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<h1 class="title">Intro to R & R Studio</h1>
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<div class="quarto-title-meta-heading">Author</div>
<div class="quarto-title-meta-contents">
<p>James Van Slyke </p>
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</header>
<p><em>R</em> is the base program for R Studio, it does all the calculations, while <em>R studio</em> is the addition of several windows around R that helps with your analysis</p>
<p>In R Studio, “R” performs calculations in the <em>console</em>. The console is in the lower left window. You can think of the console as a big calculator. You can do all the basics with R.</p>
<p>The <em>Editor</em> is where you write the code and notes to yourself in <em>scripts</em>. The console is where you code gets entered and run and the <em>output</em> is in the lower right hand corner. The upper left hand window is the <em>environment</em> and keeps track of the data and other things used in your analysis.</p>
<p>Here is a picture of what the program looks like and the different sections.</p>
<p><img src="https://d33wubrfki0l68.cloudfront.net/8a64bb047429d7ae0e2acae35c40e421e6439bf6/80e5d/diagrams/rstudio-editor.png" class="img-fluid"></p>
<section id="basic-calculations-using-r" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="basic-calculations-using-r">Basic Calculations using R</h3>
<p>Addition</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb1"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb1-1"><a href="#cb1-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>A <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="dv">3</span></span>
<span id="cb1-2"><a href="#cb1-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>B <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="dv">2</span></span>
<span id="cb1-3"><a href="#cb1-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>A <span class="sc">+</span> B</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>[1] 5</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<p>Subtraction</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb3"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb3-1"><a href="#cb3-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>A <span class="ot">=</span> <span class="dv">15</span></span>
<span id="cb3-2"><a href="#cb3-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>B <span class="ot">=</span> <span class="dv">5</span></span>
<span id="cb3-3"><a href="#cb3-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>A <span class="sc">-</span> B</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>[1] 10</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<p>Multiplication</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb5"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb5-1"><a href="#cb5-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>A <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="dv">55</span></span>
<span id="cb5-2"><a href="#cb5-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>B <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="dv">22</span></span>
<span id="cb5-3"><a href="#cb5-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>A <span class="sc">*</span> B</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>[1] 1210</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<p>Division</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb7"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb7-1"><a href="#cb7-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>A <span class="ot">=</span> <span class="dv">30</span></span>
<span id="cb7-2"><a href="#cb7-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>B <span class="ot">=</span> <span class="dv">5</span></span>
<span id="cb7-3"><a href="#cb7-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>A <span class="sc">/</span> B</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>[1] 6</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<p>Exponent</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb9"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb9-1"><a href="#cb9-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>A <span class="ot">=</span> <span class="dv">10</span></span>
<span id="cb9-2"><a href="#cb9-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>B <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="dv">10</span></span>
<span id="cb9-3"><a href="#cb9-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>A <span class="sc">^</span> B</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>[1] 1e+10</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<p>You’ll notice that the numbers are being saved as what’s called an <em>object</em>. An object is anything you save in R that is related to data or output of a calculation. You can save calculations, databases, words or lots of other stuff.</p>
<p>If you look in the upper right window, under the environment tab, you should notice an <em>x</em> there based on your last calculation. The environment tab saves all the saved objects you are working with in R.</p>
<p><strong>Here’s a couple of examples of objects for you to try</strong></p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb11"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb11-1"><a href="#cb11-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>Word <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="st">"Word"</span></span>
<span id="cb11-2"><a href="#cb11-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>Number <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="dv">1</span></span>
<span id="cb11-3"><a href="#cb11-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>Calculation <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="dv">3</span><span class="sc">+</span><span class="dv">2</span> </span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<p>Notice that when you call up a calculation it gives you the answer, not the formula</p>
