[FEATURE] Rename `year` dimension to `period`

[FBumann]

Prerequisites

• I have searched existing issues and discussions
• I have checked the documentation

Feature Category

New Component (storage, generation, conversion, etc.)

Problem Statement

The year dimension is quite restrictive.
Rather add a check if year specific transformations can be used.

Proposed Solution

Use Case & Examples

Desired API (Optional)

Alternatives Considered

No response

Priority/Impact

None

Additional Context

No response

[FBumann]

Further, rename nontemporal to periodic. This clearly couples this periodic effects to a period. And makes room for potential new effect domains.

[FBumann]

#370