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My BASIC Practice

My Nostalgia: Code from the Legacy BASIC Family (GW-BASIC, QuickBASIC, etc.) before Visual Basic

<List>

GW-BASIC

QuickBASIC / QBasic

ETC

Pong The Origin: 1972 Atari Style Reimplementation v1.1 (2026.02.16)

QuickBASIC PONG Play v1.1

🔄 Improvements from v1.0 (2026.02.07)

  • Enhanced Initial Serve Logic: Overhauled the fixed-direction serve mechanism (1P → 2P) with no waiting time; implemented a 1.5-second pre-game countdown followed by a randomized serve direction and angle.
  • Enlarge Score Display: Introduced bitmap font-based multi-row graphics rendering with a custom 5-row character array, scaling scores closer to the original 1972 Atari aesthetic and improving visibility.
  • Eliminate Paddle Flickering: Implemented directional-selective erasing for paddles—only the regions affected by movement are cleared.
  • Fine-Tuned Wall Collision Angles: Refined ball trajectory calculations at wall boundaries with anti-sticking bounce logic, including force-back positioning to prevent edge-case adhesion.

📌 Technical Notes & Constraints

  • CPU-Dependent Execution Speed: An attempt was made to implement hardware-independent frame rates using the TIMER function. However, the native TIMER in QuickBASIC provides a resolution of only approximately 1/18.2 seconds (≒55ms), which is insufficient for the fine-grained precision required for smooth gameplay (e.g., 60 FPS or 16ms intervals).
  • Optimization for DOSBox: Due to these technical limitations, the game utilizes an old-fashioned FOR …… NEXT loop to control execution speed. While this introduces CPU dependency, it has been optimized at 3000 Cycles in DOSBox.
  • References: Detailed documentation on QuickBASIC timer precision can be found at QB64 Wiki: TIMER.

Pong The Origin: 1972 Atari Style Reimplementation v1.0 (2026.02.07)

QuickBASIC PONG Play

⚙️ System Requirements

  • Environment: QuickBASIC 4.5 or other compatible environments(e.g., QB64)
  • Screen Mode: VGA Screen Mode 12 (640x480, 16 Colors)

✨ Key Features

  • 1P/2P Modes: Play against a dynamic AI or a local friend.
  • Difficulty Scaling: Choose among 3 difficulty tiers (Easy, Normal, Hard) affecting AI reaction and paddle speed.
  • Kinetic Ball Physics:
    • Acceleration: Velocity increases on every successful hit, demanding higher focus over time.
    • Segment Hits: Trajectory angles are calculated based on the hit position (top/center/bottom) of the paddle.
  • Optimization:
    • Flicker-Free: Implements selective erasing (LINE...0, BF) for smooth motion instead of full-screen clears.
    • Input Sync: Non-blocking INKEY$ handling for responsive 2-player controls.
  • Soundscape: Legacy-style SOUND frequencies for wall bounces, paddle collisions, and match victory jingles.

🎮 Controls

Action Player 1 (Left) Player 2 (Right)
Move Up W Up Arrow
Move Down S Down Arrow
Exit Esc -

Draw a Square, Triangle, and Circle (2025.06.30)

  • My eternal nostalgia!

    Shapes

  • Code

    SHAPES.BAS 
    100 REM ===================================================
110 REM Draw a Square, Equilateral Triangle, and Circle
120 REM 2025.06.30.

130 REM [Description]
140 REM - SHAPEHT: Common height for all shapes (in pixels)
150 REM - CX, CY: Screen center coordinates
160 REM - Triangle base length is calculated automatically
170 REM - Circle radius = SHAPEHT / 2
180 REM ===================================================

200 REM ---- Initialize Constants ----
210 ON ERROR GOTO 700
220 SCREEN 1                        ' 320x200 graphics mode
230 SHAPEHT = 80                    ' Common height of all shapes
240 CX = 160 : CY = 100             ' Screen center

300 REM ---- Draw Title ----
310 LOCATE 2, 17 : PRINT "My Shapes"
320 LOCATE 4, 16 : PRINT "2025.06.30."

400 REM ---- Draw Square ----
410 SQSIZE = SHAPEHT
420 SQX = CX - 100 - SQSIZE / 2     ' Square left-top X coordinate
430 LINE (SQX, CY - SQSIZE / 2)-(SQX + SQSIZE, CY + SQSIZE / 2), 1, B

500 REM ---- Draw Equilateral Triangle ----
510 TRIX = CX                       ' Triangle center X coordinate
520 TRIBASE = SHAPEHT * 2 / SQR(3)  ' Triangle base length

