[SPARK-56152][SQL] Enable implicit cast from STRING to TIME type

sql/catalyst/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/catalyst/analysis/AnsiTypeCoercion.scala

@@ -192,8 +192,8 @@ object AnsiTypeCoercion extends TypeCoercionBase {
       // Ideally the implicit cast rule should be the same as `Cast.canANSIStoreAssign` so that it's
       // consistent with table insertion. To avoid breaking too many existing Spark SQL queries,
       // we make the system to allow implicitly converting String type as other primitive types.
-      case (_: StringType, a @ (_: AtomicType | NumericType | DecimalType | AnyTimestampType)) =>
-        Some(a.defaultConcreteType)
+      case (_: StringType, a @ (_: AtomicType | NumericType | DecimalType | AnyTimestampType |
+          AnyTimeType)) => Some(a.defaultConcreteType)
 
       case (ArrayType(fromType, _), AbstractArrayType(toType)) =>
         implicitCast(fromType, toType).map(ArrayType(_, true))

sql/catalyst/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/catalyst/analysis/TypeCoercion.scala

@@ -228,6 +228,7 @@ object TypeCoercion extends TypeCoercionBase {
       case (_: StringType, target: NumericType) => target
       case (_: StringType, datetime: DatetimeType) => datetime
       case (_: StringType, AnyTimestampType) => AnyTimestampType.defaultConcreteType
+      case (_: StringType, AnyTimeType) => AnyTimeType.defaultConcreteType
       case (_: StringType, BinaryType) => BinaryType
       // Cast any atomic type to string except if there are strings with different collations.
       case (any: AtomicType, st: StringType) if !any.isInstanceOf[StringType] => st

sql/catalyst/src/test/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/catalyst/analysis/TypeCoercionSuite.scala

@@ -217,6 +217,15 @@ abstract class TypeCoercionSuiteBase extends AnalysisTest {
     shouldNotCast(checkedType, IntegralType)
   }
 
+  test("SPARK-56152: implicit type cast - TimeType") {
+    val checkedType = TimeType()
+    checkTypeCasting(checkedType, castableTypes = Seq(checkedType, StringType) ++ datetimeTypes)
+    shouldCast(checkedType, AnyTimeType, AnyTimeType.defaultConcreteType)
+    shouldNotCast(checkedType, DecimalType)
+    shouldNotCast(checkedType, NumericType)
+    shouldNotCast(checkedType, IntegralType)
+  }
+
   test("implicit type cast between two Map types") {
     val sourceType = MapType(IntegerType, IntegerType, true)
     val castableTypes = numericTypes ++ Seq(StringType).filter(!Cast.forceNullable(IntegerType, _))
@@ -1806,7 +1815,7 @@ object TypeCoercionSuite {
   val fractionalTypes: Seq[DataType] =
     Seq(DoubleType, FloatType, DecimalType.SYSTEM_DEFAULT, DecimalType(10, 2))
   val numericTypes: Seq[DataType] = integralTypes ++ fractionalTypes
-  val datetimeTypes: Seq[DataType] = Seq(DateType, TimestampType, TimestampNTZType)
+  val datetimeTypes: Seq[DataType] = Seq(DateType, TimestampType, TimestampNTZType, TimeType())
   val intervalTypes: Seq[DataType] = Seq(CalendarIntervalType,
     DayTimeIntervalType.defaultConcreteType, YearMonthIntervalType.defaultConcreteType)
   val atomicTypes: Seq[DataType] =

sql/core/src/test/resources/sql-tests/analyzer-results/typeCoercion/native/implicitTypeCasts.sql.out

@@ -359,6 +359,28 @@ Project [length(cast(cast(1996-09-10 10:11:12.4 as timestamp) as string)) AS len
             +- OneRowRelation
 
 
+-- !query
+SELECT '12:00:00' = TIME'12:00:00' FROM t
+-- !query analysis
+Project [(cast(12:00:00 as time(6)) = 12:00:00) AS (12:00:00 = TIME '12:00:00')#x]
++- SubqueryAlias t
+   +- View (`t`, [1#x])
+      +- Project [cast(1#x as int) AS 1#x]
+         +- Project [1 AS 1#x]
+            +- OneRowRelation
+
+
+-- !query
+SELECT '12:00:01' > TIME'12:00:00' FROM t
+-- !query analysis
+Project [(cast(12:00:01 as time(6)) > 12:00:00) AS (12:00:01 > TIME '12:00:00')#x]
++- SubqueryAlias t
+   +- View (`t`, [1#x])
+      +- Project [cast(1#x as int) AS 1#x]
+         +- Project [1 AS 1#x]
+            +- OneRowRelation
+
+
 -- !query
 SELECT year( '1996-01-10') FROM t
 -- !query analysis

sql/core/src/test/resources/sql-tests/inputs/typeCoercion/native/implicitTypeCasts.sql

@@ -56,6 +56,10 @@ SELECT length('four') FROM t;
 SELECT length(date('1996-09-10')) FROM t;
 SELECT length(timestamp('1996-09-10 10:11:12.4')) FROM t;
 
+-- string to time
+SELECT '12:00:00' = TIME'12:00:00' FROM t;
+SELECT '12:00:01' > TIME'12:00:00' FROM t;
+
 -- extract
 SELECT year( '1996-01-10') FROM t;
 SELECT month( '1996-01-10') FROM t;

sql/core/src/test/resources/sql-tests/results/typeCoercion/native/implicitTypeCasts.sql.out

@@ -263,6 +263,22 @@ struct<length(1996-09-10 10:11:12.4):int>
 21
 
 
+-- !query
+SELECT '12:00:00' = TIME'12:00:00' FROM t
+-- !query schema
+struct<(12:00:00 = TIME '12:00:00'):boolean>
+-- !query output
+true
+
+
+-- !query
+SELECT '12:00:01' > TIME'12:00:00' FROM t
+-- !query schema
+struct<(12:00:01 > TIME '12:00:00'):boolean>
+-- !query output
+true
+
+
 -- !query
 SELECT year( '1996-01-10') FROM t
 -- !query schema