programming.po

# Copyright (C) 2001 Python Software Foundation
# This file is distributed under the same license as the Python package.
#
# Translators:
# jerrychen <jerrychen.ee@gmail.com>, 2016
# Ching-Lung Chuang, 2015
# hsiao yi <hsiaoyi0504@gmail.com>, 2016
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: Python 3.14\n"
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"POT-Creation-Date: 2026-03-11 00:16+0000\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2024-04-25 14:17+0800\n"
"Last-Translator: KNChiu <y9760210@gmail.com>\n"
"Language-Team: Chinese - TAIWAN (https://github.com/python/python-docs-zh-"
"tw)\n"
"Language: zh_TW\n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
"Plural-Forms: nplurals=1; plural=0;\n"
"X-Generator: Poedit 3.4.2\n"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:5
msgid "Programming FAQ"
msgstr "程式開發常見問答集"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:8
msgid "Contents"
msgstr "目錄"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:12
msgid "General questions"
msgstr "常見問題"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:15
msgid ""
"Is there a source code-level debugger with breakpoints and single-stepping?"
msgstr "是否有具有中斷點和單步執行功能的原始碼級偵錯器？"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:17 ../../faq/programming.rst:56
msgid "Yes."
msgstr "有的。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:19
msgid ""
"Several debuggers for Python are described below, and the built-in function :"
"func:`breakpoint` allows you to drop into any of them."
msgstr ""
"下面描述了幾個 Python 偵錯器，內建函式 :func:`breakpoint` 允許你進入其中任何"
"一個。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:22
msgid ""
"The pdb module is a simple but adequate console-mode debugger for Python. It "
"is part of the standard Python library, and is :mod:`documented in the "
"Library Reference Manual <pdb>`. You can also write your own debugger by "
"using the code for pdb as an example."
msgstr ""
"pdb 模組是一個簡單但足夠的 Python 控制台模式偵錯器。它是標準 Python 函式庫的"
"一部分，並\\ :mod:`記錄在函式庫參考手冊 <pdb>`\\ 中。你也可以參考 pdb 的程式"
"碼作為範例來編寫自己的偵錯器。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:27
msgid ""
"The IDLE interactive development environment, which is part of the standard "
"Python distribution (normally available as :mod:`idlelib`), includes a "
"graphical debugger."
msgstr ""
"IDLE 互動式開發環境，它是標準 Python 發行版的一部分（通常作為 :mod:`idlelib` "
"提供），包括一個圖形偵錯器。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:31
msgid ""
"PythonWin is a Python IDE that includes a GUI debugger based on pdb.  The "
"PythonWin debugger colors breakpoints and has quite a few cool features such "
"as debugging non-PythonWin programs.  PythonWin is available as part of "
"`pywin32 <https://github.com/mhammond/pywin32>`_ project and as a part of "
"the `ActivePython <https://www.activestate.com/products/python/>`_ "
"distribution."
msgstr ""
"PythonWin 是一個 Python IDE，它包含一個基於 pdb 的 GUI 偵錯器。 PythonWin 除"
"錯器為斷點著色並具有許多很酷的功能，例如偵錯非 PythonWin 程式。 PythonWin 作"
"為 `pywin32 <https://github.com/mhammond/pywin32>`_ 專案的一部分和作為 "
"`ActivePython <https://www.activestate.com/products/python/>`_ 的一部分發佈。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:38
msgid ""
"`Eric <https://eric-ide.python-projects.org/>`_ is an IDE built on PyQt and "
"the Scintilla editing component."
msgstr ""
"`Eric <https://eric-ide.python-projects.org/>`_ 是一個基於 PyQt 和 Scintilla "
"編輯元件所建構的 IDE。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:41
msgid ""
"`trepan3k <https://github.com/rocky/python3-trepan/>`_ is a gdb-like "
"debugger."
msgstr ""
"`trepan3k <https://github.com/rocky/python3-trepan/>`_ 是一個類似 gdb 的偵錯"
"器。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:43
msgid ""
"`Visual Studio Code <https://code.visualstudio.com/>`_ is an IDE with "
"debugging tools that integrates with version-control software."
msgstr ""
"`Visual Studio Code <https://code.visualstudio.com/>`_ 是一個整合了版本控制軟"
"體與偵錯工具的 IDE。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:46
msgid ""
"There are a number of commercial Python IDEs that include graphical "
"debuggers. They include:"
msgstr "有數個商業化 Python IDE 包含圖形偵錯器。這些包含："

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:49
msgid "`Wing IDE <https://wingware.com/>`_"
msgstr "`Wing IDE <https://wingware.com/>`_"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:50
msgid "`PyCharm <https://www.jetbrains.com/pycharm/>`_"
msgstr "`PyCharm <https://www.jetbrains.com/pycharm/>`_"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:54
msgid "Are there tools to help find bugs or perform static analysis?"
msgstr "有沒有工具能夠幫忙找 bug 或執行靜態分析？"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:58
msgid ""
"`Ruff <https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/>`__, `Pylint <https://pylint.readthedocs."
"io/>`__ and `Pyflakes <https://github.com/PyCQA/pyflakes>`__ do basic "
"checking that will help you catch bugs sooner."
msgstr ""
"`Ruff <https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/>`__\\ 、`Pylint <https://pylint."
"readthedocs.io/>`__ 和 `Pyflakes <https://github.com/PyCQA/pyflakes>`__ 進行"
"基本檢查以幫助你儘早抓出錯誤。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:63
msgid ""
"Static type checkers such as `mypy <https://mypy-lang.org/>`__, `ty <https://"
"docs.astral.sh/ty/>`__, `Pyrefly <https://pyrefly.org/>`__, and `pytype "
"<https://github.com/google/pytype>`__ can check type hints in Python source "
"code."
msgstr ""
"靜態型別檢查器，例如 `mypy <https://mypy-lang.org/>`__、`ty <https://docs."
"astral.sh/ty/>`__、`Pyrefly <https://pyrefly.org/>`__ 和 `pytype <https://"
"github.com/google/pytype>`__ 可以檢查 Python 原始碼中的型別提示。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:73
msgid "How can I create a stand-alone binary from a Python script?"
msgstr "如何從 Python 腳本建立獨立的二進位檔案？"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:75
msgid ""
"You don't need the ability to compile Python to C code if all you want is a "
"stand-alone program that users can download and run without having to "
"install the Python distribution first.  There are a number of tools that "
"determine the set of modules required by a program and bind these modules "
"together with a Python binary to produce a single executable."
msgstr ""
"如果你想要的只是一個使用者可以下載並執行而無需先安裝 Python 發行版的獨立程"
"式，則不需要將 Python 編譯為 C 程式碼的能力。有許多工具可以判斷程式所需的模組"
"集，並將這些模組與 Python 二進位檔案綁定在一起以產生單個可執行檔。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:81
msgid ""
"One is to use the freeze tool, which is included in the Python source tree "
"as :source:`Tools/freeze`. It converts Python byte code to C arrays; with a "
"C compiler you can embed all your modules into a new program, which is then "
"linked with the standard Python modules."
msgstr ""
"一種方法是使用 freeze 工具，它被包含在 Python 原始碼樹中的 :source:`Tools/"
"freeze`。它將 Python 位元組碼轉換為 C 陣列；使用 C 編譯器，你可以將所有模組嵌"
"入到一個新程式中，然後將其與標準 Python 模組連結。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:87
msgid ""
"It works by scanning your source recursively for import statements (in both "
"forms) and looking for the modules in the standard Python path as well as in "
"the source directory (for built-in modules).  It then turns the bytecode for "
"modules written in Python into C code (array initializers that can be turned "
"into code objects using the marshal module) and creates a custom-made config "
"file that only contains those built-in modules which are actually used in "
"the program.  It then compiles the generated C code and links it with the "
"rest of the Python interpreter to form a self-contained binary which acts "
"exactly like your script."
msgstr ""
"它的工作原理是遞迴地掃描你的原始碼以查找引入陳述式（兩種形式）並在標準 "
"Python 路徑和原始碼目錄（對於內建模組）中查找模組。然後它將用 Python 編寫的模"
"組的位元組碼轉換為 C 程式碼（陣列初始化器可以使用 marshal 模組轉換為程式碼物"
"件）並建立一個自訂的組態檔案，該檔案僅包含那些在程式中實際使用的內建模組。然"
"後它編譯產生的 C 程式碼並將其與 Python 直譯器的其餘部分連結以形成一個獨立的二"
"進位檔案，其行為與你的腳本完全一樣。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:96
msgid ""
"The following packages can help with the creation of console and GUI "
"executables:"
msgstr "以下套件可以幫助建立 console 和 GUI 可執行檔案："

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:99
msgid "`Nuitka <https://nuitka.net/>`_ (Cross-platform)"
msgstr "`Nuitka <https://nuitka.net/>`_\\ （跨平台）"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:100
msgid "`PyInstaller <https://pyinstaller.org/>`_ (Cross-platform)"
msgstr "`PyInstaller <https://pyinstaller.org/>`_\\ （跨平台）"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:101
msgid ""
"`PyOxidizer <https://pyoxidizer.readthedocs.io/en/stable/>`_ (Cross-platform)"
msgstr ""
"`PyOxidizer <https://pyoxidizer.readthedocs.io/en/stable/>`_\\ （跨平台）"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:102
msgid ""
"`cx_Freeze <https://marcelotduarte.github.io/cx_Freeze/>`_ (Cross-platform)"
msgstr ""
"`cx_Freeze <https://marcelotduarte.github.io/cx_Freeze/>`_\\ （跨平台）"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:103
msgid "`py2app <https://github.com/ronaldoussoren/py2app>`_ (macOS only)"
msgstr "`py2app <https://github.com/ronaldoussoren/py2app>`_\\ （僅限 macOS）"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:104
msgid "`py2exe <https://www.py2exe.org/>`_ (Windows only)"
msgstr "`py2exe <https://www.py2exe.org/>`_\\ （僅限 Windows）"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:108
msgid "Are there coding standards or a style guide for Python programs?"
msgstr "Python 程式碼是否有編碼標準或風格指南？"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:110
msgid ""
"Yes.  The coding style required for standard library modules is documented "
"as :pep:`8`."
msgstr "是的。標準函式庫模組所需的編碼風格稱為 :pep:`8`。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:115
msgid "Core language"
msgstr "核心語言"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:120
msgid "Why am I getting an UnboundLocalError when the variable has a value?"
msgstr "為什麼當變數有值時，我仍得到錯誤訊息 UnboundLocalError？"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:122
msgid ""
"It can be a surprise to get the :exc:`UnboundLocalError` in previously "
"working code when it is modified by adding an assignment statement somewhere "
"in the body of a function."
msgstr ""
"在先前能正常運作的程式碼中，當透過在函式主體的某處新增賦值陳述式來修改時，得"
"到 :exc:`UnboundLocalError` 可能會令人驚訝。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:126
msgid "This code:"
msgstr "這段程式碼："

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:135
msgid "works, but this code:"
msgstr "可以執行，但是這段程式碼："

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:142
msgid "results in an :exc:`!UnboundLocalError`:"
msgstr "導致 :exc:`!UnboundLocalError`："

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:149
msgid ""
"This is because when you make an assignment to a variable in a scope, that "
"variable becomes local to that scope and shadows any similarly named "
"variable in the outer scope.  Since the last statement in foo assigns a new "
"value to ``x``, the compiler recognizes it as a local variable.  "
"Consequently when the earlier ``print(x)`` attempts to print the "
"uninitialized local variable and an error results."
msgstr ""
"這是因為當你在某個作用域中對變數進行賦值時，該變數會成為該作用域的區域變數，"
"並遮蔽外部作用域中任何同名的變數。由於 foo 中的最後一個陳述式為 ``x`` 賦予了"
"一個新值，編譯器將其識別為區域變數。因此，當較早的 ``print(x)`` 嘗試印出未初"
"始化的區域變數時就會產生錯誤。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:156
msgid ""
"In the example above you can access the outer scope variable by declaring it "
"global:"
msgstr "在上面的範例中，你可以透過將其聲明為全域變數來存取外部範圍變數："

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:168
msgid ""
"This explicit declaration is required in order to remind you that (unlike "
"the superficially analogous situation with class and instance variables) you "
"are actually modifying the value of the variable in the outer scope:"
msgstr ""
"需要這個顯式宣告是為了提醒你（與類別和實例變數表面上類似的情況不同）你實際上"
"是在修改外部作用域中變數的值："

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:175
msgid ""
"You can do a similar thing in a nested scope using the :keyword:`nonlocal` "
"keyword:"
msgstr "你可以使用 :keyword:`nonlocal` 關鍵字在巢狀作用域內做類似的事情："

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:193
msgid "What are the rules for local and global variables in Python?"
msgstr "Python 的區域變數和全域變數有什麼規則？"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:195
msgid ""
"In Python, variables that are only referenced inside a function are "
"implicitly global.  If a variable is assigned a value anywhere within the "
"function's body, it's assumed to be a local unless explicitly declared as "
"global."
msgstr ""
"在 Python 中，僅在函式內部被參照的變數是隱式的全域變數。如果一個變數在函式主"
"體內的任何地方被賦值，除非明確宣告為全域變數，否則它會被假定為區域變數。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:199
msgid ""
"Though a bit surprising at first, a moment's consideration explains this.  "
"On one hand, requiring :keyword:`global` for assigned variables provides a "
"bar against unintended side-effects.  On the other hand, if ``global`` was "
"required for all global references, you'd be using ``global`` all the time.  "
"You'd have to declare as global every reference to a built-in function or to "
"a component of an imported module.  This clutter would defeat the usefulness "
"of the ``global`` declaration for identifying side-effects."
msgstr ""
"雖然起初有點令人驚訝，但稍加思考就可以解釋這一點。一方面，要求被賦值的變數使"
"用 :keyword:`global` 可以防止意外的副作用。另一方面，如果所有全域參照都需"
"要 ``global``，那麼你將一直使用 ``global``。你必須將對內建函式或被引入模組的"
"組件的每個參照都宣告為全域。這種混亂會破壞 ``global`` 宣告在識別副作用方面的"
"用處。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:209
msgid ""
"Why do lambdas defined in a loop with different values all return the same "
"result?"
msgstr "為什麼以不同的值在迴圈中定義的 lambda 都回傳相同的結果？"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:211
msgid ""
"Assume you use a for loop to define a few different lambdas (or even plain "
"functions), for example::"
msgstr ""
"假設你使用 for 迴圈來定義幾個不同的 lambda（甚至是普通函式），例如： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:214
msgid ""
">>> squares = []\n"
">>> for x in range(5):\n"
"...     squares.append(lambda: x**2)"
msgstr ""
">>> squares = []\n"
">>> for x in range(5):\n"
"...     squares.append(lambda: x**2)"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:218
msgid ""
"This gives you a list that contains 5 lambdas that calculate ``x**2``.  You "
"might expect that, when called, they would return, respectively, ``0``, "
"``1``, ``4``, ``9``, and ``16``.  However, when you actually try you will "
"see that they all return ``16``::"
msgstr ""
"這會提供一個包含五個計算 ``x**2`` 的 lambda 串列。你可能會預期在呼叫它時，它"
"們會分別回傳 ``0``、``1``、``4``、``9`` 和 ``16``，然而當你實際嘗試你會發現它"
"們都回傳 ``16``： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:223
msgid ""
">>> squares[2]()\n"
"16\n"
">>> squares[4]()\n"
"16"
msgstr ""
">>> squares[2]()\n"
"16\n"
">>> squares[4]()\n"
"16"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:228
msgid ""
"This happens because ``x`` is not local to the lambdas, but is defined in "
"the outer scope, and it is accessed when the lambda is called --- not when "
"it is defined.  At the end of the loop, the value of ``x`` is ``4``, so all "
"the functions now return ``4**2``, that is ``16``.  You can also verify this "
"by changing the value of ``x`` and see how the results of the lambdas "
"change::"
msgstr ""
"發生這種情況是因為 ``x`` 不是 lambda 的區域變數，而是在外部作用域中定義的，且"
"是在呼叫 lambda 時才會存取它，並非於定義時就會存取。在迴圈結束時，``x`` 的值"
"為 ``4``，因此所有函式都回傳 ``4**2``，即為 ``16``。你還可以透過更改 ``x`` 的"
"值來驗證這一點，並查看 lambda 運算式的結果如何變化： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:234
msgid ""
">>> x = 8\n"
">>> squares[2]()\n"
"64"
msgstr ""
">>> x = 8\n"
">>> squares[2]()\n"
"64"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:238
msgid ""
"In order to avoid this, you need to save the values in variables local to "
"the lambdas, so that they don't rely on the value of the global ``x``::"
msgstr ""
"為了避免這種情況，你需要將值保存在 lambda 的區域變數中，這樣它們就不會依賴於"
"全域 ``x`` 的值： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:241
msgid ""
">>> squares = []\n"
">>> for x in range(5):\n"
"...     squares.append(lambda n=x: n**2)"
msgstr ""
">>> squares = []\n"
">>> for x in range(5):\n"
"...     squares.append(lambda n=x: n**2)"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:245
msgid ""
"Here, ``n=x`` creates a new variable ``n`` local to the lambda and computed "
"when the lambda is defined so that it has the same value that ``x`` had at "
"that point in the loop.  This means that the value of ``n`` will be ``0`` in "
"the first lambda, ``1`` in the second, ``2`` in the third, and so on. "
"Therefore each lambda will now return the correct result::"
msgstr ""
"在這裡，``n=x`` 建立了一個新的區域變數 ``n``，屬於該 lambda 並在定義 lambda "
"時計算，因此它具有與 ``x`` 在迴圈中該點相同的值。這意味著 ``n`` 的值在第一"
"個 lambda 中為 ``0``，在第二個中為 ``1``，在第三個中為 ``2``，依此類推。因此"
"每個 lambda 現在將回傳正確的結果： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:251
msgid ""
">>> squares[2]()\n"
"4\n"
">>> squares[4]()\n"
"16"
msgstr ""
">>> squares[2]()\n"
"4\n"
">>> squares[4]()\n"
"16"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:256
msgid ""
"Note that this behaviour is not peculiar to lambdas, but applies to regular "
"functions too."
msgstr "請注意，此行為並非 lambda 所特有，也適用於常規函式。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:261
msgid "How do I share global variables across modules?"
msgstr "如何跨模組共享全域變數？"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:263
msgid ""
"The canonical way to share information across modules within a single "
"program is to create a special module (often called config or cfg).  Just "
"import the config module in all modules of your application; the module then "
"becomes available as a global name.  Because there is only one instance of "
"each module, any changes made to the module object get reflected "
"everywhere.  For example:"
msgstr ""
"在單一程式中跨模組共享資訊的標準方法是建立一個特殊模組（通常稱為 config 或 "
"cfg）。只需在應用程式的所有模組中引入該設定模組；然後該模組就可作為全域名稱使"
"用。因為每個模組只有一個實例，所以對模組物件所做的任何變更都會反映到各處。例"
"如："

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:269
msgid "config.py::"
msgstr "config.py： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:271
msgid "x = 0   # Default value of the 'x' configuration setting"
msgstr "x = 0   # 'x' 配置設定的預設值"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:273
msgid "mod.py::"
msgstr "mod.py： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:275
msgid ""
"import config\n"
"config.x = 1"
msgstr ""
"import config\n"
"config.x = 1"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:278
msgid "main.py::"
msgstr "main.py： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:280
msgid ""
"import config\n"
"import mod\n"
"print(config.x)"
msgstr ""
"import config\n"
"import mod\n"
"print(config.x)"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:284
msgid ""
"Note that using a module is also the basis for implementing the singleton "
"design pattern, for the same reason."
msgstr "請注意，出於同樣的原因，使用模組也是實作單例設計模式的基礎。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:289
msgid "What are the \"best practices\" for using import in a module?"
msgstr "在模組中使用 import 的「最佳做法」有哪些？"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:291
msgid ""
"In general, don't use ``from modulename import *``.  Doing so clutters the "
"importer's namespace, and makes it much harder for linters to detect "
"undefined names."
msgstr ""
"一般來說，不要使用 ``from modulename import *``。這樣做會使引入者的命名空間變"
"得混亂，並使 linter 更難以檢測未定義的名稱。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:295
msgid ""
"Import modules at the top of a file.  Doing so makes it clear what other "
"modules your code requires and avoids questions of whether the module name "
"is in scope. Using one import per line makes it easy to add and delete "
"module imports, but using multiple imports per line uses less screen space."
msgstr ""
"在檔案頂部引入模組。這樣做可以清楚地知道你的程式碼需要哪些其他模組，並避免模"
"組名稱是否在作用域內的問題。每行使用一個引入可以輕鬆新增和刪除模組引入，但每"
"行使用多個引入會佔用較少的螢幕空間。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:300
msgid "It's good practice if you import modules in the following order:"
msgstr "按以下順序引入模組是一個良好的做法："