530 REM Calculate Triangle Vertices
540 X1 = TRIX - TRIBASE / 2 : Y1 = CY + SHAPEHT / 2
550 X2 = TRIX + TRIBASE / 2 : Y2 = Y1
560 X3 = TRIX : Y3 = CY - SHAPEHT / 2

570 LINE (X1, Y1)-(X2, Y2), 2       ' Draw triangle base
580 LINE (X2, Y2)-(X3, Y3), 2       ' Draw triangle right side
590 LINE (X3, Y3)-(X1, Y1), 2       ' Draw triangle left side

600 REM ---- Draw Circle ----
610 CIRX = CX + 100                             ' Circle center X coordinate
620 CIRCLE (CIRX, CY), SHAPEHT / 2 * 1.15, 3    ' 1.15 : Magic Number!

700 REM ---- Wait for Key Press ----
710 LOCATE 24, 1 : PRINT "Press any key...";
720 IF INKEY$ = "" THEN GOTO 720
730 SCREEN 0
740 WIDTH 80

800 END

Lotto 6/45 Number Generator (2024.08.28)

  • Generates n sets of 7 unique numbers between 1 and 45

    • If user inputs numbers, those are fixed and others are generated
    • Displays the numbers in the format: a b c d e f + lucky number

  • Migrated from kimpro82/MyBizApps#61

    Lotto 6/25 by GW-BASIC

  • Code : LOTTO.BAS

    100~190 : Main part 
    100 SETSNUM = 4 ' Constant for the number of sets to generate
110 RANDOMIZE TIMER ' Initialize random number generator

120 PRINT "Press ENTER or input your fixed numbers (space-separated):"
130 INPUT USERSTR$ ' Get user input

140 DIM NUMSET(7) ' Declare array to hold one set of numbers
150 ' Parse user input and validate
160 IF USERSTR$ = "" THEN GOTO 200 ' No input, generate all random
170 GOSUB 500 ' Validate and parse user input
180 ' If invalid input, re-prompt user
190 IF ERRORFLAG = 1 THEN PRINT "Invalid input. Please try again." : GOTO 110
    200~420 : Start generating sets of numbers 
    200 ' Start generating sets of numbers
210 FOR I = 1 TO SETSNUM ' Generate sets based on the constant
220   GOSUB 900 ' Initialize array for each set
230   COUNT = 0 ' Reset count for each set
240   ' Fill array with user-provided numbers
250   FOR J = 1 TO USERINDEX
260     NUMSET(J) = USERNUMS(J)
270     COUNT = COUNT + 1
280   NEXT J
290   ' Generate remaining random numbers
300   WHILE COUNT < 7 ' Generate random numbers until the total count is 7
310     NEWNUM = INT(RND * 45) + 1
320     GOSUB 700 ' Check if number is already in the set
330     IF INSET = -1 THEN GOTO 310 ' If number is already in the set, generate again
340     COUNT = COUNT + 1
350     NUMSET(COUNT) = NEWNUM
360   WEND
370   ' Sort only the numbers from position USERINDEX + 1 to 6, leaving the last number (NUMSET(7)) unsorted
380   GOSUB 800 ' Sort the numbers from position USERINDEX + 1 to 6
390   ' Display the result with numbers formatted to two characters each
400   PRINT USING "## ## ## ## ## ## + ##"; NUMSET(1); NUMSET(2); NUMSET(3); NUMSET(4); NUMSET(5); NUMSET(6); NUMSET(7)
410 NEXT I
420 END
    500~690 : Subroutine to validate and parse user input 
    500 ' Subroutine to validate and parse user input
510 DIM USERNUMS(6) ' Maximum 6 numbers can be fixed
520 USERINDEX = 0
530 ERRORFLAG = 0
540 ' Split user input by spaces
550 TMP$ = "" ' Initialize temporary string
560 FOR K = 1 TO LEN(USERSTR$)
570   CHAR$ = MID$(USERSTR$, K, 1)
580   IF CHAR$ >= "0" AND CHAR$ <= "9" THEN TMP$ = TMP$ + CHAR$
590   IF CHAR$ <> " " AND K < LEN(USERSTR$) THEN GOTO 680
600   IF LEN(TMP$) = 0 THEN GOTO 680
610   VALNUM = VAL(TMP$)
620   IF VALNUM < 1 OR VALNUM > 45 THEN ERRORFLAG = 1 : RETURN
630   GOSUB 700 ' Check if number is already in the user input set
640   IF INSET = -1 THEN ERRORFLAG = 1 : RETURN
650   USERINDEX = USERINDEX + 1
660   USERNUMS(USERINDEX) = VALNUM
670   TMP$ = ""
680 NEXT K
690 RETURN
    700~750 : Subroutine to check if a number is in the set 
    700 ' Subroutine to check if a number is in the set
710 INSET = 0
720 FOR L = 1 TO COUNT
730   IF NUMSET(L) = NEWNUM THEN INSET = -1 : RETURN
740 NEXT L
750 RETURN
    800~880 : Subroutine to sort the numbers from position USERINDEX + 1 to 6 
    800 ' Subroutine to sort the numbers from position USERINDEX + 1 to 6
810 START = USERINDEX + 1
820 ENDIDX = 6 ' Sort up to NUMSET(6), excluding NUMSET(7)
830 FOR M = START TO ENDIDX - 1
840   FOR N = M + 1 TO ENDIDX
850     IF NUMSET(M) > NUMSET(N) THEN SWAP NUMSET(M), NUMSET(N)
860   NEXT N
870 NEXT M
880 RETURN
    900~940 : Subroutine to initialize the NUMSET array 
    900 ' Subroutine to initialize the NUMSET array
910 FOR T = 1 TO 7
920   NUMSET(T) = 0
930 NEXT T
940 RETURN

