diff --git a/.cargo/mutants.toml b/.cargo/mutants.toml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9a637ffb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.cargo/mutants.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+# cargo-mutants configuration for vespertide.
+# Mutation testing complements unit/property tests by mutating source AST
+# and verifying tests FAIL. Survived mutants = test gap.
+#
+# Run locally:
+#   cargo install --locked cargo-mutants
+#   cargo mutants --in-place --timeout-multiplier 3.0 -vV
+#
+# Run on changed lines only (used by PR CI):
+#   cargo mutants --in-diff git.diff --in-place
+
+# Skip patterns that produce noise (Debug/Display/From impls, generated boilerplate)
+exclude_re = [
+    "impl Debug",
+    "impl Display",
+    "impl From<",
+    "impl std::error::Error",
+    "fn fmt\\(",
+    # RawSql is an opaque escape hatch by design
+    "MigrationAction::RawSql",
+]
+
+# Focus on logic-heavy crates. Exclude:
+# - schema-gen: tool, not library
+# - macro: proc-macro coverage handled via trybuild
+# - exporter: snapshot tests catch most mutations trivially (output diff)
+exclude_globs = [
+    "crates/vespertide-schema-gen/**",
+    "crates/vespertide-macro/**",
+    "crates/vespertide-exporter/**",
+]
+
+# 3× baseline test time per mutant (handles proptest variance)
+timeout_multiplier = 3.0
diff --git a/.changepacks/changepack_log_py8izYJZIfSolhHmyu236.json b/.changepacks/changepack_log_py8izYJZIfSolhHmyu236.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..99cb89df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.changepacks/changepack_log_py8izYJZIfSolhHmyu236.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"changes":{"crates/vespertide-exporter/Cargo.toml":"Minor","crates/vespertide-planner/Cargo.toml":"Minor","crates/vespertide-query/Cargo.toml":"Minor","crates/vespertide-core/Cargo.toml":"Minor","crates/vespertide-lsp/Cargo.toml":"Minor","crates/vespertide-config/Cargo.toml":"Minor","crates/vespertide-loader/Cargo.toml":"Minor","crates/vespertide/Cargo.toml":"Minor","crates/vespertide-naming/Cargo.toml":"Minor","crates/vespertide-cli/Cargo.toml":"Minor","crates/vespertide-macro/Cargo.toml":"Minor"},"note":"Refactor and Impl lsp","date":"2026-05-22T12:04:07.053304800Z"}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/.github/dependabot.yml b/.github/dependabot.yml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a1f0ffe6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/dependabot.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+# Dependabot configuration for vespertide.
+# https://docs.github.com/en/code-security/dependabot/dependabot-version-updates/configuration-options-for-the-dependabot.yml-file
+#
+# Keeps GitHub Actions and Cargo dependencies up to date.
+# `changepacks/action@main` is grouped under `ignore` per project policy
+# (org-internal action intentionally tracks main).
+
+version: 2
+updates:
+  # GitHub Actions: actions are pinned to major version tags (e.g. `@v6`),
+  # so minor/patch updates within a major are picked up automatically by the
+  # runner. Dependabot only proposes MAJOR-version bumps for review.
+  - package-ecosystem: "github-actions"
+    directory: "/"
+    schedule:
+      interval: "weekly"
+      day: "monday"
+      time: "06:00"
+      timezone: "Asia/Seoul"
+    open-pull-requests-limit: 5
+    groups:
+      github-actions-major:
+        applies-to: version-updates
+        update-types:
+          - "major"
+        patterns:
+          - "*"
+    ignore:
+      # Internal action intentionally pinned to main branch.
+      - dependency-name: "changepacks/action"
+      # Skip non-major updates: major tags auto-pick patches/minors.
+      - dependency-name: "*"
+        update-types: ["version-update:semver-minor", "version-update:semver-patch"]
+
+  # Cargo dependencies: weekly minor/patch updates, group by ecosystem.
+  - package-ecosystem: "cargo"
+    directory: "/"
+    schedule:
+      interval: "weekly"
+      day: "monday"
+      time: "06:00"
+      timezone: "Asia/Seoul"
+    open-pull-requests-limit: 10
+    groups:
+      cargo-patches:
+        applies-to: version-updates
+        update-types:
+          - "patch"
+        patterns:
+          - "*"
+      cargo-minor:
+        applies-to: version-updates
+        update-types:
+          - "minor"
+        patterns:
+          - "*"
+    ignore:
+      # sea-orm is pinned to RC; manual updates only.
+      - dependency-name: "sea-orm"
+        update-types: ["version-update:semver-major"]
diff --git a/.github/workflows/CI.yml b/.github/workflows/CI.yml
index 1bcdf3b8..4b23fad6 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/CI.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/CI.yml
@@ -1,3 +1,10 @@
+# AGENTS.md policy: Every `.rs` file must stay ≤ 1000 lines.
+#
+# GitHub Actions pinning policy: third-party actions use major version tags
+# only (e.g. `@v6`, not `@v6.0.2`) so security patches and bug fixes within
+# the same major are picked up automatically. Dependabot proposes only
+# major bumps (see `.github/dependabot.yml`). The `changepacks/action@main`
+# reference is intentionally kept on `main` per project policy.
 name: CI
 
 on:
@@ -5,9 +12,9 @@ on:
     branches:
       - main
     paths-ignore:
-      - '**/*.md'
+      - "**/*.md"
       - LICENSE
-      - '**/*.gitignore'
+      - "**/*.gitignore"
       - .editorconfig
   pull_request:
   workflow_dispatch:
@@ -17,52 +24,114 @@ concurrency:
   cancel-in-progress: true
 
 jobs:
-  test:
-    name: Test
+  fmt:
+    name: fmt
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    container:
-      image: xd009642/tarpaulin:develop-nightly
-      options: --security-opt seccomp=unconfined
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
-      - uses: oven-sh/setup-bun@v2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: actions-rust-lang/setup-rust-toolchain@v1
         with:
-          bun-version: latest
+          components: rustfmt
+      - name: Check formatting
+        run: cargo fmt --all -- --check
+
+  clippy:
+    name: clippy
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
       - uses: actions-rust-lang/setup-rust-toolchain@v1
-      - name: Install
-        uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
         with:
-          components: clippy, rustfmt
-      - name: Build
-        run: cargo check
+          components: clippy
       - name: Lint
-        run: cargo clippy --all-targets --all-features -- -D warnings && cargo fmt --check
+        run: cargo clippy --workspace --all-targets --all-features -- -D warnings
+
+  test:
+    name: test
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: actions-rust-lang/setup-rust-toolchain@v1
       - name: Test
-        run: |
-          # rust coverage issue
-          echo 'max_width = 100000' > .rustfmt.toml
-          echo 'tab_spaces = 4' >> .rustfmt.toml
-          echo 'newline_style = "Unix"' >> .rustfmt.toml
-          echo 'fn_call_width = 100000' >> .rustfmt.toml
-          echo 'fn_params_layout = "Compressed"' >> .rustfmt.toml
-          echo 'chain_width = 100000' >> .rustfmt.toml
-          echo 'merge_derives = true' >> .rustfmt.toml
-          echo 'use_small_heuristics = "Default"' >> .rustfmt.toml
-          cargo fmt
-          cargo tarpaulin --engine llvm --out Lcov Stdout --workspace --exclude app
-      - name: Upload to codecov.io
-        uses: codecov/codecov-action@v5
+        run: cargo test --workspace --all-features
+
+  test-parallelism:
+    name: Parallelism (RAYON_NUM_THREADS=${{ matrix.threads }})
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        threads: ["1", "4"]
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: actions-rust-lang/setup-rust-toolchain@v1
+      - name: Test with Rayon thread count
+        run: cargo test --workspace --all-features --exclude vespertide-fuzz
+        env:
+          RAYON_NUM_THREADS: ${{ matrix.threads }}
+
+  # SQL validity gates: daemon-free real-engine and parser-level validation.
+  # - SQLite: in-memory execution via rusqlite (bundled = static link)
+  # - PG/MySQL/SQLite syntax: sqlparser-rs pure Rust 3-dialect parser
+  # - PG strict: pg_query = PG's real C parser (FFI, Linux/macOS only)
+  # No Docker, no daemon, no service container — runs on plain ubuntu-latest.
+  sql-validity:
+    name: SQL validity (daemon-free)
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: actions-rust-lang/setup-rust-toolchain@v1
+      - name: Install build-essential for pg_query (PG C parser)
+        run: sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y build-essential libreadline-dev zlib1g-dev flex bison
+      - name: Run SQLite in-memory exec property test
+        run: cargo test -p vespertide-query --test sql_sqlite_exec --release
+      - name: Run sqlparser 3-dialect parse property test
+        run: cargo test -p vespertide-query --test sql_dialect_parse --release
+      - name: Run pg_query (real PG parser) property test
+        run: cargo test -p vespertide-query --test sql_pg_query --release
+
+  # cargo-deny enforces license/advisory/multiple-version policy; cargo-semver-checks blocks accidental semver-major API changes.
+  deny:
+    name: cargo-deny
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: actions-rust-lang/setup-rust-toolchain@v1
+      - uses: EmbarkStudios/cargo-deny-action@v2
         with:
-          token: ${{ secrets.CODECOV_TOKEN }}
-          fail_ci_if_error: true
-          files: lcov.info
-        if: github.ref == 'refs/heads/main'
+          command: check all
+
+  semver-checks:
+    name: cargo-semver-checks
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    if: github.event_name == 'pull_request'
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+        with:
+          fetch-depth: 0
+      - uses: actions-rust-lang/setup-rust-toolchain@v1
+      - uses: obi1kenobi/cargo-semver-checks-action@v2
+        with:
+          # Only check published crates; skip cli (binary) and schema-gen (publish=false)
+          package: vespertide,vespertide-core,vespertide-config,vespertide-loader,vespertide-naming,vespertide-planner,vespertide-query,vespertide-exporter,vespertide-macro
+          feature-group: default-features
 
   # publish
   changepacks:
     name: changepacks
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    needs: test
+    needs:
+      - fmt
+      - clippy
+      - test
+      - test-parallelism
+      - sql-validity
+      - doc
+      - schema-drift
+      - insta-pending
+      - line-budget
+      - coverage
+      - deny
+      - semver-checks
     permissions:
       # create pull request comments
       pull-requests: write
@@ -71,10 +140,87 @@ jobs:
       # Create brench to create pull request
       contents: write
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      # changepacks/action@main: project-internal action intentionally tracks main.
       - uses: changepacks/action@main
         id: changepacks
         with:
           publish: true
         env:
           CARGO_REGISTRY_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.CARGO_REGISTRY_TOKEN }}
+
+  doc:
+    name: doc
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: actions-rust-lang/setup-rust-toolchain@v1
+      - name: Check docs
+        run: RUSTDOCFLAGS="-D warnings" cargo doc --no-deps --workspace
+
+  schema-drift:
+    name: schema-drift
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: actions-rust-lang/setup-rust-toolchain@v1
+      - name: Regenerate schemas
+        run: cargo run -p vespertide-schema-gen -- --out _tmp_schemas
+      - name: Check schema drift
+        run: git diff --no-index --exit-code -- schemas _tmp_schemas
+
+  insta-pending:
+    name: insta-pending
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: actions-rust-lang/setup-rust-toolchain@v1
+      - name: Run exporter snapshots
+        run: cargo test -p vespertide-exporter
+      - name: Fail on pending snapshots
+        run: |
+          pending=$(find . -name '*.snap.new' -type f -print)
+          if [ -n "$pending" ]; then
+            printf '%s\n' "Pending insta snapshots:" "$pending"
+            exit 1
+          fi
+
+  line-budget:
+    name: line-budget
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - name: Check Rust line budget
+        run: sh scripts/check-line-budget.sh
+
+  coverage:
+    name: coverage
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    container:
+      image: xd009642/tarpaulin:develop-nightly
+      options: --security-opt seccomp=unconfined
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: oven-sh/setup-bun@v2
+        with:
+          bun-version: latest
+      - name: Coverage
+        run: |
+          # rust coverage issue
+          echo 'max_width = 100000' > .rustfmt.toml
+          echo 'tab_spaces = 4' >> .rustfmt.toml
+          echo 'newline_style = "Unix"' >> .rustfmt.toml
+          echo 'fn_call_width = 100000' >> .rustfmt.toml
+          echo 'fn_params_layout = "Compressed"' >> .rustfmt.toml
+          echo 'chain_width = 100000' >> .rustfmt.toml
+          echo 'merge_derives = true' >> .rustfmt.toml
+          echo 'use_small_heuristics = "Default"' >> .rustfmt.toml
+          cargo fmt
+          cargo tarpaulin --engine llvm --out Lcov Stdout --workspace --exclude app
+      - name: Upload to codecov.io
+        uses: codecov/codecov-action@v6
+        with:
+          token: ${{ secrets.CODECOV_TOKEN }}
+          fail_ci_if_error: true
+          files: lcov.info
+        if: github.ref == 'refs/heads/main'
diff --git a/.github/workflows/bench.yml b/.github/workflows/bench.yml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6f40a0b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/bench.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+name: benchmarks
+
+on:
+  pull_request:
+    paths:
+      - "crates/**/*.rs"
+      - "crates/**/benches/**"
+      - "crates/**/Cargo.toml"
+  workflow_dispatch:
+
+jobs:
+  bench:
+    name: criterion (informational)
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    timeout-minutes: 30
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+
+      - uses: actions-rust-lang/setup-rust-toolchain@v1
+
+      - name: Compile benchmarks
+        run: cargo bench --workspace --no-run
+
+      - name: Run benchmarks (informational)
+        run: cargo bench --workspace -- --output-format bencher | tee bench-results.txt
+
+      - name: Upload results
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
+        with:
+          name: bench-results
+          path: bench-results.txt
diff --git a/.github/workflows/fuzz.yml b/.github/workflows/fuzz.yml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..acfbc721
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/fuzz.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+name: fuzz
+
+on:
+  schedule:
+    - cron: '0 19 * * *'  # nightly 04:00 KST (= 19:00 UTC prior day)
+  workflow_dispatch:
+    inputs:
+      target:
+        description: 'Single fuzz target name (default: all)'
+        default: 'all'
+      duration_seconds:
+        description: 'Per-target fuzz duration in seconds'
+        default: '300'
+
+jobs:
+  fuzz:
+    name: cargo-fuzz
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    timeout-minutes: 30
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        target:
+          - fuzz_model_deser
+          - fuzz_sql_identifier
+          - fuzz_migration_apply
+          - fuzz_lsp_request
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+
+      - uses: actions-rust-lang/setup-rust-toolchain@v1
+        with:
+          toolchain: nightly
+
+      - uses: taiki-e/install-action@v2
+        with:
+          tool: cargo-fuzz
+
+      - name: Cache corpus
+        uses: actions/cache@v4
+        with:
+          path: fuzz/corpus/${{ matrix.target }}
+          key: fuzz-corpus-${{ matrix.target }}-${{ github.sha }}
+          restore-keys: |
+            fuzz-corpus-${{ matrix.target }}-
+
+      - name: Run cargo-fuzz (${{ matrix.target }}, 300s)
+        run: |
+          cd fuzz
+          cargo +nightly fuzz run ${{ matrix.target }} \
+            -- -max_total_time=300 -max_len=4096
+
+      - name: Upload crash artifacts
+        if: failure()
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
+        with:
+          name: fuzz-artifacts-${{ matrix.target }}
+          path: fuzz/artifacts/${{ matrix.target }}/
+
+      - name: Upload corpus
+        if: always()
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
+        with:
+          name: fuzz-corpus-${{ matrix.target }}
+          path: fuzz/corpus/${{ matrix.target }}/
diff --git a/.github/workflows/lsp-release.yml b/.github/workflows/lsp-release.yml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8ab94f28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/lsp-release.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+# GitHub Actions pinning policy: third-party actions use major version tags
+# only (e.g. `@v6`, not `@v6.0.2`). `dev-five-git/*` and `changepacks/action`
+# intentionally track `@main` per project policy (not used here).
+name: LSP Release
+
+on:
+  push:
+    tags:
+      - "lsp-v*"
+  workflow_dispatch:
+    inputs:
+      tag:
+        description: "Tag to release (e.g. lsp-v0.1.0)"
+        required: true
+
+permissions:
+  contents: write
+
+jobs:
+  build:
+    name: Build ${{ matrix.target }}
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.runs-on }}
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        include:
+          - target: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu
+            runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+            asset_name: vespertide-lsp-linux-x86_64
+            archive: tar.gz
+            use_cross: false
+          - target: aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu
+            runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+            asset_name: vespertide-lsp-linux-aarch64
+            archive: tar.gz
+            use_cross: true
+          - target: x86_64-apple-darwin
+            runs-on: macos-13
+            asset_name: vespertide-lsp-darwin-x86_64
+            archive: tar.gz
+            use_cross: false
+          - target: aarch64-apple-darwin
+            runs-on: macos-latest
+            asset_name: vespertide-lsp-darwin-aarch64
+            archive: tar.gz
+            use_cross: false
+          - target: x86_64-pc-windows-msvc
+            runs-on: windows-latest
+            asset_name: vespertide-lsp-windows-x86_64
+            archive: zip
+            use_cross: false
+
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v6
+
+      - name: Setup Rust toolchain
+        uses: actions-rust-lang/setup-rust-toolchain@v1
+        with:
+          target: ${{ matrix.target }}
+
+      - name: Install cross (for aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu)
+        if: matrix.use_cross
+        uses: taiki-e/install-action@v2
+        with:
+          tool: cross
+
+      - name: Build (native)
+        if: ${{ !matrix.use_cross }}
+        run: cargo build -p vespertide-lsp --release --target ${{ matrix.target }}
+
+      - name: Build (cross)
+        if: matrix.use_cross
+        run: cross build -p vespertide-lsp --release --target ${{ matrix.target }}
+
+      - name: Strip (Unix, native only)
+        if: runner.os != 'Windows' && !matrix.use_cross
+        run: strip "target/${{ matrix.target }}/release/vespertide-lsp" || true
+        shell: bash
+
+      - name: Package (tar.gz)
+        if: matrix.archive == 'tar.gz'
+        run: |
+          mkdir -p dist
+          cp "target/${{ matrix.target }}/release/vespertide-lsp" dist/
+          cd dist
+          tar -czf "${{ matrix.asset_name }}.tar.gz" vespertide-lsp
+          shasum -a 256 "${{ matrix.asset_name }}.tar.gz" > "${{ matrix.asset_name }}.tar.gz.sha256"
+          ls -la
+        shell: bash
+
+      - name: Package (zip)
+        if: matrix.archive == 'zip'
+        run: |
+          New-Item -ItemType Directory -Force -Path dist | Out-Null
+          Copy-Item "target\${{ matrix.target }}\release\vespertide-lsp.exe" "dist\"
+          Compress-Archive -Path "dist\vespertide-lsp.exe" -DestinationPath "dist\${{ matrix.asset_name }}.zip"
+          $hash = (Get-FileHash "dist\${{ matrix.asset_name }}.zip" -Algorithm SHA256).Hash.ToLower()
+          "$hash  ${{ matrix.asset_name }}.zip" | Out-File -FilePath "dist\${{ matrix.asset_name }}.zip.sha256" -Encoding ascii
+        shell: pwsh
+
+      - name: Upload to Release
+        uses: softprops/action-gh-release@v2
+        with:
+          tag_name: ${{ github.event.inputs.tag || github.ref_name }}
+          files: |
+            dist/${{ matrix.asset_name }}.${{ matrix.archive }}
+            dist/${{ matrix.asset_name }}.${{ matrix.archive }}.sha256
+          fail_on_unmatched_files: true
+          generate_release_notes: false
diff --git a/.github/workflows/mutants.yml b/.github/workflows/mutants.yml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5f97692d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/mutants.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+# Action versions pinned per `.github/dependabot.yml` policy.
+name: mutation-tests
+
+on:
+  pull_request:
+    paths:
+      - "crates/**/*.rs"
+      - ".cargo/mutants.toml"
+
+jobs:
+  incremental-mutants:
+    name: cargo-mutants (changed lines)
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    timeout-minutes: 30
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+        with:
+          fetch-depth: 0
+
+      - uses: actions-rust-lang/setup-rust-toolchain@v1
+
+      - uses: taiki-e/install-action@v2
+        with:
+          tool: cargo-mutants
+
+      - name: Generate diff against PR base
+        run: git diff origin/${{ github.base_ref }}.. > git.diff
+
+      - name: Skip if no Rust changes
+        run: |
+          if ! grep -q '\.rs$' git.diff; then
+            echo "No Rust file changes; skipping mutation tests."
+            exit 0
+          fi
+
+      - name: Run cargo-mutants on changed lines
+        run: |
+          cargo mutants \
+            --no-shuffle \
+            --in-diff git.diff \
+            --in-place \
+            --timeout-multiplier 3.0 \
+            -vV
+
+      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
+        if: always()
+        with:
+          name: mutants-output
+          path: mutants.out/
diff --git a/.github/workflows/vscode-release.yml b/.github/workflows/vscode-release.yml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fe613b4c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/vscode-release.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+name: VSCode Release
+
+on:
+  push:
+    tags:
+      - "vscode-v*"
+  workflow_dispatch:
+    inputs:
+      lsp_tag:
+        description: "vespertide-lsp release tag to bundle (e.g. lsp-v0.1.0)"
+        required: true
+      vscode_tag:
+        description: "VSCode extension tag to release (e.g. vscode-v0.1.0)"
+        required: true
+
+permissions:
+  contents: write
+
+jobs:
+  publish:
+    name: Publish ${{ matrix.vsce_target }}
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        include:
+          - vsce_target: linux-x64
+            asset_name: vespertide-lsp-linux-x86_64.tar.gz
+            binary_dir_name: linux-x64
+            binary_ext: ""
+            archive_format: tar.gz
+          - vsce_target: linux-arm64
+            asset_name: vespertide-lsp-linux-aarch64.tar.gz
+            binary_dir_name: linux-arm64
+            binary_ext: ""
+            archive_format: tar.gz
+          - vsce_target: darwin-x64
+            asset_name: vespertide-lsp-darwin-x86_64.tar.gz
+            binary_dir_name: darwin-x64
+            binary_ext: ""
+            archive_format: tar.gz
+          - vsce_target: darwin-arm64
+            asset_name: vespertide-lsp-darwin-aarch64.tar.gz
+            binary_dir_name: darwin-arm64
+            binary_ext: ""
+            archive_format: tar.gz
+          - vsce_target: win32-x64
+            asset_name: vespertide-lsp-windows-x86_64.zip
+            binary_dir_name: win32-x64
+            binary_ext: ".exe"
+            archive_format: zip
+
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v6
+
+      - name: Setup Bun
+        uses: oven-sh/setup-bun@v2
+        with:
+          bun-version: latest
+
+      - name: Determine LSP tag
+        id: lsp_tag
+        env:
+          GH_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+        run: |
+          if [ -n "${{ github.event.inputs.lsp_tag }}" ]; then
+            echo "tag=${{ github.event.inputs.lsp_tag }}" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+          else
+            # Default: latest lsp-v* tag
+            LATEST=$(gh release list --limit 50 --repo dev-five-git/vespertide \
+              | awk '$1 ~ /^lsp-v/ { print $1; exit }')
+            if [ -z "$LATEST" ]; then
+              echo "::error::No lsp-v* release found. Run lsp-release workflow first or pass --lsp-tag."
+              exit 1
+            fi
+            echo "tag=$LATEST" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+          fi
+
+      - name: Download LSP binary asset
+        env:
+          GH_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+        run: |
+          mkdir -p apps/vscode-extension/bin/${{ matrix.binary_dir_name }}
+          gh release download "${{ steps.lsp_tag.outputs.tag }}" \
+            --repo dev-five-git/vespertide \
+            --pattern "${{ matrix.asset_name }}" \
+            --dir /tmp/lsp-asset
+          ls -la /tmp/lsp-asset
+
+      - name: Extract LSP binary (tar.gz)
+        if: matrix.archive_format == 'tar.gz'
+        run: |
+          tar -xzf "/tmp/lsp-asset/${{ matrix.asset_name }}" -C apps/vscode-extension/bin/${{ matrix.binary_dir_name }}
+          chmod +x "apps/vscode-extension/bin/${{ matrix.binary_dir_name }}/vespertide-lsp"
+          ls -la apps/vscode-extension/bin/${{ matrix.binary_dir_name }}
+
+      - name: Extract LSP binary (zip)
+        if: matrix.archive_format == 'zip'
+        run: |
+          unzip "/tmp/lsp-asset/${{ matrix.asset_name }}" -d apps/vscode-extension/bin/${{ matrix.binary_dir_name }}
+          ls -la apps/vscode-extension/bin/${{ matrix.binary_dir_name }}
+
+      - name: Install dependencies + build
+        working-directory: apps/vscode-extension
+        run: |
+          bun install --frozen-lockfile
+          bun run build
+
+      - name: Package VSIX
+        working-directory: apps/vscode-extension
+        run: |
+          bunx vsce package --target ${{ matrix.vsce_target }} --no-dependencies -o vespertide-${{ matrix.vsce_target }}.vsix
+          ls -la *.vsix
+
+      - name: Upload to GitHub Release
+        uses: softprops/action-gh-release@v2
+        with:
+          tag_name: ${{ github.event.inputs.vscode_tag || github.ref_name }}
+          files: apps/vscode-extension/vespertide-*.vsix
+          fail_on_unmatched_files: true
+          generate_release_notes: false
+
+      - name: Publish to VS Code Marketplace
+        if: github.event_name == 'push'
+        working-directory: apps/vscode-extension
+        env:
+          VSCE_PAT: ${{ secrets.VSCE_PAT }}
+        run: |
+          if [ -z "$VSCE_PAT" ]; then
+            echo "::warning::VSCE_PAT secret not set — skipping Marketplace publish"
+          else
+            bunx vsce publish --packagePath vespertide-${{ matrix.vsce_target }}.vsix -p "$VSCE_PAT"
+          fi
+
+      - name: Publish to Open VSX (VSCodium/Cursor)
+        if: github.event_name == 'push'
+        continue-on-error: true
+        working-directory: apps/vscode-extension
+        env:
+          OVSX_PAT: ${{ secrets.OVSX_PAT }}
+        run: |
+          if [ -z "$OVSX_PAT" ]; then
+            echo "::warning::OVSX_PAT secret not set — skipping Open VSX publish"
+          else
+            bunx ovsx publish vespertide-${{ matrix.vsce_target }}.vsix -p "$OVSX_PAT"
+          fi
diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 95c509c2..9036a2d2 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -1,8 +1,128 @@
-/target
-local.db
-settings.local.json
-coverage
-lcov.info
-.sisyphus
-.omc
-node_modules
+# ─── Rust build artifacts ─────────────────────────────────────────────
+/target
+# criterion benchmark HTML reports
+target/criterion/
+# cargo profile-guided / llvm coverage raw data
+*.profraw
+# processed profile data
+*.profdata
+# Windows PDB debug symbols (occasionally leak outside target/)
+*.pdb
+# Windows cargo / rustc link tempfiles (e.g. tmp3vwkcx.exe, tmpXYZ.dll)
+tmp*.exe
+tmp*.dll
+tmp*.lib
+tmp*.exp
+# profiling visualization output
+flamegraph.svg
+# linux perf record output
+perf.data
+perf.data.old
+
+# ─── Insta snapshot review queue ──────────────────────────────────────
+# Pending snapshots awaiting `cargo insta accept` — CI gate fails on these.
+*.snap.new
+*.pending-snap
+
+# ─── cargo-mutants output (regenerated per run) ───────────────────────
+mutants-out*/
+mutants.out/
+
+# ─── cargo-fuzz (corpus has gitkeep'd subdirs; artifacts are crash dumps) ──
+fuzz/target/
+fuzz/artifacts/
+fuzz/corpus/*
+!fuzz/corpus/*/
+!fuzz/corpus/*/.gitkeep
+
+# ─── CI temp / drift detection ────────────────────────────────────────
+# schema-drift job regenerated schemas for diff
+_tmp_schemas/
+
+# ─── Coverage output ──────────────────────────────────────────────────
+coverage/
+lcov.info
+# cargo-tarpaulin HTML report
+tarpaulin-report.html
+# cargo-tarpaulin XML report
+cobertura.xml
+
+# ─── Vespertide local / dev-only files ────────────────────────────────
+# ad-hoc local SQLite for manual testing
+local.db
+# local overrides not committed
+settings.local.json
+
+# ─── Vespertide ERD CLI outputs (smoke tests / ad-hoc renders) ────────
+examples/**/erd.svg
+examples/**/erd.dot
+examples/**/erd.mermaid
+examples/**/erd.md
+
+# ─── OhMyOpenCode / agent infrastructure ──────────────────────────────
+.sisyphus
+.omc
+.omo
+.audit
+
+# ─── Local secrets / environment ──────────────────────────────────────
+.env
+.env.local
+.env.*.local
+# direnv auto-load (may contain secrets)
+.envrc
+
+# ─── Patch / conflict artifacts ───────────────────────────────────────
+*.bak
+*.orig
+*.rej
+
+# ─── Logs ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+*.log
+
+# ─── Editor / IDE ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+.vscode/
+.idea/
+*.iml
+.fleet/
+
+# vim / emacs swap files
+*.swp
+*.swo
+*.swn
+*.swm
+*~
+
+# ─── OS junk ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+# macOS Finder metadata
+.DS_Store
+# macOS resource forks
+._*
+# macOS metadata
+.AppleDouble
+.LSOverride
+# Windows Explorer thumbnails (current + encrypted + legacy)
+Thumbs.db
+Thumbs.db:encryptable
+ehthumbs.db
+# Windows folder settings
+desktop.ini
+# Windows recycle bin
+$RECYCLE.BIN/
+# Windows shortcuts
+*.lnk
+
+# ─── Nix build artifacts ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+# nix-build symlink
+result
+# nix-build flake outputs
+result-*
+
+# ─── Generic temp / scratch files ─────────────────────────────────────
+*.tmp
+*.temp
+# LibreOffice / OpenOffice lock files
+.~lock.*
+
+# ─── Node.js (apps/landing Next.js project from origin/main) ──────────
+node_modules
diff --git a/AGENTS.md b/AGENTS.md
index 71b57cbe..d48bd023 100644
--- a/AGENTS.md
+++ b/AGENTS.md
@@ -35,8 +35,8 @@ vespertide/
 |------|----------|-------|
 | Core types (TableDef, ColumnDef) | `vespertide-core/src/schema/` | Start with `table.rs`, `column.rs` |
 | Column type system | `vespertide-core/src/schema/column.rs` | `ColumnType::Simple/Complex` variants |
-| Migration actions | `vespertide-core/src/action.rs` | 12 action variants, `MigrationPlan` struct |
-| Schema diffing | `vespertide-planner/src/diff.rs` | **3215 lines** - topological sort for FK deps |
+| Migration actions | `vespertide-core/src/action.rs` | **14 action variants** (incl. `RawSql` escape hatch), `MigrationPlan` struct |
+| Schema diffing | `vespertide-planner/src/diff.rs` | topological sort for FK deps |
 | SQL generation | `vespertide-query/src/sql/` | One file per action type |
 | CLI commands | `vespertide-cli/src/commands/` | `cmd_*` functions |
 | ORM export | `vespertide-exporter/src/{seaorm,sqlalchemy,sqlmodel}/` | Backend-specific generators |
@@ -93,9 +93,9 @@ ColumnDef {
 |---------|---------|
 | `ColumnType::Integer` | Use `ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)` |
 | Forgetting inline fields in ColumnDef | Will cause compile errors - 4 Option fields required |
-| Raw SQL in migrations | Use typed `MigrationAction` enums |
+| Raw SQL in migrations | Prefer typed `MigrationAction` enums. `MigrationAction::RawSql` exists as a documented **emergency escape hatch** only — non-portable across backends, skipped by baseline replay, and not recommended for normal use |
 | Skipping `normalize()` on TableDef | Inline constraints won't convert to table-level |
-| Assuming YAML works | YAML loading NOT implemented (templates only) |
+| `.rs` file exceeding 1000 lines | Maintainability hard limit - split into focused submodules |
 
 ## COMMANDS
 
@@ -122,15 +122,53 @@ cargo insta test -p vespertide-exporter
 cargo insta accept
 ```
 
-## COMPLEXITY HOTSPOTS
+## COMPLEXITY HOTSPOTS (≤ 1000-line policy enforced)
+
+**Policy**: Every `.rs` file must stay ≤ 1000 lines. CI enforces; current state: ✅ zero violations.
+
+Largest production files (margin 임박 = next split candidates):
+
+| File | Lines | What |
+|------|-------|------|
+| `exporter/src/seaorm/relations.rs` | 996 | SeaORM FK relation resolution + sequential aggregation |
+| `cli/src/commands/export.rs` | 991 | CLI export command for 4 ORMs |
+| `query/src/sql/create_table.rs` | 750 | CREATE TABLE statement generation |
+| `query/src/sql/add_column.rs` | 732 | ADD COLUMN with SQLite temp-table for non-nullable/enum |
+| `query/src/sql/helpers.rs` | 706 | Column type mapping, FK actions, enum/naming helpers |
+| `cli/src/commands/diff.rs` | 659 | Diff CLI command |
+| `loader/src/models.rs` | 641 | Model file loading with rayon parallelization |
+| `naming/src/lib.rs` | 630 | Naming convention utilities |
+| `query/src/sql/modify_column_default.rs` | 604 | ALTER COLUMN SET/DROP DEFAULT |
+
+Largest test files (snapshot-locked; split costs snapshot rename):
 
 | File | Lines | What |
 |------|-------|------|
-| `planner/src/diff.rs` | 3215 | Schema diffing with topological FK sort |
-| `exporter/src/seaorm/mod.rs` | 2961 | SeaORM codegen with relation inference |
-| `planner/src/validate.rs` | 1821 | Schema/migration validation |
-| `core/src/schema/table.rs` | 1582 | Table normalization logic |
-| `query/src/sql/remove_constraint.rs` | 1581 | SQLite temp table workarounds |
+| `exporter/src/seaorm/tests.rs` | 990 | SeaORM codegen snapshots |
+| `core/src/schema/table/tests.rs` | 986 | Table normalization tests |
+| `exporter/src/sqlalchemy/tests.rs` | 988 | SQLAlchemy snapshots |
+| `query/src/sql/delete_column/tests.rs` | 954 | DROP COLUMN tests |
+| `planner/src/validate/tests/plan_validation.rs` | 954 | Plan validation tests |
+
+**Historical splits** (Waves 1-9 of optimization work):
+- `planner/src/diff.rs` (4739) → `diff/{mod,columns,constraints,ordering,tables}.rs`
+- `exporter/src/seaorm/mod.rs` (4122) → split into `mod.rs` + `relations.rs` + `helper_tests.rs`
+- `cli/src/commands/revision.rs` (3064) → `revision/{mod,prompts,recreate,tests}.rs`
+- `planner/src/validate.rs` (2299) → `validate/{plan,schema,foreign_keys,tests}.rs`
+- `planner/src/apply.rs` (1534) → `apply/{mod,tests}.rs`
+- `core/src/schema/table.rs` (1526) → `table/{mod,tests}.rs`
+- `query/src/sql/mod.rs` (1507) → `sql/{mod,tests}.rs`
+- `query/src/sql/remove_constraint.rs` (1465) → `remove_constraint/{mod,sqlite,...}.rs`
+- `exporter/src/sqlalchemy/mod.rs` (1383) → `sqlalchemy/{mod,render,types,tests}.rs`
+- `query/src/sql/add_constraint.rs` (1356) → `add_constraint/{mod,tests}.rs`
+- `exporter/src/sqlmodel/mod.rs` (1274) → `sqlmodel/{mod,render,types,tests}.rs`
+- `core/src/action.rs` (1236) → `action/{mod,tests}.rs`
+- `exporter/src/jpa/mod.rs` (1122) → `jpa/{mod,render,types}.rs`
+- `query/src/sql/delete_column.rs` (1084) → `delete_column/{mod,tests}.rs`
+- `query/src/sql/modify_column_type.rs` (1056, Wave 9) → `modify_column_type/{mod,direct,sqlite_rebuild,tests}.rs`
+- `query/src/builder.rs` (995, Wave 9 preventive) → `builder/{mod,sequential,transaction,parallel,tests}.rs`
+
+Verify line policy: `python -c "import os, glob; files = []; [files.extend(glob.glob(os.path.join(r,'*.rs'))) for r,_,_ in os.walk('crates')]; over = [(sum(1 for _ in open(f, encoding='utf-8', errors='ignore')), f) for f in files]; result = sorted([x for x in over if x[0] > 1000], reverse=True); print('\n'.join(f'{l:5} {p}' for l, p in result) if result else 'OK: zero files >1000 lines')"`
 
 ## TESTING
 
@@ -146,11 +184,80 @@ cargo insta accept
 |---------|-------------------|-------|
 | PostgreSQL | `"identifier"` | Full feature support |
 | MySQL | `` `identifier` `` | Full feature support |
-| SQLite | `"identifier"` | Temp table workarounds for ALTER |
+| SQLite | `"identifier"` | Full feature support (ALTER limitations implemented via canonical temp-table-rebuild pattern in `query/src/sql/remove_constraint.rs` etc.) |
+
+## MODEL FORMATS
+
+Both JSON and YAML are supported for model and migration files. Loaders accept `.json`, `.yaml`, and `.yml` extensions. JSON is preferred (canonical schema URLs reference JSON) but YAML loading is a first-class, tested feature — see `vespertide-loader/src/models.rs` and `vespertide-config/src/file_format.rs`.
 
 ## NOTES
 
 - Edition 2024 (bleeding edge)
 - No LSP available - use grep/AST tools
-- YAML loading not implemented
-- Migration replay pattern: baseline always reconstructed from history
+- Every `.rs` file must stay ≤ 1000 lines; CI enforces this
+- Migration replay pattern: baseline always reconstructed from history (raw SQL actions are opaque to replay)
+
+## MUTATION TESTING
+
+`cargo-mutants` runs in CI on every PR for changed lines only. Locally:
+
+```bash
+# Full pass on the planner crate (slow, ~30 min)
+cargo install --locked cargo-mutants
+cargo mutants -p vespertide-planner --in-place --timeout-multiplier 3.0
+
+# Only mutations introduced by current changes
+cargo mutants --in-diff <(git diff main..) --in-place
+```
+
+Survived mutants indicate test gaps. Fix by adding assertions, not by suppressing the mutant.
+
+## FUZZING
+
+`cargo-fuzz` runs in a nightly CI job (`.github/workflows/fuzz.yml`).
+Three targets in `fuzz/fuzz_targets/`:
+
+- `fuzz_model_deser` — JSON deserialization of `TableDef` / `MigrationPlan`
+- `fuzz_sql_identifier` — `quote_ident` safety invariants
+- `fuzz_migration_apply` — `apply_action` never-panic property
+
+Local run (requires nightly):
+
+```bash
+rustup install nightly
+cargo install cargo-fuzz
+cd fuzz
+cargo +nightly fuzz run fuzz_model_deser -- -max_total_time=60
+```
+
+Corpus and artifacts are gitignored except the `.gitkeep` markers.
+Discovered crashes appear under `fuzz/artifacts/<target>/` and should be
+committed to a regression test before fixing.
+
+## BENCHMARKS
+
+`criterion` benchmarks in `crates/*/benches/`. Run locally:
+
+```bash
+# All benchmarks
+cargo bench --workspace
+
+# Single crate
+cargo bench -p vespertide-planner
+
+# Single benchmark with statistical comparison
+cargo bench -p vespertide-planner --bench diff_benchmarks -- diff_identity/100
+```
+
+HTML reports at `target/criterion/<bench>/report/index.html`.
+
+Save baseline for comparison:
+
+```bash
+cargo bench -- --save-baseline main
+git checkout feature/foo
+cargo bench -- --baseline main
+```
+
+CI workflow in `.github/workflows/bench.yml` runs on PR for informational
+trend tracking (not currently blocking).
diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 63a30e1f..93186ca4 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -57,11 +57,17 @@ dependencies = [
  "libc",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "anes"
+version = "0.1.6"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "4b46cbb362ab8752921c97e041f5e366ee6297bd428a31275b9fcf1e380f7299"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "anstream"
-version = "0.6.21"
+version = "1.0.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "43d5b281e737544384e969a5ccad3f1cdd24b48086a0fc1b2a5262a26b8f4f4a"
+checksum = "824a212faf96e9acacdbd09febd34438f8f711fb84e09a8916013cd7815ca28d"
 dependencies = [
  "anstyle",
  "anstyle-parse",
@@ -74,15 +80,15 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "anstyle"
-version = "1.0.13"
+version = "1.0.14"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5192cca8006f1fd4f7237516f40fa183bb07f8fbdfedaa0036de5ea9b0b45e78"
+checksum = "940b3a0ca603d1eade50a4846a2afffd5ef57a9feac2c0e2ec2e14f9ead76000"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "anstyle-parse"
-version = "0.2.7"
+version = "1.0.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "4e7644824f0aa2c7b9384579234ef10eb7efb6a0deb83f9630a49594dd9c15c2"
+checksum = "52ce7f38b242319f7cabaa6813055467063ecdc9d355bbb4ce0c68908cd8130e"
 dependencies = [
  "utf8parse",
 ]
@@ -125,6 +131,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "vespertide",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "arbitrary"
+version = "1.4.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "c3d036a3c4ab069c7b410a2ce876bd74808d2d0888a82667669f8e783a898bf1"
+dependencies = [
+ "derive_arbitrary",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "arrayvec"
 version = "0.7.6"
@@ -133,9 +148,9 @@ checksum = "7c02d123df017efcdfbd739ef81735b36c5ba83ec3c59c80a9d7ecc718f92e50"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "arrow"
-version = "57.3.0"
+version = "57.3.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e4754a624e5ae42081f464514be454b39711daae0458906dacde5f4c632f33a8"
+checksum = "3bd47f2a6ddc39244bd722a27ee5da66c03369d087b9e024eafdb03e98b98ea7"
 dependencies = [
  "arrow-arith",
  "arrow-array",
@@ -151,9 +166,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "arrow-arith"
-version = "57.3.0"
+version = "57.3.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f7b3141e0ec5145a22d8694ea8b6d6f69305971c4fa1c1a13ef0195aef2d678b"
+checksum = "7c7bbd679c5418b8639b92be01f361d60013c4906574b578b77b63c78356594c"
 dependencies = [
  "arrow-array",
  "arrow-buffer",
@@ -165,9 +180,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "arrow-array"
-version = "57.3.0"
+version = "57.3.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "4c8955af33b25f3b175ee10af580577280b4bd01f7e823d94c7cdef7cf8c9aef"
+checksum = "c8a4ab47b3f3eac60f7fd31b81e9028fda018607bcc63451aca4f2b755269862"
 dependencies = [
  "ahash 0.8.12",
  "arrow-buffer",
@@ -183,9 +198,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "arrow-buffer"
-version = "57.3.0"
+version = "57.3.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c697ddca96183182f35b3a18e50b9110b11e916d7b7799cbfd4d34662f2c56c2"
+checksum = "0d18b89b4c4f4811d0858175e79541fe98e33e18db3b011708bc287b1240593f"
 dependencies = [
  "bytes",
  "half",
@@ -195,9 +210,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "arrow-cast"
-version = "57.3.0"
+version = "57.3.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "646bbb821e86fd57189c10b4fcdaa941deaf4181924917b0daa92735baa6ada5"
+checksum = "722b5c41dd1d14d0a879a1bce92c6fe33f546101bb2acce57a209825edd075b3"
 dependencies = [
  "arrow-array",
  "arrow-buffer",
@@ -216,9 +231,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "arrow-data"
-version = "57.3.0"
+version = "57.3.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1fdd994a9d28e6365aa78e15da3f3950c0fdcea6b963a12fa1c391afb637b304"
+checksum = "c1683705c63dcf0d18972759eda48489028cbbff67af7d6bef2c6b7b74ab778a"
 dependencies = [
  "arrow-buffer",
  "arrow-schema",
@@ -229,9 +244,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "arrow-ord"
-version = "57.3.0"
+version = "57.3.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f7d8f1870e03d4cbed632959498bcc84083b5a24bded52905ae1695bd29da45b"
+checksum = "082342947d4e5a2bcccf029a0a0397e21cb3bb8421edd9571d34fb5dd2670256"
 dependencies = [
  "arrow-array",
  "arrow-buffer",
@@ -242,9 +257,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "arrow-row"
-version = "57.3.0"
+version = "57.3.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "18228633bad92bff92a95746bbeb16e5fc318e8382b75619dec26db79e4de4c0"
+checksum = "e3a931b520a2a5e22033e01a6f2486b4cdc26f9106b759abeebc320f125e94d7"
 dependencies = [
  "arrow-array",
  "arrow-buffer",
@@ -255,15 +270,15 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "arrow-schema"
-version = "57.3.0"
+version = "57.3.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8c872d36b7bf2a6a6a2b40de9156265f0242910791db366a2c17476ba8330d68"
+checksum = "e4cf0d4a6609679e03002167a61074a21d7b1ad9ea65e462b2c0a97f8a3b2bc6"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "arrow-select"
-version = "57.3.0"
+version = "57.3.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "68bf3e3efbd1278f770d67e5dc410257300b161b93baedb3aae836144edcaf4b"
+checksum = "0b320d86a9806923663bb0fd9baa65ecaba81cb0cd77ff8c1768b9716b4ef891"
 dependencies = [
  "ahash 0.8.12",
  "arrow-array",
@@ -275,9 +290,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "arrow-string"
-version = "57.3.0"
+version = "57.3.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "85e968097061b3c0e9fe3079cf2e703e487890700546b5b0647f60fca1b5a8d8"
+checksum = "b493e99162e5764077e7823e50ba284858d365922631c7aaefe9487b1abd02c2"
 dependencies = [
  "arrow-array",
  "arrow-buffer",
@@ -292,9 +307,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "assert_cmd"
-version = "2.1.1"
+version = "2.2.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "bcbb6924530aa9e0432442af08bbcafdad182db80d2e560da42a6d442535bf85"
+checksum = "2aa3a22042e45de04255c7bf3626e239f450200fd0493c1e382263544b20aea6"
 dependencies = [
  "anstyle",
  "bstr",
@@ -372,9 +387,9 @@ checksum = "c08606f8c3cbf4ce6ec8e28fb0014a2c086708fe954eaa885384a6165172e7e8"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "axum"
-version = "0.8.8"
+version = "0.8.9"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8b52af3cb4058c895d37317bb27508dccc8e5f2d39454016b297bf4a400597b8"
+checksum = "31b698c5f9a010f6573133b09e0de5408834d0c82f8d7475a89fc1867a71cd90"
 dependencies = [
  "axum-core",
  "bytes",
@@ -425,9 +440,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "axum-extra"
-version = "0.12.5"
+version = "0.12.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "fef252edff26ddba56bbcdf2ee3307b8129acb86f5749b68990c168a6fcc9c76"
+checksum = "be44683b41ccb9ab2d23a5230015c9c3c55be97a25e4428366de8873103f7970"
 dependencies = [
  "axum",
  "axum-core",
@@ -478,11 +493,55 @@ dependencies = [
  "serde",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "bindgen"
+version = "0.66.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f2b84e06fc203107bfbad243f4aba2af864eb7db3b1cf46ea0a023b0b433d2a7"
+dependencies = [
+ "bitflags 2.11.1",
+ "cexpr",
+ "clang-sys",
+ "lazy_static",
+ "lazycell",
+ "log",
+ "peeking_take_while",
+ "prettyplease",
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "regex",
+ "rustc-hash",
+ "shlex",
+ "syn 2.0.117",
+ "which",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "bit-set"
+version = "0.8.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "08807e080ed7f9d5433fa9b275196cfc35414f66a0c79d864dc51a0d825231a3"
+dependencies = [
+ "bit-vec",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "bit-vec"
+version = "0.8.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "5e764a1d40d510daf35e07be9eb06e75770908c27d411ee6c92109c9840eaaf7"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "bitflags"
-version = "2.11.0"
+version = "1.3.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "843867be96c8daad0d758b57df9392b6d8d271134fce549de6ce169ff98a92af"
+checksum = "bef38d45163c2f1dde094a7dfd33ccf595c92905c8f8f4fdc18d06fb1037718a"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "bitflags"
+version = "2.11.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "c4512299f36f043ab09a583e57bceb5a5aab7a73db1805848e8fef3c9e8c78b3"
 dependencies = [
  "serde_core",
 ]
@@ -508,21 +567,28 @@ dependencies = [
  "generic-array",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "borrow-or-share"
+version = "0.2.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "dc0b364ead1874514c8c2855ab558056ebfeb775653e7ae45ff72f28f8f3166c"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "borsh"
-version = "1.6.0"
+version = "1.6.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d1da5ab77c1437701eeff7c88d968729e7766172279eab0676857b3d63af7a6f"
+checksum = "cfd1e3f8955a5d7de9fab72fc8373fade9fb8a703968cb200ae3dc6cf08e185a"
 dependencies = [
  "borsh-derive",
+ "bytes",
  "cfg_aliases",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "borsh-derive"
-version = "1.6.0"
+version = "1.6.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0686c856aa6aac0c4498f936d7d6a02df690f614c03e4d906d1018062b5c5e2c"
+checksum = "bfcfdc083699101d5a7965e49925975f2f55060f94f9a05e7187be95d530ca59"
 dependencies = [
  "once_cell",
  "proc-macro-crate",
@@ -582,16 +648,33 @@ version = "1.11.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "1e748733b7cbc798e1434b6ac524f0c1ff2ab456fe201501e6497c8417a4fc33"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "cast"
+version = "0.3.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "37b2a672a2cb129a2e41c10b1224bb368f9f37a2b16b612598138befd7b37eb5"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "cc"
-version = "1.2.57"
+version = "1.2.62"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7a0dd1ca384932ff3641c8718a02769f1698e7563dc6974ffd03346116310423"
+checksum = "a1dce859f0832a7d088c4f1119888ab94ef4b5d6795d1ce05afb7fe159d79f98"
 dependencies = [
  "find-msvc-tools",
+ "jobserver",
+ "libc",
  "shlex",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "cexpr"
+version = "0.6.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "6fac387a98bb7c37292057cffc56d62ecb629900026402633ae9160df93a8766"
+dependencies = [
+ "nom",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "cfg-if"
 version = "1.0.4"
@@ -618,11 +701,49 @@ dependencies = [
  "windows-link",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "ciborium"
+version = "0.2.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "42e69ffd6f0917f5c029256a24d0161db17cea3997d185db0d35926308770f0e"
+dependencies = [
+ "ciborium-io",
+ "ciborium-ll",
+ "serde",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "ciborium-io"
+version = "0.2.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "05afea1e0a06c9be33d539b876f1ce3692f4afea2cb41f740e7743225ed1c757"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "ciborium-ll"
+version = "0.2.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "57663b653d948a338bfb3eeba9bb2fd5fcfaecb9e199e87e1eda4d9e8b240fd9"
+dependencies = [
+ "ciborium-io",
+ "half",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "clang-sys"
+version = "1.8.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "0b023947811758c97c59bf9d1c188fd619ad4718dcaa767947df1cadb14f39f4"
+dependencies = [
+ "glob",
+ "libc",
+ "libloading",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "clap"
-version = "4.5.53"
+version = "4.6.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c9e340e012a1bf4935f5282ed1436d1489548e8f72308207ea5df0e23d2d03f8"
+checksum = "1ddb117e43bbf7dacf0a4190fef4d345b9bad68dfc649cb349e7d17d28428e51"
 dependencies = [
  "clap_builder",
  "clap_derive",
@@ -630,9 +751,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap_builder"
-version = "4.5.53"
+version = "4.6.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d76b5d13eaa18c901fd2f7fca939fefe3a0727a953561fefdf3b2922b8569d00"
+checksum = "714a53001bf66416adb0e2ef5ac857140e7dc3a0c48fb28b2f10762fc4b5069f"
 dependencies = [
  "anstream",
  "anstyle",
@@ -642,9 +763,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap_derive"
-version = "4.5.49"
+version = "4.6.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2a0b5487afeab2deb2ff4e03a807ad1a03ac532ff5a2cee5d86884440c7f7671"
+checksum = "f2ce8604710f6733aa641a2b3731eaa1e8b3d9973d5e3565da11800813f997a9"
 dependencies = [
  "heck 0.5.0",
  "proc-macro2",
@@ -654,23 +775,23 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap_lex"
-version = "0.7.6"
+version = "1.1.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a1d728cc89cf3aee9ff92b05e62b19ee65a02b5702cff7d5a377e32c6ae29d8d"
+checksum = "c8d4a3bb8b1e0c1050499d1815f5ab16d04f0959b233085fb31653fbfc9d98f9"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "colorchoice"
-version = "1.0.4"
+version = "1.0.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b05b61dc5112cbb17e4b6cd61790d9845d13888356391624cbe7e41efeac1e75"
+checksum = "1d07550c9036bf2ae0c684c4297d503f838287c83c53686d05370d0e139ae570"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "colored"
-version = "3.0.0"
+version = "3.1.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "fde0e0ec90c9dfb3b4b1a0891a7dcd0e2bffde2f7efed5fe7c9bb00e5bfb915e"
+checksum = "faf9468729b8cbcea668e36183cb69d317348c2e08e994829fb56ebfdfbaac34"
 dependencies = [
- "windows-sys 0.59.0",
+ "windows-sys 0.61.2",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -767,9 +888,64 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "crc-catalog"
-version = "2.4.0"
+version = "2.5.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "217698eaf96b4a3f0bc4f3662aaa55bdf913cd54d7204591faa790070c6d0853"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "criterion"
+version = "0.5.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f2b12d017a929603d80db1831cd3a24082f8137ce19c69e6447f54f5fc8d692f"
+dependencies = [
+ "anes",
+ "cast",
+ "ciborium",
+ "clap",
+ "criterion-plot",
+ "is-terminal",
+ "itertools 0.10.5",
+ "num-traits",
+ "once_cell",
+ "oorandom",
+ "plotters",
+ "rayon",
+ "regex",
+ "serde",
+ "serde_derive",
+ "serde_json",
+ "tinytemplate",
+ "walkdir",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "criterion-plot"
+version = "0.5.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "19d374276b40fb8bbdee95aef7c7fa6b5316ec764510eb64b8dd0e2ed0d7e7f5"
+checksum = "6b50826342786a51a89e2da3a28f1c32b06e387201bc2d19791f622c673706b1"
+dependencies = [
+ "cast",
+ "itertools 0.10.5",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "crossbeam-deque"
+version = "0.8.6"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "9dd111b7b7f7d55b72c0a6ae361660ee5853c9af73f70c3c2ef6858b950e2e51"
+dependencies = [
+ "crossbeam-epoch",
+ "crossbeam-utils",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "crossbeam-epoch"
+version = "0.9.18"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "5b82ac4a3c2ca9c3460964f020e1402edd5753411d7737aa39c3714ad1b5420e"
+dependencies = [
+ "crossbeam-utils",
+]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "crossbeam-queue"
@@ -794,9 +970,9 @@ checksum = "460fbee9c2c2f33933d720630a6a0bac33ba7053db5344fac858d4b8952d77d5"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "crypto-common"
-version = "0.1.6"
+version = "0.1.7"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1bfb12502f3fc46cca1bb51ac28df9d618d813cdc3d2f25b9fe775a34af26bb3"
+checksum = "78c8292055d1c1df0cce5d180393dc8cce0abec0a7102adb6c7b1eef6016d60a"
 dependencies = [
  "generic-array",
  "typenum",
@@ -836,6 +1012,20 @@ dependencies = [
  "syn 2.0.117",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "dashmap"
+version = "6.2.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "e6361d5c062261c78a176addb82d4c821ae42bed6089de0e12603cd25de2059c"
+dependencies = [
+ "cfg-if",
+ "crossbeam-utils",
+ "hashbrown 0.14.5",
+ "lock_api",
+ "once_cell",
+ "parking_lot_core",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "der"
 version = "0.7.10"
@@ -857,6 +1047,17 @@ dependencies = [
  "serde_core",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "derive_arbitrary"
+version = "1.4.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "1e567bd82dcff979e4b03460c307b3cdc9e96fde3d73bed1496d2bc75d9dd62a"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn 2.0.117",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "derive_more"
 version = "2.1.1"
@@ -920,6 +1121,18 @@ dependencies = [
  "syn 2.0.117",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "dissimilar"
+version = "1.0.11"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "aeda16ab4059c5fd2a83f2b9c9e9c981327b18aa8e3b313f7e6563799d4f093e"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "dot-writer"
+version = "0.1.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "a2f7a508d3f95b7cb559acf2231c7efad02fe04061d3165b12513c2dbcc77af0"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "dotenvy"
 version = "0.15.7"
@@ -994,11 +1207,23 @@ dependencies = [
  "pin-project-lite",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "fallible-iterator"
+version = "0.3.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "2acce4a10f12dc2fb14a218589d4f1f62ef011b2d0cc4b3cb1bba8e94da14649"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "fallible-streaming-iterator"
+version = "0.1.9"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "7360491ce676a36bf9bb3c56c1aa791658183a54d2744120f27285738d90465a"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "fastrand"
-version = "2.3.0"
+version = "2.4.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "37909eebbb50d72f9059c3b6d82c0463f2ff062c9e95845c43a6c9c0355411be"
+checksum = "9f1f227452a390804cdb637b74a86990f2a7d7ba4b7d5693aac9b4dd6defd8d6"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "find-msvc-tools"
@@ -1006,6 +1231,12 @@ version = "0.1.9"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "5baebc0774151f905a1a2cc41989300b1e6fbb29aff0ceffa1064fdd3088d582"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "fixedbitset"
+version = "0.5.7"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "1d674e81391d1e1ab681a28d99df07927c6d4aa5b027d7da16ba32d1d21ecd99"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "float-cmp"
 version = "0.10.0"
@@ -1015,6 +1246,26 @@ dependencies = [
  "num-traits",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "fluent-uri"
+version = "0.1.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "17c704e9dbe1ddd863da1e6ff3567795087b1eb201ce80d8fa81162e1516500d"
+dependencies = [
+ "bitflags 1.3.2",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "fluent-uri"
+version = "0.4.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "bc74ac4d8359ae70623506d512209619e5cf8f347124910440dbc221714b328e"
+dependencies = [
+ "borrow-or-share",
+ "ref-cast",
+ "serde",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "flume"
 version = "0.11.1"
@@ -1062,6 +1313,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "percent-encoding",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "fs_extra"
+version = "1.3.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "42703706b716c37f96a77aea830392ad231f44c9e9a67872fa5548707e11b11c"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "funty"
 version = "2.0.0"
@@ -1070,9 +1327,9 @@ checksum = "e6d5a32815ae3f33302d95fdcb2ce17862f8c65363dcfd29360480ba1001fc9c"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "futures"
-version = "0.3.31"
+version = "0.3.32"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "65bc07b1a8bc7c85c5f2e110c476c7389b4554ba72af57d8445ea63a576b0876"
+checksum = "8b147ee9d1f6d097cef9ce628cd2ee62288d963e16fb287bd9286455b241382d"
 dependencies = [
  "futures-channel",
  "futures-core",
@@ -1175,9 +1432,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "generic-array"
-version = "0.14.9"
+version = "0.14.7"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "4bb6743198531e02858aeaea5398fcc883e71851fcbcb5a2f773e2fb6cb1edf2"
+checksum = "85649ca51fd72272d7821adaf274ad91c288277713d9c18820d8499a7ff69e9a"
 dependencies = [
  "typenum",
  "version_check",
@@ -1246,6 +1503,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "ahash 0.7.8",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "hashbrown"
+version = "0.14.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "e5274423e17b7c9fc20b6e7e208532f9b19825d82dfd615708b70edd83df41f1"
+dependencies = [
+ "ahash 0.8.12",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "hashbrown"
 version = "0.15.5"
@@ -1263,6 +1529,21 @@ version = "0.16.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "841d1cc9bed7f9236f321df977030373f4a4163ae1a7dbfe1a51a2c1a51d9100"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "hashbrown"
+version = "0.17.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ed5909b6e89a2db4456e54cd5f673791d7eca6732202bbf2a9cc504fe2f9b84a"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "hashlink"