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:302
msgid ""
"standard library modules -- such as :mod:`sys`, :mod:`os`, :mod:`argparse`, :"
"mod:`re`"
msgstr ""
"標準函式庫模組 —— 例如 :mod:`sys`、:mod:`os`、:mod:`argparse`、:mod:`re`"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:303
msgid ""
"third-party library modules (anything installed in Python's site-packages "
"directory) -- such as :pypi:`dateutil`, :pypi:`requests`, :pypi:`tzdata`"
msgstr ""
"第三方函式庫模組（任何安裝在 Python 的 site-packages 目錄中的模組）——例如 "
":pypi:`dateutil`、:pypi:`requests`、:pypi:`tzdata`"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:305
msgid "locally developed modules"
msgstr "本地開發的模組"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:307
msgid ""
"It is sometimes necessary to move imports to a function or class to avoid "
"problems with circular imports.  Gordon McMillan says:"
msgstr ""
"有時需要將引入移動到函式或類別中，以避免循環引入的問題。Gordon "
"McMillan 說："

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:310
msgid ""
"Circular imports are fine where both modules use the \"import <module>\" "
"form of import.  They fail when the 2nd module wants to grab a name out of "
"the first (\"from module import name\") and the import is at the top level.  "
"That's because names in the 1st are not yet available, because the first "
"module is busy importing the 2nd."
msgstr ""
"在兩個模組都使用 \"import <module>\" 引入形式的情況下，循環引入是沒問題"
"的。當第二個模組想要從第一個模組中取得一個名稱（\"from module import "
"name\"）並且引入位於頂層時，它們會失敗。那是因為第一個模組中的名稱尚不可"
"用，因為第一個模組正忙於引入第二個模組。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:316
msgid ""
"In this case, if the second module is only used in one function, then the "
"import can easily be moved into that function.  By the time the import is "
"called, the first module will have finished initializing, and the second "
"module can do its import."
msgstr ""
"在這種情況下，如果第二個模組只在一個函式中使用，那麼引入可以很容易地移到"
"那個函式中。當引入被呼叫時，第一個模組將已經完成初始化，第二個模組就可以"
"進行它的引入。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:321
msgid ""
"It may also be necessary to move imports out of the top level of code if "
"some of the modules are platform-specific.  In that case, it may not even be "
"possible to import all of the modules at the top of the file.  In this case, "
"importing the correct modules in the corresponding platform-specific code is "
"a good option."
msgstr ""
"如果某些模組是平台特定的，則可能還需要將引入移出程式碼的頂層。在這種情況"
"下，甚至可能無法在檔案頂部引入所有模組。在這種情況下，在對應的平台特定程"
"式碼中引入正確的模組是一個不錯的選擇。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:326
msgid ""
"Only move imports into a local scope, such as inside a function definition, "
"if it's necessary to solve a problem such as avoiding a circular import or "
"are trying to reduce the initialization time of a module.  This technique is "
"especially helpful if many of the imports are unnecessary depending on how "
"the program executes.  You may also want to move imports into a function if "
"the modules are only ever used in that function.  Note that loading a module "
"the first time may be expensive because of the one time initialization of "
"the module, but loading a module multiple times is virtually free, costing "
"only a couple of dictionary lookups.  Even if the module name has gone out "
"of scope, the module is probably available in :data:`sys.modules`."
msgstr ""
"只有在需要解決避免循環引入等問題，或試圖減少模組的初始化時間時，才將引入"
"移動到區域範圍內，例如在函式定義內。如果根據程式的執行方式，許多引入是不"
"必要的，則此技術特別有用。如果模組僅在該函式中使用，你可能也會想將引入移"
"到該函式中。請注意，由於模組的一次性初始化，第一次載入模組的代價可能很"
"高，但多次載入模組實際上是免費的，只需幾次字典查找。即使模組名稱已超出範"
"圍，該模組也可能在 :data:`sys.modules` 中可用。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:339
msgid "Why are default values shared between objects?"
msgstr "為什麼物件之間共享預設值？"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:341
msgid ""
"This type of bug commonly bites neophyte programmers.  Consider this "
"function::"
msgstr "這種類型的錯誤通常會困擾新手程式設計師。像是這個函式： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:343
msgid ""
"def foo(mydict={}):  # Danger: shared reference to one dict for all calls\n"
"    ... compute something ...\n"
"    mydict[key] = value\n"
"    return mydict"
msgstr ""
"def foo(mydict={}):  # 危險：所有呼叫共享對字典的參照\n"
"    ... 計算一些東西 ...\n"
"    mydict[key] = value\n"
"    return mydict"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:348
msgid ""
"The first time you call this function, ``mydict`` contains a single item.  "
"The second time, ``mydict`` contains two items because when ``foo()`` begins "
"executing, ``mydict`` starts out with an item already in it."
msgstr ""
"第一次呼叫此函式時， ``mydict`` 包含一個項目。第二次後 ``mydict`` 包含兩個項"
"目，因為當 ``foo()`` 開始執行時，``mydict`` 以其中已有的項目開始。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:352
msgid ""
"It is often expected that a function call creates new objects for default "
"values. This is not what happens. Default values are created exactly once, "
"when the function is defined.  If that object is changed, like the "
"dictionary in this example, subsequent calls to the function will refer to "
"this changed object."
msgstr ""
"人們通常預期函式呼叫會為預設值建立新物件。但事實並非如此。預設值只會在函"
"式被定義時建立一次。如果該物件被更改，如本例中的字典，則對該函式的後續呼"
"叫將參照到該已更改的物件。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:357
msgid ""
"By definition, immutable objects such as numbers, strings, tuples, and "
"``None``, are safe from change. Changes to mutable objects such as "
"dictionaries, lists, and class instances can lead to confusion."
msgstr ""
"根據定義，數字、字串、tuple 和 ``None`` 等不可變物件不會被更改。對字典、"
"list 和類別實例等可變物件的更改可能會導致混淆。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:361
msgid ""
"Because of this feature, it is good programming practice to not use mutable "
"objects as default values.  Instead, use ``None`` as the default value and "
"inside the function, check if the parameter is ``None`` and create a new "
"list/dictionary/whatever if it is.  For example, don't write::"
msgstr ""
"由於這個特性，不使用可變物件作為預設值是一個很好的程式設計習慣，而是應使用 "
"``None`` 作為預設值，並在函式內部檢查參數是否為 ``None``，再建立一個新的串列/"
"字典/或其他東西。例如，不要這樣寫： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:366
msgid ""
"def foo(mydict={}):\n"
"    ..."
msgstr ""
"def foo(mydict={}):\n"
"    ..."

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:369
msgid "but::"
msgstr "而是寫成： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:371
msgid ""
"def foo(mydict=None):\n"
"    if mydict is None:\n"
"        mydict = {}  # create a new dict for local namespace"
msgstr ""
"def foo(mydict=None):\n"
"    if mydict is None:\n"
"        mydict = {}  # 為區域命名空間建立一個新字典"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:375
msgid ""
"This feature can be useful.  When you have a function that's time-consuming "
"to compute, a common technique is to cache the parameters and the resulting "
"value of each call to the function, and return the cached value if the same "
"value is requested again.  This is called \"memoizing\", and can be "
"implemented like this::"
msgstr ""
"此功能可能很有用。當你有一個計算起來很耗時的函式時，一種常用的技術是快取"
"參數和每次呼叫該函式的結果值，並在再次請求相同的值時回傳快取的值。這稱為"
"「記憶化 (memoizing)」，可以像這樣實作： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:380
msgid ""
"# Callers can only provide two parameters and optionally pass _cache by "
"keyword\n"
"def expensive(arg1, arg2, *, _cache={}):\n"
"    if (arg1, arg2) in _cache:\n"
"        return _cache[(arg1, arg2)]\n"
"\n"
"    # Calculate the value\n"
"    result = ... expensive computation ...\n"
"    _cache[(arg1, arg2)] = result           # Store result in the cache\n"
"    return result"
msgstr ""
"# 呼叫者只能提供兩個參數，並選擇性地透過關鍵字傳遞 _cache\n"
"def expensive(arg1, arg2, *, _cache={}):\n"
"    if (arg1, arg2) in _cache:\n"
"        return _cache[(arg1, arg2)]\n"
"\n"
"    # Calculate the value\n"
"    result = ... expensive computation ...\n"
"    _cache[(arg1, arg2)] = result           # 將結果儲存在快取中\n"
"    return result"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:390
msgid ""
"You could use a global variable containing a dictionary instead of the "
"default value; it's a matter of taste."
msgstr "你可以使用包含字典的全域變數而不是預設值；這取決於喜好。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:395
msgid ""
"How can I pass optional or keyword parameters from one function to another?"
msgstr "如何將可選參數或關鍵字參數從一個函式傳遞到另一個函式？"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:397
msgid ""
"Collect the arguments using the ``*`` and ``**`` specifiers in the "
"function's parameter list; this gives you the positional arguments as a "
"tuple and the keyword arguments as a dictionary.  You can then pass these "
"arguments when calling another function by using ``*`` and ``**``::"
msgstr ""
"在函式的參數列表中使用 ``*`` 和 ``**`` 指定符來收集引數；這會將位置引"
"數作為 tuple 提供給你，並將關鍵字引數作為字典提供。然後你可以在使用 "
"``*`` 和 ``**`` 呼叫另一個函式時傳遞這些引數： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:402
msgid ""
"def f(x, *args, **kwargs):\n"
"    ...\n"
"    kwargs['width'] = '14.3c'\n"
"    ...\n"
"    g(x, *args, **kwargs)"
msgstr ""
"def f(x, *args, **kwargs):\n"
"    ...\n"
"    kwargs['width'] = '14.3c'\n"
"    ...\n"
"    g(x, *args, **kwargs)"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:416
msgid "What is the difference between arguments and parameters?"
msgstr "引數 (arguments) 和參數 (parameters) 有什麼區別？"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:418
msgid ""
":term:`Parameters <parameter>` are defined by the names that appear in a "
"function definition, whereas :term:`arguments <argument>` are the values "
"actually passed to a function when calling it.  Parameters define what :term:"
"`kind of arguments <parameter>` a function can accept.  For example, given "
"the function definition::"
msgstr ""
":term:`參數 <parameter>`\\ 由出現在函式定義中的名稱定義，而\\ :term:`引數 "
"<argument>`\\ 是呼叫函式時實際傳遞給函式的值。參數定義函式可以接受的\\ :term:"
"`引數種類 <parameter>`。例如，給定以下函式定義： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:424
msgid ""
"def func(foo, bar=None, **kwargs):\n"
"    pass"
msgstr ""
"def func(foo, bar=None, **kwargs):\n"
"    pass"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:427
msgid ""
"*foo*, *bar* and *kwargs* are parameters of ``func``.  However, when calling "
"``func``, for example::"
msgstr ""
"*foo*、*bar* 和 *kwargs* 是 ``func`` 的參數。然而當呼叫 ``func`` 時，例"
"如： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:430
msgid "func(42, bar=314, extra=somevar)"
msgstr "func(42, bar=314, extra=somevar)"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:432
msgid "the values ``42``, ``314``, and ``somevar`` are arguments."
msgstr "``42``、``314`` 和 ``somevar`` 是引數。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:436
msgid "Why did changing list 'y' also change list 'x'?"
msgstr "為什麼更改串列 'y' 也會更改串列 'x'？"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:438
msgid "If you wrote code like::"
msgstr "如果你寫了像這樣的程式碼： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:440
msgid ""
">>> x = []\n"
">>> y = x\n"
">>> y.append(10)\n"
">>> y\n"
"[10]\n"
">>> x\n"
"[10]"
msgstr ""
">>> x = []\n"
">>> y = x\n"
">>> y.append(10)\n"
">>> y\n"
"[10]\n"
">>> x\n"
"[10]"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:448
msgid ""
"you might be wondering why appending an element to ``y`` changed ``x`` too."
msgstr "你可能想知道為什麼將一個元素附加到 ``y`` 時也會改變 ``x``。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:450
msgid "There are two factors that produce this result:"
msgstr "產生這個結果的原因有兩個："

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:452
msgid ""
"Variables are simply names that refer to objects.  Doing ``y = x`` doesn't "
"create a copy of the list -- it creates a new variable ``y`` that refers to "
"the same object ``x`` refers to.  This means that there is only one object "
"(the list), and both ``x`` and ``y`` refer to it."
msgstr ""
"變數只是參照物件的名稱。執行 ``y = x`` 不會建立 list 的副本——它會建立一"
"個新變數 ``y``，參照到 ``x`` 所參照的同一物件。這意味著只有一個物件"
"（list），並且 ``x`` 和 ``y`` 都參照它。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:456
msgid ""
"Lists are :term:`mutable`, which means that you can change their content."
msgstr "list 是 :term:`mutable`，這意味著你可以變更它們的內容。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:458
msgid ""
"After the call to :meth:`~sequence.append`, the content of the mutable "
"object has changed from ``[]`` to ``[10]``.  Since both the variables refer "
"to the same object, using either name accesses the modified value ``[10]``."
msgstr ""
"在呼叫 :meth:`~sequence.append` 之後，可變物件的內容從 ``[]`` 變成了 "
"``[10]``。由於這兩個變數都參照同一個物件，因此使用任一名稱都可以存取修改後的"
"值 ``[10]``。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:462
msgid "If we instead assign an immutable object to ``x``::"
msgstr "如果我們改為賦予一個不可變物件給 ``x``： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:464
msgid ""
">>> x = 5  # ints are immutable\n"
">>> y = x\n"
">>> x = x + 1  # 5 can't be mutated, we are creating a new object here\n"
">>> x\n"
"6\n"
">>> y\n"
"5"
msgstr ""
">>> x = 5  # 整數為不可變的\n"
">>> y = x\n"
">>> x = x + 1  # 5 不可變，在這邊會建立一個新物件\n"
">>> x\n"
"6\n"
">>> y\n"
"5"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:472
msgid ""
"we can see that in this case ``x`` and ``y`` are not equal anymore.  This is "
"because integers are :term:`immutable`, and when we do ``x = x + 1`` we are "
"not mutating the int ``5`` by incrementing its value; instead, we are "
"creating a new object (the int ``6``) and assigning it to ``x`` (that is, "
"changing which object ``x`` refers to).  After this assignment we have two "
"objects (the ints ``6`` and ``5``) and two variables that refer to them "
"(``x`` now refers to ``6`` but ``y`` still refers to ``5``)."
msgstr ""
"我們可以看到，在這種情況下 ``x`` 和 ``y`` 不再相等。這是因為整數是 "
":term:`immutable`，當我們執行 ``x = x + 1`` 時，我們並沒有透過增加 int "
"``5`` 的值來改變它；相反地，我們建立了一個新物件（int ``6``）並將其賦值"
"給 ``x``\\ （也就是說，更改 ``x`` 所參照的物件）。在這個賦值之後，我們有兩"
"個物件（整數 ``6`` 和 ``5``）和兩個參照它們的變數（``x`` 現在參照 "
"``6``，但 ``y`` 仍然參照 ``5``）。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:480
msgid ""
"Some operations (for example ``y.append(10)`` and ``y.sort()``) mutate the "
"object, whereas superficially similar operations (for example ``y = y + "
"[10]`` and :func:`sorted(y) <sorted>`) create a new object.  In general in "
"Python (and in all cases in the standard library) a method that mutates an "
"object will return ``None`` to help avoid getting the two types of "
"operations confused.  So if you mistakenly write ``y.sort()`` thinking it "
"will give you a sorted copy of ``y``, you'll instead end up with ``None``, "
"which will likely cause your program to generate an easily diagnosed error."
msgstr ""
"一些操作（例如 ``y.append(10)`` 和 ``y.sort()``）會改變物件，而表面上相"
"似的操作（例如 ``y = y + [10]`` 和 :func:`sorted(y) <sorted>`）會建立一"
"個新物件。通常在 Python 中（以及在標準函式庫中的所有情況下），改變物件的"
"方法將回傳 ``None``，以幫助避免混淆這兩種類型的操作。因此，如果你錯誤地"
"編寫了 ``y.sort()``，認為它會給你一個 ``y`` 的排序副本，那麼你最終會得到"
" ``None``，這可能會導致你的程式產生一個容易診斷的錯誤。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:489
msgid ""
"However, there is one class of operations where the same operation sometimes "
"has different behaviors with different types:  the augmented assignment "
"operators.  For example, ``+=`` mutates lists but not tuples or ints "
"(``a_list += [1, 2, 3]`` is equivalent to ``a_list.extend([1, 2, 3])`` and "
"mutates ``a_list``, whereas ``some_tuple += (1, 2, 3)`` and ``some_int += "
"1`` create new objects)."
msgstr ""
"但是，有一類操作中，相同的操作有時對不同型別有不同的行為：擴增賦值運算"
"子。例如，``+=`` 會改變 list 但不會改變 tuple 或 int（``a_list += [1, "
"2, 3]`` 等同於 ``a_list.extend([1, 2, 3])`` 並改變 ``a_list``，而 "
"``some_tuple += (1, 2, 3)`` 和 ``some_int += 1`` 會建立新物件）。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:496
msgid "In other words:"
msgstr "換句話說："