Simultaneous Equations Solver (2024.08.20)

  • System of Linear Equations Calculator using Determinant Method

    • Enter six floating-point numbers: a, b, c, d, e, and f
    • If fewer than six numbers are provided, zeros will be substituted for the missing values

    Simultaneous Equations Solver

  • Code : SESOLVER.BAS

    100~160 : Initialize and get input data 
    100 ' Initialize and get input data
110 DIM COEF#(5) ' Array to store coefficients
120 PRINT "The system of equations is:"
130 PRINT "  ax + by = c"
140 PRINT "  dx + ey = f"

150 PRINT "Enter coefficients a, b, c, d, e, f (separated by spaces), or Q/q to quit:"
160 INPUT INPUTDATA$ ' Get user input
    200~250 : Check for quit command or process input 
    200 ' Check for quit command or process input
210 IF INPUTDATA$ = "Q" OR INPUTDATA$ = "q" THEN GOTO 900
220 ' GOSUB 800 ' Initialize variables; Not use
230 GOSUB 300 ' Process input or substitute missing values with zeros
240 GOSUB 500 ' Solve the equations
250 GOTO 150
    300~450 : Parse input or use default values 
    300 ' Parse input or use default values
310 INPUTDATA$ = INPUTDATA$ + " 0 0 0 0 0 0"  ' Pad the input with zeros if fewer than 6 values are provided
320 INDEX = 1
330 FOR I = 0 TO 5
340   WORD$ = ""
350   CONDITION = 1
360   WHILE CONDITION
370     CHAR$ = MID$(INPUTDATA$, INDEX, 1)
380     IF CHAR$ <> " " THEN WORD$ = WORD$ + CHAR$ ELSE CONDITION = 0
390     ' PRINT "I:"; I; "/ INDEX:"; INDEX; "/ CHAR:"; CHAR$; " / WORD:"; WORD$; " / CONDITION:"; CONDITION ' Debug print
400     INDEX = INDEX + 1
410   WEND
420   COEF#(I) = VAL(WORD$)
430 NEXT I
450 RETURN
    500~650 : Solve the system of linear equations 
    500 ' Solve the system of linear equations
510 A = COEF#(0): B = COEF#(1): C = COEF#(2)
520 D = COEF#(3): E = COEF#(4): F = COEF#(5)
530 PRINT "The equations you entered are:"
540 PRINT "  "; A; "x +"; B; "y ="; C
550 PRINT "  "; D; "x +"; E; "y ="; F
560 DETERMINANT = A * E - B * D

600 IF DETERMINANT = 0 THEN PRINT "The system has no unique solution."
610 IF DETERMINANT <> 0 THEN X = (C * E - B * F) / DETERMINANT
620 IF DETERMINANT <> 0 THEN Y = (A * F - C * D) / DETERMINANT
630 IF DETERMINANT <> 0 THEN PRINT "Solution: x = "; X; ", y = "; Y
640 ' It is crazy to handle IF conditions in GW-BASIC!
650 RETURN
    800~840 : Initialize variables; Not use 
    800 ' Initialize variables; Not use
810 ' FOR I = 0 TO 5
820 '   COEF#(I) = 0 ' Set all coefficients to 0
830 ' NEXT I
840 ' RETURN
    900~920 : Quit the program 
    900 ' Quit the program
910 PRINT "Program terminated."
920 END