+version = "0.9.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "6ba4ff7128dee98c7dc9794b6a411377e1404dba1c97deb8d1a55297bd25d8af"
+dependencies = [
+ "hashbrown 0.14.5",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "hashlink"
 version = "0.10.0"
@@ -1308,6 +1589,12 @@ version = "0.5.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "2304e00983f87ffb38b55b444b5e3b60a884b5d30c0fca7d82fe33449bbe55ea"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "hermit-abi"
+version = "0.5.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "fc0fef456e4baa96da950455cd02c081ca953b141298e41db3fc7e36b1da849c"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "hex"
 version = "0.4.3"
@@ -1388,9 +1675,9 @@ checksum = "df3b46402a9d5adb4c86a0cf463f42e19994e3ee891101b1841f30a545cb49a9"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "hyper"
-version = "1.8.1"
+version = "1.9.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2ab2d4f250c3d7b1c9fcdff1cece94ea4e2dfbec68614f7b87cb205f24ca9d11"
+checksum = "6299f016b246a94207e63da54dbe807655bf9e00044f73ded42c3ac5305fbcca"
 dependencies = [
  "atomic-waker",
  "bytes",
@@ -1402,7 +1689,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "httpdate",
  "itoa",
  "pin-project-lite",
- "pin-utils",
  "smallvec",
  "tokio",
 ]
@@ -1448,12 +1734,13 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "icu_collections"
-version = "2.1.1"
+version = "2.2.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "4c6b649701667bbe825c3b7e6388cb521c23d88644678e83c0c4d0a621a34b43"
+checksum = "2984d1cd16c883d7935b9e07e44071dca8d917fd52ecc02c04d5fa0b5a3f191c"
 dependencies = [
  "displaydoc",
  "potential_utf",
+ "utf8_iter",
  "yoke",
  "zerofrom",
  "zerovec",
@@ -1461,9 +1748,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "icu_locale_core"
-version = "2.1.1"
+version = "2.2.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "edba7861004dd3714265b4db54a3c390e880ab658fec5f7db895fae2046b5bb6"
+checksum = "92219b62b3e2b4d88ac5119f8904c10f8f61bf7e95b640d25ba3075e6cac2c29"
 dependencies = [
  "displaydoc",
  "litemap",
@@ -1474,9 +1761,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "icu_normalizer"
-version = "2.1.1"
+version = "2.2.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5f6c8828b67bf8908d82127b2054ea1b4427ff0230ee9141c54251934ab1b599"
+checksum = "c56e5ee99d6e3d33bd91c5d85458b6005a22140021cc324cea84dd0e72cff3b4"
 dependencies = [
  "icu_collections",
  "icu_normalizer_data",
@@ -1488,15 +1775,15 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "icu_normalizer_data"
-version = "2.1.1"
+version = "2.2.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7aedcccd01fc5fe81e6b489c15b247b8b0690feb23304303a9e560f37efc560a"
+checksum = "da3be0ae77ea334f4da67c12f149704f19f81d1adf7c51cf482943e84a2bad38"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "icu_properties"
-version = "2.1.2"
+version = "2.2.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "020bfc02fe870ec3a66d93e677ccca0562506e5872c650f893269e08615d74ec"
+checksum = "bee3b67d0ea5c2cca5003417989af8996f8604e34fb9ddf96208a033901e70de"
 dependencies = [
  "icu_collections",
  "icu_locale_core",
@@ -1508,15 +1795,15 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "icu_properties_data"
-version = "2.1.2"
+version = "2.2.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "616c294cf8d725c6afcd8f55abc17c56464ef6211f9ed59cccffe534129c77af"
+checksum = "8e2bbb201e0c04f7b4b3e14382af113e17ba4f63e2c9d2ee626b720cbce54a14"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "icu_provider"
-version = "2.1.1"
+version = "2.2.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "85962cf0ce02e1e0a629cc34e7ca3e373ce20dda4c4d7294bbd0bf1fdb59e614"
+checksum = "139c4cf31c8b5f33d7e199446eff9c1e02decfc2f0eec2c8d71f65befa45b421"
 dependencies = [
  "displaydoc",
  "icu_locale_core",
@@ -1552,9 +1839,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna_adapter"
-version = "1.2.1"
+version = "1.2.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "3acae9609540aa318d1bc588455225fb2085b9ed0c4f6bd0d9d5bcd86f1a0344"
+checksum = "cb68373c0d6620ef8105e855e7745e18b0d00d3bdb07fb532e434244cdb9a714"
 dependencies = [
  "icu_normalizer",
  "icu_properties",
@@ -1562,12 +1849,12 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "indexmap"
-version = "2.13.0"
+version = "2.14.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7714e70437a7dc3ac8eb7e6f8df75fd8eb422675fc7678aff7364301092b1017"
+checksum = "d466e9454f08e4a911e14806c24e16fba1b4c121d1ea474396f396069cf949d9"
 dependencies = [
  "equivalent",
- "hashbrown 0.16.1",
+ "hashbrown 0.17.1",
  "serde",
  "serde_core",
 ]
@@ -1596,12 +1883,32 @@ dependencies = [
  "tempfile",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "is-terminal"
+version = "0.4.17"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "3640c1c38b8e4e43584d8df18be5fc6b0aa314ce6ebf51b53313d4306cca8e46"
+dependencies = [
+ "hermit-abi",
+ "libc",
+ "windows-sys 0.61.2",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "is_terminal_polyfill"
 version = "1.70.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "a6cb138bb79a146c1bd460005623e142ef0181e3d0219cb493e02f7d08a35695"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "itertools"
+version = "0.10.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "b0fd2260e829bddf4cb6ea802289de2f86d6a7a690192fbe91b3f46e0f2c8473"
+dependencies = [
+ "either",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "itertools"
 version = "0.14.0"
@@ -1617,12 +1924,24 @@ version = "1.0.18"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "8f42a60cbdf9a97f5d2305f08a87dc4e09308d1276d28c869c684d7777685682"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "jobserver"
+version = "0.1.34"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "9afb3de4395d6b3e67a780b6de64b51c978ecf11cb9a462c66be7d4ca9039d33"
+dependencies = [
+ "getrandom 0.3.4",
+ "libc",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "js-sys"
-version = "0.3.94"
+version = "0.3.98"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2e04e2ef80ce82e13552136fabeef8a5ed1f985a96805761cbb9a2c34e7664d9"
+checksum = "67df7112613f8bfd9150013a0314e196f4800d3201ae742489d999db2f979f08"
 dependencies = [
+ "cfg-if",
+ "futures-util",
  "once_cell",
  "wasm-bindgen",
 ]
@@ -1636,6 +1955,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "spin",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "lazycell"
+version = "1.3.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "830d08ce1d1d941e6b30645f1a0eb5643013d835ce3779a5fc208261dbe10f55"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "leb128fmt"
 version = "0.1.0"
@@ -1701,9 +2026,29 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "libc"
-version = "0.2.183"
+version = "0.2.186"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "68ab91017fe16c622486840e4c83c9a37afeff978bd239b5293d61ece587de66"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "libfuzzer-sys"
+version = "0.4.12"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f12a681b7dd8ce12bff52488013ba614b869148d54dd79836ab85aafdd53f08d"
+dependencies = [
+ "arbitrary",
+ "cc",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "libloading"
+version = "0.8.9"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b5b646652bf6661599e1da8901b3b9522896f01e736bad5f723fe7a3a27f899d"
+checksum = "d7c4b02199fee7c5d21a5ae7d8cfa79a6ef5bb2fc834d6e9058e89c825efdc55"
+dependencies = [
+ "cfg-if",
+ "windows-link",
+]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "libm"
@@ -1713,14 +2058,14 @@ checksum = "b6d2cec3eae94f9f509c767b45932f1ada8350c4bdb85af2fcab4a3c14807981"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "libredox"
-version = "0.1.14"
+version = "0.1.16"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1744e39d1d6a9948f4f388969627434e31128196de472883b39f148769bfe30a"
+checksum = "e02f3bb43d335493c96bf3fd3a321600bf6bd07ed34bc64118e9293bdffea46c"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags",
+ "bitflags 2.11.1",
  "libc",
  "plain",
- "redox_syscall 0.7.3",
+ "redox_syscall 0.7.5",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1734,6 +2079,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "vcpkg",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "linux-raw-sys"
+version = "0.4.15"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d26c52dbd32dccf2d10cac7725f8eae5296885fb5703b261f7d0a0739ec807ab"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "linux-raw-sys"
 version = "0.12.1"
@@ -1742,9 +2093,9 @@ checksum = "32a66949e030da00e8c7d4434b251670a91556f4144941d37452769c25d58a53"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "litemap"
-version = "0.8.1"
+version = "0.8.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6373607a59f0be73a39b6fe456b8192fcc3585f602af20751600e974dd455e77"
+checksum = "92daf443525c4cce67b150400bc2316076100ce0b3686209eb8cf3c31612e6f0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "lock_api"
@@ -1761,6 +2112,42 @@ version = "0.4.29"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "5e5032e24019045c762d3c0f28f5b6b8bbf38563a65908389bf7978758920897"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "ls-types"
+version = "0.0.6"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "896e16b8e17d8732b9efe4d5b66cb0cc162b3023a2d8122f2aea6f7f185e0a67"
+dependencies = [
+ "bitflags 2.11.1",
+ "fluent-uri 0.4.1",
+ "percent-encoding",
+ "serde",
+ "serde_json",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "lsp-textdocument"
+version = "0.5.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "2da72ba568f141737cbaf0ce7c7f757a00f94f204352bb1297ae0f28ae43398a"
+dependencies = [
+ "lsp-types",
+ "serde_json",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "lsp-types"
+version = "0.97.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "53353550a17c04ac46c585feb189c2db82154fc84b79c7a66c96c2c644f66071"
+dependencies = [
+ "bitflags 1.3.2",
+ "fluent-uri 0.1.4",
+ "serde",
+ "serde_json",
+ "serde_repr",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "mac_address"
 version = "1.1.8"
@@ -1772,6 +2159,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "winapi",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "matchers"
+version = "0.2.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d1525a2a28c7f4fa0fc98bb91ae755d1e2d1505079e05539e35bc876b5d65ae9"
+dependencies = [
+ "regex-automata",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "matchit"
 version = "0.8.4"
@@ -1809,11 +2205,17 @@ version = "0.3.17"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "6877bb514081ee2a7ff5ef9de3281f14a4dd4bceac4c09388074a6b5df8a139a"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "minimal-lexical"
+version = "0.2.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "68354c5c6bd36d73ff3feceb05efa59b6acb7626617f4962be322a825e61f79a"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "mio"
-version = "1.1.1"
+version = "1.2.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a69bcab0ad47271a0234d9422b131806bf3968021e5dc9328caf2d4cd58557fc"
+checksum = "50b7e5b27aa02a74bac8c3f23f448f8d87ff11f92d3aac1a6ed369ee08cc56c1"
 dependencies = [
  "libc",
  "wasi",
@@ -1837,6 +2239,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "version_check",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "multimap"
+version = "0.10.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "1d87ecb2933e8aeadb3e3a02b828fed80a7528047e68b4f424523a0981a3a084"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "native-tls"
 version = "0.2.18"
@@ -1860,19 +2268,38 @@ version = "0.29.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "71e2746dc3a24dd78b3cfcb7be93368c6de9963d30f43a6a73998a9cf4b17b46"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags",
+ "bitflags 2.11.1",
  "cfg-if",
  "cfg_aliases",
  "libc",
  "memoffset",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "nom"
+version = "7.1.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d273983c5a657a70a3e8f2a01329822f3b8c8172b73826411a55751e404a0a4a"
+dependencies = [
+ "memchr",
+ "minimal-lexical",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "normalize-line-endings"
 version = "0.3.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "61807f77802ff30975e01f4f071c8ba10c022052f98b3294119f3e615d13e5be"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "nu-ansi-term"
+version = "0.50.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "7957b9740744892f114936ab4a57b3f487491bbeafaf8083688b16841a4240e5"
+dependencies = [
+ "windows-sys 0.61.2",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "num-bigint"
 version = "0.4.6"
@@ -1894,7 +2321,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "num-integer",
  "num-iter",
  "num-traits",
- "rand",
+ "rand 0.8.6",
  "smallvec",
  "zeroize",
 ]
@@ -1910,9 +2337,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "num-conv"
-version = "0.2.0"
+version = "0.2.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "cf97ec579c3c42f953ef76dbf8d55ac91fb219dde70e49aa4a6b7d74e9919050"
+checksum = "521739c6d2bac4aa25192232afe6841231376b2b26d4d9fae5ecf8ca5772e441"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "num-integer"
@@ -1956,17 +2383,22 @@ version = "1.70.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "384b8ab6d37215f3c5301a95a4accb5d64aa607f1fcb26a11b5303878451b4fe"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "oorandom"
+version = "11.1.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d6790f58c7ff633d8771f42965289203411a5e5c68388703c06e14f24770b41e"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "openssl"
-version = "0.10.75"
+version = "0.10.80"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "08838db121398ad17ab8531ce9de97b244589089e290a384c900cb9ff7434328"
+checksum = "a45fa2aa886c42762255da344f0a0d313e254066c46aad76f300c3d3da62d967"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags",
+ "bitflags 2.11.1",
  "cfg-if",
  "foreign-types",
  "libc",
- "once_cell",
  "openssl-macros",
  "openssl-sys",
 ]
@@ -1990,9 +2422,9 @@ checksum = "7c87def4c32ab89d880effc9e097653c8da5d6ef28e6b539d313baaacfbafcbe"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "openssl-sys"
-version = "0.9.111"
+version = "0.9.116"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "82cab2d520aa75e3c58898289429321eb788c3106963d0dc886ec7a5f4adc321"
+checksum = "f28a22dc7140cda5f096e5e7724a6962ca81a7f8bfd2979f9b18c11af56318c4"
 dependencies = [
  "cc",
  "libc",
@@ -2062,6 +2494,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "windows-link",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "peeking_take_while"
+version = "0.1.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "19b17cddbe7ec3f8bc800887bab5e717348c95ea2ca0b1bf0837fb964dc67099"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "pem-rfc7468"
 version = "0.7.0"
@@ -2077,6 +2515,34 @@ version = "2.3.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "9b4f627cb1b25917193a259e49bdad08f671f8d9708acfd5fe0a8c1455d87220"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "petgraph"
+version = "0.7.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "3672b37090dbd86368a4145bc067582552b29c27377cad4e0a306c97f9bd7772"
+dependencies = [
+ "fixedbitset",
+ "indexmap",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "pg_query"
+version = "6.1.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "6ca6fdb8f9d32182abf17328789f87f305dd8c8ce5bf48c5aa2b5cffc94e1c04"
+dependencies = [
+ "bindgen",
+ "cc",
+ "fs_extra",
+ "glob",
+ "itertools 0.10.5",
+ "prost",
+ "prost-build",
+ "serde",
+ "serde_json",
+ "thiserror 1.0.69",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "pgvector"
 version = "0.4.1"
@@ -2092,12 +2558,6 @@ version = "0.2.17"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "a89322df9ebe1c1578d689c92318e070967d1042b512afbe49518723f4e6d5cd"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "pin-utils"
-version = "0.1.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8b870d8c151b6f2fb93e84a13146138f05d02ed11c7e7c54f8826aaaf7c9f184"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "pkcs1"
 version = "0.7.5"
@@ -2121,9 +2581,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pkg-config"
-version = "0.3.32"
+version = "0.3.33"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7edddbd0b52d732b21ad9a5fab5c704c14cd949e5e9a1ec5929a24fded1b904c"
+checksum = "19f132c84eca552bf34cab8ec81f1c1dcc229b811638f9d283dceabe58c5569e"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "plain"
@@ -2131,6 +2591,34 @@ version = "0.2.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "b4596b6d070b27117e987119b4dac604f3c58cfb0b191112e24771b2faeac1a6"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "plotters"
+version = "0.3.7"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "5aeb6f403d7a4911efb1e33402027fc44f29b5bf6def3effcc22d7bb75f2b747"
+dependencies = [
+ "num-traits",
+ "plotters-backend",
+ "plotters-svg",
+ "wasm-bindgen",
+ "web-sys",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "plotters-backend"
+version = "0.3.7"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "df42e13c12958a16b3f7f4386b9ab1f3e7933914ecea48da7139435263a4172a"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "plotters-svg"
+version = "0.3.7"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "51bae2ac328883f7acdfea3d66a7c35751187f870bc81f94563733a154d7a670"
+dependencies = [
+ "plotters-backend",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "pluralizer"
 version = "0.5.0"
@@ -2143,9 +2631,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "potential_utf"
-version = "0.1.4"
+version = "0.1.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b73949432f5e2a09657003c25bca5e19a0e9c84f8058ca374f49e0ebe605af77"
+checksum = "0103b1cef7ec0cf76490e969665504990193874ea05c85ff9bab8b911d0a0564"
 dependencies = [
  "zerovec",
 ]
@@ -2167,9 +2655,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "predicates"
-version = "3.1.3"
+version = "3.1.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a5d19ee57562043d37e82899fade9a22ebab7be9cef5026b07fda9cdd4293573"
+checksum = "ada8f2932f28a27ee7b70dd6c1c39ea0675c55a36879ab92f3a715eaa1e63cfe"
 dependencies = [
  "anstyle",
  "difflib",
@@ -2181,15 +2669,15 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "predicates-core"
-version = "1.0.9"
+version = "1.0.10"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "727e462b119fe9c93fd0eb1429a5f7647394014cf3c04ab2c0350eeb09095ffa"
+checksum = "cad38746f3166b4031b1a0d39ad9f954dd291e7854fcc0eed52ee41a0b50d144"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "predicates-tree"
-version = "1.0.12"
+version = "1.0.13"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "72dd2d6d381dfb73a193c7fca536518d7caee39fc8503f74e7dc0be0531b425c"
+checksum = "d0de1b847b39c8131db0467e9df1ff60e6d0562ab8e9a16e568ad0fdb372e2f2"
 dependencies = [
  "predicates-core",
  "termtree",
@@ -2258,6 +2746,77 @@ dependencies = [
  "yansi",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "proptest"
+version = "1.11.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "4b45fcc2344c680f5025fe57779faef368840d0bd1f42f216291f0dc4ace4744"
+dependencies = [
+ "bit-set",
+ "bit-vec",
+ "bitflags 2.11.1",
+ "num-traits",
+ "rand 0.9.4",
+ "rand_chacha 0.9.0",
+ "rand_xorshift",
+ "regex-syntax",
+ "rusty-fork",
+ "tempfile",
+ "unarray",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "prost"
+version = "0.13.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "2796faa41db3ec313a31f7624d9286acf277b52de526150b7e69f3debf891ee5"
+dependencies = [
+ "bytes",
+ "prost-derive",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "prost-build"
+version = "0.13.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "be769465445e8c1474e9c5dac2018218498557af32d9ed057325ec9a41ae81bf"
+dependencies = [
+ "heck 0.5.0",
+ "itertools 0.14.0",
+ "log",
+ "multimap",
+ "once_cell",
+ "petgraph",
+ "prettyplease",
+ "prost",
+ "prost-types",
+ "regex",
+ "syn 2.0.117",
+ "tempfile",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "prost-derive"
+version = "0.13.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "8a56d757972c98b346a9b766e3f02746cde6dd1cd1d1d563472929fdd74bec4d"
+dependencies = [
+ "anyhow",
+ "itertools 0.14.0",
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn 2.0.117",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "prost-types"
+version = "0.13.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "52c2c1bf36ddb1a1c396b3601a3cec27c2462e45f07c386894ec3ccf5332bd16"
+dependencies = [
+ "prost",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "ptr_meta"
 version = "0.1.4"
@@ -2278,6 +2837,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "syn 1.0.109",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "quick-error"
+version = "1.2.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "a1d01941d82fa2ab50be1e79e6714289dd7cde78eba4c074bc5a4374f650dfe0"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "quote"
 version = "1.0.45"
@@ -2307,13 +2872,23 @@ checksum = "dc33ff2d4973d518d823d61aa239014831e521c75da58e3df4840d3f47749d09"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rand"
-version = "0.8.5"
+version = "0.8.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "34af8d1a0e25924bc5b7c43c079c942339d8f0a8b57c39049bef581b46327404"
+checksum = "5ca0ecfa931c29007047d1bc58e623ab12e5590e8c7cc53200d5202b69266d8a"
 dependencies = [
  "libc",
- "rand_chacha",
- "rand_core",
+ "rand_chacha 0.3.1",
+ "rand_core 0.6.4",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "rand"
+version = "0.9.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "44c5af06bb1b7d3216d91932aed5265164bf384dc89cd6ba05cf59a35f5f76ea"
+dependencies = [
+ "rand_chacha 0.9.0",
+ "rand_core 0.9.5",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2323,7 +2898,17 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "e6c10a63a0fa32252be49d21e7709d4d4baf8d231c2dbce1eaa8141b9b127d88"
 dependencies = [
  "ppv-lite86",
- "rand_core",
+ "rand_core 0.6.4",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "rand_chacha"
+version = "0.9.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d3022b5f1df60f26e1ffddd6c66e8aa15de382ae63b3a0c1bfc0e4d3e3f325cb"
+dependencies = [
+ "ppv-lite86",
+ "rand_core 0.9.5",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2335,22 +2920,60 @@ dependencies = [
  "getrandom 0.2.17",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "rand_core"
+version = "0.9.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "76afc826de14238e6e8c374ddcc1fa19e374fd8dd986b0d2af0d02377261d83c"
+dependencies = [
+ "getrandom 0.3.4",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "rand_xorshift"
+version = "0.4.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "513962919efc330f829edb2535844d1b912b0fbe2ca165d613e4e8788bb05a5a"
+dependencies = [
+ "rand_core 0.9.5",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "rayon"
+version = "1.12.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "fb39b166781f92d482534ef4b4b1b2568f42613b53e5b6c160e24cfbfa30926d"
+dependencies = [
+ "either",
+ "rayon-core",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "rayon-core"
+version = "1.13.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "22e18b0f0062d30d4230b2e85ff77fdfe4326feb054b9783a3460d8435c8ab91"
+dependencies = [
+ "crossbeam-deque",
+ "crossbeam-utils",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "redox_syscall"
 version = "0.5.18"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "ed2bf2547551a7053d6fdfafda3f938979645c44812fbfcda098faae3f1a362d"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags",
+ "bitflags 2.11.1",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "redox_syscall"
-version = "0.7.3"
+version = "0.7.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6ce70a74e890531977d37e532c34d45e9055d2409ed08ddba14529471ed0be16"
+checksum = "4666a1a60d8412eab19d94f6d13dcc9cea0a5ef4fdf6a5db306537413c661b1b"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags",
+ "bitflags 2.11.1",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2459,7 +3082,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "num-traits",
  "pkcs1",
  "pkcs8",
- "rand_core",
+ "rand_core 0.6.4",
  "signature",
  "spki",
  "subtle",
@@ -2506,22 +3129,43 @@ dependencies = [
  "syn 2.0.117",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "rusqlite"
+version = "0.32.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "7753b721174eb8ff87a9a0e799e2d7bc3749323e773db92e0984debb00019d6e"
+dependencies = [
+ "bitflags 2.11.1",
+ "fallible-iterator",
+ "fallible-streaming-iterator",
+ "hashlink 0.9.1",
+ "libsqlite3-sys",
+ "smallvec",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "rust_decimal"
-version = "1.40.0"
+version = "1.42.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "61f703d19852dbf87cbc513643fa81428361eb6940f1ac14fd58155d295a3eb0"
+checksum = "0c5108e3d4d903e21aac27f12ba5377b6b34f9f44b325e4894c7924169d06995"
 dependencies = [
  "arrayvec",
  "borsh",
  "bytes",
  "num-traits",
- "rand",
+ "rand 0.8.6",
  "rkyv",
  "serde",
  "serde_json",
+ "wasm-bindgen",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "rustc-hash"
+version = "1.1.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "08d43f7aa6b08d49f382cde6a7982047c3426db949b1424bc4b7ec9ae12c6ce2"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "rustc_version"
 version = "0.4.1"
@@ -2531,16 +3175,29 @@ dependencies = [
  "semver",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "rustix"
+version = "0.38.44"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "fdb5bc1ae2baa591800df16c9ca78619bf65c0488b41b96ccec5d11220d8c154"
+dependencies = [
+ "bitflags 2.11.1",
+ "errno",
+ "libc",
+ "linux-raw-sys 0.4.15",
+ "windows-sys 0.59.0",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "rustix"
 version = "1.1.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "b6fe4565b9518b83ef4f91bb47ce29620ca828bd32cb7e408f0062e9930ba190"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags",
+ "bitflags 2.11.1",
  "errno",
  "libc",
- "linux-raw-sys",
+ "linux-raw-sys 0.12.1",
  "windows-sys 0.61.2",
 ]
 
@@ -2550,12 +3207,33 @@ version = "1.0.22"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "b39cdef0fa800fc44525c84ccb54a029961a8215f9619753635a9c0d2538d46d"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "rusty-fork"
+version = "0.3.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "cc6bf79ff24e648f6da1f8d1f011e9cac26491b619e6b9280f2b47f1774e6ee2"
+dependencies = [
+ "fnv",
+ "quick-error",
+ "tempfile",
+ "wait-timeout",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "ryu"
 version = "1.0.23"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "9774ba4a74de5f7b1c1451ed6cd5285a32eddb5cccb8cc655a4e50009e06477f"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "same-file"
+version = "1.0.6"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "93fc1dc3aaa9bfed95e02e6eadabb4baf7e3078b0bd1b4d7b6b0b68378900502"
+dependencies = [
+ "winapi-util",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "scc"
 version = "2.4.0"
@@ -2567,18 +3245,18 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "schannel"
-version = "0.1.28"
+version = "0.1.29"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "891d81b926048e76efe18581bf793546b4c0eaf8448d72be8de2bbee5fd166e1"
+checksum = "91c1b7e4904c873ef0710c1f407dde2e6287de2bebc1bbbf7d430bb7cbffd939"
 dependencies = [
  "windows-sys 0.61.2",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "schemars"
-version = "1.2.0"
+version = "1.2.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "54e910108742c57a770f492731f99be216a52fadd361b06c8fb59d74ccc267d2"
+checksum = "a2b42f36aa1cd011945615b92222f6bf73c599a102a300334cd7f8dbeec726cc"
 dependencies = [
  "dyn-clone",
  "ref-cast",
@@ -2589,9 +3267,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "schemars_derive"
-version = "1.2.0"
+version = "1.2.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "4908ad288c5035a8eb12cfdf0d49270def0a268ee162b75eeee0f85d155a7c45"
+checksum = "7d115b50f4aaeea07e79c1912f645c7513d81715d0420f8bc77a18c6260b307f"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -2626,9 +3304,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "sea-orm"
-version = "2.0.0-rc.37"
+version = "2.0.0-rc.38"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "4b846dc1c7fefbea372c03765ff08307d68894bbad8c73b66176dcd53a3ee131"
+checksum = "9b5428ce6a0c8f6b9858df21ad1aa00c2fb94e1c9f344a0436bc855391e5a225"
 dependencies = [
  "async-stream",
  "async-trait",
@@ -2636,7 +3314,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "chrono",
  "derive_more",
  "futures-util",
- "itertools",
+ "itertools 0.14.0",
  "log",
  "mac_address",
  "ouroboros",
@@ -2644,14 +3322,14 @@ dependencies = [
  "rust_decimal",
  "sea-orm-arrow",
  "sea-orm-macros",
- "sea-query 1.0.0-rc.31",
+ "sea-query 1.0.0-rc.33",
  "sea-query-sqlx",
  "sea-schema",
  "serde",
  "serde_json",
  "sqlx",
  "strum",
- "thiserror",
+ "thiserror 2.0.18",
  "time",
  "tracing",
  "url",
@@ -2665,18 +3343,18 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "5c2eee8405f16c1f337fe3a83389361caea83c928d14dbd666a480407072c365"
 dependencies = [
  "arrow",
- "sea-query 1.0.0-rc.31",
- "thiserror",
+ "sea-query 1.0.0-rc.33",
+ "thiserror 2.0.18",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "sea-orm-macros"
-version = "2.0.0-rc.37"
+version = "2.0.0-rc.38"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b449fe660e4d365f335222025df97ae01e670ef7ad788b3c67db9183b6cb0474"
+checksum = "ae1374d83dd5b43f14dcc90fc726486c556f4db774b680b12b8c680af76e8233"
 dependencies = [
  "heck 0.5.0",
- "itertools",
+ "itertools 0.14.0",
  "pluralizer",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -2697,9 +3375,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "sea-query"
-version = "1.0.0-rc.31"
+version = "1.0.0-rc.33"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "58decdaaaf2a698170af2fa1b2e8f7b43a970e7768bf18aebaab113bada46354"
+checksum = "b04cdb0135c16e829504e93fbe7880513578d56f07aaea152283526590111828"
 dependencies = [
  "chrono",
  "inherent",
@@ -2722,7 +3400,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
  "syn 2.0.117",
- "thiserror",
+ "thiserror 2.0.18",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2736,16 +3414,16 @@ dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
  "syn 2.0.117",
- "thiserror",
+ "thiserror 2.0.18",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "sea-query-sqlx"
-version = "0.8.0-rc.14"
+version = "0.8.0-rc.15"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e4377164b09a11bb692dec6966eb0e6908d63d768defef0be689b39e02cf8544"
+checksum = "a04aeecfe00614fece56336fd35dc385bb9ffed0c75660695ba925e42a3991ef"
 dependencies = [
- "sea-query 1.0.0-rc.31",
+ "sea-query 1.0.0-rc.33",
  "sqlx",
 ]
 
@@ -2756,7 +3434,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "b363dd21c20fe4d1488819cb2bc7f8d4696c62dd9f39554f97639f54d57dd0ab"
 dependencies = [
  "async-trait",
- "sea-query 1.0.0-rc.31",
+ "sea-query 1.0.0-rc.33",
  "sea-query-sqlx",
  "sea-schema-derive",
  "sqlx",
@@ -2786,7 +3464,7 @@ version = "3.7.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "b7f4bc775c73d9a02cde8bf7b2ec4c9d12743edf609006c7facc23998404cd1d"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags",
+ "bitflags 2.11.1",
  "core-foundation",
  "core-foundation-sys",
  "libc",
@@ -2805,9 +3483,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "semver"
-version = "1.0.27"
+version = "1.0.28"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d767eb0aabc880b29956c35734170f26ed551a859dbd361d140cdbeca61ab1e2"
+checksum = "8a7852d02fc848982e0c167ef163aaff9cd91dc640ba85e263cb1ce46fae51cd"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "serde"
@@ -2869,6 +3547,7 @@ version = "1.0.149"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "83fc039473c5595ace860d8c4fafa220ff474b3fc6bfdb4293327f1a37e94d86"
 dependencies = [
+ "indexmap",
  "itoa",
  "memchr",
  "serde",
@@ -2887,6 +3566,26 @@ dependencies = [
  "serde_core",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "serde_repr"
+version = "0.1.20"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "175ee3e80ae9982737ca543e96133087cbd9a485eecc3bc4de9c1a37b47ea59c"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn 2.0.117",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "serde_spanned"
+version = "1.1.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "6662b5879511e06e8999a8a235d848113e942c9124f211511b16466ee2995f26"
+dependencies = [
+ "serde_core",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "serde_urlencoded"
 version = "0.7.1"
@@ -2960,6 +3659,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "digest",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "sharded-slab"
+version = "0.1.7"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f40ca3c46823713e0d4209592e8d6e826aa57e928f09752619fc696c499637f6"
+dependencies = [
+ "lazy_static",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "shell-words"
 version = "1.1.1"
@@ -2989,7 +3697,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "77549399552de45a898a580c1b41d445bf730df867cc44e6c0233bbc4b8329de"
 dependencies = [
  "digest",
- "rand_core",
+ "rand_core 0.6.4",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3048,6 +3756,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "der",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "sqlparser"
+version = "0.52.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "9a875d8cd437cc8a97e9aeaeea352ec9a19aea99c23e9effb17757291de80b08"
+dependencies = [
+ "log",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "sqlx"
 version = "0.8.6"
@@ -3079,7 +3796,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "futures-io",
  "futures-util",
  "hashbrown 0.15.5",
- "hashlink",
+ "hashlink 0.10.0",
  "indexmap",
  "log",
  "memchr",
@@ -3091,7 +3808,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "serde_json",
  "sha2",
  "smallvec",
- "thiserror",
+ "thiserror 2.0.18",
  "time",
  "tokio",
  "tokio-stream",
@@ -3146,7 +3863,7 @@ checksum = "aa003f0038df784eb8fecbbac13affe3da23b45194bd57dba231c8f48199c526"
 dependencies = [
  "atoi",
  "base64",
- "bitflags",
+ "bitflags 2.11.1",
  "byteorder",
  "bytes",
  "chrono",
@@ -3168,7 +3885,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "memchr",
  "once_cell",
  "percent-encoding",
- "rand",
+ "rand 0.8.6",
  "rsa",
  "rust_decimal",
  "serde",
@@ -3177,7 +3894,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "smallvec",
  "sqlx-core",
  "stringprep",
- "thiserror",
+ "thiserror 2.0.18",
  "time",
  "tracing",
  "uuid",
@@ -3192,7 +3909,7 @@ checksum = "db58fcd5a53cf07c184b154801ff91347e4c30d17a3562a635ff028ad5deda46"
 dependencies = [
  "atoi",
  "base64",
- "bitflags",
+ "bitflags 2.11.1",
  "byteorder",
  "chrono",
  "crc",
@@ -3210,7 +3927,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "md-5",
  "memchr",
  "once_cell",
- "rand",
+ "rand 0.8.6",
  "rust_decimal",
  "serde",
  "serde_json",
@@ -3218,7 +3935,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "smallvec",
  "sqlx-core",
  "stringprep",
- "thiserror",
+ "thiserror 2.0.18",
  "time",
  "tracing",
  "uuid",
@@ -3245,7 +3962,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "serde",
  "serde_urlencoded",
  "sqlx-core",
- "thiserror",
+ "thiserror 2.0.18",
  "time",
  "tracing",
  "url",
@@ -3264,6 +3981,12 @@ version = "1.1.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "a2eb9349b6444b326872e140eb1cf5e7c522154d69e7a0ffb0fb81c06b37543f"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "streaming-iterator"
+version = "0.1.9"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "2b2231b7c3057d5e4ad0156fb3dc807d900806020c5ffa3ee6ff2c8c76fb8520"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "stringprep"
 version = "0.1.5"
@@ -3283,9 +4006,9 @@ checksum = "7da8b5736845d9f2fcb837ea5d9e2628564b3b043a70948a3f0b778838c5fb4f"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "strum"
-version = "0.27.2"
+version = "0.28.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "af23d6f6c1a224baef9d3f61e287d2761385a5b88fdab4eb4c6f11aeb54c4bcf"
+checksum = "9628de9b8791db39ceda2b119bbe13134770b56c138ec1d3af810d045c04f9bd"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "subtle"
@@ -3338,6 +4061,12 @@ version = "1.0.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "55937e1799185b12863d447f42597ed69d9928686b8d88a1df17376a097d8369"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "target-triple"
+version = "1.0.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "591ef38edfb78ca4771ee32cf494cb8771944bee237a9b91fc9c1424ac4b777b"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "tempfile"
 version = "3.27.0"
@@ -3347,23 +4076,52 @@ dependencies = [
  "fastrand",
  "getrandom 0.4.2",
  "once_cell",
- "rustix",
+ "rustix 1.1.4",
  "windows-sys 0.61.2",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "termcolor"
+version = "1.4.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "06794f8f6c5c898b3275aebefa6b8a1cb24cd2c6c79397ab15774837a0bc5755"
+dependencies = [
+ "winapi-util",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "termtree"
 version = "0.5.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "8f50febec83f5ee1df3015341d8bd429f2d1cc62bcba7ea2076759d315084683"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "thiserror"
+version = "1.0.69"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "b6aaf5339b578ea85b50e080feb250a3e8ae8cfcdff9a461c9ec2904bc923f52"
+dependencies = [
+ "thiserror-impl 1.0.69",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "thiserror"
 version = "2.0.18"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "4288b5bcbc7920c07a1149a35cf9590a2aa808e0bc1eafaade0b80947865fbc4"
 dependencies = [
- "thiserror-impl",
+ "thiserror-impl 2.0.18",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "thiserror-impl"
+version = "1.0.69"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "4fee6c4efc90059e10f81e6d42c60a18f76588c3d74cb83a0b242a2b6c7504c1"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn 2.0.117",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3377,6 +4135,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "syn 2.0.117",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "thread_local"
+version = "1.1.9"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f60246a4944f24f6e018aa17cdeffb7818b76356965d03b07d6a9886e8962185"
+dependencies = [
+ "cfg-if",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "time"
 version = "0.3.47"
@@ -3419,19 +4186,29 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "tinystr"
-version = "0.8.2"
+version = "0.8.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "42d3e9c45c09de15d06dd8acf5f4e0e399e85927b7f00711024eb7ae10fa4869"
+checksum = "c8323304221c2a851516f22236c5722a72eaa19749016521d6dff0824447d96d"
 dependencies = [
  "displaydoc",
  "zerovec",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "tinytemplate"
+version = "1.2.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "be4d6b5f19ff7664e8c98d03e2139cb510db9b0a60b55f8e8709b689d939b6bc"
+dependencies = [
+ "serde",
+ "serde_json",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "tinyvec"
-version = "1.10.0"
+version = "1.11.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "bfa5fdc3bce6191a1dbc8c02d5c8bffcf557bafa17c124c5264a458f1b0613fa"
+checksum = "3e61e67053d25a4e82c844e8424039d9745781b3fc4f32b8d55ed50f5f667ef3"
 dependencies = [
  "tinyvec_macros",
 ]
@@ -3444,9 +4221,9 @@ checksum = "1f3ccbac311fea05f86f61904b462b55fb3df8837a366dfc601a0161d0532f20"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "tokio"
-version = "1.50.0"
+version = "1.52.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "27ad5e34374e03cfffefc301becb44e9dc3c17584f414349ebe29ed26661822d"
+checksum = "8fc7f01b389ac15039e4dc9531aa973a135d7a4135281b12d7c1bc79fd57fffe"
 dependencies = [
  "bytes",
  "libc",
@@ -3461,9 +4238,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "tokio-macros"
-version = "2.6.1"
+version = "2.7.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5c55a2eff8b69ce66c84f85e1da1c233edc36ceb85a2058d11b0d6a3c7e7569c"
+checksum = "385a6cb71ab9ab790c5fe8d67f1645e6c450a7ce006a33de03daa956cf70a496"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -3481,20 +4258,48 @@ dependencies = [
  "tokio",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "tokio-util"
+version = "0.7.18"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "9ae9cec805b01e8fc3fd2fe289f89149a9b66dd16786abd8b19cfa7b48cb0098"
+dependencies = [
+ "bytes",
+ "futures-core",
+ "futures-sink",
+ "pin-project-lite",
+ "tokio",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "toml"
+version = "1.1.2+spec-1.1.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "81f3d15e84cbcd896376e6730314d59fb5a87f31e4b038454184435cd57defee"
+dependencies = [
+ "indexmap",
+ "serde_core",
+ "serde_spanned",
+ "toml_datetime",
+ "toml_parser",
+ "toml_writer",
+ "winnow",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "toml_datetime"
-version = "1.0.0+spec-1.1.0"
+version = "1.1.1+spec-1.1.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "32c2555c699578a4f59f0cc68e5116c8d7cabbd45e1409b989d4be085b53f13e"
+checksum = "3165f65f62e28e0115a00b2ebdd37eb6f3b641855f9d636d3cd4103767159ad7"
 dependencies = [
  "serde_core",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "toml_edit"
-version = "0.25.4+spec-1.1.0"
+version = "0.25.11+spec-1.1.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7193cbd0ce53dc966037f54351dbbcf0d5a642c7f0038c382ef9e677ce8c13f2"
+checksum = "0b59c4d22ed448339746c59b905d24568fcbb3ab65a500494f7b8c3e97739f2b"
 dependencies = [
  "indexmap",
  "toml_datetime",
@@ -3504,13 +4309,19 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "toml_parser"
-version = "1.0.9+spec-1.1.0"
+version = "1.1.2+spec-1.1.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "702d4415e08923e7e1ef96cd5727c0dfed80b4d2fa25db9647fe5eb6f7c5a4c4"
+checksum = "a2abe9b86193656635d2411dc43050282ca48aa31c2451210f4202550afb7526"
 dependencies = [
  "winnow",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "toml_writer"
+version = "1.1.1+spec-1.1.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "756daf9b1013ebe47a8776667b466417e2d4c5679d441c26230efd9ef78692db"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "tower"
 version = "0.5.3"
@@ -3533,6 +4344,26 @@ version = "0.3.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "121c2a6cda46980bb0fcd1647ffaf6cd3fc79a013de288782836f6df9c48780e"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "tower-lsp-server"
+version = "0.23.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "2f0e711655c89181a6bc6a2cc348131fcd9680085f5b06b6af13427a393a6e72"
+dependencies = [
+ "bytes",
+ "dashmap",
+ "futures",
+ "httparse",
+ "ls-types",
+ "memchr",
+ "serde",
+ "serde_json",
+ "tokio",
+ "tokio-util",
+ "tower",
+ "tracing",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "tower-service"
 version = "0.3.3"
@@ -3569,13 +4400,105 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "db97caf9d906fbde555dd62fa95ddba9eecfd14cb388e4f491a66d74cd5fb79a"
 dependencies = [
  "once_cell",
+ "valuable",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "tracing-log"
+version = "0.2.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ee855f1f400bd0e5c02d150ae5de3840039a3f54b025156404e34c23c03f47c3"
+dependencies = [
+ "log",
+ "once_cell",
+ "tracing-core",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "tracing-subscriber"
+version = "0.3.23"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "cb7f578e5945fb242538965c2d0b04418d38ec25c79d160cd279bf0731c8d319"
+dependencies = [
+ "matchers",
+ "nu-ansi-term",
+ "once_cell",
+ "regex-automata",
+ "sharded-slab",
+ "smallvec",
+ "thread_local",
+ "tracing",
+ "tracing-core",
+ "tracing-log",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "tree-sitter"
+version = "0.26.9"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "4dab76d0b724ba557954125188cf0633a1ca43199ced82d95c7b9c32cc3de1f3"
+dependencies = [
+ "cc",
+ "regex",
+ "regex-syntax",
+ "serde_json",
+ "streaming-iterator",
+ "tree-sitter-language",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "tree-sitter-json"
+version = "0.24.8"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "4d727acca406c0020cffc6cf35516764f36c8e3dc4408e5ebe2cb35a947ec471"
+dependencies = [
+ "cc",
+ "tree-sitter-language",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "tree-sitter-language"
+version = "0.1.7"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "009994f150cc0cd50ff54917d5bc8bffe8cad10ca10d81c34da2ec421ae61782"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "tree-sitter-yaml"
+version = "0.7.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "53c223db85f05e34794f065454843b0668ebc15d240ada63e2b5939f43ce7c97"
+dependencies = [
+ "cc",
+ "tree-sitter-language",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "trybuild"
+version = "1.0.116"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "47c635f0191bd3a2941013e5062667100969f8c4e9cd787c14f977265d73616e"
+dependencies = [
+ "dissimilar",
+ "glob",
+ "serde",
+ "serde_derive",
+ "serde_json",
+ "target-triple",
+ "termcolor",
+ "toml",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "typenum"
-version = "1.19.0"
+version = "1.20.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "40ce102ab67701b8526c123c1bab5cbe42d7040ccfd0f64af1a385808d2f43de"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "unarray"
+version = "0.1.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "562d481066bde0658276a35467c4af00bdc6ee726305698a55b86e61d7ad82bb"
+checksum = "eaea85b334db583fe3274d12b4cd1880032beab409c0d774be044d4480ab9a94"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "unicode-bidi"
@@ -3648,9 +4571,9 @@ checksum = "06abde3611657adf66d383f00b093d7faecc7fa57071cce2578660c9f1010821"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "uuid"
-version = "1.22.0"
+version = "1.23.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a68d3c8f01c0cfa54a75291d83601161799e4a89a39e0929f4b0354d88757a37"
+checksum = "ddd74a9687298c6858e9b88ec8935ec45d22e8fd5e6394fa1bd4e99a87789c76"
 dependencies = [
  "getrandom 0.4.2",
  "js-sys",
@@ -3658,6 +4581,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "wasm-bindgen",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "valuable"
+version = "0.1.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ba73ea9cf16a25df0c8caa16c51acb937d5712a8429db78a3ee29d5dcacd3a65"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "vcpkg"
 version = "0.2.15"
@@ -3672,9 +4601,9 @@ checksum = "0b928f33d975fc6ad9f86c8f283853ad26bdd5b10b7f1542aa2fa15e2289105a"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "vespera"
-version = "0.1.50"
+version = "0.1.51"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "4e53fae5b7dfbc9c6358a7ed2ab03309bafda94edff6f0ed137aacbbf4673290"
+checksum = "f4f217d51b0403454c5ee6b798d853acf93cbe2bc5b318beba6d40035850262b"
 dependencies = [
  "axum",
  "axum-extra",
@@ -3689,9 +4618,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "vespera_core"
-version = "0.1.50"
+version = "0.1.51"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a7907610cd10b5404764392d01a9ed1cbc9f77e65fbdab3d29d7e725a69fef2a"
+checksum = "73fc3c38f267572f59d54aa92c2ed96bacf746abf8e0a67a8d50819cea3ad4fc"
 dependencies = [
  "serde",
  "serde_json",
@@ -3699,9 +4628,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "vespera_macro"
-version = "0.1.50"
+version = "0.1.51"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8516ec0107927abe8dfa91ea4c7db0c03a63c8b1e5273a6013e3de665b5ff029"
+checksum = "7452a3ffa22362fecbb61da1d85dad8c18e09cb8187a37c3272f2693a829a5a6"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -3732,10 +4661,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "clap",
  "colored",
  "dialoguer",
+ "dot-writer",
  "futures",
+ "insta",
  "predicates",
+ "rayon",
  "rstest",
- "schemars",
  "serde_json",
  "serde_yaml",
  "serial_test",
@@ -3764,11 +4695,14 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "vespertide-core"
 version = "0.1.61"
 dependencies = [
+ "criterion",
+ "proptest",
  "rstest",
  "schemars",
+ "sea-orm",
  "serde",
  "serde_json",
- "thiserror",
+ "thiserror 2.0.18",
  "vespertide-naming",
 ]
 
@@ -3776,19 +4710,36 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "vespertide-exporter"
 version = "0.1.61"
 dependencies = [
+ "criterion",
  "insta",
+ "proptest",
+ "rayon",
  "rstest",
- "thiserror",
+ "thiserror 2.0.18",
  "vespertide-config",
  "vespertide-core",
  "vespertide-naming",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "vespertide-fuzz"
+version = "0.0.0"
+dependencies = [
+ "arbitrary",
+ "libfuzzer-sys",
+ "serde_json",
+ "vespertide-core",
+ "vespertide-lsp",
+ "vespertide-planner",
+ "vespertide-query",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "vespertide-loader"
 version = "0.1.61"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
+ "rayon",
  "rstest",
  "serde_json",
  "serde_yaml",
@@ -3799,14 +4750,44 @@ dependencies = [
  "vespertide-planner",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "vespertide-lsp"
+version = "0.1.61"
+dependencies = [
+ "dashmap",
+ "insta",
+ "lsp-textdocument",
+ "lsp-types",
+ "proptest",
+ "rstest",
+ "serde",
+ "serde_json",
+ "serde_yaml",
+ "tempfile",
+ "tokio",
+ "tower-lsp-server",
+ "tracing",
+ "tracing-subscriber",
+ "tree-sitter",
+ "tree-sitter-json",
+ "tree-sitter-yaml",
+ "vespertide-config",
+ "vespertide-core",
+ "vespertide-loader",
+ "vespertide-planner",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "vespertide-macro"
 version = "0.1.61"
 dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro-crate",
  "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
  "runtime-macros",
  "syn 2.0.117",
  "tempfile",
+ "trybuild",
  "vespertide-config",
  "vespertide-core",
  "vespertide-loader",
@@ -3817,14 +4798,22 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "vespertide-naming"
 version = "0.1.61"
+dependencies = [
+ "criterion",
+ "proptest",
+]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "vespertide-planner"
 version = "0.1.61"
 dependencies = [
+ "criterion",
  "insta",
+ "proptest",
+ "rayon",
  "rstest",
- "thiserror",
+ "serial_test",
+ "thiserror 2.0.18",
  "vespertide-core",
  "vespertide-naming",
 ]
@@ -3833,10 +4822,17 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "vespertide-query"
 version = "0.1.61"
 dependencies = [
+ "criterion",
  "insta",
+ "pg_query",
+ "proptest",
+ "rayon",
  "rstest",
+ "rusqlite",
  "sea-query 0.32.7",
- "thiserror",
+ "serial_test",
+ "sqlparser",
+ "thiserror 2.0.18",
  "vespertide-core",
  "vespertide-naming",
  "vespertide-planner",
@@ -3866,6 +4862,16 @@ dependencies = [
  "libc",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "walkdir"
+version = "2.5.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "29790946404f91d9c5d06f9874efddea1dc06c5efe94541a7d6863108e3a5e4b"
+dependencies = [
+ "same-file",
+ "winapi-util",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "wasi"
 version = "0.11.1+wasi-snapshot-preview1"
@@ -3874,11 +4880,11 @@ checksum = "ccf3ec651a847eb01de73ccad15eb7d99f80485de043efb2f370cd654f4ea44b"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasip2"
-version = "1.0.2+wasi-0.2.9"
+version = "1.0.3+wasi-0.2.9"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9517f9239f02c069db75e65f174b3da828fe5f5b945c4dd26bd25d89c03ebcf5"
+checksum = "20064672db26d7cdc89c7798c48a0fdfac8213434a1186e5ef29fd560ae223d6"
 dependencies = [
- "wit-bindgen",
+ "wit-bindgen 0.57.1",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3887,7 +4893,7 @@ version = "0.4.0+wasi-0.3.0-rc-2026-01-06"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "5428f8bf88ea5ddc08faddef2ac4a67e390b88186c703ce6dbd955e1c145aca5"
 dependencies = [
- "wit-bindgen",
+ "wit-bindgen 0.51.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3898,22 +4904,23 @@ checksum = "b8dad83b4f25e74f184f64c43b150b91efe7647395b42289f38e50566d82855b"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen"
-version = "0.2.117"
+version = "0.2.121"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0551fc1bb415591e3372d0bc4780db7e587d84e2a7e79da121051c5c4b89d0b0"
+checksum = "49ace1d07c165b0864824eee619580c4689389afa9dc9ed3a4c75040d82e6790"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "once_cell",
  "rustversion",
+ "serde",
  "wasm-bindgen-macro",
  "wasm-bindgen-shared",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen-macro"
-version = "0.2.117"
+version = "0.2.121"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7fbdf9a35adf44786aecd5ff89b4563a90325f9da0923236f6104e603c7e86be"
+checksum = "8e68e6f4afd367a562002c05637acb8578ff2dea1943df76afb9e83d177c8578"
 dependencies = [
  "quote",
  "wasm-bindgen-macro-support",
@@ -3921,9 +4928,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen-macro-support"
-version = "0.2.117"
+version = "0.2.121"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "dca9693ef2bab6d4e6707234500350d8dad079eb508dca05530c85dc3a529ff2"
+checksum = "d95a9ec35c64b2a7cb35d3fead40c4238d0940c86d107136999567a4703259f2"
 dependencies = [
  "bumpalo",
  "proc-macro2",
@@ -3934,9 +4941,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen-shared"
-version = "0.2.117"
+version = "0.2.121"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "39129a682a6d2d841b6c429d0c51e5cb0ed1a03829d8b3d1e69a011e62cb3d3b"
+checksum = "c4e0100b01e9f0d03189a92b96772a1fb998639d981193d7dbab487302513441"
 dependencies = [
  "unicode-ident",
 ]
@@ -3969,12 +4976,34 @@ version = "0.244.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "47b807c72e1bac69382b3a6fb3dbe8ea4c0ed87ff5629b8685ae6b9a611028fe"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags",
+ "bitflags 2.11.1",
  "hashbrown 0.15.5",
  "indexmap",
  "semver",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "web-sys"
+version = "0.3.98"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "4b572dff8bcf38bad0fa19729c89bb5748b2b9b1d8be70cf90df697e3a8f32aa"
+dependencies = [
+ "js-sys",
+ "wasm-bindgen",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "which"
+version = "4.4.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "87ba24419a2078cd2b0f2ede2691b6c66d8e47836da3b6db8265ebad47afbfc7"
+dependencies = [
+ "either",
+ "home",
+ "once_cell",
+ "rustix 0.38.44",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "whoami"
 version = "1.6.1"
@@ -4001,6 +5030,15 @@ version = "0.4.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "ac3b87c63620426dd9b991e5ce0329eff545bccbbb34f3be09ff6fb6ab51b7b6"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "winapi-util"
+version = "0.1.11"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "c2a7b1c03c876122aa43f3020e6c3c3ee5c05081c9a00739faf7503aeba10d22"
+dependencies = [
+ "windows-sys 0.61.2",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "winapi-x86_64-pc-windows-gnu"
 version = "0.4.0"
@@ -4216,9 +5254,9 @@ checksum = "589f6da84c646204747d1270a2a5661ea66ed1cced2631d546fdfb155959f9ec"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "winnow"
-version = "0.7.15"
+version = "1.0.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "df79d97927682d2fd8adb29682d1140b343be4ac0f08fd68b7765d9c059d3945"
+checksum = "0592e1c9d151f854e6fd382574c3a0855250e1d9b2f99d9281c6e6391af352f1"
 dependencies = [
  "memchr",
 ]
@@ -4232,6 +5270,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "wit-bindgen-rust-macro",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "wit-bindgen"
+version = "0.57.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "1ebf944e87a7c253233ad6766e082e3cd714b5d03812acc24c318f549614536e"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "wit-bindgen-core"
 version = "0.51.0"
@@ -4281,7 +5325,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "9d66ea20e9553b30172b5e831994e35fbde2d165325bec84fc43dbf6f4eb9cb2"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
- "bitflags",
+ "bitflags 2.11.1",
  "indexmap",
  "log",
  "serde",
@@ -4313,9 +5357,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "writeable"
-version = "0.6.2"
+version = "0.6.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9edde0db4769d2dc68579893f2306b26c6ecfbe0ef499b013d731b7b9247e0b9"
+checksum = "1ffae5123b2d3fc086436f8834ae3ab053a283cfac8fe0a0b8eaae044768a4c4"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wyz"
@@ -4334,9 +5378,9 @@ checksum = "cfe53a6657fd280eaa890a3bc59152892ffa3e30101319d168b781ed6529b049"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "yoke"
-version = "0.8.1"
+version = "0.8.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "72d6e5c6afb84d73944e5cedb052c4680d5657337201555f9f2a16b7406d4954"
+checksum = "abe8c5fda708d9ca3df187cae8bfb9ceda00dd96231bed36e445a1a48e66f9ca"
 dependencies = [
  "stable_deref_trait",
  "yoke-derive",
@@ -4345,9 +5389,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "yoke-derive"
-version = "0.8.1"
+version = "0.8.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b659052874eb698efe5b9e8cf382204678a0086ebf46982b79d6ca3182927e5d"
+checksum = "de844c262c8848816172cef550288e7dc6c7b7814b4ee56b3e1553f275f1858e"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -4357,18 +5401,18 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "zerocopy"
-version = "0.8.41"
+version = "0.8.48"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "96e13bc581734df6250836c59a5f44f3c57db9f9acb9dc8e3eaabdaf6170254d"
+checksum = "eed437bf9d6692032087e337407a86f04cd8d6a16a37199ed57949d415bd68e9"
 dependencies = [
  "zerocopy-derive",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "zerocopy-derive"
-version = "0.8.41"
+version = "0.8.48"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "3545ea9e86d12ab9bba9fcd99b54c1556fd3199007def5a03c375623d05fac1c"
+checksum = "70e3cd084b1788766f53af483dd21f93881ff30d7320490ec3ef7526d203bad4"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -4377,18 +5421,18 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "zerofrom"
-version = "0.1.6"
+version = "0.1.8"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "50cc42e0333e05660c3587f3bf9d0478688e15d870fab3346451ce7f8c9fbea5"
+checksum = "0ec05a11813ea801ff6d75110ad09cd0824ddba17dfe17128ea0d5f68e6c5272"
 dependencies = [
  "zerofrom-derive",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "zerofrom-derive"
-version = "0.1.6"
+version = "0.1.7"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d71e5d6e06ab090c67b5e44993ec16b72dcbaabc526db883a360057678b48502"
+checksum = "11532158c46691caf0f2593ea8358fed6bbf68a0315e80aae9bd41fbade684a1"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -4404,9 +5448,9 @@ checksum = "b97154e67e32c85465826e8bcc1c59429aaaf107c1e4a9e53c8d8ccd5eff88d0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "zerotrie"
-version = "0.2.3"
+version = "0.2.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2a59c17a5562d507e4b54960e8569ebee33bee890c70aa3fe7b97e85a9fd7851"
+checksum = "0f9152d31db0792fa83f70fb2f83148effb5c1f5b8c7686c3459e361d9bc20bf"
 dependencies = [
  "displaydoc",
  "yoke",
@@ -4415,9 +5459,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "zerovec"
-version = "0.11.5"
+version = "0.11.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6c28719294829477f525be0186d13efa9a3c602f7ec202ca9e353d310fb9a002"
+checksum = "90f911cbc359ab6af17377d242225f4d75119aec87ea711a880987b18cd7b239"
 dependencies = [
  "yoke",
  "zerofrom",
@@ -4426,9 +5470,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "zerovec-derive"
-version = "0.11.2"
+version = "0.11.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "eadce39539ca5cb3985590102671f2567e659fca9666581ad3411d59207951f3"
+checksum = "625dc425cab0dca6dc3c3319506e6593dcb08a9f387ea3b284dbd52a92c40555"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 7eb342bf..c8ddc658 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,5 +1,20 @@
 [workspace]
-members = ["crates/*", "examples/app"]
+members = ["crates/*", "examples/app", "fuzz"]
+exclude = ["apps/zed-extension"]
+default-members = [
+    "crates/vespertide",
+    "crates/vespertide-cli",
+    "crates/vespertide-config",
+    "crates/vespertide-core",
+    "crates/vespertide-exporter",
+    "crates/vespertide-loader",
+    "crates/vespertide-macro",
+    "crates/vespertide-naming",
+    "crates/vespertide-planner",
+    "crates/vespertide-query",
+    "crates/vespertide-schema-gen",
+    "examples/app",
+]
 resolver = "2"
 
 [workspace.package]
@@ -10,9 +25,24 @@ homepage = "https://github.com/dev-five-git/vespertide"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/vespertide"
 
 [workspace.lints.rust]
+unsafe_code = "warn"
 unexpected_cfgs = { level = "warn", check-cfg = ['cfg(tarpaulin_include)'] }
 
+[workspace.lints.clippy]
+# AGENTS policy: clippy::all + pedantic enforced workspace-wide.