</section>
<section id="vectors" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="vectors">Vectors</h2>
<p>Besides individual numbers your can also create vectors or arrays of numbers, which are a set of number that are saved in an object</p>
<p>Here is a basic vector of numbers</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb12"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb12-1"><a href="#cb12-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>Vector <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="dv">23</span>, <span class="dv">26</span>, <span class="dv">45</span>, <span class="dv">22</span>, <span class="dv">43</span>, <span class="dv">91</span>, <span class="dv">82</span>, <span class="dv">12</span>, <span class="dv">57</span>, <span class="dv">2</span>)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<section id="special-vectors" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="special-vectors">Special Vectors</h3>
<p>You can create a sequence of numbers without needing to write them all down. Just list the first and last number of the sequence in your code</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb13"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb13-1"><a href="#cb13-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>Sequence <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">seq</span>(<span class="dv">1</span>,<span class="dv">10</span>)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<p>You can also repeat numbers</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb14"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb14-1"><a href="#cb14-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>Repeat <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">rep</span>(<span class="dv">10</span>, <span class="at">times =</span> <span class="dv">10</span>)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<p>And of course you can always store it in an object</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb15"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb15-1"><a href="#cb15-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>Repeat <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">rep</span>(<span class="dv">10</span>, <span class="at">times =</span> <span class="dv">25</span>)</span>
<span id="cb15-2"><a href="#cb15-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>Repeat</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code> [1] 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<p>Then you can use that to make a new database</p>
<p>First we’ll add a sequence of numbers to match our repeat variable</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb17"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb17-1"><a href="#cb17-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>Sequence <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">seq</span>(<span class="dv">1</span>,<span class="dv">25</span>)</span>
<span id="cb17-2"><a href="#cb17-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>Sequence</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code> [1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<p>Then create a dataset using the <em>data.frame</em> command and include the two objects that were just recently created.</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb19"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb19-1"><a href="#cb19-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>Dataset <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">data.frame</span>(Repeat, Sequence)</span>
<span id="cb19-2"><a href="#cb19-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>Dataset</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code> Repeat Sequence
1 10 1
2 10 2
3 10 3
4 10 4
5 10 5
6 10 6
7 10 7
8 10 8
9 10 9
10 10 10
11 10 11
12 10 12
13 10 13
14 10 14
15 10 15
16 10 16
17 10 17
18 10 18
19 10 19
20 10 20
21 10 21
22 10 22
23 10 23
24 10 24
25 10 25</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</section>
</section>
<section id="inspecting-data" class="level1">
<h1>Inspecting data</h1>
<p>There’s lots of things you can do with a dataset</p>
<p>Let’s start with one that is already in the R environment <strong><em>iris</em></strong></p>
<p>It’s a longer dataset, so we’ll start with the head command that just shows the first couple of rows</p>
<p>The top rows and columns of the dataset</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb21"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb21-1"><a href="#cb21-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">head</span>(iris)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code> Sepal.Length Sepal.Width Petal.Length Petal.Width Species
1 5.1 3.5 1.4 0.2 setosa
2 4.9 3.0 1.4 0.2 setosa
3 4.7 3.2 1.3 0.2 setosa
4 4.6 3.1 1.5 0.2 setosa
5 5.0 3.6 1.4 0.2 setosa
6 5.4 3.9 1.7 0.4 setosa</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<p>We can look at the types of data we have using the <em>str</em> command</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb23"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb23-1"><a href="#cb23-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">str</span>(iris)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>'data.frame': 150 obs. of 5 variables:
$ Sepal.Length: num 5.1 4.9 4.7 4.6 5 5.4 4.6 5 4.4 4.9 ...
$ Sepal.Width : num 3.5 3 3.2 3.1 3.6 3.9 3.4 3.4 2.9 3.1 ...
$ Petal.Length: num 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.5 1.4 1.7 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.5 ...
$ Petal.Width : num 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 ...