Decimal/Hexadecimal Convertor (2023.12.10)

  • To practice Subroutine with GOSUB ~ RETURN statements

  • Be aware of BOM(Byte-Order Mark; EF BB BF) signature generation when creating a code file with an external editor

    Decimal/Hexadecimal Convertor

    Code : HEXCONV.BAS 
    0 CLS

10 PRINT "*************************************"
20 PRINT "*  <Decimal/Hexadecimal Convertor>  *"
30 PRINT "*  kimpro82 / 2023.12.10, not 1993  *"
40 PRINT "* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *"
50 PRINT "* 1. Convert Decimal to Hexadecimal *"
60 PRINT "* 2. Convert Hexadecimal to Decimal *"
70 PRINT "* 3. Exit                           *"
80 PRINT "*************************************"
90 INPUT " Select a menu (1, 2, 3): "; MENU

100 IF MENU = 1 THEN GOSUB 200
110 IF MENU = 2 THEN GOSUB 300
120 IF MENU = 3 THEN END
130 GOTO 90

200 ' Subroutine for Decimal to Hexadecimal Conversion
210 INPUT " Enter a decimal value: "; DEC
220 PRINT " Hexadecimal value    : "; HEX$(DEC)
230 RETURN

300 ' Subroutine for Hexadecimal to Decimal Conversion
310 INPUT " Enter a hexadecimal value: "; HEXA$
315     ' The keyword HEX$(X) is already in use
320 PRINT " Decimal value            : "; VAL("&H" + HEXA$)
330 RETURN

Line Numbering 2 (2023.07.22)

  • Finally I've got GW-BASIC 3.23!

  • Reversed line numbers are automatically rearranged as increasing order

  • Line numbers are allowed only when they are not exceeding 65529 and without decimal points.

    Why `65529`, not `65535`?

    • Variances in Basic highest line numbers (retrocomputing.stackexchange.com)

      Line numbers are stored as a two byte word but the largest allowed by the input routines is 65529. Primarily because this is an easier limit to test rather than checking for overflow. The line number is converted from ASCII to binary a character at a time using a pretty standard algorithm. Start with a 16 bit value line = 0. For each digit multiply line by 10 and add the digit to line.

      To check if the line number is acceptable, compare line against 6552 before multiplying it by 10. This will guarantee the value is <= 65529 because a digit can add only 9 at most.

    What does `!` mean?
    Code : LINENUM2.BAS
    • Saved in the file 
      10 PRINT 10
20 PRINT 20
30 GOTO 50
40 PRINT 40         ' Pass
50 PRINT 50
60 PRINT 60
55 PRINT 55         ' Rearranged as increasing order
70.5 PRINT 70.5     ' Syntax rrror; 70 .5 PRINT 70.5
65530 PRINT 65530   ' Syntax rrror; 6553 0 PRINT 65530!
65529 PRINT 65529   ' 65529!
65531 PRINT 65531   ' Syntax rrror
    • Loaded on the GW-BASIC console 
      10 PRINT 10
20 PRINT 20
30 GOTO 50
40 PRINT 40             ' Pass
50 PRINT 50
55 PRINT 55             ' Rearranged as increasing order
60 PRINT 60
70 .5 PRINT 70.5                ' Syntax rrror; 70 .5 PRINT 70.5
6553 0 PRINT 65530!     ' Syntax rrror; 6553 0 PRINT 65530!
65529 PRINT 65529!      ' 65529!
Syntax error
    • Output 
      RUN
10
20
50
55
60
Syntax error in 70
Ok

Line Numbering (2023.07.19)

  • I intended to write GW-BASIC code, but I actually executed it in QuickBASIC.

  • Unexpectedly, many things are allowed, including aspects that were not even considered.
    Ex) Line numbers including decimal points, reversed, or exceeding 65535 ……

    Code : LineNum.bas 
    '-10 print "-10"        ' A negative line number causes an error
0 CLS
10 PRINT "10"
15 GOTO 30
20 PRINT "20"           ' Pass
30 PRINT "30"
25 PRINT "25"           ' Decreasing numbering is OK
30.5 PRINT "30.5"       ' Decimal point is allowed
A: GOTO C
B: PRINT "B"
C: PRINT "C"            ' Alphanumeric line labels can be mixed
PRINT "No label"        ' Lines without labeling is also available
65535 PRINT "65535"
65536 PRINT "65536"     ' The line number can be over 65536
    10
30
25
30.5
C
No label
65535
65536

