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Linux / Debian Command-Cheatsheet

1.0 User Management

Command Comment
/usr/bin/ftptop Display information about ProFTPd
adduser <username> create user with additional information incl. homedir
passwd <username> Change password
su <user> set user
sudo -u www-data command Execute command as user www-data
useradd -d <homedir> <username> create user with home dir
userdel <username> delete user
whoami Output current user

2.0 File and Directory Management

Command Comment
cat textfile.txt | awk '{print $1}' returns column 1 from textfile
chgrp <user> <datei/ordner> Change group
chown <user> <datei/ordner> Change owner
cp -r newdir/* olddir/ Copy files recursively
'cp' -rf dir/{*,.??*} /dir/ hidden files and aliased cp -i will be copied
du -hs <dir> specify directory size
du -h * | sort -hr > /home/user/filelist.txt File list sorted by size
echo bla > 1.txt Create file 1.txt with content bla
echo blabla >> 1.txt Append blabla to file 1.txt
find /directory -type d -exec chmod 755 {} \; Set permissions for folder recursive
find /directory -type f -exec chmod 644 {} \; Set permissions for files recursive
ls List directory contents
ls -la dir List directory contents with user information
ls -lahS $(find / -type f -size +100000k) search for files > 100MB
pwd Output working directory
tree list (Sub)-Directories in a tree view
whereis Output binary directory

2.1 File Compression

tar
  • Compress: tar cfv [Filename].tar [Directory1] [Directory2] [File1] [File2]
  • Decompress: tar xfv [Filename].tar
  • List: tar tfv [Filename].tar
gz
  • Compress: tar cfvz [Filename].tar.gz [Directory1] [file1]
  • Decompress: tar xfvz [Filename].tar.gz
bz2
  • Compress: tar cfvj [Filename].tar.bz2 [Directory1] [file1]
  • Decompress: tar xfvj [Filename].tar.bz2
zip
  • Compress files: zip [Filename].zip [file1] [file2]
  • Compress directory: zip -r [Filename].zip [directory1]
  • Decompress: unzip [Filename].zip
  • Decompress and Overwrite: unzip -o [Filename].zip -d dir/

3.0 Log Management

3.1 Debian 12

  • journalctl: komplettes Systemprotokoll
  • journalctl -f: Protokoll in Echtzeit
  • jounalctl -u servicename: Protokoll für einen bestimmten Dienst
  • journalctl -b: Protokoll des letzten Boots
  • journalctl --since=yesterday: Protokoll seit gestern
  • journalctl --since=Sep 05 12:00:00: Protokoll ab Zeitvorgabe

4.0 Package management

Command Comment
apt-cache search <pack> search for a package
apt-get install <pack> install pack
apt-get update update package cache
apt-get upgrade upgrade installed packages

5.0 System Management

Command Comment
cat /proc/cpuinfo cpuinfo
cat /proc/meminfo RAM Info
cat /proc/version Deb Version
crontab -e Edit cronjobs
crontab -l Listen to cronjobs
date +%s Output Unix time
date -d @1234631164 Output Unix time in normal time
df -h free disc space
dpkg-reconfigure locales -plow Language settings
dpkg-reconfigure tzdata Time zone settings
kill -(6|9|15|18|19) <PID> 6: SIGABRT - Cancel process
9: SIGKILL - Terminate process
15: SIGTERM - terminate process cleanly
18: SIGCONT - Continue process
19: SIGSTOP - Stop process
mount -o remount -rw / release read-only file system
ps process list
ps -aux detailed process list
sh file.sh Shell file execute

5.1 Shutdown Options

Command Comment
shutdown -s Shut down or switch off
shutdown -r Restart (reboot)
shutdown -l User logout
shutdown -s -f Forced shutdown

5.2 Change System Time

Set the time under Linux. 1

Show time
timedatectl

Change time

Set time zone manually
sudo timedatectl set-timezone Europe/Berlin
Select time zone with assistance
sudo dpkg-reconfigure tzdata

6.0 Network Management

Command Comment
ip address Display IP address and netmask
ss -lpt Connections/Ports
nload -u H Display bandwidth
wget http://www.psoft.net/shiv/HS/u-web-my4.tgz gets file

7.0 Apache modules

Enable Module
a2enmod modname
Disable Module
a2dismod modname
Restart Apache
service apache2 restart

References

Footnotes

  1. https://wiki.ubuntuusers.de/Systemzeit/ ↩