feat(core,cloudflare,deno): Add instrumentPostgresJsSql instrumentation #19566

[github-actions]

Note

The pull request "Ab/postgresjs core instrumentation" was created by @andreiborza but did not reference an issue. Therefore this issue was created for better visibility in external tools like Linear.

This PR extracts parts from @sentry/node's PostgresJsInstrumentation to @sentry/core and exposes it as a callable instrumentPostgresJsSql helper that can be used in SDKs that aren't based on OpenTelemetry.

It is currently exposed in @sentry/cloudflare and @sentry/deno as these two SDKs are not based on OpenTelemetry under the hood.

@sentry/node imports and reuses as much as possible from it.

[linear]

JS-1826