$ Species : Factor w/ 3 levels "setosa","versicolor",..: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<p>Notice we have 2 data types, numbers and what are called “factors”</p>
<p>Factors are typically categories of something. In this case, types of iris flowers.</p>
<p>We can check on the names of each of our variables</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb25"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb25-1"><a href="#cb25-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">names</span>(iris)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>[1] "Sepal.Length" "Sepal.Width" "Petal.Length" "Petal.Width" "Species" </code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<p>We can look at the row names</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb27"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb27-1"><a href="#cb27-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">rownames</span>(iris)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code> [1] "1" "2" "3" "4" "5" "6" "7" "8" "9" "10" "11" "12"
[13] "13" "14" "15" "16" "17" "18" "19" "20" "21" "22" "23" "24"
[25] "25" "26" "27" "28" "29" "30" "31" "32" "33" "34" "35" "36"
[37] "37" "38" "39" "40" "41" "42" "43" "44" "45" "46" "47" "48"
[49] "49" "50" "51" "52" "53" "54" "55" "56" "57" "58" "59" "60"
[61] "61" "62" "63" "64" "65" "66" "67" "68" "69" "70" "71" "72"
[73] "73" "74" "75" "76" "77" "78" "79" "80" "81" "82" "83" "84"
[85] "85" "86" "87" "88" "89" "90" "91" "92" "93" "94" "95" "96"
[97] "97" "98" "99" "100" "101" "102" "103" "104" "105" "106" "107" "108"
[109] "109" "110" "111" "112" "113" "114" "115" "116" "117" "118" "119" "120"
[121] "121" "122" "123" "124" "125" "126" "127" "128" "129" "130" "131" "132"
[133] "133" "134" "135" "136" "137" "138" "139" "140" "141" "142" "143" "144"
[145] "145" "146" "147" "148" "149" "150"</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<p>We can create a table of a particular variable</p>
<p>We specify the variable we want by using the $ sign</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb29"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb29-1"><a href="#cb29-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">table</span>(iris<span class="sc">$</span>Species)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>
setosa versicolor virginica
50 50 50 </code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<p>Notice that it automatically makes a table of the counts of each iris type</p>
<p>Anytime we want to look at a specific variable from a dataset, we use the $ sign. Notice when you type in the dataset name followed by the $ you’ll see a little pop-up with all the variables. Just scroll through and select the one you want.</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb31"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb31-1"><a href="#cb31-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>iris<span class="sc">$</span>Sepal.Width</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code> [1] 3.5 3.0 3.2 3.1 3.6 3.9 3.4 3.4 2.9 3.1 3.7 3.4 3.0 3.0 4.0 4.4 3.9 3.5
[19] 3.8 3.8 3.4 3.7 3.6 3.3 3.4 3.0 3.4 3.5 3.4 3.2 3.1 3.4 4.1 4.2 3.1 3.2
[37] 3.5 3.6 3.0 3.4 3.5 2.3 3.2 3.5 3.8 3.0 3.8 3.2 3.7 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.1 2.3
[55] 2.8 2.8 3.3 2.4 2.9 2.7 2.0 3.0 2.2 2.9 2.9 3.1 3.0 2.7 2.2 2.5 3.2 2.8
[73] 2.5 2.8 2.9 3.0 2.8 3.0 2.9 2.6 2.4 2.4 2.7 2.7 3.0 3.4 3.1 2.3 3.0 2.5
[91] 2.6 3.0 2.6 2.3 2.7 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.5 2.8 3.3 2.7 3.0 2.9 3.0 3.0 2.5 2.9
[109] 2.5 3.6 3.2 2.7 3.0 2.5 2.8 3.2 3.0 3.8 2.6 2.2 3.2 2.8 2.8 2.7 3.3 3.2
[127] 2.8 3.0 2.8 3.0 2.8 3.8 2.8 2.8 2.6 3.0 3.4 3.1 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.1 2.7 3.2
[145] 3.3 3.0 2.5 3.0 3.4 3.0</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<section id="dataframes" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="dataframes">Dataframes</h3>
<p>Many times we work with datasets using dataframes, which creates an object very similar to a spreadsheet. Notice that when we create a dataframe and add variables to it, the letter <strong>c</strong> is used before the parentheses, which basically tells R that what follows should be added to the object/variable before it.</p>
<p>Here is a sample dataset</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb33"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb33-1"><a href="#cb33-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>Dataframe <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">data.frame</span>(<span class="at">Words =</span> <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="st">"One"</span>, <span class="st">"Two"</span>, <span class="st">"Three"</span>, <span class="st">"Four"</span>),</span>
<span id="cb33-2"><a href="#cb33-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">Numbers =</span> <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="dv">1</span>,<span class="dv">2</span>,<span class="dv">3</span>,<span class="dv">4</span>))</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<p>Inspect It</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb34"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb34-1"><a href="#cb34-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>Dataframe</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code> Words Numbers