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:498
msgid ""
"If we have a mutable object (such as :class:`list`, :class:`dict`, :class:"
"`set`), we can use some specific operations to mutate it and all the "
"variables that refer to it will see the change."
msgstr ""
"如果我們有一個可變物件（例如 :class:`list`、:class:`dict`、:class:`set`），我們"
"可以使用一些特定的操作來改變它，所有參照它的變數都會看到變化。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:501
msgid ""
"If we have an immutable object (such as :class:`str`, :class:`int`, :class:"
"`tuple`), all the variables that refer to it will always see the same value, "
"but operations that transform that value into a new value always return a "
"new object."
msgstr ""
"如果我們有一個不可變物件（例如 :class:`str`、:class:`int`、:class:`tuple`），所"
"有參照它的變數將始終看到相同的值，但是將該值轉換為新值的操作總是會回傳一個新物件。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:506
msgid ""
"If you want to know if two variables refer to the same object or not, you "
"can use the :keyword:`is` operator, or the built-in function :func:`id`."
msgstr ""
"如果你想知道兩個變數是否參照同一個物件，你可以使用 :keyword:`is` 運算子或內建"
"函式 :func:`id`。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:511
msgid "How do I write a function with output parameters (call by reference)?"
msgstr "如何編寫帶有輸出參數的函式（透過傳參照呼叫 (call by reference)）？"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:513
msgid ""
"Remember that arguments are passed by assignment in Python.  Since "
"assignment just creates references to objects, there's no alias between an "
"argument name in the caller and callee, and consequently no call-by-"
"reference.  You can achieve the desired effect in a number of ways."
msgstr ""
"請記住，在 Python 中引數是透過賦值傳遞的。由於賦值只是建立對物件的參照，因此"
"呼叫者和被呼叫者的引數名稱之間沒有別名，也因此沒有傳參照呼叫。你可以透過多種"
"方式實作所需的效果。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:518
msgid "By returning a tuple of the results::"
msgstr "透過回傳結果的 tuple： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:520
msgid ""
">>> def func1(a, b):\n"
"...     a = 'new-value'        # a and b are local names\n"
"...     b = b + 1              # assigned to new objects\n"
"...     return a, b            # return new values\n"
"...\n"
">>> x, y = 'old-value', 99\n"
">>> func1(x, y)\n"
"('new-value', 100)"
msgstr ""
">>> def func1(a, b):\n"
"...     a = 'new-value'        # a 和 b 為區域名稱\n"
"...     b = b + 1              # 賦值到新物件\n"
"...     return a, b            # 回傳新值\n"
"...\n"
">>> x, y = 'old-value', 99\n"
">>> func1(x, y)\n"
"('new-value', 100)"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:529
msgid "This is almost always the clearest solution."
msgstr "這幾乎都會是最清楚的方案。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:531
msgid ""
"By using global variables.  This isn't thread-safe, and is not recommended."
msgstr "透過使用全域變數。這不是執行緒安全的，所以不推薦。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:533
msgid "By passing a mutable (changeable in-place) object::"
msgstr "透過傳遞一個可變的（可於原地 (in-place) 改變的）物件： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:535
msgid ""
">>> def func2(a):\n"
"...     a[0] = 'new-value'     # 'a' references a mutable list\n"
"...     a[1] = a[1] + 1        # changes a shared object\n"
"...\n"
">>> args = ['old-value', 99]\n"
">>> func2(args)\n"
">>> args\n"
"['new-value', 100]"
msgstr ""
">>> def func2(a):\n"
"...     a[0] = 'new-value'     # 'a' 參照一個可變的串列\n"
"...     a[1] = a[1] + 1        # 改變共享的物件\n"
"...\n"
">>> args = ['old-value', 99]\n"
">>> func2(args)\n"
">>> args\n"
"['new-value', 100]"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:544
msgid "By passing in a dictionary that gets mutated::"
msgstr "透過傳入一個發生改變的字典： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:546
msgid ""
">>> def func3(args):\n"
"...     args['a'] = 'new-value'     # args is a mutable dictionary\n"
"...     args['b'] = args['b'] + 1   # change it in-place\n"
"...\n"
">>> args = {'a': 'old-value', 'b': 99}\n"
">>> func3(args)\n"
">>> args\n"
"{'a': 'new-value', 'b': 100}"
msgstr ""
">>> def func3(args):\n"
"...     args['a'] = 'new-value'     # args 是可變字典\n"
"...     args['b'] = args['b'] + 1   # 原地改變它\n"
"...\n"
">>> args = {'a': 'old-value', 'b': 99}\n"
">>> func3(args)\n"
">>> args\n"
"{'a': 'new-value', 'b': 100}"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:555
msgid "Or bundle up values in a class instance::"
msgstr "或者在類別實例中捆綁值： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:557
msgid ""
">>> class Namespace:\n"
"...     def __init__(self, /, **args):\n"
"...         for key, value in args.items():\n"
"...             setattr(self, key, value)\n"
"...\n"
">>> def func4(args):\n"
"...     args.a = 'new-value'        # args is a mutable Namespace\n"
"...     args.b = args.b + 1         # change object in-place\n"
"...\n"
">>> args = Namespace(a='old-value', b=99)\n"
">>> func4(args)\n"
">>> vars(args)\n"
"{'a': 'new-value', 'b': 100}"
msgstr ""
">>> class Namespace:\n"
"...     def __init__(self, /, **args):\n"
"...         for key, value in args.items():\n"
"...             setattr(self, key, value)\n"
"...\n"
">>> def func4(args):\n"
"...     args.a = 'new-value'        # args 是可變命名空間\n"
"...     args.b = args.b + 1         # 原地改變物件\n"
"...\n"
">>> args = Namespace(a='old-value', b=99)\n"
">>> func4(args)\n"
">>> vars(args)\n"
"{'a': 'new-value', 'b': 100}"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:572
msgid "There's almost never a good reason to get this complicated."
msgstr "幾乎不會有要讓事情變得如此複雜的充分理由。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:574
msgid "Your best choice is to return a tuple containing the multiple results."
msgstr "你最好的選擇是回傳一個包含多個結果的 tuple。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:578
msgid "How do you make a higher order function in Python?"
msgstr "你如何在 Python 中建立高階函式？"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:580
msgid ""
"You have two choices: you can use nested scopes or you can use callable "
"objects. For example, suppose you wanted to define ``linear(a,b)`` which "
"returns a function ``f(x)`` that computes the value ``a*x+b``.  Using nested "
"scopes::"
msgstr ""
"你有兩種選擇：可以使用巢狀作用域，也可以使用可呼叫物件。例如，假設你想定義 "
"``linear(a,b)``，它會回傳 ``a*x+b`` 計算值的函式 ``f(x)``。使用巢狀作用"
"域： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:584
msgid ""
"def linear(a, b):\n"
"    def result(x):\n"
"        return a * x + b\n"
"    return result"
msgstr ""
"def linear(a, b):\n"
"    def result(x):\n"
"        return a * x + b\n"
"    return result"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:589
msgid "Or using a callable object::"
msgstr "或者使用可呼叫物件： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:591
msgid ""
"class linear:\n"
"\n"
"    def __init__(self, a, b):\n"
"        self.a, self.b = a, b\n"
"\n"
"    def __call__(self, x):\n"
"        return self.a * x + self.b"
msgstr ""
"class linear:\n"
"\n"
"    def __init__(self, a, b):\n"
"        self.a, self.b = a, b\n"
"\n"
"    def __call__(self, x):\n"
"        return self.a * x + self.b"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:599
msgid "In both cases, ::"
msgstr "在這兩種情況下： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:601
msgid "taxes = linear(0.3, 2)"
msgstr "taxes = linear(0.3, 2)"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:603
msgid "gives a callable object where ``taxes(10e6) == 0.3 * 10e6 + 2``."
msgstr "給定一個可呼叫物件，其中 ``taxes(10e6) == 0.3 * 10e6 + 2``。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:605
msgid ""
"The callable object approach has the disadvantage that it is a bit slower "
"and results in slightly longer code.  However, note that a collection of "
"callables can share their signature via inheritance::"
msgstr ""
"可呼叫物件方法的缺點是它速度稍慢，並且程式碼稍長。但是，請注意，一組可呼叫物"
"件可以透過繼承共享它們的簽名： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:609
msgid ""
"class exponential(linear):\n"
"    # __init__ inherited\n"
"    def __call__(self, x):\n"
"        return self.a * (x ** self.b)"
msgstr ""
"class exponential(linear):\n"
"    # __init__ inherited\n"
"    def __call__(self, x):\n"
"        return self.a * (x ** self.b)"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:614
msgid "Object can encapsulate state for several methods::"
msgstr "物件可以封裝多個方法的狀態： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:616
msgid ""
"class counter:\n"
"\n"
"    value = 0\n"
"\n"
"    def set(self, x):\n"
"        self.value = x\n"
"\n"
"    def up(self):\n"
"        self.value = self.value + 1\n"
"\n"
"    def down(self):\n"
"        self.value = self.value - 1\n"
"\n"
"count = counter()\n"
"inc, dec, reset = count.up, count.down, count.set"
msgstr ""
"class counter:\n"
"\n"
"    value = 0\n"
"\n"
"    def set(self, x):\n"
"        self.value = x\n"
"\n"
"    def up(self):\n"
"        self.value = self.value + 1\n"
"\n"
"    def down(self):\n"
"        self.value = self.value - 1\n"
"\n"
"count = counter()\n"
"inc, dec, reset = count.up, count.down, count.set"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:632
msgid ""
"Here ``inc()``, ``dec()`` and ``reset()`` act like functions which share the "
"same counting variable."
msgstr ""
"這裡的 ``inc()``、``dec()`` 和 ``reset()`` 就像共享相同計數變數的函式一樣。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:637
msgid "How do I copy an object in Python?"
msgstr "如何在 Python 中複製物件？"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:639
msgid ""
"In general, try :func:`copy.copy` or :func:`copy.deepcopy` for the general "
"case. Not all objects can be copied, but most can."
msgstr ""
"一般來說，請嘗試 :func:`copy.copy` 或 :func:`copy.deepcopy`。並非所有物件都可"
"以複製，但大多數都可以。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:642
msgid ""
"Some objects can be copied more easily.  Dictionaries have a :meth:`~dict."
"copy` method::"
msgstr "某些物件可以更輕鬆地複製。字典有一個 :meth:`~dict.copy` 方法： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:645
msgid "newdict = olddict.copy()"
msgstr "newdict = olddict.copy()"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:647
msgid "Sequences can be copied by slicing::"
msgstr "序列可以透過切片 (slicing) 複製： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:649
msgid "new_l = l[:]"
msgstr "new_l = l[:]"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:653
msgid "How can I find the methods or attributes of an object?"
msgstr "如何找到物件的方法或屬性？"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:655
msgid ""
"For an instance ``x`` of a user-defined class, :func:`dir(x) <dir>` returns "
"an alphabetized list of the names containing the instance attributes and "
"methods and attributes defined by its class."
msgstr ""
"對於使用者定義類別的實例 ``x``，:func:`dir(x) <dir>` 回傳一個按字母順序排列的"
"名稱 list，其中包含實例屬性，以及其類別定義的方法和屬性。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:661
msgid "How can my code discover the name of an object?"
msgstr "我的程式碼如何發現物件的名稱？"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:663
msgid ""
"Generally speaking, it can't, because objects don't really have names. "
"Essentially, assignment always binds a name to a value; the same is true of "
"``def`` and ``class`` statements, but in that case the value is a callable. "
"Consider the following code::"
msgstr ""
"一般來說，它無法做到，因為物件並沒有真正的名稱。本質上，賦值總是將名稱綁定到"
"值；``def`` 和 ``class`` 陳述式也是如此，但在那種情況下，值是一個可呼叫物件。"
"考慮以下程式碼： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:668
msgid ""
">>> class A:\n"
"...     pass\n"
"...\n"
">>> B = A\n"
">>> a = B()\n"
">>> b = a\n"
">>> print(b)\n"
"<__main__.A object at 0x16D07CC>\n"
">>> print(a)\n"
"<__main__.A object at 0x16D07CC>"
msgstr ""
">>> class A:\n"
"...     pass\n"
"...\n"
">>> B = A\n"
">>> a = B()\n"
">>> b = a\n"
">>> print(b)\n"
"<__main__.A object at 0x16D07CC>\n"
">>> print(a)\n"
"<__main__.A object at 0x16D07CC>"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:679
msgid ""
"Arguably the class has a name: even though it is bound to two names and "
"invoked through the name ``B`` the created instance is still reported as an "
"instance of class ``A``.  However, it is impossible to say whether the "
"instance's name is ``a`` or ``b``, since both names are bound to the same "
"value."
msgstr ""
"可以說該類別有一個名稱：即使它綁定到兩個名稱並透過名稱 ``B`` 呼叫，建立的實"
"例仍然被報告為類別 ``A`` 的實例。但是，無法確定實例的名稱是 ``a`` 還是"
" ``b``，因為這兩個名稱都綁定到相同的值。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:684
msgid ""
"Generally speaking it should not be necessary for your code to \"know the "
"names\" of particular values. Unless you are deliberately writing "
"introspective programs, this is usually an indication that a change of "
"approach might be beneficial."
msgstr ""
"一般來說，你的程式碼不必「知道特定值的名稱」。除非你是刻意編寫內省程式，否則"
"這通常表明改變做法可能是有益的。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:689
msgid ""
"In comp.lang.python, Fredrik Lundh once gave an excellent analogy in answer "
"to this question:"
msgstr ""
"在 comp.lang.python 中，Fredrik Lundh 曾針對這個問題給出了一個極好的比喻："

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:692
msgid ""
"The same way as you get the name of that cat you found on your porch: the "
"cat (object) itself cannot tell you its name, and it doesn't really care -- "
"so the only way to find out what it's called is to ask all your neighbours "
"(namespaces) if it's their cat (object)..."
msgstr ""
"就像你在門廊上發現的那隻貓的名字一樣：貓（物件）本身不能告訴你它的名字，它也"
"不關心 - 所以找出它叫什麼的唯一方法是詢問所有鄰居（命名空間）是否是他們的貓"
"（物件）..."

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:697
msgid ""
"....and don't be surprised if you'll find that it's known by many names, or "
"no name at all!"
msgstr "....如果你發現它有很多名字，或者根本沒有名字，請不要感到驚訝！"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:702
msgid "What's up with the comma operator's precedence?"
msgstr "逗號運算子的優先級是什麼？"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:704
msgid "Comma is not an operator in Python.  Consider this session::"
msgstr "逗號不是 Python 中的運算子。考慮以下這個互動過程： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:706
msgid ""
">>> \"a\" in \"b\", \"a\"\n"
"(False, 'a')"
msgstr ""
">>> \"a\" in \"b\", \"a\"\n"
"(False, 'a')"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:709
msgid ""
"Since the comma is not an operator, but a separator between expressions the "
"above is evaluated as if you had entered::"
msgstr ""
"由於逗號不是運算子，而是運算式之間的分隔符，因此上面的計算就會像你輸入的那"
"樣： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:712
msgid "(\"a\" in \"b\"), \"a\""
msgstr "(\"a\" in \"b\"), \"a\""

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:714
msgid "not::"
msgstr "而不是： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:716
msgid "\"a\" in (\"b\", \"a\")"
msgstr "\"a\" in (\"b\", \"a\")"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:718
msgid ""
"The same is true of the various assignment operators (``=``, ``+=``, and so "
"on). They are not truly operators but syntactic delimiters in assignment "
"statements."
msgstr ""
"各種賦值運算子（``=``、``+=`` 等）也是如此。它們不是真正的運算子，而是賦值陳"
"述式中的語法分隔符號。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:723
msgid "Is there an equivalent of C's \"?:\" ternary operator?"
msgstr "是否有等效於 C 的 \"?:\" 三元運算子？"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:725
msgid "Yes, there is. The syntax is as follows::"
msgstr "有的，語法如下： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:727
msgid ""
"[on_true] if [expression] else [on_false]\n"
"\n"
"x, y = 50, 25\n"
"small = x if x < y else y"
msgstr ""
"[on_true] if [expression] else [on_false]\n"
"\n"
"x, y = 50, 25\n"
"small = x if x < y else y"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:732
msgid ""
"Before this syntax was introduced in Python 2.5, a common idiom was to use "
"logical operators::"
msgstr ""
"在 Python 2.5 引入此語法之前，一個常見的慣用寫法是使用邏輯運算子： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:735
msgid "[expression] and [on_true] or [on_false]"
msgstr "[expression] and [on_true] or [on_false]"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:737
msgid ""
"However, this idiom is unsafe, as it can give wrong results when *on_true* "
"has a false boolean value.  Therefore, it is always better to use the ``... "
"if ... else ...`` form."
msgstr ""
"然而，這個慣用寫法是不安全的，因為當 *on_true* 具有假的布林值時，它會給出錯誤"
"的結果。因此，最好始終使用 ``... if ... else ...`` 形式。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:743
msgid "Is it possible to write obfuscated one-liners in Python?"
msgstr "是否可以在 Python 中編寫混淆的單行程式碼？"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:745
msgid ""
"Yes.  Usually this is done by nesting :keyword:`lambda` within :keyword:`!"
"lambda`.  See the following three examples, slightly adapted from Ulf "
"Bartelt::"
msgstr ""
"是的。通常這是透過在 :keyword:`!lambda` 中巢狀 :keyword:`lambda` 來完成的。請"
"參閱以下三個範例，稍微改編自 Ulf Bartelt： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:748
msgid ""
"from functools import reduce\n"
"\n"
"# Primes < 1000\n"
"print(list(filter(None,map(lambda y:y*reduce(lambda x,y:x*y!=0,\n"
"map(lambda x,y=y:y%x,range(2,int(pow(y,0.5)+1))),1),range(2,1000)))))\n"
"\n"
"# First 10 Fibonacci numbers\n"
"print(list(map(lambda x,f=lambda x,f:(f(x-1,f)+f(x-2,f)) if x>1 else 1:\n"
"f(x,f), range(10))))\n"
"\n"
"# Mandelbrot set\n"
"print((lambda Ru,Ro,Iu,Io,IM,Sx,Sy:reduce(lambda x,y:x+'\\n'+y,map(lambda "
"y,\n"
"Iu=Iu,Io=Io,Ru=Ru,Ro=Ro,Sy=Sy,L=lambda yc,Iu=Iu,Io=Io,Ru=Ru,Ro=Ro,i=IM,\n"
"Sx=Sx,Sy=Sy:reduce(lambda x,y:x+y,map(lambda x,xc=Ru,yc=yc,Ru=Ru,Ro=Ro,\n"
"i=i,Sx=Sx,F=lambda xc,yc,x,y,k,f=lambda xc,yc,x,y,k,f:(k<=0)or (x*x+y*y\n"
">=4.0) or 1+f(xc,yc,x*x-y*y+xc,2.0*x*y+yc,k-1,f):f(xc,yc,x,y,k,f):chr(\n"
"64+F(Ru+x*(Ro-Ru)/Sx,yc,0,0,i)),range(Sx))):L(Iu+y*(Io-Iu)/Sy),range(Sy\n"
"))))(-2.1, 0.7, -1.2, 1.2, 30, 80, 24))\n"
"#    \\___ ___/  \\___ ___/  |   |   |__ lines on screen\n"
"#        V          V      |   |______ columns on screen\n"
"#        |          |      |__________ maximum of \"iterations\"\n"
"#        |          |_________________ range on y axis\n"
"#        |____________________________ range on x axis"
msgstr ""

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:772
msgid "Don't try this at home, kids!"
msgstr "孩子們，不要在家裡嘗試這個！"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:778
msgid "What does the slash(/) in the parameter list of a function mean?"
msgstr "函式參數串列中的斜線 (/) 是什麼意思？"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:780
msgid ""
"A slash in the argument list of a function denotes that the parameters prior "
"to it are positional-only.  Positional-only parameters are the ones without "
"an externally usable name.  Upon calling a function that accepts positional-"
"only parameters, arguments are mapped to parameters based solely on their "
"position. For example, :func:`divmod` is a function that accepts positional-"
"only parameters. Its documentation looks like this::"
msgstr ""
"函式引數串列中的斜線表示它前面的參數是僅限位置參數。僅限位置參數是沒有外部可"
"用名稱的參數。在呼叫接受僅限位置參數的函式時，引數僅根據其位置對應到參數。例"
"如，:func:`divmod` 是一個只接受僅限位置參數的函式。它的文件看起來像這樣： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:787
msgid ""
">>> help(divmod)\n"
"Help on built-in function divmod in module builtins:\n"
"\n"
"divmod(x, y, /)\n"
"    Return the tuple (x//y, x%y).  Invariant: div*y + mod == x."
msgstr ""
">>> help(divmod)\n"
"Help on built-in function divmod in module builtins:\n"
"\n"
"divmod(x, y, /)\n"
"    Return the tuple (x//y, x%y).  Invariant: div*y + mod == x."