+# Pre-1.0 quality bar: every warning must be fixed or have a justified allow.
+all = { level = "warn", priority = -1 }
+pedantic = { level = "warn", priority = -1 }
+# Pedantic lints that are too noisy for this codebase and accepted as project style:
+module_name_repetitions = "allow"  # crate-prefixed type names are intentional (vespertide-* convention)
+similar_names = "allow"            # `from`/`to`, `table`/`tables` etc. are domain-natural
+must_use_candidate = "allow"       # blanket-applying #[must_use] obscures real intent; case-by-case via audit
+missing_errors_doc = "allow"       # adding `# Errors` to every Result fn is performative; deferred
+missing_panics_doc = "allow"       # same as above; we don't panic in production code paths
+return_self_not_must_use = "allow" # builder patterns are obvious from context
+
 [workspace.dependencies]
+rayon = "1.12"
 vespertide-core = { path = "crates/vespertide-core", version = "=0.1.61", default-features = false }
 vespertide-config = { path = "crates/vespertide-config", version = "=0.1.61", default-features = false }
 vespertide-loader = { path = "crates/vespertide-loader", version = "=0.1.61", default-features = false }
@@ -21,6 +51,7 @@ vespertide-naming = { path = "crates/vespertide-naming", version = "=0.1.61" }
 vespertide-planner = { path = "crates/vespertide-planner", version = "=0.1.61" }
 vespertide-query = { path = "crates/vespertide-query", version = "=0.1.61" }
 vespertide-exporter = { path = "crates/vespertide-exporter", version = "=0.1.61" }
+vespertide-lsp = { path = "crates/vespertide-lsp", version = "=0.1.61" }
 
 [profile.dev]
 debug = 1  # Line tables only — faster DWARF generation for large codegen output
diff --git a/RELEASE.md b/RELEASE.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c3c021a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RELEASE.md
@@ -0,0 +1,222 @@
+# Release Process
+
+This document covers the release workflow for the Vespertide ecosystem: the LSP
+binary, the VSCode extension, and the Zed extension.
+
+## Release Channels
+
+| Component | Tag pattern | CI workflow | Output |
+|---|---|---|---|
+| `vespertide-lsp` binary | `lsp-v*` | `.github/workflows/lsp-release.yml` | 5 platform tarballs/zips on GH Release |
+| VSCode extension | `vscode-v*` | `.github/workflows/vscode-release.yml` | 5 platform-specific VSIX → Marketplace + Open VSX |
+| Zed extension | `zed-v*` | Manual PR to `zed-industries/extensions` | Submodule pin in Zed registry |
+
+## Prerequisites
+
+Repository secrets required (set in GitHub Settings → Secrets):
+
+- `VSCE_PAT` — Visual Studio Marketplace personal access token (Azure DevOps)
+- `OVSX_PAT` — Open VSX Registry personal access token (optional; gracefully skipped if absent)
+- `GITHUB_TOKEN` — auto-provided by Actions, no setup needed
+
+## Release Flow
+
+### Step 1 — Cut the LSP binary release
+
+```bash
+# Bump version in crates/vespertide-lsp/Cargo.toml
+# git commit + push
+git tag lsp-v0.1.0
+git push origin lsp-v0.1.0
+```
+
+Triggers `lsp-release.yml`:
+- Builds `vespertide-lsp` for 5 platforms (Linux x86_64/aarch64, macOS x86_64/aarch64, Windows x86_64)
+- Uploads as `vespertide-lsp-{os}-{arch}.{tar.gz,zip}` to GH Release
+- Includes SHA256 alongside each archive
+
+Verify on the [Releases page](https://github.com/dev-five-git/vespertide/releases):
+- 5 archive assets present (each with a `.sha256` companion)
+- Release notes auto-generated from commit log
+
+### Step 2 — Cut the VSCode extension release
+
+After `lsp-v*` Release is live:
+
+```bash
+# Bump version in apps/vscode-extension/package.json
+# git commit + push
+git tag vscode-v0.1.0
+git push origin vscode-v0.1.0
+```
+
+Triggers `vscode-release.yml`:
+- Downloads the corresponding `vespertide-lsp-*` asset from the latest `lsp-v*` Release
+- Extracts into `apps/vscode-extension/bin/<platform>/`
+- Builds via `bun + esbuild`
+- Packages 5 platform-specific `.vsix` files via `vsce`
+- Publishes to VS Code Marketplace (via `VSCE_PAT`)
+- Publishes to Open VSX (via `OVSX_PAT`, non-fatal)
+- Uploads `.vsix` files to the `vscode-v*` GH Release for manual install fallback
+
+Pinning a specific LSP tag (rather than latest):
+
+```bash
+gh workflow run vscode-release.yml \
+  --field lsp_tag=lsp-v0.1.0 \
+  --field vscode_tag=vscode-v0.1.0
+```
+
+### Step 3 — Cut the Zed extension release
+
+Zed publishes via PR to a community-maintained registry, not via automated workflow.
+
+#### 3a. Bump and tag
+
+```bash
+# Bump version in apps/zed-extension/extension.toml and Cargo.toml
+# git commit + push
+git tag zed-v0.1.0
+git push origin zed-v0.1.0
+```
+
+The `zed-v*` tag itself does not trigger any workflow. It serves as a reference
+point for the Zed registry submission.
+
+#### 3b. Submit PR to zed-industries/extensions
+
+1. Fork `https://github.com/zed-industries/extensions` (one-time)
+2. Clone your fork
+3. Add or update the Vespertide submodule:
+
+```bash
+# First time:
+git submodule add https://github.com/dev-five-git/vespertide.git \
+  extensions/vespertide
+
+# Subsequent releases (advance the submodule SHA):
+cd extensions/vespertide
+git fetch origin zed-v0.1.0
+git checkout zed-v0.1.0
+cd ../..
+```
+
+Note: the Zed registry expects the submodule root to contain
+`apps/zed-extension/`. Some maintainers use a dedicated `zed-vespertide` repo
+solely containing the extension. If `zed-industries/extensions` rejects the
+nested layout, see [Layout fallback](#layout-fallback) below.
+
+4. Edit `extensions.toml` in the registry root:
+
+```toml
+[vespertide]
+submodule = "extensions/vespertide"
+version = "0.1.0"
+path = "apps/zed-extension"   # path inside the submodule, if supported
+```
+
+5. Sort + commit:
+
+```bash
+pnpm sort-extensions
+git add extensions/vespertide extensions.toml
+git commit -m "vespertide: add v0.1.0"
+git push
+```
+
+6. Open PR. The Zed CI will:
+   - Validate the WIT manifest
+   - Build the extension to WASM
+   - Verify the LICENSE file
+   - Confirm `id` uniqueness
+
+7. Once merged, the extension is auto-published. Users install via
+   `zed: extensions` → search "Vespertide" → Install.
+
+#### Layout fallback
+
+If `zed-industries/extensions` rejects the nested `apps/zed-extension/` path,
+mirror the extension to a dedicated repository:
+
+```bash
+# Create a new public repo, e.g. dev-five-git/zed-vespertide
+git subtree split --prefix=apps/zed-extension -b zed-extension-mirror
+git push https://github.com/dev-five-git/zed-vespertide.git \
+  zed-extension-mirror:main --force
+```
+
+Then submit `dev-five-git/zed-vespertide` as the submodule instead.
+
+## Rollback
+
+### Rollback an LSP release
+
+```bash
+# Delete the bad release + tag
+gh release delete lsp-v0.1.0 --yes
+git push --delete origin lsp-v0.1.0
+git tag -d lsp-v0.1.0
+
+# Cut a corrected release
+git tag lsp-v0.1.1
+git push origin lsp-v0.1.1
+```
+
+VSCode/Zed users on the bad version will not auto-revert. Tell them to update.
+
+### Rollback a VSCode release
+
+```bash
+# Mark as deprecated on the Marketplace
+bunx vsce unpublish dev-five-git.vespertide@0.1.0
+
+# Or, if Marketplace already has a newer version, push a hotfix:
+git tag vscode-v0.1.1
+git push origin vscode-v0.1.1
+```
+
+Open VSX is harder to unpublish — contact the maintainers.
+
+### Rollback a Zed release
+
+Zed extensions cannot be unpublished. Open a follow-up PR to the registry
+that bumps the version with a fix or yanks the entry by setting it to a
+known-good prior version.
+
+## Pre-release vs Stable Versioning
+
+VSCode convention: **odd minor versions are pre-release**, **even minor versions
+are stable**.
+
+- `0.1.x` — pre-release (use `vsce publish --pre-release`)
+- `0.2.x` — first stable
+- `0.3.x` — pre-release again
+- `0.4.x` — stable
+
+To cut a pre-release:
+
+```bash
+# Tag with -pre suffix to differentiate
+git tag vscode-v0.1.0-pre1
+git push origin vscode-v0.1.0-pre1
+```
+
+Adjust `vscode-release.yml` to forward `--pre-release` to `vsce publish` if the
+tag contains `-pre`.
+
+## Verification Checklist (per release)
+
+- [ ] All 5 LSP binaries present on `lsp-v*` GH Release
+- [ ] Each binary has its `.sha256` companion file
+- [ ] VSCode Marketplace shows the new version (search "vespertide")
+- [ ] Open VSX shows the new version (https://open-vsx.org/extension/dev-five-git/vespertide)
+- [ ] Zed registry PR merged + extension installable from `zed: extensions`
+- [ ] README + CHANGELOG updated to reference the new version
+- [ ] No regressions in `cargo test --workspace` on `refactor`/`main`
+
+## Related Documentation
+
+- [`apps/vscode-extension/README.md`](apps/vscode-extension/README.md) — extension-specific docs
+- [`apps/zed-extension/README.md`](apps/zed-extension/README.md) — Zed-specific docs
+- [`docs/PERFORMANCE-AUDIT.md`](docs/PERFORMANCE-AUDIT.md) — perf history
+- [`docs/PARALLELIZATION.md`](docs/PARALLELIZATION.md) — concurrency design
diff --git a/apps/vscode-extension/.gitignore b/apps/vscode-extension/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e50c5f0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/vscode-extension/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+node_modules/
+dist/
+out/
+*.vsix
+bin/
diff --git a/apps/vscode-extension/.vscodeignore b/apps/vscode-extension/.vscodeignore
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..78725b61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/vscode-extension/.vscodeignore
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+.vscode/
+.github/
+src/
+out/
+node_modules/
+tsconfig.json
+esbuild.config.mjs
+.eslintrc*
+*.vsix
+.gitkeep
+.vscode-test.mjs
+
+!dist/extension.js
+!bin/**
+!media/**
+!language-configuration.json
diff --git a/apps/vscode-extension/README.md b/apps/vscode-extension/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1f450c5d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/vscode-extension/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+# Vespertide for Visual Studio Code
+
+> Declarative database schema management — directly in your editor.
+
+Vespertide brings first-class language support for Vespertide schema files to VS Code: rich diagnostics, hover hints, go-to-definition, smart completion, and — uniquely — **live drift detection** between your declared models and applied migration history.
+
+<p align="center">
+  <strong style="color:#5b34f7">Built by <a href="https://github.com/dev-five-git">DevFive</a></strong>
+</p>
+
+---
+
+## Features
+
+- **Diagnostics** — Real-time validation of `models/*.json` and `models/*.yaml` files. Catch invalid column types, broken foreign keys, and ENUM mismatches before you ever run `vespertide diff`.
+- **Hover** — Inspect column types, constraints, and ENUM members without leaving your schema file.
+- **Go-to-Definition** — Jump from foreign-key references straight to the target table.
+- **Completion** — Context-aware suggestions for column types, table names, and constraint kinds.
+- **🟣 Drift Detection** — **The killer feature no other schema tool offers.** Vespertide continuously compares your declared models against your migration history and surfaces drift inline — the exact lines that diverge, highlighted as you type.
+
+---
+
+## Installation
+
+Install **Vespertide** from the [Visual Studio Marketplace](https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=dev-five-git.vespertide) or the [Open VSX Registry](https://open-vsx.org/extension/dev-five-git/vespertide).
+
+```bash
+code --install-extension dev-five-git.vespertide
+```
+
+The extension ships with the `vespertide-lsp` binary for your platform — no separate install required.
+
+---
+
+## Usage
+
+Open any project that contains a `models/` directory with `.json`, `.yaml`, or `.yml` schema files, or a `vespertide.json` config at the workspace root.
+
+The language server activates automatically and starts publishing diagnostics. The Vespertide status bar item (bottom-left) shows the connection state.
+
+---
+
+## Configuration
+
+| Setting | Default | Description |
+| --- | --- | --- |
+| `vespertide.serverPath` | `""` | Override path to the `vespertide-lsp` binary. Leave empty to use the bundled binary. |
+| `vespertide.logLevel` | `"info"` | Server log level (`off`, `error`, `warn`, `info`, `debug`, `trace`). |
+| `vespertide.trace.server` | `"off"` | Trace LSP protocol messages between editor and server. Useful for debugging. |
+
+---
+
+## Commands
+
+| Command | ID |
+| --- | --- |
+| Vespertide: Restart Language Server | `vespertide.restartServer` |
+
+---
+
+## Requirements
+
+- **Visual Studio Code** `1.105.0` or newer
+
+---
+
+## License
+
+[Apache-2.0](https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0) © DevFive
diff --git a/apps/vscode-extension/esbuild.config.mjs b/apps/vscode-extension/esbuild.config.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..78fe9d94
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/vscode-extension/esbuild.config.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+import * as esbuild from "esbuild";
+
+const production = process.argv.includes("--production");
+const watch = process.argv.includes("--watch");
+
+const config = {
+  entryPoints: ["src/extension.ts"],
+  bundle: true,
+  format: "cjs",
+  platform: "node",
+  outfile: "dist/extension.js",
+  external: ["vscode"],
+  minify: production,
+  sourcemap: !production,
+  sourcesContent: false,
+  logLevel: "info",
+};
+
+if (watch) {
+  const ctx = await esbuild.context(config);
+  await ctx.watch();
+  console.log("[esbuild] watching...");
+} else {
+  await esbuild.build(config);
+}
diff --git a/apps/vscode-extension/language-configuration.json b/apps/vscode-extension/language-configuration.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fa3a220a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/vscode-extension/language-configuration.json
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+{
+  "comments": {
+    "lineComment": "//",
+    "blockComment": ["/*", "*/"]
+  },
+  "brackets": [
+    ["{", "}"],
+    ["[", "]"]
+  ],
+  "autoClosingPairs": [
+    { "open": "{", "close": "}" },
+    { "open": "[", "close": "]" },
+    { "open": "\"", "close": "\"" }
+  ],
+  "surroundingPairs": [
+    ["{", "}"],
+    ["[", "]"],
+    ["\"", "\""]
+  ],
+  "indentationRules": {
+    "increaseIndentPattern": "^.*(\\{[^}]*|\\[[^\\]]*)$",
+    "decreaseIndentPattern": "^\\s*[}\\]]"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/apps/vscode-extension/package.json b/apps/vscode-extension/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7a57b48a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/vscode-extension/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+{
+  "name": "vespertide",
+  "displayName": "Vespertide",
+  "description": "Language support for Vespertide schema files — diagnostics, hover, go-to-definition, completion, and drift detection.",
+  "version": "0.1.0",
+  "publisher": "dev-five-git",
+  "license": "Apache-2.0",
+  "repository": {
+    "type": "git",
+    "url": "https://github.com/dev-five-git/vespertide"
+  },
+  "engines": { "vscode": "^1.105.0" },
+  "categories": ["Programming Languages", "Linters"],
+  "keywords": ["vespertide", "database", "schema", "migration", "lsp"],
+
+  "activationEvents": [
+    "workspaceContains:**/models/*.json",
+    "workspaceContains:**/models/*.yaml",
+    "workspaceContains:**/models/*.yml",
+    "workspaceContains:**/*.vespertide.json",
+    "workspaceContains:**/*.vespertide.yaml",
+    "workspaceContains:**/*.vespertide.yml",
+    "workspaceContains:vespertide.json"
+  ],
+
+  "main": "./dist/extension.js",
+
+  "contributes": {
+    "languages": [
+      {
+        "id": "vespertide-json",
+        "aliases": ["Vespertide Model", "Vespertide JSON"],
+        "filenamePatterns": [
+          "**/models/*.json",
+          "**/*.vespertide.json",
+          "vespertide.json"
+        ],
+        "configuration": "./language-configuration.json"
+      },
+      {
+        "id": "vespertide-yaml",
+        "aliases": ["Vespertide Model", "Vespertide YAML"],
+        "filenamePatterns": [
+          "**/models/*.yaml",
+          "**/models/*.yml",
+          "**/*.vespertide.yaml",
+          "**/*.vespertide.yml"
+        ],
+        "configuration": "./language-configuration.json"
+      }
+    ],
+    "grammars": [
+      {
+        "language": "vespertide-json",
+        "scopeName": "source.vespertide.json",
+        "path": "./syntaxes/vespertide-json.tmLanguage.json"
+      },
+      {
+        "language": "vespertide-yaml",
+        "scopeName": "source.vespertide.yaml",
+        "path": "./syntaxes/vespertide-yaml.tmLanguage.json"
+      }
+    ],
+    "configuration": {
+      "title": "Vespertide",
+      "properties": {
+        "vespertide.serverPath": {
+          "type": "string",
+          "default": "",
+          "markdownDescription": "Override path to the `vespertide-lsp` binary. Leave empty to use the bundled binary."
+        },
+        "vespertide.logLevel": {
+          "type": "string",
+          "enum": ["off", "error", "warn", "info", "debug", "trace"],
+          "default": "info"
+        },
+        "vespertide.trace.server": {
+          "type": "string",
+          "enum": ["off", "messages", "verbose"],
+          "default": "off",
+          "description": "Trace LSP messages between editor and server (debug)."
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    "commands": [
+      {
+        "command": "vespertide.restartServer",
+        "title": "Vespertide: Restart Language Server",
+        "category": "Vespertide"
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+
+  "scripts": {
+    "vscode:prepublish": "node esbuild.config.mjs --production",
+    "build": "node esbuild.config.mjs",
+    "watch": "node esbuild.config.mjs --watch",
+    "typecheck": "tsc --noEmit",
+    "package": "vsce package --no-dependencies",
+    "publish:vsce": "vsce publish --no-dependencies",
+    "publish:ovsx": "ovsx publish",
+    "test": "vscode-test"
+  },
+
+  "dependencies": {
+    "vscode-languageclient": "^9.0.1"
+  },
+  "devDependencies": {
+    "@types/node": "^22.0.0",
+    "@types/vscode": "^1.105.0",
+    "@vscode/test-cli": "^0.0.12",
+    "@vscode/vsce": "^3.9.1",
+    "esbuild": "^0.28.0",
+    "ovsx": "^0.10.12",
+    "typescript": "^6.0.3"
+  },
+
+  "vsce": { "dependencies": false }
+}
diff --git a/apps/vscode-extension/src/extension.ts b/apps/vscode-extension/src/extension.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4447711c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/vscode-extension/src/extension.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+import * as fs from "fs";
+import * as os from "os";
+import * as path from "path";
+import * as vscode from "vscode";
+import {
+  LanguageClient,
+  LanguageClientOptions,
+  ServerOptions,
+  TransportKind,
+  RevealOutputChannelOn,
+} from "vscode-languageclient/node";
+
+let client: LanguageClient | undefined;
+let statusBarItem: vscode.StatusBarItem;
+
+function getPlatformDir(): string {
+  const arch = os.arch();
+  const plat = os.platform();
+  const key = `${plat}-${arch}`;
+  const map: Record<string, string> = {
+    "linux-x64": "linux-x64",
+    "linux-arm64": "linux-arm64",
+    "darwin-x64": "darwin-x64",
+    "darwin-arm64": "darwin-arm64",
+    "win32-x64": "win32-x64",
+  };
+  const dir = map[key];
+  if (!dir) throw new Error(`Unsupported platform: ${key}`);
+  return dir;
+}
+
+function findOnPath(exe: string): string | undefined {
+  const env = process.env.PATH ?? "";
+  const sep = os.platform() === "win32" ? ";" : ":";
+  for (const dir of env.split(sep)) {
+    if (!dir) continue;
+    const candidate = path.join(dir, exe);
+    if (fs.existsSync(candidate)) return candidate;
+  }
+  return undefined;
+}
+
+function resolveServerBinary(context: vscode.ExtensionContext): string {
+  const config = vscode.workspace.getConfiguration("vespertide");
+  const override = config.get<string>("serverPath");
+  if (override && override.trim() !== "") {
+    if (!fs.existsSync(override)) {
+      throw new Error(`vespertide.serverPath points to a non-existent file: ${override}`);
+    }
+    return override;
+  }
+
+  const exe = os.platform() === "win32" ? "vespertide-lsp.exe" : "vespertide-lsp";
+  const bundled = context.asAbsolutePath(path.join("bin", getPlatformDir(), exe));
+  if (fs.existsSync(bundled)) {
+    return bundled;
+  }
+
+  // Dev convenience: when the bundled binary is missing (`cargo install` /
+  // local debug builds), fall back to whatever `vespertide-lsp` exists on
+  // PATH. This is the same UX Zed offers and removes the need to set
+  // `vespertide.serverPath` while iterating on the LSP.
+  const onPath = findOnPath(exe);
+  if (onPath) {
+    return onPath;
+  }
+
+  throw new Error(
+    `Vespertide LSP binary not found.\n` +
+      `Looked for bundled: ${bundled}\n` +
+      `Looked on PATH for: ${exe}\n` +
+      `Set "vespertide.serverPath", install via \`cargo install vespertide-cli\`, or reinstall the extension.`
+  );
+}
+
+function createStatusBarItem(): vscode.StatusBarItem {
+  const item = vscode.window.createStatusBarItem(vscode.StatusBarAlignment.Left, 100);
+  item.text = "$(loading~spin) Vespertide";
+  item.tooltip = "Vespertide Language Server";
+  item.command = "vespertide.restartServer";
+  item.show();
+  return item;
+}
+
+async function startClient(context: vscode.ExtensionContext): Promise<void> {
+  let serverPath: string;
+  try {
+    serverPath = resolveServerBinary(context);
+  } catch (err) {
+    statusBarItem.text = "$(error) Vespertide: Not Found";
+    void vscode.window.showErrorMessage(`Vespertide: ${(err as Error).message}`);
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // Surface the binary path so a stale F5 / cached dev-host can be
+  // diagnosed at a glance. The full path lives in the status bar tooltip
+  // and is logged so it ends up in both VS Code's output channel and the
+  // LSP's own file log.
+  console.log(`[vespertide] launching LSP server from: ${serverPath}`);
+
+  const config = vscode.workspace.getConfiguration("vespertide");
+  const logLevel = config.get<string>("logLevel", "info");
+
+  const serverOptions: ServerOptions = {
+    run: {
+      command: serverPath,
+      args: [],
+      transport: TransportKind.stdio,
+      options: { env: { ...process.env, RUST_LOG: `vespertide_lsp=${logLevel}` } },
+    },
+    debug: {
+      command: serverPath,
+      args: [],
+      transport: TransportKind.stdio,
+      options: { env: { ...process.env, RUST_LOG: "vespertide_lsp=trace" } },
+    },
+  };
+
+  const clientOptions: LanguageClientOptions = {
+    documentSelector: [
+      { scheme: "file", language: "vespertide-json" },
+      { scheme: "file", language: "vespertide-yaml" },
+    ],
+    synchronize: {
+      fileEvents: vscode.workspace.createFileSystemWatcher(
+        "**/{models,migrations}/*.{json,yaml,yml}"
+      ),
+    },
+    revealOutputChannelOn: RevealOutputChannelOn.Error,
+    traceOutputChannel: vscode.window.createOutputChannel("Vespertide LSP Trace"),
+  };
+
+  client = new LanguageClient("vespertide", "Vespertide", serverOptions, clientOptions);
+
+  try {
+    await client.start();
+    statusBarItem.text = "$(check) Vespertide";
+    statusBarItem.tooltip = `Vespertide LSP (connected)\nBinary: ${serverPath}`;
+  } catch (err) {
+    statusBarItem.text = "$(error) Vespertide";
+    void vscode.window.showErrorMessage(`Vespertide LSP failed to start: ${err}`);
+  }
+}
+
+async function stopClient(): Promise<void> {
+  if (client) {
+    await client.stop();
+    client = undefined;
+  }
+}
+
+export async function activate(context: vscode.ExtensionContext): Promise<void> {
+  statusBarItem = createStatusBarItem();
+  context.subscriptions.push(statusBarItem);
+
+  context.subscriptions.push(
+    vscode.commands.registerCommand("vespertide.restartServer", async () => {
+      statusBarItem.text = "$(loading~spin) Vespertide: Restarting";
+      await stopClient();
+      await startClient(context);
+    })
+  );
+
+  await startClient(context);
+}
+
+export async function deactivate(): Promise<void> {
+  await stopClient();
+}
diff --git a/apps/vscode-extension/syntaxes/vespertide-json.tmLanguage.json b/apps/vscode-extension/syntaxes/vespertide-json.tmLanguage.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8436fb08
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/vscode-extension/syntaxes/vespertide-json.tmLanguage.json
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+{
+  "$schema": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/martinring/tmlanguage/master/tmlanguage.json",
+  "name": "Vespertide Model",
+  "scopeName": "source.vespertide.json",
+  "patterns": [
+    { "include": "source.json" }
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/apps/vscode-extension/syntaxes/vespertide-yaml.tmLanguage.json b/apps/vscode-extension/syntaxes/vespertide-yaml.tmLanguage.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ea26f98b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/vscode-extension/syntaxes/vespertide-yaml.tmLanguage.json
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+{
+  "$schema": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/martinring/tmlanguage/master/tmlanguage.json",
+  "name": "Vespertide Model YAML",
+  "scopeName": "source.vespertide.yaml",
+  "patterns": [
+    { "include": "source.yaml" }
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/apps/vscode-extension/tsconfig.json b/apps/vscode-extension/tsconfig.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..442ed4e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/vscode-extension/tsconfig.json
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+{
+  "compilerOptions": {
+    "target": "ES2022",
+    "module": "CommonJS",
+    "moduleResolution": "node",
+    "ignoreDeprecations": "6.0",
+    "lib": ["ES2022"],
+    "outDir": "out",
+    "rootDir": "src",
+    "strict": true,
+    "esModuleInterop": true,
+    "skipLibCheck": true,
+    "sourceMap": true
+  },
+  "include": ["src"],
+  "exclude": ["node_modules", "dist", "out"]
+}
diff --git a/apps/zed-extension/.gitignore b/apps/zed-extension/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d506bd92
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/zed-extension/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+/target
+*.wasm
+.zed-extension/
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+ "unicode-xid",
+ "wasmparser",
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+ "synstructure",
+]
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+[[package]]
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+version = "0.1.0"
+dependencies = [
+ "zed_extension_api",
+]
+
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+ "synstructure",
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+dependencies = [
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+dependencies = [
+ "yoke",
+ "zerofrom",
+ "zerovec-derive",
+]
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+[[package]]
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+version = "0.11.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "625dc425cab0dca6dc3c3319506e6593dcb08a9f387ea3b284dbd52a92c40555"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "zmij"
+version = "1.0.21"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
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diff --git a/apps/zed-extension/Cargo.toml b/apps/zed-extension/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c868cd0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/zed-extension/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+[package]
+name = "zed-vespertide"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+authors = ["DevFive <hello@devfive.kr>"]
+description = "Zed extension for Vespertide schema language support"
+license = "Apache-2.0"
+repository = "https://github.com/dev-five-git/vespertide"
+
+[lib]
+crate-type = ["cdylib"]
+
+[dependencies]
+zed_extension_api = "0.7"
diff --git a/apps/zed-extension/LICENSE b/apps/zed-extension/LICENSE
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..261eeb9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/zed-extension/LICENSE
@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+                                 Apache License
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+
+   TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION
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+   1. Definitions.
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diff --git a/apps/zed-extension/README.md b/apps/zed-extension/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..282d82df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/zed-extension/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+# Vespertide for Zed
+
+> Language support for Vespertide schema files — by **[DevFive](https://devfive.kr)**.
+
+Brings first-class editing for Vespertide JSON and YAML schemas to the [Zed editor](https://zed.dev) by wiring up the `vespertide-lsp` language server.
+
+## Features
+
+- **Diagnostics** — surfaces schema validation errors and unresolved references inline.
+- **Hover** — column-type and constraint documentation on hover.
+- **Go to Definition** — jump to `ref_table` / enum definitions across model files.
+- **Completion** — context-aware suggestions for column types, references, and enum values.
+- **Drift Detection** — flags models that have diverged from the applied migration history. _Unique to Vespertide._
+
+## Installation
+
+### From the Zed extensions registry
+
+Once published, open the command palette and run:
+
+```
+zed: extensions
+```
+
+Search for **Vespertide** and click _Install_.
+
+### Local development (dev extension)
+
+Clone this repository and from the Zed command palette run:
+
+```
+zed: install dev extension
+```
+
+Point the picker at `apps/zed-extension/`. The extension builds to WebAssembly and downloads the `vespertide-lsp` binary from the latest [GitHub Release](https://github.com/dev-five-git/vespertide/releases) on first use.
+
+If a `vespertide-lsp` binary is already on your `PATH` (for example via `cargo install vespertide-cli` with the LSP feature, or a local debug build), the extension uses it directly — no download.
+
+## Configuration
+
+By default the extension matches files ending in `.vespertide`, `.vespertide.json`, `.vespertide.yaml`, and `.vespertide.yml`. To opt-in additional globs (for example the conventional `models/**/*.json` layout) add this to your Zed `settings.json`:
+
+```json
+{
+  "file_types": {
+    "Vespertide JSON": ["models/**/*.json"],
+    "Vespertide YAML": ["models/**/*.yaml", "models/**/*.yml"]
+  }
+}
+```
+
+Per-project overrides go in `.zed/settings.json` at the repository root.
+
+## Requirements
+
+- Zed `0.155.0` or later (extension API `0.7`).
+- One of:
+  - A `vespertide-lsp` binary on `PATH`, **or**
+  - Network access on first launch so the extension can pull the latest release asset from GitHub.
+
+## License
+
+Apache-2.0. See [LICENSE](./LICENSE).
diff --git a/apps/zed-extension/extension.toml b/apps/zed-extension/extension.toml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1ae8f67d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/zed-extension/extension.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+id = "vespertide"
+name = "Vespertide"
+version = "0.1.0"
+schema_version = 1
+authors = ["DevFive <hello@devfive.kr>"]
+description = "Language support for Vespertide schema files — diagnostics, hover, go-to-definition, completion, and drift detection"
+repository = "https://github.com/dev-five-git/vespertide"
+
+[language_servers.vespertide-lsp]
+name = "Vespertide LSP"
+languages = ["Vespertide Model", "Vespertide Model YAML"]
diff --git a/apps/zed-extension/languages/vespertide-json/brackets.scm b/apps/zed-extension/languages/vespertide-json/brackets.scm
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9e8c9cd9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/zed-extension/languages/vespertide-json/brackets.scm
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+("[" @open "]" @close)
+("{" @open "}" @close)
+("\"" @open "\"" @close)
diff --git a/apps/zed-extension/languages/vespertide-json/config.toml b/apps/zed-extension/languages/vespertide-json/config.toml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6a7fd9ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/zed-extension/languages/vespertide-json/config.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+name = "Vespertide Model"
+grammar = "json"
+path_suffixes = ["vespertide", "vespertide.json"]
+line_comments = ["// "]
+tab_size = 2
+hard_tabs = false
+auto_indent_using_last_non_empty_line = true
diff --git a/apps/zed-extension/languages/vespertide-json/highlights.scm b/apps/zed-extension/languages/vespertide-json/highlights.scm
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..53580c9d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/zed-extension/languages/vespertide-json/highlights.scm
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+; Vespertide Model — JSON highlights.
+;
+; Strategy: distinguish keys from value strings, and give Vespertide-specific
+; structural keys (name/columns/constraints/...) extra emphasis so the schema
+; layout reads at a glance instead of looking like flat text.
+
+; ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+; Structural keys — strongest emphasis.
+((pair
+   key: (string) @keyword)
+ (#match? @keyword "^\"(\\$schema|name|columns|constraints|indexes|foreign_key|primary_key)\"$"))
+
+; Column-modifier keys — softer than structural.
+((pair
+   key: (string) @attribute)
+ (#match? @attribute "^\"(type|kind|nullable|unique|index|default|comment|length|precision|scale|values|custom_type|ref_table|ref_columns|on_delete|on_update)\"$"))
+
+; Generic pair keys.
+(pair
+  key: (string) @property)
+
+; ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+; Values.
+(pair
+  value: (string) @string)
+
+(array
+  (string) @string)
+
+(number) @number
+
+(true) @boolean
+(false) @boolean
+(null) @constant.builtin
+
+(escape_sequence) @string.escape
+
+; Punctuation.
+[
+  ","
+  ":"
+] @punctuation.delimiter
+
+[
+  "["
+  "]"
+  "{"
+  "}"
+] @punctuation.bracket
+
+(ERROR) @comment.error
diff --git a/apps/zed-extension/languages/vespertide-json/indents.scm b/apps/zed-extension/languages/vespertide-json/indents.scm
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..87feef7d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/zed-extension/languages/vespertide-json/indents.scm
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+[
+  (object)
+  (array)
+] @indent
+
+[
+  "}"
+  "]"
+] @end
diff --git a/apps/zed-extension/languages/vespertide-json/outline.scm b/apps/zed-extension/languages/vespertide-json/outline.scm
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a8a23419
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/zed-extension/languages/vespertide-json/outline.scm
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+(pair
+  key: (string) @name) @item
diff --git a/apps/zed-extension/languages/vespertide-yaml/brackets.scm b/apps/zed-extension/languages/vespertide-yaml/brackets.scm
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..59cf4520
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/zed-extension/languages/vespertide-yaml/brackets.scm
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+("[" @open "]" @close)
+("{" @open "}" @close)
+("\"" @open "\"" @close)
+("'" @open "'" @close)
diff --git a/apps/zed-extension/languages/vespertide-yaml/config.toml b/apps/zed-extension/languages/vespertide-yaml/config.toml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c42c1f82
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/zed-extension/languages/vespertide-yaml/config.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+name = "Vespertide Model YAML"
+grammar = "yaml"
+path_suffixes = ["vespertide.yaml", "vespertide.yml"]
+tab_size = 2
+hard_tabs = false
diff --git a/apps/zed-extension/languages/vespertide-yaml/highlights.scm b/apps/zed-extension/languages/vespertide-yaml/highlights.scm
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6210272a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/zed-extension/languages/vespertide-yaml/highlights.scm
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+; Vespertide Model — YAML highlights.
+
+; Structural keys — strongest emphasis.
+((block_mapping_pair
+   key: (flow_node) @keyword)
+ (#match? @keyword "^(\\$schema|name|columns|constraints|indexes|foreign_key|primary_key)$"))
+((flow_pair
+   key: (flow_node) @keyword)
+ (#match? @keyword "^(\\$schema|name|columns|constraints|indexes|foreign_key|primary_key)$"))
+
+; Column-modifier keys.
+((block_mapping_pair
+   key: (flow_node) @attribute)
+ (#match? @attribute "^(type|kind|nullable|unique|index|default|comment|length|precision|scale|values|custom_type|ref_table|ref_columns|on_delete|on_update)$"))
+((flow_pair
+   key: (flow_node) @attribute)
+ (#match? @attribute "^(type|kind|nullable|unique|index|default|comment|length|precision|scale|values|custom_type|ref_table|ref_columns|on_delete|on_update)$"))
+
+; Generic keys.
+(block_mapping_pair
+  key: (flow_node) @property)
+(flow_pair
+  key: (flow_node) @property)
+
+; String values.
+[
+  (double_quote_scalar)
+  (single_quote_scalar)
+  (block_scalar)
+  (string_scalar)
+] @string
+
+(escape_sequence) @string.escape
+
+(boolean_scalar) @boolean
+(null_scalar) @constant.builtin
+
+(integer_scalar) @number
+(float_scalar) @number
+
+[
+  ","
+  ":"
+  "-"
+  "?"
+  "|"
+  ">"
+] @punctuation.delimiter
+
+[
+  "["
+  "]"
+  "{"
+  "}"
+] @punctuation.bracket
+
+(comment) @comment
+
+(anchor_name) @label
+(alias_name) @label
+
+(tag) @type
+
+(yaml_directive) @keyword
+(tag_directive) @keyword
+(reserved_directive) @keyword
diff --git a/apps/zed-extension/languages/vespertide-yaml/indents.scm b/apps/zed-extension/languages/vespertide-yaml/indents.scm
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..db312ff6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/zed-extension/languages/vespertide-yaml/indents.scm
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+[
+  (block_mapping)
+  (block_sequence)
+  (flow_mapping)
+  (flow_sequence)
+] @indent
diff --git a/apps/zed-extension/languages/vespertide-yaml/outline.scm b/apps/zed-extension/languages/vespertide-yaml/outline.scm
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2a3270a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/zed-extension/languages/vespertide-yaml/outline.scm
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+(block_mapping_pair
+  key: (flow_node) @name) @item
diff --git a/apps/zed-extension/src/lib.rs b/apps/zed-extension/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..14dd7ca8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/zed-extension/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+use std::fs;
+use zed_extension_api::{self as zed, LanguageServerId, Result};
+
+struct VespertideExtension {
+    cached_binary_path: Option<String>,
+}
+
+impl zed::Extension for VespertideExtension {
+    fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            cached_binary_path: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn language_server_command(
+        &mut self,
+        language_server_id: &LanguageServerId,
+        worktree: &zed::Worktree,
+    ) -> Result<zed::Command> {
+        // 1. PATH lookup (for `cargo install` users or local dev).
+        // On Windows, `worktree.which()` does NOT auto-append `.exe`, so try
+        // platform-appropriate names in order.
+        let (os, _arch) = zed::current_platform();
+        let candidates: &[&str] = match os {
+            zed::Os::Windows => &["vespertide-lsp.exe", "vespertide-lsp"],
+            _ => &["vespertide-lsp"],
+        };
+        for name in candidates {
+            if let Some(path) = worktree.which(name) {
+                return Ok(zed::Command {
+                    command: path,
+                    args: vec![],
+                    env: Default::default(),
+                });
+            }
+        }
+
+        // 2. Cached binary from a previous download.
+        if let Some(path) = &self.cached_binary_path {
+            if fs::metadata(path).is_ok_and(|m| m.is_file()) {
+                return Ok(zed::Command {
+                    command: path.clone(),
+                    args: vec![],
+                    env: Default::default(),
+                });
+            }
+        }
+
+        // 3. Download from GitHub Releases.
+        let binary_path = self.install_language_server(language_server_id)?;
+        self.cached_binary_path = Some(binary_path.clone());
+
+        Ok(zed::Command {
+            command: binary_path,
+            args: vec![],
+            env: Default::default(),
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl VespertideExtension {
+    fn install_language_server(&self, id: &LanguageServerId) -> Result<String> {
+        zed::set_language_server_installation_status(
+            id,
+            &zed::LanguageServerInstallationStatus::CheckingForUpdate,
+        );
+
+        let release = zed::latest_github_release(
+            "dev-five-git/vespertide",
+            zed::GithubReleaseOptions {
+                require_assets: true,
+                pre_release: false,
+            },
+        )?;
+
+        let (os, arch) = zed::current_platform();
+        let asset_name = format!(
+            "vespertide-lsp-{os}-{arch}.tar.gz",
+            os = match os {
+                zed::Os::Mac => "darwin",
+                zed::Os::Linux => "linux",
+                zed::Os::Windows => "windows",
+            },
+            arch = match arch {
+                zed::Architecture::Aarch64 => "aarch64",
+                zed::Architecture::X8664 => "x86_64",
+                zed::Architecture::X86 => "x86",
+            }
+        );
+
+        let asset = release
+            .assets
+            .iter()
+            .find(|a| a.name == asset_name)
+            .ok_or_else(|| format!("No asset found for platform: {asset_name}"))?;
+
+        let version_dir = format!("vespertide-lsp-{}", release.version);
+        let binary_path = format!(
+            "{version_dir}/vespertide-lsp{ext}",
+            ext = if matches!(os, zed::Os::Windows) {
+                ".exe"
+            } else {
+                ""
+            }
+        );
+
+        if !fs::metadata(&binary_path).is_ok_and(|m| m.is_file()) {
+            zed::set_language_server_installation_status(
+                id,
+                &zed::LanguageServerInstallationStatus::Downloading,
+            );
+
+            zed::download_file(
+                &asset.download_url,
+                &version_dir,
+                zed::DownloadedFileType::GzipTar,
+            )?;
+
+            zed::make_file_executable(&binary_path)?;
+
+            // Clean up old version directories.
+            if let Ok(entries) = fs::read_dir(".") {
+                for entry in entries.flatten() {
+                    let name = entry.file_name();
+                    let name_str = name.to_string_lossy();
+                    if name_str.starts_with("vespertide-lsp-") && name_str != version_dir {
+                        let _ = fs::remove_dir_all(entry.path());
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        zed::set_language_server_installation_status(
+            id,
+            &zed::LanguageServerInstallationStatus::None,
+        );
+
+        Ok(binary_path)
+    }
+}
+
+zed::register_extension!(VespertideExtension);
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    #[test]
+    fn asset_name_format_matches_release_convention() {
+        // Smoke test the format string; actual matching happens at runtime.
