1.whats 5G network
5G is the fifth generation of wireless cellular technology, offering higher upload and download speeds, more consistent connections, and improved capacity than previous networks.
2.Why 5G Network is needed ?
The main advantages of the 5G are a greater speed in the transmissions, a lower latency and therefore greater capacity of remote execution, a greater number of connected devices and the possibility of implementing virtual networks (network slicing), providing more adjusted connectivity to concrete needs.
1.cellular networking
It's a mobile-based network used with a radio antenna. These devices are associated with “cell”s and can move from cell to cell in order to communicate and maintain communication.
2.Network generation
A network generation is a type of cellular network generally referred to by its number, starting with 1G and going all the way through 2G, 3G, and 4G to the most recent developed generation: 5G.
3.Digital voice
It works by using something called a Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP). It converts your voice into a digital signal so it can be sent between devices over the internet.
4.Carrier waves and light waves
carrier waves
carrier wave is the continuous electromagnetic radiation, of constant amplitude and frequency, that is given out by a transmitter
light waves
In telecommunications, visible light communication (VLC) is the use of visible light (light with a frequency of 400–800 THz/wavelength of 780–375 nm) as a transmission medium. VLC is a subset of optical wireless communications technologies.
- wireles transmission
Wireless communications is the transmission of voice and data without cable or wires. In place of a physical connection, data travels through electromagnetic signals broadcast from sending facilities to intermediate and end-user devices.
6.Noise and interference
Noise refers to any energy interference that degrades the quality of a wireless signal. Noise can affect everything from radio transmissions to network speeds.
7.Radio spectrum
The longest waves on the electromagnetic spectrum--radio waves--carry information from a station to a receiver. But radio waves don't carry information all by themselves. They need to be altered, or modulated. A signal--a transverse sound wave--overlays the carrier wave, forcing it to change
8.Radio channel
Every user of radio spectrum needs a “pipeline” or block of pipelines in order to communicate over. These pipelines are called channels and they are differentiated by their frequency.
9.Data pipe
A data pipeline is a method in which raw data is ingested from various data sources and then ported to data store, like a data lake or data warehouse, for analysis. Before data flows into a data repository, it usually undergoes some data processing.
10.whats Fdd and ,Tdd
Fdd :-
Frequency-division duplexing (FDD) is a method for establishing a full- duplex communications link that uses two different radio frequencies for transmitter and receiver operation.
Tdd:-
Time division duplex (TDD) refers to duplex communication where uplink is separated from downlink by the allocation of different time slots in the same frequency band.
Difference b/w FDD and TDD
11.The celluelar concept
Cellular Concepts refers to the use of a group of cells to provide communication from one place to another place when the user is mobile. A cellular system in mobile computing implements space division multiplexing or SDM. Each transmitter in the cellular system is called a base station.
12.5G-NR
5G New Radio (NR) is the global standard for a unified, more capable 5G wireless air interface. It is delivering significantly faster and more responsive mobile experiences.
13.5G - NR classes
eMBB:- Enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), also known as extreme mobile broadband, is one of the three defining characteristics of 5G—the other two being massive capacity and ultra-low latency.
m -MTC:-
5G mMTC. The service category called massive machine-type communication (mMTC) supports massive device connectivity in IoT applications. 5G mMTC uses non-human-type communication models that prioritize low-rate, uplink-centric transmission.
URLLC:-
URLLC is one of the main features that makes 5G a better performer than 4G. It guarantees faster and richer services as the lower latency allows a network to process large amounts of data with minimal delay.
1.5G - NR Neteork architecture
The fifth generation mobile network is a new global wireless standard after 1G, 2G, 3G, and 4G networks delivering up to 20 Gigabits-per-second (Gbps) peak data rates and 100+ Megabits-per-second (Mbps) average data rates. 5G will use orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) encoding bonded up to between 100 and 800 MHz channels.
The evolution of the mobile world is not all that 5G is, therefore the breadth of 5G extends beyond mobile communication to address all forms of communication services; in fact, it is truly supporting the future of the digital world by enabling all types of services, including critical/non-critical, voice/non-voice, and IoT. Promoting economic change across all sectors and utilizing all diverse technologies ( WiFi, 4G, and new radio technologies).
2.Flexible slot based framework
the flexible slot based frame works is used to allows network operators to efficiently multiplex the envisioned 5G services on the same frequency. A key technology to deliver this flexible framework is the 5G NR self- contained slot structure. 3.oFDM
4.Channel ciding in 5G
For fifth generation (5G), two different channel coding techniques have been chosen by third generation partnership project for error-free data transmission. In the 5G standard, the data and control channels use low-density parity check (LDPC) and polar codes, respectively, due to their
5.mAssive mimo
The massive MIMO remains one of the key technology components of 5G communication network, wherein the system architecture exploits significantly enhanced number of antennas at the base transceiver stations, as compared to the systems imple- mented in other lower generation (e.g. 3G or 4G) communication networks [5].
Usecases :-
The large number of antennae in a Massive MIMO system enables 3D beamforming, which creates both horizontal and vertical beams toward users, increasing data rates (and capacity) for all users — particularly useful in urban areas with high-rise buildings.
6.MM WAVE (MILIMETER WAVE )
5G mmWave is an innovative cellular technology that provides access to the large bandwidth and capacity available in the frequency band above 24GHz.