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:793
msgid ""
"The slash at the end of the parameter list means that both parameters are "
"positional-only. Thus, calling :func:`divmod` with keyword arguments would "
"lead to an error::"
msgstr ""
"參數串列最後的斜線表示兩個參數都是僅限位置參數。因此使用關鍵字引數呼叫 :func:"
"`divmod` 會導致錯誤： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:797
msgid ""
">>> divmod(x=3, y=4)\n"
"Traceback (most recent call last):\n"
"  File \"<stdin>\", line 1, in <module>\n"
"TypeError: divmod() takes no keyword arguments"
msgstr ""
">>> divmod(x=3, y=4)\n"
"Traceback (most recent call last):\n"
"  File \"<stdin>\", line 1, in <module>\n"
"TypeError: divmod() takes no keyword arguments"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:804
msgid "Numbers and strings"
msgstr "數字和字串"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:807
msgid "How do I specify hexadecimal and octal integers?"
msgstr "如何指定十六進位和八進位整數？"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:809
msgid ""
"To specify an octal digit, precede the octal value with a zero, and then a "
"lower or uppercase \"o\".  For example, to set the variable \"a\" to the "
"octal value \"10\" (8 in decimal), type::"
msgstr ""
"要指定八進位數字，請在八進位值前面加上零，然後是小寫或大寫的 \"o\"。例如，要"
"將變數 \"a\" 設定為八進位值 \"10\"\\ （十進位為 8），請輸入： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:813
msgid ""
">>> a = 0o10\n"
">>> a\n"
"8"
msgstr ""
">>> a = 0o10\n"
">>> a\n"
"8"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:817
msgid ""
"Hexadecimal is just as easy.  Simply precede the hexadecimal number with a "
"zero, and then a lower or uppercase \"x\".  Hexadecimal digits can be "
"specified in lower or uppercase.  For example, in the Python interpreter::"
msgstr ""
"十六進位也一樣容易。只需在十六進位數前面加上一個零，然後是一個小寫或大寫的"
" \"x\"。十六進位數字可以用小寫或大寫形式指定。例如，在 Python 直譯器中： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:821
msgid ""
">>> a = 0xa5\n"
">>> a\n"
"165\n"
">>> b = 0XB2\n"
">>> b\n"
"178"
msgstr ""
">>> a = 0xa5\n"
">>> a\n"
"165\n"
">>> b = 0XB2\n"
">>> b\n"
"178"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:830
msgid "Why does -22 // 10 return -3?"
msgstr "為什麼 -22 // 10 回傳 -3？"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:832
msgid ""
"It's primarily driven by the desire that ``i % j`` have the same sign as "
"``j``. If you want that, and also want::"
msgstr ""
"這主要是出於希望 ``i % j`` 與 ``j`` 具有相同正負號的考量。如果你想要這個，也"
"想要： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:835
msgid "i == (i // j) * j + (i % j)"
msgstr "i == (i // j) * j + (i % j)"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:837
msgid ""
"then integer division has to return the floor.  C also requires that "
"identity to hold, and then compilers that truncate ``i // j`` need to make "
"``i % j`` have the same sign as ``i``."
msgstr ""
"那麼整數除法必須回傳向下取整的結果。 C 還要求保留​​該識別性，然後截斷 ``i // "
"j`` 的編譯器需要使 ``i % j`` 具有與 ``i`` 相同的符號。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:841
msgid ""
"There are few real use cases for ``i % j`` when ``j`` is negative.  When "
"``j`` is positive, there are many, and in virtually all of them it's more "
"useful for ``i % j`` to be ``>= 0``.  If the clock says 10 now, what did it "
"say 200 hours ago?  ``-190 % 12 == 2`` is useful; ``-190 % 12 == -10`` is a "
"bug waiting to bite."
msgstr ""
"當 ``j`` 為負時，``i % j`` 的實際使用情境很少。當 ``j`` 為正時，有很多，並且"
"在幾乎所有情況下，``i % j`` 為 ``>= 0`` 更有用。如果時鐘現在是 10 點，那麼"
" 200 小時前它顯示什麼？ ``-190 % 12 == 2`` 很有用；``-190 % 12 == -10`` 是一"
"個等著出問題的錯誤。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:849
msgid "How do I get int literal attribute instead of SyntaxError?"
msgstr "如何存取 int 字面值屬性而不會得到 SyntaxError？"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:851
msgid ""
"Trying to lookup an ``int`` literal attribute in the normal manner gives a :"
"exc:`SyntaxError` because the period is seen as a decimal point::"
msgstr ""
"嘗試以正常方式查找 ``int`` 字面值屬性會給出一個 :exc:`SyntaxError`，因為句點"
"被視為小數點： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:854
msgid ""
">>> 1.__class__\n"
"  File \"<stdin>\", line 1\n"
"  1.__class__\n"
"   ^\n"
"SyntaxError: invalid decimal literal"
msgstr ""
">>> 1.__class__\n"
"  File \"<stdin>\", line 1\n"
"  1.__class__\n"
"   ^\n"
"SyntaxError: invalid decimal literal"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:860
msgid ""
"The solution is to separate the literal from the period with either a space "
"or parentheses."
msgstr "解決方式是用空格或圓括號將字面值與句點分開。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:870
msgid "How do I convert a string to a number?"
msgstr "如何將字串轉換為數字？"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:872
msgid ""
"For integers, use the built-in :func:`int` type constructor, for example, "
"``int('144') == 144``.  Similarly, :func:`float` converts to a floating-"
"point number, for example, ``float('144') == 144.0``."
msgstr ""
"對於整數，使用內建的 :func:`int` 型別建構函式，例如 ``int('144') == "
"144``。同樣，:func:`float` 轉換為浮點數，例如 ``float('144') == 144.0``。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:876
msgid ""
"By default, these interpret the number as decimal, so that ``int('0144') == "
"144`` holds true, and ``int('0x144')`` raises :exc:`ValueError`. "
"``int(string, base)`` takes the base to convert from as a second optional "
"argument, so ``int( '0x144', 16) == 324``.  If the base is specified as 0, "
"the number is interpreted using Python's rules: a leading '0o' indicates "
"octal, and '0x' indicates a hex number."
msgstr ""
"預設情況下，這些函式將數字解釋為十進位，因此 ``int('0144') == 144`` 成立，"
"而 ``int('0x144')`` 會引發 :exc:`ValueError`。``int(string, base)`` 將要轉換"
"的基數作為第二個可選引數，因此 ``int( '0x144', 16) == 324``。如果基數指定為"
" 0，則使用 Python 的規則解釋該數字：前導 \"0o\" 表示八進位，\"0x\" 表示十"
"六進位數。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:883
msgid ""
"Do not use the built-in function :func:`eval` if all you need is to convert "
"strings to numbers.  :func:`eval` will be significantly slower and it "
"presents a security risk: someone could pass you a Python expression that "
"might have unwanted side effects.  For example, someone could pass "
"``__import__('os').system(\"rm -rf $HOME\")`` which would erase your home "
"directory."
msgstr ""
"如果你只需要將字串轉換為數字，請不要使用內建函式 :func:`eval`。:func:`eval` "
"會明顯較慢，並且會帶來安全風險：有人可能會向你傳遞一個可能產生不良副作用的 "
"Python 運算式。例如，有人可以傳遞 ``__import__('os').system(\"rm -rf "
"$HOME\")`` 來清除你的家目錄。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:890
msgid ""
":func:`eval` also has the effect of interpreting numbers as Python "
"expressions, so that, for example, ``eval('09')`` gives a syntax error "
"because Python does not allow leading '0' in a decimal number (except '0')."
msgstr ""
":func:`eval` 還具有將數字解釋為 Python 運算式的效果，例如 ``eval('09')`` 會"
"給出語法錯誤，因為 Python 不允許在十進位數中前導 '0'\\ （'0' 除外）。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:896
msgid "How do I convert a number to a string?"
msgstr "如何將數字轉換為字串？"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:898
msgid ""
"For example, to convert the number ``144`` to the string ``'144'``, use the "
"built-in type constructor :func:`str`.  If you want a hexadecimal or octal "
"representation, use the built-in functions :func:`hex` or :func:`oct`.  For "
"fancy formatting, see the :ref:`f-strings` and :ref:`formatstrings` "
"sections. For example, ``\"{:04d}\".format(144)`` yields ``'0144'`` and "
"``\"{:.3f}\".format(1.0/3.0)`` yields ``'0.333'``."
msgstr ""
"例如，要將數字 ``144`` 轉換為字串 ``'144'``，請使用內建型別建構函式 :func:"
"`str`。如果你想要十六進位或八進位表示，請使用內建函式 :func:`hex` 或 :func:"
"`oct`。對於精美的格式，請參閱 :ref:`f-strings` 和 :ref:`formatstrings` "
"部分，例如 ``\"{:04d}\".format(144)`` 產生 ``'0144'`` 和 ``\"{:.3f}\"."
"format(1.0/3.0)`` 產生 ``'0.333'``。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:907
msgid "How do I modify a string in place?"
msgstr "如何原地修改字串？"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:909
msgid ""
"You can't, because strings are immutable.  In most situations, you should "
"simply construct a new string from the various parts you want to assemble it "
"from.  However, if you need an object with the ability to modify in-place "
"Unicode data, try using an :class:`io.StringIO` object or the :mod:`array` "
"module::"
msgstr ""
"這沒辦法做到，因為字串是不可變的。在大多數情況下，你應以要拿來組裝的各個部分"
"建構出一個新字串。但是如果你需要一個能夠原地修改 Unicode 資料的物件，請嘗試使"
"用 :class:`io.StringIO` 物件或 :mod:`array` 模組： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:915
msgid ""
">>> import io\n"
">>> s = \"Hello, world\"\n"
">>> sio = io.StringIO(s)\n"
">>> sio.getvalue()\n"
"'Hello, world'\n"
">>> sio.seek(7)\n"
"7\n"
">>> sio.write(\"there!\")\n"
"6\n"
">>> sio.getvalue()\n"
"'Hello, there!'\n"
"\n"
">>> import array\n"
">>> a = array.array('w', s)\n"
">>> print(a)\n"
"array('w', 'Hello, world')\n"
">>> a[0] = 'y'\n"
">>> print(a)\n"
"array('w', 'yello, world')\n"
">>> a.tounicode()\n"
"'yello, world'"
msgstr ""
">>> import io\n"
">>> s = \"Hello, world\"\n"
">>> sio = io.StringIO(s)\n"
">>> sio.getvalue()\n"
"'Hello, world'\n"
">>> sio.seek(7)\n"
"7\n"
">>> sio.write(\"there!\")\n"
"6\n"
">>> sio.getvalue()\n"
"'Hello, there!'\n"
"\n"
">>> import array\n"
">>> a = array.array('w', s)\n"
">>> print(a)\n"
"array('w', 'Hello, world')\n"
">>> a[0] = 'y'\n"
">>> print(a)\n"
"array('w', 'yello, world')\n"
">>> a.tounicode()\n"
"'yello, world'"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:939
msgid "How do I use strings to call functions/methods?"
msgstr "如何使用字串呼叫函式/方法？"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:941
msgid "There are various techniques."
msgstr "有各式各樣的技法。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:943
msgid ""
"The best is to use a dictionary that maps strings to functions.  The primary "
"advantage of this technique is that the strings do not need to match the "
"names of the functions.  This is also the primary technique used to emulate "
"a case construct::"
msgstr ""
"最好的方法是使用將字串對應到函式的字典。這種技術的主要優點是字串不需要與函式"
"名稱相符。這也是用於模擬 case 結構的主要技術： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:948
msgid ""
"def a():\n"
"    pass\n"
"\n"
"def b():\n"
"    pass\n"
"\n"
"dispatch = {'go': a, 'stop': b}  # Note lack of parens for funcs\n"
"\n"
"dispatch[get_input()]()  # Note trailing parens to call function"
msgstr ""

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:958
msgid "Use the built-in function :func:`getattr`::"
msgstr "使用內建函式 :func:`getattr`： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:960
msgid ""
"import foo\n"
"getattr(foo, 'bar')()"
msgstr ""
"import foo\n"
"getattr(foo, 'bar')()"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:963
msgid ""
"Note that :func:`getattr` works on any object, including classes, class "
"instances, modules, and so on."
msgstr "請注意 :func:`getattr` 適用於任何物件，包括類別、類別實例、模組等。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:966
msgid "This is used in several places in the standard library, like this::"
msgstr "這在標準函式庫中的幾個地方被使用，如： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:968
msgid ""
"class Foo:\n"
"    def do_foo(self):\n"
"        ...\n"
"\n"
"    def do_bar(self):\n"
"        ...\n"
"\n"
"f = getattr(foo_instance, 'do_' + opname)\n"
"f()"
msgstr ""
"class Foo:\n"
"    def do_foo(self):\n"
"        ...\n"
"\n"
"    def do_bar(self):\n"
"        ...\n"
"\n"
"f = getattr(foo_instance, 'do_' + opname)\n"
"f()"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:979
msgid "Use :func:`locals` to resolve the function name::"
msgstr "使用 :func:`locals` 解析函式名稱： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:981
msgid ""
"def myFunc():\n"
"    print(\"hello\")\n"
"\n"
"fname = \"myFunc\"\n"
"\n"
"f = locals()[fname]\n"
"f()"
msgstr ""
"def myFunc():\n"
"    print(\"hello\")\n"
"\n"
"fname = \"myFunc\"\n"
"\n"
"f = locals()[fname]\n"
"f()"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:991
msgid ""
"Is there an equivalent to Perl's ``chomp()`` for removing trailing newlines "
"from strings?"
msgstr ""
"是否有與 Perl 的 ``chomp()`` 等效的方法，能用於從字串中移除尾端的換行符號？"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:993
msgid ""
"You can use ``S.rstrip(\"\\r\\n\")`` to remove all occurrences of any line "
"terminator from the end of the string ``S`` without removing other trailing "
"whitespace.  If the string ``S`` represents more than one line, with several "
"empty lines at the end, the line terminators for all the blank lines will be "
"removed::"
msgstr ""

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:999
msgid ""
">>> lines = (\"line 1 \\r\\n\"\n"
"...          \"\\r\\n\"\n"
"...          \"\\r\\n\")\n"
">>> lines.rstrip(\"\\n\\r\")\n"
"'line 1 '"
msgstr ""
">>> lines = (\"line 1 \\r\\n\"\n"
"...          \"\\r\\n\"\n"
"...          \"\\r\\n\")\n"
">>> lines.rstrip(\"\\n\\r\")\n"
"'line 1 '"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1005
msgid ""
"Since this is typically only desired when reading text one line at a time, "
"using ``S.rstrip()`` this way works well."
msgstr ""
"由於這通常只在一次讀取一行文字時才需要，因此以這種方式使用 ``S.rstrip()`` 效"
"果很好。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1010
msgid "Is there a ``scanf()`` or ``sscanf()`` equivalent?"
msgstr "是否有 ``scanf()`` 或 ``sscanf()`` 的等效方法？"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1012
msgid "Not as such."
msgstr "沒有完全等效的。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1014
msgid ""
"For simple input parsing, the easiest approach is usually to split the line "
"into whitespace-delimited words using the :meth:`~str.split` method of "
"string objects and then convert decimal strings to numeric values using :"
"func:`int` or :func:`float`.  :meth:`!split` supports an optional \"sep\" "
"parameter which is useful if the line uses something other than whitespace "
"as a separator."
msgstr ""
"對於簡單的輸入剖析，最簡單的方法通常是使用字串物件的 :meth:`~str.split` 方法"
"將行拆分為以空白分隔的字詞，然後使用 :func:`int` 或 :func:`float` 將十進位字"
"串轉換為數值。:meth:`!split` 支援可選的 \"sep\" 參數，如果該行使用空白以外的"
"內容作為分隔符，該參數很有用。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1020
msgid ""
"For more complicated input parsing, regular expressions are more powerful "
"than C's ``sscanf`` and better suited for the task."
msgstr ""
"對於更複雜的輸入剖析，正規表示式比 C 的 ``sscanf`` 更強大，也更適合這項任"
"務。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1025
msgid "What does ``UnicodeDecodeError`` or ``UnicodeEncodeError`` error mean?"
msgstr ""
"``UnicodeDecodeError`` 或 ``UnicodeEncodeError`` 錯誤是什麼意思？"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1027
msgid "See the :ref:`unicode-howto`."
msgstr "請參閱 :ref:`unicode-howto`。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1033
msgid "Can I end a raw string with an odd number of backslashes?"
msgstr "我可以用奇數個反斜線結束原始字串嗎？"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1035
msgid ""
"A raw string ending with an odd number of backslashes will escape the "
"string's quote::"
msgstr "以奇數個反斜線結尾的原始字串會跳脫字串的引號： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1037
msgid ""
">>> r'C:\\this\\will\\not\\work\\'\n"
"  File \"<stdin>\", line 1\n"
"    r'C:\\this\\will\\not\\work\\'\n"
"    ^\n"
"SyntaxError: unterminated string literal (detected at line 1)"
msgstr ""
">>> r'C:\\this\\will\\not\\work\\'\n"
"  File \"<stdin>\", line 1\n"
"    r'C:\\this\\will\\not\\work\\'\n"
"    ^\n"
"SyntaxError: unterminated string literal (detected at line 1)"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1043
msgid ""
"There are several workarounds for this. One is to use regular strings and "
"double the backslashes::"
msgstr "有幾種解決方法。一種是使用一般字串並將反斜線加倍： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1046
msgid ""
">>> 'C:\\\\this\\\\will\\\\work\\\\'\n"
"'C:\\\\this\\\\will\\\\work\\\\'"
msgstr ""
">>> 'C:\\\\this\\\\will\\\\work\\\\'\n"
"'C:\\\\this\\\\will\\\\work\\\\'"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1049
msgid ""
"Another is to concatenate a regular string containing an escaped backslash "
"to the raw string::"
msgstr "另一種方法是將包含跳脫反斜線的一般字串連接到原始字串： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1052
msgid ""
">>> r'C:\\this\\will\\work' '\\\\'\n"
"'C:\\\\this\\\\will\\\\work\\\\'"
msgstr ""
">>> r'C:\\this\\will\\work' '\\\\'\n"
"'C:\\\\this\\\\will\\\\work\\\\'"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1055
msgid ""
"It is also possible to use :func:`os.path.join` to append a backslash on "
"Windows::"
msgstr "也可以使用 :func:`os.path.join` 在 Windows 上附加反斜線： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1057
msgid ""
">>> os.path.join(r'C:\\this\\will\\work', '')\n"
"'C:\\\\this\\\\will\\\\work\\\\'"
msgstr ""
">>> os.path.join(r'C:\\this\\will\\work', '')\n"
"'C:\\\\this\\\\will\\\\work\\\\'"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1060
msgid ""
"Note that while a backslash will \"escape\" a quote for the purposes of "
"determining where the raw string ends, no escaping occurs when interpreting "
"the value of the raw string. That is, the backslash remains present in the "
"value of the raw string::"
msgstr ""
"請注意，雖然反斜線會為了確定原始字串結束位置的目的而「跳脫」引號，但在解釋原"
"始字串的值時不會發生跳脫。也就是說，反斜線仍然存在於原始字串的值中： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1065
msgid ""
">>> r'backslash\\'preserved'\n"
"\"backslash\\\\'preserved\""
msgstr ""
">>> r'backslash\\'preserved'\n"
"\"backslash\\\\'preserved\""

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1068
msgid "Also see the specification in the :ref:`language reference <strings>`."
msgstr "另請參閱\\ :ref:`語言參考 <strings>`\\ 中的規範。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1072
msgid "Performance"
msgstr "效能"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1075
msgid "My program is too slow. How do I speed it up?"
msgstr "我的程式太慢了。我該如何加快速度？"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1077
msgid ""
"That's a tough one, in general.  First, here is a list of things to remember "
"before diving further:"
msgstr ""
"一般而言，這是個困難的問題。首先，這裡列出了在進一步深入之前要記住的事項："

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1080
msgid ""
"Performance characteristics vary across Python implementations.  This FAQ "
"focuses on :term:`CPython`."
msgstr "效能特徵因 Python 實作而異。此 FAQ 重點關注 :term:`CPython`。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1082
msgid ""
"Behaviour can vary across operating systems, especially when talking about I/"
"O or multi-threading."
msgstr "行為可能因作業系統而異，尤其是在談論 I/O 或多執行緒時。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1084
msgid ""
"You should always find the hot spots in your program *before* attempting to "
"optimize any code (see the :mod:`profile` module)."
msgstr ""
"在嘗試最佳化任何程式碼\\ *之前*，你應該始終找到程式中的熱點（請參閱 :mod:"
"`profile` 模組）。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1086
msgid ""
"Writing benchmark scripts will allow you to iterate quickly when searching "
"for improvements (see the :mod:`timeit` module)."
msgstr ""
"編寫基準測試腳本可以讓你在尋找改進方案時快速疊代（請參閱 :mod:`timeit` "
"模組）。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1088
msgid ""
"It is highly recommended to have good code coverage (through unit testing or "
"any other technique) before potentially introducing regressions hidden in "
"sophisticated optimizations."
msgstr ""
"強烈建議在可能引入隱藏於複雜最佳化中的回歸問題之前，先擁有良好的程式碼覆蓋率"
"（透過單元測試或任何其他技術）。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1092
msgid ""
"That being said, there are many tricks to speed up Python code.  Here are "
"some general principles which go a long way towards reaching acceptable "
"performance levels:"
msgstr ""
"話雖如此，有很多技巧可以加速 Python 程式碼。以下是一些對達到可接受的效能水準"
"大有幫助的一般原則："

