feat: add update methods for artifacts to support mid-flow updates

[majiayu000]

Summary

Fixes #10955

This PR adds the ability to update existing artifacts during a flow run, addressing the use case where users have long-running flows and want to update artifact data progressively rather than creating new versions.

Changes:

• Added update() and aupdate() methods to the Artifact base class
• Added convenience functions for updating specific artifact types:
  • update_markdown_artifact / aupdate_markdown_artifact
  • update_table_artifact / aupdate_table_artifact
  • update_link_artifact / aupdate_link_artifact
  • update_image_artifact / aupdate_image_artifact

These complement the existing update_progress_artifact function.

Example Usage

from prefect import flow
from prefect.artifacts import create_table_artifact, update_table_artifact

@flow
def my_long_running_flow():
    # Create initial artifact
    artifact_id = create_table_artifact(
        key="processing-status",
        table=[{"item": "A", "status": "pending"}],
    )
    
    # ... do some work ...
    
    # Update artifact mid-flow
    update_table_artifact(
        artifact_id=artifact_id,
        table=[
            {"item": "A", "status": "complete"},
            {"item": "B", "status": "pending"},
        ],
    )

Test plan

• Added tests for update_markdown_artifact and update_table_artifact in flow context
• Verified existing tests still pass

Signed-off-by: majiayu000 1835304752@qq.com

[codspeed-hq]

CodSpeed Performance Report

Merging #19994 will not alter performance

_{Comparing majiayu000:feat/update-artifacts-mid-flow-10955 (0dbef57) with main (8f441a4)}

Summary

✅ 2 untouched

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