+        let asset_name = format!("vespertide-lsp-{}-{}.tar.gz", "linux", "x86_64");
+        assert_eq!(asset_name, "vespertide-lsp-linux-x86_64.tar.gz");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn asset_name_format_windows_arm() {
+        let asset_name = format!("vespertide-lsp-{}-{}.tar.gz", "windows", "aarch64");
+        assert_eq!(asset_name, "vespertide-lsp-windows-aarch64.tar.gz");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/bun.lock b/bun.lock
index 5f1e32bf..3a9459d6 100644
--- a/bun.lock
+++ b/bun.lock
@@ -49,10 +49,52 @@
         "typescript": "^6.0.3",
       },
     },
+    "apps/vscode-extension": {
+      "name": "vespertide",
+      "version": "0.1.0",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "vscode-languageclient": "^9.0.1",
+      },
+      "devDependencies": {
+        "@types/node": "^22.0.0",
+        "@types/vscode": "^1.105.0",
+        "@vscode/test-cli": "^0.0.12",
+        "@vscode/vsce": "^3.9.1",
+        "esbuild": "^0.28.0",
+        "ovsx": "^0.10.12",
+        "typescript": "^6.0.3",
+      },
+    },
   },
   "packages": {
     "@adobe/css-tools": ["@adobe/css-tools@4.4.4", "", {}, "sha512-Elp+iwUx5rN5+Y8xLt5/GRoG20WGoDCQ/1Fb+1LiGtvwbDavuSk0jhD/eZdckHAuzcDzccnkv+rEjyWfRx18gg=="],
 
+    "@azu/format-text": ["@azu/format-text@1.0.2", "", {}, "sha512-Swi4N7Edy1Eqq82GxgEECXSSLyn6GOb5htRFPzBDdUkECGXtlf12ynO5oJSpWKPwCaUssOu7NfhDcCWpIC6Ywg=="],
+
+    "@azu/style-format": ["@azu/style-format@1.0.1", "", { "dependencies": { "@azu/format-text": "^1.0.1" } }, "sha512-AHcTojlNBdD/3/KxIKlg8sxIWHfOtQszLvOpagLTO+bjC3u7SAszu1lf//u7JJC50aUSH+BVWDD/KvaA6Gfn5g=="],
+
+    "@azure/abort-controller": ["@azure/abort-controller@2.1.2", "", { "dependencies": { "tslib": "^2.6.2" } }, "sha512-nBrLsEWm4J2u5LpAPjxADTlq3trDgVZZXHNKabeXZtpq3d3AbN/KGO82R87rdDz5/lYB024rtEf10/q0urNgsA=="],
+
+    "@azure/core-auth": ["@azure/core-auth@1.10.1", "", { "dependencies": { "@azure/abort-controller": "^2.1.2", "@azure/core-util": "^1.13.0", "tslib": "^2.6.2" } }, "sha512-ykRMW8PjVAn+RS6ww5cmK9U2CyH9p4Q88YJwvUslfuMmN98w/2rdGRLPqJYObapBCdzBVeDgYWdJnFPFb7qzpg=="],
+
+    "@azure/core-client": ["@azure/core-client@1.10.1", "", { "dependencies": { "@azure/abort-controller": "^2.1.2", "@azure/core-auth": "^1.10.0", "@azure/core-rest-pipeline": "^1.22.0", "@azure/core-tracing": "^1.3.0", "@azure/core-util": "^1.13.0", "@azure/logger": "^1.3.0", "tslib": "^2.6.2" } }, "sha512-Nh5PhEOeY6PrnxNPsEHRr9eimxLwgLlpmguQaHKBinFYA/RU9+kOYVOQqOrTsCL+KSxrLLl1gD8Dk5BFW/7l/w=="],
+
+    "@azure/core-rest-pipeline": ["@azure/core-rest-pipeline@1.23.0", "", { "dependencies": { "@azure/abort-controller": "^2.1.2", "@azure/core-auth": "^1.10.0", "@azure/core-tracing": "^1.3.0", "@azure/core-util": "^1.13.0", "@azure/logger": "^1.3.0", "@typespec/ts-http-runtime": "^0.3.4", "tslib": "^2.6.2" } }, "sha512-Evs1INHo+jUjwHi1T6SG6Ua/LHOQBCLuKEEE6efIpt4ZOoNonaT1kP32GoOcdNDbfqsD2445CPri3MubBy5DEQ=="],
+
+    "@azure/core-tracing": ["@azure/core-tracing@1.3.1", "", { "dependencies": { "tslib": "^2.6.2" } }, "sha512-9MWKevR7Hz8kNzzPLfX4EAtGM2b8mr50HPDBvio96bURP/9C+HjdH3sBlLSNNrvRAr5/k/svoH457gB5IKpmwQ=="],
+
+    "@azure/core-util": ["@azure/core-util@1.13.1", "", { "dependencies": { "@azure/abort-controller": "^2.1.2", "@typespec/ts-http-runtime": "^0.3.0", "tslib": "^2.6.2" } }, "sha512-XPArKLzsvl0Hf0CaGyKHUyVgF7oDnhKoP85Xv6M4StF/1AhfORhZudHtOyf2s+FcbuQ9dPRAjB8J2KvRRMUK2A=="],
+
+    "@azure/identity": ["@azure/identity@4.13.1", "", { "dependencies": { "@azure/abort-controller": "^2.0.0", "@azure/core-auth": "^1.9.0", "@azure/core-client": "^1.9.2", "@azure/core-rest-pipeline": "^1.17.0", "@azure/core-tracing": "^1.0.0", "@azure/core-util": "^1.11.0", "@azure/logger": "^1.0.0", "@azure/msal-browser": "^5.5.0", "@azure/msal-node": "^5.1.0", "open": "^10.1.0", "tslib": "^2.2.0" } }, "sha512-5C/2WD5Vb1lHnZS16dNQRPMjN6oV/Upba+C9nBIs15PmOi6A3ZGs4Lr2u60zw4S04gi+u3cEXiqTVP7M4Pz3kw=="],
+
+    "@azure/logger": ["@azure/logger@1.3.0", "", { "dependencies": { "@typespec/ts-http-runtime": "^0.3.0", "tslib": "^2.6.2" } }, "sha512-fCqPIfOcLE+CGqGPd66c8bZpwAji98tZ4JI9i/mlTNTlsIWslCfpg48s/ypyLxZTump5sypjrKn2/kY7q8oAbA=="],
+
+    "@azure/msal-browser": ["@azure/msal-browser@5.11.0", "", { "dependencies": { "@azure/msal-common": "16.6.2" } }, "sha512-zkGNYS3TwY8lUpPIafAmsFCYZbgFixY9y/LZB9GUg0IILoHTqpN26j5OrkL1AQThh/YdZsawe4iWXfp85lFVxg=="],
+
+    "@azure/msal-common": ["@azure/msal-common@16.6.2", "", {}, "sha512-hQjjsekAjB00cM1EmatWJlzhEoK2Qhz7Rj5gvM6tYf8iL7RM3tkxlpU9fG0+ofkulzg9AEEA6dIEnSmDr5ZqUA=="],
+
+    "@azure/msal-node": ["@azure/msal-node@5.2.2", "", { "dependencies": { "@azure/msal-common": "16.6.2", "jsonwebtoken": "^9.0.0" } }, "sha512-toS+2AePxqyzb0YOKttDOOiSl3jrkK9aiqIvpurpis0O34QcIS5gToqrgT39p04Dpxw3YoUU0lxJKTpSFFfA6Q=="],
+
     "@babel/code-frame": ["@babel/code-frame@7.29.0", "", { "dependencies": { "@babel/helper-validator-identifier": "^7.28.5", "js-tokens": "^4.0.0", "picocolors": "^1.1.1" } }, "sha512-9NhCeYjq9+3uxgdtp20LSiJXJvN0FeCtNGpJxuMFZ1Kv3cWUNb6DOhJwUvcVCzKGR66cw4njwM6hrJLqgOwbcw=="],
 
     "@babel/compat-data": ["@babel/compat-data@7.29.0", "", {}, "sha512-T1NCJqT/j9+cn8fvkt7jtwbLBfLC/1y1c7NtCeXFRgzGTsafi68MRv8yzkYSapBnFA6L3U2VSc02ciDzoAJhJg=="],
@@ -87,6 +129,8 @@
 
     "@babel/types": ["@babel/types@7.29.0", "", { "dependencies": { "@babel/helper-string-parser": "^7.27.1", "@babel/helper-validator-identifier": "^7.28.5" } }, "sha512-LwdZHpScM4Qz8Xw2iKSzS+cfglZzJGvofQICy7W7v4caru4EaAmyUuO6BGrbyQ2mYV11W0U8j5mBhd14dd3B0A=="],
 
+    "@bcoe/v8-coverage": ["@bcoe/v8-coverage@1.0.2", "", {}, "sha512-6zABk/ECA/QYSCQ1NGiVwwbQerUCZ+TQbp64Q3AgmfNvurHH0j8TtXa1qbShXA6qqkpAj4V5W8pP6mLe1mcMqA=="],
+
     "@devup-api/core": ["@devup-api/core@0.1.17", "", {}, "sha512-6jf6GA6ejJHt8WSL3+zTSeYJoQAIo7H70ldvcHypqPDdenwr5JH18nqLeAh/v2UFHhlWzqU5ZT4nwuPspKl1Gw=="],
 
     "@devup-api/fetch": ["@devup-api/fetch@0.1.20", "", { "dependencies": { "@devup-api/core": "^0.1.16" } }, "sha512-Jt6f1NsjyZC2pkoI4xd/3+AhS7bZQ+Z56W0ASyK61bCZ2PXlB+KG1NjZZZQOCsvLL892GiRdgNgab/rbnHws6A=="],
@@ -119,8 +163,64 @@
 
     "@devup-ui/webpack-plugin": ["@devup-ui/webpack-plugin@1.0.58", "", { "dependencies": { "@devup-ui/plugin-utils": "^1.0.4", "@devup-ui/wasm": "^1.0.68" } }, "sha512-JrQQd3p0kQ1kASL5E783OsfXLdzh4Aaiugy1901wN7enF7fcKvZthIxDMd3ionLDXym4ZAb+l0QnRFKlMW2Gcg=="],
 
+    "@emnapi/core": ["@emnapi/core@1.10.0", "", { "dependencies": { "@emnapi/wasi-threads": "1.2.1", "tslib": "^2.4.0" } }, "sha512-yq6OkJ4p82CAfPl0u9mQebQHKPJkY7WrIuk205cTYnYe+k2Z8YBh11FrbRG/H6ihirqcacOgl2BIO8oyMQLeXw=="],
+
     "@emnapi/runtime": ["@emnapi/runtime@1.10.0", "", { "dependencies": { "tslib": "^2.4.0" } }, "sha512-ewvYlk86xUoGI0zQRNq/mC+16R1QeDlKQy21Ki3oSYXNgLb45GV1P6A0M+/s6nyCuNDqe5VpaY84BzXGwVbwFA=="],
 
+    "@emnapi/wasi-threads": ["@emnapi/wasi-threads@1.2.1", "", { "dependencies": { "tslib": "^2.4.0" } }, "sha512-uTII7OYF+/Mes/MrcIOYp5yOtSMLBWSIoLPpcgwipoiKbli6k322tcoFsxoIIxPDqW01SQGAgko4EzZi2BNv2w=="],
+
+    "@esbuild/aix-ppc64": ["@esbuild/aix-ppc64@0.28.0", "", { "os": "aix", "cpu": "ppc64" }, "sha512-lhRUCeuOyJQURhTxl4WkpFTjIsbDayJHih5kZC1giwE+MhIzAb7mEsQMqMf18rHLsrb5qI1tafG20mLxEWcWlA=="],
+
+    "@esbuild/android-arm": ["@esbuild/android-arm@0.28.0", "", { "os": "android", "cpu": "arm" }, "sha512-wqh0ByljabXLKHeWXYLqoJ5jKC4XBaw6Hk08OfMrCRd2nP2ZQ5eleDZC41XHyCNgktBGYMbqnrJKq/K/lzPMSQ=="],
+
+    "@esbuild/android-arm64": ["@esbuild/android-arm64@0.28.0", "", { "os": "android", "cpu": "arm64" }, "sha512-+WzIXQOSaGs33tLEgYPYe/yQHf0WTU0X42Jca3y8NWMbUVhp7rUnw+vAsRC/QiDrdD31IszMrZy+qwPOPjd+rw=="],
+
+    "@esbuild/android-x64": ["@esbuild/android-x64@0.28.0", "", { "os": "android", "cpu": "x64" }, "sha512-+VJggoaKhk2VNNqVL7f6S189UzShHC/mR9EE8rDdSkdpN0KflSwWY/gWjDrNxxisg8Fp1ZCD9jLMo4m0OUfeUA=="],
+
+    "@esbuild/darwin-arm64": ["@esbuild/darwin-arm64@0.28.0", "", { "os": "darwin", "cpu": "arm64" }, "sha512-0T+A9WZm+bZ84nZBtk1ckYsOvyA3x7e2Acj1KdVfV4/2tdG4fzUp91YHx+GArWLtwqp77pBXVCPn2We7Letr0Q=="],
+
+    "@esbuild/darwin-x64": ["@esbuild/darwin-x64@0.28.0", "", { "os": "darwin", "cpu": "x64" }, "sha512-fyzLm/DLDl/84OCfp2f/XQ4flmORsjU7VKt8HLjvIXChJoFFOIL6pLJPH4Yhd1n1gGFF9mPwtlN5Wf82DZs+LQ=="],
+
+    "@esbuild/freebsd-arm64": ["@esbuild/freebsd-arm64@0.28.0", "", { "os": "freebsd", "cpu": "arm64" }, "sha512-l9GeW5UZBT9k9brBYI+0WDffcRxgHQD8ShN2Ur4xWq/NFzUKm3k5lsH4PdaRgb2w7mI9u61nr2gI2mLI27Nh3Q=="],
+
+    "@esbuild/freebsd-x64": ["@esbuild/freebsd-x64@0.28.0", "", { "os": "freebsd", "cpu": "x64" }, "sha512-BXoQai/A0wPO6Es3yFJ7APCiKGc1tdAEOgeTNy3SsB491S3aHn4S4r3e976eUnPdU+NbdtmBuLncYir2tMU9Nw=="],
+
+    "@esbuild/linux-arm": ["@esbuild/linux-arm@0.28.0", "", { "os": "linux", "cpu": "arm" }, "sha512-CjaaREJagqJp7iTaNQjjidaNbCKYcd4IDkzbwwxtSvjI7NZm79qiHc8HqciMddQ6CKvJT6aBd8lO9kN/ZudLlw=="],
+
+    "@esbuild/linux-arm64": ["@esbuild/linux-arm64@0.28.0", "", { "os": "linux", "cpu": "arm64" }, "sha512-RVyzfb3FWsGA55n6WY0MEIEPURL1FcbhFE6BffZEMEekfCzCIMtB5yyDcFnVbTnwk+CLAgTujmV/Lgvih56W+A=="],
+
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+    "@esbuild/linux-x64": ["@esbuild/linux-x64@0.28.0", "", { "os": "linux", "cpu": "x64" }, "sha512-us0dSb9iFxIi8srnpl931Nvs65it/Jd2a2K3qs7fz2WfGPHqzfzZTfec7oxZJRNPXPnNYZtanmRc4AL/JwVzHQ=="],
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+    "@esbuild/netbsd-arm64": ["@esbuild/netbsd-arm64@0.28.0", "", { "os": "none", "cpu": "arm64" }, "sha512-CR/RYotgtCKwtftMwJlUU7xCVNg3lMYZ0RzTmAHSfLCXw3NtZtNpswLEj/Kkf6kEL3Gw+BpOekRX0BYCtklhUw=="],
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+    "@esbuild/netbsd-x64": ["@esbuild/netbsd-x64@0.28.0", "", { "os": "none", "cpu": "x64" }, "sha512-nU1yhmYutL+fQ71Kxnhg8uEOdC0pwEW9entHykTgEbna2pw2dkbFSMeqjjyHZoCmt8SBkOSvV+yNmm94aUrrqw=="],
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+
+    "@esbuild/openbsd-x64": ["@esbuild/openbsd-x64@0.28.0", "", { "os": "openbsd", "cpu": "x64" }, "sha512-8wZM2qqtv9UP3mzy7HiGYNH/zjTA355mpeuA+859TyR+e+Tc08IHYpLJuMsfpDJwoLo1ikIJI8jC3GFjnRClzA=="],
+
+    "@esbuild/openharmony-arm64": ["@esbuild/openharmony-arm64@0.28.0", "", { "os": "none", "cpu": "arm64" }, "sha512-FLGfyizszcef5C3YtoyQDACyg95+dndv79i2EekILBofh5wpCa1KuBqOWKrEHZg3zrL3t5ouE5jgr94vA+Wb2w=="],
+
+    "@esbuild/sunos-x64": ["@esbuild/sunos-x64@0.28.0", "", { "os": "sunos", "cpu": "x64" }, "sha512-1ZgjUoEdHZZl/YlV76TSCz9Hqj9h9YmMGAgAPYd+q4SicWNX3G5GCyx9uhQWSLcbvPW8Ni7lj4gDa1T40akdlw=="],
+
+    "@esbuild/win32-arm64": ["@esbuild/win32-arm64@0.28.0", "", { "os": "win32", "cpu": "arm64" }, "sha512-Q9StnDmQ/enxnpxCCLSg0oo4+34B9TdXpuyPeTedN/6+iXBJ4J+zwfQI28u/Jl40nOYAxGoNi7mFP40RUtkmUA=="],
+
+    "@esbuild/win32-ia32": ["@esbuild/win32-ia32@0.28.0", "", { "os": "win32", "cpu": "ia32" }, "sha512-zF3ag/gfiCe6U2iczcRzSYJKH1DCI+ByzSENHlM2FcDbEeo5Zd2C86Aq0tKUYAJJ1obRP84ymxIAksZUcdztHA=="],
+
+    "@esbuild/win32-x64": ["@esbuild/win32-x64@0.28.0", "", { "os": "win32", "cpu": "x64" }, "sha512-pEl1bO9mfAmIC+tW5btTmrKaujg3zGtUmWNdCw/xs70FBjwAL3o9OEKNHvNmnyylD6ubxUERiEhdsL0xBQ9efw=="],
+
     "@eslint-community/eslint-utils": ["@eslint-community/eslint-utils@4.9.1", "", { "dependencies": { "eslint-visitor-keys": "^3.4.3" }, "peerDependencies": { "eslint": "^6.0.0 || ^7.0.0 || >=8.0.0" } }, "sha512-phrYmNiYppR7znFEdqgfWHXR6NCkZEK7hwWDHZUjit/2/U0r6XvkDl0SYnoM51Hq7FhCGdLDT6zxCCOY1hexsQ=="],
 
     "@eslint-community/regexpp": ["@eslint-community/regexpp@4.12.2", "", {}, "sha512-EriSTlt5OC9/7SXkRSCAhfSxxoSUgBm33OH+IkwbdpgoqsSsUg7y3uh+IICI/Qg4BBWr3U2i39RpmycbxMq4ew=="],
@@ -203,6 +303,8 @@
 
     "@isaacs/cliui": ["@isaacs/cliui@8.0.2", "", { "dependencies": { "string-width": "^5.1.2", "string-width-cjs": "npm:string-width@^4.2.0", "strip-ansi": "^7.0.1", "strip-ansi-cjs": "npm:strip-ansi@^6.0.1", "wrap-ansi": "^8.1.0", "wrap-ansi-cjs": "npm:wrap-ansi@^7.0.0" } }, "sha512-O8jcjabXaleOG9DQ0+ARXWZBTfnP4WNAqzuiJK7ll44AmxGKv/J2M4TPjxjY3znBCfvBXFzucm1twdyFybFqEA=="],
 
+    "@istanbuljs/schema": ["@istanbuljs/schema@0.1.6", "", {}, "sha512-+Sg6GCR/wy1oSmQDFq4LQDAhm3ETKnorxN+y5nbLULOR3P0c14f2Wurzj3/xqPXtasLFfHd5iRFQ7AJt4KH2cw=="],
+
     "@jridgewell/gen-mapping": ["@jridgewell/gen-mapping@0.3.13", "", { "dependencies": { "@jridgewell/sourcemap-codec": "^1.5.0", "@jridgewell/trace-mapping": "^0.3.24" } }, "sha512-2kkt/7niJ6MgEPxF0bYdQ6etZaA+fQvDcLKckhy1yIQOzaoKjBBjSj63/aLVjYE3qhRt5dvM+uUyfCg6UKCBbA=="],
 
     "@jridgewell/remapping": ["@jridgewell/remapping@2.3.5", "", { "dependencies": { "@jridgewell/gen-mapping": "^0.3.5", "@jridgewell/trace-mapping": "^0.3.24" } }, "sha512-LI9u/+laYG4Ds1TDKSJW2YPrIlcVYOwi2fUC6xB43lueCjgxV4lffOCZCtYFiH6TNOX+tQKXx97T4IKHbhyHEQ=="],
@@ -219,6 +321,8 @@
 
     "@mdx-js/react": ["@mdx-js/react@3.1.1", "", { "dependencies": { "@types/mdx": "^2.0.0" }, "peerDependencies": { "@types/react": ">=16", "react": ">=16" } }, "sha512-f++rKLQgUVYDAtECQ6fn/is15GkEH9+nZPM3MS0RcxVqoTfawHvDlSCH7JbMhAM6uJ32v3eXLvLmLvjGu7PTQw=="],
 
+    "@napi-rs/wasm-runtime": ["@napi-rs/wasm-runtime@0.2.12", "", { "dependencies": { "@emnapi/core": "^1.4.3", "@emnapi/runtime": "^1.4.3", "@tybys/wasm-util": "^0.10.0" } }, "sha512-ZVWUcfwY4E/yPitQJl481FjFo3K22D6qF0DuFH6Y/nbnE11GY5uguDxZMGXPQ8WQ0128MXQD7TnfHyK4oWoIJQ=="],
+
     "@next/env": ["@next/env@16.2.4", "", {}, "sha512-dKkkOzOSwFYe5RX6y26fZgkSpVAlIOJKQHIiydQcrWH6y/97+RceSOAdjZ14Qa3zLduVUy0TXcn+EiM6t4rPgw=="],
 
     "@next/mdx": ["@next/mdx@16.2.4", "", { "dependencies": { "source-map": "^0.7.0" }, "peerDependencies": { "@mdx-js/loader": ">=0.15.0", "@mdx-js/react": ">=0.15.0" }, "optionalPeers": ["@mdx-js/loader", "@mdx-js/react"] }, "sha512-e/3bgla+/oF3vDlndI0eFPa0bnP47HPVA0InsAJi7Jr3DwV8WpEGuOcm/3PdI5/93FfNiBhMVeVHZpm1sFlmJw=="],
@@ -239,6 +343,42 @@
 
     "@next/swc-win32-x64-msvc": ["@next/swc-win32-x64-msvc@16.2.4", "", { "os": "win32", "cpu": "x64" }, "sha512-kMVGgsqhO5YTYODD9IPGGhA6iprWidQckK3LmPeW08PIFENRmgfb4MjXHO+p//d+ts2rpjvK5gXWzXSMrPl9cw=="],
 
+    "@node-rs/crc32": ["@node-rs/crc32@1.10.6", "", { "optionalDependencies": { "@node-rs/crc32-android-arm-eabi": "1.10.6", "@node-rs/crc32-android-arm64": "1.10.6", "@node-rs/crc32-darwin-arm64": "1.10.6", "@node-rs/crc32-darwin-x64": "1.10.6", "@node-rs/crc32-freebsd-x64": "1.10.6", "@node-rs/crc32-linux-arm-gnueabihf": "1.10.6", "@node-rs/crc32-linux-arm64-gnu": "1.10.6", "@node-rs/crc32-linux-arm64-musl": "1.10.6", "@node-rs/crc32-linux-x64-gnu": "1.10.6", "@node-rs/crc32-linux-x64-musl": "1.10.6", "@node-rs/crc32-wasm32-wasi": "1.10.6", "@node-rs/crc32-win32-arm64-msvc": "1.10.6", "@node-rs/crc32-win32-ia32-msvc": "1.10.6", "@node-rs/crc32-win32-x64-msvc": "1.10.6" } }, "sha512-+llXfqt+UzgoDzT9of5vPQPGqTAVCohU74I9zIBkNo5TH6s2P31DFJOGsJQKN207f0GHnYv5pV3wh3BCY/un/A=="],
+
+    "@node-rs/crc32-android-arm-eabi": ["@node-rs/crc32-android-arm-eabi@1.10.6", "", { "os": "android", "cpu": "arm" }, "sha512-vZAMuJXm3TpWPOkkhxdrofWDv+Q+I2oO7ucLRbXyAPmXFNDhHtBxbO1rk9Qzz+M3eep8ieS4/+jCL1Q0zacNMQ=="],
+
+    "@node-rs/crc32-android-arm64": ["@node-rs/crc32-android-arm64@1.10.6", "", { "os": "android", "cpu": "arm64" }, "sha512-Vl/JbjCinCw/H9gEpZveWCMjxjcEChDcDBM8S4hKay5yyoRCUHJPuKr4sjVDBeOm+1nwU3oOm6Ca8dyblwp4/w=="],
+
+    "@node-rs/crc32-darwin-arm64": ["@node-rs/crc32-darwin-arm64@1.10.6", "", { "os": "darwin", "cpu": "arm64" }, "sha512-kARYANp5GnmsQiViA5Qu74weYQ3phOHSYQf0G+U5wB3NB5JmBHnZcOc46Ig21tTypWtdv7u63TaltJQE41noyg=="],
+
+    "@node-rs/crc32-darwin-x64": ["@node-rs/crc32-darwin-x64@1.10.6", "", { "os": "darwin", "cpu": "x64" }, "sha512-Q99bevJVMfLTISpkpKBlXgtPUItrvTWKFyiqoKH5IvscZmLV++NH4V13Pa17GTBmv9n18OwzgQY4/SRq6PQNVA=="],
+
+    "@node-rs/crc32-freebsd-x64": ["@node-rs/crc32-freebsd-x64@1.10.6", "", { "os": "freebsd", "cpu": "x64" }, "sha512-66hpawbNjrgnS9EDMErta/lpaqOMrL6a6ee+nlI2viduVOmRZWm9Rg9XdGTK/+c4bQLdtC6jOd+Kp4EyGRYkAg=="],
+
+    "@node-rs/crc32-linux-arm-gnueabihf": ["@node-rs/crc32-linux-arm-gnueabihf@1.10.6", "", { "os": "linux", "cpu": "arm" }, "sha512-E8Z0WChH7X6ankbVm8J/Yym19Cq3otx6l4NFPS6JW/cWdjv7iw+Sps2huSug+TBprjbcEA+s4TvEwfDI1KScjg=="],
+
+    "@node-rs/crc32-linux-arm64-gnu": ["@node-rs/crc32-linux-arm64-gnu@1.10.6", "", { "os": "linux", "cpu": "arm64" }, "sha512-LmWcfDbqAvypX0bQjQVPmQGazh4dLiVklkgHxpV4P0TcQ1DT86H/SWpMBMs/ncF8DGuCQ05cNyMv1iddUDugoQ=="],
+
+    "@node-rs/crc32-linux-arm64-musl": ["@node-rs/crc32-linux-arm64-musl@1.10.6", "", { "os": "linux", "cpu": "arm64" }, "sha512-k8ra/bmg0hwRrIEE8JL1p32WfaN9gDlUUpQRWsbxd1WhjqvXea7kKO6K4DwVxyxlPhBS9Gkb5Urq7Y4mXANzaw=="],
+
+    "@node-rs/crc32-linux-x64-gnu": ["@node-rs/crc32-linux-x64-gnu@1.10.6", "", { "os": "linux", "cpu": "x64" }, "sha512-IfjtqcuFK7JrSZ9mlAFhb83xgium30PguvRjIMI45C3FJwu18bnLk1oR619IYb/zetQT82MObgmqfKOtgemEKw=="],
+
+    "@node-rs/crc32-linux-x64-musl": ["@node-rs/crc32-linux-x64-musl@1.10.6", "", { "os": "linux", "cpu": "x64" }, "sha512-LbFYsA5M9pNunOweSt6uhxenYQF94v3bHDAQRPTQ3rnjn+mK6IC7YTAYoBjvoJP8lVzcvk9hRj8wp4Jyh6Y80g=="],
+
+    "@node-rs/crc32-wasm32-wasi": ["@node-rs/crc32-wasm32-wasi@1.10.6", "", { "dependencies": { "@napi-rs/wasm-runtime": "^0.2.5" }, "cpu": "none" }, "sha512-KaejdLgHMPsRaxnM+OG9L9XdWL2TabNx80HLdsCOoX9BVhEkfh39OeahBo8lBmidylKbLGMQoGfIKDjq0YMStw=="],
+
+    "@node-rs/crc32-win32-arm64-msvc": ["@node-rs/crc32-win32-arm64-msvc@1.10.6", "", { "os": "win32", "cpu": "arm64" }, "sha512-x50AXiSxn5Ccn+dCjLf1T7ZpdBiV1Sp5aC+H2ijhJO4alwznvXgWbopPRVhbp2nj0i+Gb6kkDUEyU+508KAdGQ=="],
+
+    "@node-rs/crc32-win32-ia32-msvc": ["@node-rs/crc32-win32-ia32-msvc@1.10.6", "", { "os": "win32", "cpu": "ia32" }, "sha512-DpDxQLaErJF9l36aghe1Mx+cOnYLKYo6qVPqPL9ukJ5rAGLtCdU0C+Zoi3gs9ySm8zmbFgazq/LvmsZYU42aBw=="],
+
+    "@node-rs/crc32-win32-x64-msvc": ["@node-rs/crc32-win32-x64-msvc@1.10.6", "", { "os": "win32", "cpu": "x64" }, "sha512-5B1vXosIIBw1m2Rcnw62IIfH7W9s9f7H7Ma0rRuhT8HR4Xh8QCgw6NJSI2S2MCngsGktYnAhyUvs81b7efTyQw=="],
+
+    "@nodelib/fs.scandir": ["@nodelib/fs.scandir@2.1.5", "", { "dependencies": { "@nodelib/fs.stat": "2.0.5", "run-parallel": "^1.1.9" } }, "sha512-vq24Bq3ym5HEQm2NKCr3yXDwjc7vTsEThRDnkp2DK9p1uqLR+DHurm/NOTo0KG7HYHU7eppKZj3MyqYuMBf62g=="],
+
+    "@nodelib/fs.stat": ["@nodelib/fs.stat@2.0.5", "", {}, "sha512-RkhPPp2zrqDAQA/2jNhnztcPAlv64XdhIp7a7454A5ovI7Bukxgt7MX7udwAu3zg1DcpPU0rz3VV1SeaqvY4+A=="],
+
+    "@nodelib/fs.walk": ["@nodelib/fs.walk@1.2.8", "", { "dependencies": { "@nodelib/fs.scandir": "2.1.5", "fastq": "^1.6.0" } }, "sha512-oGB+UxlgWcgQkgwo8GcEGwemoTFt3FIO9ababBmaGwXIoBKZ+GTy0pP185beGg7Llih/NSHSV2XAs1lnznocSg=="],
+
     "@npmcli/config": ["@npmcli/config@8.3.4", "", { "dependencies": { "@npmcli/map-workspaces": "^3.0.2", "@npmcli/package-json": "^5.1.1", "ci-info": "^4.0.0", "ini": "^4.1.2", "nopt": "^7.2.1", "proc-log": "^4.2.0", "semver": "^7.3.5", "walk-up-path": "^3.0.1" } }, "sha512-01rtHedemDNhUXdicU7s+QYz/3JyV5Naj84cvdXGH4mgCdL+agmSYaLF4LUG4vMCLzhBO8YtS0gPpH1FGvbgAw=="],
 
     "@npmcli/git": ["@npmcli/git@5.0.8", "", { "dependencies": { "@npmcli/promise-spawn": "^7.0.0", "ini": "^4.1.3", "lru-cache": "^10.0.1", "npm-pick-manifest": "^9.0.0", "proc-log": "^4.0.0", "promise-inflight": "^1.0.1", "promise-retry": "^2.0.1", "semver": "^7.3.5", "which": "^4.0.0" } }, "sha512-liASfw5cqhjNW9UFd+ruwwdEf/lbOAQjLL2XY2dFW/bkJheXDYZgOyul/4gVvEV4BWkTXjYGmDqMw9uegdbJNQ=="],
@@ -293,6 +433,30 @@
 
     "@pkgr/core": ["@pkgr/core@0.2.9", "", {}, "sha512-QNqXyfVS2wm9hweSYD2O7F0G06uurj9kZ96TRQE5Y9hU7+tgdZwIkbAKc5Ocy1HxEY2kuDQa6cQ1WRs/O5LFKA=="],
 
+    "@secretlint/config-creator": ["@secretlint/config-creator@10.2.2", "", { "dependencies": { "@secretlint/types": "^10.2.2" } }, "sha512-BynOBe7Hn3LJjb3CqCHZjeNB09s/vgf0baBaHVw67w7gHF0d25c3ZsZ5+vv8TgwSchRdUCRrbbcq5i2B1fJ2QQ=="],
+
+    "@secretlint/config-loader": ["@secretlint/config-loader@10.2.2", "", { "dependencies": { "@secretlint/profiler": "^10.2.2", "@secretlint/resolver": "^10.2.2", "@secretlint/types": "^10.2.2", "ajv": "^8.17.1", "debug": "^4.4.1", "rc-config-loader": "^4.1.3" } }, "sha512-ndjjQNgLg4DIcMJp4iaRD6xb9ijWQZVbd9694Ol2IszBIbGPPkwZHzJYKICbTBmh6AH/pLr0CiCaWdGJU7RbpQ=="],
+
+    "@secretlint/core": ["@secretlint/core@10.2.2", "", { "dependencies": { "@secretlint/profiler": "^10.2.2", "@secretlint/types": "^10.2.2", "debug": "^4.4.1", "structured-source": "^4.0.0" } }, "sha512-6rdwBwLP9+TO3rRjMVW1tX+lQeo5gBbxl1I5F8nh8bgGtKwdlCMhMKsBWzWg1ostxx/tIG7OjZI0/BxsP8bUgw=="],
+
+    "@secretlint/formatter": ["@secretlint/formatter@10.2.2", "", { "dependencies": { "@secretlint/resolver": "^10.2.2", "@secretlint/types": "^10.2.2", "@textlint/linter-formatter": "^15.2.0", "@textlint/module-interop": "^15.2.0", "@textlint/types": "^15.2.0", "chalk": "^5.4.1", "debug": "^4.4.1", "pluralize": "^8.0.0", "strip-ansi": "^7.1.0", "table": "^6.9.0", "terminal-link": "^4.0.0" } }, "sha512-10f/eKV+8YdGKNQmoDUD1QnYL7TzhI2kzyx95vsJKbEa8akzLAR5ZrWIZ3LbcMmBLzxlSQMMccRmi05yDQ5YDA=="],
+
+    "@secretlint/node": ["@secretlint/node@10.2.2", "", { "dependencies": { "@secretlint/config-loader": "^10.2.2", "@secretlint/core": "^10.2.2", "@secretlint/formatter": "^10.2.2", "@secretlint/profiler": "^10.2.2", "@secretlint/source-creator": "^10.2.2", "@secretlint/types": "^10.2.2", "debug": "^4.4.1", "p-map": "^7.0.3" } }, "sha512-eZGJQgcg/3WRBwX1bRnss7RmHHK/YlP/l7zOQsrjexYt6l+JJa5YhUmHbuGXS94yW0++3YkEJp0kQGYhiw1DMQ=="],
+
+    "@secretlint/profiler": ["@secretlint/profiler@10.2.2", "", {}, "sha512-qm9rWfkh/o8OvzMIfY8a5bCmgIniSpltbVlUVl983zDG1bUuQNd1/5lUEeWx5o/WJ99bXxS7yNI4/KIXfHexig=="],
+
+    "@secretlint/resolver": ["@secretlint/resolver@10.2.2", "", {}, "sha512-3md0cp12e+Ae5V+crPQYGd6aaO7ahw95s28OlULGyclyyUtf861UoRGS2prnUrKh7MZb23kdDOyGCYb9br5e4w=="],
+
+    "@secretlint/secretlint-formatter-sarif": ["@secretlint/secretlint-formatter-sarif@10.2.2", "", { "dependencies": { "node-sarif-builder": "^3.2.0" } }, "sha512-ojiF9TGRKJJw308DnYBucHxkpNovDNu1XvPh7IfUp0A12gzTtxuWDqdpuVezL7/IP8Ua7mp5/VkDMN9OLp1doQ=="],
+
+    "@secretlint/secretlint-rule-no-dotenv": ["@secretlint/secretlint-rule-no-dotenv@10.2.2", "", { "dependencies": { "@secretlint/types": "^10.2.2" } }, "sha512-KJRbIShA9DVc5Va3yArtJ6QDzGjg3PRa1uYp9As4RsyKtKSSZjI64jVca57FZ8gbuk4em0/0Jq+uy6485wxIdg=="],
+
+    "@secretlint/secretlint-rule-preset-recommend": ["@secretlint/secretlint-rule-preset-recommend@10.2.2", "", {}, "sha512-K3jPqjva8bQndDKJqctnGfwuAxU2n9XNCPtbXVI5JvC7FnQiNg/yWlQPbMUlBXtBoBGFYp08A94m6fvtc9v+zA=="],
+
+    "@secretlint/source-creator": ["@secretlint/source-creator@10.2.2", "", { "dependencies": { "@secretlint/types": "^10.2.2", "istextorbinary": "^9.5.0" } }, "sha512-h6I87xJfwfUTgQ7irWq7UTdq/Bm1RuQ/fYhA3dtTIAop5BwSFmZyrchph4WcoEvbN460BWKmk4RYSvPElIIvxw=="],
+
+    "@secretlint/types": ["@secretlint/types@10.2.2", "", {}, "sha512-Nqc90v4lWCXyakD6xNyNACBJNJ0tNCwj2WNk/7ivyacYHxiITVgmLUFXTBOeCdy79iz6HtN9Y31uw/jbLrdOAg=="],
+
     "@shikijs/core": ["@shikijs/core@4.0.2", "", { "dependencies": { "@shikijs/primitive": "4.0.2", "@shikijs/types": "4.0.2", "@shikijs/vscode-textmate": "^10.0.2", "@types/hast": "^3.0.4", "hast-util-to-html": "^9.0.5" } }, "sha512-hxT0YF4ExEqB8G/qFdtJvpmHXBYJ2lWW7qTHDarVkIudPFE6iCIrqdgWxGn5s+ppkGXI0aEGlibI0PAyzP3zlw=="],
 
     "@shikijs/engine-javascript": ["@shikijs/engine-javascript@4.0.2", "", { "dependencies": { "@shikijs/types": "4.0.2", "@shikijs/vscode-textmate": "^10.0.2", "oniguruma-to-es": "^4.3.4" } }, "sha512-7PW0Nm49DcoUIQEXlJhNNBHyoGMjalRETTCcjMqEaMoJRLljy1Bi/EGV3/qLBgLKQejdspiiYuHGQW6dX94Nag=="],
@@ -309,6 +473,8 @@
 
     "@shikijs/vscode-textmate": ["@shikijs/vscode-textmate@10.0.2", "", {}, "sha512-83yeghZ2xxin3Nj8z1NMd/NCuca+gsYXswywDy5bHvwlWL8tpTQmzGeUuHd9FC3E/SBEMvzJRwWEOz5gGes9Qg=="],
 
+    "@sindresorhus/merge-streams": ["@sindresorhus/merge-streams@2.3.0", "", {}, "sha512-LtoMMhxAlorcGhmFYI+LhPgbPZCkgP6ra1YL604EeF6U98pLlQ3iWIGMdWSC+vWmPBWBNgmDBAhnAobLROJmwg=="],
+
     "@swc/helpers": ["@swc/helpers@0.5.15", "", { "dependencies": { "tslib": "^2.8.0" } }, "sha512-JQ5TuMi45Owi4/BIMAJBoSQoOJu12oOk/gADqlcUL9JEdHB8vyjUSsxqeNXnmXHjYKMi2WcYtezGEEhqUI/E2g=="],
 
     "@tanstack/eslint-plugin-query": ["@tanstack/eslint-plugin-query@5.100.5", "", { "dependencies": { "@typescript-eslint/utils": "^8.58.1" }, "peerDependencies": { "eslint": "^8.57.0 || ^9.0.0 || ^10.0.0", "typescript": "^5.4.0 || ^6.0.0" }, "optionalPeers": ["typescript"] }, "sha512-WKt+xyxvMQkUL4sqMQ8l3gzCplNi9HedVQN32WmBJYKITJ9a5r3H5cpICp8y96V8ZL5rZH0EZRgpO6sy8fAgrQ=="],
@@ -325,6 +491,18 @@
 
     "@testing-library/user-event": ["@testing-library/user-event@14.6.1", "", { "peerDependencies": { "@testing-library/dom": ">=7.21.4" } }, "sha512-vq7fv0rnt+QTXgPxr5Hjc210p6YKq2kmdziLgnsZGgLJ9e6VAShx1pACLuRjd/AS/sr7phAR58OIIpf0LlmQNw=="],
 
+    "@textlint/ast-node-types": ["@textlint/ast-node-types@15.7.1", "", {}, "sha512-Wii5UgUKFEh9Uv6wbq1zr4/Kf+dtjiUuzPrrXzKp8H+ifkvKNzi23V4Nz+6wVyHQn5T28AFuc8VH8OtzvGYecA=="],
+
+    "@textlint/linter-formatter": ["@textlint/linter-formatter@15.7.1", "", { "dependencies": { "@azu/format-text": "^1.0.2", "@azu/style-format": "^1.0.1", "@textlint/module-interop": "15.7.1", "@textlint/resolver": "15.7.1", "@textlint/types": "15.7.1", "chalk": "^4.1.2", "debug": "^4.4.3", "js-yaml": "^4.1.1", "lodash": "^4.18.1", "pluralize": "^2.0.0", "string-width": "^4.2.3", "strip-ansi": "^6.0.1", "table": "^6.9.0", "text-table": "^0.2.0" } }, "sha512-TdwZ/debWYFD05K3CcoHtwvnCrza29wZxD+BjDTk/V5N7iRqkK1dTTHSD4A8AIgROLiDkHJmIKQbasbmsg8AvA=="],
+
+    "@textlint/module-interop": ["@textlint/module-interop@15.7.1", "", {}, "sha512-Jg+sQW2L/cRJypk59wtcMUVVpt8vmit5ZMT3gUnFwevP3A6Qp1HfOtUy9ObT4hBX3lOSGT/ekcCDxR1pL7uH1g=="],
+
+    "@textlint/resolver": ["@textlint/resolver@15.7.1", "", {}, "sha512-8XnO0pgF6mXnm41VvWmBbEIdGPhiCUt31uLZkOis1ECeg/1SoUcIT6Mx/F0e1rukq8l0UlOSeY9a31CsvRMK0g=="],
+
+    "@textlint/types": ["@textlint/types@15.7.1", "", { "dependencies": { "@textlint/ast-node-types": "15.7.1" } }, "sha512-Vye/GmFNBTgVzZFtIFJTmLB+s2A7oIADxNG6r9UhfPuY+Czv0z5G3xeyFZZudPlfxURsKUyPIU5XsjOFqVp33A=="],
+
+    "@tybys/wasm-util": ["@tybys/wasm-util@0.10.2", "", { "dependencies": { "tslib": "^2.4.0" } }, "sha512-RoBvJ2X0wuKlWFIjrwffGw1IqZHKQqzIchKaadZZfnNpsAYp2mM0h36JtPCjNDAHGgYez/15uMBpfGwchhiMgg=="],
+
     "@types/aria-query": ["@types/aria-query@5.0.4", "", {}, "sha512-rfT93uj5s0PRL7EzccGMs3brplhcrghnDoV26NqKhCAS1hVo+WdNsPvE/yb6ilfr5hi2MEk6d5EWJTKdxg8jVw=="],
 
     "@types/bun": ["@types/bun@1.3.13", "", { "dependencies": { "bun-types": "1.3.13" } }, "sha512-9fqXWk5YIHGGnUau9TEi+qdlTYDAnOj+xLCmSTwXfAIqXr2x4tytJb43E9uCvt09zJURKXwAtkoH4nLQfzeTXw=="],
@@ -343,24 +521,34 @@
 
     "@types/is-empty": ["@types/is-empty@1.2.3", "", {}, "sha512-4J1l5d79hoIvsrKh5VUKVRA1aIdsOb10Hu5j3J2VfP/msDnfTdGPmNp2E1Wg+vs97Bktzo+MZePFFXSGoykYJw=="],
 
+    "@types/istanbul-lib-coverage": ["@types/istanbul-lib-coverage@2.0.6", "", {}, "sha512-2QF/t/auWm0lsy8XtKVPG19v3sSOQlJe/YHZgfjb/KBBHOGSV+J2q/S671rcq9uTBrLAXmZpqJiaQbMT+zNU1w=="],
+
     "@types/json-schema": ["@types/json-schema@7.0.15", "", {}, "sha512-5+fP8P8MFNC+AyZCDxrB2pkZFPGzqQWUzpSeuuVLvm8VMcorNYavBqoFcxK8bQz4Qsbn4oUEEem4wDLfcysGHA=="],
 
     "@types/mdast": ["@types/mdast@4.0.4", "", { "dependencies": { "@types/unist": "*" } }, "sha512-kGaNbPh1k7AFzgpud/gMdvIm5xuECykRR+JnWKQno9TAXVa6WIVCGTPvYGekIDL4uwCZQSYbUxNBSb1aUo79oA=="],
 
     "@types/mdx": ["@types/mdx@2.0.13", "", {}, "sha512-+OWZQfAYyio6YkJb3HLxDrvnx6SWWDbC0zVPfBRzUk0/nqoDyf6dNxQi3eArPe8rJ473nobTMQ/8Zk+LxJ+Yuw=="],
 
+    "@types/mocha": ["@types/mocha@10.0.10", "", {}, "sha512-xPyYSz1cMPnJQhl0CLMH68j3gprKZaTjG3s5Vi+fDgx+uhG9NOXwbVt52eFS8ECyXhyKcjDLCBEqBExKuiZb7Q=="],
+
     "@types/ms": ["@types/ms@2.1.0", "", {}, "sha512-GsCCIZDE/p3i96vtEqx+7dBUGXrc7zeSK3wwPHIaRThS+9OhWIXRqzs4d6k1SVU8g91DrNRWxWUGhp5KXQb2VA=="],
 
     "@types/node": ["@types/node@25.6.0", "", { "dependencies": { "undici-types": "~7.19.0" } }, "sha512-+qIYRKdNYJwY3vRCZMdJbPLJAtGjQBudzZzdzwQYkEPQd+PJGixUL5QfvCLDaULoLv+RhT3LDkwEfKaAkgSmNQ=="],
 
+    "@types/normalize-package-data": ["@types/normalize-package-data@2.4.4", "", {}, "sha512-37i+OaWTh9qeK4LSHPsyRC7NahnGotNuZvjLSgcPzblpHB3rrCJxAOgI5gCdKm7coonsaX1Of0ILiTcnZjbfxA=="],
+
     "@types/react": ["@types/react@19.2.14", "", { "dependencies": { "csstype": "^3.2.2" } }, "sha512-ilcTH/UniCkMdtexkoCN0bI7pMcJDvmQFPvuPvmEaYA/NSfFTAgdUSLAoVjaRJm7+6PvcM+q1zYOwS4wTYMF9w=="],
 
     "@types/react-syntax-highlighter": ["@types/react-syntax-highlighter@15.5.13", "", { "dependencies": { "@types/react": "*" } }, "sha512-uLGJ87j6Sz8UaBAooU0T6lWJ0dBmjZgN1PZTrj05TNql2/XpC6+4HhMT5syIdFUUt+FASfCeLLv4kBygNU+8qA=="],
 
+    "@types/sarif": ["@types/sarif@2.1.7", "", {}, "sha512-kRz0VEkJqWLf1LLVN4pT1cg1Z9wAuvI6L97V3m2f5B76Tg8d413ddvLBPTEHAZJlnn4XSvu0FkZtViCQGVyrXQ=="],
+
     "@types/supports-color": ["@types/supports-color@8.1.3", "", {}, "sha512-Hy6UMpxhE3j1tLpl27exp1XqHD7n8chAiNPzWfz16LPZoMMoSc4dzLl6w9qijkEb/r5O1ozdu1CWGA2L83ZeZg=="],
 
     "@types/unist": ["@types/unist@3.0.3", "", {}, "sha512-ko/gIFJRv177XgZsZcBwnqJN5x/Gien8qNOn0D5bQU/zAzVf9Zt3BlcUiLqhV9y4ARk0GbT3tnUiPNgnTXzc/Q=="],
 
+    "@types/vscode": ["@types/vscode@1.120.0", "", {}, "sha512-feaT4Rst+FkTch5zz/ZbNCxoIvo55YU80Be2kiL7OJcod4+CUYf2lUBPdIJzozNnSEMq1VRTGrWEcCGFB3fBmA=="],
+
     "@types/whatwg-mimetype": ["@types/whatwg-mimetype@3.0.2", "", {}, "sha512-c2AKvDT8ToxLIOUlN51gTiHXflsfIFisS4pO7pDPoKouJCESkhZnEy623gwP9laCy5lnLDAw1vAzu2vM2YLOrA=="],
 
     "@types/ws": ["@types/ws@8.18.1", "", { "dependencies": { "@types/node": "*" } }, "sha512-ThVF6DCVhA8kUGy+aazFQ4kXQ7E1Ty7A3ypFOe0IcJV8O/M511G99AW24irKrW56Wt44yG9+ij8FaqoBGkuBXg=="],
@@ -385,20 +573,52 @@
 
     "@typescript-eslint/visitor-keys": ["@typescript-eslint/visitor-keys@8.59.0", "", { "dependencies": { "@typescript-eslint/types": "8.59.0", "eslint-visitor-keys": "^5.0.0" } }, "sha512-/uejZt4dSere1bx12WLlPfv8GktzcaDtuJ7s42/HEZ5zGj9oxRaD4bj7qwSunXkf+pbAhFt2zjpHYUiT5lHf0Q=="],
 
+    "@typespec/ts-http-runtime": ["@typespec/ts-http-runtime@0.3.5", "", { "dependencies": { "http-proxy-agent": "^7.0.0", "https-proxy-agent": "^7.0.0", "tslib": "^2.6.2" } }, "sha512-yURCknZhvywvQItHMMmFSo+fq5arCUIyz/CVk7jD89MSai7dkaX8ufjCWp3NttLojoTVbcE72ri+be/TnEbMHw=="],
+
     "@ungap/structured-clone": ["@ungap/structured-clone@1.3.0", "", {}, "sha512-WmoN8qaIAo7WTYWbAZuG8PYEhn5fkz7dZrqTBZ7dtt//lL2Gwms1IcnQ5yHqjDfX8Ft5j4YzDM23f87zBfDe9g=="],
 
+    "@vscode/test-cli": ["@vscode/test-cli@0.0.12", "", { "dependencies": { "@types/mocha": "^10.0.10", "c8": "^10.1.3", "chokidar": "^3.6.0", "enhanced-resolve": "^5.18.3", "glob": "^10.3.10", "minimatch": "^9.0.3", "mocha": "^11.7.4", "supports-color": "^10.2.2", "yargs": "^17.7.2" }, "bin": { "vscode-test": "out/bin.mjs" } }, "sha512-iYN0fDg29+a2Xelle/Y56Xvv7Nc8Thzq4VwpzAF/SIE6918rDicqfsQxV6w1ttr2+SOm+10laGuY9FG2ptEKsQ=="],
+
+    "@vscode/vsce": ["@vscode/vsce@3.9.1", "", { "dependencies": { "@azure/identity": "^4.1.0", "@secretlint/node": "^10.1.2", "@secretlint/secretlint-formatter-sarif": "^10.1.2", "@secretlint/secretlint-rule-no-dotenv": "^10.1.2", "@secretlint/secretlint-rule-preset-recommend": "^10.1.2", "@vscode/vsce-sign": "^2.0.0", "azure-devops-node-api": "^12.5.0", "chalk": "^4.1.2", "cheerio": "^1.0.0-rc.9", "cockatiel": "^3.1.2", "commander": "^12.1.0", "form-data": "^4.0.0", "glob": "^11.0.0", "hosted-git-info": "^4.0.2", "jsonc-parser": "^3.2.0", "leven": "^3.1.0", "markdown-it": "^14.1.0", "mime": "^1.3.4", "minimatch": "^3.0.3", "parse-semver": "^1.1.1", "read": "^1.0.7", "secretlint": "^10.1.2", "semver": "^7.5.2", "tmp": "^0.2.3", "typed-rest-client": "^1.8.4", "url-join": "^4.0.1", "xml2js": "^0.5.0", "yauzl": "^3.2.1", "yazl": "^2.2.2" }, "optionalDependencies": { "keytar": "^7.7.0" }, "bin": { "vsce": "vsce" } }, "sha512-MPn5p+DoudI+3GfJSpAZZraE1lgLv0LcwbH3+xy7RgEhty3UIkmUMUA+5jPTDaxXae00AnX5u77FxGM8FhfKKA=="],
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+    "@vscode/vsce-sign-alpine-x64": ["@vscode/vsce-sign-alpine-x64@2.0.6", "", { "os": "none", "cpu": "x64" }, "sha512-YoAGlmdK39vKi9jA18i4ufBbd95OqGJxRvF3n6ZbCyziwy3O+JgOpIUPxv5tjeO6gQfx29qBivQ8ZZTUF2Ba0w=="],
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+    "@vscode/vsce-sign-darwin-arm64": ["@vscode/vsce-sign-darwin-arm64@2.0.6", "", { "os": "darwin", "cpu": "arm64" }, "sha512-5HMHaJRIQuozm/XQIiJiA0W9uhdblwwl2ZNDSSAeXGO9YhB9MH5C4KIHOmvyjUnKy4UCuiP43VKpIxW1VWP4tQ=="],
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+    "@vscode/vsce-sign-darwin-x64": ["@vscode/vsce-sign-darwin-x64@2.0.6", "", { "os": "darwin", "cpu": "x64" }, "sha512-25GsUbTAiNfHSuRItoQafXOIpxlYj+IXb4/qarrXu7kmbH94jlm5sdWSCKrrREs8+GsXF1b+l3OB7VJy5jsykw=="],
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+    "@vscode/vsce-sign-linux-arm": ["@vscode/vsce-sign-linux-arm@2.0.6", "", { "os": "linux", "cpu": "arm" }, "sha512-UndEc2Xlq4HsuMPnwu7420uqceXjs4yb5W8E2/UkaHBB9OWCwMd3/bRe/1eLe3D8kPpxzcaeTyXiK3RdzS/1CA=="],
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+    "@vscode/vsce-sign-linux-arm64": ["@vscode/vsce-sign-linux-arm64@2.0.6", "", { "os": "linux", "cpu": "arm64" }, "sha512-cfb1qK7lygtMa4NUl2582nP7aliLYuDEVpAbXJMkDq1qE+olIw/es+C8j1LJwvcRq1I2yWGtSn3EkDp9Dq5FdA=="],
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+    "@vscode/vsce-sign-linux-x64": ["@vscode/vsce-sign-linux-x64@2.0.6", "", { "os": "linux", "cpu": "x64" }, "sha512-/olerl1A4sOqdP+hjvJ1sbQjKN07Y3DVnxO4gnbn/ahtQvFrdhUi0G1VsZXDNjfqmXw57DmPi5ASnj/8PGZhAA=="],
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+    "@vscode/vsce-sign-win32-arm64": ["@vscode/vsce-sign-win32-arm64@2.0.6", "", { "os": "win32", "cpu": "arm64" }, "sha512-ivM/MiGIY0PJNZBoGtlRBM/xDpwbdlCWomUWuLmIxbi1Cxe/1nooYrEQoaHD8ojVRgzdQEUzMsRbyF5cJJgYOg=="],
+
+    "@vscode/vsce-sign-win32-x64": ["@vscode/vsce-sign-win32-x64@2.0.6", "", { "os": "win32", "cpu": "x64" }, "sha512-mgth9Kvze+u8CruYMmhHw6Zgy3GRX2S+Ed5oSokDEK5vPEwGGKnmuXua9tmFhomeAnhgJnL4DCna3TiNuGrBTQ=="],
+
     "abbrev": ["abbrev@2.0.0", "", {}, "sha512-6/mh1E2u2YgEsCHdY0Yx5oW+61gZU+1vXaoiHHrpKeuRNNgFvS+/jrwHiQhB5apAf5oB7UB7E19ol2R2LKH8hQ=="],
 
     "acorn": ["acorn@8.16.0", "", { "bin": { "acorn": "bin/acorn" } }, "sha512-UVJyE9MttOsBQIDKw1skb9nAwQuR5wuGD3+82K6JgJlm/Y+KI92oNsMNGZCYdDsVtRHSak0pcV5Dno5+4jh9sw=="],
 
     "acorn-jsx": ["acorn-jsx@5.3.2", "", { "peerDependencies": { "acorn": "^6.0.0 || ^7.0.0 || ^8.0.0" } }, "sha512-rq9s+JNhf0IChjtDXxllJ7g41oZk5SlXtp0LHwyA5cejwn7vKmKp4pPri6YEePv2PU65sAsegbXtIinmDFDXgQ=="],
 
+    "agent-base": ["agent-base@7.1.4", "", {}, "sha512-MnA+YT8fwfJPgBx3m60MNqakm30XOkyIoH1y6huTQvC0PwZG7ki8NacLBcrPbNoo8vEZy7Jpuk7+jMO+CUovTQ=="],
+
     "ajv": ["ajv@6.15.0", "", { "dependencies": { "fast-deep-equal": "^3.1.1", "fast-json-stable-stringify": "^2.0.0", "json-schema-traverse": "^0.4.1", "uri-js": "^4.2.2" } }, "sha512-fgFx7Hfoq60ytK2c7DhnF8jIvzYgOMxfugjLOSMHjLIPgenqa7S7oaagATUq99mV6IYvN2tRmC0wnTYX6iPbMw=="],
 
+    "ansi-escapes": ["ansi-escapes@7.3.0", "", { "dependencies": { "environment": "^1.0.0" } }, "sha512-BvU8nYgGQBxcmMuEeUEmNTvrMVjJNSH7RgW24vXexN4Ven6qCvy4TntnvlnwnMLTVlcRQQdbRY8NKnaIoeWDNg=="],
+
     "ansi-regex": ["ansi-regex@5.0.1", "", {}, "sha512-quJQXlTSUGL2LH9SUXo8VwsY4soanhgo6LNSm84E1LBcE8s3O0wpdiRzyR9z/ZZJMlMWv37qOOb9pdJlMUEKFQ=="],
 
     "ansi-styles": ["ansi-styles@4.3.0", "", { "dependencies": { "color-convert": "^2.0.1" } }, "sha512-zbB9rCJAT1rbjiVDb2hqKFHNYLxgtk8NURxZ3IZwD3F6NtxbXZQCnnSi1Lkx+IDohdPlFp222wVALIheZJQSEg=="],
 
+    "anymatch": ["anymatch@3.1.3", "", { "dependencies": { "normalize-path": "^3.0.0", "picomatch": "^2.0.4" } }, "sha512-KMReFUr0B4t+D+OBkjR3KYqvocp2XaSzO55UcB6mgQMd3KbcE+mWTyvVV7D/zsdEbNnV6acZUutkiHQXvTr1Rw=="],
+
     "argparse": ["argparse@2.0.1", "", {}, "sha512-8+9WqebbFzpX9OR+Wa6O29asIogeRMzcGtAINdpMHHyAg10f05aSFVBbcEqGf/PXw1EjAZ+q2/bEBg3DvurK3Q=="],
 
     "aria-query": ["aria-query@5.3.0", "", { "dependencies": { "dequal": "^2.0.3" } }, "sha512-b0P0sZPKtyu8HkeRAfCq0IfURZK+SuwMjY1UXGBU27wpAiTwQAIlq56IbIO+ytk/JjS1fMR14ee5WBBfKi5J6A=="],
@@ -417,30 +637,62 @@
 
     "arraybuffer.prototype.slice": ["arraybuffer.prototype.slice@1.0.4", "", { "dependencies": { "array-buffer-byte-length": "^1.0.1", "call-bind": "^1.0.8", "define-properties": "^1.2.1", "es-abstract": "^1.23.5", "es-errors": "^1.3.0", "get-intrinsic": "^1.2.6", "is-array-buffer": "^3.0.4" } }, "sha512-BNoCY6SXXPQ7gF2opIP4GBE+Xw7U+pHMYKuzjgCN3GwiaIR09UUeKfheyIry77QtrCBlC0KK0q5/TER/tYh3PQ=="],
 
+    "astral-regex": ["astral-regex@2.0.0", "", {}, "sha512-Z7tMw1ytTXt5jqMcOP+OQteU1VuNK9Y02uuJtKQ1Sv69jXQKKg5cibLwGJow8yzZP+eAc18EmLGPal0bp36rvQ=="],
+
     "astring": ["astring@1.9.0", "", { "bin": { "astring": "bin/astring" } }, "sha512-LElXdjswlqjWrPpJFg1Fx4wpkOCxj1TDHlSV4PlaRxHGWko024xICaa97ZkMfs6DRKlCguiAI+rbXv5GWwXIkg=="],
 
     "async-function": ["async-function@1.0.0", "", {}, "sha512-hsU18Ae8CDTR6Kgu9DYf0EbCr/a5iGL0rytQDobUcdpYOKokk8LEjVphnXkDkgpi0wYVsqrXuP0bZxJaTqdgoA=="],
 
+    "asynckit": ["asynckit@0.4.0", "", {}, "sha512-Oei9OH4tRh0YqU3GxhX79dM/mwVgvbZJaSNaRk+bshkj0S5cfHcgYakreBjrHwatXKbz+IoIdYLxrKim2MjW0Q=="],
+
     "available-typed-arrays": ["available-typed-arrays@1.0.7", "", { "dependencies": { "possible-typed-array-names": "^1.0.0" } }, "sha512-wvUjBtSGN7+7SjNpq/9M2Tg350UZD3q62IFZLbRAR1bSMlCo1ZaeW+BJ+D090e4hIIZLBcTDWe4Mh4jvUDajzQ=="],
 
+    "azure-devops-node-api": ["azure-devops-node-api@12.5.0", "", { "dependencies": { "tunnel": "0.0.6", "typed-rest-client": "^1.8.4" } }, "sha512-R5eFskGvOm3U/GzeAuxRkUsAl0hrAwGgWn6zAd2KrZmrEhWZVqLew4OOupbQlXUuojUzpGtq62SmdhJ06N88og=="],
+