7.Network slicing
5G network slicing is a network architecture that enables the multiplexing of virtualized and independent logical networks on the same physical network infrastructure. Each network slice is an isolated end-to-end network tailored to fulfill diverse requirements requested by a particular application.
8.SDN AND NFV
SDN separates the data and control planes, which enables operators to manage features from a centralized location. NFV, too, is a process involving separation.
9.Mobile Edge Computing ( MEC)
MEC is to reduce latency, ensure highly efficient network operation and service delivery, and improve the customer experience.
1.The 5G NR Network
5G NR (New Radio) is a new radio access technology (RAT) developed by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) for the 5G (fifth generation) mobile network. It was designed to be the global standard for the air interface of 5G networks.
2.advantages and disadvantages behind mmwave Deployments
Advantages of mmWave
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The extremely wide bandwidth and narrow beam of millimeter wave communication.Millimeter wave frequency range is 26.5～300GHz, and the bandwidth is as high as 273.5GHz, which is more than 10 times the full bandwidth from DC to microwave. Strong mmWave detection capability and good security.
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Broadband and broad-spectrum capabilities can be used to suppress multipath effects and clutter echoes. There are a large number of frequencies available to effectively eliminate mutual interference.
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.High millimeter wave transmission quality, small component size and all-weather communication Because there are basically no interference sources in high-frequency millimeter wave communications, and the electromagnetic spectrum is extremely clean, the millimeter wave channel is very stable and reliable, and its bit error rate can be maintained at the order of 10-12 for a long time, which is comparable to the transmission quality of optical cables.
Disadvantages of mmWave
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Devices equipped to use the millimeter frequency specification would also suffer from intensive power consumption,especially when connected to the fifth-generation network
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Deploying mmWave 5G networks is fundamentally more expensive than deploying 5G networks based on the sub-6 GHz specification because of the need to place several smaller cells in strategic locations to ensure maximum coverage. Compatibility is another drawback
3.multimeter wave deployment for urban areas
Mobile operators are deploying 5G mmWave in crowded urban areas, such as sports arenas, stadiums, airports, concerts and other large venues. Operating at frequencies of 24 GHz and higher, these 5G Frequency Range 2 (FR2) networks are able to deliver multi-gigabit data rates and very low latency.
multimeter wave for Suburban areas
4.indoor and venue deployment of mm waves (multimeter waves)
An expected deployment scenario for 5G mmWave would be to provide increased capacity in high-demand public spaces and venues. With cell sizes around 100m, small 5G mmWave access points can be placed on poles or buildings to provide the required coverage.
1.Massive mimo
The massive MIMO remains one of the key technology components of 5G communication network, wherein the system architecture exploits significantly enhanced number of antennas at the base transceiver stations, as compared to the systems implemented in other lower generation (e.g. 3G or 4G) communication networks.
M-mimo Antenna Arrays
- MIMO is frequently used in a variety of systems to significantly enhance channel capacities. Compact array antennas are widely used because of space limitations and aesthetic factors. A MIMO array with a gain of 2.5 dBi and a bandwidth ranging from 3.2 to 4 GHz.
2.Beamforming
Beamforming is a foundational technology that works hand in glove with massive MIMO to direct beams of transmission data both horizontally and vertically toward user devices.
1.RAN(Radio access network)
radio access network (RAN) is a major component of a wireless telecommunications system that connects individual devices to other parts of a network through a radio link.
2.VRAN
vRAN enables consistent operability across various vRAN functions as well as network functions deployed throughout 5G networks, from the core, edge, to RAN. Additionally, vRAN delivers superior protection from security threats than the conventional parameter-based and reactive security approaches.
*why vRAN *
- vRANs provide better visibility and control when compared to other forms of RAN which allow businesses to have more reliable connections and set app-specific service levels across their network.
Traditional Ran or ( oprn Ran )
- Until Open RAN, the RAN was a monolithic system bought from a single vendor and not very flexible.
Traditional oran vs traditional ran
1.private metwork
private 5G network is a mobile network that functions similarly to a public 5G network, but allows the owner to provide restricted access and use licensed or unlicensed wireless spectrum.
2.Benefits of private network
Private 5G networks benefit from significantly increased network speed, higher bandwidth, and lower latency. Increased reliability. Private 5G can provide high network reliability, with better coverage over a larger area, a greater amount of connected devices, and more consistent performance. Improved security.
3.Industrial- Iot
Industrial IoT is an ecosystem of devices, sensors, applications, and associated networking equipment that work together to collect, monitor, and analyze data from industrial operations.
4.5G in industrial - Iot
5G delivers a number of capabilities that enable advanced industrial use cases (including isochronous real-time motion control, sensor systems for monitoring critical processes, and AR/VR applications) for deployment over a single wireless communication system.
5.Massive Iot
Massive IoT, aka massive Machine-Type Communications (mMTC) in the 5G world, defines applications with lots of endpoints that continuously serve little bits of data, mostly infrequently and to even remote locations.
1.security in 5G
5G Security Architecture. The security architecture of 5G relies on advanced technologies such as network slicing, virtualization and cloud-based resources. These technologies allow enterprises to take advantage of major performance benefits.
2.5G security Design
