feat: Derive TableProperties parsing

[blackmwk]

Which issue does this PR close?

• Closes A new TableProperties struct with the new derived property macro. #2968.

What changes are included in this PR?

• Port the existing TableProperties keys, defaults, and custom parsers to #[derive(Properties)].
• Preserve the existing TryFrom<&HashMap<String, String>> behavior and public fields so this layer remains source-compatible.
• Generate read-only accessors and update the public API snapshot.
• Add documentation to the macro-generated from_properties constructor.

This is the middle PR in stack #2990. It depends on #2987; #2989 migrates consumers and makes the backing fields private.

Are these changes tested?

• cargo test -p iceberg spec::table_properties
• Public API snapshot regenerated with cargo public-api -p iceberg --all-features -ss

AI Disclosure

This change was implemented and validated with OpenAI Codex assistance.

[CTTY]

LGTM! left one minor comment

[CTTY]

I think we should not hardcode this. Some other location properties like write_object_storage_location could reuse this but they didn't do so. we should fix it

[CTTY]

My AI flagged something interesting as well:

The blocking problem is packaging, not parsing. crates/iceberg is publish = true; crates/property-macro is publish = false and has never been on crates.io. Adding it as a regular dependency of iceberg breaks cargo publish --workspace, which is exactly what publish.yml runs on a release tag.