     "babel-plugin-react-compiler": ["babel-plugin-react-compiler@1.0.0", "", { "dependencies": { "@babel/types": "^7.26.0" } }, "sha512-Ixm8tFfoKKIPYdCCKYTsqv+Fd4IJ0DQqMyEimo+pxUOMUR9cVPlwTrFt9Avu+3cb6Zp3mAzl+t1MrG2fxxKsxw=="],
 
     "bail": ["bail@2.0.2", "", {}, "sha512-0xO6mYd7JB2YesxDKplafRpsiOzPt9V02ddPCLbY1xYGPOX24NTyN50qnUxgCPcSoYMhKpAuBTjQoRZCAkUDRw=="],
 
     "balanced-match": ["balanced-match@1.0.2", "", {}, "sha512-3oSeUO0TMV67hN1AmbXsK4yaqU7tjiHlbxRDZOpH0KW9+CeX4bRAaX0Anxt0tx2MrpRpWwQaPwIlISEJhYU5Pw=="],
 
+    "base64-js": ["base64-js@1.5.1", "", {}, "sha512-AKpaYlHn8t4SVbOHCy+b5+KKgvR4vrsD8vbvrbiQJps7fKDTkjkDry6ji0rUJjC0kzbNePLwzxq8iypo41qeWA=="],
+
     "baseline-browser-mapping": ["baseline-browser-mapping@2.10.23", "", { "bin": { "baseline-browser-mapping": "dist/cli.cjs" } }, "sha512-xwVXGqevyKPsiuQdLj+dZMVjidjJV508TBqexND5HrF89cGdCYCJFB3qhcxRHSeMctdCfbR1jrxBajhDy7o29g=="],
 
+    "binary-extensions": ["binary-extensions@2.3.0", "", {}, "sha512-Ceh+7ox5qe7LJuLHoY0feh3pHuUDHAcRUeyL2VYghZwfpkNIy/+8Ocg0a3UuSoYzavmylwuLWQOf3hl0jjMMIw=="],
+
+    "binaryextensions": ["binaryextensions@6.11.0", "", { "dependencies": { "editions": "^6.21.0" } }, "sha512-sXnYK/Ij80TO3lcqZVV2YgfKN5QjUWIRk/XSm2J/4bd/lPko3lvk0O4ZppH6m+6hB2/GTu+ptNwVFe1xh+QLQw=="],
+
+    "bl": ["bl@4.1.0", "", { "dependencies": { "buffer": "^5.5.0", "inherits": "^2.0.4", "readable-stream": "^3.4.0" } }, "sha512-1W07cM9gS6DcLperZfFSj+bWLtaPGSOHWhPiGzXmvVJbRLdG82sH/Kn8EtW1VqWVA54AKf2h5k5BbnIbwF3h6w=="],
+
+    "boolbase": ["boolbase@1.0.0", "", {}, "sha512-JZOSA7Mo9sNGB8+UjSgzdLtokWAky1zbztM3WRLCbZ70/3cTANmQmOdR7y2g+J0e2WXywy1yS468tY+IruqEww=="],
+
+    "boundary": ["boundary@2.0.0", "", {}, "sha512-rJKn5ooC9u8q13IMCrW0RSp31pxBCHE3y9V/tp3TdWSLf8Em3p6Di4NBpfzbJge9YjjFEsD0RtFEjtvHL5VyEA=="],
+
     "brace-expansion": ["brace-expansion@1.1.14", "", { "dependencies": { "balanced-match": "^1.0.0", "concat-map": "0.0.1" } }, "sha512-MWPGfDxnyzKU7rNOW9SP/c50vi3xrmrua/+6hfPbCS2ABNWfx24vPidzvC7krjU/RTo235sV776ymlsMtGKj8g=="],
 
+    "braces": ["braces@3.0.3", "", { "dependencies": { "fill-range": "^7.1.1" } }, "sha512-yQbXgO/OSZVD2IsiLlro+7Hf6Q18EJrKSEsdoMzKePKXct3gvD8oLcOQdIzGupr5Fj+EDe8gO/lxc1BzfMpxvA=="],
+
+    "browser-stdout": ["browser-stdout@1.3.1", "", {}, "sha512-qhAVI1+Av2X7qelOfAIYwXONood6XlZE/fXaBSmW/T5SzLAmCgzi+eiWE7fUvbHaeNBQH13UftjpXxsfLkMpgw=="],
+
     "browserslist": ["browserslist@4.28.2", "", { "dependencies": { "baseline-browser-mapping": "^2.10.12", "caniuse-lite": "^1.0.30001782", "electron-to-chromium": "^1.5.328", "node-releases": "^2.0.36", "update-browserslist-db": "^1.2.3" }, "bin": { "browserslist": "cli.js" } }, "sha512-48xSriZYYg+8qXna9kwqjIVzuQxi+KYWp2+5nCYnYKPTr0LvD89Jqk2Or5ogxz0NUMfIjhh2lIUX/LyX9B4oIg=="],
 
+    "buffer": ["buffer@5.7.1", "", { "dependencies": { "base64-js": "^1.3.1", "ieee754": "^1.1.13" } }, "sha512-EHcyIPBQ4BSGlvjB16k5KgAJ27CIsHY/2JBmCRReo48y9rQ3MaUzWX3KVlBa4U7MyX02HdVj0K7C3WaB3ju7FQ=="],
+
+    "buffer-crc32": ["buffer-crc32@0.2.13", "", {}, "sha512-VO9Ht/+p3SN7SKWqcrgEzjGbRSJYTx+Q1pTQC0wrWqHx0vpJraQ6GtHx8tvcg1rlK1byhU5gccxgOgj7B0TDkQ=="],
+
+    "buffer-equal-constant-time": ["buffer-equal-constant-time@1.0.1", "", {}, "sha512-zRpUiDwd/xk6ADqPMATG8vc9VPrkck7T07OIx0gnjmJAnHnTVXNQG3vfvWNuiZIkwu9KrKdA1iJKfsfTVxE6NA=="],
+
     "buffer-from": ["buffer-from@1.1.2", "", {}, "sha512-E+XQCRwSbaaiChtv6k6Dwgc+bx+Bs6vuKJHHl5kox/BaKbhiXzqQOwK4cO22yElGp2OCmjwVhT3HmxgyPGnJfQ=="],
 
     "bun-test-env-dom": ["bun-test-env-dom@1.0.3", "", { "dependencies": { "@happy-dom/global-registrator": ">=20.0", "@testing-library/dom": ">=10.4", "@testing-library/jest-dom": ">=6.9", "@testing-library/react": ">=16.3", "@testing-library/user-event": ">=14.6" } }, "sha512-Ozepvzk1s/bJSxABEjbI+Ztnm3CN1b0vRSvf0Qa0rTnuO7S0wKN2cUTsXdyIJuqE6OnlAhyoe2NGqkdeemz5/Q=="],
 
     "bun-types": ["bun-types@1.3.13", "", { "dependencies": { "@types/node": "*" } }, "sha512-QXKeHLlOLqQX9LgYaHJfzdBaV21T63HhFJnvuRCcjZiaUDpbs5ED1MgxbMra71CsryN/1dAoXuJJJwIv/2drVA=="],
 
+    "bundle-name": ["bundle-name@4.1.0", "", { "dependencies": { "run-applescript": "^7.0.0" } }, "sha512-tjwM5exMg6BGRI+kNmTntNsvdZS1X8BFYS6tnJ2hdH0kVxM6/eVZ2xy+FqStSWvYmtfFMDLIxurorHwDKfDz5Q=="],
+
+    "c8": ["c8@10.1.3", "", { "dependencies": { "@bcoe/v8-coverage": "^1.0.1", "@istanbuljs/schema": "^0.1.3", "find-up": "^5.0.0", "foreground-child": "^3.1.1", "istanbul-lib-coverage": "^3.2.0", "istanbul-lib-report": "^3.0.1", "istanbul-reports": "^3.1.6", "test-exclude": "^7.0.1", "v8-to-istanbul": "^9.0.0", "yargs": "^17.7.2", "yargs-parser": "^21.1.1" }, "peerDependencies": { "monocart-coverage-reports": "^2" }, "optionalPeers": ["monocart-coverage-reports"], "bin": { "c8": "bin/c8.js" } }, "sha512-LvcyrOAaOnrrlMpW22n690PUvxiq4Uf9WMhQwNJ9vgagkL/ph1+D4uvjvDA5XCbykrc0sx+ay6pVi9YZ1GnhyA=="],
+
     "call-bind": ["call-bind@1.0.9", "", { "dependencies": { "call-bind-apply-helpers": "^1.0.2", "es-define-property": "^1.0.1", "get-intrinsic": "^1.3.0", "set-function-length": "^1.2.2" } }, "sha512-a/hy+pNsFUTR+Iz8TCJvXudKVLAnz/DyeSUo10I5yvFDQJBFU2s9uqQpoSrJlroHUKoKqzg+epxyP9lqFdzfBQ=="],
 
     "call-bind-apply-helpers": ["call-bind-apply-helpers@1.0.2", "", { "dependencies": { "es-errors": "^1.3.0", "function-bind": "^1.1.2" } }, "sha512-Sp1ablJ0ivDkSzjcaJdxEunN5/XvksFJ2sMBFfq6x0ryhQV/2b/KwFe21cMpmHtPOSij8K99/wSfoEuTObmuMQ=="],
@@ -449,6 +701,8 @@
 
     "callsites": ["callsites@3.1.0", "", {}, "sha512-P8BjAsXvZS+VIDUI11hHCQEv74YT67YUi5JJFNWIqL235sBmjX4+qx9Muvls5ivyNENctx46xQLQ3aTuE7ssaQ=="],
 
+    "camelcase": ["camelcase@6.3.0", "", {}, "sha512-Gmy6FhYlCY7uOElZUSbxo2UCDH8owEk996gkbrpsgGtrJLM3J7jGxl9Ic7Qwwj4ivOE5AWZWRMecDdF7hqGjFA=="],
+
     "caniuse-lite": ["caniuse-lite@1.0.30001791", "", {}, "sha512-yk0l/YSrOnFZk3UROpDLQD9+kC1l4meK/wed583AXrzoarMGJcbRi2Q4RaUYbKxYAsZ8sWmaSa/DsLmdBeI1vQ=="],
 
     "ccount": ["ccount@2.0.1", "", {}, "sha512-eyrF0jiFpY+3drT6383f1qhkbGsLSifNAjA61IUjZjmLCWjItY6LB9ft9YhoDgwfmclB2zhu51Lc7+95b8NRAg=="],
@@ -463,20 +717,36 @@
 
     "character-reference-invalid": ["character-reference-invalid@2.0.1", "", {}, "sha512-iBZ4F4wRbyORVsu0jPV7gXkOsGYjGHPmAyv+HiHG8gi5PtC9KI2j1+v8/tlibRvjoWX027ypmG/n0HtO5t7unw=="],
 
-    "ci-info": ["ci-info@4.4.0", "", {}, "sha512-77PSwercCZU2Fc4sX94eF8k8Pxte6JAwL4/ICZLFjJLqegs7kCuAsqqj/70NQF6TvDpgFjkubQB2FW2ZZddvQg=="],
+    "cheerio": ["cheerio@1.2.0", "", { "dependencies": { "cheerio-select": "^2.1.0", "dom-serializer": "^2.0.0", "domhandler": "^5.0.3", "domutils": "^3.2.2", "encoding-sniffer": "^0.2.1", "htmlparser2": "^10.1.0", "parse5": "^7.3.0", "parse5-htmlparser2-tree-adapter": "^7.1.0", "parse5-parser-stream": "^7.1.2", "undici": "^7.19.0", "whatwg-mimetype": "^4.0.0" } }, "sha512-WDrybc/gKFpTYQutKIK6UvfcuxijIZfMfXaYm8NMsPQxSYvf+13fXUJ4rztGGbJcBQ/GF55gvrZ0Bc0bj/mqvg=="],
+
+    "cheerio-select": ["cheerio-select@2.1.0", "", { "dependencies": { "boolbase": "^1.0.0", "css-select": "^5.1.0", "css-what": "^6.1.0", "domelementtype": "^2.3.0", "domhandler": "^5.0.3", "domutils": "^3.0.1" } }, "sha512-9v9kG0LvzrlcungtnJtpGNxY+fzECQKhK4EGJX2vByejiMX84MFNQw4UxPJl3bFbTMw+Dfs37XaIkCwTZfLh4g=="],
+
+    "chokidar": ["chokidar@3.6.0", "", { "dependencies": { "anymatch": "~3.1.2", "braces": "~3.0.2", "glob-parent": "~5.1.2", "is-binary-path": "~2.1.0", "is-glob": "~4.0.1", "normalize-path": "~3.0.0", "readdirp": "~3.6.0" }, "optionalDependencies": { "fsevents": "~2.3.2" } }, "sha512-7VT13fmjotKpGipCW9JEQAusEPE+Ei8nl6/g4FBAmIm0GOOLMua9NDDo/DWp0ZAxCr3cPq5ZpBqmPAQgDda2Pw=="],
+
+    "chownr": ["chownr@1.1.4", "", {}, "sha512-jJ0bqzaylmJtVnNgzTeSOs8DPavpbYgEr/b0YL8/2GO3xJEhInFmhKMUnEJQjZumK7KXGFhUy89PrsJWlakBVg=="],
+
+    "ci-info": ["ci-info@2.0.0", "", {}, "sha512-5tK7EtrZ0N+OLFMthtqOj4fI2Jeb88C4CAZPu25LDVUgXJ0A3Js4PMGqrn0JU1W0Mh1/Z8wZzYPxqUrXeBboCQ=="],
 
     "client-only": ["client-only@0.0.1", "", {}, "sha512-IV3Ou0jSMzZrd3pZ48nLkT9DA7Ag1pnPzaiQhpW7c3RbcqqzvzzVu+L8gfqMp/8IM2MQtSiqaCxrrcfu8I8rMA=="],
 
+    "cliui": ["cliui@8.0.1", "", { "dependencies": { "string-width": "^4.2.0", "strip-ansi": "^6.0.1", "wrap-ansi": "^7.0.0" } }, "sha512-BSeNnyus75C4//NQ9gQt1/csTXyo/8Sb+afLAkzAptFuMsod9HFokGNudZpi/oQV73hnVK+sR+5PVRMd+Dr7YQ=="],
+
     "clsx": ["clsx@2.1.1", "", {}, "sha512-eYm0QWBtUrBWZWG0d386OGAw16Z995PiOVo2B7bjWSbHedGl5e0ZWaq65kOGgUSNesEIDkB9ISbTg/JK9dhCZA=="],
 
+    "cockatiel": ["cockatiel@3.2.1", "", {}, "sha512-gfrHV6ZPkquExvMh9IOkKsBzNDk6sDuZ6DdBGUBkvFnTCqCxzpuq48RySgP0AnaqQkw2zynOFj9yly6T1Q2G5Q=="],
+
     "collapse-white-space": ["collapse-white-space@2.1.0", "", {}, "sha512-loKTxY1zCOuG4j9f6EPnuyyYkf58RnhhWTvRoZEokgB+WbdXehfjFviyOVYkqzEWz1Q5kRiZdBYS5SwxbQYwzw=="],
 
     "color-convert": ["color-convert@2.0.1", "", { "dependencies": { "color-name": "~1.1.4" } }, "sha512-RRECPsj7iu/xb5oKYcsFHSppFNnsj/52OVTRKb4zP5onXwVF3zVmmToNcOfGC+CRDpfK/U584fMg38ZHCaElKQ=="],
 
     "color-name": ["color-name@1.1.4", "", {}, "sha512-dOy+3AuW3a2wNbZHIuMZpTcgjGuLU/uBL/ubcZF9OXbDo8ff4O8yVp5Bf0efS8uEoYo5q4Fx7dY9OgQGXgAsQA=="],
 
+    "combined-stream": ["combined-stream@1.0.8", "", { "dependencies": { "delayed-stream": "~1.0.0" } }, "sha512-FQN4MRfuJeHf7cBbBMJFXhKSDq+2kAArBlmRBvcvFE5BB1HZKXtSFASDhdlz9zOYwxh8lDdnvmMOe/+5cdoEdg=="],
+
     "comma-separated-tokens": ["comma-separated-tokens@2.0.3", "", {}, "sha512-Fu4hJdvzeylCfQPp9SGWidpzrMs7tTrlu6Vb8XGaRGck8QSNZJJp538Wrb60Lax4fPwR64ViY468OIUTbRlGZg=="],
 
+    "commander": ["commander@12.1.0", "", {}, "sha512-Vw8qHK3bZM9y/P10u3Vib8o/DdkvA2OtPtZvD871QKjy74Wj1WSKFILMPRPSdUSx5RFK1arlJzEtA4PkFgnbuA=="],
+
     "concat-map": ["concat-map@0.0.1", "", {}, "sha512-/Srv4dswyQNBfohGpz9o6Yb3Gz3SrUDqBH5rTuhGR7ahtlbYKnVxw2bCFMRljaA7EXHaXZ8wsHdodFvbkhKmqg=="],
 
     "concat-stream": ["concat-stream@2.0.0", "", { "dependencies": { "buffer-from": "^1.0.0", "inherits": "^2.0.3", "readable-stream": "^3.0.2", "typedarray": "^0.0.6" } }, "sha512-MWufYdFw53ccGjCA+Ol7XJYpAlW6/prSMzuPOTRnJGcGzuhLn4Scrz7qf6o8bROZ514ltazcIFJZevcfbo0x7A=="],
@@ -485,6 +755,10 @@
 
     "cross-spawn": ["cross-spawn@7.0.6", "", { "dependencies": { "path-key": "^3.1.0", "shebang-command": "^2.0.0", "which": "^2.0.1" } }, "sha512-uV2QOWP2nWzsy2aMp8aRibhi9dlzF5Hgh5SHaB9OiTGEyDTiJJyx0uy51QXdyWbtAHNua4XJzUKca3OzKUd3vA=="],
 
+    "css-select": ["css-select@5.2.2", "", { "dependencies": { "boolbase": "^1.0.0", "css-what": "^6.1.0", "domhandler": "^5.0.2", "domutils": "^3.0.1", "nth-check": "^2.0.1" } }, "sha512-TizTzUddG/xYLA3NXodFM0fSbNizXjOKhqiQQwvhlspadZokn1KDy0NZFS0wuEubIYAV5/c1/lAr0TaaFXEXzw=="],
+
+    "css-what": ["css-what@6.2.2", "", {}, "sha512-u/O3vwbptzhMs3L1fQE82ZSLHQQfto5gyZzwteVIEyeaY5Fc7R4dapF/BvRoSYFeqfBk4m0V1Vafq5Pjv25wvA=="],
+
     "css.escape": ["css.escape@1.5.1", "", {}, "sha512-YUifsXXuknHlUsmlgyY0PKzgPOr7/FjCePfHNt0jxm83wHZi44VDMQ7/fGNkjY3/jV1MC+1CmZbaHzugyeRtpg=="],
 
     "csstype": ["csstype@3.2.3", "", {}, "sha512-z1HGKcYy2xA8AGQfwrn0PAy+PB7X/GSj3UVJW9qKyn43xWa+gl5nXmU4qqLMRzWVLFC8KusUX8T/0kCiOYpAIQ=="],
@@ -499,33 +773,69 @@
 
     "debug": ["debug@4.4.3", "", { "dependencies": { "ms": "^2.1.3" } }, "sha512-RGwwWnwQvkVfavKVt22FGLw+xYSdzARwm0ru6DhTVA3umU5hZc28V3kO4stgYryrTlLpuvgI9GiijltAjNbcqA=="],
 
+    "decamelize": ["decamelize@4.0.0", "", {}, "sha512-9iE1PgSik9HeIIw2JO94IidnE3eBoQrFJ3w7sFuzSX4DpmZ3v5sZpUiV5Swcf6mQEF+Y0ru8Neo+p+nyh2J+hQ=="],
+
     "decode-named-character-reference": ["decode-named-character-reference@1.3.0", "", { "dependencies": { "character-entities": "^2.0.0" } }, "sha512-GtpQYB283KrPp6nRw50q3U9/VfOutZOe103qlN7BPP6Ad27xYnOIWv4lPzo8HCAL+mMZofJ9KEy30fq6MfaK6Q=="],
 
+    "decompress-response": ["decompress-response@6.0.0", "", { "dependencies": { "mimic-response": "^3.1.0" } }, "sha512-aW35yZM6Bb/4oJlZncMH2LCoZtJXTRxES17vE3hoRiowU2kWHaJKFkSBDnDR+cm9J+9QhXmREyIfv0pji9ejCQ=="],
+
+    "deep-extend": ["deep-extend@0.6.0", "", {}, "sha512-LOHxIOaPYdHlJRtCQfDIVZtfw/ufM8+rVj649RIHzcm/vGwQRXFt6OPqIFWsm2XEMrNIEtWR64sY1LEKD2vAOA=="],
+
     "deep-is": ["deep-is@0.1.4", "", {}, "sha512-oIPzksmTg4/MriiaYGO+okXDT7ztn/w3Eptv/+gSIdMdKsJo0u4CfYNFJPy+4SKMuCqGw2wxnA+URMg3t8a/bQ=="],
 
+    "default-browser": ["default-browser@5.5.0", "", { "dependencies": { "bundle-name": "^4.1.0", "default-browser-id": "^5.0.0" } }, "sha512-H9LMLr5zwIbSxrmvikGuI/5KGhZ8E2zH3stkMgM5LpOWDutGM2JZaj460Udnf1a+946zc7YBgrqEWwbk7zHvGw=="],
+
+    "default-browser-id": ["default-browser-id@5.0.1", "", {}, "sha512-x1VCxdX4t+8wVfd1so/9w+vQ4vx7lKd2Qp5tDRutErwmR85OgmfX7RlLRMWafRMY7hbEiXIbudNrjOAPa/hL8Q=="],
+
     "define-data-property": ["define-data-property@1.1.4", "", { "dependencies": { "es-define-property": "^1.0.0", "es-errors": "^1.3.0", "gopd": "^1.0.1" } }, "sha512-rBMvIzlpA8v6E+SJZoo++HAYqsLrkg7MSfIinMPFhmkorw7X+dOXVJQs+QT69zGkzMyfDnIMN2Wid1+NbL3T+A=="],
 
+    "define-lazy-prop": ["define-lazy-prop@3.0.0", "", {}, "sha512-N+MeXYoqr3pOgn8xfyRPREN7gHakLYjhsHhWGT3fWAiL4IkAt0iDw14QiiEm2bE30c5XX5q0FtAA3CK5f9/BUg=="],
+
     "define-properties": ["define-properties@1.2.1", "", { "dependencies": { "define-data-property": "^1.0.1", "has-property-descriptors": "^1.0.0", "object-keys": "^1.1.1" } }, "sha512-8QmQKqEASLd5nx0U1B1okLElbUuuttJ/AnYmRXbbbGDWh6uS208EjD4Xqq/I9wK7u0v6O08XhTWnt5XtEbR6Dg=="],
 
+    "delayed-stream": ["delayed-stream@1.0.0", "", {}, "sha512-ZySD7Nf91aLB0RxL4KGrKHBXl7Eds1DAmEdcoVawXnLD7SDhpNgtuII2aAkg7a7QS41jxPSZ17p4VdGnMHk3MQ=="],
+
     "dequal": ["dequal@2.0.3", "", {}, "sha512-0je+qPKHEMohvfRTCEo3CrPG6cAzAYgmzKyxRiYSSDkS6eGJdyVJm7WaYA5ECaAD9wLB2T4EEeymA5aFVcYXCA=="],
 
     "detect-libc": ["detect-libc@2.1.2", "", {}, "sha512-Btj2BOOO83o3WyH59e8MgXsxEQVcarkUOpEYrubB0urwnN10yQ364rsiByU11nZlqWYZm05i/of7io4mzihBtQ=="],
 
     "devlop": ["devlop@1.1.0", "", { "dependencies": { "dequal": "^2.0.0" } }, "sha512-RWmIqhcFf1lRYBvNmr7qTNuyCt/7/ns2jbpp1+PalgE/rDQcBT0fioSMUpJ93irlUhC5hrg4cYqe6U+0ImW0rA=="],
 
+    "diff": ["diff@7.0.0", "", {}, "sha512-PJWHUb1RFevKCwaFA9RlG5tCd+FO5iRh9A8HEtkmBH2Li03iJriB6m6JIN4rGz3K3JLawI7/veA1xzRKP6ISBw=="],
+
     "doctrine": ["doctrine@2.1.0", "", { "dependencies": { "esutils": "^2.0.2" } }, "sha512-35mSku4ZXK0vfCuHEDAwt55dg2jNajHZ1odvF+8SSr82EsZY4QmXfuWso8oEd8zRhVObSN18aM0CjSdoBX7zIw=="],
 
     "dom-accessibility-api": ["dom-accessibility-api@0.5.16", "", {}, "sha512-X7BJ2yElsnOJ30pZF4uIIDfBEVgF4XEBxL9Bxhy6dnrm5hkzqmsWHGTiHqRiITNhMyFLyAiWndIJP7Z1NTteDg=="],
 
+    "dom-serializer": ["dom-serializer@2.0.0", "", { "dependencies": { "domelementtype": "^2.3.0", "domhandler": "^5.0.2", "entities": "^4.2.0" } }, "sha512-wIkAryiqt/nV5EQKqQpo3SToSOV9J0DnbJqwK7Wv/Trc92zIAYZ4FlMu+JPFW1DfGFt81ZTCGgDEabffXeLyJg=="],
+
+    "domelementtype": ["domelementtype@2.3.0", "", {}, "sha512-OLETBj6w0OsagBwdXnPdN0cnMfF9opN69co+7ZrbfPGrdpPVNBUj02spi6B1N7wChLQiPn4CSH/zJvXw56gmHw=="],
+
+    "domhandler": ["domhandler@5.0.3", "", { "dependencies": { "domelementtype": "^2.3.0" } }, "sha512-cgwlv/1iFQiFnU96XXgROh8xTeetsnJiDsTc7TYCLFd9+/WNkIqPTxiM/8pSd8VIrhXGTf1Ny1q1hquVqDJB5w=="],
+
+    "domutils": ["domutils@3.2.2", "", { "dependencies": { "dom-serializer": "^2.0.0", "domelementtype": "^2.3.0", "domhandler": "^5.0.3" } }, "sha512-6kZKyUajlDuqlHKVX1w7gyslj9MPIXzIFiz/rGu35uC1wMi+kMhQwGhl4lt9unC9Vb9INnY9Z3/ZA3+FhASLaw=="],
+
     "dunder-proto": ["dunder-proto@1.0.1", "", { "dependencies": { "call-bind-apply-helpers": "^1.0.1", "es-errors": "^1.3.0", "gopd": "^1.2.0" } }, "sha512-KIN/nDJBQRcXw0MLVhZE9iQHmG68qAVIBg9CqmUYjmQIhgij9U5MFvrqkUL5FbtyyzZuOeOt0zdeRe4UY7ct+A=="],
 
     "eastasianwidth": ["eastasianwidth@0.2.0", "", {}, "sha512-I88TYZWc9XiYHRQ4/3c5rjjfgkjhLyW2luGIheGERbNQ6OY7yTybanSpDXZa8y7VUP9YmDcYa+eyq4ca7iLqWA=="],
 
+    "ecdsa-sig-formatter": ["ecdsa-sig-formatter@1.0.11", "", { "dependencies": { "safe-buffer": "^5.0.1" } }, "sha512-nagl3RYrbNv6kQkeJIpt6NJZy8twLB/2vtz6yN9Z4vRKHN4/QZJIEbqohALSgwKdnksuY3k5Addp5lg8sVoVcQ=="],
+
+    "editions": ["editions@6.22.0", "", { "dependencies": { "version-range": "^4.15.0" } }, "sha512-UgGlf8IW75je7HZjNDpJdCv4cGJWIi6yumFdZ0R7A8/CIhQiWUjyGLCxdHpd8bmyD1gnkfUNK0oeOXqUS2cpfQ=="],
+
     "electron-to-chromium": ["electron-to-chromium@1.5.344", "", {}, "sha512-4MxfbmNDm+KPh066EZy+eUnkcDPcZ35wNmOWzFuh/ijvHsve6kbLTLURy88uCNK5FbpN+yk2nQY6BYh1GEt+wg=="],
 
-    "emoji-regex": ["emoji-regex@10.6.0", "", {}, "sha512-toUI84YS5YmxW219erniWD0CIVOo46xGKColeNQRgOzDorgBi1v4D71/OFzgD9GO2UGKIv1C3Sp8DAn0+j5w7A=="],
+    "emoji-regex": ["emoji-regex@8.0.0", "", {}, "sha512-MSjYzcWNOA0ewAHpz0MxpYFvwg6yjy1NG3xteoqz644VCo/RPgnr1/GGt+ic3iJTzQ8Eu3TdM14SawnVUmGE6A=="],
+
+    "encoding-sniffer": ["encoding-sniffer@0.2.1", "", { "dependencies": { "iconv-lite": "^0.6.3", "whatwg-encoding": "^3.1.1" } }, "sha512-5gvq20T6vfpekVtqrYQsSCFZ1wEg5+wW0/QaZMWkFr6BqD3NfKs0rLCx4rrVlSWJeZb5NBJgVLswK/w2MWU+Gw=="],
+
+    "end-of-stream": ["end-of-stream@1.4.5", "", { "dependencies": { "once": "^1.4.0" } }, "sha512-ooEGc6HP26xXq/N+GCGOT0JKCLDGrq2bQUZrQ7gyrJiZANJ/8YDTxTpQBXGMn+WbIQXNVpyWymm7KYVICQnyOg=="],
+
+    "enhanced-resolve": ["enhanced-resolve@5.21.6", "", { "dependencies": { "graceful-fs": "^4.2.4", "tapable": "^2.3.3" } }, "sha512-aNnGCvbJ/RIyWo1IuhNdVjnNF+EjH9wpzpNHt+ci/m9He9LJvUN8wrCcXjp9cWsGNAuvSpVFTx/vraAFQ8qGjQ=="],
+
+    "entities": ["entities@4.5.0", "", {}, "sha512-V0hjH4dGPh9Ao5p0MoRY6BVqtwCjhz6vI5LT8AJ55H+4g9/4vbHx1I54fS0XuclLhDHArPQCiMjDxjaL8fPxhw=="],
 
-    "entities": ["entities@7.0.1", "", {}, "sha512-TWrgLOFUQTH994YUyl1yT4uyavY5nNB5muff+RtWaqNVCAK408b5ZnnbNAUEWLTCpum9w6arT70i1XdQ4UeOPA=="],
+    "environment": ["environment@1.1.0", "", {}, "sha512-xUtoPkMggbz0MPyPiIWr1Kp4aeWJjDZ6SMvURhimjdZgsRuDplF5/s9hcgGhyXMhs+6vpnuoiZ2kFiu3FMnS8Q=="],
 
     "err-code": ["err-code@2.0.3", "", {}, "sha512-2bmlRpNKBxT/CRmPOlyISQpNj+qSeYvcym/uT0Jx2bMOlKLtSy1ZmLuVxSEKKyor/N5yhvp/ZiG1oE3DEYMSFA=="],
 
@@ -551,6 +861,8 @@
 
     "esast-util-from-js": ["esast-util-from-js@2.0.1", "", { "dependencies": { "@types/estree-jsx": "^1.0.0", "acorn": "^8.0.0", "esast-util-from-estree": "^2.0.0", "vfile-message": "^4.0.0" } }, "sha512-8Ja+rNJ0Lt56Pcf3TAmpBZjmx8ZcK5Ts4cAzIOjsjevg9oSXJnl6SUQ2EevU8tv3h6ZLWmoKL5H4fgWvdvfETw=="],
 
+    "esbuild": ["esbuild@0.28.0", "", { "optionalDependencies": { "@esbuild/aix-ppc64": "0.28.0", "@esbuild/android-arm": "0.28.0", "@esbuild/android-arm64": "0.28.0", "@esbuild/android-x64": "0.28.0", "@esbuild/darwin-arm64": "0.28.0", "@esbuild/darwin-x64": "0.28.0", "@esbuild/freebsd-arm64": "0.28.0", "@esbuild/freebsd-x64": "0.28.0", "@esbuild/linux-arm": "0.28.0", "@esbuild/linux-arm64": "0.28.0", "@esbuild/linux-ia32": "0.28.0", "@esbuild/linux-loong64": "0.28.0", "@esbuild/linux-mips64el": "0.28.0", "@esbuild/linux-ppc64": "0.28.0", "@esbuild/linux-riscv64": "0.28.0", "@esbuild/linux-s390x": "0.28.0", "@esbuild/linux-x64": "0.28.0", "@esbuild/netbsd-arm64": "0.28.0", "@esbuild/netbsd-x64": "0.28.0", "@esbuild/openbsd-arm64": "0.28.0", "@esbuild/openbsd-x64": "0.28.0", "@esbuild/openharmony-arm64": "0.28.0", "@esbuild/sunos-x64": "0.28.0", "@esbuild/win32-arm64": "0.28.0", "@esbuild/win32-ia32": "0.28.0", "@esbuild/win32-x64": "0.28.0" }, "bin": { "esbuild": "bin/esbuild" } }, "sha512-sNR9MHpXSUV/XB4zmsFKN+QgVG82Cc7+/aaxJ8Adi8hyOac+EXptIp45QBPaVyX3N70664wRbTcLTOemCAnyqw=="],
+
     "escalade": ["escalade@3.2.0", "", {}, "sha512-WUj2qlxaQtO4g6Pq5c29GTcWGDyd8itL8zTlipgECz3JesAiiOKotd8JU6otB3PACgG6xkJUyVhboMS+bje/jA=="],
 
     "escape-string-regexp": ["escape-string-regexp@4.0.0", "", {}, "sha512-TtpcNJ3XAzx3Gq8sWRzJaVajRs0uVxA2YAkdb1jm2YkPz4G6egUFAyA3n5vtEIZefPk5Wa4UXbKuS5fKkJWdgA=="],
@@ -603,30 +915,52 @@
 
     "esutils": ["esutils@2.0.3", "", {}, "sha512-kVscqXk4OCp68SZ0dkgEKVi6/8ij300KBWTJq32P/dYeWTSwK41WyTxalN1eRmA5Z9UU/LX9D7FWSmV9SAYx6g=="],
 
+    "expand-template": ["expand-template@2.0.3", "", {}, "sha512-XYfuKMvj4O35f/pOXLObndIRvyQ+/+6AhODh+OKWj9S9498pHHn/IMszH+gt0fBCRWMNfk1ZSp5x3AifmnI2vg=="],
+
     "extend": ["extend@3.0.2", "", {}, "sha512-fjquC59cD7CyW6urNXK0FBufkZcoiGG80wTuPujX590cB5Ttln20E2UB4S/WARVqhXffZl2LNgS+gQdPIIim/g=="],
 
     "fast-deep-equal": ["fast-deep-equal@3.1.3", "", {}, "sha512-f3qQ9oQy9j2AhBe/H9VC91wLmKBCCU/gDOnKNAYG5hswO7BLKj09Hc5HYNz9cGI++xlpDCIgDaitVs03ATR84Q=="],
 
     "fast-diff": ["fast-diff@1.3.0", "", {}, "sha512-VxPP4NqbUjj6MaAOafWeUn2cXWLcCtljklUtZf0Ind4XQ+QPtmA0b18zZy0jIQx+ExRVCR/ZQpBmik5lXshNsw=="],
 
+    "fast-glob": ["fast-glob@3.3.3", "", { "dependencies": { "@nodelib/fs.stat": "^2.0.2", "@nodelib/fs.walk": "^1.2.3", "glob-parent": "^5.1.2", "merge2": "^1.3.0", "micromatch": "^4.0.8" } }, "sha512-7MptL8U0cqcFdzIzwOTHoilX9x5BrNqye7Z/LuC7kCMRio1EMSyqRK3BEAUD7sXRq4iT4AzTVuZdhgQ2TCvYLg=="],
+
     "fast-json-stable-stringify": ["fast-json-stable-stringify@2.1.0", "", {}, "sha512-lhd/wF+Lk98HZoTCtlVraHtfh5XYijIjalXck7saUtuanSDyLMxnHhSXEDJqHxD7msR8D0uCmqlkwjCV8xvwHw=="],
 
     "fast-levenshtein": ["fast-levenshtein@2.0.6", "", {}, "sha512-DCXu6Ifhqcks7TZKY3Hxp3y6qphY5SJZmrWMDrKcERSOXWQdMhU9Ig/PYrzyw/ul9jOIyh0N4M0tbC5hodg8dw=="],
 
+    "fast-uri": ["fast-uri@3.1.2", "", {}, "sha512-rVjf7ArG3LTk+FS6Yw81V1DLuZl1bRbNrev6Tmd/9RaroeeRRJhAt7jg/6YFxbvAQXUCavSoZhPPj6oOx+5KjQ=="],
+
+    "fastq": ["fastq@1.20.1", "", { "dependencies": { "reusify": "^1.0.4" } }, "sha512-GGToxJ/w1x32s/D2EKND7kTil4n8OVk/9mycTc4VDza13lOvpUZTGX3mFSCtV9ksdGBVzvsyAVLM6mHFThxXxw=="],
+
     "fdir": ["fdir@6.5.0", "", { "peerDependencies": { "picomatch": "^3 || ^4" }, "optionalPeers": ["picomatch"] }, "sha512-tIbYtZbucOs0BRGqPJkshJUYdL+SDH7dVM8gjy+ERp3WAUjLEFJE+02kanyHtwjWOnwrKYBiwAmM0p4kLJAnXg=="],
 
     "file-entry-cache": ["file-entry-cache@8.0.0", "", { "dependencies": { "flat-cache": "^4.0.0" } }, "sha512-XXTUwCvisa5oacNGRP9SfNtYBNAMi+RPwBFmblZEF7N7swHYQS6/Zfk7SRwx4D5j3CH211YNRco1DEMNVfZCnQ=="],
 
+    "fill-range": ["fill-range@7.1.1", "", { "dependencies": { "to-regex-range": "^5.0.1" } }, "sha512-YsGpe3WHLK8ZYi4tWDg2Jy3ebRz2rXowDxnld4bkQB00cc/1Zw9AWnC0i9ztDJitivtQvaI9KaLyKrc+hBW0yg=="],
+
     "find-up": ["find-up@5.0.0", "", { "dependencies": { "locate-path": "^6.0.0", "path-exists": "^4.0.0" } }, "sha512-78/PXT1wlLLDgTzDs7sjq9hzz0vXD+zn+7wypEe4fXQxCmdmqfGsEPQxmiCSQI3ajFV91bVSsvNtrJRiW6nGng=="],
 
+    "flat": ["flat@5.0.2", "", { "bin": { "flat": "cli.js" } }, "sha512-b6suED+5/3rTpUBdG1gupIl8MPFCAMA0QXwmljLhvCUKcUvdE4gWky9zpuGCcXHOsz4J9wPGNWq6OKpmIzz3hQ=="],
+
     "flat-cache": ["flat-cache@4.0.1", "", { "dependencies": { "flatted": "^3.2.9", "keyv": "^4.5.4" } }, "sha512-f7ccFPK3SXFHpx15UIGyRJ/FJQctuKZ0zVuN3frBo4HnK3cay9VEW0R6yPYFHC0AgqhukPzKjq22t5DmAyqGyw=="],
 
     "flatted": ["flatted@3.4.2", "", {}, "sha512-PjDse7RzhcPkIJwy5t7KPWQSZ9cAbzQXcafsetQoD7sOJRQlGikNbx7yZp2OotDnJyrDcbyRq3Ttb18iYOqkxA=="],
 
+    "follow-redirects": ["follow-redirects@1.16.0", "", { "peerDependencies": { "debug": "*" }, "optionalPeers": ["debug"] }, "sha512-y5rN/uOsadFT/JfYwhxRS5R7Qce+g3zG97+JrtFZlC9klX/W5hD7iiLzScI4nZqUS7DNUdhPgw4xI8W2LuXlUw=="],
+
     "for-each": ["for-each@0.3.5", "", { "dependencies": { "is-callable": "^1.2.7" } }, "sha512-dKx12eRCVIzqCxFGplyFKJMPvLEWgmNtUrpTiJIR5u97zEhRG8ySrtboPHZXx7daLxQVrl643cTzbab2tkQjxg=="],
 
     "foreground-child": ["foreground-child@3.3.1", "", { "dependencies": { "cross-spawn": "^7.0.6", "signal-exit": "^4.0.1" } }, "sha512-gIXjKqtFuWEgzFRJA9WCQeSJLZDjgJUOMCMzxtvFq/37KojM1BFGufqsCy0r4qSQmYLsZYMeyRqzIWOMup03sw=="],
 
+    "form-data": ["form-data@4.0.5", "", { "dependencies": { "asynckit": "^0.4.0", "combined-stream": "^1.0.8", "es-set-tostringtag": "^2.1.0", "hasown": "^2.0.2", "mime-types": "^2.1.12" } }, "sha512-8RipRLol37bNs2bhoV67fiTEvdTrbMUYcFTiy3+wuuOnUog2QBHCZWXDRijWQfAkhBj2Uf5UnVaiWwA5vdd82w=="],
+
+    "fs-constants": ["fs-constants@1.0.0", "", {}, "sha512-y6OAwoSIf7FyjMIv94u+b5rdheZEjzR63GTyZJm5qh4Bi+2YgwLCcI/fPFZkL5PSixOt6ZNKm+w+Hfp/Bciwow=="],
+
+    "fs-extra": ["fs-extra@11.3.5", "", { "dependencies": { "graceful-fs": "^4.2.0", "jsonfile": "^6.0.1", "universalify": "^2.0.0" } }, "sha512-eKpRKAovdpZtR1WopLHxlBWvAgPny3c4gX1G5Jhwmmw4XJj0ifSD5qB5TOo8hmA0wlRKDAOAhEE1yVPgs6Fgcg=="],
+
+    "fsevents": ["fsevents@2.3.3", "", { "os": "darwin" }, "sha512-5xoDfX+fL7faATnagmWPpbFtwh/R77WmMMqqHGS65C3vvB0YHrgF+B1YmZ3441tMj5n63k0212XNoJwzlhffQw=="],
+
     "function-bind": ["function-bind@1.1.2", "", {}, "sha512-7XHNxH7qX9xG5mIwxkhumTox/MIRNcOgDrxWsMt2pAr23WHp6MrRlN7FBSFpCpr+oVO0F744iUgR82nJMfG2SA=="],
 
     "function.prototype.name": ["function.prototype.name@1.1.8", "", { "dependencies": { "call-bind": "^1.0.8", "call-bound": "^1.0.3", "define-properties": "^1.2.1", "functions-have-names": "^1.2.3", "hasown": "^2.0.2", "is-callable": "^1.2.7" } }, "sha512-e5iwyodOHhbMr/yNrc7fDYG4qlbIvI5gajyzPnb5TCwyhjApznQh1BMFou9b30SevY43gCJKXycoCBjMbsuW0Q=="],
@@ -637,12 +971,16 @@
 
     "gensync": ["gensync@1.0.0-beta.2", "", {}, "sha512-3hN7NaskYvMDLQY55gnW3NQ+mesEAepTqlg+VEbj7zzqEMBVNhzcGYYeqFo/TlYz6eQiFcp1HcsCZO+nGgS8zg=="],
 
+    "get-caller-file": ["get-caller-file@2.0.5", "", {}, "sha512-DyFP3BM/3YHTQOCUL/w0OZHR0lpKeGrxotcHWcqNEdnltqFwXVfhEBQ94eIo34AfQpo0rGki4cyIiftY06h2Fg=="],
+
     "get-intrinsic": ["get-intrinsic@1.3.0", "", { "dependencies": { "call-bind-apply-helpers": "^1.0.2", "es-define-property": "^1.0.1", "es-errors": "^1.3.0", "es-object-atoms": "^1.1.1", "function-bind": "^1.1.2", "get-proto": "^1.0.1", "gopd": "^1.2.0", "has-symbols": "^1.1.0", "hasown": "^2.0.2", "math-intrinsics": "^1.1.0" } }, "sha512-9fSjSaos/fRIVIp+xSJlE6lfwhES7LNtKaCBIamHsjr2na1BiABJPo0mOjjz8GJDURarmCPGqaiVg5mfjb98CQ=="],
 
     "get-proto": ["get-proto@1.0.1", "", { "dependencies": { "dunder-proto": "^1.0.1", "es-object-atoms": "^1.0.0" } }, "sha512-sTSfBjoXBp89JvIKIefqw7U2CCebsc74kiY6awiGogKtoSGbgjYE/G/+l9sF3MWFPNc9IcoOC4ODfKHfxFmp0g=="],
 
     "get-symbol-description": ["get-symbol-description@1.1.0", "", { "dependencies": { "call-bound": "^1.0.3", "es-errors": "^1.3.0", "get-intrinsic": "^1.2.6" } }, "sha512-w9UMqWwJxHNOvoNzSJ2oPF5wvYcvP7jUvYzhp67yEhTi17ZDBBC1z9pTdGuzjD+EFIqLSYRweZjqfiPzQ06Ebg=="],
 
+    "github-from-package": ["github-from-package@0.0.0", "", {}, "sha512-SyHy3T1v2NUXn29OsWdxmK6RwHD+vkj3v8en8AOBZ1wBQ/hCAQ5bAQTD02kW4W9tUp/3Qh6J8r9EvntiyCmOOw=="],
+
     "github-slugger": ["github-slugger@2.0.0", "", {}, "sha512-IaOQ9puYtjrkq7Y0Ygl9KDZnrf/aiUJYUpVf89y8kyaxbRG7Y1SrX/jaumrv81vc61+kiMempujsM3Yw7w5qcw=="],
 
     "glob": ["glob@10.5.0", "", { "dependencies": { "foreground-child": "^3.1.0", "jackspeak": "^3.1.2", "minimatch": "^9.0.4", "minipass": "^7.1.2", "package-json-from-dist": "^1.0.0", "path-scurry": "^1.11.1" }, "bin": { "glob": "dist/esm/bin.mjs" } }, "sha512-DfXN8DfhJ7NH3Oe7cFmu3NCu1wKbkReJ8TorzSAFbSKrlNaQSKfIzqYqVY8zlbs2NLBbWpRiU52GX2PbaBVNkg=="],
@@ -653,8 +991,12 @@
 
     "globalthis": ["globalthis@1.0.4", "", { "dependencies": { "define-properties": "^1.2.1", "gopd": "^1.0.1" } }, "sha512-DpLKbNU4WylpxJykQujfCcwYWiV/Jhm50Goo0wrVILAv5jOr9d+H+UR3PhSCD2rCCEIg0uc+G+muBTwD54JhDQ=="],
 
+    "globby": ["globby@14.1.0", "", { "dependencies": { "@sindresorhus/merge-streams": "^2.1.0", "fast-glob": "^3.3.3", "ignore": "^7.0.3", "path-type": "^6.0.0", "slash": "^5.1.0", "unicorn-magic": "^0.3.0" } }, "sha512-0Ia46fDOaT7k4og1PDW4YbodWWr3scS2vAr2lTbsplOt2WkKp0vQbkI9wKis/T5LV/dqPjO3bpS/z6GTJB82LA=="],
+
     "gopd": ["gopd@1.2.0", "", {}, "sha512-ZUKRh6/kUFoAiTAtTYPZJ3hw9wNxx+BIBOijnlG9PnrJsCcSjs1wyyD6vJpaYtgnzDrKYRSqf3OO6Rfa93xsRg=="],
 
+    "graceful-fs": ["graceful-fs@4.2.11", "", {}, "sha512-RbJ5/jmFcNNCcDV5o9eTnBLJ/HszWV0P73bc+Ff4nS/rJj+YaS6IGyiOL0VoBYX+l1Wrl3k63h/KrH+nhJ0XvQ=="],
+
     "happy-dom": ["happy-dom@20.9.0", "", { "dependencies": { "@types/node": ">=20.0.0", "@types/whatwg-mimetype": "^3.0.2", "@types/ws": "^8.18.1", "entities": "^7.0.1", "whatwg-mimetype": "^3.0.0", "ws": "^8.18.3" } }, "sha512-GZZ9mKe8r646NUAf/zemnGbjYh4Bt8/MqASJY+pSm5ZDtc3YQox+4gsLI7yi1hba6o+eCsGxpHn5+iEVn31/FQ=="],
 
     "has-bigints": ["has-bigints@1.1.0", "", {}, "sha512-R3pbpkcIqv2Pm3dUwgjclDRVmWpTJW2DcMzcIhEXEx1oh/CEMObMm3KLmRJOdvhM7o4uQBnwr8pzRK2sJWIqfg=="],
@@ -693,16 +1035,30 @@
 
     "hastscript": ["hastscript@9.0.1", "", { "dependencies": { "@types/hast": "^3.0.0", "comma-separated-tokens": "^2.0.0", "hast-util-parse-selector": "^4.0.0", "property-information": "^7.0.0", "space-separated-tokens": "^2.0.0" } }, "sha512-g7df9rMFX/SPi34tyGCyUBREQoKkapwdY/T04Qn9TDWfHhAYt4/I0gMVirzK5wEzeUqIjEB+LXC/ypb7Aqno5w=="],
 
+    "he": ["he@1.2.0", "", { "bin": { "he": "bin/he" } }, "sha512-F/1DnUGPopORZi0ni+CvrCgHQ5FyEAHRLSApuYWMmrbSwoN2Mn/7k+Gl38gJnR7yyDZk6WLXwiGod1JOWNDKGw=="],
+
     "hermes-estree": ["hermes-estree@0.25.1", "", {}, "sha512-0wUoCcLp+5Ev5pDW2OriHC2MJCbwLwuRx+gAqMTOkGKJJiBCLjtrvy4PWUGn6MIVefecRpzoOZ/UV6iGdOr+Cw=="],
 
     "hermes-parser": ["hermes-parser@0.25.1", "", { "dependencies": { "hermes-estree": "0.25.1" } }, "sha512-6pEjquH3rqaI6cYAXYPcz9MS4rY6R4ngRgrgfDshRptUZIc3lw0MCIJIGDj9++mfySOuPTHB4nrSW99BCvOPIA=="],
 
-    "hosted-git-info": ["hosted-git-info@7.0.2", "", { "dependencies": { "lru-cache": "^10.0.1" } }, "sha512-puUZAUKT5m8Zzvs72XWy3HtvVbTWljRE66cP60bxJzAqf2DgICo7lYTY2IHUmLnNpjYvw5bvmoHvPc0QO2a62w=="],
+    "hosted-git-info": ["hosted-git-info@4.1.0", "", { "dependencies": { "lru-cache": "^6.0.0" } }, "sha512-kyCuEOWjJqZuDbRHzL8V93NzQhwIB71oFWSyzVo+KPZI+pnQPPxucdkrOZvkLRnrf5URsQM+IJ09Dw29cRALIA=="],
+
+    "html-escaper": ["html-escaper@2.0.2", "", {}, "sha512-H2iMtd0I4Mt5eYiapRdIDjp+XzelXQ0tFE4JS7YFwFevXXMmOp9myNrUvCg0D6ws8iqkRPBfKHgbwig1SmlLfg=="],
 
     "html-void-elements": ["html-void-elements@3.0.0", "", {}, "sha512-bEqo66MRXsUGxWHV5IP0PUiAWwoEjba4VCzg0LjFJBpchPaTfyfCKTG6bc5F8ucKec3q5y6qOdGyYTSBEvhCrg=="],
 
+    "htmlparser2": ["htmlparser2@10.1.0", "", { "dependencies": { "domelementtype": "^2.3.0", "domhandler": "^5.0.3", "domutils": "^3.2.2", "entities": "^7.0.1" } }, "sha512-VTZkM9GWRAtEpveh7MSF6SjjrpNVNNVJfFup7xTY3UpFtm67foy9HDVXneLtFVt4pMz5kZtgNcvCniNFb1hlEQ=="],
+
+    "http-proxy-agent": ["http-proxy-agent@7.0.2", "", { "dependencies": { "agent-base": "^7.1.0", "debug": "^4.3.4" } }, "sha512-T1gkAiYYDWYx3V5Bmyu7HcfcvL7mUrTWiM6yOfa3PIphViJ/gFPbvidQ+veqSOHci/PxBcDabeUNCzpOODJZig=="],
+
+    "https-proxy-agent": ["https-proxy-agent@7.0.6", "", { "dependencies": { "agent-base": "^7.1.2", "debug": "4" } }, "sha512-vK9P5/iUfdl95AI+JVyUuIcVtd4ofvtrOr3HNtM2yxC9bnMbEdp3x01OhQNnjb8IJYi38VlTE3mBXwcfvywuSw=="],
+
     "husky": ["husky@9.1.7", "", { "bin": { "husky": "bin.js" } }, "sha512-5gs5ytaNjBrh5Ow3zrvdUUY+0VxIuWVL4i9irt6friV+BqdCfmV11CQTWMiBYWHbXhco+J1kHfTOUkePhCDvMA=="],
 
+    "iconv-lite": ["iconv-lite@0.6.3", "", { "dependencies": { "safer-buffer": ">= 2.1.2 < 3.0.0" } }, "sha512-4fCk79wshMdzMp2rH06qWrJE4iolqLhCUH+OiuIgU++RB0+94NlDL81atO7GX55uUKueo0txHNtvEyI6D7WdMw=="],
+
+    "ieee754": ["ieee754@1.2.1", "", {}, "sha512-dcyqhDvX1C46lXZcVqCpK+FtMRQVdIMN6/Df5js2zouUsqG7I6sFxitIC+7KYK29KdXOLHdu9zL4sFnoVQnqaA=="],
+
     "ignore": ["ignore@5.3.2", "", {}, "sha512-hsBTNUqQTDwkWtcdYI2i06Y/nUBEsNEDJKjWdigLvegy8kDuJAS8uRlpkkcQpyEXL0Z/pjDy5HBmMjRCJ2gq+g=="],
 
     "import-fresh": ["import-fresh@3.3.1", "", { "dependencies": { "parent-module": "^1.0.0", "resolve-from": "^4.0.0" } }, "sha512-TR3KfrTZTYLPB6jUjfx6MF9WcWrHL9su5TObK4ZkYgBdWKPOFoSoQIdEuTuR82pmtxH2spWG9h6etwfr1pLBqQ=="],
@@ -713,9 +1069,11 @@
 
     "indent-string": ["indent-string@4.0.0", "", {}, "sha512-EdDDZu4A2OyIK7Lr/2zG+w5jmbuk1DVBnEwREQvBzspBJkCEbRa8GxU1lghYcaGJCnRWibjDXlq779X1/y5xwg=="],
 
+    "index-to-position": ["index-to-position@1.2.0", "", {}, "sha512-Yg7+ztRkqslMAS2iFaU+Oa4KTSidr63OsFGlOrJoW981kIYO3CGCS3wA95P1mUi/IVSJkn0D479KTJpVpvFNuw=="],
+
     "inherits": ["inherits@2.0.4", "", {}, "sha512-k/vGaX4/Yla3WzyMCvTQOXYeIHvqOKtnqBduzTHpzpQZzAskKMhZ2K+EnBiSM9zGSoIFeMpXKxa4dYeZIQqewQ=="],
 
-    "ini": ["ini@4.1.3", "", {}, "sha512-X7rqawQBvfdjS10YU1y1YVreA3SsLrW9dX2CewP2EbBJM4ypVNLDkO5y04gejPwKIY9lR+7r9gn3rFPt/kmWFg=="],
+    "ini": ["ini@1.3.8", "", {}, "sha512-JV/yugV2uzW5iMRSiZAyDtQd+nxtUnjeLt0acNdw98kKLrvuRVyB80tsREOE7yvGVgalhZ6RNXCmEHkUKBKxew=="],
 
     "inline-style-parser": ["inline-style-parser@0.2.7", "", {}, "sha512-Nb2ctOyNR8DqQoR0OwRG95uNWIC0C1lCgf5Naz5H6Ji72KZ8OcFZLz2P5sNgwlyoJ8Yif11oMuYs5pBQa86csA=="],
 
@@ -733,10 +1091,14 @@
 
     "is-bigint": ["is-bigint@1.1.0", "", { "dependencies": { "has-bigints": "^1.0.2" } }, "sha512-n4ZT37wG78iz03xPRKJrHTdZbe3IicyucEtdRsV5yglwc3GyUfbAfpSeD0FJ41NbUNSt5wbhqfp1fS+BgnvDFQ=="],
 
+    "is-binary-path": ["is-binary-path@2.1.0", "", { "dependencies": { "binary-extensions": "^2.0.0" } }, "sha512-ZMERYes6pDydyuGidse7OsHxtbI7WVeUEozgR/g7rd0xUimYNlvZRE/K2MgZTjWy725IfelLeVcEM97mmtRGXw=="],
+
     "is-boolean-object": ["is-boolean-object@1.2.2", "", { "dependencies": { "call-bound": "^1.0.3", "has-tostringtag": "^1.0.2" } }, "sha512-wa56o2/ElJMYqjCjGkXri7it5FbebW5usLw/nPmCMs5DeZ7eziSYZhSmPRn0txqeW4LnAmQQU7FgqLpsEFKM4A=="],
 
     "is-callable": ["is-callable@1.2.7", "", {}, "sha512-1BC0BVFhS/p0qtw6enp8e+8OD0UrK0oFLztSjNzhcKA3WDuJxxAPXzPuPtKkjEY9UUoEWlX/8fgKeu2S8i9JTA=="],
 
+    "is-ci": ["is-ci@2.0.0", "", { "dependencies": { "ci-info": "^2.0.0" }, "bin": { "is-ci": "bin.js" } }, "sha512-YfJT7rkpQB0updsdHLGWrvhBJfcfzNNawYDNIyQXJz0IViGf75O8EBPKSdvw2rF+LGCsX4FZ8tcr3b19LcZq4w=="],
+
     "is-core-module": ["is-core-module@2.16.1", "", { "dependencies": { "hasown": "^2.0.2" } }, "sha512-UfoeMA6fIJ8wTYFEUjelnaGI67v6+N7qXJEvQuIGa99l4xsCruSYOVSQ0uPANn4dAzm8lkYPaKLrrijLq7x23w=="],
 
     "is-data-view": ["is-data-view@1.0.2", "", { "dependencies": { "call-bound": "^1.0.2", "get-intrinsic": "^1.2.6", "is-typed-array": "^1.1.13" } }, "sha512-RKtWF8pGmS87i2D6gqQu/l7EYRlVdfzemCJN/P3UOs//x1QE7mfhvzHIApBTRf7axvT6DMGwSwBXYCT0nfB9xw=="],
@@ -745,6 +1107,8 @@
 
     "is-decimal": ["is-decimal@2.0.1", "", {}, "sha512-AAB9hiomQs5DXWcRB1rqsxGUstbRroFOPPVAomNk/3XHR5JyEZChOyTWe2oayKnsSsr/kcGqF+z6yuH6HHpN0A=="],
 
+    "is-docker": ["is-docker@3.0.0", "", { "bin": { "is-docker": "cli.js" } }, "sha512-eljcgEDlEns/7AXFosB5K/2nCM4P7FQPkGc/DWLy5rmFEWvZayGrik1d9/QIY5nJ4f9YsVvBkA6kJpHn9rISdQ=="],
+
     "is-empty": ["is-empty@1.2.0", "", {}, "sha512-F2FnH/otLNJv0J6wc73A5Xo7oHLNnqplYqZhUu01tD54DIPvxIRSTSLkrUB/M0nHO4vo1O9PDfN4KoTxCzLh/w=="],
 
     "is-extglob": ["is-extglob@2.1.1", "", {}, "sha512-SbKbANkN603Vi4jEZv49LeVJMn4yGwsbzZworEoyEiutsN3nJYdbO36zfhGJ6QEDpOZIFkDtnq5JRxmvl3jsoQ=="],
@@ -759,12 +1123,20 @@
 
     "is-hexadecimal": ["is-hexadecimal@2.0.1", "", {}, "sha512-DgZQp241c8oO6cA1SbTEWiXeoxV42vlcJxgH+B3hi1AiqqKruZR3ZGF8In3fj4+/y/7rHvlOZLZtgJ/4ttYGZg=="],
 
+    "is-inside-container": ["is-inside-container@1.0.0", "", { "dependencies": { "is-docker": "^3.0.0" }, "bin": { "is-inside-container": "cli.js" } }, "sha512-KIYLCCJghfHZxqjYBE7rEy0OBuTd5xCHS7tHVgvCLkx7StIoaxwNW3hCALgEUjFfeRk+MG/Qxmp/vtETEF3tRA=="],
+
+    "is-it-type": ["is-it-type@5.1.3", "", { "dependencies": { "globalthis": "^1.0.2" } }, "sha512-AX2uU0HW+TxagTgQXOJY7+2fbFHemC7YFBwN1XqD8qQMKdtfbOC8OC3fUb4s5NU59a3662Dzwto8tWDdZYRXxg=="],
+
     "is-map": ["is-map@2.0.3", "", {}, "sha512-1Qed0/Hr2m+YqxnM09CjA2d/i6YZNfF6R2oRAOj36eUdS6qIV/huPJNSEpKbupewFs+ZsJlxsjjPbc0/afW6Lw=="],
 
     "is-negative-zero": ["is-negative-zero@2.0.3", "", {}, "sha512-5KoIu2Ngpyek75jXodFvnafB6DJgr3u8uuK0LEZJjrU19DrMD3EVERaR8sjz8CCGgpZvxPl9SuE1GMVPFHx1mw=="],
 
+    "is-number": ["is-number@7.0.0", "", {}, "sha512-41Cifkg6e8TylSpdtTpeLVMqvSBEVzTttHvERD741+pnZ8ANv0004MRL43QKPDlK9cGvNp6NZWZUBlbGXYxxng=="],
+
     "is-number-object": ["is-number-object@1.1.1", "", { "dependencies": { "call-bound": "^1.0.3", "has-tostringtag": "^1.0.2" } }, "sha512-lZhclumE1G6VYD8VHe35wFaIif+CTy5SJIi5+3y4psDgWu4wPDoBhF8NxUOinEc7pHgiTsT6MaBb92rKhhD+Xw=="],
 
+    "is-path-inside": ["is-path-inside@3.0.3", "", {}, "sha512-Fd4gABb+ycGAmKou8eMftCupSir5lRxqf4aD/vd0cD2qc4HL07OjCeuHMr8Ro4CoMaeCKDB0/ECBOVWjTwUvPQ=="],
+
     "is-plain-obj": ["is-plain-obj@4.1.0", "", {}, "sha512-+Pgi+vMuUNkJyExiMBt5IlFoMyKnr5zhJ4Uspz58WOhBF5QoIZkFyNHIbBAtHwzVAgk5RtndVNsDRN61/mmDqg=="],
 
     "is-regex": ["is-regex@1.2.1", "", { "dependencies": { "call-bound": "^1.0.2", "gopd": "^1.2.0", "has-tostringtag": "^1.0.2", "hasown": "^2.0.2" } }, "sha512-MjYsKHO5O7mCsmRGxWcLWheFqN9DJ/2TmngvjKXihe6efViPqc274+Fx/4fYj/r03+ESvBdTXK0V6tA3rgez1g=="],
@@ -779,16 +1151,28 @@
 
     "is-typed-array": ["is-typed-array@1.1.15", "", { "dependencies": { "which-typed-array": "^1.1.16" } }, "sha512-p3EcsicXjit7SaskXHs1hA91QxgTw46Fv6EFKKGS5DRFLD8yKnohjF3hxoju94b/OcMZoQukzpPpBE9uLVKzgQ=="],
 
+    "is-unicode-supported": ["is-unicode-supported@0.1.0", "", {}, "sha512-knxG2q4UC3u8stRGyAVJCOdxFmv5DZiRcdlIaAQXAbSfJya+OhopNotLQrstBhququ4ZpuKbDc/8S6mgXgPFPw=="],
+
     "is-weakmap": ["is-weakmap@2.0.2", "", {}, "sha512-K5pXYOm9wqY1RgjpL3YTkF39tni1XajUIkawTLUo9EZEVUFga5gSQJF8nNS7ZwJQ02y+1YCNYcMh+HIf1ZqE+w=="],
 
     "is-weakref": ["is-weakref@1.1.1", "", { "dependencies": { "call-bound": "^1.0.3" } }, "sha512-6i9mGWSlqzNMEqpCp93KwRS1uUOodk2OJ6b+sq7ZPDSy2WuI5NFIxp/254TytR8ftefexkWn5xNiHUNpPOfSew=="],
 
     "is-weakset": ["is-weakset@2.0.4", "", { "dependencies": { "call-bound": "^1.0.3", "get-intrinsic": "^1.2.6" } }, "sha512-mfcwb6IzQyOKTs84CQMrOwW4gQcaTOAWJ0zzJCl2WSPDrWk/OzDaImWFH3djXhb24g4eudZfLRozAvPGw4d9hQ=="],
 
+    "is-wsl": ["is-wsl@3.1.1", "", { "dependencies": { "is-inside-container": "^1.0.0" } }, "sha512-e6rvdUCiQCAuumZslxRJWR/Doq4VpPR82kqclvcS0efgt430SlGIk05vdCN58+VrzgtIcfNODjozVielycD4Sw=="],
+
     "isarray": ["isarray@2.0.5", "", {}, "sha512-xHjhDr3cNBK0BzdUJSPXZntQUx/mwMS5Rw4A7lPJ90XGAO6ISP/ePDNuo0vhqOZU+UD5JoodwCAAoZQd3FeAKw=="],
 
     "isexe": ["isexe@2.0.0", "", {}, "sha512-RHxMLp9lnKHGHRng9QFhRCMbYAcVpn69smSGcq3f36xjgVVWThj4qqLbTLlq7Ssj8B+fIQ1EuCEGI2lKsyQeIw=="],
 
+    "istanbul-lib-coverage": ["istanbul-lib-coverage@3.2.2", "", {}, "sha512-O8dpsF+r0WV/8MNRKfnmrtCWhuKjxrq2w+jpzBL5UZKTi2LeVWnWOmWRxFlesJONmc+wLAGvKQZEOanko0LFTg=="],