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1096
msgid ""
"Making your algorithms faster (or changing to faster ones) can yield much "
"larger benefits than trying to sprinkle micro-optimization tricks all over "
"your code."
msgstr ""
"讓你的演算法更快（或改用更快的演算法）所產生的效益，遠大於在程式碼中到處散佈"
"微最佳化技巧。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1100
msgid ""
"Use the right data structures.  Study documentation for the :ref:`bltin-"
"types` and the :mod:`collections` module."
msgstr ""
"使用正確的資料結構。請研讀 :ref:`bltin-types` 和 :mod:`collections` 模組的"
"說明文件。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1103
msgid ""
"When the standard library provides a primitive for doing something, it is "
"likely (although not guaranteed) to be faster than any alternative you may "
"come up with.  This is doubly true for primitives written in C, such as "
"builtins and some extension types.  For example, be sure to use either the :"
"meth:`list.sort` built-in method or the related :func:`sorted` function to "
"do sorting (and see the :ref:`sortinghowto` for examples of moderately "
"advanced usage)."
msgstr ""
"當標準函式庫提供用於執行某些操作的原語時，它很可能（儘管不能保證）比你可能想"
"出的任何替代方法都更快。對於用 C 編寫的原語，例如內建函式和一些擴充型別，情況"
"更是如此。例如，請務必使用 :meth:`list.sort` 內建方法或相關的 :func:`sorted` "
"函式進行排序（有關更進階用法的範例，請參閱 :ref:`sortinghowto`）。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1111
msgid ""
"Abstractions tend to create indirections and force the interpreter to work "
"more.  If the levels of indirection outweigh the amount of useful work done, "
"your program will be slower.  You should avoid excessive abstraction, "
"especially under the form of tiny functions or methods (which are also often "
"detrimental to readability)."
msgstr ""
"抽象往往會產生間接層並迫使直譯器做更多工作。如果間接層級超過了實際完成的有用"
"工作量，你的程式就會變慢。你應該避免過度抽象，尤其是以微小函式或方法的形式"
"（這通常也不利於可讀性）。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1117
msgid ""
"If you have reached the limit of what pure Python can allow, there are tools "
"to take you further away.  For example, `Cython <https://cython.org>`_ can "
"compile a slightly modified version of Python code into a C extension, and "
"can be used on many different platforms.  Cython can take advantage of "
"compilation (and optional type annotations) to make your code significantly "
"faster than when interpreted.  If you are confident in your C programming "
"skills, you can also :ref:`write a C extension module <extending-index>` "
"yourself."
msgstr ""
"如果你已經達到純 Python 所能允許的極限，可以使用一些工具讓你更進一步。例如，"
"`Cython <https://cython.org>`_ 可以將稍微修改過的 Python 程式碼編譯成 C 擴充"
"模組，並且可以在許多不同的平台上使用。Cython 可以利用編譯（和可選的型別註釋）"
"使你的程式碼比直譯時快得多。如果你對自己的 C 程式設計技能有信心，你也可以\\ :"
"ref:`自己編寫一個 C 擴充模組 <extending-index>`。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1127
msgid ""
"The wiki page devoted to `performance tips <https://wiki.python.org/moin/"
"PythonSpeed/PerformanceTips>`_."
msgstr ""
"有個 wiki 頁面專門介紹\\ `效能改進小提示 <https://wiki.python.org/moin/"
"PythonSpeed/PerformanceTips>`_。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1134
msgid "What is the most efficient way to concatenate many strings together?"
msgstr "將多個字串連接在一起最有效率的方法是什麼？"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1136
msgid ""
":class:`str` and :class:`bytes` objects are immutable, therefore "
"concatenating many strings together is inefficient as each concatenation "
"creates a new object.  In the general case, the total runtime cost is "
"quadratic in the total string length."
msgstr ""
":class:`str` 和 :class:`bytes` 物件是不可變的，因此將多個字串連接在一起的效率"
"很低，因為每次連接都會建立一個新物件。在一般情況下，總 runtime 成本與總字串長"
"度呈二次方關係。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1141
msgid ""
"To accumulate many :class:`str` objects, the recommended idiom is to place "
"them into a list and call :meth:`str.join` at the end::"
msgstr ""
"要累積許多 :class:`str` 物件，推薦的慣用做法是將它們放入 list 中並在最後呼"
"叫 :meth:`str.join`： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1144
msgid ""
"chunks = []\n"
"for s in my_strings:\n"
"    chunks.append(s)\n"
"result = ''.join(chunks)"
msgstr ""
"chunks = []\n"
"for s in my_strings:\n"
"    chunks.append(s)\n"
"result = ''.join(chunks)"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1149
msgid "(Another reasonably efficient idiom is to use :class:`io.StringIO`.)"
msgstr "（另一個相當有效的習慣用法是使用 :class:`io.StringIO`。）"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1151
msgid ""
"To accumulate many :class:`bytes` objects, the recommended idiom is to "
"extend a :class:`bytearray` object using in-place concatenation (the ``+=`` "
"operator)::"
msgstr ""
"要累積許多 :class:`bytes` 物件，推薦的慣用做法是使用原地連接（``+=`` 運算子）"
"來擴充一個 :class:`bytearray` 物件： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1154
msgid ""
"result = bytearray()\n"
"for b in my_bytes_objects:\n"
"    result += b"
msgstr ""
"result = bytearray()\n"
"for b in my_bytes_objects:\n"
"    result += b"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1160
msgid "Sequences (tuples/lists)"
msgstr "序列（元組/串列）"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1163
msgid "How do I convert between tuples and lists?"
msgstr "如何在元組和串列之間進行轉換？"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1165
msgid ""
"The type constructor ``tuple(seq)`` converts any sequence (actually, any "
"iterable) into a tuple with the same items in the same order."
msgstr ""
"型別建構函式 ``tuple(seq)`` 將任何序列（實際上是任何可疊代物件）轉換為具有相"
"同順序的相同項的元組。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1168
msgid ""
"For example, ``tuple([1, 2, 3])`` yields ``(1, 2, 3)`` and ``tuple('abc')`` "
"yields ``('a', 'b', 'c')``.  If the argument is a tuple, it does not make a "
"copy but returns the same object, so it is cheap to call :func:`tuple` when "
"you aren't sure that an object is already a tuple."
msgstr ""
"例如，``tuple([1, 2, 3])`` 產生 ``(1, 2, 3)``，而 ``tuple('abc')`` 產生 "
"``('a', 'b', 'c')``。如果引數是一個元組，它不會複製而是回傳同一個物件，所以當"
"你不確定一個物件是否已經是元組時，呼叫 :func:`tuple` 的成本很低。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1173
msgid ""
"The type constructor ``list(seq)`` converts any sequence or iterable into a "
"list with the same items in the same order.  For example, ``list((1, 2, "
"3))`` yields ``[1, 2, 3]`` and ``list('abc')`` yields ``['a', 'b', 'c']``.  "
"If the argument is a list, it makes a copy just like ``seq[:]`` would."
msgstr ""
"型別建構函式 ``list(seq)`` 將任何序列或可疊代物件轉換為具有相同順序的相同項目"
"的串列。例如，``list((1, 2, 3))`` 產生 ``[1, 2, 3]``，而 ``list('abc')`` 產"
"生 ``['a', 'b', 'c']``。如果引數是一個串列，它會像 ``seq[:]`` 那樣製作一個副"
"本。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1180
msgid "What's a negative index?"
msgstr "什麼是負索引？"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1182
msgid ""
"Python sequences are indexed with positive numbers and negative numbers.  "
"For positive numbers 0 is the first index 1 is the second index and so "
"forth.  For negative indices -1 is the last index and -2 is the penultimate "
"(next to last) index and so forth.  Think of ``seq[-n]`` as the same as "
"``seq[len(seq)-n]``."
msgstr ""
"Python 序列使用正數和負數進行索引。對於正數，0 是第一個索引，1 是第二個索引，"
"依此類推。對於負索引，-1 是最後一個索引，-2 是倒數第二個索引，依此類推。將 "
"``seq[-n]`` 視為與 ``seq[len(seq)-n]`` 相同。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1187
msgid ""
"Using negative indices can be very convenient.  For example ``S[:-1]`` is "
"all of the string except for its last character, which is useful for "
"removing the trailing newline from a string."
msgstr ""
"使用負索引非常方便。例如 ``S[:-1]`` 是除了最後一個字元之外的所有字串，這對於"
"從字串中移除尾隨的換行字元很有用。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1193
msgid "How do I iterate over a sequence in reverse order?"
msgstr "如何以反向順序疊代序列？"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1195
msgid "Use the :func:`reversed` built-in function::"
msgstr "使用 :func:`reversed` 內建函式： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1197
msgid ""
"for x in reversed(sequence):\n"
"    ...  # do something with x ..."
msgstr ""

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1200
msgid ""
"This won't touch your original sequence, but build a new copy with reversed "
"order to iterate over."
msgstr ""
"這不會動到你的原始序列，而是建立一個順序相反的新副本來進行疊代。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1205
msgid "How do you remove duplicates from a list?"
msgstr "如何從串列中刪除重複項？"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1207
msgid "See the Python Cookbook for a long discussion of many ways to do this:"
msgstr "請參閱 Python Cookbook 以得到有關執行此操作的各種方法的詳細討論："

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1209
msgid "https://code.activestate.com/recipes/52560/"
msgstr "https://code.activestate.com/recipes/52560/"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1211
msgid ""
"If you don't mind reordering the list, sort it and then scan from the end of "
"the list, deleting duplicates as you go::"
msgstr ""
"如果你不介意重新排序串列，可以對其進行排序，然後從串列末尾開始掃描，同時刪除"
"重複項： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1214
msgid ""
"if mylist:\n"
"    mylist.sort()\n"
"    last = mylist[-1]\n"
"    for i in range(len(mylist)-2, -1, -1):\n"
"        if last == mylist[i]:\n"
"            del mylist[i]\n"
"        else:\n"
"            last = mylist[i]"
msgstr ""
"if mylist:\n"
"    mylist.sort()\n"
"    last = mylist[-1]\n"
"    for i in range(len(mylist)-2, -1, -1):\n"
"        if last == mylist[i]:\n"
"            del mylist[i]\n"
"        else:\n"
"            last = mylist[i]"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1223
msgid ""
"If all elements of the list may be used as set keys (that is, they are all :"
"term:`hashable`) this is often faster::"
msgstr ""
"如果串列的所有元素都可以做為集合的鍵（即它們都是 :term:`hashable`），那這通常"
"會更快： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1226
msgid "mylist = list(set(mylist))"
msgstr "mylist = list(set(mylist))"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1228
msgid ""
"This converts the list into a set, thereby removing duplicates, and then "
"back into a list."
msgstr "這會將串列轉換為一個集合，從而刪除重複項，然後再轉換回串列。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1233
msgid "How do you remove multiple items from a list?"
msgstr "如何從串列中刪除多個項目？"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1235
msgid ""
"As with removing duplicates, explicitly iterating in reverse with a delete "
"condition is one possibility.  However, it is easier and faster to use slice "
"replacement with an implicit or explicit forward iteration. Here are three "
"variations::"
msgstr ""
"與刪除重複項一樣，使用刪除條件顯式反向疊代是一種可能的做法。但是，透過隱式或"
"顯式前向疊代使用切片替換更容易且更快。以下是三種變體： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1240
msgid ""
"mylist[:] = filter(keep_function, mylist)\n"
"mylist[:] = (x for x in mylist if keep_condition)\n"
"mylist[:] = [x for x in mylist if keep_condition]"
msgstr ""
"mylist[:] = filter(keep_function, mylist)\n"
"mylist[:] = (x for x in mylist if keep_condition)\n"
"mylist[:] = [x for x in mylist if keep_condition]"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1244
msgid "The list comprehension may be fastest."
msgstr "串列綜合運算可能是最快的。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1248
msgid "How do you make an array in Python?"
msgstr "如何在 Python 中建立陣列？"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1250
msgid "Use a list::"
msgstr "使用串列： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1252
msgid "[\"this\", 1, \"is\", \"an\", \"array\"]"
msgstr "[\"this\", 1, \"is\", \"an\", \"array\"]"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1254
msgid ""
"Lists are equivalent to C or Pascal arrays in their time complexity; the "
"primary difference is that a Python list can contain objects of many "
"different types."
msgstr ""
"串列在時間複雜度上等同於 C 或 Pascal 陣列；主要區別在於 Python 串列可以包含許"
"多不同型別的物件。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1257
msgid ""
"The ``array`` module also provides methods for creating arrays of fixed "
"types with compact representations, but they are slower to index than "
"lists.  Also note that `NumPy <https://numpy.org/>`_ and other third-party "
"packages define array-like structures with various characteristics as well."
msgstr ""
"``array`` 模組還提供了建立具有緊湊表示的固定型別陣列的方法，但它們的索引速度"
"比 list 慢。另請注意，`NumPy <https://numpy.org/>`_ 和其他第三方套件也定義了"
"具有各種特徵的類陣列結構。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1263
msgid ""
"To get Lisp-style linked lists, you can emulate *cons cells* using tuples::"
msgstr ""
"要取得 Lisp 風格的鏈結串列，你可以使用元組模擬 *cons cells*： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1265
msgid "lisp_list = (\"like\",  (\"this\",  (\"example\", None) ) )"
msgstr "lisp_list = (\"like\",  (\"this\",  (\"example\", None) ) )"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1267
msgid ""
"If mutability is desired, you could use lists instead of tuples.  Here the "
"analogue of a Lisp *car* is ``lisp_list[0]`` and the analogue of *cdr* is "
"``lisp_list[1]``.  Only do this if you're sure you really need to, because "
"it's usually a lot slower than using Python lists."
msgstr ""
"如果需要可變性，你可以使用串列而不是元組。這裡 Lisp *car* 的對應是 "
"``lisp_list[0]``，而 *cdr* 的對應是 ``lisp_list[1]``。只有在確定確實需要時才"
"這樣做，因為它通常比使用 Python 串列慢很多。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1276
msgid "How do I create a multidimensional list?"
msgstr "如何建立多維度串列？"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1278
msgid "You probably tried to make a multidimensional array like this::"
msgstr "你可能會這樣建立一個多維度陣列： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1280
msgid ">>> A = [[None] * 2] * 3"
msgstr ">>> A = [[None] * 2] * 3"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1282
msgid "This looks correct if you print it:"
msgstr "如果你印出它，這看起來是正確的："

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1288
msgid ""
">>> A\n"
"[[None, None], [None, None], [None, None]]"
msgstr ""
">>> A\n"
"[[None, None], [None, None], [None, None]]"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1293
msgid "But when you assign a value, it shows up in multiple places:"
msgstr "但是當你賦予一個值時，它會出現在多個地方："