1 One 1
2 Two 2
3 Three 3
4 Four 4</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<p>There’s actually lots of ways to make datasets and we can always import data, which we will learn later.</p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="different-class-types-in-r" class="level1">
<h1>Different class types in r</h1>
<p><em>Numeric</em> means number</p>
<p><em>Integer</em> means a number that is not a fraction</p>
<p>check it out</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb36"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb36-1"><a href="#cb36-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">is.numeric</span>(<span class="fl">4.2</span>)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>[1] TRUE</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb38"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb38-1"><a href="#cb38-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">is.integer</span>(<span class="fl">4.2</span>)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>[1] FALSE</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<p><em>Characters</em> are strings or words</p>
<p>check it out</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb40"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb40-1"><a href="#cb40-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">is.character</span>(<span class="st">"Word"</span>)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>[1] TRUE</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb42"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb42-1"><a href="#cb42-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">is.character</span>(<span class="dv">4</span>)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>[1] FALSE</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<p><em>Factors</em> are categories as I described earlier, it can be ordered (like an ordinal scale) or non-ordered</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb44"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb44-1"><a href="#cb44-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">str</span>(iris)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>'data.frame': 150 obs. of 5 variables:
$ Sepal.Length: num 5.1 4.9 4.7 4.6 5 5.4 4.6 5 4.4 4.9 ...
$ Sepal.Width : num 3.5 3 3.2 3.1 3.6 3.9 3.4 3.4 2.9 3.1 ...
$ Petal.Length: num 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.5 1.4 1.7 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.5 ...
$ Petal.Width : num 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 ...
$ Species : Factor w/ 3 levels "setosa","versicolor",..: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="the-basic-structure-of-r-commands" class="level1">
<h1>The basic structure of R commands</h1>
<p>Their are four main elements of every R code</p>
<ol type="1">
<li>objects</li>
<li>functions</li>
<li>arguments</li>
<li>operators</li>
</ol>
<p>Basic Structure</p>
<p><img src="https://go-bayes.github.io/psych-447/posts/2_1/syntax.png" class="img-fluid"></p>
<p>The function mean generates the arithmetic mean of some object</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb46"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb46-1"><a href="#cb46-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">mean</span>(iris<span class="sc">$</span>Sepal.Length)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>[1] 5.843333</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<p>Or we can find the standard deviation</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb48"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb48-1"><a href="#cb48-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">sd</span>(iris<span class="sc">$</span>Sepal.Length)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>[1] 0.8280661</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<p>We can also get a summary of the variable or the dataset as a whole</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb50"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb50-1"><a href="#cb50-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">summary</span>(iris<span class="sc">$</span>Sepal.Length)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code> Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
4.300 5.100 5.800 5.843 6.400 7.900 </code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb52"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb52-1"><a href="#cb52-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">summary</span>(iris)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code> Sepal.Length Sepal.Width Petal.Length Petal.Width
Min. :4.300 Min. :2.000 Min. :1.000 Min. :0.100
1st Qu.:5.100 1st Qu.:2.800 1st Qu.:1.600 1st Qu.:0.300
Median :5.800 Median :3.000 Median :4.350 Median :1.300
Mean :5.843 Mean :3.057 Mean :3.758 Mean :1.199
3rd Qu.:6.400 3rd Qu.:3.300 3rd Qu.:5.100 3rd Qu.:1.800
Max. :7.900 Max. :4.400 Max. :6.900 Max. :2.500
Species
setosa :50
versicolor:50
