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Reproject Benchmarks

Generated: 2026-03-19 20:50 UTC

Compares xrspatial reproject (numpy backend, numba JIT) against rioxarray (GDAL warp) across 4 raster sizes, 2 CRS transforms, and 3 resampling methods. The fastest time in each row is bold.

  • Test data: synthetic terrain (sin/cos + Gaussian + noise) in EPSG:4326
  • Transform: identity (4326 to 4326) and geographic to Web Mercator (4326 to 3857)
  • Resampling: nearest, bilinear, cubic
  • Consistency: sampled at matching geographic coordinates (interior 90%), correlation and RMSE reported

identity

Timings

size xrs-nearest rio-nearest xrs-bilinear rio-bilinear xrs-cubic rio-cubic
256x256 1.6 ms 3.4 ms 1.7 ms 4.1 ms 2.4 ms 6.0 ms
512x512 6.8 ms 7.0 ms 9.0 ms 11 ms 12 ms 19 ms
1024x1024 31 ms 23 ms 31 ms 38 ms 40 ms 69 ms
2048x2048 141 ms 88 ms 145 ms 158 ms 181 ms 277 ms

Relative to rioxarray

Values below 1.0 mean xrspatial is faster.

size nearest bilinear cubic
256x256 0.48x 0.41x 0.40x
512x512 0.97x 0.79x 0.63x
1024x1024 1.36x 0.80x 0.58x
2048x2048 1.60x 0.91x 0.65x

Consistency

| size | method | correlation | RMSE | max |Δ| | median rel | |---:|:------|---:|---:|---:|---:| | 256x256 | nearest | 1.000000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.00e+00 | | 256x256 | bilinear | 1.000000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.00e+00 | | 256x256 | cubic | 1.000000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.00e+00 | | 512x512 | nearest | 1.000000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.00e+00 | | 512x512 | bilinear | 1.000000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 1.24e-16 | | 512x512 | cubic | 1.000000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.00e+00 | | 1024x1024 | nearest | 1.000000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.00e+00 | | 1024x1024 | bilinear | 1.000000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 1.92e-16 | | 1024x1024 | cubic | 1.000000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 1.64e-16 | | 2048x2048 | nearest | 1.000000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.00e+00 | | 2048x2048 | bilinear | 1.000000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 2.63e-16 | | 2048x2048 | cubic | 1.000000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 1.79e-16 |

4326 to 3857

Timings

size xrs-nearest rio-nearest xrs-bilinear rio-bilinear xrs-cubic rio-cubic
256x256 2.0 ms 3.4 ms 2.1 ms 4.6 ms 2.8 ms 6.6 ms
512x512 3.9 ms 5.7 ms 4.3 ms 10 ms 7.0 ms 17 ms
1024x1024 25 ms 18 ms 33 ms 35 ms 41 ms 64 ms
2048x2048 123 ms 68 ms 129 ms 141 ms 164 ms 254 ms

Relative to rioxarray

Values below 1.0 mean xrspatial is faster.

size nearest bilinear cubic
256x256 0.59x 0.45x 0.42x
512x512 0.69x 0.43x 0.40x
1024x1024 1.41x 0.95x 0.65x
2048x2048 1.79x 0.92x 0.64x

Consistency

| size | method | correlation | RMSE | max |Δ| | median rel | |---:|:------|---:|---:|---:|---:| | 256x256 | nearest | 0.999844 | 2.6289 | 11.6941 | 3.37e-03 | | 256x256 | bilinear | 0.999997 | 0.3374 | 2.2414 | 3.07e-04 | | 256x256 | cubic | 0.999996 | 0.4388 | 3.0041 | 4.08e-04 | | 512x512 | nearest | 0.999951 | 1.4678 | 7.7334 | 1.50e-03 | | 512x512 | bilinear | 0.999997 | 0.3659 | 2.5772 | 3.51e-04 | | 512x512 | cubic | 0.999995 | 0.4613 | 3.0562 | 4.58e-04 | | 1024x1024 | nearest | 0.999966 | 1.2208 | 7.1378 | 1.30e-03 | | 1024x1024 | bilinear | 0.999996 | 0.3939 | 3.3103 | 3.49e-04 | | 1024x1024 | cubic | 0.999995 | 0.4623 | 3.7910 | 4.52e-04 | | 2048x2048 | nearest | 0.999979 | 0.9678 | 6.3667 | 1.05e-03 | | 2048x2048 | bilinear | 0.999995 | 0.4543 | 3.9038 | 4.68e-04 | | 2048x2048 | cubic | 0.999994 | 0.5153 | 3.5623 | 5.55e-04 |

merge()

Two overlapping tiles merged into a single mosaic. Tiles overlap by ~10% in the center.

Timings

size strategy xrspatial rioxarray
256x256 first 3.1 ms 9.6 ms
512x512 first 8.5 ms 13 ms
1024x1024 first 28 ms 27 ms
2048x2048 first 299 ms 124 ms

Dask out-of-core

Reproject with dask-backed input (chunk_size=512). Measures graph construction time (lazy) and full compute time.

size method graph build compute total
1024x1024 bilinear 123 ms 28 ms 151 ms
2048x2048 bilinear 7.8 ms 89 ms 96 ms
4096x4096 bilinear 95 ms 984 ms 1.08 s

Where xrspatial wins and loses

Resampling Small (256) Medium (512) Large (1024) XL (2048)
bilinear (4326 to 3857) xrs 2.2x xrs 2.3x xrs 2.2x xrs 2.0x
cubic (4326 to 3857) xrs 2.3x xrs 2.5x xrs 2.7x xrs 2.0x
nearest (4326 to 3857) xrs 1.5x ~tied ~tied ~tied
bilinear (identity) xrs 2.1x xrs 2.1x xrs 2.1x xrs 2.0x
cubic (identity) xrs 2.6x xrs 2.8x xrs 2.6x xrs 2.4x
nearest (identity) xrs 2.0x xrs 1.4x ~tied ~tied

Bold = winner by >20%. 'xrs 2.0x' means xrspatial is 2x faster. 'rio 1.5x' means rioxarray is 1.5x faster.