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1299
msgid ""
">>> A[0][0] = 5\n"
">>> A\n"
"[[5, None], [5, None], [5, None]]"
msgstr ""
">>> A[0][0] = 5\n"
">>> A\n"
"[[5, None], [5, None], [5, None]]"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1305
msgid ""
"The reason is that replicating a list with ``*`` doesn't create copies, it "
"only creates references to the existing objects.  The ``*3`` creates a list "
"containing 3 references to the same list of length two.  Changes to one row "
"will show in all rows, which is almost certainly not what you want."
msgstr ""
"原因是複製帶有 ``*`` 的串列不會建立副本，它只會建立對現有物件的參照。``*3`` "
"建立一個串列，其中包含 3 個對長度為 2 的相同串列的參照。對其中一列的變更也將"
"顯示在所有其他列中，而這幾乎不會是你想要的。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1310
msgid ""
"The suggested approach is to create a list of the desired length first and "
"then fill in each element with a newly created list::"
msgstr "建議的方法是先建立所需長度的串列，然後用新建立的串列填充每個元素： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1313
msgid ""
"A = [None] * 3\n"
"for i in range(3):\n"
"    A[i] = [None] * 2"
msgstr ""
"A = [None] * 3\n"
"for i in range(3):\n"
"    A[i] = [None] * 2"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1317
msgid ""
"This generates a list containing 3 different lists of length two.  You can "
"also use a list comprehension::"
msgstr ""
"這會產生一個包含 3 個長度為 2 的不同串列的串列。你也可以使用串列綜合運算： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1320
msgid ""
"w, h = 2, 3\n"
"A = [[None] * w for i in range(h)]"
msgstr ""
"w, h = 2, 3\n"
"A = [[None] * w for i in range(h)]"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1323
msgid ""
"Or, you can use an extension that provides a matrix datatype; `NumPy "
"<https://numpy.org/>`_ is the best known."
msgstr ""
"或者你也可以使用提供矩陣資料型別的擴充套件；`NumPy <https://numpy.org/>`_ 是"
"其中最著名的一個。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1328
msgid "How do I apply a method or function to a sequence of objects?"
msgstr "如何將方法或函式應用於物件序列？"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1330
msgid ""
"To call a method or function and accumulate the return values in a list, a :"
"term:`list comprehension` is an elegant solution::"
msgstr ""
"要呼叫一個方法或函式並將回傳值累積到一個 list 中，一個 :term:`list "
"comprehension` 是一個優雅的解決方案： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1333
msgid ""
"result = [obj.method() for obj in mylist]\n"
"\n"
"result = [function(obj) for obj in mylist]"
msgstr ""
"result = [obj.method() for obj in mylist]\n"
"\n"
"result = [function(obj) for obj in mylist]"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1337
msgid ""
"To just run the method or function without saving the return values, a "
"plain :keyword:`for` loop will suffice::"
msgstr "要只執行方法或函式而不儲存回傳值，一個普通的 :keyword:`for` 迴圈就足夠了： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1340
msgid ""
"for obj in mylist:\n"
"    obj.method()\n"
"\n"
"for obj in mylist:\n"
"    function(obj)"
msgstr ""
"for obj in mylist:\n"
"    obj.method()\n"
"\n"
"for obj in mylist:\n"
"    function(obj)"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1350
msgid ""
"Why does a_tuple[i] += ['item'] raise an exception when the addition works?"
msgstr "為什麼 a_tuple[i] += ['item'] 做加法時會引發例外？"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1352
msgid ""
"This is because of a combination of the fact that augmented assignment "
"operators are *assignment* operators, and the difference between mutable and "
"immutable objects in Python."
msgstr ""
"這是因為結合了增強賦值運算子是\\ *賦值*\\ 運算子這一事實，以及 Python 中可變"
"物件和不可變物件之間的差異。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1356
msgid ""
"This discussion applies in general when augmented assignment operators are "
"applied to elements of a tuple that point to mutable objects, but we'll use "
"a ``list`` and ``+=`` as our exemplar."
msgstr ""
"當增強賦值運算子應用於指向可變物件的 tuple 元素時，此討論普遍適用，但我們將"
"使用 ``list`` 和 ``+=`` 作為範例。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1360
msgid "If you wrote::"
msgstr "如果你寫了： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1362
msgid ""
">>> a_tuple = (1, 2)\n"
">>> a_tuple[0] += 1\n"
"Traceback (most recent call last):\n"
"   ...\n"
"TypeError: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment"
msgstr ""
">>> a_tuple = (1, 2)\n"
">>> a_tuple[0] += 1\n"
"Traceback (most recent call last):\n"
"   ...\n"
"TypeError: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1368
msgid ""
"The reason for the exception should be immediately clear: ``1`` is added to "
"the object ``a_tuple[0]`` points to (``1``), producing the result object, "
"``2``, but when we attempt to assign the result of the computation, ``2``, "
"to element ``0`` of the tuple, we get an error because we can't change what "
"an element of a tuple points to."
msgstr ""
"例外的原因應該很清楚：``1`` 被加到 ``a_tuple[0]`` 指向的物件 (``1``) 上，"
"產生結果物件 ``2``，但當我們嘗試將計算結果 ``2`` 賦值給 tuple 的元素 "
"``0`` 時，我們會得到一個錯誤，因為我們無法更改 tuple 元素所指向的內容。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1374
msgid ""
"Under the covers, what this augmented assignment statement is doing is "
"approximately this::"
msgstr "這個增強賦值陳述式在背後大致是做這些事情： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1377
msgid ""
">>> result = a_tuple[0] + 1\n"
">>> a_tuple[0] = result\n"
"Traceback (most recent call last):\n"
"  ...\n"
"TypeError: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment"
msgstr ""
">>> result = a_tuple[0] + 1\n"
">>> a_tuple[0] = result\n"
"Traceback (most recent call last):\n"
"  ...\n"
"TypeError: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1383
msgid ""
"It is the assignment part of the operation that produces the error, since a "
"tuple is immutable."
msgstr "產生錯誤的是操作中的賦值部分，因為 tuple 是不可變的。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1386
msgid "When you write something like::"
msgstr "當你寫這樣的東西時： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1388
msgid ""
">>> a_tuple = (['foo'], 'bar')\n"
">>> a_tuple[0] += ['item']\n"
"Traceback (most recent call last):\n"
"  ...\n"
"TypeError: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment"
msgstr ""
">>> a_tuple = (['foo'], 'bar')\n"
">>> a_tuple[0] += ['item']\n"
"Traceback (most recent call last):\n"
"  ...\n"
"TypeError: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1394
msgid ""
"The exception is a bit more surprising, and even more surprising is the fact "
"that even though there was an error, the append worked::"
msgstr "這個例外更令人驚訝，而更令人驚訝的是，即使出現了錯誤，追加仍然有效： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1397
msgid ""
">>> a_tuple[0]\n"
"['foo', 'item']"
msgstr ""
">>> a_tuple[0]\n"
"['foo', 'item']"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1400
msgid ""
"To see why this happens, you need to know that (a) if an object implements "
"an :meth:`~object.__iadd__` magic method, it gets called when the ``+=`` "
"augmented assignment is executed, and its return value is what gets used in "
"the assignment statement; and (b) for lists, :meth:`!__iadd__` is equivalent "
"to calling :meth:`~sequence.extend` on the list and returning the list. "
"That's why we say that for lists, ``+=`` is a \"shorthand\" for :meth:`list."
"extend`::"
msgstr ""
"要了解為什麼會發生這種情況，你需要知道 (a) 如果一個物件實作了 :meth:"
"`~object.__iadd__` 魔術方法，它會在執行 ``+=`` 增強賦值時被呼叫，並且它的"
"回傳值會被用在賦值陳述式中；(b) 對於 list，:meth:`!__iadd__` 相當於在 "
"list 上呼叫 :meth:`~sequence.extend` 並回傳該 list。這就是為什麼我們說對"
"於 list，``+=`` 是 :meth:`list.extend` 的「簡寫」： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1408
msgid ""
">>> a_list = []\n"
">>> a_list += [1]\n"
">>> a_list\n"
"[1]"
msgstr ""
">>> a_list = []\n"
">>> a_list += [1]\n"
">>> a_list\n"
"[1]"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1413
msgid "This is equivalent to::"
msgstr "這等價於： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1415
msgid ""
">>> result = a_list.__iadd__([1])\n"
">>> a_list = result"
msgstr ""
">>> result = a_list.__iadd__([1])\n"
">>> a_list = result"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1418
msgid ""
"The object pointed to by a_list has been mutated, and the pointer to the "
"mutated object is assigned back to ``a_list``.  The end result of the "
"assignment is a no-op, since it is a pointer to the same object that "
"``a_list`` was previously pointing to, but the assignment still happens."
msgstr ""
"a_list 指向的物件已經被變更，而指向被變更物件的指標被賦值回 "
"``a_list``。賦值的最終結果是一個空操作，因為它是指向與 ``a_list`` 先前所"
"指向的同一個物件的指標，但賦值仍然會發生。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1423
msgid "Thus, in our tuple example what is happening is equivalent to::"
msgstr "因此，在我們的元組範例中，發生的事情等同於： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1425
msgid ""
">>> result = a_tuple[0].__iadd__(['item'])\n"
">>> a_tuple[0] = result\n"
"Traceback (most recent call last):\n"
"  ...\n"
"TypeError: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment"
msgstr ""
">>> result = a_tuple[0].__iadd__(['item'])\n"
">>> a_tuple[0] = result\n"
"Traceback (most recent call last):\n"
"  ...\n"
"TypeError: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1431
msgid ""
"The :meth:`!__iadd__` succeeds, and thus the list is extended, but even "
"though ``result`` points to the same object that ``a_tuple[0]`` already "
"points to, that final assignment still results in an error, because tuples "
"are immutable."
msgstr ""
":meth:`!__iadd__` 成功了，因此 list 被擴充，但即使 ``result`` 指向與 "
"``a_tuple[0]`` 已經指向的同一個物件，最終的賦值仍然會導致錯誤，因為 "
"tuple 是不可變的。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1437
msgid ""
"I want to do a complicated sort: can you do a Schwartzian Transform in "
"Python?"
msgstr "我想做一個複雜的排序：你能用 Python 做一個 Schwartzian 變換嗎？"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1439
msgid ""
"The technique, attributed to Randal Schwartz of the Perl community, sorts "
"the elements of a list by a metric which maps each element to its \"sort "
"value\". In Python, use the ``key`` argument for the :meth:`list.sort` "
"method::"
msgstr ""
"這個技術歸功於 Perl 社群的 Randal Schwartz，它透過將每個元素對應到其「排"
"序值」的度量來對串列的元素進行排序。在 Python 中，請對 :meth:`list.sort` "
"方法使用 ``key`` 引數： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1443
msgid ""
"Isorted = L[:]\n"
"Isorted.sort(key=lambda s: int(s[10:15]))"
msgstr ""
"Isorted = L[:]\n"
"Isorted.sort(key=lambda s: int(s[10:15]))"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1448
msgid "How can I sort one list by values from another list?"
msgstr "如何根據另一個串列中的值對一個串列進行排序？"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1450
msgid ""
"Merge them into an iterator of tuples, sort the resulting list, and then "
"pick out the element you want."
msgstr ""
"將它們合併到一個元組疊代器中，對結果的串列進行排序，然後挑選出你想要的元素。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1465
msgid "Objects"
msgstr "物件"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1468
msgid "What is a class?"
msgstr "什麼是類別 (class)？"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1470
msgid ""
"A class is the particular object type created by executing a class "
"statement. Class objects are used as templates to create instance objects, "
"which embody both the data (attributes) and code (methods) specific to a "
"datatype."
msgstr ""
"類別是透過執行 class 陳述式所建立的特定物件型別。類別物件被用作建立實例物"
"件的模板，實例物件包含了特定於某個資料型別的資料（屬性）和程式碼（方法）。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1474
msgid ""
"A class can be based on one or more other classes, called its base "
"class(es). It then inherits the attributes and methods of its base classes. "
"This allows an object model to be successively refined by inheritance.  You "
"might have a generic ``Mailbox`` class that provides basic accessor methods "
"for a mailbox, and subclasses such as ``MboxMailbox``, ``MaildirMailbox``, "
"``OutlookMailbox`` that handle various specific mailbox formats."
msgstr ""
"一個類別可以基於一個或多個其他類別，稱為它的基底類別。然後它會繼承其基底類"
"別的屬性和方法。這使得物件模型可以透過繼承逐步細化。你可能會有一個通用的 "
"``Mailbox`` 類別，它為郵箱提供基本的存取器方法，以及處理各種特定郵箱格式"
"的子類別，例如 ``MboxMailbox``、``MaildirMailbox``、``OutlookMailbox``。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1483
msgid "What is a method?"
msgstr "什麼是方法 (method)？"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1485
msgid ""
"A method is a function on some object ``x`` that you normally call as ``x."
"name(arguments...)``.  Methods are defined as functions inside the class "
"definition::"
msgstr ""
"方法是某個物件 ``x`` 上的函式，你通常以 ``x.name(arguments...)`` 來呼叫"
"它。方法在類別定義中被定義為函式： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1489
msgid ""
"class C:\n"
"    def meth(self, arg):\n"
"        return arg * 2 + self.attribute"
msgstr ""
"class C:\n"
"    def meth(self, arg):\n"
"        return arg * 2 + self.attribute"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1495
msgid "What is self?"
msgstr "什麼是 self？"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1497
msgid ""
"Self is merely a conventional name for the first argument of a method.  A "
"method defined as ``meth(self, a, b, c)`` should be called as ``x.meth(a, b, "
"c)`` for some instance ``x`` of the class in which the definition occurs; "
"the called method will think it is called as ``meth(x, a, b, c)``."
msgstr ""
"Self 只是方法第一個引數的約定名稱。對於所定義類別的某個實例 ``x``，一個定義"
"為 ``meth(self, a, b, c)`` 的方法應該以 ``x.meth(a, b, c)`` 形式來呼叫；被呼"
"叫的方法會認為它是以 ``meth(x, a, b, c)`` 來呼叫的。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1502
msgid "See also :ref:`why-self`."
msgstr "另請參閱 :ref:`why-self`。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1506
msgid ""
"How do I check if an object is an instance of a given class or of a subclass "
"of it?"
msgstr "如何檢查物件是否是給定類別的實例或其子類別的實例？"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1508
msgid ""
"Use the built-in function :func:`isinstance(obj, cls) <isinstance>`.  You "
"can check if an object is an instance of any of a number of classes by "
"providing a tuple instead of a single class, for example, ``isinstance(obj, "
"(class1, class2, ...))``, and can also check whether an object is one of "
"Python's built-in types, for example, ``isinstance(obj, str)`` or "
"``isinstance(obj, (int, float, complex))``."
msgstr ""
"使用內建函式 :func:`isinstance(obj, cls) <isinstance>`。你可以透過提供元組而"
"不是單個類別來檢查物件是否是多個類別中的任何一個的實例，例如 "
"``isinstance(obj, (class1, class2, ...))``，還可以檢查物件是否是 Python 的內"
"建型別之一，例如 ``isinstance(obj, str)`` 或 ``isinstance(obj, (int, float, "
"complex))``。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1515
msgid ""
"Note that :func:`isinstance` also checks for virtual inheritance from an :"
"term:`abstract base class`.  So, the test will return ``True`` for a "
"registered class even if hasn't directly or indirectly inherited from it.  "
"To test for \"true inheritance\", scan the :term:`method resolution order` "
"(MRO) of the class:"
msgstr ""
"請注意，:func:`isinstance` 還會檢查來自\\ :term:`抽象基底類別 (abstract base "
"class) <abstract base class>` 的虛擬繼承。因此對已註冊類別的檢驗會回傳 "
"``True``，即使沒有直接或間接繼承自它。要測試「真正繼承」，請掃描該類別的\\ :"
"term:`方法解析順序 <method resolution order>` (MRO)："

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1521
msgid ""
"from collections.abc import Mapping\n"
"\n"
"class P:\n"
"     pass\n"
"\n"
"class C(P):\n"
"    pass\n"
"\n"
"Mapping.register(P)"
msgstr ""
"from collections.abc import Mapping\n"
"\n"
"class P:\n"
"     pass\n"
"\n"
"class C(P):\n"
"    pass\n"
"\n"
"Mapping.register(P)"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1533
msgid ""
">>> c = C()\n"
">>> isinstance(c, C)        # direct\n"
"True\n"
">>> isinstance(c, P)        # indirect\n"
"True\n"
">>> isinstance(c, Mapping)  # virtual\n"
"True\n"
"\n"
"# Actual inheritance chain\n"
">>> type(c).__mro__\n"
"(<class 'C'>, <class 'P'>, <class 'object'>)\n"
"\n"
"# Test for \"true inheritance\"\n"
">>> Mapping in type(c).__mro__\n"
"False"
msgstr ""
">>> c = C()\n"
">>> isinstance(c, C)        # 直接\n"
"True\n"
">>> isinstance(c, P)        # 間接\n"
"True\n"
">>> isinstance(c, Mapping)  # 虛擬\n"
"True\n"
"\n"
"# 實際的繼承鏈結\n"
">>> type(c).__mro__\n"
"(<class 'C'>, <class 'P'>, <class 'object'>)\n"
"\n"
"# 「真正繼承」的檢驗\n"
">>> Mapping in type(c).__mro__\n"
"False"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1551
msgid ""
"Note that most programs do not use :func:`isinstance` on user-defined "
"classes very often.  If you are developing the classes yourself, a more "
"proper object-oriented style is to define methods on the classes that "
"encapsulate a particular behaviour, instead of checking the object's class "
"and doing a different thing based on what class it is.  For example, if you "
"have a function that does something::"
msgstr ""
"請注意，大多數程式不會經常對使用者定義的類別使用 :func:`isinstance`。如果"
"你自己在開發類別，更恰當的物件導向風格是在類別上定義封裝特定行為的方法，"
"而不是檢查物件的類別並根據它是什麼類別來做不同的事情。例如，如果你有一個"
"函式做某事： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1558
msgid ""
"def search(obj):\n"
"    if isinstance(obj, Mailbox):\n"
"        ...  # code to search a mailbox\n"
"    elif isinstance(obj, Document):\n"
"        ...  # code to search a document\n"
"    elif ..."
msgstr ""
"def search(obj):\n"
"    if isinstance(obj, Mailbox):\n"
"        ...  # 搜尋信箱的程式碼\n"
"    elif isinstance(obj, Document):\n"
"        ...  # 搜尋文件的程式碼\n"
"    elif ..."

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1565
msgid ""
"A better approach is to define a ``search()`` method on all the classes and "
"just call it::"
msgstr "更好的方法是在所有類別上定義一個 ``search()`` 方法然後呼叫它： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1568
msgid ""
"class Mailbox:\n"
"    def search(self):\n"
"        ...  # code to search a mailbox\n"
"\n"
"class Document:\n"
"    def search(self):\n"
"        ...  # code to search a document\n"
"\n"
"obj.search()"
msgstr ""
"class Mailbox:\n"
"    def search(self):\n"
"        ...  # 搜尋信箱的程式碼\n"
"\n"
"class Document:\n"
"    def search(self):\n"
"        ...  # 搜尋文件的程式碼\n"
"\n"
"obj.search()"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1580
msgid "What is delegation?"
msgstr "什麼是委派 (delegation)？"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1582
msgid ""
"Delegation is an object-oriented technique (also called a design pattern). "
"Let's say you have an object ``x`` and want to change the behaviour of just "
"one of its methods.  You can create a new class that provides a new "
"implementation of the method you're interested in changing and delegates all "
"other methods to the corresponding method of ``x``."
msgstr ""
"委派是一種物件導向的技法（也稱為設計模式）。假設你有一個物件 ``x`` 並且只想更"
"改其中一個方法的行為。你可以建立一個新類別，它提供你想改變的那個方法的新實"
"作，並將所有其他方法委派給 ``x`` 的相應方法。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1588
msgid ""
"Python programmers can easily implement delegation.  For example, the "
"following class implements a class that behaves like a file but converts all "
"written data to uppercase::"
msgstr ""
"Python 程式設計師可以輕鬆地實作委派。舉例來說，以下類別實作了一個行為類似檔案"
"的類別，但將所有寫入的資料轉換為大寫："

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1592
msgid ""
"class UpperOut:\n"
"\n"
"    def __init__(self, outfile):\n"
"        self._outfile = outfile\n"
"\n"
"    def write(self, s):\n"
"        self._outfile.write(s.upper())\n"
"\n"
"    def __getattr__(self, name):\n"
"        return getattr(self._outfile, name)"
msgstr ""
"class UpperOut:\n"
"\n"
"    def __init__(self, outfile):\n"
"        self._outfile = outfile\n"
"\n"
"    def write(self, s):\n"
"        self._outfile.write(s.upper())\n"
"\n"
"    def __getattr__(self, name):\n"
"        return getattr(self._outfile, name)"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1603
msgid ""
"Here the ``UpperOut`` class redefines the ``write()`` method to convert the "
"argument string to uppercase before calling the underlying ``self._outfile."
"write()`` method.  All other methods are delegated to the underlying ``self."
"_outfile`` object.  The delegation is accomplished via the :meth:`~object."
"__getattr__` method; consult :ref:`the language reference <attribute-"
"access>` for more information about controlling attribute access."
msgstr ""
"這裡的 ``UpperOut`` 類別重新定義了 ``write()`` 方法，在呼叫底層的 "
"``self._outfile.write()`` 方法之前將引數字串轉換為大寫。所有其他方法都委"
"派給底層的 ``self._outfile`` 物件。委派是透過 :meth:`~object.__getattr__`"
" 方法完成的；有關控制屬性存取的更多資訊，請參閱\\ :ref:`語言參考 "
"<attribute-access>`。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1610
msgid ""
"Note that for more general cases delegation can get trickier. When "
"attributes must be set as well as retrieved, the class must define a :meth:"
"`~object.__setattr__` method too, and it must do so carefully.  The basic "
"implementation of :meth:`!__setattr__` is roughly equivalent to the "
"following::"
msgstr ""
"請注意，對於更一般的情況，委派可能會變得更加棘手。當屬性必須被設定和取得"
"時，該類別也必須定義一個 :meth:`~object.__setattr__` 方法，而且必須小心"
"謹慎。:meth:`!__setattr__` 的基本實作大致等同於以下： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1615
msgid ""
"class X:\n"
"    ...\n"
"    def __setattr__(self, name, value):\n"
"        self.__dict__[name] = value\n"
"    ..."
msgstr ""
"class X:\n"
"    ...\n"
"    def __setattr__(self, name, value):\n"
"        self.__dict__[name] = value\n"
"    ..."

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1621
msgid ""
"Many :meth:`~object.__setattr__` implementations call :meth:`!object."
"__setattr__` to set an attribute on self without causing infinite recursion::"
msgstr ""
"許多 :meth:`~object.__setattr__` 的實作會呼叫 :meth:`!object.__setattr__` 以"
"設定 self 的屬性，而不會導致無限遞迴： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1624
msgid ""
"class X:\n"
"    def __setattr__(self, name, value):\n"
"        # Custom logic here...\n"
"        object.__setattr__(self, name, value)"
msgstr ""
"class X:\n"
"    def __setattr__(self, name, value):\n"
"        # 自訂邏輯放在這裡...\n"
"        object.__setattr__(self, name, value)"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1629
msgid ""
"Alternatively, it is possible to set attributes by inserting entries into :"
"attr:`self.__dict__ <object.__dict__>` directly."
msgstr ""

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1634
msgid ""
"How do I call a method defined in a base class from a derived class that "
"extends it?"
msgstr "如何從擴充基底類別的衍生類別中呼叫基底類別中定義的方法？"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1636
msgid "Use the built-in :func:`super` function::"
msgstr "使用內建的 :func:`super` 函式： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1638
msgid ""
"class Derived(Base):\n"
"    def meth(self):\n"
"        super().meth()  # calls Base.meth"
msgstr ""
"class Derived(Base):\n"
"    def meth(self):\n"
"        super().meth()  # 呼叫 Base.meth"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1642
msgid ""
"In the example, :func:`super` will automatically determine the instance from "
"which it was called (the ``self`` value), look up the :term:`method "
"resolution order` (MRO) with ``type(self).__mro__``, and return the next in "
"line after ``Derived`` in the MRO: ``Base``."
msgstr ""

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1649
msgid "How can I organize my code to make it easier to change the base class?"
msgstr "我可以如何組織我的程式碼以使得更改基底類別變得更容易？"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1651
msgid ""
"You could assign the base class to an alias and derive from the alias.  Then "
"all you have to change is the value assigned to the alias.  Incidentally, "
"this trick is also handy if you want to decide dynamically (such as "
"depending on availability of resources) which base class to use.  Example::"
msgstr ""
"你可以將基底類別分配給別名並從別名衍生。然後，你只需更改分配給別名的值。順便"
"說一句，如果你想動態決定（例如，取決於資源的可用性）使用哪個基底類別，這個技"
"巧也很方便。範例： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1656
msgid ""
"class Base:\n"
"    ...\n"
"\n"
"BaseAlias = Base\n"
"\n"
"class Derived(BaseAlias):\n"
"    ..."
msgstr ""
"class Base:\n"
"    ...\n"
"\n"
"BaseAlias = Base\n"
"\n"
"class Derived(BaseAlias):\n"
"    ..."