virginica :50
</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="packages" class="level1">
<h1>Packages</h1>
<p>When you first install r studio you get all the basics, but sometimes you need other “packages” that provide different tools.</p>
<p>One package we use often is the “tidyverse” package</p>
<ol type="1">
<li>To install it, simply go to the bottom right window and click on packages</li>
<li>Type the package you are looking for in the search bar and check the package and R Studio will install it.</li>
<li>If the package you are looking for isn’t in the list, click on “Install” and you can search for it in the Repository [CRAN], which is like a cloud system.</li>
</ol>
<section id="scripts" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="scripts">Scripts</h3>
<p>Although the console does the calculations, we usually write the code in “scripts” or text that includes the code and our annotations about it (i.e. notes to ourselves)</p>
<p>You can cut and paste from the website whatever you’d like into your scripts and then modify to help with your own learning.</p>
<p>To start a new script</p>
<ol type="1">
<li>In the upper right corner, click on the blank paper icon with a white plus sign on a green background.</li>
<li>Then click on the “R Script” option, which will create a new R script document.</li>
</ol>
<p>Then you can write you code in scripts with notes and then run the code in the console.</p>
<p>Here’s two examples of good vs. bad code</p>
<section id="bad-code" class="level4">
<h4 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="bad-code">Bad code</h4>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb54"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb54-1"><a href="#cb54-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>df1<span class="ot"><-</span><span class="fu">data.frame</span>(<span class="at">a=</span><span class="fu">rnorm</span>(<span class="dv">10</span>,<span class="dv">1</span>,<span class="dv">1</span>),<span class="at">b=</span><span class="fu">rnorm</span>(<span class="dv">10</span>,<span class="dv">4</span>,<span class="dv">8</span>),<span class="at">c=</span><span class="fu">rnorm</span>(<span class="dv">10</span>,<span class="dv">8</span>,<span class="dv">1</span>),<span class="at">d=</span><span class="fu">rnorm</span>(<span class="dv">10</span>,<span class="dv">7</span>,<span class="dv">2</span>))</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="good-code" class="level4">
<h4 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="good-code">Good code</h4>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb55"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb55-1"><a href="#cb55-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>df1 <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">data.frame</span>(</span>
<span id="cb55-2"><a href="#cb55-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">a =</span> <span class="fu">rnorm</span>( <span class="dv">10</span>, <span class="at">mean =</span> <span class="dv">1</span>, <span class="at">sd =</span> <span class="dv">1</span> ),</span>
<span id="cb55-3"><a href="#cb55-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">b =</span> <span class="fu">rnorm</span>( <span class="dv">10</span>, <span class="at">mean =</span> <span class="dv">4</span>, <span class="at">sd =</span> <span class="dv">8</span> ),</span>
<span id="cb55-4"><a href="#cb55-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">c =</span> <span class="fu">rnorm</span>( <span class="dv">10</span>, <span class="at">mean =</span> <span class="dv">8</span>, <span class="at">sd =</span> <span class="dv">1</span> ),</span>
<span id="cb55-5"><a href="#cb55-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">d =</span> <span class="fu">rnorm</span>( <span class="dv">10</span>, <span class="at">mean =</span> <span class="dv">7</span>, <span class="at">sd =</span> <span class="dv">2</span> )</span>
<span id="cb55-6"><a href="#cb55-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<p>Notice how by adding rows, you can improve the look and understanding of what’s happening in the code</p>
<p>Anytime you type a “#” that part of the text will not be calculated by r. Here’s an example</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb56"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb56-1"><a href="#cb56-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># Here's how to find the mean</span></span>
<span id="cb56-2"><a href="#cb56-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">mean</span>(iris<span class="sc">$</span>Sepal.Width)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>[1] 3.057333</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<p>So you can use <em>hashmarks</em> “#” to write notes to yourself about the code you are using. Once you’ve typed in your code into the script you can hit CTRL+Return to send the code to the console and run it to get your output.</p>
<p>It’s a great way to teach yourself and remember what you learned and use the code again when you are in a similar situation.</p>
</section>
</section>
</section>
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