  • References

Draw A Car (2022.02.09)

  • Remember how I felt when I was a primary school student

    Draw A Car

    Code : DrawCar.bas 
    CLS

SCREEN 12       '640 x 480 / 16 colors
wid% = 640      'Can I get these parameters automatically?
hei% = 480

'Border
LINE (10, 10)-(wid% - 10, 10), 15, B
LINE (10, hei% - 80)-(wid% - 10, hei% - 80), 15, B
LINE (10, 10)-(10, hei% - 80), 15, B
LINE (wid% - 10, 10)-(wid% - 10, hei% - 80), 15, B

'Memo
LOCATE 3, 5
PRINT "QuickBasic : My Nostalgia"
LOCATE 3, 67
PRINT "2022.02.09"

'Body
LINE (wid% / 2 - 100, hei% / 2 - 100)-(wid% / 2 + 100, hei% / 2), 7, BF
LINE (wid% / 2 - 200, hei% / 2)-(wid% / 2 + 200, hei% / 2 + 100), 7, BF

'Windows
LINE (wid% / 2 - 100, hei% / 2 - 80)-(wid% / 2 - 60, hei% / 2), 9, BF
LINE (wid% / 2 - 50, hei% / 2 - 80)-(wid% / 2 - 5, hei% / 2), 9, BF
LINE (wid% / 2 + 5, hei% / 2 - 80)-(wid% / 2 + 50, hei% / 2), 9, BF
LINE (wid% / 2 + 60, hei% / 2 - 80)-(wid% / 2 + 100, hei% / 2), 9, BF

'Wheels
CIRCLE (wid% / 2 - 90, hei% / 2 + 100), 50, 8
CIRCLE (wid% / 2 + 90, hei% / 2 + 100), 50, 8
PAINT (wid% / 2 - 120, hei% / 2 + 100), 8, 8
PAINT (wid% / 2 + 120, hei% / 2 + 100), 8, 8
CIRCLE (wid% / 2 - 90, hei% / 2 + 100), 30, 7
CIRCLE (wid% / 2 + 90, hei% / 2 + 100), 30, 7
PAINT (wid% / 2 - 90, hei% / 2 + 100), 7, 7
PAINT (wid% / 2 + 90, hei% / 2 + 100), 7, 7

END

Play Music (2021.02.20)

  • Practice of functions : BEEP SOUND PLAY

  • Run by MS QuickBASIC 4.5

    Code : Xerxes.bas
    • Using SHELL function to borrow the CLS command from DOS
    SHELL "CLS"
PRINT "I am generous"

    I am generous

    Code : Sound.bas 
    SHELL "CLS"

'BEEP
PRINT "BEEP"
BEEP
PRINT CHR$(7)
SLEEP

'SOUND
PRINT "SOUND" + CHR$(13) 'CHR$(13) : Line break
FOR i% = 1 TO 30
        SOUND i% * 100, 1  'Frequency, Duration
NEXT
SLEEP

'PLAY
PRINT "PLAY" + CHR$(13)
PLAY "L16 CDEFGAB>C" '> : Move up one octave
SLEEP
    • Results : BEEP SOUND PLAY
      (* These can't be played directly, but played after downloading.)
    Code : SchoolBell.bas
    • Play the same song with the keys of both C major and C minor
    SHELL "CLS"

PRINT "School Bell"

PRINT "C major"
PLAY "MS G8G8A8A8 G8G8E4 G8G8E8E8 D6 P8"
PLAY "MS G8G8A8A8 G8G8E4 G8E8D8E8 C6 P8"

PRINT "C minor"
PLAY "MS G8G8A-8A-8 G8G8E-4 G8G8E-8E-8 D6 P8"
PLAY "MS G8G8A-8A-8 G8G8E-4 G8E-8D8E-8 C6 P8"
    • Results : C major C minor
      (* These can't be played directly, but played after downloading.)

Hello World (2020.02.27)

  • PRINT, not print

    Code : HelloWorld.bas 
    print "Hello World!"

    Call to undefined sub 'print'

    print("Hello World!")

    Call to undefined sub 'print'

    print 'Hello World!'

    Call to undefined sub 'print'

    How can I make print work?

    PRINT "Hello World!"

    Hello World!

    The secret was UPPER CASE!

    PRINT 'Hello World!'

    '' seems to be used for single-line comments.

    'You can't see what I'm saying.'

    ㅋ

References (2020.02.25)

Links