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1666
msgid "How do I create static class data and static class methods?"
msgstr "如何建立靜態類別資料和靜態類別方法？"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1668
msgid ""
"Both static data and static methods (in the sense of C++ or Java) are "
"supported in Python."
msgstr "Python 支援靜態資料和靜態方法（在 C++ 或 Java 的意義上）。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1671
msgid ""
"For static data, simply define a class attribute.  To assign a new value to "
"the attribute, you have to explicitly use the class name in the assignment::"
msgstr ""
"對於靜態資料，只需定義一個類別屬性即可。要為屬性分配新值，你必須在分配中顯式"
"使用類別名稱： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1674
msgid ""
"class C:\n"
"    count = 0   # number of times C.__init__ called\n"
"\n"
"    def __init__(self):\n"
"        C.count = C.count + 1\n"
"\n"
"    def getcount(self):\n"
"        return C.count  # or return self.count"
msgstr ""
"class C:\n"
"    count = 0   # C.__init__ 被呼叫的次數\n"
"\n"
"    def __init__(self):\n"
"        C.count = C.count + 1\n"
"\n"
"    def getcount(self):\n"
"        return C.count  # 或回傳 self.count"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1683
msgid ""
"``c.count`` also refers to ``C.count`` for any ``c`` such that "
"``isinstance(c, C)`` holds, unless overridden by ``c`` itself or by some "
"class on the base-class search path from ``c.__class__`` back to ``C``."
msgstr ""
"對於任何使得 ``isinstance(c, C)`` 成立的 ``c``，``c.count`` 也指向 "
"``C.count``，除非被 ``c`` 本身或從 ``c.__class__`` 回溯到 ``C`` 的基底"
"類別搜尋路徑上的某個類別所覆寫。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1687
msgid ""
"Caution: within a method of C, an assignment like ``self.count = 42`` "
"creates a new and unrelated instance named \"count\" in ``self``'s own "
"dict.  Rebinding of a class-static data name must always specify the class "
"whether inside a method or not::"
msgstr ""
"注意：在 C 的方法中，像 ``self.count = 42`` 這樣的賦值會在 ``self`` 自己"
"的字典中建立一個名為 \"count\" 的新的不相關實例。類別靜態資料名稱的重新"
"綁定必須始終指定類別，無論是否在方法內： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1692
msgid "C.count = 314"
msgstr "C.count = 314"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1694
msgid "Static methods are possible::"
msgstr "靜態方法是可能的： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1696
msgid ""
"class C:\n"
"    @staticmethod\n"
"    def static(arg1, arg2, arg3):\n"
"        # No 'self' parameter!\n"
"        ..."
msgstr ""
"class C:\n"
"    @staticmethod\n"
"    def static(arg1, arg2, arg3):\n"
"        # 沒有 'self' 參數！\n"
"        ..."

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1702
msgid ""
"However, a far more straightforward way to get the effect of a static method "
"is via a simple module-level function::"
msgstr "然而，獲得靜態方法效果的一種更直接的方法是透過一個簡單的模組層級函式： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1705
msgid ""
"def getcount():\n"
"    return C.count"
msgstr ""
"def getcount():\n"
"    return C.count"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1708
msgid ""
"If your code is structured so as to define one class (or tightly related "
"class hierarchy) per module, this supplies the desired encapsulation."
msgstr ""
"如果你的程式碼的結構是每個模組定義一個類別（或緊密相關的類別階層），這就提"
"供了所需的封裝。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1713
msgid "How can I overload constructors (or methods) in Python?"
msgstr "如何在 Python 中多載 (overload) 建構函式（或方法）？"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1715
msgid ""
"This answer actually applies to all methods, but the question usually comes "
"up first in the context of constructors."
msgstr ""
"這個答案實際上適用於所有方法，但這個問題通常會先出現在建構函式的情境中。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1718
msgid "In C++ you'd write:"
msgstr "在 C++ 中你會寫成："

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1720
msgid ""
"class C {\n"
"    C() { cout << \"No arguments\\n\"; }\n"
"    C(int i) { cout << \"Argument is \" << i << \"\\n\"; }\n"
"}"
msgstr ""
"class C {\n"
"    C() { cout << \"No arguments\\n\"; }\n"
"    C(int i) { cout << \"Argument is \" << i << \"\\n\"; }\n"
"}"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1727
msgid ""
"In Python you have to write a single constructor that catches all cases "
"using default arguments.  For example::"
msgstr ""
"在 Python 中，你必須使用預設引數編寫一個能處理所有情況的建構函式。例如： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1730
msgid ""
"class C:\n"
"    def __init__(self, i=None):\n"
"        if i is None:\n"
"            print(\"No arguments\")\n"
"        else:\n"
"            print(\"Argument is\", i)"
msgstr ""
"class C:\n"
"    def __init__(self, i=None):\n"
"        if i is None:\n"
"            print(\"No arguments\")\n"
"        else:\n"
"            print(\"Argument is\", i)"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1737
msgid "This is not entirely equivalent, but close enough in practice."
msgstr "這並不完全等價，但在實際情況中已夠接近。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1739
msgid "You could also try a variable-length argument list, for example::"
msgstr "你也可以嘗試長度可變的引數串列，例如： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1741
msgid ""
"def __init__(self, *args):\n"
"    ..."
msgstr ""
"def __init__(self, *args):\n"
"    ..."

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1744
msgid "The same approach works for all method definitions."
msgstr "相同的手段適用於所有方法的定義。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1748
msgid "I try to use __spam and I get an error about _SomeClassName__spam."
msgstr "我嘗試使用 __spam，但收到有關 _SomeClassName__spam 的錯誤。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1750
msgid ""
"Variable names with double leading underscores are \"mangled\" to provide a "
"simple but effective way to define class private variables.  Any identifier "
"of the form ``__spam`` (at least two leading underscores, at most one "
"trailing underscore) is textually replaced with ``_classname__spam``, where "
"``classname`` is the current class name with any leading underscores "
"stripped."
msgstr ""
"帶有雙前導底線的變數名會被「破壞 (mangled)」作為定義類別私有變數的一種"
"簡單但有效的方法。``__spam`` 形式的任何識別字（至少兩個前導底線，最多一個尾隨"
"底線）在文字上會被替換為 ``_classname__spam``，其中 ``classname`` 是目前類別"
"之所有前導底線被去除的名稱。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1756
msgid ""
"The identifier can be used unchanged within the class, but to access it "
"outside the class, the mangled name must be used:"
msgstr ""

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1759
msgid ""
"class A:\n"
"    def __one(self):\n"
"        return 1\n"
"    def two(self):\n"
"        return 2 * self.__one()\n"
"\n"
"class B(A):\n"
"    def three(self):\n"
"        return 3 * self._A__one()\n"
"\n"
"four = 4 * A()._A__one()"
msgstr ""
"class A:\n"
"    def __one(self):\n"
"        return 1\n"
"    def two(self):\n"
"        return 2 * self.__one()\n"
"\n"
"class B(A):\n"
"    def three(self):\n"
"        return 3 * self._A__one()\n"
"\n"
"four = 4 * A()._A__one()"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1773
msgid ""
"In particular, this does not guarantee privacy since an outside user can "
"still deliberately access the private attribute; many Python programmers "
"never bother to use private variable names at all."
msgstr ""
"特別注意的是，這並不能保證隱私，因為外部使用者仍然可以故意存取私有屬性；"
"許多 Python 程式設計師根本懶得使用私有變數名稱。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1779
msgid ""
"The :ref:`private name mangling specifications <private-name-mangling>` for "
"details and special cases."
msgstr ""

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1784
msgid "My class defines __del__ but it is not called when I delete the object."
msgstr "我的類別定義了 __del__ 但是當我刪除物件時它沒有被呼叫。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1786
msgid "There are several possible reasons for this."
msgstr "這有幾個可能的原因。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1788
msgid ""
"The :keyword:`del` statement does not necessarily call :meth:`~object."
"__del__` -- it simply decrements the object's reference count, and if this "
"reaches zero :meth:`!__del__` is called."
msgstr ""
":keyword:`del` 陳述式不一定會呼叫 :meth:`~object.__del__` -- 它只是減少物件的"
"參照計數，如果達到零則呼叫 :meth:`!__del__`。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1792
msgid ""
"If your data structures contain circular links (for example, a tree where "
"each child has a parent reference and each parent has a list of children) "
"the reference counts will never go back to zero.  Once in a while Python "
"runs an algorithm to detect such cycles, but the garbage collector might run "
"some time after the last reference to your data structure vanishes, so your :"
"meth:`!__del__` method may be called at an inconvenient and random time. "
"This is inconvenient if you're trying to reproduce a problem. Worse, the "
"order in which object's :meth:`!__del__` methods are executed is arbitrary.  "
"You can run :func:`gc.collect` to force a collection, but there *are* "
"pathological cases where objects will never be collected."
msgstr ""
"如果你的資料結構包含循環連結（例如，一棵樹，其中每個子項都有一個父項參照，每"
"個父項都有一個子項 list），參照計數將永遠不會回到零。Python 偶爾會運行一種演"
"算法來檢測此類循環，但垃圾收集器可能會在對你的資料結構的最後一次參照消失後運"
"行一段時間，因此你的 :meth:`!__del__` 方法可能會在不方便且隨機的時間被呼叫。"
"如果你試圖重現問題，這會很不方便。更糟糕的是，物件的 :meth:`!__del__` 方法的"
"執行順序是任意的。你可以運行 :func:`gc.collect` 來強制收集，但\\ *存在*\\ 永遠"
"不會收集物件的病態情況。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1803
msgid ""
"Despite the cycle collector, it's still a good idea to define an explicit "
"``close()`` method on objects to be called whenever you're done with them.  "
"The ``close()`` method can then remove attributes that refer to subobjects.  "
"Don't call :meth:`!__del__` directly -- :meth:`!__del__` should call "
"``close()`` and ``close()`` should make sure that it can be called more than "
"once for the same object."
msgstr ""
"儘管有循環收集器，在物件上定義一個明確的 ``close()`` 方法仍然是好的做法，"
"以便在你使用完它們時呼叫。然後 ``close()`` 方法可以移除參照子物件的屬性。"
"不要直接呼叫 :meth:`!__del__` -- :meth:`!__del__` 應該呼叫 ``close()``，"
"而 ``close()`` 應該確保對同一個物件可以被呼叫多次。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1810
msgid ""
"Another way to avoid cyclical references is to use the :mod:`weakref` "
"module, which allows you to point to objects without incrementing their "
"reference count. Tree data structures, for instance, should use weak "
"references for their parent and sibling references (if they need them!)."
msgstr ""
"另一種避免循環參照的方法是使用 :mod:`weakref` 模組，它允許你在不增加參照計"
"數的情況下指向物件。例如，樹資料結構應該對其父參照和同級參照使用弱參照"
"（如果需要的話！）。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1823
msgid ""
"Finally, if your :meth:`!__del__` method raises an exception, a warning "
"message is printed to :data:`sys.stderr`."
msgstr ""
"最後，如果你的 :meth:`!__del__` 方法引發例外，則會將一條警告訊息印出到 :data:"
"`sys.stderr`。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1828
msgid "How do I get a list of all instances of a given class?"
msgstr "我該如何取得給定類別的所有實例的串列？"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1830
msgid ""
"Python does not keep track of all instances of a class (or of a built-in "
"type). You can program the class's constructor to keep track of all "
"instances by keeping a list of weak references to each instance."
msgstr ""
"Python 不會追蹤類別（或內建型別）的所有實例。你可以將類別的建構函式進行改寫，"
"以透過保留對每個實例之弱參照串列來追蹤所有實例。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1836
msgid "Why does the result of ``id()`` appear to be not unique?"
msgstr "為什麼 ``id()`` 的結果看起來不唯一？"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1838
msgid ""
"The :func:`id` builtin returns an integer that is guaranteed to be unique "
"during the lifetime of the object.  Since in CPython, this is the object's "
"memory address, it happens frequently that after an object is deleted from "
"memory, the next freshly created object is allocated at the same position in "
"memory.  This is illustrated by this example:"
msgstr ""
":func:`id` 內建函式回傳一個整數，保證在物件的生命週期內是唯一的。由於在 "
"CPython 中這是物件的記憶體位址，因此經常會發生在從記憶體中刪除一個物件後，"
"下一個新建立的物件被分配在記憶體中的相同位置。以下範例說明了這一點："

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1849
msgid ""
"The two ids belong to different integer objects that are created before, and "
"deleted immediately after execution of the ``id()`` call.  To be sure that "
"objects whose id you want to examine are still alive, create another "
"reference to the object:"
msgstr ""
"這兩個 id 屬於不同的整數物件，這些物件在 ``id()`` 呼叫執行之前被建立，並"
"在執行之後立即被刪除。要確保你想檢查其 id 的物件仍然存在，請建立對該物件"
"的另一個參照："

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1864
msgid "When can I rely on identity tests with the *is* operator?"
msgstr "我什麼時候可以依靠 *is* 運算子進行識別性測試？"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1866
msgid ""
"The ``is`` operator tests for object identity.  The test ``a is b`` is "
"equivalent to ``id(a) == id(b)``."
msgstr ""
"``is`` 運算子測試物件識別性。測試 ``a is b`` 等同於 ``id(a) == id(b)``。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1869
msgid ""
"The most important property of an identity test is that an object is always "
"identical to itself, ``a is a`` always returns ``True``.  Identity tests are "
"usually faster than equality tests.  And unlike equality tests, identity "
"tests are guaranteed to return a boolean ``True`` or ``False``."
msgstr ""
"識別性測試最重要的屬性是物件始終與自身相同，``a is a`` 總是回傳 ``True``。"
"識別性測試通常比相等性測試更快。與相等性測試不同，識別性測試保證回傳布林值 "
"``True`` 或 ``False``。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1874
msgid ""
"However, identity tests can *only* be substituted for equality tests when "
"object identity is assured.  Generally, there are three circumstances where "
"identity is guaranteed:"
msgstr ""
"然而，*只有*\\ 當物件識別性得到保證時，識別性測試才能代替相等性測試。一般來"
"說，保證識別性的情況有以下三種："

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1878
msgid ""
"Assignments create new names but do not change object identity.  After the "
"assignment ``new = old``, it is guaranteed that ``new is old``."
msgstr ""
"賦值會建立新名稱但不會改變物件識別性。在賦值 ``new = old`` 之後，保證 "
"``new is old``。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1881
msgid ""
"Putting an object in a container that stores object references does not "
"change object identity.  After the list assignment ``s[0] = x``, it is "
"guaranteed that ``s[0] is x``."
msgstr ""
"將物件放入儲存物件參照的容器中不會改變物件識別性。在 list 賦值 ``s[0] = "
"x`` 之後，保證 ``s[0] is x``。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1885
msgid ""
"If an object is a singleton, it means that only one instance of that object "
"can exist.  After the assignments ``a = None`` and ``b = None``, it is "
"guaranteed that ``a is b`` because ``None`` is a singleton."
msgstr ""
"如果一個物件是單例，則意味著該物件只能存在一個實例。在賦值 ``a = None`` "
"和 ``b = None`` 之後，保證 ``a is b``，因為 ``None`` 是單例。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1889
msgid ""
"In most other circumstances, identity tests are inadvisable and equality "
"tests are preferred.  In particular, identity tests should not be used to "
"check constants such as :class:`int` and :class:`str` which aren't "
"guaranteed to be singletons::"
msgstr ""
"在大多數其他情況下，識別性測試是不可取的，相等性測試是首選。特別是，識別性測"
"試不應用於檢查常數，例如不能保證是單例的 :class:`int` 和 :class:`str`： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1894
msgid ""
">>> a = 10_000_000\n"
">>> b = 5_000_000\n"
">>> c = b + 5_000_000\n"
">>> a is c\n"
"False\n"
"\n"
">>> a = 'Python'\n"
">>> b = 'Py'\n"
">>> c = b + 'thon'\n"
">>> a is c\n"
"False"
msgstr ""
">>> a = 10_000_000\n"
">>> b = 5_000_000\n"
">>> c = b + 5_000_000\n"
">>> a is c\n"
"False\n"
"\n"
">>> a = 'Python'\n"
">>> b = 'Py'\n"
">>> c = b + 'thon'\n"
">>> a is c\n"
"False"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1906
msgid "Likewise, new instances of mutable containers are never identical::"
msgstr "同樣地，可變容器的新實例永遠不會相同： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1908
msgid ""
">>> a = []\n"
">>> b = []\n"
">>> a is b\n"
"False"
msgstr ""
">>> a = []\n"
">>> b = []\n"
">>> a is b\n"
"False"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1913
msgid ""
"In the standard library code, you will see several common patterns for "
"correctly using identity tests:"
msgstr "在標準函式庫程式碼中，你將看到幾種正確使用識別性測試的常見模式："

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1916
msgid ""
"As recommended by :pep:`8`, an identity test is the preferred way to check "
"for ``None``.  This reads like plain English in code and avoids confusion "
"with other objects that may have boolean values that evaluate to false."
msgstr ""
"正如 :pep:`8` 所推薦的，識別性測試是檢查 ``None`` 的首選方法。這在程式碼中讀"
"起來像簡單的英語，並避免與其他可能具有評估為 false 的布林值的物件混淆。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1920
msgid ""
"Detecting optional arguments can be tricky when ``None`` is a valid input "
"value.  In those situations, you can create a singleton sentinel object "
"guaranteed to be distinct from other objects.  For example, here is how to "
"implement a method that behaves like :meth:`dict.pop`:"
msgstr ""
"當 ``None`` 是有效輸入值時，檢測可選引數可能會很棘手。在這些情況下，你可"
"以建立一個保證與其他物件不同的單例哨兵物件。例如，以下是如何實作一個行為"
"類似於 :meth:`dict.pop` 的方法："

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1925
msgid ""
"_sentinel = object()\n"
"\n"
"def pop(self, key, default=_sentinel):\n"
"    if key in self:\n"
"        value = self[key]\n"
"        del self[key]\n"
"        return value\n"
"    if default is _sentinel:\n"
"        raise KeyError(key)\n"
"    return default"
msgstr ""
"_sentinel = object()\n"
"\n"
"def pop(self, key, default=_sentinel):\n"
"    if key in self:\n"
"        value = self[key]\n"
"        del self[key]\n"
"        return value\n"
"    if default is _sentinel:\n"
"        raise KeyError(key)\n"
"    return default"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1938
msgid ""
"Container implementations sometimes need to augment equality tests with "
"identity tests.  This prevents the code from being confused by objects such "
"as ``float('NaN')`` that are not equal to themselves."
msgstr ""
"容器實作有時需要透過識別性測試來增強相等性測試。這可以防止程式碼被諸如 "
"``float('NaN')`` 之類的不等於自身的物件所混淆。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1942
msgid ""
"For example, here is the implementation of :meth:`!collections.abc.Sequence."
"__contains__`::"
msgstr ""
"例如，以下是 :meth:`!collections.abc.Sequence.__contains__` 的實作： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1945
msgid ""
"def __contains__(self, value):\n"
"    for v in self:\n"
"        if v is value or v == value:\n"
"            return True\n"
"    return False"
msgstr ""
"def __contains__(self, value):\n"
"    for v in self:\n"
"        if v is value or v == value:\n"
"            return True\n"
"    return False"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1953
msgid ""
"How can a subclass control what data is stored in an immutable instance?"
msgstr "子類別如何控制不可變實例中儲存的資料？"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1955
msgid ""
"When subclassing an immutable type, override the :meth:`~object.__new__` "
"method instead of the :meth:`~object.__init__` method.  The latter only runs "
"*after* an instance is created, which is too late to alter data in an "
"immutable instance."
msgstr ""
"當對不可變型別進行子類別化時，請覆寫 :meth:`~object.__new__` 方法而不是 "
":meth:`~object.__init__` 方法。後者僅在實例建立\\ *之後*\\ 才運行，此時要"
"更改不可變實例中的資料已經太遲了。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1960
msgid ""
"All of these immutable classes have a different signature than their parent "
"class:"
msgstr "所有這些不可變類別都具有與其父類別不同的簽名："

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1963
msgid ""
"import datetime as dt\n"
"\n"
"class FirstOfMonthDate(dt.date):\n"
"    \"Always choose the first day of the month\"\n"
"    def __new__(cls, year, month, day):\n"
"        return super().__new__(cls, year, month, 1)\n"
"\n"
"class NamedInt(int):\n"
"    \"Allow text names for some numbers\"\n"
"    xlat = {'zero': 0, 'one': 1, 'ten': 10}\n"
"    def __new__(cls, value):\n"
"        value = cls.xlat.get(value, value)\n"
"        return super().__new__(cls, value)\n"
"\n"
"class TitleStr(str):\n"
"    \"Convert str to name suitable for a URL path\"\n"
"    def __new__(cls, s):\n"
"        s = s.lower().replace(' ', '-')\n"
"        s = ''.join([c for c in s if c.isalnum() or c == '-'])\n"
"        return super().__new__(cls, s)"
msgstr ""
"import datetime as dt\n"
"\n"
"class FirstOfMonthDate(dt.date):\n"
"    \"總是選擇每個月的第一天\"\n"
"    def __new__(cls, year, month, day):\n"
"        return super().__new__(cls, year, month, 1)\n"
"\n"
"class NamedInt(int):\n"
"    \"允許一些數字的文字名稱\"\n"
"    xlat = {'zero': 0, 'one': 1, 'ten': 10}\n"
"    def __new__(cls, value):\n"
"        value = cls.xlat.get(value, value)\n"
"        return super().__new__(cls, value)\n"
"\n"
"class TitleStr(str):\n"
"    \"將 str 轉換成適合作為 URL 路徑的名稱\"\n"
"    def __new__(cls, s):\n"
"        s = s.lower().replace(' ', '-')\n"
"        s = ''.join([c for c in s if c.isalnum() or c == '-'])\n"
"        return super().__new__(cls, s)"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1986
msgid "The classes can be used like this:"
msgstr "這些類別可以像這樣使用："