+
+    "istanbul-lib-report": ["istanbul-lib-report@3.0.1", "", { "dependencies": { "istanbul-lib-coverage": "^3.0.0", "make-dir": "^4.0.0", "supports-color": "^7.1.0" } }, "sha512-GCfE1mtsHGOELCU8e/Z7YWzpmybrx/+dSTfLrvY8qRmaY6zXTKWn6WQIjaAFw069icm6GVMNkgu0NzI4iPZUNw=="],
+
+    "istanbul-reports": ["istanbul-reports@3.2.0", "", { "dependencies": { "html-escaper": "^2.0.0", "istanbul-lib-report": "^3.0.0" } }, "sha512-HGYWWS/ehqTV3xN10i23tkPkpH46MLCIMFNCaaKNavAXTF1RkqxawEPtnjnGZ6XKSInBKkiOA5BKS+aZiY3AvA=="],
+
+    "istextorbinary": ["istextorbinary@9.5.0", "", { "dependencies": { "binaryextensions": "^6.11.0", "editions": "^6.21.0", "textextensions": "^6.11.0" } }, "sha512-5mbUj3SiZXCuRf9fT3ibzbSSEWiy63gFfksmGfdOzujPjW3k+z8WvIBxcJHBoQNlaZaiyB25deviif2+osLmLw=="],
+
     "iterator.prototype": ["iterator.prototype@1.1.5", "", { "dependencies": { "define-data-property": "^1.1.4", "es-object-atoms": "^1.0.0", "get-intrinsic": "^1.2.6", "get-proto": "^1.0.0", "has-symbols": "^1.1.0", "set-function-name": "^2.0.2" } }, "sha512-H0dkQoCa3b2VEeKQBOxFph+JAbcrQdE7KC0UkqwpLmv2EC4P41QXP+rqo9wYodACiG5/WM5s9oDApTU8utwj9g=="],
 
     "jackspeak": ["jackspeak@3.4.3", "", { "dependencies": { "@isaacs/cliui": "^8.0.2" }, "optionalDependencies": { "@pkgjs/parseargs": "^0.11.0" } }, "sha512-OGlZQpz2yfahA/Rd1Y8Cd9SIEsqvXkLVoSw/cgwhnhFMDbsQFeZYoJJ7bIZBS9BcamUW96asq/npPWugM+RQBw=="],
@@ -809,32 +1193,72 @@
 
     "json5": ["json5@2.2.3", "", { "bin": { "json5": "lib/cli.js" } }, "sha512-XmOWe7eyHYH14cLdVPoyg+GOH3rYX++KpzrylJwSW98t3Nk+U8XOl8FWKOgwtzdb8lXGf6zYwDUzeHMWfxasyg=="],
 
+    "jsonc-parser": ["jsonc-parser@3.3.1", "", {}, "sha512-HUgH65KyejrUFPvHFPbqOY0rsFip3Bo5wb4ngvdi1EpCYWUQDC5V+Y7mZws+DLkr4M//zQJoanu1SP+87Dv1oQ=="],
+
+    "jsonfile": ["jsonfile@6.2.1", "", { "dependencies": { "universalify": "^2.0.0" }, "optionalDependencies": { "graceful-fs": "^4.1.6" } }, "sha512-zwOTdL3rFQ/lRdBnntKVOX6k5cKJwEc1HdilT71BWEu7J41gXIB2MRp+vxduPSwZJPWBxEzv4yH1wYLJGUHX4Q=="],
+
+    "jsonwebtoken": ["jsonwebtoken@9.0.3", "", { "dependencies": { "jws": "^4.0.1", "lodash.includes": "^4.3.0", "lodash.isboolean": "^3.0.3", "lodash.isinteger": "^4.0.4", "lodash.isnumber": "^3.0.3", "lodash.isplainobject": "^4.0.6", "lodash.isstring": "^4.0.1", "lodash.once": "^4.0.0", "ms": "^2.1.1", "semver": "^7.5.4" } }, "sha512-MT/xP0CrubFRNLNKvxJ2BYfy53Zkm++5bX9dtuPbqAeQpTVe0MQTFhao8+Cp//EmJp244xt6Drw/GVEGCUj40g=="],
+
     "jsx-ast-utils": ["jsx-ast-utils@3.3.5", "", { "dependencies": { "array-includes": "^3.1.6", "array.prototype.flat": "^1.3.1", "object.assign": "^4.1.4", "object.values": "^1.1.6" } }, "sha512-ZZow9HBI5O6EPgSJLUb8n2NKgmVWTwCvHGwFuJlMjvLFqlGG6pjirPhtdsseaLZjSibD8eegzmYpUZwoIlj2cQ=="],
 
+    "jwa": ["jwa@2.0.1", "", { "dependencies": { "buffer-equal-constant-time": "^1.0.1", "ecdsa-sig-formatter": "1.0.11", "safe-buffer": "^5.0.1" } }, "sha512-hRF04fqJIP8Abbkq5NKGN0Bbr3JxlQ+qhZufXVr0DvujKy93ZCbXZMHDL4EOtodSbCWxOqR8MS1tXA5hwqCXDg=="],
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+    "jws": ["jws@4.0.1", "", { "dependencies": { "jwa": "^2.0.1", "safe-buffer": "^5.0.1" } }, "sha512-EKI/M/yqPncGUUh44xz0PxSidXFr/+r0pA70+gIYhjv+et7yxM+s29Y+VGDkovRofQem0fs7Uvf4+YmAdyRduA=="],
+
+    "keytar": ["keytar@7.9.0", "", { "dependencies": { "node-addon-api": "^4.3.0", "prebuild-install": "^7.0.1" } }, "sha512-VPD8mtVtm5JNtA2AErl6Chp06JBfy7diFQ7TQQhdpWOl6MrCRB+eRbvAZUsbGQS9kiMq0coJsy0W0vHpDCkWsQ=="],
+
     "keyv": ["keyv@4.5.4", "", { "dependencies": { "json-buffer": "3.0.1" } }, "sha512-oxVHkHR/EJf2CNXnWxRLW6mg7JyCCUcG0DtEGmL2ctUo1PNTin1PUil+r/+4r5MpVgC/fn1kjsx7mjSujKqIpw=="],
 
     "landing": ["landing@workspace:apps/landing"],
 
+    "leven": ["leven@3.1.0", "", {}, "sha512-qsda+H8jTaUaN/x5vzW2rzc+8Rw4TAQ/4KjB46IwK5VH+IlVeeeje/EoZRpiXvIqjFgK84QffqPztGI3VBLG1A=="],
+
     "levn": ["levn@0.4.1", "", { "dependencies": { "prelude-ls": "^1.2.1", "type-check": "~0.4.0" } }, "sha512-+bT2uH4E5LGE7h/n3evcS/sQlJXCpIp6ym8OWJ5eV6+67Dsql/LaaT7qJBAt2rzfoa/5QBGBhxDix1dMt2kQKQ=="],
 
     "lines-and-columns": ["lines-and-columns@2.0.4", "", {}, "sha512-wM1+Z03eypVAVUCE7QdSqpVIvelbOakn1M0bPDoA4SGWPx3sNDVUiMo3L6To6WWGClB7VyXnhQ4Sn7gxiJbE6A=="],
 
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     "load-plugin": ["load-plugin@6.0.3", "", { "dependencies": { "@npmcli/config": "^8.0.0", "import-meta-resolve": "^4.0.0" } }, "sha512-kc0X2FEUZr145odl68frm+lMJuQ23+rTXYmR6TImqPtbpmXC4vVXbWKDQ9IzndA0HfyQamWfKLhzsqGSTxE63w=="],
 
     "locate-path": ["locate-path@6.0.0", "", { "dependencies": { "p-locate": "^5.0.0" } }, "sha512-iPZK6eYjbxRu3uB4/WZ3EsEIMJFMqAoopl3R+zuq0UjcAm/MO6KCweDgPfP3elTztoKP3KtnVHxTn2NHBSDVUw=="],
 
+    "lodash": ["lodash@4.18.1", "", {}, "sha512-dMInicTPVE8d1e5otfwmmjlxkZoUpiVLwyeTdUsi/Caj/gfzzblBcCE5sRHV/AsjuCmxWrte2TNGSYuCeCq+0Q=="],
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+    "lodash.includes": ["lodash.includes@4.3.0", "", {}, "sha512-W3Bx6mdkRTGtlJISOvVD/lbqjTlPPUDTMnlXZFnVwi9NKJ6tiAk6LVdlhZMm17VZisqhKcgzpO5Wz91PCt5b0w=="],
+
+    "lodash.isboolean": ["lodash.isboolean@3.0.3", "", {}, "sha512-Bz5mupy2SVbPHURB98VAcw+aHh4vRV5IPNhILUCsOzRmsTmSQ17jIuqopAentWoehktxGd9e/hbIXq980/1QJg=="],
+
+    "lodash.isinteger": ["lodash.isinteger@4.0.4", "", {}, "sha512-DBwtEWN2caHQ9/imiNeEA5ys1JoRtRfY3d7V9wkqtbycnAmTvRRmbHKDV4a0EYc678/dia0jrte4tjYwVBaZUA=="],
+
+    "lodash.isnumber": ["lodash.isnumber@3.0.3", "", {}, "sha512-QYqzpfwO3/CWf3XP+Z+tkQsfaLL/EnUlXWVkIk5FUPc4sBdTehEqZONuyRt2P67PXAk+NXmTBcc97zw9t1FQrw=="],
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+    "lodash.isplainobject": ["lodash.isplainobject@4.0.6", "", {}, "sha512-oSXzaWypCMHkPC3NvBEaPHf0KsA5mvPrOPgQWDsbg8n7orZ290M0BmC/jgRZ4vcJ6DTAhjrsSYgdsW/F+MFOBA=="],
+
+    "lodash.isstring": ["lodash.isstring@4.0.1", "", {}, "sha512-0wJxfxH1wgO3GrbuP+dTTk7op+6L41QCXbGINEmD+ny/G/eCqGzxyCsh7159S+mgDDcoarnBw6PC1PS5+wUGgw=="],
+
     "lodash.merge": ["lodash.merge@4.6.2", "", {}, "sha512-0KpjqXRVvrYyCsX1swR/XTK0va6VQkQM6MNo7PqW77ByjAhoARA8EfrP1N4+KlKj8YS0ZUCtRT/YUuhyYDujIQ=="],
 
+    "lodash.once": ["lodash.once@4.1.1", "", {}, "sha512-Sb487aTOCr9drQVL8pIxOzVhafOjZN9UU54hiN8PU3uAiSV7lx1yYNpbNmex2PK6dSJoNTSJUUswT651yww3Mg=="],
+
+    "lodash.truncate": ["lodash.truncate@4.4.2", "", {}, "sha512-jttmRe7bRse52OsWIMDLaXxWqRAmtIUccAQ3garviCqJjafXOfNMO0yMfNpdD6zbGaTU0P5Nz7e7gAT6cKmJRw=="],
+
+    "log-symbols": ["log-symbols@4.1.0", "", { "dependencies": { "chalk": "^4.1.0", "is-unicode-supported": "^0.1.0" } }, "sha512-8XPvpAA8uyhfteu8pIvQxpJZ7SYYdpUivZpGy6sFsBuKRY/7rQGavedeB8aK+Zkyq6upMFVL/9AW6vOYzfRyLg=="],
+
     "longest-streak": ["longest-streak@3.1.0", "", {}, "sha512-9Ri+o0JYgehTaVBBDoMqIl8GXtbWg711O3srftcHhZ0dqnETqLaoIK0x17fUw9rFSlK/0NlsKe0Ahhyl5pXE2g=="],
 
     "loose-envify": ["loose-envify@1.4.0", "", { "dependencies": { "js-tokens": "^3.0.0 || ^4.0.0" }, "bin": { "loose-envify": "cli.js" } }, "sha512-lyuxPGr/Wfhrlem2CL/UcnUc1zcqKAImBDzukY7Y5F/yQiNdko6+fRLevlw1HgMySw7f611UIY408EtxRSoK3Q=="],
 
-    "lru-cache": ["lru-cache@5.1.1", "", { "dependencies": { "yallist": "^3.0.2" } }, "sha512-KpNARQA3Iwv+jTA0utUVVbrh+Jlrr1Fv0e56GGzAFOXN7dk/FviaDW8LHmK52DlcH4WP2n6gI8vN1aesBFgo9w=="],
+    "lru-cache": ["lru-cache@6.0.0", "", { "dependencies": { "yallist": "^4.0.0" } }, "sha512-Jo6dJ04CmSjuznwJSS3pUeWmd/H0ffTlkXXgwZi+eq1UCmqQwCh+eLsYOYCwY991i2Fah4h1BEMCx4qThGbsiA=="],
 
     "lz-string": ["lz-string@1.5.0", "", { "bin": { "lz-string": "bin/bin.js" } }, "sha512-h5bgJWpxJNswbU7qCrV0tIKQCaS3blPDrqKWx+QxzuzL1zGUzij9XCWLrSLsJPu5t+eWA/ycetzYAO5IOMcWAQ=="],
 
+    "make-dir": ["make-dir@4.0.0", "", { "dependencies": { "semver": "^7.5.3" } }, "sha512-hXdUTZYIVOt1Ex//jAQi+wTZZpUpwBj/0QsOzqegb3rGMMeJiSEu5xLHnYfBrRV4RH2+OCSOO95Is/7x1WJ4bw=="],
+
     "markdown-extensions": ["markdown-extensions@2.0.0", "", {}, "sha512-o5vL7aDWatOTX8LzaS1WMoaoxIiLRQJuIKKe2wAw6IeULDHaqbiqiggmx+pKvZDb1Sj+pE46Sn1T7lCqfFtg1Q=="],
 
+    "markdown-it": ["markdown-it@14.1.1", "", { "dependencies": { "argparse": "^2.0.1", "entities": "^4.4.0", "linkify-it": "^5.0.0", "mdurl": "^2.0.0", "punycode.js": "^2.3.1", "uc.micro": "^2.1.0" }, "bin": { "markdown-it": "bin/markdown-it.mjs" } }, "sha512-BuU2qnTti9YKgK5N+IeMubp14ZUKUUw7yeJbkjtosvHiP0AZ5c8IAgEMk79D0eC8F23r4Ac/q8cAIFdm2FtyoA=="],
+
     "math-intrinsics": ["math-intrinsics@1.1.0", "", {}, "sha512-/IXtbwEk5HTPyEwyKX6hGkYXxM9nbj64B+ilVJnC/R6B0pH5G4V3b0pVbL7DBj4tkhBAppbQUlf6F6Xl9LHu1g=="],
 
     "mdast-util-from-markdown": ["mdast-util-from-markdown@2.0.3", "", { "dependencies": { "@types/mdast": "^4.0.0", "@types/unist": "^3.0.0", "decode-named-character-reference": "^1.0.0", "devlop": "^1.0.0", "mdast-util-to-string": "^4.0.0", "micromark": "^4.0.0", "micromark-util-decode-numeric-character-reference": "^2.0.0", "micromark-util-decode-string": "^2.0.0", "micromark-util-normalize-identifier": "^2.0.0", "micromark-util-symbol": "^2.0.0", "micromark-util-types": "^2.0.0", "unist-util-stringify-position": "^4.0.0" } }, "sha512-W4mAWTvSlKvf8L6J+VN9yLSqQ9AOAAvHuoDAmPkz4dHf553m5gVj2ejadHJhoJmcmxEnOv6Pa8XJhpxE93kb8Q=="],
@@ -855,6 +1279,10 @@
 
     "mdast-util-to-string": ["mdast-util-to-string@4.0.0", "", { "dependencies": { "@types/mdast": "^4.0.0" } }, "sha512-0H44vDimn51F0YwvxSJSm0eCDOJTRlmN0R1yBh4HLj9wiV1Dn0QoXGbvFAWj2hSItVTlCmBF1hqKlIyUBVFLPg=="],
 
+    "mdurl": ["mdurl@2.0.0", "", {}, "sha512-Lf+9+2r+Tdp5wXDXC4PcIBjTDtq4UKjCPMQhKIuzpJNW0b96kVqSwW0bT7FhRSfmAiFYgP+SCRvdrDozfh0U5w=="],
+
+    "merge2": ["merge2@1.4.1", "", {}, "sha512-8q7VEgMJW4J8tcfVPy8g09NcQwZdbwFEqhe/WZkoIzjn/3TGDwtOCYtXGxA3O8tPzpczCCDgv+P2P5y00ZJOOg=="],
+
     "micromark": ["micromark@4.0.2", "", { "dependencies": { "@types/debug": "^4.0.0", "debug": "^4.0.0", "decode-named-character-reference": "^1.0.0", "devlop": "^1.0.0", "micromark-core-commonmark": "^2.0.0", "micromark-factory-space": "^2.0.0", "micromark-util-character": "^2.0.0", "micromark-util-chunked": "^2.0.0", "micromark-util-combine-extensions": "^2.0.0", "micromark-util-decode-numeric-character-reference": "^2.0.0", "micromark-util-encode": "^2.0.0", "micromark-util-normalize-identifier": "^2.0.0", "micromark-util-resolve-all": "^2.0.0", "micromark-util-sanitize-uri": "^2.0.0", "micromark-util-subtokenize": "^2.0.0", "micromark-util-symbol": "^2.0.0", "micromark-util-types": "^2.0.0" } }, "sha512-zpe98Q6kvavpCr1NPVSCMebCKfD7CA2NqZ+rykeNhONIJBpc1tFKt9hucLGwha3jNTNI8lHpctWJWoimVF4PfA=="],
 
     "micromark-core-commonmark": ["micromark-core-commonmark@2.0.3", "", { "dependencies": { "decode-named-character-reference": "^1.0.0", "devlop": "^1.0.0", "micromark-factory-destination": "^2.0.0", "micromark-factory-label": "^2.0.0", "micromark-factory-space": "^2.0.0", "micromark-factory-title": "^2.0.0", "micromark-factory-whitespace": "^2.0.0", "micromark-util-character": "^2.0.0", "micromark-util-chunked": "^2.0.0", "micromark-util-classify-character": "^2.0.0", "micromark-util-html-tag-name": "^2.0.0", "micromark-util-normalize-identifier": "^2.0.0", "micromark-util-resolve-all": "^2.0.0", "micromark-util-subtokenize": "^2.0.0", "micromark-util-symbol": "^2.0.0", "micromark-util-types": "^2.0.0" } }, "sha512-RDBrHEMSxVFLg6xvnXmb1Ayr2WzLAWjeSATAoxwKYJV94TeNavgoIdA0a9ytzDSVzBy2YKFK+emCPOEibLeCrg=="],
@@ -911,28 +1339,56 @@
 
     "micromark-util-types": ["micromark-util-types@2.0.2", "", {}, "sha512-Yw0ECSpJoViF1qTU4DC6NwtC4aWGt1EkzaQB8KPPyCRR8z9TWeV0HbEFGTO+ZY1wB22zmxnJqhPyTpOVCpeHTA=="],
 
+    "micromatch": ["micromatch@4.0.8", "", { "dependencies": { "braces": "^3.0.3", "picomatch": "^2.3.1" } }, "sha512-PXwfBhYu0hBCPw8Dn0E+WDYb7af3dSLVWKi3HGv84IdF4TyFoC0ysxFd0Goxw7nSv4T/PzEJQxsYsEiFCKo2BA=="],
+
+    "mime": ["mime@1.6.0", "", { "bin": { "mime": "cli.js" } }, "sha512-x0Vn8spI+wuJ1O6S7gnbaQg8Pxh4NNHb7KSINmEWKiPE4RKOplvijn+NkmYmmRgP68mc70j2EbeTFRsrswaQeg=="],
+
+    "mime-db": ["mime-db@1.52.0", "", {}, "sha512-sPU4uV7dYlvtWJxwwxHD0PuihVNiE7TyAbQ5SWxDCB9mUYvOgroQOwYQQOKPJ8CIbE+1ETVlOoK1UC2nU3gYvg=="],
+
+    "mime-types": ["mime-types@2.1.35", "", { "dependencies": { "mime-db": "1.52.0" } }, "sha512-ZDY+bPm5zTTF+YpCrAU9nK0UgICYPT0QtT1NZWFv4s++TNkcgVaT0g6+4R2uI4MjQjzysHB1zxuWL50hzaeXiw=="],
+
+    "mimic-response": ["mimic-response@3.1.0", "", {}, "sha512-z0yWI+4FDrrweS8Zmt4Ej5HdJmky15+L2e6Wgn3+iK5fWzb6T3fhNFq2+MeTRb064c6Wr4N/wv0DzQTjNzHNGQ=="],
+
     "min-indent": ["min-indent@1.0.1", "", {}, "sha512-I9jwMn07Sy/IwOj3zVkVik2JTvgpaykDZEigL6Rx6N9LbMywwUSMtxET+7lVoDLLd3O3IXwJwvuuns8UB/HeAg=="],
 
     "minimatch": ["minimatch@3.1.5", "", { "dependencies": { "brace-expansion": "^1.1.7" } }, "sha512-VgjWUsnnT6n+NUk6eZq77zeFdpW2LWDzP6zFGrCbHXiYNul5Dzqk2HHQ5uFH2DNW5Xbp8+jVzaeNt94ssEEl4w=="],
 
+    "minimist": ["minimist@1.2.8", "", {}, "sha512-2yyAR8qBkN3YuheJanUpWC5U3bb5osDywNB8RzDVlDwDHbocAJveqqj1u8+SVD7jkWT4yvsHCpWqqWqAxb0zCA=="],
+
     "minipass": ["minipass@7.1.3", "", {}, "sha512-tEBHqDnIoM/1rXME1zgka9g6Q2lcoCkxHLuc7ODJ5BxbP5d4c2Z5cGgtXAku59200Cx7diuHTOYfSBD8n6mm8A=="],
 
+    "mkdirp-classic": ["mkdirp-classic@0.5.3", "", {}, "sha512-gKLcREMhtuZRwRAfqP3RFW+TK4JqApVBtOIftVgjuABpAtpxhPGaDcfvbhNvD0B8iD1oUr/txX35NjcaY6Ns/A=="],
+
+    "mocha": ["mocha@11.7.5", "", { "dependencies": { "browser-stdout": "^1.3.1", "chokidar": "^4.0.1", "debug": "^4.3.5", "diff": "^7.0.0", "escape-string-regexp": "^4.0.0", "find-up": "^5.0.0", "glob": "^10.4.5", "he": "^1.2.0", "is-path-inside": "^3.0.3", "js-yaml": "^4.1.0", "log-symbols": "^4.1.0", "minimatch": "^9.0.5", "ms": "^2.1.3", "picocolors": "^1.1.1", "serialize-javascript": "^6.0.2", "strip-json-comments": "^3.1.1", "supports-color": "^8.1.1", "workerpool": "^9.2.0", "yargs": "^17.7.2", "yargs-parser": "^21.1.1", "yargs-unparser": "^2.0.0" }, "bin": { "mocha": "bin/mocha.js", "_mocha": "bin/_mocha" } }, "sha512-mTT6RgopEYABzXWFx+GcJ+ZQ32kp4fMf0xvpZIIfSq9Z8lC/++MtcCnQ9t5FP2veYEP95FIYSvW+U9fV4xrlig=="],
+
     "ms": ["ms@2.1.3", "", {}, "sha512-6FlzubTLZG3J2a/NVCAleEhjzq5oxgHyaCU9yYXvcLsvoVaHJq/s5xXI6/XXP6tz7R9xAOtHnSO/tXtF3WRTlA=="],
 
+    "mute-stream": ["mute-stream@0.0.8", "", {}, "sha512-nnbWWOkoWyUsTjKrhgD0dcz22mdkSnpYqbEjIm2nhwhuxlSkpywJmBo8h0ZqJdkp73mb90SssHkN4rsRaBAfAA=="],
+
     "nanoid": ["nanoid@3.3.11", "", { "bin": { "nanoid": "bin/nanoid.cjs" } }, "sha512-N8SpfPUnUp1bK+PMYW8qSWdl9U+wwNWI4QKxOYDy9JAro3WMX7p2OeVRF9v+347pnakNevPmiHhNmZ2HbFA76w=="],
 
+    "napi-build-utils": ["napi-build-utils@2.0.0", "", {}, "sha512-GEbrYkbfF7MoNaoh2iGG84Mnf/WZfB0GdGEsM8wz7Expx/LlWf5U8t9nvJKXSp3qr5IsEbK04cBGhol/KwOsWA=="],
+
     "natural-compare": ["natural-compare@1.4.0", "", {}, "sha512-OWND8ei3VtNC9h7V60qff3SVobHr996CTwgxubgyQYEpg290h9J0buyECNNJexkFm5sOajh5G116RYA1c8ZMSw=="],
 
     "next": ["next@16.2.4", "", { "dependencies": { "@next/env": "16.2.4", "@swc/helpers": "0.5.15", "baseline-browser-mapping": "^2.9.19", "caniuse-lite": "^1.0.30001579", "postcss": "8.4.31", "styled-jsx": "5.1.6" }, "optionalDependencies": { "@next/swc-darwin-arm64": "16.2.4", "@next/swc-darwin-x64": "16.2.4", "@next/swc-linux-arm64-gnu": "16.2.4", "@next/swc-linux-arm64-musl": "16.2.4", "@next/swc-linux-x64-gnu": "16.2.4", "@next/swc-linux-x64-musl": "16.2.4", "@next/swc-win32-arm64-msvc": "16.2.4", "@next/swc-win32-x64-msvc": "16.2.4", "sharp": "^0.34.5" }, "peerDependencies": { "@opentelemetry/api": "^1.1.0", "@playwright/test": "^1.51.1", "babel-plugin-react-compiler": "*", "react": "^18.2.0 || 19.0.0-rc-de68d2f4-20241204 || ^19.0.0", "react-dom": "^18.2.0 || 19.0.0-rc-de68d2f4-20241204 || ^19.0.0", "sass": "^1.3.0" }, "optionalPeers": ["@opentelemetry/api", "@playwright/test", "babel-plugin-react-compiler", "sass"], "bin": { "next": "dist/bin/next" } }, "sha512-kPvz56wF5frc+FxlHI5qnklCzbq53HTwORaWBGdT0vNoKh1Aya9XC8aPauH4NJxqtzbWsS5mAbctm4cr+EkQ2Q=="],
 
+    "node-abi": ["node-abi@3.92.0", "", { "dependencies": { "semver": "^7.3.5" } }, "sha512-KdHvFWZjEKDf0cakgFjebl371GPsISX2oZHcuyKqM7DtogIsHrqKeLTo8wBHxaXRAQlY2PsPlZmfo+9ZCxEREQ=="],
+
+    "node-addon-api": ["node-addon-api@4.3.0", "", {}, "sha512-73sE9+3UaLYYFmDsFZnqCInzPyh3MqIwZO9cw58yIqAZhONrrabrYyYe3TuIqtIiOuTXVhsGau8hcrhhwSsDIQ=="],
+
     "node-exports-info": ["node-exports-info@1.6.0", "", { "dependencies": { "array.prototype.flatmap": "^1.3.3", "es-errors": "^1.3.0", "object.entries": "^1.1.9", "semver": "^6.3.1" } }, "sha512-pyFS63ptit/P5WqUkt+UUfe+4oevH+bFeIiPPdfb0pFeYEu/1ELnJu5l+5EcTKYL5M7zaAa7S8ddywgXypqKCw=="],
 
     "node-releases": ["node-releases@2.0.38", "", {}, "sha512-3qT/88Y3FbH/Kx4szpQQ4HzUbVrHPKTLVpVocKiLfoYvw9XSGOX2FmD2d6DrXbVYyAQTF2HeF6My8jmzx7/CRw=="],
 
+    "node-sarif-builder": ["node-sarif-builder@3.4.0", "", { "dependencies": { "@types/sarif": "^2.1.7", "fs-extra": "^11.1.1" } }, "sha512-tGnJW6OKRii9u/b2WiUViTJS+h7Apxx17qsMUjsUeNDiMMX5ZFf8F8Fcz7PAQ6omvOxHZtvDTmOYKJQwmfpjeg=="],
+
     "nopt": ["nopt@7.2.1", "", { "dependencies": { "abbrev": "^2.0.0" }, "bin": { "nopt": "bin/nopt.js" } }, "sha512-taM24ViiimT/XntxbPyJQzCG+p4EKOpgD3mxFwW38mGjVUrfERQOeY4EDHjdnptttfHuHQXFx+lTP08Q+mLa/w=="],
 
     "normalize-package-data": ["normalize-package-data@6.0.2", "", { "dependencies": { "hosted-git-info": "^7.0.0", "semver": "^7.3.5", "validate-npm-package-license": "^3.0.4" } }, "sha512-V6gygoYb/5EmNI+MEGrWkC+e6+Rr7mTmfHrxDbLzxQogBkgzo76rkok0Am6thgSF7Mv2nLOajAJj5vDJZEFn7g=="],
 
+    "normalize-path": ["normalize-path@3.0.0", "", {}, "sha512-6eZs5Ls3WtCisHWp9S2GUy8dqkpGi4BVSz3GaqiE6ezub0512ESztXUwUB6C6IKbQkY2Pnb/mD4WYojCRwcwLA=="],
+
     "npm-install-checks": ["npm-install-checks@6.3.0", "", { "dependencies": { "semver": "^7.1.1" } }, "sha512-W29RiK/xtpCGqn6f3ixfRYGk+zRyr+Ew9F2E20BfXxT5/euLdA/Nm7fO7OeTGuAmTs30cpgInyJ0cYe708YTZw=="],
 
     "npm-normalize-package-bin": ["npm-normalize-package-bin@3.0.1", "", {}, "sha512-dMxCf+zZ+3zeQZXKxmyuCKlIDPGuv8EF940xbkC4kQVDTtqoh6rJFO+JTKSA6/Rwi0getWmtuy4Itup0AMcaDQ=="],
@@ -941,6 +1397,8 @@
 
     "npm-pick-manifest": ["npm-pick-manifest@9.1.0", "", { "dependencies": { "npm-install-checks": "^6.0.0", "npm-normalize-package-bin": "^3.0.0", "npm-package-arg": "^11.0.0", "semver": "^7.3.5" } }, "sha512-nkc+3pIIhqHVQr085X9d2JzPzLyjzQS96zbruppqC9aZRm/x8xx6xhI98gHtsfELP2bE+loHq8ZaHFHhe+NauA=="],
 
+    "nth-check": ["nth-check@2.1.1", "", { "dependencies": { "boolbase": "^1.0.0" } }, "sha512-lqjrjmaOoAnWfMmBPL+XNnynZh2+swxiX3WUE0s4yEHI6m+AwrK2UZOimIRl3X/4QctVqS8AiZjFqyOGrMXb/w=="],
+
     "object-assign": ["object-assign@4.1.1", "", {}, "sha512-rJgTQnkUnH1sFw8yT6VSU3zD3sWmu6sZhIseY8VX+GRu3P6F7Fu+JNDoXfklElbLJSnc3FUQHVe4cU5hj+BcUg=="],
 
     "object-inspect": ["object-inspect@1.13.4", "", {}, "sha512-W67iLl4J2EXEGTbfeHCffrjDfitvLANg0UlX3wFUUSTx92KXRFegMHUVgSqE+wvhAbi4WqjGg9czysTV2Epbew=="],
@@ -955,12 +1413,18 @@
 
     "object.values": ["object.values@1.2.1", "", { "dependencies": { "call-bind": "^1.0.8", "call-bound": "^1.0.3", "define-properties": "^1.2.1", "es-object-atoms": "^1.0.0" } }, "sha512-gXah6aZrcUxjWg2zR2MwouP2eHlCBzdV4pygudehaKXSGW4v2AsRQUK+lwwXhii6KFZcunEnmSUoYp5CXibxtA=="],
 
+    "once": ["once@1.4.0", "", { "dependencies": { "wrappy": "1" } }, "sha512-lNaJgI+2Q5URQBkccEKHTQOPaXdUxnZZElQTZY0MFUAuaEqe1E+Nyvgdz/aIyNi6Z9MzO5dv1H8n58/GELp3+w=="],
+
     "oniguruma-parser": ["oniguruma-parser@0.12.2", "", {}, "sha512-6HVa5oIrgMC6aA6WF6XyyqbhRPJrKR02L20+2+zpDtO5QAzGHAUGw5TKQvwi5vctNnRHkJYmjAhRVQF2EKdTQw=="],
 
     "oniguruma-to-es": ["oniguruma-to-es@4.3.6", "", { "dependencies": { "oniguruma-parser": "^0.12.2", "regex": "^6.1.0", "regex-recursion": "^6.0.2" } }, "sha512-csuQ9x3Yr0cEIs/Zgx/OEt9iBw9vqIunAPQkx19R/fiMq2oGVTgcMqO/V3Ybqefr1TBvosI6jU539ksaBULJyA=="],
 
+    "open": ["open@10.2.0", "", { "dependencies": { "default-browser": "^5.2.1", "define-lazy-prop": "^3.0.0", "is-inside-container": "^1.0.0", "wsl-utils": "^0.1.0" } }, "sha512-YgBpdJHPyQ2UE5x+hlSXcnejzAvD0b22U2OuAP+8OnlJT+PjWPxtgmGqKKc+RgTM63U9gN0YzrYc71R2WT/hTA=="],
+
     "optionator": ["optionator@0.9.4", "", { "dependencies": { "deep-is": "^0.1.3", "fast-levenshtein": "^2.0.6", "levn": "^0.4.1", "prelude-ls": "^1.2.1", "type-check": "^0.4.0", "word-wrap": "^1.2.5" } }, "sha512-6IpQ7mKUxRcZNLIObR0hz7lxsapSSIYNZJwXPGeF0mTVqGKFIXj1DQcMoT22S3ROcLyY/rz0PWaWZ9ayWmad9g=="],
 
+    "ovsx": ["ovsx@0.10.12", "", { "dependencies": { "@vscode/vsce": "^3.7.1", "commander": "^6.2.1", "follow-redirects": "^1.16.0", "is-ci": "^2.0.0", "leven": "^3.1.0", "semver": "^7.6.0", "tmp": "^0.2.3", "yauzl-promise": "^4.0.0" }, "bin": { "ovsx": "bin/ovsx" } }, "sha512-WwMj1iQDvCk02029oxPnkFXsPrHZ+WzmoNW5pJ8JGepHtL30i2JE4s3C3wqzQqj6a35vx2hp0gV3TdfefGmvMg=="],
+
     "own-keys": ["own-keys@1.0.1", "", { "dependencies": { "get-intrinsic": "^1.2.6", "object-keys": "^1.1.1", "safe-push-apply": "^1.0.0" } }, "sha512-qFOyK5PjiWZd+QQIh+1jhdb9LpxTF0qs7Pm8o5QHYZ0M3vKqSqzsZaEB6oWlxZ+q2sJBMI/Ktgd2N5ZwQoRHfg=="],
 
     "oxlint": ["oxlint@1.61.0", "", { "optionalDependencies": { "@oxlint/binding-android-arm-eabi": "1.61.0", "@oxlint/binding-android-arm64": "1.61.0", "@oxlint/binding-darwin-arm64": "1.61.0", "@oxlint/binding-darwin-x64": "1.61.0", "@oxlint/binding-freebsd-x64": "1.61.0", "@oxlint/binding-linux-arm-gnueabihf": "1.61.0", "@oxlint/binding-linux-arm-musleabihf": "1.61.0", "@oxlint/binding-linux-arm64-gnu": "1.61.0", "@oxlint/binding-linux-arm64-musl": "1.61.0", "@oxlint/binding-linux-ppc64-gnu": "1.61.0", "@oxlint/binding-linux-riscv64-gnu": "1.61.0", "@oxlint/binding-linux-riscv64-musl": "1.61.0", "@oxlint/binding-linux-s390x-gnu": "1.61.0", "@oxlint/binding-linux-x64-gnu": "1.61.0", "@oxlint/binding-linux-x64-musl": "1.61.0", "@oxlint/binding-openharmony-arm64": "1.61.0", "@oxlint/binding-win32-arm64-msvc": "1.61.0", "@oxlint/binding-win32-ia32-msvc": "1.61.0", "@oxlint/binding-win32-x64-msvc": "1.61.0" }, "peerDependencies": { "oxlint-tsgolint": ">=0.18.0" }, "optionalPeers": ["oxlint-tsgolint"], "bin": { "oxlint": "bin/oxlint" } }, "sha512-ZC0ALuhDZ6ivOFG+sy0D0pEDN49EvsId98zVlmYdkcXHsEM14m/qTNUEsUpiFiCVbpIxYtVBmmLE87nsbUHohQ=="],
@@ -969,18 +1433,26 @@
 
     "p-locate": ["p-locate@5.0.0", "", { "dependencies": { "p-limit": "^3.0.2" } }, "sha512-LaNjtRWUBY++zB5nE/NwcaoMylSPk+S+ZHNB1TzdbMJMny6dynpAGt7X/tl/QYq3TIeE6nxHppbo2LGymrG5Pw=="],
 
+    "p-map": ["p-map@7.0.4", "", {}, "sha512-tkAQEw8ysMzmkhgw8k+1U/iPhWNhykKnSk4Rd5zLoPJCuJaGRPo6YposrZgaxHKzDHdDWWZvE/Sk7hsL2X/CpQ=="],
+
     "package-json-from-dist": ["package-json-from-dist@1.0.1", "", {}, "sha512-UEZIS3/by4OC8vL3P2dTXRETpebLI2NiI5vIrjaD/5UtrkFX/tNbwjTSRAGC/+7CAo2pIcBaRgWmcBBHcsaCIw=="],
 
     "parent-module": ["parent-module@1.0.1", "", { "dependencies": { "callsites": "^3.0.0" } }, "sha512-GQ2EWRpQV8/o+Aw8YqtfZZPfNRWZYkbidE9k5rpl/hC3vtHHBfGm2Ifi6qWV+coDGkrUKZAxE3Lot5kcsRlh+g=="],
 
     "parse-entities": ["parse-entities@4.0.2", "", { "dependencies": { "@types/unist": "^2.0.0", "character-entities-legacy": "^3.0.0", "character-reference-invalid": "^2.0.0", "decode-named-character-reference": "^1.0.0", "is-alphanumerical": "^2.0.0", "is-decimal": "^2.0.0", "is-hexadecimal": "^2.0.0" } }, "sha512-GG2AQYWoLgL877gQIKeRPGO1xF9+eG1ujIb5soS5gPvLQ1y2o8FL90w2QWNdf9I361Mpp7726c+lj3U0qK1uGw=="],
 
-    "parse-json": ["parse-json@7.1.1", "", { "dependencies": { "@babel/code-frame": "^7.21.4", "error-ex": "^1.3.2", "json-parse-even-better-errors": "^3.0.0", "lines-and-columns": "^2.0.3", "type-fest": "^3.8.0" } }, "sha512-SgOTCX/EZXtZxBE5eJ97P4yGM5n37BwRU+YMsH4vNzFqJV/oWFXXCmwFlgWUM4PrakybVOueJJ6pwHqSVhTFDw=="],
+    "parse-json": ["parse-json@8.3.0", "", { "dependencies": { "@babel/code-frame": "^7.26.2", "index-to-position": "^1.1.0", "type-fest": "^4.39.1" } }, "sha512-ybiGyvspI+fAoRQbIPRddCcSTV9/LsJbf0e/S85VLowVGzRmokfneg2kwVW/KU5rOXrPSbF1qAKPMgNTqqROQQ=="],
 
     "parse-numeric-range": ["parse-numeric-range@1.3.0", "", {}, "sha512-twN+njEipszzlMJd4ONUYgSfZPDxgHhT9Ahed5uTigpQn90FggW4SA/AIPq/6a149fTbE9qBEcSwE3FAEp6wQQ=="],
 
+    "parse-semver": ["parse-semver@1.1.1", "", { "dependencies": { "semver": "^5.1.0" } }, "sha512-Eg1OuNntBMH0ojvEKSrvDSnwLmvVuUOSdylH/pSCPNMIspLlweJyIWXCE+k/5hm3cj/EBUYwmWkjhBALNP4LXQ=="],
+
     "parse5": ["parse5@7.3.0", "", { "dependencies": { "entities": "^6.0.0" } }, "sha512-IInvU7fabl34qmi9gY8XOVxhYyMyuH2xUNpb2q8/Y+7552KlejkRvqvD19nMoUW/uQGGbqNpA6Tufu5FL5BZgw=="],
 
+    "parse5-htmlparser2-tree-adapter": ["parse5-htmlparser2-tree-adapter@7.1.0", "", { "dependencies": { "domhandler": "^5.0.3", "parse5": "^7.0.0" } }, "sha512-ruw5xyKs6lrpo9x9rCZqZZnIUntICjQAd0Wsmp396Ul9lN/h+ifgVV1x1gZHi8euej6wTfpqX8j+BFQxF0NS/g=="],
+
+    "parse5-parser-stream": ["parse5-parser-stream@7.1.2", "", { "dependencies": { "parse5": "^7.0.0" } }, "sha512-JyeQc9iwFLn5TbvvqACIF/VXG6abODeB3Fwmv/TGdLk2LfbWkaySGY72at4+Ty7EkPZj854u4CrICqNk2qIbow=="],
+
     "path-exists": ["path-exists@4.0.0", "", {}, "sha512-ak9Qy5Q7jYb2Wwcey5Fpvg2KoAc/ZIhLSLOSBmRmygPsGwkVVt0fZa0qrtMz+m6tJTAHfZQ8FnmB4MG4LWy7/w=="],
 
     "path-key": ["path-key@3.1.1", "", {}, "sha512-ojmeN0qd+y0jszEtoY48r0Peq5dwMEkIlCOu6Q5f41lfkswXuKtYrhgoTpLnyIcHm24Uhqx+5Tqm2InSwLhE6Q=="],
@@ -989,14 +1461,22 @@
 
     "path-scurry": ["path-scurry@1.11.1", "", { "dependencies": { "lru-cache": "^10.2.0", "minipass": "^5.0.0 || ^6.0.2 || ^7.0.0" } }, "sha512-Xa4Nw17FS9ApQFJ9umLiJS4orGjm7ZzwUrwamcGQuHSzDyth9boKDaycYdDcZDuqYATXw4HFXgaqWTctW/v1HA=="],
 
+    "path-type": ["path-type@6.0.0", "", {}, "sha512-Vj7sf++t5pBD637NSfkxpHSMfWaeig5+DKWLhcqIYx6mWQz5hdJTGDVMQiJcw1ZYkhs7AazKDGpRVji1LJCZUQ=="],
+
+    "pend": ["pend@1.2.0", "", {}, "sha512-F3asv42UuXchdzt+xXqfW1OGlVBe+mxa2mqI0pg5yAHZPvFmY3Y6drSf/GQ1A86WgWEN9Kzh/WrgKa6iGcHXLg=="],
+
     "picocolors": ["picocolors@1.1.1", "", {}, "sha512-xceH2snhtb5M9liqDsmEw56le376mTZkEX/jEb/RxNFyegNul7eNslCXP9FDj/Lcu0X8KEyMceP2ntpaHrDEVA=="],
 
-    "picomatch": ["picomatch@4.0.4", "", {}, "sha512-QP88BAKvMam/3NxH6vj2o21R6MjxZUAd6nlwAS/pnGvN9IVLocLHxGYIzFhg6fUQ+5th6P4dv4eW9jX3DSIj7A=="],
+    "picomatch": ["picomatch@2.3.2", "", {}, "sha512-V7+vQEJ06Z+c5tSye8S+nHUfI51xoXIXjHQ99cQtKUkQqqO1kO/KCJUfZXuB47h/YBlDhah2H3hdUGXn8ie0oA=="],
+
+    "pluralize": ["pluralize@8.0.0", "", {}, "sha512-Nc3IT5yHzflTfbjgqWcCPpo7DaKy4FnpB0l/zCAW0Tc7jxAiuqSxHasntB3D7887LSrA93kDJ9IXovxJYxyLCA=="],
 
     "possible-typed-array-names": ["possible-typed-array-names@1.1.0", "", {}, "sha512-/+5VFTchJDoVj3bhoqi6UeymcD00DAwb1nJwamzPvHEszJ4FpF6SNNbUbOS8yI56qHzdV8eK0qEfOSiodkTdxg=="],
 
     "postcss": ["postcss@8.4.31", "", { "dependencies": { "nanoid": "^3.3.6", "picocolors": "^1.0.0", "source-map-js": "^1.0.2" } }, "sha512-PS08Iboia9mts/2ygV3eLpY5ghnUcfLV/EXTOW1E2qYxJKGGBUtNjN76FYHnMs36RmARn41bC0AZmn+rR0OVpQ=="],
 
+    "prebuild-install": ["prebuild-install@7.1.3", "", { "dependencies": { "detect-libc": "^2.0.0", "expand-template": "^2.0.3", "github-from-package": "0.0.0", "minimist": "^1.2.3", "mkdirp-classic": "^0.5.3", "napi-build-utils": "^2.0.0", "node-abi": "^3.3.0", "pump": "^3.0.0", "rc": "^1.2.7", "simple-get": "^4.0.0", "tar-fs": "^2.0.0", "tunnel-agent": "^0.6.0" }, "bin": { "prebuild-install": "bin.js" } }, "sha512-8Mf2cbV7x1cXPUILADGI3wuhfqWvtiLA1iclTDbFRZkgRQS0NqsPZphna9V+HyTEadheuPmjaJMsbzKQFOzLug=="],
+
     "prelude-ls": ["prelude-ls@1.2.1", "", {}, "sha512-vkcDPrRZo1QZLbn5RLGPpg/WmIQ65qoWWhcGKf/b5eplkkarX0m9z8ppCat4mlOqUsWpyNuYgO3VRyrYHSzX5g=="],
 
     "prettier": ["prettier@3.8.3", "", { "bin": { "prettier": "bin/prettier.cjs" } }, "sha512-7igPTM53cGHMW8xWuVTydi2KO233VFiTNyF5hLJqpilHfmn8C8gPf+PS7dUT64YcXFbiMGZxS9pCSxL/Dxm/Jw=="],
@@ -1015,18 +1495,38 @@
 
     "property-information": ["property-information@7.1.0", "", {}, "sha512-TwEZ+X+yCJmYfL7TPUOcvBZ4QfoT5YenQiJuX//0th53DE6w0xxLEtfK3iyryQFddXuvkIk51EEgrJQ0WJkOmQ=="],
 
+    "pump": ["pump@3.0.4", "", { "dependencies": { "end-of-stream": "^1.1.0", "once": "^1.3.1" } }, "sha512-VS7sjc6KR7e1ukRFhQSY5LM2uBWAUPiOPa/A3mkKmiMwSmRFUITt0xuj+/lesgnCv+dPIEYlkzrcyXgquIHMcA=="],
+
     "punycode": ["punycode@2.3.1", "", {}, "sha512-vYt7UD1U9Wg6138shLtLOvdAu+8DsC/ilFtEVHcH+wydcSpNE20AfSOduf6MkRFahL5FY7X1oU7nKVZFtfq8Fg=="],
 
+    "punycode.js": ["punycode.js@2.3.1", "", {}, "sha512-uxFIHU0YlHYhDQtV4R9J6a52SLx28BCjT+4ieh7IGbgwVJWO+km431c4yRlREUAsAmt/uMjQUyQHNEPf0M39CA=="],
+
+    "qs": ["qs@6.15.2", "", { "dependencies": { "side-channel": "^1.1.0" } }, "sha512-Rzq0KEyX/w/tEybncDgdkZrJgVUsUMk3xjh3t5bv3S1HTAtg+uOYt72+ZfwiQwKdysThkTBdL/rTi6HDmX9Ddw=="],
+
+    "queue-microtask": ["queue-microtask@1.2.3", "", {}, "sha512-NuaNSa6flKT5JaSYQzJok04JzTL1CA6aGhv5rfLW3PgqA+M2ChpZQnAC8h8i4ZFkBS8X5RqkDBHA7r4hej3K9A=="],
+
+    "randombytes": ["randombytes@2.1.0", "", { "dependencies": { "safe-buffer": "^5.1.0" } }, "sha512-vYl3iOX+4CKUWuxGi9Ukhie6fsqXqS9FE2Zaic4tNFD2N2QQaXOMFbuKK4QmDHC0JO6B1Zp41J0LpT0oR68amQ=="],
+
+    "rc": ["rc@1.2.8", "", { "dependencies": { "deep-extend": "^0.6.0", "ini": "~1.3.0", "minimist": "^1.2.0", "strip-json-comments": "~2.0.1" }, "bin": { "rc": "./cli.js" } }, "sha512-y3bGgqKj3QBdxLbLkomlohkvsA8gdAiUQlSBJnBhfn+BPxg4bc62d8TcBW15wavDfgexCgccckhcZvywyQYPOw=="],
+
+    "rc-config-loader": ["rc-config-loader@4.1.4", "", { "dependencies": { "debug": "^4.4.3", "js-yaml": "^4.1.1", "json5": "^2.2.3", "require-from-string": "^2.0.2" } }, "sha512-3GiwEzklkbXTDp52UR5nT8iXgYAx1V9ZG/kDZT7p60u2GCv2XTwQq4NzinMoMpNtXhmt3WkhYXcj6HH8HdwCEQ=="],
+
     "react": ["react@19.2.5", "", {}, "sha512-llUJLzz1zTUBrskt2pwZgLq59AemifIftw4aB7JxOqf1HY2FDaGDxgwpAPVzHU1kdWabH7FauP4i1oEeer2WCA=="],
 
     "react-dom": ["react-dom@19.2.5", "", { "dependencies": { "scheduler": "^0.27.0" }, "peerDependencies": { "react": "^19.2.5" } }, "sha512-J5bAZz+DXMMwW/wV3xzKke59Af6CHY7G4uYLN1OvBcKEsWOs4pQExj86BBKamxl/Ik5bx9whOrvBlSDfWzgSag=="],
 
     "react-is": ["react-is@17.0.2", "", {}, "sha512-w2GsyukL62IJnlaff/nRegPQR94C/XXamvMWmSHRJ4y7Ts/4ocGRmTHvOs8PSE6pB3dWOrD/nueuU5sduBsQ4w=="],
 
+    "read": ["read@1.0.7", "", { "dependencies": { "mute-stream": "~0.0.4" } }, "sha512-rSOKNYUmaxy0om1BNjMN4ezNT6VKK+2xF4GBhc81mkH7L60i6dp8qPYrkndNLT3QPphoII3maL9PVC9XmhHwVQ=="],
+
     "read-package-json-fast": ["read-package-json-fast@3.0.2", "", { "dependencies": { "json-parse-even-better-errors": "^3.0.0", "npm-normalize-package-bin": "^3.0.0" } }, "sha512-0J+Msgym3vrLOUB3hzQCuZHII0xkNGCtz/HJH9xZshwv9DbDwkw1KaE3gx/e2J5rpEY5rtOy6cyhKOPrkP7FZw=="],
 
+    "read-pkg": ["read-pkg@9.0.1", "", { "dependencies": { "@types/normalize-package-data": "^2.4.3", "normalize-package-data": "^6.0.0", "parse-json": "^8.0.0", "type-fest": "^4.6.0", "unicorn-magic": "^0.1.0" } }, "sha512-9viLL4/n1BJUCT1NXVTdS1jtm80yDEgR5T4yCelII49Mbj0v1rZdKqj7zCiYdbB0CuCgdrvHcNogAKTFPBocFA=="],
+
     "readable-stream": ["readable-stream@3.6.2", "", { "dependencies": { "inherits": "^2.0.3", "string_decoder": "^1.1.1", "util-deprecate": "^1.0.1" } }, "sha512-9u/sniCrY3D5WdsERHzHE4G2YCXqoG5FTHUiCC4SIbr6XcLZBY05ya9EKjYek9O5xOAwjGq+1JdGBAS7Q9ScoA=="],
 
+    "readdirp": ["readdirp@3.6.0", "", { "dependencies": { "picomatch": "^2.2.1" } }, "sha512-hOS089on8RduqdbhvQ5Z37A0ESjsqz6qnRcffsMU3495FuTdqSm+7bhJ29JvIOsBDEEnan5DPu9t3To9VRlMzA=="],
+
     "recma-build-jsx": ["recma-build-jsx@1.0.0", "", { "dependencies": { "@types/estree": "^1.0.0", "estree-util-build-jsx": "^3.0.0", "vfile": "^6.0.0" } }, "sha512-8GtdyqaBcDfva+GUKDr3nev3VpKAhup1+RvkMvUxURHpW7QyIvk9F5wz7Vzo06CEMSilw6uArgRqhpiUcWp8ew=="],
 
     "recma-jsx": ["recma-jsx@1.0.1", "", { "dependencies": { "acorn-jsx": "^5.0.0", "estree-util-to-js": "^2.0.0", "recma-parse": "^1.0.0", "recma-stringify": "^1.0.0", "unified": "^11.0.0" }, "peerDependencies": { "acorn": "^6.0.0 || ^7.0.0 || ^8.0.0" } }, "sha512-huSIy7VU2Z5OLv6oFLosQGGDqPqdO1iq6bWNAdhzMxSJP7RAso4fCZ1cKu8j9YHCZf3TPrq4dw3okhrylgcd7w=="],
@@ -1067,12 +1567,22 @@
 
     "remark-stringify": ["remark-stringify@11.0.0", "", { "dependencies": { "@types/mdast": "^4.0.0", "mdast-util-to-markdown": "^2.0.0", "unified": "^11.0.0" } }, "sha512-1OSmLd3awB/t8qdoEOMazZkNsfVTeY4fTsgzcQFdXNq8ToTN4ZGwrMnlda4K6smTFKD+GRV6O48i6Z4iKgPPpw=="],
 
+    "require-directory": ["require-directory@2.1.1", "", {}, "sha512-fGxEI7+wsG9xrvdjsrlmL22OMTTiHRwAMroiEeMgq8gzoLC/PQr7RsRDSTLUg/bZAZtF+TVIkHc6/4RIKrui+Q=="],
+
+    "require-from-string": ["require-from-string@2.0.2", "", {}, "sha512-Xf0nWe6RseziFMu+Ap9biiUbmplq6S9/p+7w7YXP/JBHhrUDDUhwa+vANyubuqfZWTveU//DYVGsDG7RKL/vEw=="],
+
     "resolve": ["resolve@2.0.0-next.6", "", { "dependencies": { "es-errors": "^1.3.0", "is-core-module": "^2.16.1", "node-exports-info": "^1.6.0", "object-keys": "^1.1.1", "path-parse": "^1.0.7", "supports-preserve-symlinks-flag": "^1.0.0" }, "bin": { "resolve": "bin/resolve" } }, "sha512-3JmVl5hMGtJ3kMmB3zi3DL25KfkCEyy3Tw7Gmw7z5w8M9WlwoPFnIvwChzu1+cF3iaK3sp18hhPz8ANeimdJfA=="],
 
     "resolve-from": ["resolve-from@4.0.0", "", {}, "sha512-pb/MYmXstAkysRFx8piNI1tGFNQIFA3vkE3Gq4EuA1dF6gHp/+vgZqsCGJapvy8N3Q+4o7FwvquPJcnZ7RYy4g=="],
 
     "retry": ["retry@0.12.0", "", {}, "sha512-9LkiTwjUh6rT555DtE9rTX+BKByPfrMzEAtnlEtdEwr3Nkffwiihqe2bWADg+OQRjt9gl6ICdmB/ZFDCGAtSow=="],
 
+    "reusify": ["reusify@1.1.0", "", {}, "sha512-g6QUff04oZpHs0eG5p83rFLhHeV00ug/Yf9nZM6fLeUrPguBTkTQOdpAWWspMh55TZfVQDPaN3NQJfbVRAxdIw=="],
+
+    "run-applescript": ["run-applescript@7.1.0", "", {}, "sha512-DPe5pVFaAsinSaV6QjQ6gdiedWDcRCbUuiQfQa2wmWV7+xC9bGulGI8+TdRmoFkAPaBXk8CrAbnlY2ISniJ47Q=="],
+
+    "run-parallel": ["run-parallel@1.2.0", "", { "dependencies": { "queue-microtask": "^1.2.2" } }, "sha512-5l4VyZR86LZ/lDxZTR6jqL8AFE2S0IFLMP26AbjsLVADxHdhB/c0GUsH+y39UfCi3dzz8OlQuPmnaJOMoDHQBA=="],
+
     "safe-array-concat": ["safe-array-concat@1.1.4", "", { "dependencies": { "call-bind": "^1.0.9", "call-bound": "^1.0.4", "get-intrinsic": "^1.3.0", "has-symbols": "^1.1.0", "isarray": "^2.0.5" } }, "sha512-wtZlHyOje6OZTGqAoaDKxFkgRtkF9CnHAVnCHKfuj200wAgL+bSJhdsCD2l0Qx/2ekEXjPWcyKkfGb5CPboslg=="],
 
     "safe-buffer": ["safe-buffer@5.2.1", "", {}, "sha512-rp3So07KcdmmKbGvgaNxQSJr7bGVSVk5S9Eq1F+ppbRo70+YeaDxkw5Dd8NPN+GD6bjnYm2VuPuCXmpuYvmCXQ=="],
@@ -1081,9 +1591,17 @@
 
     "safe-regex-test": ["safe-regex-test@1.1.0", "", { "dependencies": { "call-bound": "^1.0.2", "es-errors": "^1.3.0", "is-regex": "^1.2.1" } }, "sha512-x/+Cz4YrimQxQccJf5mKEbIa1NzeCRNI5Ecl/ekmlYaampdNLPalVyIcCZNNH3MvmqBugV5TMYZXv0ljslUlaw=="],
 
+    "safer-buffer": ["safer-buffer@2.1.2", "", {}, "sha512-YZo3K82SD7Riyi0E1EQPojLz7kpepnSQI9IyPbHHg1XXXevb5dJI7tpyN2ADxGcQbHG7vcyRHk0cbwqcQriUtg=="],
+
+    "sax": ["sax@1.6.0", "", {}, "sha512-6R3J5M4AcbtLUdZmRv2SygeVaM7IhrLXu9BmnOGmmACak8fiUtOsYNWUS4uK7upbmHIBbLBeFeI//477BKLBzA=="],
+
     "scheduler": ["scheduler@0.27.0", "", {}, "sha512-eNv+WrVbKu1f3vbYJT/xtiF5syA5HPIMtf9IgY/nKg0sWqzAUEvqY/xm7OcZc/qafLx/iO9FgOmeSAp4v5ti/Q=="],
 
-    "semver": ["semver@6.3.1", "", { "bin": { "semver": "bin/semver.js" } }, "sha512-BR7VvDCVHO+q2xBEWskxS6DJE1qRnb7DxzUrogb71CWoSficBxYsiAGd+Kl0mmq/MprG9yArRkyrQxTO6XjMzA=="],
+    "secretlint": ["secretlint@10.2.2", "", { "dependencies": { "@secretlint/config-creator": "^10.2.2", "@secretlint/formatter": "^10.2.2", "@secretlint/node": "^10.2.2", "@secretlint/profiler": "^10.2.2", "debug": "^4.4.1", "globby": "^14.1.0", "read-pkg": "^9.0.1" }, "bin": "./bin/secretlint.js" }, "sha512-xVpkeHV/aoWe4vP4TansF622nBEImzCY73y/0042DuJ29iKIaqgoJ8fGxre3rVSHHbxar4FdJobmTnLp9AU0eg=="],
+
+    "semver": ["semver@7.7.4", "", { "bin": { "semver": "bin/semver.js" } }, "sha512-vFKC2IEtQnVhpT78h1Yp8wzwrf8CM+MzKMHGJZfBtzhZNycRFnXsHk6E5TxIkkMsgNS7mdX3AGB7x2QM2di4lA=="],
+
+    "serialize-javascript": ["serialize-javascript@6.0.2", "", { "dependencies": { "randombytes": "^2.1.0" } }, "sha512-Saa1xPByTTq2gdeFZYLLo+RFE35NHZkAbqZeWNd3BpzppeVisAqpDjcp8dyf6uIvEqJRd46jemmyA4iFIeVk8g=="],
 
     "set-function-length": ["set-function-length@1.2.2", "", { "dependencies": { "define-data-property": "^1.1.4", "es-errors": "^1.3.0", "function-bind": "^1.1.2", "get-intrinsic": "^1.2.4", "gopd": "^1.0.1", "has-property-descriptors": "^1.0.2" } }, "sha512-pgRc4hJ4/sNjWCSS9AmnS40x3bNMDTknHgL5UaMBTMyJnU90EgWh1Rz+MC9eFu4BuN/UwZjKQuY/1v3rM7HMfg=="],
 
@@ -1109,6 +1627,16 @@
 
     "signal-exit": ["signal-exit@4.1.0", "", {}, "sha512-bzyZ1e88w9O1iNJbKnOlvYTrWPDl46O1bG0D3XInv+9tkPrxrN8jUUTiFlDkkmKWgn1M6CfIA13SuGqOa9Korw=="],
 
+    "simple-concat": ["simple-concat@1.0.1", "", {}, "sha512-cSFtAPtRhljv69IK0hTVZQ+OfE9nePi/rtJmw5UjHeVyVroEqJXP1sFztKUy1qU+xvz3u/sfYJLa947b7nAN2Q=="],
+
+    "simple-get": ["simple-get@4.0.1", "", { "dependencies": { "decompress-response": "^6.0.0", "once": "^1.3.1", "simple-concat": "^1.0.0" } }, "sha512-brv7p5WgH0jmQJr1ZDDfKDOSeWWg+OVypG99A/5vYGPqJ6pxiaHLy8nxtFjBA7oMa01ebA9gfh1uMCFqOuXxvA=="],
+
+    "simple-invariant": ["simple-invariant@2.0.1", "", {}, "sha512-1sbhsxqI+I2tqlmjbz99GXNmZtr6tKIyEgGGnJw/MKGblalqk/XoOYYFJlBzTKZCxx8kLaD3FD5s9BEEjx5Pyg=="],
+
+    "slash": ["slash@5.1.0", "", {}, "sha512-ZA6oR3T/pEyuqwMgAKT0/hAv8oAXckzbkmR0UkUosQ+Mc4RxGoJkRmwHgHufaenlyAgE1Mxgpdcrf75y6XcnDg=="],
+
+    "slice-ansi": ["slice-ansi@4.0.0", "", { "dependencies": { "ansi-styles": "^4.0.0", "astral-regex": "^2.0.0", "is-fullwidth-code-point": "^3.0.0" } }, "sha512-qMCMfhY040cVHT43K9BFygqYbUPFZKHOg7K73mtTWJRb8pyP3fzf4Ixd5SzdEJQ6MRUg/WBnOLxghZtKKurENQ=="],
+
     "source-map": ["source-map@0.7.6", "", {}, "sha512-i5uvt8C3ikiWeNZSVZNWcfZPItFQOsYTUAOkcUPGd8DqDy1uOUikjt5dG+uRlwyvR108Fb9DOd4GvXfT0N2/uQ=="],
 
     "source-map-js": ["source-map-js@1.2.1", "", {}, "sha512-UXWMKhLOwVKb728IUtQPXxfYU+usdybtUrK/8uGE8CQMvrhOpwvzDBwj0QhSL7MQc7vIsISBG8VQ8+IDQxpfQA=="],
@@ -1125,7 +1653,7 @@
 
     "stop-iteration-iterator": ["stop-iteration-iterator@1.1.0", "", { "dependencies": { "es-errors": "^1.3.0", "internal-slot": "^1.1.0" } }, "sha512-eLoXW/DHyl62zxY4SCaIgnRhuMr6ri4juEYARS8E6sCEqzKpOiE521Ucofdx+KnDZl5xmvGYaaKCk5FEOxJCoQ=="],
 
