diff --git a/Include/internal/pycore_backoff.h b/Include/internal/pycore_backoff.h
index 38dd82f6fc8a140..9d1912cc28921c3 100644
--- a/Include/internal/pycore_backoff.h
+++ b/Include/internal/pycore_backoff.h
@@ -108,6 +108,12 @@ backoff_counter_triggers(_Py_BackoffCounter counter)
     return counter.value_and_backoff < UNREACHABLE_BACKOFF;
 }
 
+static inline bool
+backoff_counter_is_unreachable(_Py_BackoffCounter counter)
+{
+    return (counter.value_and_backoff & BACKOFF_MASK) == UNREACHABLE_BACKOFF;
+}
+
 static inline _Py_BackoffCounter
 trigger_backoff_counter(void)
 {
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_thread_local_bytecode.py b/Lib/test/test_thread_local_bytecode.py
index 6a1ae4064b5daf1..6f76f1bc33561fb 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_thread_local_bytecode.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_thread_local_bytecode.py
@@ -108,7 +108,6 @@ def f(a, b, q=None):
         """)
         assert_python_ok("-X", "tlbc=1", "-c", code)
 
-    @support.skip_if_sanitizer("gh-129752: data race on adaptive counter", thread=True)
     def test_no_copies_if_tlbc_disabled(self):
         code = textwrap.dedent("""
         import queue
diff --git a/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Core_and_Builtins/2026-08-11-01-45-24.gh-issue-129752.Zo3OUx.rst b/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Core_and_Builtins/2026-08-11-01-45-24.gh-issue-129752.Zo3OUx.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000000..aad13dc0adef34f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Core_and_Builtins/2026-08-11-01-45-24.gh-issue-129752.Zo3OUx.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Don't update adaptive counters in the free-threaded build when thread-local
+bytecode is disabled (``-X tlbc=0``). Patch by Donghee Na.
diff --git a/Python/ceval_macros.h b/Python/ceval_macros.h
index f19adfa0cfcfc15..e8ce9d84bbff9c6 100644
--- a/Python/ceval_macros.h
+++ b/Python/ceval_macros.h
@@ -354,6 +354,23 @@ static void dtrace_function_return(_PyInterpreterFrame *);
 #define ADAPTIVE_COUNTER_TRIGGERS(COUNTER) \
     backoff_counter_triggers(forge_backoff_counter((COUNTER)))
 
+#ifdef Py_GIL_DISABLED
+/* Counters are unreachable when thread-local bytecode is disabled,
+ * so there is no need to update them. */
+#define ADVANCE_ADAPTIVE_COUNTER(COUNTER) \
+    do { \
+        if (!backoff_counter_is_unreachable((COUNTER))) { \
+            (COUNTER) = advance_backoff_counter((COUNTER)); \
+        } \
+    } while (0);
+
+#define PAUSE_ADAPTIVE_COUNTER(COUNTER) \
+    do { \
+        if (!backoff_counter_is_unreachable((COUNTER))) { \
+            (COUNTER) = pause_backoff_counter((COUNTER)); \
+        } \
+    } while (0);
+#else
 #define ADVANCE_ADAPTIVE_COUNTER(COUNTER) \
     do { \
         (COUNTER) = advance_backoff_counter((COUNTER)); \
@@ -363,6 +380,7 @@ static void dtrace_function_return(_PyInterpreterFrame *);
     do { \
         (COUNTER) = pause_backoff_counter((COUNTER)); \
     } while (0);
+#endif
 
 #ifdef ENABLE_SPECIALIZATION
 /* Multiple threads may execute these concurrently if thread-local bytecode is