Add core/basics

Author: urbytes21

CMakeLists.txt

@@ -76,7 +76,8 @@ set(APP_HEADERS
 # Core source files
 set(APP_SOURCES
     "src/DeleteMe.cpp"
-    "src/core/1_basic.cpp"
+    "src/core/basics/InitializeVariable.cpp"
+    "src/core/basics/Operations.cpp"
 )
 
 # Test files

src/core/basics/InitializeVariable.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+#include <iostream>
+using namespace std;
+
+void initialize_variable();
+
+// A struct that runs code when its object is created
+struct InitializeVariable
+{
+    InitializeVariable()
+    {
+        cout << "\n"
+             << "\n"
+             << "InitializeVariable\n";
+        initialize_variable();
+    }
+};
+
+// All global and static objects are constructed before main() begins.
+static InitializeVariable autoRunInstance;
+
+struct Foo
+{
+    Foo()
+    {
+        cout << "Default constructor/ default init\n";
+    }
+
+    // explicit Foo(int)
+    Foo(int)
+    {
+        cout << "Constructor called with int / copy init\n";
+    }
+
+    Foo(const Foo &other)
+    {
+        std::cout << "Copy constructor called\n";
+    }
+};
+
+void initialize_variable()
+{
+    cout << "\n--- Variable Initialization Examples ---\n";
+    // There are there common ways to intialize a variable
+    // * Default
+    int initDefaultVar;
+    Foo initDefaultObj;
+
+    // *Traditional
+    //      * copy-init: Type var = value;
+    // 1. Compiler tries to create a temporary Foo from 2.3 by implicit conversion (calls Foo(<implicit int to double>) ).
+    // 2. If constructor is explicit, implicit conversion is not allowed → error.
+    // 3. Otherwise, temporary Foo is created and then copy/move into copyInitObj2.
+    Foo copyInitObj = 2.3; // implicit 2.3(float) -> 2(int) -> call Foo(int) -> create a temporary Foo -> is copied or moved into copyInitObj
+
+    //      * direct-init: Type var(value);
+    Foo directInitObj(4);    // call Foo(int)
+    Foo directInitObj2(4.3); // look for constructor -> implicit 4.3(float) -> 4(int) -> call Foo(int) ->
+
+    //      * Brace init
+    // calls the constructor directly without allowing implicit conversions.
+    Foo braceInit{3};
+    // Foo braceInit2{3.3}; // ERORR => Prefer this way
+}

src/core/basics/Operations.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+#include <iostream>
+using namespace std;
+
+void arithmeticOperator();
+void logicalOperator();
+void bitWiseOperator();
+
+struct Operations
+{
+    Operations()
+    {
+        cout << "\n"
+             << "\n"
+             << "Operation\n";
+        arithmeticOperator();
+        logicalOperator();
+        bitWiseOperator();
+    }
+};
+
+static Operations autoRunInstance;
+
+void arithmeticOperator()
+{
+    cout << "\n--- ArithmeticOperator Examples ---\n";
+    int a{100}, b{200};
+
+    // Addition
+    cout << "a = " << a << ", b = " << b << "\n";
+    int sum = a + b;
+    cout << "sum = " << sum << "\n";
+
+    // Subtraction
+    cout << "a = " << a << ", b = " << b << "\n";
+    int different = a - b;
+    cout << "different = " << different << "\n";
+
+    // Multiplication
+    cout << "a = " << a << ", b = " << b << "\n";
+    int product = a * b;
+    cout << "product = " << product << "\n";
+
+    // Division
+    cout << "a = " << a << ", b = " << b << "\n";
+    int quotient = a / b;
+    cout << "quotient = " << quotient << "\n";
+
+    // Modulus
+    cout << "a = " << a << ", b = " << b << "\n";
+    int remainder = a % b;
+    cout << "remainder = " << remainder << "\n";
+
+    // Increment
+    cout << "a = " << a << "\n";
+    int preIn = ++a; // increase a, return copy
+    cout << "preIn = " << preIn << "\n";
+
+    cout << "a = " << a << "\n";
+    int postIn = a++; // copy a to a copy, then increase a, return copy
+    cout << "postIn = " << preIn << "\n";
+
+    // Decrement
+    cout << "b = " << b << "\n";
+    int preDe = --b;
+    cout << "preDe = " << preDe << "\n";
+
+    cout << "b = " << b << "\n";
+    int postDe = b--;
+    cout << "postDe = " << postDe << "\n";
+
+    // Comma:
+    cout << "a = " << a << ", b = " << b << "\n";
+    int value = (a, b); // evalue a then b, return value of b
+    cout << "Comma(a,b) = " << value << "\n";
+}
+
+void logicalOperator()
+{
+    cout << "\n--- LogicalOperator Examples ---\n";
+    bool a = true;
+    bool b = false;
+    bool c = true;
+
+    cout << boolalpha; // show true/false instead of 1/0
+    cout << "a = " << a << ", b = " << b << ", c = " << c << "\n\n";
+
+    // AND (&&)
+    cout << "[AND] a && b = " << (a && b) << "\n";
+
+    // OR (||)
+    cout << "[OR ] a || c = " << (a || c) << "\n";
+
+    // NOT (!)
+    cout << "[NOT] !c = " << (!c) << "\n";
+}
+
+#include <bitset>
+void bitWiseOperator()
+{
+    cout << "\n--- BitWiseOperator Examples ---\n";
+    bitset<8> bitsA{0b1111'1111};
+    bitset<8> bitsB{0b1111'0000};
+
+    cout << "bitA = " << bitsA << ", bitB = " << bitsB << "\n";
+
+    // AND
+    bitset<8> result = bitsA & bitsB;
+    cout << "bitA && bitB= " << result << "\n";
+
+    // OR
+    result = bitsA | bitsB;
+    cout << "bitA | bitB= " << result << "\n";
+
+    // XOR
+    result = bitsA ^ bitsB;
+    cout << "bitA ^ bitB= " << result << "\n";
+
+    // NOT
+    result = ~bitsA;
+    cout << "~bitA = " << result << "\n";
+
+    // LEFT SHIFT
+    result = bitsA << 1;
+    cout << "bitA << 1 = " << result << "\n";
+
+    // RIGHT SHIFT
+    result = bitsA >> 1;
+    cout << "bitA >> 1 = " << result << "\n";
+}