-    "string-width": ["string-width@6.1.0", "", { "dependencies": { "eastasianwidth": "^0.2.0", "emoji-regex": "^10.2.1", "strip-ansi": "^7.0.1" } }, "sha512-k01swCJAgQmuADB0YIc+7TuatfNvTBVOoaUWJjTB9R4VJzR5vNWzf5t42ESVZFPS8xTySF7CAdV4t/aaIm3UnQ=="],
+    "string-width": ["string-width@4.2.3", "", { "dependencies": { "emoji-regex": "^8.0.0", "is-fullwidth-code-point": "^3.0.0", "strip-ansi": "^6.0.1" } }, "sha512-wKyQRQpjJ0sIp62ErSZdGsjMJWsap5oRNihHhu6G7JVO/9jIB6UyevL+tXuOqrng8j/cxKTWyWUwvSTriiZz/g=="],
 
     "string-width-cjs": ["string-width@4.2.3", "", { "dependencies": { "emoji-regex": "^8.0.0", "is-fullwidth-code-point": "^3.0.0", "strip-ansi": "^6.0.1" } }, "sha512-wKyQRQpjJ0sIp62ErSZdGsjMJWsap5oRNihHhu6G7JVO/9jIB6UyevL+tXuOqrng8j/cxKTWyWUwvSTriiZz/g=="],
 
@@ -1143,7 +1671,7 @@
 
     "stringify-entities": ["stringify-entities@4.0.4", "", { "dependencies": { "character-entities-html4": "^2.0.0", "character-entities-legacy": "^3.0.0" } }, "sha512-IwfBptatlO+QCJUo19AqvrPNqlVMpW9YEL2LIVY+Rpv2qsjCGxaDLNRgeGsQWJhfItebuJhsGSLjaBbNSQ+ieg=="],
 
-    "strip-ansi": ["strip-ansi@7.2.0", "", { "dependencies": { "ansi-regex": "^6.2.2" } }, "sha512-yDPMNjp4WyfYBkHnjIRLfca1i6KMyGCtsVgoKe/z1+6vukgaENdgGBZt+ZmKPc4gavvEZ5OgHfHdrazhgNyG7w=="],
+    "strip-ansi": ["strip-ansi@6.0.1", "", { "dependencies": { "ansi-regex": "^5.0.1" } }, "sha512-Y38VPSHcqkFrCpFnQ9vuSXmquuv5oXOKpGeT6aGrr3o3Gc9AlVa6JBfUSOCnbxGGZF+/0ooI7KrPuUSztUdU5A=="],
 
     "strip-ansi-cjs": ["strip-ansi@6.0.1", "", { "dependencies": { "ansi-regex": "^5.0.1" } }, "sha512-Y38VPSHcqkFrCpFnQ9vuSXmquuv5oXOKpGeT6aGrr3o3Gc9AlVa6JBfUSOCnbxGGZF+/0ooI7KrPuUSztUdU5A=="],
 
@@ -1151,20 +1679,44 @@
 
     "strip-json-comments": ["strip-json-comments@3.1.1", "", {}, "sha512-6fPc+R4ihwqP6N/aIv2f1gMH8lOVtWQHoqC4yK6oSDVVocumAsfCqjkXnqiYMhmMwS/mEHLp7Vehlt3ql6lEig=="],
 
+    "structured-source": ["structured-source@4.0.0", "", { "dependencies": { "boundary": "^2.0.0" } }, "sha512-qGzRFNJDjFieQkl/sVOI2dUjHKRyL9dAJi2gCPGJLbJHBIkyOHxjuocpIEfbLioX+qSJpvbYdT49/YCdMznKxA=="],
+
     "style-to-js": ["style-to-js@1.1.21", "", { "dependencies": { "style-to-object": "1.0.14" } }, "sha512-RjQetxJrrUJLQPHbLku6U/ocGtzyjbJMP9lCNK7Ag0CNh690nSH8woqWH9u16nMjYBAok+i7JO1NP2pOy8IsPQ=="],
 
     "style-to-object": ["style-to-object@1.0.14", "", { "dependencies": { "inline-style-parser": "0.2.7" } }, "sha512-LIN7rULI0jBscWQYaSswptyderlarFkjQ+t79nzty8tcIAceVomEVlLzH5VP4Cmsv6MtKhs7qaAiwlcp+Mgaxw=="],
 
     "styled-jsx": ["styled-jsx@5.1.6", "", { "dependencies": { "client-only": "0.0.1" }, "peerDependencies": { "react": ">= 16.8.0 || 17.x.x || ^18.0.0-0 || ^19.0.0-0" } }, "sha512-qSVyDTeMotdvQYoHWLNGwRFJHC+i+ZvdBRYosOFgC+Wg1vx4frN2/RG/NA7SYqqvKNLf39P2LSRA2pu6n0XYZA=="],
 
-    "supports-color": ["supports-color@7.2.0", "", { "dependencies": { "has-flag": "^4.0.0" } }, "sha512-qpCAvRl9stuOHveKsn7HncJRvv501qIacKzQlO/+Lwxc9+0q2wLyv4Dfvt80/DPn2pqOBsJdDiogXGR9+OvwRw=="],
+    "supports-color": ["supports-color@10.2.2", "", {}, "sha512-SS+jx45GF1QjgEXQx4NJZV9ImqmO2NPz5FNsIHrsDjh2YsHnawpan7SNQ1o8NuhrbHZy9AZhIoCUiCeaW/C80g=="],
+
+    "supports-hyperlinks": ["supports-hyperlinks@3.2.0", "", { "dependencies": { "has-flag": "^4.0.0", "supports-color": "^7.0.0" } }, "sha512-zFObLMyZeEwzAoKCyu1B91U79K2t7ApXuQfo8OuxwXLDgcKxuwM+YvcbIhm6QWqz7mHUH1TVytR1PwVVjEuMig=="],
 
     "supports-preserve-symlinks-flag": ["supports-preserve-symlinks-flag@1.0.0", "", {}, "sha512-ot0WnXS9fgdkgIcePe6RHNk1WA8+muPa6cSjeR3V8K27q9BB1rTE3R1p7Hv0z1ZyAc8s6Vvv8DIyWf681MAt0w=="],
 
     "synckit": ["synckit@0.11.12", "", { "dependencies": { "@pkgr/core": "^0.2.9" } }, "sha512-Bh7QjT8/SuKUIfObSXNHNSK6WHo6J1tHCqJsuaFDP7gP0fkzSfTxI8y85JrppZ0h8l0maIgc2tfuZQ6/t3GtnQ=="],
 
+    "table": ["table@6.9.0", "", { "dependencies": { "ajv": "^8.0.1", "lodash.truncate": "^4.4.2", "slice-ansi": "^4.0.0", "string-width": "^4.2.3", "strip-ansi": "^6.0.1" } }, "sha512-9kY+CygyYM6j02t5YFHbNz2FN5QmYGv9zAjVp4lCDjlCw7amdckXlEt/bjMhUIfj4ThGRE4gCUH5+yGnNuPo5A=="],
+
+    "tapable": ["tapable@2.3.3", "", {}, "sha512-uxc/zpqFg6x7C8vOE7lh6Lbda8eEL9zmVm/PLeTPBRhh1xCgdWaQ+J1CUieGpIfm2HdtsUpRv+HshiasBMcc6A=="],
+
+    "tar-fs": ["tar-fs@2.1.4", "", { "dependencies": { "chownr": "^1.1.1", "mkdirp-classic": "^0.5.2", "pump": "^3.0.0", "tar-stream": "^2.1.4" } }, "sha512-mDAjwmZdh7LTT6pNleZ05Yt65HC3E+NiQzl672vQG38jIrehtJk/J3mNwIg+vShQPcLF/LV7CMnDW6vjj6sfYQ=="],
+
+    "tar-stream": ["tar-stream@2.2.0", "", { "dependencies": { "bl": "^4.0.3", "end-of-stream": "^1.4.1", "fs-constants": "^1.0.0", "inherits": "^2.0.3", "readable-stream": "^3.1.1" } }, "sha512-ujeqbceABgwMZxEJnk2HDY2DlnUZ+9oEcb1KzTVfYHio0UE6dG71n60d8D2I4qNvleWrrXpmjpt7vZeF1LnMZQ=="],
+
+    "terminal-link": ["terminal-link@4.0.0", "", { "dependencies": { "ansi-escapes": "^7.0.0", "supports-hyperlinks": "^3.2.0" } }, "sha512-lk+vH+MccxNqgVqSnkMVKx4VLJfnLjDBGzH16JVZjKE2DoxP57s6/vt6JmXV5I3jBcfGrxNrYtC+mPtU7WJztA=="],
+
+    "test-exclude": ["test-exclude@7.0.2", "", { "dependencies": { "@istanbuljs/schema": "^0.1.2", "glob": "^10.4.1", "minimatch": "^10.2.2" } }, "sha512-u9E6A+ZDYdp7a4WnarkXPZOx8Ilz46+kby6p1yZ8zsGTz9gYa6FIS7lj2oezzNKmtdyyJNNmmXDppga5GB7kSw=="],
+
+    "text-table": ["text-table@0.2.0", "", {}, "sha512-N+8UisAXDGk8PFXP4HAzVR9nbfmVJ3zYLAWiTIoqC5v5isinhr+r5uaO8+7r3BMfuNIufIsA7RdpVgacC2cSpw=="],
+
+    "textextensions": ["textextensions@6.11.0", "", { "dependencies": { "editions": "^6.21.0" } }, "sha512-tXJwSr9355kFJI3lbCkPpUH5cP8/M0GGy2xLO34aZCjMXBaK3SoPnZwr/oWmo1FdCnELcs4npdCIOFtq9W3ruQ=="],
+
     "tinyglobby": ["tinyglobby@0.2.16", "", { "dependencies": { "fdir": "^6.5.0", "picomatch": "^4.0.4" } }, "sha512-pn99VhoACYR8nFHhxqix+uvsbXineAasWm5ojXoN8xEwK5Kd3/TrhNn1wByuD52UxWRLy8pu+kRMniEi6Eq9Zg=="],
 
+    "tmp": ["tmp@0.2.5", "", {}, "sha512-voyz6MApa1rQGUxT3E+BK7/ROe8itEx7vD8/HEvt4xwXucvQ5G5oeEiHkmHZJuBO21RpOf+YYm9MOivj709jow=="],
+
+    "to-regex-range": ["to-regex-range@5.0.1", "", { "dependencies": { "is-number": "^7.0.0" } }, "sha512-65P7iz6X5yEr1cwcgvQxbbIw7Uk3gOy5dIdtZ4rDveLqhrdJP+Li/Hx6tyK0NEb+2GCyneCMJiGqrADCSNk8sQ=="],
+
     "trim-lines": ["trim-lines@3.0.1", "", {}, "sha512-kRj8B+YHZCc9kQYdWfJB2/oUl9rA99qbowYYBtr4ui4mZyAQ2JpvVBd/6U2YloATfqBhBTSMhTpgBHtU0Mf3Rg=="],
 
     "trough": ["trough@2.2.0", "", {}, "sha512-tmMpK00BjZiUyVyvrBK7knerNgmgvcV/KLVyuma/SC+TQN167GrMRciANTz09+k3zW8L8t60jWO1GpfkZdjTaw=="],
@@ -1173,9 +1725,13 @@
 
     "tslib": ["tslib@2.8.1", "", {}, "sha512-oJFu94HQb+KVduSUQL7wnpmqnfmLsOA/nAh6b6EH0wCEoK0/mPeXU6c3wKDV83MkOuHPRHtSXKKU99IBazS/2w=="],
 
+    "tunnel": ["tunnel@0.0.6", "", {}, "sha512-1h/Lnq9yajKY2PEbBadPXj3VxsDDu844OnaAo52UVmIzIvwwtBPIuNvkjuzBlTWpfJyUbG3ez0KSBibQkj4ojg=="],
+
+    "tunnel-agent": ["tunnel-agent@0.6.0", "", { "dependencies": { "safe-buffer": "^5.0.1" } }, "sha512-McnNiV1l8RYeY8tBgEpuodCC1mLUdbSN+CYBL7kJsJNInOP8UjDDEwdk6Mw60vdLLrr5NHKZhMAOSrR2NZuQ+w=="],
+
     "type-check": ["type-check@0.4.0", "", { "dependencies": { "prelude-ls": "^1.2.1" } }, "sha512-XleUoc9uwGXqjWwXaUTZAmzMcFZ5858QA2vvx1Ur5xIcixXIP+8LnFDgRplU30us6teqdlskFfu+ae4K79Ooew=="],
 
-    "type-fest": ["type-fest@3.13.1", "", {}, "sha512-tLq3bSNx+xSpwvAJnzrK0Ep5CLNWjvFTOp71URMaAEWBfRb9nnJiBoUe0tF8bI4ZFO3omgBR6NvnbzVUT3Ly4g=="],
+    "type-fest": ["type-fest@4.41.0", "", {}, "sha512-TeTSQ6H5YHvpqVwBRcnLDCBnDOHWYu7IvGbHT6N8AOymcr9PJGjc1GTtiWZTYg0NCgYwvnYWEkVChQAr9bjfwA=="],
 
     "typed-array-buffer": ["typed-array-buffer@1.0.3", "", { "dependencies": { "call-bound": "^1.0.3", "es-errors": "^1.3.0", "is-typed-array": "^1.1.14" } }, "sha512-nAYYwfY3qnzX30IkA6AQZjVbtK6duGontcQm1WSG1MD94YLqK0515GNApXkoxKOWMusVssAHWLh9SeaoefYFGw=="],
 
@@ -1185,16 +1741,26 @@
 
     "typed-array-length": ["typed-array-length@1.0.7", "", { "dependencies": { "call-bind": "^1.0.7", "for-each": "^0.3.3", "gopd": "^1.0.1", "is-typed-array": "^1.1.13", "possible-typed-array-names": "^1.0.0", "reflect.getprototypeof": "^1.0.6" } }, "sha512-3KS2b+kL7fsuk/eJZ7EQdnEmQoaho/r6KUef7hxvltNA5DR8NAUM+8wJMbJyZ4G9/7i3v5zPBIMN5aybAh2/Jg=="],
 
+    "typed-rest-client": ["typed-rest-client@1.8.11", "", { "dependencies": { "qs": "^6.9.1", "tunnel": "0.0.6", "underscore": "^1.12.1" } }, "sha512-5UvfMpd1oelmUPRbbaVnq+rHP7ng2cE4qoQkQeAqxRL6PklkxsM0g32/HL0yfvruK6ojQ5x8EE+HF4YV6DtuCA=="],
+
     "typedarray": ["typedarray@0.0.6", "", {}, "sha512-/aCDEGatGvZ2BIk+HmLf4ifCJFwvKFNb9/JeZPMulfgFracn9QFcAf5GO8B/mweUjSoblS5In0cWhqpfs/5PQA=="],
 
     "typescript": ["typescript@6.0.3", "", { "bin": { "tsc": "bin/tsc", "tsserver": "bin/tsserver" } }, "sha512-y2TvuxSZPDyQakkFRPZHKFm+KKVqIisdg9/CZwm9ftvKXLP8NRWj38/ODjNbr43SsoXqNuAisEf1GdCxqWcdBw=="],
 
     "typescript-eslint": ["typescript-eslint@8.59.0", "", { "dependencies": { "@typescript-eslint/eslint-plugin": "8.59.0", "@typescript-eslint/parser": "8.59.0", "@typescript-eslint/typescript-estree": "8.59.0", "@typescript-eslint/utils": "8.59.0" }, "peerDependencies": { "eslint": "^8.57.0 || ^9.0.0 || ^10.0.0", "typescript": ">=4.8.4 <6.1.0" } }, "sha512-BU3ONW9X+v90EcCH9ZS6LMackcVtxRLlI3XrYyqZIwVSHIk7Qf7bFw1z0M9Q0IUxhTMZCf8piY9hTYaNEIASrw=="],
 
+    "uc.micro": ["uc.micro@2.1.0", "", {}, "sha512-ARDJmphmdvUk6Glw7y9DQ2bFkKBHwQHLi2lsaH6PPmz/Ka9sFOBsBluozhDltWmnv9u/cF6Rt87znRTPV+yp/A=="],
+
     "unbox-primitive": ["unbox-primitive@1.1.0", "", { "dependencies": { "call-bound": "^1.0.3", "has-bigints": "^1.0.2", "has-symbols": "^1.1.0", "which-boxed-primitive": "^1.1.1" } }, "sha512-nWJ91DjeOkej/TA8pXQ3myruKpKEYgqvpw9lz4OPHj/NWFNluYrjbz9j01CJ8yKQd2g4jFoOkINCTW2I5LEEyw=="],
 
+    "underscore": ["underscore@1.13.8", "", {}, "sha512-DXtD3ZtEQzc7M8m4cXotyHR+FAS18C64asBYY5vqZexfYryNNnDc02W4hKg3rdQuqOYas1jkseX0+nZXjTXnvQ=="],
+
+    "undici": ["undici@7.25.0", "", {}, "sha512-xXnp4kTyor2Zq+J1FfPI6Eq3ew5h6Vl0F/8d9XU5zZQf1tX9s2Su1/3PiMmUANFULpmksxkClamIZcaUqryHsQ=="],
+
     "undici-types": ["undici-types@7.19.2", "", {}, "sha512-qYVnV5OEm2AW8cJMCpdV20CDyaN3g0AjDlOGf1OW4iaDEx8MwdtChUp4zu4H0VP3nDRF/8RKWH+IPp9uW0YGZg=="],
 
+    "unicorn-magic": ["unicorn-magic@0.3.0", "", {}, "sha512-+QBBXBCvifc56fsbuxZQ6Sic3wqqc3WWaqxs58gvJrcOuN83HGTCwz3oS5phzU9LthRNE9VrJCFCLUgHeeFnfA=="],
+
     "unified": ["unified@11.0.5", "", { "dependencies": { "@types/unist": "^3.0.0", "bail": "^2.0.0", "devlop": "^1.0.0", "extend": "^3.0.0", "is-plain-obj": "^4.0.0", "trough": "^2.0.0", "vfile": "^6.0.0" } }, "sha512-xKvGhPWw3k84Qjh8bI3ZeJjqnyadK+GEFtazSfZv/rKeTkTjOJho6mFqh2SM96iIcZokxiOpg78GazTSg8+KHA=="],
 
     "unified-engine": ["unified-engine@11.2.2", "", { "dependencies": { "@types/concat-stream": "^2.0.0", "@types/debug": "^4.0.0", "@types/is-empty": "^1.0.0", "@types/node": "^22.0.0", "@types/unist": "^3.0.0", "concat-stream": "^2.0.0", "debug": "^4.0.0", "extend": "^3.0.0", "glob": "^10.0.0", "ignore": "^6.0.0", "is-empty": "^1.0.0", "is-plain-obj": "^4.0.0", "load-plugin": "^6.0.0", "parse-json": "^7.0.0", "trough": "^2.0.0", "unist-util-inspect": "^8.0.0", "vfile": "^6.0.0", "vfile-message": "^4.0.0", "vfile-reporter": "^8.0.0", "vfile-statistics": "^3.0.0", "yaml": "^2.0.0" } }, "sha512-15g/gWE7qQl9tQ3nAEbMd5h9HV1EACtFs6N9xaRBZICoCwnNGbal1kOs++ICf4aiTdItZxU2s/kYWhW7htlqJg=="],
@@ -1213,16 +1779,26 @@
 
     "unist-util-visit-parents": ["unist-util-visit-parents@6.0.2", "", { "dependencies": { "@types/unist": "^3.0.0", "unist-util-is": "^6.0.0" } }, "sha512-goh1s1TBrqSqukSc8wrjwWhL0hiJxgA8m4kFxGlQ+8FYQ3C/m11FcTs4YYem7V664AhHVvgoQLk890Ssdsr2IQ=="],
 
+    "universalify": ["universalify@2.0.1", "", {}, "sha512-gptHNQghINnc/vTGIk0SOFGFNXw7JVrlRUtConJRlvaw6DuX0wO5Jeko9sWrMBhh+PsYAZ7oXAiOnf/UKogyiw=="],
+
     "update-browserslist-db": ["update-browserslist-db@1.2.3", "", { "dependencies": { "escalade": "^3.2.0", "picocolors": "^1.1.1" }, "peerDependencies": { "browserslist": ">= 4.21.0" }, "bin": { "update-browserslist-db": "cli.js" } }, "sha512-Js0m9cx+qOgDxo0eMiFGEueWztz+d4+M3rGlmKPT+T4IS/jP4ylw3Nwpu6cpTTP8R1MAC1kF4VbdLt3ARf209w=="],
 
     "uri-js": ["uri-js@4.4.1", "", { "dependencies": { "punycode": "^2.1.0" } }, "sha512-7rKUyy33Q1yc98pQ1DAmLtwX109F7TIfWlW1Ydo8Wl1ii1SeHieeh0HHfPeL2fMXK6z0s8ecKs9frCuLJvndBg=="],
 
+    "url-join": ["url-join@4.0.1", "", {}, "sha512-jk1+QP6ZJqyOiuEI9AEWQfju/nB2Pw466kbA0LEZljHwKeMgd9WrAEgEGxjPDD2+TNbbb37rTyhEfrCXfuKXnA=="],
+
     "util-deprecate": ["util-deprecate@1.0.2", "", {}, "sha512-EPD5q1uXyFxJpCrLnCc1nHnq3gOa6DZBocAIiI2TaSCA7VCJ1UJDMagCzIkXNsUYfD1daK//LTEQ8xiIbrHtcw=="],
 
+    "v8-to-istanbul": ["v8-to-istanbul@9.3.0", "", { "dependencies": { "@jridgewell/trace-mapping": "^0.3.12", "@types/istanbul-lib-coverage": "^2.0.1", "convert-source-map": "^2.0.0" } }, "sha512-kiGUalWN+rgBJ/1OHZsBtU4rXZOfj/7rKQxULKlIzwzQSvMJUUNgPwJEEh7gU6xEVxC0ahoOBvN2YI8GH6FNgA=="],
+
     "validate-npm-package-license": ["validate-npm-package-license@3.0.4", "", { "dependencies": { "spdx-correct": "^3.0.0", "spdx-expression-parse": "^3.0.0" } }, "sha512-DpKm2Ui/xN7/HQKCtpZxoRWBhZ9Z0kqtygG8XCgNQ8ZlDnxuQmWhj566j8fN4Cu3/JmbhsDo7fcAJq4s9h27Ew=="],
 
     "validate-npm-package-name": ["validate-npm-package-name@5.0.1", "", {}, "sha512-OljLrQ9SQdOUqTaQxqL5dEfZWrXExyyWsozYlAWFawPVNuD83igl7uJD2RTkNMbniIYgt8l81eCJGIdQF7avLQ=="],
 
+    "version-range": ["version-range@4.15.0", "", {}, "sha512-Ck0EJbAGxHwprkzFO966t4/5QkRuzh+/I1RxhLgUKKwEn+Cd8NwM60mE3AqBZg5gYODoXW0EFsQvbZjRlvdqbg=="],
+
+    "vespertide": ["vespertide@workspace:apps/vscode-extension"],
+
     "vfile": ["vfile@6.0.3", "", { "dependencies": { "@types/unist": "^3.0.0", "vfile-message": "^4.0.0" } }, "sha512-KzIbH/9tXat2u30jf+smMwFCsno4wHVdNmzFyL+T/L3UGqqk6JKfVqOFOZEpZSHADH1k40ab6NUIXZq422ov3Q=="],
 
     "vfile-location": ["vfile-location@5.0.3", "", { "dependencies": { "@types/unist": "^3.0.0", "vfile": "^6.0.0" } }, "sha512-5yXvWDEgqeiYiBe1lbxYF7UMAIm/IcopxMHrMQDq3nvKcjPKIhZklUKL+AE7J7uApI4kwe2snsK+eI6UTj9EHg=="],
@@ -1235,11 +1811,21 @@
 
     "vfile-statistics": ["vfile-statistics@3.0.0", "", { "dependencies": { "vfile": "^6.0.0", "vfile-message": "^4.0.0" } }, "sha512-/qlwqwWBWFOmpXujL/20P+Iuydil0rZZNglR+VNm6J0gpLHwuVM5s7g2TfVoswbXjZ4HuIhLMySEyIw5i7/D8w=="],
 
+    "vscode-jsonrpc": ["vscode-jsonrpc@8.2.0", "", {}, "sha512-C+r0eKJUIfiDIfwJhria30+TYWPtuHJXHtI7J0YlOmKAo7ogxP20T0zxB7HZQIFhIyvoBPwWskjxrvAtfjyZfA=="],
+
+    "vscode-languageclient": ["vscode-languageclient@9.0.1", "", { "dependencies": { "minimatch": "^5.1.0", "semver": "^7.3.7", "vscode-languageserver-protocol": "3.17.5" } }, "sha512-JZiimVdvimEuHh5olxhxkht09m3JzUGwggb5eRUkzzJhZ2KjCN0nh55VfiED9oez9DyF8/fz1g1iBV3h+0Z2EA=="],
+
+    "vscode-languageserver-protocol": ["vscode-languageserver-protocol@3.17.5", "", { "dependencies": { "vscode-jsonrpc": "8.2.0", "vscode-languageserver-types": "3.17.5" } }, "sha512-mb1bvRJN8SVznADSGWM9u/b07H7Ecg0I3OgXDuLdn307rl/J3A9YD6/eYOssqhecL27hK1IPZAsaqh00i/Jljg=="],
+
+    "vscode-languageserver-types": ["vscode-languageserver-types@3.17.5", "", {}, "sha512-Ld1VelNuX9pdF39h2Hgaeb5hEZM2Z3jUrrMgWQAu82jMtZp7p3vJT3BzToKtZI7NgQssZje5o0zryOrhQvzQAg=="],
+
     "walk-up-path": ["walk-up-path@3.0.1", "", {}, "sha512-9YlCL/ynK3CTlrSRrDxZvUauLzAswPCrsaCgilqFevUYpeEW0/3ScEjaa3kbW/T0ghhkEr7mv+fpjqn1Y1YuTA=="],
 
     "web-namespaces": ["web-namespaces@2.0.1", "", {}, "sha512-bKr1DkiNa2krS7qxNtdrtHAmzuYGFQLiQ13TsorsdT6ULTkPLKuu5+GsFpDlg6JFjUTwX2DyhMPG2be8uPrqsQ=="],
 
-    "whatwg-mimetype": ["whatwg-mimetype@3.0.0", "", {}, "sha512-nt+N2dzIutVRxARx1nghPKGv1xHikU7HKdfafKkLNLindmPU/ch3U31NOCGGA/dmPcmb1VlofO0vnKAcsm0o/Q=="],
+    "whatwg-encoding": ["whatwg-encoding@3.1.1", "", { "dependencies": { "iconv-lite": "0.6.3" } }, "sha512-6qN4hJdMwfYBtE3YBTTHhoeuUrDBPZmbQaxWAqSALV/MeEnR5z1xd8UKud2RAkFoPkmB+hli1TZSnyi84xz1vQ=="],
+
+    "whatwg-mimetype": ["whatwg-mimetype@4.0.0", "", {}, "sha512-QaKxh0eNIi2mE9p2vEdzfagOKHCcj1pJ56EEHGQOVxp8r9/iszLUUV7v89x9O1p/T+NlTM5W7jW6+cz4Fq1YVg=="],
 
     "which": ["which@2.0.2", "", { "dependencies": { "isexe": "^2.0.0" }, "bin": { "node-which": "./bin/node-which" } }, "sha512-BLI3Tl1TW3Pvl70l3yq3Y64i+awpwXqsGBYWkkqMtnbXgrMD+yj7rhW0kuEDxzJaYXGjEW5ogapKNMEKNMjibA=="],
 
@@ -1253,16 +1839,40 @@
 
     "word-wrap": ["word-wrap@1.2.5", "", {}, "sha512-BN22B5eaMMI9UMtjrGd5g5eCYPpCPDUy0FJXbYsaT5zYxjFOckS53SQDE3pWkVoWpHXVb3BrYcEN4Twa55B5cA=="],
 
-    "wrap-ansi": ["wrap-ansi@8.1.0", "", { "dependencies": { "ansi-styles": "^6.1.0", "string-width": "^5.0.1", "strip-ansi": "^7.0.1" } }, "sha512-si7QWI6zUMq56bESFvagtmzMdGOtoxfR+Sez11Mobfc7tm+VkUckk9bW2UeffTGVUbOksxmSw0AA2gs8g71NCQ=="],
+    "workerpool": ["workerpool@9.3.4", "", {}, "sha512-TmPRQYYSAnnDiEB0P/Ytip7bFGvqnSU6I2BcuSw7Hx+JSg/DsUi5ebYfc8GYaSdpuvOcEs6dXxPurOYpe9QFwg=="],
+
+    "wrap-ansi": ["wrap-ansi@7.0.0", "", { "dependencies": { "ansi-styles": "^4.0.0", "string-width": "^4.1.0", "strip-ansi": "^6.0.0" } }, "sha512-YVGIj2kamLSTxw6NsZjoBxfSwsn0ycdesmc4p+Q21c5zPuZ1pl+NfxVdxPtdHvmNVOQ6XSYG4AUtyt/Fi7D16Q=="],
 
     "wrap-ansi-cjs": ["wrap-ansi@7.0.0", "", { "dependencies": { "ansi-styles": "^4.0.0", "string-width": "^4.1.0", "strip-ansi": "^6.0.0" } }, "sha512-YVGIj2kamLSTxw6NsZjoBxfSwsn0ycdesmc4p+Q21c5zPuZ1pl+NfxVdxPtdHvmNVOQ6XSYG4AUtyt/Fi7D16Q=="],
 
+    "wrappy": ["wrappy@1.0.2", "", {}, "sha512-l4Sp/DRseor9wL6EvV2+TuQn63dMkPjZ/sp9XkghTEbV9KlPS1xUsZ3u7/IQO4wxtcFB4bgpQPRcR3QCvezPcQ=="],
+
     "ws": ["ws@8.20.0", "", { "peerDependencies": { "bufferutil": "^4.0.1", "utf-8-validate": ">=5.0.2" }, "optionalPeers": ["bufferutil", "utf-8-validate"] }, "sha512-sAt8BhgNbzCtgGbt2OxmpuryO63ZoDk/sqaB/znQm94T4fCEsy/yV+7CdC1kJhOU9lboAEU7R3kquuycDoibVA=="],
 
-    "yallist": ["yallist@3.1.1", "", {}, "sha512-a4UGQaWPH59mOXUYnAG2ewncQS4i4F43Tv3JoAM+s2VDAmS9NsK8GpDMLrCHPksFT7h3K6TOoUNn2pb7RoXx4g=="],
+    "wsl-utils": ["wsl-utils@0.1.0", "", { "dependencies": { "is-wsl": "^3.1.0" } }, "sha512-h3Fbisa2nKGPxCpm89Hk33lBLsnaGBvctQopaBSOW/uIs6FTe1ATyAnKFJrzVs9vpGdsTe73WF3V4lIsk4Gacw=="],
+
+    "xml2js": ["xml2js@0.5.0", "", { "dependencies": { "sax": ">=0.6.0", "xmlbuilder": "~11.0.0" } }, "sha512-drPFnkQJik/O+uPKpqSgr22mpuFHqKdbS835iAQrUC73L2F5WkboIRd63ai/2Yg6I1jzifPFKH2NTK+cfglkIA=="],
+
+    "xmlbuilder": ["xmlbuilder@11.0.1", "", {}, "sha512-fDlsI/kFEx7gLvbecc0/ohLG50fugQp8ryHzMTuW9vSa1GJ0XYWKnhsUx7oie3G98+r56aTQIUB4kht42R3JvA=="],
+
+    "y18n": ["y18n@5.0.8", "", {}, "sha512-0pfFzegeDWJHJIAmTLRP2DwHjdF5s7jo9tuztdQxAhINCdvS+3nGINqPd00AphqJR/0LhANUS6/+7SCb98YOfA=="],
+
+    "yallist": ["yallist@4.0.0", "", {}, "sha512-3wdGidZyq5PB084XLES5TpOSRA3wjXAlIWMhum2kRcv/41Sn2emQ0dycQW4uZXLejwKvg6EsvbdlVL+FYEct7A=="],
 
     "yaml": ["yaml@2.8.3", "", { "bin": { "yaml": "bin.mjs" } }, "sha512-AvbaCLOO2Otw/lW5bmh9d/WEdcDFdQp2Z2ZUH3pX9U2ihyUY0nvLv7J6TrWowklRGPYbB/IuIMfYgxaCPg5Bpg=="],
 
+    "yargs": ["yargs@17.7.2", "", { "dependencies": { "cliui": "^8.0.1", "escalade": "^3.1.1", "get-caller-file": "^2.0.5", "require-directory": "^2.1.1", "string-width": "^4.2.3", "y18n": "^5.0.5", "yargs-parser": "^21.1.1" } }, "sha512-7dSzzRQ++CKnNI/krKnYRV7JKKPUXMEh61soaHKg9mrWEhzFWhFnxPxGl+69cD1Ou63C13NUPCnmIcrvqCuM6w=="],
+
+    "yargs-parser": ["yargs-parser@21.1.1", "", {}, "sha512-tVpsJW7DdjecAiFpbIB1e3qxIQsE6NoPc5/eTdrbbIC4h0LVsWhnoa3g+m2HclBIujHzsxZ4VJVA+GUuc2/LBw=="],
+
+    "yargs-unparser": ["yargs-unparser@2.0.0", "", { "dependencies": { "camelcase": "^6.0.0", "decamelize": "^4.0.0", "flat": "^5.0.2", "is-plain-obj": "^2.1.0" } }, "sha512-7pRTIA9Qc1caZ0bZ6RYRGbHJthJWuakf+WmHK0rVeLkNrrGhfoabBNdue6kdINI6r4if7ocq9aD/n7xwKOdzOA=="],
+
+    "yauzl": ["yauzl@3.3.0", "", { "dependencies": { "buffer-crc32": "~0.2.3", "pend": "~1.2.0" } }, "sha512-PtGEvEP30p7sbIBJKUBjUnqgTVOyMURc4dLo9iNyAJnNIEz9pm88cCXF21w94Kg3k6RXkeZh5DHOGS0qEONvNQ=="],
+
+    "yauzl-promise": ["yauzl-promise@4.0.0", "", { "dependencies": { "@node-rs/crc32": "^1.7.0", "is-it-type": "^5.1.2", "simple-invariant": "^2.0.1" } }, "sha512-/HCXpyHXJQQHvFq9noqrjfa/WpQC2XYs3vI7tBiAi4QiIU1knvYhZGaO1QPjwIVMdqflxbmwgMXtYeaRiAE0CA=="],
+
+    "yazl": ["yazl@2.5.1", "", { "dependencies": { "buffer-crc32": "~0.2.3" } }, "sha512-phENi2PLiHnHb6QBVot+dJnaAZ0xosj7p3fWl+znIjBDlnMI2PsZCJZ306BPTFOaHf5qdDEI8x5qFrSOBN5vrw=="],
+
     "yocto-queue": ["yocto-queue@0.1.0", "", {}, "sha512-rVksvsnNCdJ/ohGc6xgPwyN8eheCxsiLM8mxuE/t/mOVqJewPuO1miLpTHQiRgTKCLexL4MeAFVagts7HmNZ2Q=="],
 
     "zod": ["zod@4.3.6", "", {}, "sha512-rftlrkhHZOcjDwkGlnUtZZkvaPHCsDATp4pGpuOOMDaTdDDXF91wuVDJoWoPsKX/3YPQ5fHuF3STjcYyKr+Qhg=="],
@@ -1271,52 +1881,100 @@
 
     "zwitch": ["zwitch@2.0.4", "", {}, "sha512-bXE4cR/kVZhKZX/RjPEflHaKVhUVl85noU3v6b8apfQEc1x4A+zBxjZ4lN8LqGd6WZ3dl98pY4o717VFmoPp+A=="],
 
+    "@babel/core/semver": ["semver@6.3.1", "", { "bin": { "semver": "bin/semver.js" } }, "sha512-BR7VvDCVHO+q2xBEWskxS6DJE1qRnb7DxzUrogb71CWoSficBxYsiAGd+Kl0mmq/MprG9yArRkyrQxTO6XjMzA=="],
+
+    "@babel/helper-compilation-targets/lru-cache": ["lru-cache@5.1.1", "", { "dependencies": { "yallist": "^3.0.2" } }, "sha512-KpNARQA3Iwv+jTA0utUVVbrh+Jlrr1Fv0e56GGzAFOXN7dk/FviaDW8LHmK52DlcH4WP2n6gI8vN1aesBFgo9w=="],
+
+    "@babel/helper-compilation-targets/semver": ["semver@6.3.1", "", { "bin": { "semver": "bin/semver.js" } }, "sha512-BR7VvDCVHO+q2xBEWskxS6DJE1qRnb7DxzUrogb71CWoSficBxYsiAGd+Kl0mmq/MprG9yArRkyrQxTO6XjMzA=="],
+
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     "@isaacs/cliui/string-width": ["string-width@5.1.2", "", { "dependencies": { "eastasianwidth": "^0.2.0", "emoji-regex": "^9.2.2", "strip-ansi": "^7.0.1" } }, "sha512-HnLOCR3vjcY8beoNLtcjZ5/nxn2afmME6lhrDrebokqMap+XbeW8n9TXpPDOqdGK5qcI3oT0GKTW6wC7EMiVqA=="],
 
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+    "node-exports-info/semver": ["semver@6.3.1", "", { "bin": { "semver": "bin/semver.js" } }, "sha512-BR7VvDCVHO+q2xBEWskxS6DJE1qRnb7DxzUrogb71CWoSficBxYsiAGd+Kl0mmq/MprG9yArRkyrQxTO6XjMzA=="],
 
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+    "normalize-package-data/hosted-git-info": ["hosted-git-info@7.0.2", "", { "dependencies": { "lru-cache": "^10.0.1" } }, "sha512-puUZAUKT5m8Zzvs72XWy3HtvVbTWljRE66cP60bxJzAqf2DgICo7lYTY2IHUmLnNpjYvw5bvmoHvPc0QO2a62w=="],
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+    "npm-package-arg/hosted-git-info": ["hosted-git-info@7.0.2", "", { "dependencies": { "lru-cache": "^10.0.1" } }, "sha512-puUZAUKT5m8Zzvs72XWy3HtvVbTWljRE66cP60bxJzAqf2DgICo7lYTY2IHUmLnNpjYvw5bvmoHvPc0QO2a62w=="],
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+    "ovsx/commander": ["commander@6.2.1", "", {}, "sha512-U7VdrJFnJgo4xjrHpTzu0yrHPGImdsmD95ZlgYSEajAn2JKzDhDTPG9kBTefmObL2w/ngeZnilk+OV9CG3d7UA=="],
 
     "parse-entities/@types/unist": ["@types/unist@2.0.11", "", {}, "sha512-CmBKiL6NNo/OqgmMn95Fk9Whlp2mtvIv+KNpQKN2F4SjvrEesubTRWGYSg+BnWZOnlCaSTU1sMpsBOzgbYhnsA=="],
 
+    "parse-semver/semver": ["semver@5.7.2", "", { "bin": { "semver": "bin/semver" } }, "sha512-cBznnQ9KjJqU67B52RMC65CMarK2600WFnbkcaiwWq3xy/5haFJlshgnpjovMVJ+Hff49d8GEn0b87C5pDQ10g=="],
+
     "parse5/entities": ["entities@6.0.1", "", {}, "sha512-aN97NXWF6AWBTahfVOIrB/NShkzi5H7F9r1s9mD3cDj4Ko5f2qhhVoYMibXF7GlLveb/D2ioWay8lxI97Ven3g=="],
 
     "path-scurry/lru-cache": ["lru-cache@10.4.3", "", {}, "sha512-JNAzZcXrCt42VGLuYz0zfAzDfAvJWW6AfYlDBQyDV5DClI2m5sAmK+OIO7s59XfsRsWHp02jAJrRadPRGTt6SQ=="],
@@ -1325,38 +1983,64 @@
 
     "prop-types/react-is": ["react-is@16.13.1", "", {}, "sha512-24e6ynE2H+OKt4kqsOvNd8kBpV65zoxbA4BVsEOB3ARVWQki/DHzaUoC5KuON/BiccDaCCTZBuOcfZs70kR8bQ=="],
 
-    "sharp/semver": ["semver@7.7.4", "", { "bin": { "semver": "bin/semver.js" } }, "sha512-vFKC2IEtQnVhpT78h1Yp8wzwrf8CM+MzKMHGJZfBtzhZNycRFnXsHk6E5TxIkkMsgNS7mdX3AGB7x2QM2di4lA=="],
+    "rc/strip-json-comments": ["strip-json-comments@2.0.1", "", {}, "sha512-4gB8na07fecVVkOI6Rs4e7T6NOTki5EmL7TUduTs6bu3EdnSycntVJ4re8kgZA+wx9IueI2Y11bfbgwtzuE0KQ=="],
 
-    "string-width-cjs/emoji-regex": ["emoji-regex@8.0.0", "", {}, "sha512-MSjYzcWNOA0ewAHpz0MxpYFvwg6yjy1NG3xteoqz644VCo/RPgnr1/GGt+ic3iJTzQ8Eu3TdM14SawnVUmGE6A=="],
+    "read-pkg/unicorn-magic": ["unicorn-magic@0.1.0", "", {}, "sha512-lRfVq8fE8gz6QMBuDM6a+LO3IAzTi05H6gCVaUpir2E1Rwpo4ZUog45KpNXKC/Mn3Yb9UDuHumeFTo9iV/D9FQ=="],
 
-    "string-width-cjs/strip-ansi": ["strip-ansi@6.0.1", "", { "dependencies": { "ansi-regex": "^5.0.1" } }, "sha512-Y38VPSHcqkFrCpFnQ9vuSXmquuv5oXOKpGeT6aGrr3o3Gc9AlVa6JBfUSOCnbxGGZF+/0ooI7KrPuUSztUdU5A=="],
+    "supports-hyperlinks/supports-color": ["supports-color@7.2.0", "", { "dependencies": { "has-flag": "^4.0.0" } }, "sha512-qpCAvRl9stuOHveKsn7HncJRvv501qIacKzQlO/+Lwxc9+0q2wLyv4Dfvt80/DPn2pqOBsJdDiogXGR9+OvwRw=="],
 
-    "strip-ansi/ansi-regex": ["ansi-regex@6.2.2", "", {}, "sha512-Bq3SmSpyFHaWjPk8If9yc6svM8c56dB5BAtW4Qbw5jHTwwXXcTLoRMkpDJp6VL0XzlWaCHTXrkFURMYmD0sLqg=="],
+    "table/ajv": ["ajv@8.20.0", "", { "dependencies": { "fast-deep-equal": "^3.1.3", "fast-uri": "^3.0.1", "json-schema-traverse": "^1.0.0", "require-from-string": "^2.0.2" } }, "sha512-Thbli+OlOj+iMPYFBVBfJ3OmCAnaSyNn4M1vz9T6Gka5Jt9ba/HIR56joy65tY6kx/FCF5VXNB819Y7/GUrBGA=="],
+
+    "test-exclude/minimatch": ["minimatch@10.2.5", "", { "dependencies": { "brace-expansion": "^5.0.5" } }, "sha512-MULkVLfKGYDFYejP07QOurDLLQpcjk7Fw+7jXS2R2czRQzR56yHRveU5NDJEOviH+hETZKSkIk5c+T23GjFUMg=="],
+
+    "tinyglobby/picomatch": ["picomatch@4.0.4", "", {}, "sha512-QP88BAKvMam/3NxH6vj2o21R6MjxZUAd6nlwAS/pnGvN9IVLocLHxGYIzFhg6fUQ+5th6P4dv4eW9jX3DSIj7A=="],
 
     "unified-engine/@types/node": ["@types/node@22.19.17", "", { "dependencies": { "undici-types": "~6.21.0" } }, "sha512-wGdMcf+vPYM6jikpS/qhg6WiqSV/OhG+jeeHT/KlVqxYfD40iYJf9/AE1uQxVWFvU7MipKRkRv8NSHiCGgPr8Q=="],
 
     "unified-engine/ignore": ["ignore@6.0.2", "", {}, "sha512-InwqeHHN2XpumIkMvpl/DCJVrAHgCsG5+cn1XlnLWGwtZBm8QJfSusItfrwx81CTp5agNZqpKU2J/ccC5nGT4A=="],
 
-    "vfile-reporter/supports-color": ["supports-color@9.4.0", "", {}, "sha512-VL+lNrEoIXww1coLPOmiEmK/0sGigko5COxI09KzHc2VJXJsQ37UaQ+8quuxjDeA7+KnLGTWRyOXSLLR2Wb4jw=="],
+    "unified-engine/parse-json": ["parse-json@7.1.1", "", { "dependencies": { "@babel/code-frame": "^7.21.4", "error-ex": "^1.3.2", "json-parse-even-better-errors": "^3.0.0", "lines-and-columns": "^2.0.3", "type-fest": "^3.8.0" } }, "sha512-SgOTCX/EZXtZxBE5eJ97P4yGM5n37BwRU+YMsH4vNzFqJV/oWFXXCmwFlgWUM4PrakybVOueJJ6pwHqSVhTFDw=="],
 
-    "wrap-ansi/ansi-styles": ["ansi-styles@6.2.3", "", {}, "sha512-4Dj6M28JB+oAH8kFkTLUo+a2jwOFkuqb3yucU0CANcRRUbxS0cP0nZYCGjcc3BNXwRIsUVmDGgzawme7zvJHvg=="],
+    "vespertide/@types/node": ["@types/node@22.19.17", "", { "dependencies": { "undici-types": "~6.21.0" } }, "sha512-wGdMcf+vPYM6jikpS/qhg6WiqSV/OhG+jeeHT/KlVqxYfD40iYJf9/AE1uQxVWFvU7MipKRkRv8NSHiCGgPr8Q=="],
 
-    "wrap-ansi/string-width": ["string-width@5.1.2", "", { "dependencies": { "eastasianwidth": "^0.2.0", "emoji-regex": "^9.2.2", "strip-ansi": "^7.0.1" } }, "sha512-HnLOCR3vjcY8beoNLtcjZ5/nxn2afmME6lhrDrebokqMap+XbeW8n9TXpPDOqdGK5qcI3oT0GKTW6wC7EMiVqA=="],
+    "vfile-reporter/string-width": ["string-width@6.1.0", "", { "dependencies": { "eastasianwidth": "^0.2.0", "emoji-regex": "^10.2.1", "strip-ansi": "^7.0.1" } }, "sha512-k01swCJAgQmuADB0YIc+7TuatfNvTBVOoaUWJjTB9R4VJzR5vNWzf5t42ESVZFPS8xTySF7CAdV4t/aaIm3UnQ=="],
 
-    "wrap-ansi-cjs/string-width": ["string-width@4.2.3", "", { "dependencies": { "emoji-regex": "^8.0.0", "is-fullwidth-code-point": "^3.0.0", "strip-ansi": "^6.0.1" } }, "sha512-wKyQRQpjJ0sIp62ErSZdGsjMJWsap5oRNihHhu6G7JVO/9jIB6UyevL+tXuOqrng8j/cxKTWyWUwvSTriiZz/g=="],
+    "vfile-reporter/supports-color": ["supports-color@9.4.0", "", {}, "sha512-VL+lNrEoIXww1coLPOmiEmK/0sGigko5COxI09KzHc2VJXJsQ37UaQ+8quuxjDeA7+KnLGTWRyOXSLLR2Wb4jw=="],
+
+    "vscode-languageclient/minimatch": ["minimatch@5.1.9", "", { "dependencies": { "brace-expansion": "^2.0.1" } }, "sha512-7o1wEA2RyMP7Iu7GNba9vc0RWWGACJOCZBJX2GJWip0ikV+wcOsgVuY9uE8CPiyQhkGFSlhuSkZPavN7u1c2Fw=="],
+
+    "yargs-unparser/is-plain-obj": ["is-plain-obj@2.1.0", "", {}, "sha512-YWnfyRwxL/+SsrWYfOpUtz5b3YD+nyfkHvjbcanzk8zgyO4ASD67uVMRt8k5bM4lLMDnXfriRhOpemw+NfT1eA=="],
 
-    "wrap-ansi-cjs/strip-ansi": ["strip-ansi@6.0.1", "", { "dependencies": { "ansi-regex": "^5.0.1" } }, "sha512-Y38VPSHcqkFrCpFnQ9vuSXmquuv5oXOKpGeT6aGrr3o3Gc9AlVa6JBfUSOCnbxGGZF+/0ooI7KrPuUSztUdU5A=="],
+    "@babel/helper-compilation-targets/lru-cache/yallist": ["yallist@3.1.1", "", {}, "sha512-a4UGQaWPH59mOXUYnAG2ewncQS4i4F43Tv3JoAM+s2VDAmS9NsK8GpDMLrCHPksFT7h3K6TOoUNn2pb7RoXx4g=="],
 
     "@isaacs/cliui/string-width/emoji-regex": ["emoji-regex@9.2.2", "", {}, "sha512-L18DaJsXSUk2+42pv8mLs5jJT2hqFkFE4j21wOmgbUqsZ2hL72NsUU785g9RXgo3s0ZNgVl42TiHp3ZtOv/Vyg=="],
 
+    "@isaacs/cliui/strip-ansi/ansi-regex": ["ansi-regex@6.2.2", "", {}, "sha512-Bq3SmSpyFHaWjPk8If9yc6svM8c56dB5BAtW4Qbw5jHTwwXXcTLoRMkpDJp6VL0XzlWaCHTXrkFURMYmD0sLqg=="],
+
+    "@isaacs/cliui/wrap-ansi/ansi-styles": ["ansi-styles@6.2.3", "", {}, "sha512-4Dj6M28JB+oAH8kFkTLUo+a2jwOFkuqb3yucU0CANcRRUbxS0cP0nZYCGjcc3BNXwRIsUVmDGgzawme7zvJHvg=="],
+
     "@npmcli/git/which/isexe": ["isexe@3.1.5", "", {}, "sha512-6B3tLtFqtQS4ekarvLVMZ+X+VlvQekbe4taUkf/rhVO3d/h0M2rfARm/pXLcPEsjjMsFgrFgSrhQIxcSVrBz8w=="],
 
     "@npmcli/map-workspaces/minimatch/brace-expansion": ["brace-expansion@2.1.0", "", { "dependencies": { "balanced-match": "^1.0.0" } }, "sha512-TN1kCZAgdgweJhWWpgKYrQaMNHcDULHkWwQIspdtjV4Y5aurRdZpjAqn6yX3FPqTA9ngHCc4hJxMAMgGfve85w=="],
 
+    "@npmcli/package-json/hosted-git-info/lru-cache": ["lru-cache@10.4.3", "", {}, "sha512-JNAzZcXrCt42VGLuYz0zfAzDfAvJWW6AfYlDBQyDV5DClI2m5sAmK+OIO7s59XfsRsWHp02jAJrRadPRGTt6SQ=="],
+
     "@npmcli/promise-spawn/which/isexe": ["isexe@3.1.5", "", {}, "sha512-6B3tLtFqtQS4ekarvLVMZ+X+VlvQekbe4taUkf/rhVO3d/h0M2rfARm/pXLcPEsjjMsFgrFgSrhQIxcSVrBz8w=="],
 
+    "@secretlint/config-loader/ajv/json-schema-traverse": ["json-schema-traverse@1.0.0", "", {}, "sha512-NM8/P9n3XjXhIZn1lLhkFaACTOURQXjWhV4BA/RnOv8xvgqtqpAX9IO4mRQxSx1Rlo4tqzeqb0sOlruaOy3dug=="],
+
+    "@secretlint/formatter/strip-ansi/ansi-regex": ["ansi-regex@6.2.2", "", {}, "sha512-Bq3SmSpyFHaWjPk8If9yc6svM8c56dB5BAtW4Qbw5jHTwwXXcTLoRMkpDJp6VL0XzlWaCHTXrkFURMYmD0sLqg=="],
+
     "@typescript-eslint/typescript-estree/minimatch/brace-expansion": ["brace-expansion@5.0.5", "", { "dependencies": { "balanced-match": "^4.0.2" } }, "sha512-VZznLgtwhn+Mact9tfiwx64fA9erHH/MCXEUfB/0bX/6Fz6ny5EGTXYltMocqg4xFAQZtnO3DHWWXi8RiuN7cQ=="],
 
+    "@vscode/test-cli/minimatch/brace-expansion": ["brace-expansion@2.1.0", "", { "dependencies": { "balanced-match": "^1.0.0" } }, "sha512-TN1kCZAgdgweJhWWpgKYrQaMNHcDULHkWwQIspdtjV4Y5aurRdZpjAqn6yX3FPqTA9ngHCc4hJxMAMgGfve85w=="],
+
+    "@vscode/vsce/glob/jackspeak": ["jackspeak@4.2.3", "", { "dependencies": { "@isaacs/cliui": "^9.0.0" } }, "sha512-ykkVRwrYvFm1nb2AJfKKYPr0emF6IiXDYUaFx4Zn9ZuIH7MrzEZ3sD5RlqGXNRpHtvUHJyOnCEFxOlNDtGo7wg=="],
+
+    "@vscode/vsce/glob/minimatch": ["minimatch@10.2.5", "", { "dependencies": { "brace-expansion": "^5.0.5" } }, "sha512-MULkVLfKGYDFYejP07QOurDLLQpcjk7Fw+7jXS2R2czRQzR56yHRveU5NDJEOviH+hETZKSkIk5c+T23GjFUMg=="],
+
+    "@vscode/vsce/glob/path-scurry": ["path-scurry@2.0.2", "", { "dependencies": { "lru-cache": "^11.0.0", "minipass": "^7.1.2" } }, "sha512-3O/iVVsJAPsOnpwWIeD+d6z/7PmqApyQePUtCndjatj/9I5LylHvt5qluFaBT3I5h3r1ejfR056c+FCv+NnNXg=="],
+
     "eslint-plugin-devup/eslint/@eslint/config-array": ["@eslint/config-array@0.23.5", "", { "dependencies": { "@eslint/object-schema": "^3.0.5", "debug": "^4.3.1", "minimatch": "^10.2.4" } }, "sha512-Y3kKLvC1dvTOT+oGlqNQ1XLqK6D1HU2YXPc52NmAlJZbMMWDzGYXMiPRJ8TYD39muD/OTjlZmNJ4ib7dvSrMBA=="],
 
     "eslint-plugin-devup/eslint/@eslint/config-helpers": ["@eslint/config-helpers@0.5.5", "", { "dependencies": { "@eslint/core": "^1.2.1" } }, "sha512-eIJYKTCECbP/nsKaaruF6LW967mtbQbsw4JTtSVkUQc9MneSkbrgPJAbKl9nWr0ZeowV8BfsarBmPpBzGelA2w=="],
@@ -1375,18 +2059,48 @@
 
     "glob/minimatch/brace-expansion": ["brace-expansion@2.1.0", "", { "dependencies": { "balanced-match": "^1.0.0" } }, "sha512-TN1kCZAgdgweJhWWpgKYrQaMNHcDULHkWwQIspdtjV4Y5aurRdZpjAqn6yX3FPqTA9ngHCc4hJxMAMgGfve85w=="],
 
+    "mocha/chokidar/readdirp": ["readdirp@4.1.2", "", {}, "sha512-GDhwkLfywWL2s6vEjyhri+eXmfH6j1L7JE27WhqLeYzoh/A3DBaYGEj2H/HFZCn/kMfim73FXxEJTw06WtxQwg=="],
+
+    "mocha/minimatch/brace-expansion": ["brace-expansion@2.1.0", "", { "dependencies": { "balanced-match": "^1.0.0" } }, "sha512-TN1kCZAgdgweJhWWpgKYrQaMNHcDULHkWwQIspdtjV4Y5aurRdZpjAqn6yX3FPqTA9ngHCc4hJxMAMgGfve85w=="],
+
+    "normalize-package-data/hosted-git-info/lru-cache": ["lru-cache@10.4.3", "", {}, "sha512-JNAzZcXrCt42VGLuYz0zfAzDfAvJWW6AfYlDBQyDV5DClI2m5sAmK+OIO7s59XfsRsWHp02jAJrRadPRGTt6SQ=="],
+
+    "npm-package-arg/hosted-git-info/lru-cache": ["lru-cache@10.4.3", "", {}, "sha512-JNAzZcXrCt42VGLuYz0zfAzDfAvJWW6AfYlDBQyDV5DClI2m5sAmK+OIO7s59XfsRsWHp02jAJrRadPRGTt6SQ=="],
+
+    "table/ajv/json-schema-traverse": ["json-schema-traverse@1.0.0", "", {}, "sha512-NM8/P9n3XjXhIZn1lLhkFaACTOURQXjWhV4BA/RnOv8xvgqtqpAX9IO4mRQxSx1Rlo4tqzeqb0sOlruaOy3dug=="],
+
+    "test-exclude/minimatch/brace-expansion": ["brace-expansion@5.0.5", "", { "dependencies": { "balanced-match": "^4.0.2" } }, "sha512-VZznLgtwhn+Mact9tfiwx64fA9erHH/MCXEUfB/0bX/6Fz6ny5EGTXYltMocqg4xFAQZtnO3DHWWXi8RiuN7cQ=="],
+
     "unified-engine/@types/node/undici-types": ["undici-types@6.21.0", "", {}, "sha512-iwDZqg0QAGrg9Rav5H4n0M64c3mkR59cJ6wQp+7C4nI0gsmExaedaYLNO44eT4AtBBwjbTiGPMlt2Md0T9H9JQ=="],
 
-    "wrap-ansi-cjs/string-width/emoji-regex": ["emoji-regex@8.0.0", "", {}, "sha512-MSjYzcWNOA0ewAHpz0MxpYFvwg6yjy1NG3xteoqz644VCo/RPgnr1/GGt+ic3iJTzQ8Eu3TdM14SawnVUmGE6A=="],
+    "unified-engine/parse-json/type-fest": ["type-fest@3.13.1", "", {}, "sha512-tLq3bSNx+xSpwvAJnzrK0Ep5CLNWjvFTOp71URMaAEWBfRb9nnJiBoUe0tF8bI4ZFO3omgBR6NvnbzVUT3Ly4g=="],
+
+    "vespertide/@types/node/undici-types": ["undici-types@6.21.0", "", {}, "sha512-iwDZqg0QAGrg9Rav5H4n0M64c3mkR59cJ6wQp+7C4nI0gsmExaedaYLNO44eT4AtBBwjbTiGPMlt2Md0T9H9JQ=="],
 
-    "wrap-ansi/string-width/emoji-regex": ["emoji-regex@9.2.2", "", {}, "sha512-L18DaJsXSUk2+42pv8mLs5jJT2hqFkFE4j21wOmgbUqsZ2hL72NsUU785g9RXgo3s0ZNgVl42TiHp3ZtOv/Vyg=="],
+    "vfile-reporter/string-width/emoji-regex": ["emoji-regex@10.6.0", "", {}, "sha512-toUI84YS5YmxW219erniWD0CIVOo46xGKColeNQRgOzDorgBi1v4D71/OFzgD9GO2UGKIv1C3Sp8DAn0+j5w7A=="],
+
+    "vfile-reporter/string-width/strip-ansi": ["strip-ansi@7.2.0", "", { "dependencies": { "ansi-regex": "^6.2.2" } }, "sha512-yDPMNjp4WyfYBkHnjIRLfca1i6KMyGCtsVgoKe/z1+6vukgaENdgGBZt+ZmKPc4gavvEZ5OgHfHdrazhgNyG7w=="],
+
+    "vscode-languageclient/minimatch/brace-expansion": ["brace-expansion@2.1.0", "", { "dependencies": { "balanced-match": "^1.0.0" } }, "sha512-TN1kCZAgdgweJhWWpgKYrQaMNHcDULHkWwQIspdtjV4Y5aurRdZpjAqn6yX3FPqTA9ngHCc4hJxMAMgGfve85w=="],
 
     "@typescript-eslint/typescript-estree/minimatch/brace-expansion/balanced-match": ["balanced-match@4.0.4", "", {}, "sha512-BLrgEcRTwX2o6gGxGOCNyMvGSp35YofuYzw9h1IMTRmKqttAZZVU67bdb9Pr2vUHA8+j3i2tJfjO6C6+4myGTA=="],
 
+    "@vscode/vsce/glob/jackspeak/@isaacs/cliui": ["@isaacs/cliui@9.0.0", "", {}, "sha512-AokJm4tuBHillT+FpMtxQ60n8ObyXBatq7jD2/JA9dxbDDokKQm8KMht5ibGzLVU9IJDIKK4TPKgMHEYMn3lMg=="],
+
+    "@vscode/vsce/glob/minimatch/brace-expansion": ["brace-expansion@5.0.5", "", { "dependencies": { "balanced-match": "^4.0.2" } }, "sha512-VZznLgtwhn+Mact9tfiwx64fA9erHH/MCXEUfB/0bX/6Fz6ny5EGTXYltMocqg4xFAQZtnO3DHWWXi8RiuN7cQ=="],
+
+    "@vscode/vsce/glob/path-scurry/lru-cache": ["lru-cache@11.5.0", "", {}, "sha512-5YgH9UJd7wVb9hIouI2adWpgqrrICkt070Dnj8EUY1+B4B2P9eRLPAkAAo6NICA7CEhOIeBHl46u9zSNpNu7zA=="],
+
     "eslint-plugin-devup/eslint/@eslint/config-array/@eslint/object-schema": ["@eslint/object-schema@3.0.5", "", {}, "sha512-vqTaUEgxzm+YDSdElad6PiRoX4t8VGDjCtt05zn4nU810UIx/uNEV7/lZJ6KwFThKZOzOxzXy48da+No7HZaMw=="],
 
     "eslint-plugin-devup/eslint/minimatch/brace-expansion": ["brace-expansion@5.0.5", "", { "dependencies": { "balanced-match": "^4.0.2" } }, "sha512-VZznLgtwhn+Mact9tfiwx64fA9erHH/MCXEUfB/0bX/6Fz6ny5EGTXYltMocqg4xFAQZtnO3DHWWXi8RiuN7cQ=="],
 
+    "test-exclude/minimatch/brace-expansion/balanced-match": ["balanced-match@4.0.4", "", {}, "sha512-BLrgEcRTwX2o6gGxGOCNyMvGSp35YofuYzw9h1IMTRmKqttAZZVU67bdb9Pr2vUHA8+j3i2tJfjO6C6+4myGTA=="],
+
+    "vfile-reporter/string-width/strip-ansi/ansi-regex": ["ansi-regex@6.2.2", "", {}, "sha512-Bq3SmSpyFHaWjPk8If9yc6svM8c56dB5BAtW4Qbw5jHTwwXXcTLoRMkpDJp6VL0XzlWaCHTXrkFURMYmD0sLqg=="],
+
+    "@vscode/vsce/glob/minimatch/brace-expansion/balanced-match": ["balanced-match@4.0.4", "", {}, "sha512-BLrgEcRTwX2o6gGxGOCNyMvGSp35YofuYzw9h1IMTRmKqttAZZVU67bdb9Pr2vUHA8+j3i2tJfjO6C6+4myGTA=="],
+
     "eslint-plugin-devup/eslint/minimatch/brace-expansion/balanced-match": ["balanced-match@4.0.4", "", {}, "sha512-BLrgEcRTwX2o6gGxGOCNyMvGSp35YofuYzw9h1IMTRmKqttAZZVU67bdb9Pr2vUHA8+j3i2tJfjO6C6+4myGTA=="],
   }
 }
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-cli/AGENTS.md b/crates/vespertide-cli/AGENTS.md
index b46b6b4d..778a065b 100644
--- a/crates/vespertide-cli/AGENTS.md
+++ b/crates/vespertide-cli/AGENTS.md
@@ -45,8 +45,12 @@ src/
 
 ## NOTES
 
-- **revision.rs** (1100 lines): Most complex - handles interactive `--fill-with` prompts for NOT NULL columns without defaults
+- **revision.rs** (3064 lines, scheduled for split per 1000-line rule): Most complex - handles interactive `--fill-with` prompts for NOT NULL columns without defaults
 - **export.rs**: Generates `mod.rs` chain for SeaORM exports; Python ORMs skip this
 - All commands use `load_config()`, `load_models()`, `load_migrations()` from `vespertide_loader`
+- YAML and JSON are both fully supported for models and migrations; `new <name> -f yaml` creates YAML templates.
