CI: Harden prior-branch artifact lookup

[rwgk]

Description

Fixes #2642.

CUDA Python CI reuses cuda.bindings wheel artifacts from the configured prior-major branch when it builds and tests the combined cuda.core wheel. The existing lookup trusted the first successful run returned by gh run list without verifying that the artifacts required by the requesting matrix row were present and unexpired.

This change makes branch-mode lookup choose the newest usable run from a bounded candidate set:

• retrieve up to 100 completed runs, filter for the exact branch and successful conclusion, and sort explicitly by creation time with a run-ID tie-breaker;
• accept repeatable --artifact patterns and require every pattern to match an unexpired artifact in the same run;
• skip candidates with missing or expired requirements and continue to the next candidate;
• update the wheel build and Linux/Windows wheel-test consumers to declare the artifacts they subsequently download; and
• preserve tag mode, branch mode without artifact requirements, and --head-sha output.

This intentionally does not eliminate the possibility that GitHub's server-side branch filter returns a stale or incomplete bounded candidate set; that broader lookup redesign remains outside #2642.

Testing

• TestVenv/bin/python -m pytest -v --noconftest ci/tools/tests/test_lookup_run_id.py (4 passed)
• bash -n ci/tools/lookup-run-id
• shellcheck ci/tools/lookup-run-id
• pre-commit run --all-files
• PR Continue merging main into 13.4.x #2641 CI run 31870063964 exercised the extracted change across prior-branch wheel-build and Linux wheel-test consumers; every exercised lookup selected a usable run and passed.

Checklist

• New or existing tests cover these changes.
• The documentation is up to date with these changes.

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[rwgk]

/ok to test 8a95bec

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