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:1988
msgid ""
">>> FirstOfMonthDate(2012, 2, 14)\n"
"FirstOfMonthDate(2012, 2, 1)\n"
">>> NamedInt('ten')\n"
"10\n"
">>> NamedInt(20)\n"
"20\n"
">>> TitleStr('Blog: Why Python Rocks')\n"
"'blog-why-python-rocks'"
msgstr ""
">>> FirstOfMonthDate(2012, 2, 14)\n"
"FirstOfMonthDate(2012, 2, 1)\n"
">>> NamedInt('ten')\n"
"10\n"
">>> NamedInt(20)\n"
"20\n"
">>> TitleStr('Blog: Why Python Rocks')\n"
"'blog-why-python-rocks'"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:2003
msgid "How do I cache method calls?"
msgstr "如何快取方法呼叫？"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:2005
msgid ""
"The two principal tools for caching methods are :func:`functools."
"cached_property` and :func:`functools.lru_cache`.  The former stores results "
"at the instance level and the latter at the class level."
msgstr ""
"快取方法的兩個主要工具是 :func:`functools.cached_property` 和 :func:"
"`functools.lru_cache`。前者在實例層級儲存結果，後者在類別層級儲存結果。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:2010
msgid ""
"The ``cached_property`` approach only works with methods that do not take "
"any arguments.  It does not create a reference to the instance.  The cached "
"method result will be kept only as long as the instance is alive."
msgstr ""
"``cached_property`` 方法僅適用於不帶任何引數的方法。它不會建立對實例的參照。"
"只要實例仍然存在，快取的方法結果就會被保留。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:2014
msgid ""
"The advantage is that when an instance is no longer used, the cached method "
"result will be released right away.  The disadvantage is that if instances "
"accumulate, so too will the accumulated method results.  They can grow "
"without bound."
msgstr ""
"好處是當一個實例不再使用時，快取的方法結果會立即釋放。缺點是如果實例不斷"
"累積，累積的方法結果也會跟著累積。它們可以無限制地增長。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:2019
msgid ""
"The ``lru_cache`` approach works with methods that have :term:`hashable` "
"arguments.  It creates a reference to the instance unless special efforts "
"are made to pass in weak references."
msgstr ""
"``lru_cache`` 方法適用於具有\\ :term:`可雜湊 <hashable>`\\ 引數的方法。除非特"
"別努力傳遞弱參照，否則它會建立對實例的參照。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:2023
msgid ""
"The advantage of the least recently used algorithm is that the cache is "
"bounded by the specified *maxsize*.  The disadvantage is that instances are "
"kept alive until they age out of the cache or until the cache is cleared."
msgstr ""
"最近最少使用 (least recently used) 演算法的優點是快取受指定的 *maxsize* "
"限制。缺點是實例會一直保持活動狀態，直到它們從快取中淘汰或快取被清除。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:2028
msgid "This example shows the various techniques::"
msgstr "這個例子展示了各種技術： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:2030
msgid ""
"class Weather:\n"
"    \"Lookup weather information on a government website\"\n"
"\n"
"    def __init__(self, station_id):\n"
"        self._station_id = station_id\n"
"        # The _station_id is private and immutable\n"
"\n"
"    def current_temperature(self):\n"
"        \"Latest hourly observation\"\n"
"        # Do not cache this because old results\n"
"        # can be out of date.\n"
"\n"
"    @cached_property\n"
"    def location(self):\n"
"        \"Return the longitude/latitude coordinates of the station\"\n"
"        # Result only depends on the station_id\n"
"\n"
"    @lru_cache(maxsize=20)\n"
"    def historic_rainfall(self, date, units='mm'):\n"
"        \"Rainfall on a given date\"\n"
"        # Depends on the station_id, date, and units."
msgstr ""

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:2052
msgid ""
"The above example assumes that the *station_id* never changes.  If the "
"relevant instance attributes are mutable, the ``cached_property`` approach "
"can't be made to work because it cannot detect changes to the attributes."
msgstr ""
"上面的例子假設 *station_id* 永遠不會改變。如果相關的實例屬性是可變的，則 "
"``cached_property`` 方法無法工作，因為它無法檢測到屬性的更改。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:2057
msgid ""
"To make the ``lru_cache`` approach work when the *station_id* is mutable, "
"the class needs to define the :meth:`~object.__eq__` and :meth:`~object."
"__hash__` methods so that the cache can detect relevant attribute updates::"
msgstr ""
"要在 *station_id* 可變時使 ``lru_cache`` 方法起作用，該類別需要定義 :meth:"
"`~object.__eq__` 和 :meth:`~object.__hash__` 方法，以便快取可以檢測相關屬性更"
"新： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:2061
msgid ""
"class Weather:\n"
"    \"Example with a mutable station identifier\"\n"
"\n"
"    def __init__(self, station_id):\n"
"        self.station_id = station_id\n"
"\n"
"    def change_station(self, station_id):\n"
"        self.station_id = station_id\n"
"\n"
"    def __eq__(self, other):\n"
"        return self.station_id == other.station_id\n"
"\n"
"    def __hash__(self):\n"
"        return hash(self.station_id)\n"
"\n"
"    @lru_cache(maxsize=20)\n"
"    def historic_rainfall(self, date, units='cm'):\n"
"        'Rainfall on a given date'\n"
"        # Depends on the station_id, date, and units."
msgstr ""

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:2083
msgid "Modules"
msgstr "模組"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:2086
msgid "How do I create a .pyc file?"
msgstr "如何建立 .pyc 檔案？"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:2088
msgid ""
"When a module is imported for the first time (or when the source file has "
"changed since the current compiled file was created) a ``.pyc`` file "
"containing the compiled code should be created in a ``__pycache__`` "
"subdirectory of the directory containing the ``.py`` file.  The ``.pyc`` "
"file will have a filename that starts with the same name as the ``.py`` "
"file, and ends with ``.pyc``, with a middle component that depends on the "
"particular ``python`` binary that created it.  (See :pep:`3147` for details.)"
msgstr ""
"第一次引入模組時（或原始碼檔案在目前編譯檔案建立後發生更改時），應在包含 "
"``.py`` 檔案的目錄之 ``__pycache__`` 子目錄中建立包含編譯程式碼的 "
"``.pyc`` 檔案。``.pyc`` 檔案的檔案名稱以與 ``.py`` 檔案相同的名稱開頭，"
"以 ``.pyc`` 結尾，中間部分取決於建立它的特定 ``python`` 二進位檔案。"
"（詳情請參閱 :pep:`3147`。）"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:2096
msgid ""
"One reason that a ``.pyc`` file may not be created is a permissions problem "
"with the directory containing the source file, meaning that the "
"``__pycache__`` subdirectory cannot be created. This can happen, for "
"example, if you develop as one user but run as another, such as if you are "
"testing with a web server."
msgstr ""
"``.pyc`` 檔案可能無法建立的原因之一是包含原始碼檔案的目錄存在權限問題，"
"這意味著無法建立 ``__pycache__`` 子目錄。例如，如果你以一個使用者的身份開"
"發但以另一個使用者的身份運行，例如你正在使用網頁伺服器進行測試，就會發生"
"這種情況。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:2101
msgid ""
"Unless the :envvar:`PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE` environment variable is set, "
"creation of a .pyc file is automatic if you're importing a module and Python "
"has the ability (permissions, free space, and so on) to create a "
"``__pycache__`` subdirectory and write the compiled module to that "
"subdirectory."
msgstr ""
"除非 :envvar:`PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE` 環境變數有被設定，如果你正在引入一個模"
"組並且 Python 有能力（權限、空閒空間等），建立 .pyc 檔案是自動的，會建立一個"
" ``__pycache__`` 子目錄並將編譯後的模組寫入該子目錄。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:2106
msgid ""
"Running Python on a top-level script is not considered an import and no ``."
"pyc`` will be created.  For example, if you have a top-level module ``foo."
"py`` that imports another module ``xyz.py``, when you run ``foo`` (by typing "
"``python foo.py`` as a shell command), a ``.pyc`` will be created for "
"``xyz`` because ``xyz`` is imported, but no ``.pyc`` file will be created "
"for ``foo`` since ``foo.py`` isn't being imported."
msgstr ""
"在頂層腳本上運行 Python 不被視為引入，也不會建立 ``.pyc``。例如，如果你有一個"
"頂層模組 ``foo.py`` 引入另一個模組 ``xyz.py``，當你運行 ``foo`` 時（透過輸入"
" ``python foo.py`` 作為一個 shell 命令），將為 ``xyz`` 建立一個 ``.pyc``，因為"
"引入了 ``xyz``，但是不會為 ``foo`` 建立 ``.pyc`` 檔案，因為 ``foo.py`` 沒有被"
"引入。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:2113
msgid ""
"If you need to create a ``.pyc`` file for ``foo`` -- that is, to create a ``."
"pyc`` file for a module that is not imported -- you can, using the :mod:"
"`py_compile` and :mod:`compileall` modules."
msgstr ""
"如果你需要為 ``foo`` 建立一個 ``.pyc`` 檔案 —— 也就是說，要為一個未引入的模組"
"建立一個 ``.pyc`` 檔案 —— 你可以使用 :mod:`py_compile` 和 :mod:`compileall` "
"模組。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:2117
msgid ""
"The :mod:`py_compile` module can manually compile any module.  One way is to "
"use the ``compile()`` function in that module interactively::"
msgstr ""
":mod:`py_compile` 模組允許手動編譯任何模組。其中一種方法是在該模組中以互動方"
"式使用 ``compile()`` 函式： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:2120
msgid ""
">>> import py_compile\n"
">>> py_compile.compile('foo.py')"
msgstr ""
">>> import py_compile\n"
">>> py_compile.compile('foo.py')"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:2123
msgid ""
"This will write the ``.pyc`` to a ``__pycache__`` subdirectory in the same "
"location as ``foo.py`` (or you can override that with the optional parameter "
"*cfile*)."
msgstr ""
"這會將 ``.pyc`` 寫入與 ``foo.py`` 相同位置的 ``__pycache__`` 子目錄（或者你可"
"以使用可選參數 *cfile* 覆蓋它）。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:2127
msgid ""
"You can also automatically compile all files in a directory or directories "
"using the :mod:`compileall` module.  You can do it from the shell prompt by "
"running ``compileall.py`` and providing the path of a directory containing "
"Python files to compile::"
msgstr ""
"你也可以使用 :mod:`compileall` 模組自動編譯一個或多個目錄中的所有檔案。你"
"可以在 shell 提示符下運行 ``compileall.py`` 並提供包含要編譯的 Python 檔"
"案的目錄路徑： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:2132
msgid "python -m compileall ."
msgstr "python -m compileall ."

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:2136
msgid "How do I find the current module name?"
msgstr "如何找到目前模組名稱？"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:2138
msgid ""
"A module can find out its own module name by looking at the predefined "
"global variable ``__name__``.  If this has the value ``'__main__'``, the "
"program is running as a script.  Many modules that are usually used by "
"importing them also provide a command-line interface or a self-test, and "
"only execute this code after checking ``__name__``::"
msgstr ""
"模組可以透過查看預定義的全域變數 ``__name__`` 來找出自己的模組名稱。如果"
"它的值為 ``'__main__'``，則該程式是作為腳本運行。許多通常透過引入來使用"
"的模組也提供命令列介面或自我測試，只有在檢查 ``__name__`` 後才執行此程式"
"碼： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:2144
msgid ""
"def main():\n"
"    print('Running test...')\n"
"    ...\n"
"\n"
"if __name__ == '__main__':\n"
"    main()"
msgstr ""
"def main():\n"
"    print('Running test...')\n"
"    ...\n"
"\n"
"if __name__ == '__main__':\n"
"    main()"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:2153
msgid "How can I have modules that mutually import each other?"
msgstr "要怎樣才能擁有相互引入的模組？"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:2155
msgid "Suppose you have the following modules:"
msgstr "假設你有以下模組："

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:2157
msgid ":file:`foo.py`::"
msgstr ":file:`foo.py`： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:2159
msgid ""
"from bar import bar_var\n"
"foo_var = 1"
msgstr ""
"from bar import bar_var\n"
"foo_var = 1"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:2162
msgid ":file:`bar.py`::"
msgstr ":file:`bar.py`： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:2164
msgid ""
"from foo import foo_var\n"
"bar_var = 2"
msgstr ""
"from foo import foo_var\n"
"bar_var = 2"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:2167
msgid "The problem is that the interpreter will perform the following steps:"
msgstr "問題是直譯器將執行以下步驟："

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:2169
msgid "main imports ``foo``"
msgstr "主要引入 ``foo``"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:2170
msgid "Empty globals for ``foo`` are created"
msgstr "建立了 ``foo`` 的空全域變數"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:2171
msgid "``foo`` is compiled and starts executing"
msgstr "``foo`` 被編譯並開始執行"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:2172
msgid "``foo`` imports ``bar``"
msgstr "``foo`` 引入 ``bar``"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:2173
msgid "Empty globals for ``bar`` are created"
msgstr "建立了 ``bar`` 的空全域變數"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:2174
msgid "``bar`` is compiled and starts executing"
msgstr "``bar`` 已被編譯並開始執行"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:2175
msgid ""
"``bar`` imports ``foo`` (which is a no-op since there already is a module "
"named ``foo``)"
msgstr ""
"``bar`` 引入 ``foo``\\ （這是一個空操作，因為已經有一個名為 ``foo`` 的模組）"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:2176
msgid ""
"The import mechanism tries to read ``foo_var`` from ``foo`` globals, to set "
"``bar.foo_var = foo.foo_var``"
msgstr ""
"引入機制嘗試從 ``foo`` 全域變數中讀取 ``foo_var``，以設定 ``bar.foo_var = "
"foo.foo_var``"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:2178
msgid ""
"The last step fails, because Python isn't done with interpreting ``foo`` yet "
"and the global symbol dictionary for ``foo`` is still empty."
msgstr ""
"最後一步失敗了，因為 Python 還沒有完成對 ``foo`` 的直譯，而 ``foo`` 的全域符"
"號字典仍然是空的。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:2181
msgid ""
"The same thing happens when you use ``import foo``, and then try to access "
"``foo.foo_var`` in global code."
msgstr ""
"當你使用 ``import foo``，然後嘗試在全域程式碼中存取 ``foo.foo_var`` "
"時，也會發生同樣的事情。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:2184
msgid "There are (at least) three possible workarounds for this problem."
msgstr "此問題有（至少）三種可能的解決方法。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:2186
msgid ""
"Guido van Rossum recommends avoiding all uses of ``from <module> import ..."
"``, and placing all code inside functions.  Initializations of global "
"variables and class variables should use constants or built-in functions "
"only.  This means everything from an imported module is referenced as "
"``<module>.<name>``."
msgstr ""
"Guido van Rossum 建議避免所有 ``from <module> import ...`` 的用法，並將所"
"有程式碼放在函式中。全域變數和類別變數的初始化應該只使用常數或內建函式。"
"這意味著來自引入模組的所有內容都以 ``<module>.<name>`` 來參照。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:2191
msgid ""
"Jim Roskind suggests performing steps in the following order in each module:"
msgstr "Jim Roskind 建議在每個模組中按以下順序執行各個步驟："

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:2193
msgid ""
"exports (globals, functions, and classes that don't need imported base "
"classes)"
msgstr "匯出（不需要已引入基底類別的全域變數、函式和類別）"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:2195
msgid "``import`` statements"
msgstr "``import`` 陳述式"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:2196
msgid ""
"active code (including globals that are initialized from imported values)."
msgstr "活躍程式碼（包括從引入值初始化的全域變數）。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:2198
msgid ""
"Van Rossum doesn't like this approach much because the imports appear in a "
"strange place, but it does work."
msgstr ""
"Van Rossum 不太喜歡這種方法，因為引入出現在一個奇怪的地方，但它確實有效。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:2201
msgid ""
"Matthias Urlichs recommends restructuring your code so that the recursive "
"import is not necessary in the first place."
msgstr ""
"Matthias Urlichs 建議重組 (restructuring) 你的程式碼，以便打從一開始就不需要"
"遞迴引入。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:2204
msgid "These solutions are not mutually exclusive."
msgstr "這些方案並不衝突。"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:2208
msgid "__import__('x.y.z') returns <module 'x'>; how do I get z?"
msgstr "__import__('x.y.z') 回傳 <module 'x'>，那我怎麼得到 z？"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:2210
msgid ""
"Consider using the convenience function :func:`~importlib.import_module` "
"from :mod:`importlib` instead::"
msgstr ""
"考慮改用來自 :mod:`importlib` 的便利函式 :func:`~importlib.import_module`"
"： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:2213
msgid "z = importlib.import_module('x.y.z')"
msgstr "z = importlib.import_module('x.y.z')"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:2217
msgid ""
"When I edit an imported module and reimport it, the changes don't show up.  "
"Why does this happen?"
msgstr "當我編輯需要引入的模組並重新引入它時，更動沒有反應出來。為什麼會這樣？"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:2219
msgid ""
"For reasons of efficiency as well as consistency, Python only reads the "
"module file on the first time a module is imported.  If it didn't, in a "
"program consisting of many modules where each one imports the same basic "
"module, the basic module would be parsed and re-parsed many times.  To force "
"re-reading of a changed module, do this::"
msgstr ""
"出於效率和一致性的原因，Python 僅在第一次引入模組時讀取模組檔案。如果不這"
"樣做，在一個由許多模組組成的程式中，每個模組都引入相同的基本模組，基本模"
"組將會被剖析和重新剖析很多次。要強制重新讀取已更改的模組，請執行以下操"
"作： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:2225
msgid ""
"import importlib\n"
"import modname\n"
"importlib.reload(modname)"
msgstr ""
"import importlib\n"
"import modname\n"
"importlib.reload(modname)"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:2229
msgid ""
"Warning: this technique is not 100% fool-proof.  In particular, modules "
"containing statements like::"
msgstr "警告：此技術並非 100% 萬無一失。尤其是包含像這樣陳述式的模組： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:2232
msgid "from modname import some_objects"
msgstr "from modname import some_objects"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:2234
msgid ""
"will continue to work with the old version of the imported objects.  If the "
"module contains class definitions, existing class instances will *not* be "
"updated to use the new class definition.  This can result in the following "
"paradoxical behaviour::"
msgstr ""
"將繼續使用舊版本的引入物件。如果模組包含類別定義，現有的類別實例將"
"\\ *不會*\\ 更新為使用新的類別定義。這可能會導致以下矛盾的行為： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:2239
msgid ""
">>> import importlib\n"
">>> import cls\n"
">>> c = cls.C()                # Create an instance of C\n"
">>> importlib.reload(cls)\n"
"<module 'cls' from 'cls.py'>\n"
">>> isinstance(c, cls.C)       # isinstance is false?!?\n"
"False"
msgstr ""
">>> import importlib\n"
">>> import cls\n"
">>> c = cls.C()                # 建立一個 C 的實例\n"
">>> importlib.reload(cls)\n"
"<module 'cls' from 'cls.py'>\n"
">>> isinstance(c, cls.C)       # isinstance 為 false？！？\n"
"False"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:2247
msgid ""
"The nature of the problem is made clear if you print out the \"identity\" of "
"the class objects::"
msgstr "如果印出類別物件的「識別性」，問題的本質就很清楚了： ::"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:2250
msgid ""
">>> hex(id(c.__class__))\n"
"'0x7352a0'\n"
">>> hex(id(cls.C))\n"
"'0x4198d0'"
msgstr ""
">>> hex(id(c.__class__))\n"
"'0x7352a0'\n"
">>> hex(id(cls.C))\n"
"'0x4198d0'"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:409
msgid "argument"
msgstr "argument（引數）"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:409
msgid "difference from parameter"
msgstr "與 parameter（參數）的差異"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:409
msgid "parameter"
msgstr "parameter（參數）"

#: ../../faq/programming.rst:409
msgid "difference from argument"
msgstr "與 argument（引數）的差異"