07_number_functions.py

#======================================================================================
#                               NUMBER FUNCTIONS
#--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Numeric Data Types in Python are used to store numbers and perform mathematical operations.
# Python has mainly 3 numeric data types.
# 1) Integer    --whole numbers, no decimal points
# 2) Float       --numbers with decimal points
# 3) Complex     --numbers with real + imaginary parts
#======================================================================================

#======================================================================================
# 1) Type()
#--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    # a) type()     --built-in function
    # b) int()      --built-in function      / output: int
    # c) float()    --built-in function      / output: float
    # d) complex()  --built-in function      / output: complex
#======================================================================================

#--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# a) type() --returns the data type of a value.
#--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
x = 5
y = 5.7
z = 2 + 3j
print(type(x))
print(type(y))
print(type(z))

#--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# b) int(value) --converts compatible value into int value.
#--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# converting string value to int
x = "24"
print(type(x), x*3)
x = int(x)
print(type(x), x*3)

# converting float value to int
x = 3.14
print(type(x), x)
x = int(x)
print(type(x), x)

#--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# c) float(value) --converts compatible value into float value.
#--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# converting string to float
x = "2.35"
print(type(x), x)
x = float(x)
print(type(x), x)
# or
print(float(x))
# converting int to float
x = 30
print(type(x), x)
x = float(x)
print(type(x), x)

#--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# d) complex(real, imag) --creates a number using real and imaginary parts.
#--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
x = 3  # real
y = 4  # imaginary
z = complex(x, y)
print(type(z), z)

#======================================================================================
# 2) Math Operators
#--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#   a) 3 + 2   --operator  / output: int
#   b) 3 - 2   --operator  / output: int
#   c) 3 * 2   --operator  / output: int
#   d) 3 // 2  --operator  / output: int
#   e) 2 % 2   --operator  / output: int(1 or 0)
#   f) 3 ** 2  --operator  / output: int
#======================================================================================

#--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# a) 3 + 2 --addition.
#--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
print(2+3)

#--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# b) 3 - 2 --subtraction.
#--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
print(3-2)

#--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# c) 3 * 2 --multiplication.
#--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
print(3*2)

#--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# d) 3 / 2 --division(always gives float).
#--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
print(3/2)

#--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# e) 3 // 2 --floor division(it divides two numbers and rounds down).
#--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
print(3//2)

#--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# f) 3 % 2 --remainder(The leftover part after division)--used to check if a number is even.
#--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
print(3 % 2)

#--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# g) 3 ** 2 --exponentiation(it raises a number to the power of another number).
#--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
print(3**2)

#--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# basic mathematical shortcuts
#--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#--------------------------------------------
# short cut   | # meaning                   |
#--------------------------------------------
#   +=        | add and assign              |
#   -=        | multiply and assign         |
#   /=        | divide and assign           |
#   //=       | floor divide and assign     |
#   %=        | modulus and assign          |
#   **=       | power and assign            |
#--------------------------------------------

x = 10
x += 5  # x = x +5
print(x)
x -= 5  # x = x - 5
print(x)
x *= 3  # x = x * 3
print(x)
x /= 2  # x = x / 2
print(x)
x //= 7  # x = x // 7
print(x)
x **= 3  # x = x ** 3
print(x)

#======================================================================================
# 3) Rounding
#--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#   a) abs()   --built-in function     / output: int
#   b)round()  --built-in function     / output: int or float
#--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#   math(module)
#--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#   c)math.ceil()   --math function     / output: int
#   d)math.floor()  --math function     / output: int
#   e)math.trunc()  --math function     / output: int
#======================================================================================

#--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# a)abs()--returns the absolute(non-negative) value of a number.
#--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# measure distance
print(2-10)
# useful for measuring distance or size, regardless of direction.
print(abs(2-10))

#--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# b) round()--rounds a number to the nearest whole number up or down depending on 
# what's closer
#--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
price = 35.5428359
print(round(price))

#--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# round(number, n digits)--rounds the number to the specified number of decimal places
#--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
print(round(price, 1))
print(round(price, 2))


#--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# floor(),ceil() are not built-in functions, it belongs to math module - import it before using.
# c) math.floor(x)--rounds a number down to the floor
#--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
import math
print(math.floor(price))

#--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# d) math.ceil(x)--rounds a number up to the ceiling
#--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
print(math.ceil(price))

#--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# e) math.trunc(x)--cuts off the decimal part and keeps the whole number (no rounding).
#--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
print(math.trunc(price))

#--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# other math functions
#--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
print(math.factorial(5))    # 120
print(math.pow(2,4))    # 16
print(math.fabs(-20))   # 20
print(math.gcd(12, 18)) # 6
print(math.lcm(12, 18)) # 36


#======================================================================================
# 4)random
#--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#   a)random()     --random function   / output: float
#   b)randint()    --random function   / output: int
#======================================================================================

import random
#--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# a) random.random()-- returns a random float between 0.0 and 1.0
#--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
print(random.random())

#--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# b) random.randint(start, end)--gets a random whole number from start to end
#  (both included)
#--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
print(random.randint(100, 110))

#======================================================================================
# 5) validation
## -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#   a) is_integer()    --float class method    / output: bool
#   b) isinstance()    --built-in function     / output: bool
#======================================================================================

#--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# a) is_integer()--checks if a float has no decimal part(is whole number).
#--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
x = 2.0
print(x.is_integer())
y = 10.20
print(y.is_integer())

#--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# b) isinstance(value, type)--checks if a value belongs to certain data type.
#--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
z = "Hello"
print(isinstance(z, str))
print(isinstance(z, int))
k = 20.60
print(isinstance(k, float))
print(isinstance(k, bool))

#--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# python challenge
# Generate  a random integer between 1 and 100, and check if the result is an even number.
#--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
a = random.randint(1, 100)
if a % 2 == 0:
    print(f"{a} is a even number")
else:
    print(f"{a} is a odd number")
    
#==========================================================================================
# A module in python is a file that contains python code(functions, variables, classes)
# which you can reuse in other programs.
# Python has Built-in modules(comes with python)--no installation needed.
#==========================================================================================
#--------------------------------------------
#   module   |       Use                    |
#--------------------------------------------
#   math     | mathematical operations      |
#   datetime | date and time                |
#   random   | random numbers               |
#   os       | file and system operations   |
#   sys      | system-related tasks         |
#--------------------------------------------