refactor(linux): move environment variable access to wrapper functions

[Kishi85]

Description

This contains the modifications to platform/common.h and the linux changes for LizardByte/roadmap#159

Screenshot

Issues Fixed or Closed

Roadmap Issues

• Part of c/c++: add env function wrappers for each platform roadmap#159

Type of Change

• feat: New feature (non-breaking change which adds functionality)
• fix: Bug fix (non-breaking change which fixes an issue)
• docs: Documentation only changes
• style: Changes that do not affect the meaning of the code (white-space, formatting, missing semicolons, etc.)
• refactor: Code change that neither fixes a bug nor adds a feature
• perf: Code change that improves performance
• test: Adding missing tests or correcting existing tests
• build: Changes that affect the build system or external dependencies
• ci: Changes to CI configuration files and scripts
• chore: Other changes that don't modify src or test files
• revert: Reverts a previous commit
• BREAKING CHANGE: Introduces a breaking change (can be combined with any type above)

Checklist

• Code follows the style guidelines of this project
• Code has been self-reviewed
• Code has been commented, particularly in hard-to-understand areas
• Code docstring/documentation-blocks for new or existing methods/components have been added or updated
• Unit tests have been added or updated for any new or modified functionality

AI Usage

• None: No AI tools were used in creating this PR
• Light: AI provided minor assistance (formatting, simple suggestions)
• Moderate: AI helped with code generation or debugging specific parts
• Heavy: AI generated most or all of the code changes

[ReenigneArcher]

I'm planning to move the re-usable parts to https://github.com/LizardByte/lizardbyte-common/ (along with some common gtest stuff that we're doing everywhere).

As this is used in several of our c/c++ repos.

[sonarqubecloud]

Quality Gate passed

Issues
0 New issues
0 Accepted issues

Measures
0 Security Hotspots
0.0% Coverage on New Code
0.0% Duplication on New Code

See analysis details on SonarQube Cloud

[Kishi85]

I'm planning to move the re-usable parts to https://github.com/LizardByte/lizardbyte-common/ (along with some common gtest stuff that we're doing everywhere).

As this is used in several of our c/c++ repos.

All good i've just updated it so it can act as a kind of blueprint for that case if you don't want to merge it directly. Feel free to close it when your solution is ready.