% 🔺) 1.312s (+7.8% 🔺) 0.332s 46 1.01x
💻 Local Express 1.228s (+7.7% 🔺) 2.022s (~) 0.000s (-25.0% 🟢) 2.023s (~) 0.795s 30 1.26x
💻 Local Nitro 1.237s (~) 2.021s (~) 0.000s (-12.5% 🟢) 2.023s (~) 0.786s 30 1.27x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - - -
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time TTFB Slurp Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 2.543s (-3.0%) 3.774s (-1.5%) 0.000s (-93.1% 🟢) 4.134s (-4.3%) 1.592s 15 1.00x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 3.121s (+4.9%) 4.822s (+3.5%) 0.001s (-33.3% 🟢) 5.380s (+3.6%) 2.258s 12 1.23x
▲ Vercel Nitro 3.309s (+12.7% 🔺) 4.444s (+6.4% 🔺) 0.000s (+100.0% 🔺) 4.824s (+3.5%) 1.515s 13 1.30x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time TTFB Slurp Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Express 1.749s (-1.7%) 2.100s (-1.7%) 0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺) 2.133s (-0.6%) 0.385s 29 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 1.787s (+1.4%) 2.177s (+3.7%) 0.000s (+107.1% 🔺) 2.189s (+3.6%) 0.401s 28 1.02x
💻 Local Express 3.406s (+4.0%) 4.035s (+3.3%) 0.001s (+45.5% 🔺) 4.038s (+3.3%) 0.632s 15 1.95x
💻 Local Nitro 3.555s (+1.5%) 4.099s (~) 0.000s (-71.4% 🟢) 4.101s (~) 0.546s 15 2.03x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - - -
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time TTFB Slurp Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Nitro 3.613s (-7.2% 🟢) 4.597s (-15.5% 🟢) 0.000s (-54.2% 🟢) 5.100s (-14.4% 🟢) 1.487s 12 1.00x
▲ Vercel Express 4.434s (+4.8%) 5.714s (+1.1%) 0.013s (+6350.0% 🔺) 6.130s (-2.7%) 1.697s 10 1.23x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 4.458s (+5.7% 🔺) 6.229s (+9.1% 🔺) 0.000s (-80.4% 🟢) 6.746s (+8.5% 🔺) 2.288s 9 1.23x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World 🥇 Fastest Framework Wins
💻 Local Express 21/21
🐘 Postgres Nitro 13/21
▲ Vercel Express 13/21
Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework 🥇 Fastest World Wins
Express 🐘 Postgres 16/21
Next.js (Turbopack) ▲ Vercel 21/21
Nitro 🐘 Postgres 19/21
Column Definitions
  • Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
  • TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
  • Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
  • Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
  • Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
  • Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
  • vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

  • 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
  • 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
  • ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
  • 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

📋 View full workflow run

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🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 9addde9

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 17 packages
Name Type
@workflow/swc-plugin Major
@workflow/builders Patch
@workflow/cli Patch
@workflow/next Patch
@workflow/rollup Patch
@workflow/nest Patch
@workflow/astro Patch
@workflow/nitro Patch
@workflow/sveltekit Patch
@workflow/vite Patch
@workflow/vitest Patch
workflow Patch
@workflow/world-testing Patch
@workflow/nuxt Patch
@workflow/ai Patch
@workflow/core Patch
@workflow/web-shared Patch

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@TooTallNate TooTallNate force-pushed the nr/remove-client-mode branch from aac9033 to cf9fe73 Compare April 10, 2026 17:20
@TooTallNate
refactor(swc-plugin): remove client transform mode, merge into step mode
9addde9 
Remove the `client` transform mode from the SWC compiler plugin. The
`client` and `step` modes were nearly identical — both preserved step
function bodies, replaced workflow bodies with throw stubs, and emitted
the same JSON manifest. Step mode now absorbs all client-mode behaviors:

- Dead code elimination (previously only workflow + client)
- Hoisted variable references for object property steps
- All integrations use mode: 'step' instead of 'client'

BREAKING CHANGE: The `client` value for the SWC plugin `mode` option is
no longer accepted. Use `step` instead.
@TooTallNate TooTallNate force-pushed the nr/remove-client-mode branch from cf9fe73 to 9addde9 Compare April 10, 2026 19:55
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