+- Prefer typed `MigrationAction` enums; `RawSql` exists as a documented emergency escape hatch, but is not recommended for normal use.
 - Tests use `serial_test::serial` with `CwdGuard` for directory isolation
 - Schema URLs default to GitHub raw; override via `VESP_SCHEMA_BASE_URL` env var
+- Every `.rs` file must stay ≤ 1000 lines (CI enforced).
+- Workspace lints warn on unsafe code and Clippy all: `unsafe_code = "warn"`, `clippy::all = { level = "warn", priority = -1 }`.
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-cli/Cargo.toml b/crates/vespertide-cli/Cargo.toml
index d7383fdc..4191fde4 100644
--- a/crates/vespertide-cli/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/vespertide-cli/Cargo.toml
@@ -7,9 +7,13 @@ repository.workspace = true
 homepage.workspace = true
 documentation.workspace = true
 description = "CLI command for vespertide (model template, diff, SQL, revision, status, log)"
+keywords = ["database", "migration", "schema", "orm", "sql"]
+categories = ["database"]
+readme = "../../README.md"
 publish = true
 
 [dependencies]
+rayon = { workspace = true }
 anyhow = "1"
 clap = { version = "4", features = ["derive"] }
 chrono = { version = "0.4", default-features = false, features = ["clock", "serde"] }
@@ -18,10 +22,10 @@ dialoguer = "0.12"
 uuid = { version = "1", features = ["v4"] }
 serde_json = "1"
 serde_yaml = "0.9"
-schemars = "1.2"
 tokio = { version = "1", features = ["rt-multi-thread", "macros", "fs"] }
 futures = "0.3"
 async-recursion = "1"
+dot-writer = "0.1.4"
 vespertide-config = { workspace = true, features = ["cli", "schema"] }
 vespertide-core = { workspace = true, features = ["schema"] }
 vespertide-loader = { workspace = true }
@@ -35,10 +39,11 @@ serial_test = "3"
 rstest = "0.26"
 assert_cmd = "2"
 predicates = "3"
+insta = "1.47"
 
 [[bin]]
 name = "vespertide"
 path = "src/main.rs"
 
-[lints.rust]
-unexpected_cfgs = { level = "warn", check-cfg = ['cfg(tarpaulin_include)'] }
+[lints]
+workspace = true
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-cli/src/commands/diff.rs b/crates/vespertide-cli/src/commands/diff.rs
index dc2ca19e..6ae741fe 100644
--- a/crates/vespertide-cli/src/commands/diff.rs
+++ b/crates/vespertide-cli/src/commands/diff.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ pub async fn cmd_diff() -> Result<()> {
     let applied_plans = load_migrations(&config)?;
 
     let plan = plan_next_migration(&current_models, &applied_plans)
-        .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("planning error: {}", e))?;
+        .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("planning error: {e}"))?;
 
     if plan.actions.is_empty() {
         println!(
@@ -39,98 +39,97 @@ pub async fn cmd_diff() -> Result<()> {
     Ok(())
 }
 
+#[expect(
+    clippy::too_many_lines,
+    reason = "one display arm per migration action keeps output obvious"
+)]
 fn format_action(action: &MigrationAction) -> String {
+    let table = action.table_name().map(Colorize::bright_cyan);
     match action {
-        MigrationAction::CreateTable { table, .. } => {
+        MigrationAction::CreateTable { .. } => {
             format!(
                 "{} {}",
                 "Create table:".bright_green(),
-                table.bright_cyan().bold()
+                table.expect("CreateTable has a table").bold()
             )
         }
-        MigrationAction::DeleteTable { table } => {
+        MigrationAction::DeleteTable { .. } => {
             format!(
                 "{} {}",
                 "Delete table:".bright_red(),
-                table.bright_cyan().bold()
+                table.expect("DeleteTable has a table").bold()
             )
         }
-        MigrationAction::AddColumn { table, column, .. } => {
+        MigrationAction::AddColumn { column, .. } => {
             format!(
                 "{} {}.{}",
                 "Add column:".bright_green(),
-                table.bright_cyan(),
+                table.expect("AddColumn has a table"),
                 column.name.bright_cyan().bold()
             )
         }
-        MigrationAction::RenameColumn { table, from, to } => {
+        MigrationAction::RenameColumn { from, to, .. } => {
             format!(
                 "{} {}.{} {} {}",
                 "Rename column:".bright_yellow(),
-                table.bright_cyan(),
+                table.expect("RenameColumn has a table"),
                 from.bright_white(),
                 "->".bright_white(),
                 to.bright_cyan().bold()
             )
         }
-        MigrationAction::DeleteColumn { table, column } => {
+        MigrationAction::DeleteColumn { column, .. } => {
             format!(
                 "{} {}.{}",
                 "Delete column:".bright_red(),
-                table.bright_cyan(),
+                table.expect("DeleteColumn has a table"),
                 column.bright_cyan().bold()
             )
         }
         MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType {
-            table,
-            column,
-            new_type,
-            ..
+            column, new_type, ..
         } => {
             format!(
                 "{} {}.{} {} {}",
                 "Modify column type:".bright_yellow(),
-                table.bright_cyan(),
+                table.expect("ModifyColumnType has a table"),
                 column.bright_cyan().bold(),
                 "->".bright_white(),
                 new_type.to_display_string().bright_cyan().bold()
             )
         }
         MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
-            table,
-            column,
-            nullable,
-            ..
+            column, nullable, ..
         } => {
             let nullability = if *nullable { "NULL" } else { "NOT NULL" };
             format!(
                 "{} {}.{} {} {}",
                 "Modify column nullability:".bright_yellow(),
-                table.bright_cyan(),
+                table.expect("ModifyColumnNullable has a table"),
                 column.bright_cyan().bold(),
                 "->".bright_white(),
                 nullability.bright_cyan().bold()
             )
         }
         MigrationAction::ModifyColumnDefault {
-            table,
             column,
             new_default,
+            ..
         } => {
             let default_display = new_default.as_deref().unwrap_or("(none)");
             format!(
                 "{} {}.{} {} {}",
                 "Modify column default:".bright_yellow(),
-                table.bright_cyan(),
+                table.expect("ModifyColumnDefault has a table"),
                 column.bright_cyan().bold(),
                 "->".bright_white(),
                 default_display.bright_cyan().bold()
             )
         }
         MigrationAction::ModifyColumnComment {
-            table,
             column,
             new_comment,
+            ..
         } => {
             let comment_display = new_comment.as_deref().unwrap_or("(none)");
             let truncated = if comment_display.chars().count() > 30 {
@@ -144,7 +143,7 @@ fn format_action(action: &MigrationAction) -> String {
             format!(
                 "{} {}.{} {} '{}'",
                 "Modify column comment:".bright_yellow(),
-                table.bright_cyan(),
+                table.expect("ModifyColumnComment has a table"),
                 column.bright_cyan().bold(),
                 "->".bright_white(),
                 truncated.bright_cyan().bold()
@@ -166,27 +165,25 @@ fn format_action(action: &MigrationAction) -> String {
                 sql.bright_cyan()
             )
         }
-        MigrationAction::AddConstraint { table, constraint } => {
+        MigrationAction::AddConstraint { constraint, .. } => {
             format!(
                 "{} {} {} {}",
                 "Add constraint:".bright_green(),
                 format_constraint_type(constraint).bright_cyan().bold(),
                 "on".bright_white(),
-                table.bright_cyan()
+                table.expect("AddConstraint has a table")
             )
         }
-        MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint { table, constraint } => {
+        MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint { constraint, .. } => {
             format!(
                 "{} {} {} {}",
                 "Remove constraint:".bright_red(),
                 format_constraint_type(constraint).bright_cyan().bold(),
                 "from".bright_white(),
-                table.bright_cyan()
+                table.expect("RemoveConstraint has a table")
             )
         }
-        MigrationAction::ReplaceConstraint {
-            table, from, to, ..
-        } => {
+        MigrationAction::ReplaceConstraint { from, to, .. } => {
             format!(
                 "{} {} {} {} {} {}",
                 "Replace constraint:".bright_yellow(),
@@ -194,9 +191,10 @@ fn format_action(action: &MigrationAction) -> String {
                 "->".bright_white(),
                 format_constraint_type(to).bright_cyan().bold(),
                 "on".bright_white(),
-                table.bright_cyan()
+                table.expect("ReplaceConstraint has a table")
             )
         }
+        _ => unreachable!("MigrationAction is #[non_exhaustive]; all variants are matched above"),
     }
 }
 
@@ -225,7 +223,7 @@ fn format_constraint_type(constraint: &vespertide_core::TableConstraint) -> Stri
             }
         }
         vespertide_core::TableConstraint::Check { name, expr } => {
-            format!("{} CHECK ({})", name, expr)
+            format!("{name} CHECK ({expr})")
         }
         vespertide_core::TableConstraint::Index { name, columns } => {
             if let Some(n) = name {
@@ -234,6 +232,7 @@ fn format_constraint_type(constraint: &vespertide_core::TableConstraint) -> Stri
                 format!("INDEX ({})", columns.join(", "))
             }
         }
+        _ => unreachable!("TableConstraint is #[non_exhaustive]; all variants are matched above"),
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-cli/src/commands/erd/dot.rs b/crates/vespertide-cli/src/commands/erd/dot.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ddbad213
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-cli/src/commands/erd/dot.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+use dot_writer::{Attributes, DotWriter, RankDirection, Shape};
+use vespertide_core::{ColumnDef, TableDef};
+
+use super::{
+    ForeignKeyRelation, collect_foreign_key_relations, column_markers, sanitize_identifier,
+};
+
+pub fn render_dot(tables: &[TableDef]) -> String {
+    DotWriter::write_string(|writer| {
+        writer.set_pretty_print(true);
+
+        let mut digraph = writer.digraph();
+        digraph.set_rank_direction(RankDirection::LeftRight);
+        digraph.set("bgcolor", "transparent", true);
+
+        {
+            let mut node_attributes = digraph.node_attributes();
+            node_attributes.set_shape(Shape::Record);
+            node_attributes.set("fontname", "Helvetica", true);
+        }
+
+        {
+            let mut edge_attributes = digraph.edge_attributes();
+            edge_attributes.set("fontname", "Helvetica", true);
+        }
+
+        for table in tables {
+            let mut node = digraph.node_named(sanitize_identifier(&table.name));
+            node.set_shape(Shape::Record);
+            node.set_label(&record_label(table));
+        }
+
+        for relation in collect_foreign_key_relations(tables) {
+            let mut edge_attributes = digraph
+                .edge(
+                    sanitize_identifier(&relation.child_table),
+                    sanitize_identifier(&relation.parent_table),
+                )
+                .attributes();
+            edge_attributes.set_label(&relationship_label(&relation));
+        }
+    })
+}
+
+fn record_label(table: &TableDef) -> String {
+    let mut fields = Vec::with_capacity(table.columns.len() + 1);
+    fields.push(escape_record_field(&table.name));
+
+    for column in &table.columns {
+        fields.push(column_record_field(table, column));
+    }
+
+    format!("{{{}}}", fields.join("|"))
+}
+
+fn column_record_field(table: &TableDef, column: &ColumnDef) -> String {
+    format!(
+        "{}: {}{}",
+        escape_record_field(&column.name),
+        escape_record_field(&column.r#type.to_display_string()),
+        escape_record_field(&column_markers(table, column))
+    )
+}
+
+fn relationship_label(relation: &ForeignKeyRelation) -> String {
+    format!(
+        "{}: {} -> {}",
+        relation.cardinality.label(),
+        relation.child_columns.join(", "),
+        relation.parent_columns.join(", ")
+    )
+}
+
+fn escape_record_field(value: &str) -> String {
+    let mut escaped = String::with_capacity(value.len());
+
+    for ch in value.chars() {
+        match ch {
+            '\\' | '{' | '}' | '|' | '<' | '>' | '"' => {
+                escaped.push('\\');
+                escaped.push(ch);
+            }
+            _ => escaped.push(ch),
+        }
+    }
+
+    escaped
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-cli/src/commands/erd/mermaid.rs b/crates/vespertide-cli/src/commands/erd/mermaid.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2e7fda42
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-cli/src/commands/erd/mermaid.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+use std::fmt::Write as _;
+
+use vespertide_core::{ColumnType, ComplexColumnType, EnumValues, SimpleColumnType, TableDef};
+
+use super::{
+    Cardinality, ForeignKeyRelation, collect_foreign_key_relations, is_foreign_key_column,
+    is_primary_key_column, sanitize_identifier,
+};
+
+pub fn render_mermaid(tables: &[TableDef]) -> String {
+    let mut output = String::from("erDiagram\n");
+
+    for table in tables {
+        writeln!(output, "  {} {{", sanitize_identifier(&table.name))
+            .expect("write Mermaid table header");
+
+        for column in &table.columns {
+            let primary_key = if is_primary_key_column(table, &column.name) {
+                " PK"
+            } else {
+                ""
+            };
+            let foreign_key = if is_foreign_key_column(table, &column.name) {
+                " FK"
+            } else {
+                ""
+            };
+
+            writeln!(
+                output,
+                "    {} {}{}{}",
+                column_type_to_mermaid(&column.r#type),
+                sanitize_identifier(&column.name),
+                primary_key,
+                foreign_key
+            )
+            .expect("write Mermaid column");
+        }
+
+        writeln!(output, "  }}").expect("write Mermaid table footer");
+    }
+
+    for relation in collect_foreign_key_relations(tables) {
+        let (left_table, connector, right_table) = mermaid_relationship(&relation);
+        writeln!(
+            output,
+            "  {} {} {} : \"{}\"",
+            sanitize_identifier(left_table),
+            connector,
+            sanitize_identifier(right_table),
+            escape_mermaid_label(&relation.child_columns.join(", "))
+        )
+        .expect("write Mermaid relationship");
+    }
+
+    output
+}
+
+fn mermaid_relationship(relation: &ForeignKeyRelation) -> (&str, &'static str, &str) {
+    match relation.cardinality {
+        Cardinality::OneToOne => (&relation.parent_table, "||--||", &relation.child_table),
+        Cardinality::OneToMany => (&relation.parent_table, "||--o{", &relation.child_table),
+        Cardinality::ZeroOrOneToMany => (&relation.parent_table, "|o--o{", &relation.child_table),
+        Cardinality::ManyToMany => (&relation.child_table, "}o--||", &relation.parent_table),
+    }
+}
+
+fn column_type_to_mermaid(column_type: &ColumnType) -> &'static str {
+    match column_type {
+        ColumnType::Simple(simple) => simple_column_type_to_mermaid(simple),
+        ColumnType::Complex(complex) => complex_column_type_to_mermaid(complex),
+    }
+}
+
+fn simple_column_type_to_mermaid(column_type: &SimpleColumnType) -> &'static str {
+    match column_type {
+        SimpleColumnType::SmallInt | SimpleColumnType::Integer | SimpleColumnType::BigInt => "int",
+        SimpleColumnType::Real | SimpleColumnType::DoublePrecision => "float",
+        SimpleColumnType::Boolean => "boolean",
+        SimpleColumnType::Date => "date",
+        SimpleColumnType::Time => "time",
+        SimpleColumnType::Timestamp | SimpleColumnType::Timestamptz => "datetime",
+        SimpleColumnType::Bytea => "binary",
+        SimpleColumnType::Uuid => "uuid",
+        SimpleColumnType::Json => "json",
+        _ => "string",
+    }
+}
+
+fn complex_column_type_to_mermaid(column_type: &ComplexColumnType) -> &'static str {
+    match column_type {
+        ComplexColumnType::Numeric { .. } => "decimal",
+        ComplexColumnType::Enum { values, .. } => match values {
+            EnumValues::String(_) => "string",
+            EnumValues::Integer(_) => "int",
+        },
+        _ => "string",
+    }
+}
+
+fn escape_mermaid_label(label: &str) -> String {
+    label.replace('\\', "\\\\").replace('"', "\\\"")
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-cli/src/commands/erd/mod.rs b/crates/vespertide-cli/src/commands/erd/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0d472350
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-cli/src/commands/erd/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,589 @@
+pub mod dot;
+pub mod mermaid;
+pub mod svg;
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests;
+
+use std::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet};
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+
+use anyhow::{Context, Result};
+use clap::ValueEnum;
+use vespertide_core::schema::foreign_key::ForeignKeySyntax;
+use vespertide_core::schema::primary_key::PrimaryKeySyntax;
+use vespertide_core::{ColumnDef, ReferenceAction, StrOrBoolOrArray, TableConstraint, TableDef};
+
+use crate::utils::{load_config, load_models};
+
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, ValueEnum)]
+pub enum ErdFormat {
+    Svg,
+    Mermaid,
+    Dot,
+}
+
+#[allow(dead_code)]
+pub async fn cmd_erd(format: ErdFormat, output: Option<PathBuf>) -> Result<()> {
+    cmd_erd_with_filters(format, output, Vec::new(), Vec::new(), 0).await
+}
+
+pub async fn cmd_erd_with_filters(
+    format: ErdFormat,
+    output: Option<PathBuf>,
+    include: Vec<String>,
+    exclude: Vec<String>,
+    depth: usize,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    let config = load_config()?;
+    let tables = filter_tables(
+        normalize_tables(load_models(&config)?)?,
+        &include,
+        &exclude,
+        depth,
+    );
+
+    let rendered = match format {
+        ErdFormat::Svg => svg::render_svg(&tables).map_err(anyhow::Error::msg)?,
+        ErdFormat::Mermaid => mermaid::render_mermaid(&tables),
+        ErdFormat::Dot => dot::render_dot(&tables),
+    };
+
+    if let Some(path) = output {
+        if let Some(parent) = path.parent()
+            && !parent.as_os_str().is_empty()
+        {
+            tokio::fs::create_dir_all(parent)
+                .await
+                .with_context(|| format!("create ERD output directory {}", parent.display()))?;
+        }
+
+        tokio::fs::write(&path, rendered)
+            .await
+            .with_context(|| format!("write ERD output {}", path.display()))?;
+        println!("ERD exported to {}", path.display());
+    } else {
+        print!("{rendered}");
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub(super) fn filter_tables(
+    tables: Vec<TableDef>,
+    include: &[String],
+    exclude: &[String],
+    depth: usize,
+) -> Vec<TableDef> {
+    let (tables, warnings) = filter_tables_with_warnings(tables, include, exclude, depth);
+    for warning in warnings {
+        eprintln!("{warning}");
+    }
+    tables
+}
+
+pub(super) fn filter_tables_with_warnings(
+    tables: Vec<TableDef>,
+    include: &[String],
+    exclude: &[String],
+    depth: usize,
+) -> (Vec<TableDef>, Vec<String>) {
+    if include.is_empty() && exclude.is_empty() {
+        return (tables, Vec::new());
+    }
+
+    let include = normalized_filter_names(include);
+    let exclude = normalized_filter_names(exclude);
+    let all_names: BTreeSet<String> = tables.iter().map(|table| table.name.clone()).collect();
+
+    let mut warnings = filter_warnings(&all_names, "--include", &include);
+    warnings.extend(filter_warnings(&all_names, "--exclude", &exclude));
+
+    let mut kept: BTreeSet<String> = if include.is_empty() {
+        all_names.clone()
+    } else {
+        include
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|name| all_names.contains(*name))
+            .cloned()
+            .collect()
+    };
+
+    let adjacency = build_fk_adjacency(&tables);
+    for _ in 0..depth {
+        let frontier: Vec<String> = kept.iter().cloned().collect();
+        for name in frontier {
+            if let Some(neighbors) = adjacency.get(&name) {
+                kept.extend(
+                    neighbors
+                        .iter()
+                        .filter(|neighbor| all_names.contains(*neighbor))
+                        .cloned(),
+                );
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    for name in exclude {
+        kept.remove(&name);
+    }
+
+    let filtered = tables
+        .into_iter()
+        .filter(|table| kept.contains(&table.name))
+        .collect();
+    (filtered, warnings)
+}
+
+fn normalize_tables(tables: Vec<TableDef>) -> Result<Vec<TableDef>> {
+    tables
+        .into_iter()
+        .map(|table| {
+            table
+                .normalize()
+                .with_context(|| format!("normalize table '{}'", table.name))
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
+pub(super) struct ForeignKeyRelation {
+    pub child_table: String,
+    pub child_columns: Vec<String>,
+    pub parent_table: String,
+    pub parent_columns: Vec<String>,
+    pub on_delete: Option<ReferenceAction>,
+    pub on_update: Option<ReferenceAction>,
+    pub cardinality: Cardinality,
+}
+
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
+pub(super) enum Cardinality {
+    OneToOne,
+    OneToMany,
+    ZeroOrOneToMany,
+    ManyToMany,
+}
+
+impl Cardinality {
+    pub(super) fn label(self) -> &'static str {
+        match self {
+            Self::OneToOne => "1:1",
+            Self::OneToMany => "1:N",
+            Self::ZeroOrOneToMany => "0..1:N",
+            Self::ManyToMany => "M:N",
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub(super) fn collect_foreign_key_relations(tables: &[TableDef]) -> BTreeSet<ForeignKeyRelation> {
+    let mut relations = BTreeSet::new();
+    let table_lookup: BTreeMap<&str, &TableDef> = tables
+        .iter()
+        .map(|table| (table.name.as_str(), table))
+        .collect();
+
+    for table in tables {
+        for constraint in &table.constraints {
+            if let TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                columns,
+                ref_table,
+                ref_columns,
+                on_delete,
+                on_update,
+                ..
+            } = constraint
+            {
+                let Some(parent_table) = table_lookup.get(ref_table.as_str()).copied() else {
+                    continue;
+                };
+                relations.insert(build_foreign_key_relation(
+                    table,
+                    columns.clone(),
+                    ref_table.clone(),
+                    ref_columns.clone(),
+                    on_delete.clone(),
+                    on_update.clone(),
+                    parent_table,
+                ));
+            }
+        }
+
+        for column in &table.columns {
+            if let Some(foreign_key) = &column.foreign_key
+                && let Some(relation) =
+                    inline_foreign_key_relation(table, column, foreign_key, &table_lookup)
+            {
+                relations.insert(relation);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    relations
+}
+
+pub(super) fn is_primary_key_column(table: &TableDef, column_name: &str) -> bool {
+    table
+        .columns
+        .iter()
+        .any(|column| column.name == column_name && is_inline_primary_key(column))
+        || table.constraints.iter().any(|constraint| {
+            matches!(
+                constraint,
+                TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { columns, .. }
+                    if columns.iter().any(|column| column == column_name)
+            )
+        })
+}
+
+pub(super) fn is_foreign_key_column(table: &TableDef, column_name: &str) -> bool {
+    table
+        .columns
+        .iter()
+        .any(|column| column.name == column_name && column.foreign_key.is_some())
+        || table.constraints.iter().any(|constraint| {
+            matches!(
+                constraint,
+                TableConstraint::ForeignKey { columns, .. }
+                    if columns.iter().any(|column| column == column_name)
+            )
+        })
+}
+
+pub(super) fn column_markers(table: &TableDef, column: &ColumnDef) -> String {
+    let mut markers = Vec::new();
+    if is_primary_key_column(table, &column.name) {
+        markers.push("PK");
+    }
+    if is_foreign_key_column(table, &column.name) {
+        markers.push("FK");
+    }
+
+    if markers.is_empty() {
+        String::new()
+    } else {
+        format!(" ({})", markers.join(", "))
+    }
+}
+
+pub(super) fn sanitize_identifier(input: &str) -> String {
+    let mut identifier = String::new();
+
+    for (index, ch) in input.chars().enumerate() {
+        if ch == '_' || ch.is_ascii_alphanumeric() {
+            if index == 0 && ch.is_ascii_digit() {
+                identifier.push('_');
+            }
+            identifier.push(ch);
+        } else {
+            identifier.push('_');
+        }
+    }
+
+    if identifier.is_empty() {
+        "_".to_string()
+    } else {
+        identifier
+    }
+}
+
+fn inline_foreign_key_relation(
+    table: &TableDef,
+    column: &ColumnDef,
+    foreign_key: &ForeignKeySyntax,
+    table_lookup: &BTreeMap<&str, &TableDef>,
+) -> Option<ForeignKeyRelation> {
+    let (parent_table, parent_columns, on_delete, on_update) = match foreign_key {
+        ForeignKeySyntax::String(reference) => {
+            let (table, columns) = parse_reference(reference)?;
+            (table, columns, None, None)
+        }
+        ForeignKeySyntax::Reference(reference) => {
+            let (table, columns) = parse_reference(&reference.references)?;
+            (
+                table,
+                columns,
+                reference.on_delete.clone(),
+                reference.on_update.clone(),
+            )
+        }
+        ForeignKeySyntax::Object(definition) => (
+            definition.ref_table.clone(),
+            definition.ref_columns.clone(),
+            definition.on_delete.clone(),
+            definition.on_update.clone(),
+        ),
+    };
+
+    let parent_table_def = table_lookup.get(parent_table.as_str()).copied()?;
+    Some(build_foreign_key_relation(
+        table,
+        vec![column.name.clone()],
+        parent_table,
+        parent_columns,
+        on_delete,
+        on_update,
+        parent_table_def,
+    ))
+}
+
+fn parse_reference(reference: &str) -> Option<(String, Vec<String>)> {
+    let mut parts = reference.split('.');
+    let table = parts.next()?;
+    let column = parts.next()?;
+
+    if parts.next().is_some() || table.is_empty() || column.is_empty() {
+        return None;
+    }
+
+    Some((table.to_string(), vec![column.to_string()]))
+}
+
+fn build_foreign_key_relation(
+    child_table: &TableDef,
+    child_columns: Vec<String>,
+    parent_table: String,
+    parent_columns: Vec<String>,
+    on_delete: Option<ReferenceAction>,
+    on_update: Option<ReferenceAction>,
+    parent_table_def: &TableDef,
+) -> ForeignKeyRelation {
+    let cardinality = detect_cardinality(child_table, &child_columns, parent_table_def);
+    ForeignKeyRelation {
+        child_table: child_table.name.clone(),
+        child_columns,
+        parent_table,
+        parent_columns,
+        on_delete,
+        on_update,
+        cardinality,
+    }
+}
+
+fn detect_cardinality(
+    child_table: &TableDef,
+    child_columns: &[String],
+    _parent_table: &TableDef,
+) -> Cardinality {
+    if is_junction_table(child_table) {
+        return Cardinality::ManyToMany;
+    }
+
+    if are_columns_unique(child_table, child_columns) {
+        return Cardinality::OneToOne;
+    }
+
+    if child_columns
+        .iter()
+        .any(|column| is_nullable_column(child_table, column))
+    {
+        return Cardinality::ZeroOrOneToMany;
+    }
+
+    Cardinality::OneToMany
+}
+
+fn is_junction_table(table: &TableDef) -> bool {
+    let primary_key_columns = primary_key_columns(table);
+    if primary_key_columns.len() < 2 {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    let foreign_key_groups = foreign_key_column_groups(table);
+    if foreign_key_groups.len() < 2 {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    let foreign_key_columns: BTreeSet<&str> = foreign_key_groups
+        .iter()
+        .flat_map(|group| group.iter().map(String::as_str))
+        .collect();
+
+    primary_key_columns
+        .iter()
+        .all(|column| foreign_key_columns.contains(column.as_str()))
+}
+
+fn are_columns_unique(table: &TableDef, columns: &[String]) -> bool {
+    if columns.is_empty() {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    let primary_key_columns = primary_key_columns(table);
+    if !primary_key_columns.is_empty() && same_column_set(columns, &primary_key_columns) {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    table.constraints.iter().any(|constraint| {
+        matches!(
+            constraint,
+            TableConstraint::Unique { columns: unique_columns, .. }
+                if same_column_set(columns, unique_columns)
+        )
+    }) || inline_unique_column_groups(table)
+        .iter()
+        .any(|unique_columns| same_column_set(columns, unique_columns))
+}
+
+fn primary_key_columns(table: &TableDef) -> Vec<String> {
+    if let Some(columns) = table.constraints.iter().find_map(|constraint| {
+        if let TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { columns, .. } = constraint {
+            Some(columns.clone())
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }) {
+        return columns;
+    }
+
+    table
+        .columns
+        .iter()
+        .filter(|column| is_inline_primary_key(column))
+        .map(|column| column.name.clone())
+        .collect()
+}
+
+fn foreign_key_column_groups(table: &TableDef) -> Vec<Vec<String>> {
+    let mut groups: Vec<Vec<String>> = Vec::new();
+    for constraint in &table.constraints {
+        if let TableConstraint::ForeignKey { columns, .. } = constraint
+            && !groups.iter().any(|group| same_column_set(group, columns))
+        {
+            groups.push(columns.clone());
+        }
+    }
+
+    for column in &table.columns {
+        if column.foreign_key.is_some() {
+            let group = vec![column.name.clone()];
+            if !groups
+                .iter()
+                .any(|existing| same_column_set(existing, &group))
+            {
+                groups.push(group);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    groups
+}
+
+fn inline_unique_column_groups(table: &TableDef) -> Vec<Vec<String>> {
+    let mut groups: BTreeMap<String, Vec<String>> = BTreeMap::new();
+    for column in &table.columns {
+        let Some(unique) = &column.unique else {
+            continue;
+        };
+
+        match unique {
+            StrOrBoolOrArray::Str(name) => {
+                groups
+                    .entry(name.clone())
+                    .or_default()
+                    .push(column.name.clone());
+            }
+            StrOrBoolOrArray::Array(names) => {
+                for name in names {
+                    groups
+                        .entry(name.clone())
+                        .or_default()
+                        .push(column.name.clone());
+                }
+            }
+            StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true) => {
+                groups.insert(format!("__auto_{}", column.name), vec![column.name.clone()]);
+            }
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+    groups.into_values().collect()
+}
+
+fn is_inline_primary_key(column: &ColumnDef) -> bool {
+    matches!(
+        &column.primary_key,
+        Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true) | PrimaryKeySyntax::Object(_))
+    )
+}
+
+fn is_nullable_column(table: &TableDef, column_name: &str) -> bool {
+    table
+        .columns
+        .iter()
+        .any(|column| column.name == column_name && column.nullable)
+}
+
+fn same_column_set(left: &[String], right: &[String]) -> bool {
+    let left: BTreeSet<&str> = left.iter().map(String::as_str).collect();
+    let right: BTreeSet<&str> = right.iter().map(String::as_str).collect();
+    left == right
+}
+
+fn normalized_filter_names(names: &[String]) -> Vec<String> {
+    names
+        .iter()
+        .filter_map(|name| {
+            let trimmed = name.trim();
+            if trimmed.is_empty() {
+                None
+            } else {
+                Some(trimmed.to_string())
+            }
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
+fn filter_warnings(
+    all_names: &BTreeSet<String>,
+    flag: &str,
+    filter_names: &[String],
+) -> Vec<String> {
+    let unknown: BTreeSet<&str> = filter_names
+        .iter()
+        .map(String::as_str)
+        .filter(|name| !all_names.contains(*name))
+        .collect();
+
+    unknown
+        .into_iter()
+        .map(|name| format!("warning: ERD {flag} references unknown table '{name}'"))
+        .collect()
+}
+
+fn build_fk_adjacency(tables: &[TableDef]) -> BTreeMap<String, BTreeSet<String>> {
+    let mut adjacency: BTreeMap<String, BTreeSet<String>> = tables
+        .iter()
+        .map(|table| (table.name.clone(), BTreeSet::new()))
+        .collect();
+    let mut junction_parents: BTreeMap<String, BTreeSet<String>> = BTreeMap::new();
+
+    for relation in collect_foreign_key_relations(tables) {
+        if let Some(neighbors) = adjacency.get_mut(&relation.child_table) {
+            neighbors.insert(relation.parent_table.clone());
+        }
+        if let Some(neighbors) = adjacency.get_mut(&relation.parent_table) {
+            neighbors.insert(relation.child_table.clone());
+        }
+        if relation.cardinality == Cardinality::ManyToMany {
+            junction_parents
+                .entry(relation.child_table)
+                .or_default()
+                .insert(relation.parent_table);
+        }
+    }
+
+    for parents in junction_parents.values() {
+        for parent in parents {
+            for peer in parents {
+                if parent != peer
+                    && let Some(neighbors) = adjacency.get_mut(parent)
+                {
+                    neighbors.insert(peer.clone());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    adjacency
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-cli/src/commands/erd/svg.rs b/crates/vespertide-cli/src/commands/erd/svg.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..970a292e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-cli/src/commands/erd/svg.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,980 @@
+//! SVG ERD renderer.
+//!
+//! Layout-rs / Graphviz produced unattractive output (huge whitespace,
+//! flat record shapes, no visual hierarchy). This module replaces it with
+//! a fully custom layout + SVG emitter:
+//!
+//! * Tables are laid out in topological ranks (parents → children).
+//! * Each table card has a dark header, rounded corners, and per-column
+//!   PK/FK badges.
+//! * Foreign-key edges are drawn as cubic Bézier curves between the
+//!   nearest sides of the connected tables.
+
+// SVG layout is inherently a floating-point pipeline driven by integer counts
+// (rows, ranks, badge counts). Cast lints add noise without catching real bugs.
+// `unnecessary_wraps` is suppressed because the public API contract still
+// returns `Result<String, String>` to leave room for future fallible paths
+// (e.g. graph validation) without breaking the caller in `mod.rs`.
+#![allow(
+    clippy::cast_precision_loss,
+    clippy::cast_possible_truncation,
+    clippy::cast_sign_loss,
+    clippy::cast_lossless,
+    clippy::range_plus_one,
+    clippy::unnecessary_wraps,
+    clippy::uninlined_format_args,
+    clippy::too_many_arguments,
+    clippy::too_many_lines,
+    clippy::similar_names
+)]
+
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+use std::fmt::Write as _;
+
+use vespertide_core::{ColumnDef, TableDef};
+
+use super::{
+    ForeignKeyRelation, collect_foreign_key_relations, is_foreign_key_column, is_primary_key_column,
+};
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Aesthetic constants
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+const FONT_FAMILY: &str = "Pretendard, 'Noto Sans KR', ui-sans-serif, system-ui, -apple-system, 'Segoe UI', \
+    Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, sans-serif";
+const MONO_FAMILY: &str =
+    "ui-monospace, SFMono-Regular, 'SF Mono', Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace";
+
+const HEADER_H: f64 = 34.0;
+const ROW_H: f64 = 24.0;
+const TABLE_PAD_X: f64 = 14.0;
+const BADGE_W: f64 = 22.0;
+const BADGE_H: f64 = 14.0;
+const BADGE_GAP: f64 = 6.0;
+const COL_GAP_TYPE: f64 = 18.0;
+const TABLE_RADIUS: f64 = 14.0;
+
+const TITLE_FS: f64 = 14.0;
+const TITLE_CH: f64 = 7.9;
+const NAME_FS: f64 = 12.0;
+const NAME_CH: f64 = 6.7;
+const TYPE_FS: f64 = 11.0;
+const TYPE_CH: f64 = 5.8;
+const BADGE_FS: f64 = 9.0;
+
+const RANK_GAP: f64 = 80.0;
+const NODE_GAP: f64 = 32.0;
+const VIEW_PAD: f64 = 40.0;
+
+// Palette (modern, light, neutral)
+// DevFive (devfive.kr) brand palette.
+// Signature purple #5b34f7, light bg #f7f8fb, accent yellow #ffe139.
+const BG: &str = "#f7f8fb";
+const CARD_BG: &str = "#ffffff";
+const CARD_BORDER: &str = "#eaeaed";
+const HEADER_FILL: &str = "url(#vespHeader)";
+const HEADER_FG: &str = "#ffffff";
+const HEADER_SUB: &str = "#e9defe";
+const ROW_FG: &str = "#1a1a1a";
+const ROW_FG_MUTED: &str = "#50505d";
+const ROW_ALT_BG: &str = "#fafbfd";
+const ROW_DIVIDER: &str = "#f0f0f4";
+const PK_BG: &str = "#fff7d4";
+const PK_FG: &str = "#8a6d04";
+const FK_BG: &str = "#f0e9ff";
+const FK_FG: &str = "#5b34f7";
+const EDGE_STROKE: &str = "#b5a4f6";
+const EDGE_END: &str = "#5b34f7";
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Public API
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+pub fn render_svg(tables: &[TableDef]) -> Result<String, String> {
+    if tables.is_empty() {
+        return Ok(render_empty());
+    }
+
+    let mut boxes = build_boxes(tables);
+    let relations = collect_foreign_key_relations(tables);
+    let edges = build_edges(tables, &boxes, &relations);
+
+    let ranks = compute_ranks(&boxes, &edges);
+    layout_grid(&mut boxes, &ranks);
+
+    let (vw, vh) = view_size(&boxes);
+    Ok(render_doc(&boxes, &edges, vw, vh))
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Box / edge model
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+struct TableBox {
+    name: String,
+    rows: Vec<RowSpec>,
+    width: f64,
+    height: f64,
+    x: f64,
+    y: f64,
+    /// Column-name → row index, for fast FK row lookup.
+    row_index: BTreeMap<String, usize>,
+    /// First PK row index, used as anchor for incoming edges.
+    pk_row: Option<usize>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+struct RowSpec {
+    name: String,
+    type_str: String,
+    is_pk: bool,
+    is_fk: bool,
+    nullable: bool,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+struct EdgeSpec {
+    child_idx: usize,
+    parent_idx: usize,
+    child_row: usize,
+    parent_row: usize,
+    label: String,
+    cardinality_label: &'static str,
+    /// 0-based index among parallel edges sharing the same (child, parent)
+    /// unordered pair. Used to spread cardinality labels along the curve.
+    parallel_index: u32,
+    /// Total number of parallel edges in the same group.
+    parallel_count: u32,
+}
+
+fn build_boxes(tables: &[TableDef]) -> Vec<TableBox> {
+    tables
+        .iter()
+        .map(|table| {
+            let rows: Vec<RowSpec> = table
+                .columns
+                .iter()
+                .map(|column| build_row(table, column))
+                .collect();
+
+            let mut row_index = BTreeMap::new();
+            let mut pk_row = None;
+            for (idx, row) in rows.iter().enumerate() {
+                row_index.insert(row.name.clone(), idx);
+                if row.is_pk && pk_row.is_none() {
+                    pk_row = Some(idx);
+                }
+            }
+
+            let width = measure_table_width(&table.name, &rows);
+            let height = HEADER_H + ROW_H * rows.len() as f64;
+
+            TableBox {
+                name: table.name.clone(),
+                rows,
+                width,
+                height,
+                x: 0.0,
+                y: 0.0,
+                row_index,
+                pk_row,
+            }
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
+fn build_row(table: &TableDef, column: &ColumnDef) -> RowSpec {
+    RowSpec {
+        name: column.name.clone(),
+        type_str: column.r#type.to_display_string(),
+        is_pk: is_primary_key_column(table, &column.name),
+        is_fk: is_foreign_key_column(table, &column.name),
+        nullable: column.nullable,
+    }
+}
+
+fn measure_table_width(name: &str, rows: &[RowSpec]) -> f64 {
+    let title_w = name.chars().count() as f64 * TITLE_CH + TABLE_PAD_X * 2.0;
+
+    let row_max = rows
+        .iter()
+        .map(|row| {
+            let badges = badge_block_width(row);
+            let name_w = row.name.chars().count() as f64 * NAME_CH;
+            let type_w = row.type_str.chars().count() as f64 * TYPE_CH;
+            TABLE_PAD_X * 2.0 + badges + name_w + COL_GAP_TYPE + type_w
+        })
+        .fold(0.0_f64, f64::max);
+
+    let raw = title_w.max(row_max).max(180.0);
+    // Round up to a nice 4-pixel grid for crispness.
+    (raw / 4.0).ceil() * 4.0
+}
+
+fn badge_block_width(row: &RowSpec) -> f64 {
+    let mut count = 0;
+    if row.is_pk {
+        count += 1;
+    }
+    if row.is_fk {
+        count += 1;
+    }
+    if count == 0 {
+        return 0.0;
+    }
+    count as f64 * BADGE_W + (count as f64 - 1.0).max(0.0) * 4.0 + BADGE_GAP
+}
+
+fn build_edges(
+    tables: &[TableDef],
+    boxes: &[TableBox],
+    relations: &std::collections::BTreeSet<ForeignKeyRelation>,
+) -> Vec<EdgeSpec> {
+    let name_idx: BTreeMap<&str, usize> = tables
+        .iter()
+        .enumerate()
+        .map(|(i, t)| (t.name.as_str(), i))
+        .collect();
+
+    let mut edges = Vec::new();
+    for rel in relations {
+        let Some(&child_idx) = name_idx.get(rel.child_table.as_str()) else {
+            continue;
+        };
+        let Some(&parent_idx) = name_idx.get(rel.parent_table.as_str()) else {
+            continue;
+        };
+        if child_idx == parent_idx {
+            // Self-reference: skip drawing (rare and hard to route nicely).
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        let child_row = rel
+            .child_columns
+            .first()
+            .and_then(|c| boxes[child_idx].row_index.get(c).copied())
+            .unwrap_or(0);
+        let parent_row = rel
+            .parent_columns
+            .first()
+            .and_then(|c| boxes[parent_idx].row_index.get(c).copied())
+            .or(boxes[parent_idx].pk_row)
+            .unwrap_or(0);
+
+        let label = format!(
+            "{} → {}",
+            rel.child_columns.join(", "),
+            rel.parent_columns.join(", ")
+        );
+
+        edges.push(EdgeSpec {
+            child_idx,
+            parent_idx,
+            child_row,
+            parent_row,
+            label,
+            cardinality_label: rel.cardinality.label(),
+            parallel_index: 0,
+            parallel_count: 1,
+        });
+    }
+
+    // Group parallel edges sharing the same unordered (child, parent) pair so
+    // labels and curves can be spread along the bundle instead of stacking.
+    let mut group_map: BTreeMap<(usize, usize), Vec<usize>> = BTreeMap::new();
+    for (i, edge) in edges.iter().enumerate() {
+        let lo = edge.child_idx.min(edge.parent_idx);
+        let hi = edge.child_idx.max(edge.parent_idx);
+        group_map.entry((lo, hi)).or_default().push(i);
+    }
+    for indices in group_map.values() {
+        let count = u32::try_from(indices.len()).unwrap_or(1);
+        for (slot, &edge_idx) in indices.iter().enumerate() {
+            let parallel_index = u32::try_from(slot).unwrap_or(0);
+            edges[edge_idx].parallel_index = parallel_index;
+            edges[edge_idx].parallel_count = count;
+        }
+    }
+
+    edges
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Rank assignment + grid layout
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+fn compute_ranks(boxes: &[TableBox], edges: &[EdgeSpec]) -> Vec<usize> {
+    let n = boxes.len();
+    let mut parents: Vec<Vec<usize>> = vec![Vec::new(); n];
+    for edge in edges {
+        parents[edge.child_idx].push(edge.parent_idx);
+    }
+
+    let mut ranks = vec![0_usize; n];
+    // Iterative fixed-point; cap iterations to avoid cycles spiralling.
+    for _ in 0..(n + 1) {
+        let mut changed = false;
+        for i in 0..n {
+            let candidate = parents[i]
+                .iter()
+                .map(|&p| ranks[p].saturating_add(1))
+                .max()
+                .unwrap_or(0);
+            if candidate > ranks[i] {
+                ranks[i] = candidate;
+                changed = true;
+            }
+        }
+        if !changed {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    ranks
+}
+
+fn layout_grid(boxes: &mut [TableBox], ranks: &[usize]) {
+    let max_rank = ranks.iter().copied().max().unwrap_or(0);
+    let num_ranks = max_rank + 1;
+
+    // Bucket by rank.
+    let mut groups: Vec<Vec<usize>> = vec![Vec::new(); num_ranks];
+    for (i, &r) in ranks.iter().enumerate() {
+        groups[r].push(i);
+    }
+
+    // Stable order inside each rank: by name.
+    for group in &mut groups {
+        group.sort_by(|&a, &b| boxes[a].name.cmp(&boxes[b].name));
+    }
+
+    // If the layout is very lopsided (one rank stuffed full while another is sparse),
+    // rebalance by splitting the largest rank.
+    rebalance_groups(&mut groups, boxes.len());
+
+    // Compute per-rank column width as max box width.
+    let col_widths: Vec<f64> = groups
+        .iter()
+        .map(|group| {
+            group
+                .iter()
+                .map(|&i| boxes[i].width)
+                .fold(180.0_f64, f64::max)
+        })
+        .collect();
+
+    // X positions per rank (left edge of column).
+    let mut col_x = Vec::with_capacity(groups.len());
+    let mut cursor = VIEW_PAD;
+    for w in &col_widths {
+        col_x.push(cursor);
+        cursor += *w + RANK_GAP;
+    }
+
+    // Place inside each column, centered horizontally on the column's width.
+    for (rank_idx, group) in groups.iter().enumerate() {
+        let mut y = VIEW_PAD;
+        let column_x = col_x[rank_idx];
+        let column_w = col_widths[rank_idx];
+        for &i in group {
+            let bx = &mut boxes[i];
+            bx.x = column_x + (column_w - bx.width) / 2.0;
+            bx.y = y;
+            y += bx.height + NODE_GAP;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn rebalance_groups(groups: &mut Vec<Vec<usize>>, total: usize) {
+    if groups.is_empty() {
+        return;
+    }
+    let target_max = ((total as f64).sqrt().ceil() as usize).max(3);
+
+    let mut i = 0;
+    while i < groups.len() {
+        if groups[i].len() > target_max {
+            let overflow: Vec<usize> = groups[i].split_off(target_max);
+            groups.insert(i + 1, overflow);
+        }
+        i += 1;
+    }
+}
+
+fn view_size(boxes: &[TableBox]) -> (f64, f64) {
+    let mut w = 0.0_f64;
+    let mut h = 0.0_f64;
+    for bx in boxes {
+        w = w.max(bx.x + bx.width);
+        h = h.max(bx.y + bx.height);
+    }
+    (w + VIEW_PAD, h + VIEW_PAD)
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// SVG emission
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+fn render_doc(boxes: &[TableBox], edges: &[EdgeSpec], vw: f64, vh: f64) -> String {
+    let mut out = String::with_capacity(4096);
+
+    let _ = writeln!(
+        out,
+        "<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 {w:.0} {h:.0}\" \
+         width=\"{w:.0}\" height=\"{h:.0}\" font-family=\"{ff}\" \
+         style=\"letter-spacing:-0.25px\">",
+        w = vw,
+        h = vh,
+        ff = FONT_FAMILY,
+    );
+
+    render_defs(&mut out);
+
+    let _ = writeln!(
+        out,
+        "  <rect x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"{w:.0}\" height=\"{h:.0}\" fill=\"{bg}\"/>",
+        w = vw,
+        h = vh,
+        bg = BG,
+    );
+
+    // Pass 1: draw every edge path. Doing all paths before any labels
+    // guarantees label pills are never overdrawn by another edge in a
+    // dense bundle (junction tables, self-references, etc.).
+    out.push_str("  <g class=\"edges\" fill=\"none\">\n");
+    for edge in edges {
+        render_edge_path(
+            &mut out,
+            &boxes[edge.child_idx],
+            &boxes[edge.parent_idx],
+            edge,
+        );
+    }
+    out.push_str("  </g>\n");
+
+    // Tables — rendered above edge paths but below labels so column rows are
+    // legible and FK badges line up with their anchor points.
+    out.push_str("  <g class=\"tables\">\n");
+    for bx in boxes {
+        render_table(&mut out, bx);
+    }
+    out.push_str("  </g>\n");
+
+    // Pass 2: cardinality labels (pill + text). Always on top so they stay
+    // readable regardless of how many curves cross their location.
+    out.push_str("  <g class=\"edge-labels\">\n");
+    for edge in edges {
+        render_edge_label(
+            &mut out,
+            &boxes[edge.child_idx],
+            &boxes[edge.parent_idx],
+            edge,
+        );
+    }
+    out.push_str("  </g>\n");
+
+    out.push_str("</svg>\n");
+    out
+}
+
+fn render_defs(out: &mut String) {
+    out.push_str("  <defs>\n");
+    out.push_str(
+        "    <linearGradient id=\"vespHeader\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"0\" y2=\"1\">\n\
+             \x20     <stop offset=\"0\" stop-color=\"#5b34f7\"/>\n\
+             \x20     <stop offset=\"1\" stop-color=\"#7e5cff\"/>\n\
+             \x20   </linearGradient>\n",
+    );
+    out.push_str(
+        "    <filter id=\"vespShadow\" x=\"-20%\" y=\"-20%\" width=\"140%\" height=\"140%\">\n\
+             \x20     <feDropShadow dx=\"0\" dy=\"2\" stdDeviation=\"3\" \
+             flood-color=\"#5b34f7\" flood-opacity=\"0.10\"/>\n\
+             \x20   </filter>\n",
+    );
+    out.push_str(
+        "    <marker id=\"vespArrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 10 10\" refX=\"9\" refY=\"5\" \
+         markerWidth=\"7\" markerHeight=\"7\" orient=\"auto-start-reverse\">\n\
+             \x20     <path d=\"M0 0 L10 5 L0 10 z\" fill=\"#5b34f7\"/>\n\
+             \x20   </marker>\n",
+    );
+    out.push_str(
+        "    <marker id=\"vespCircle\" viewBox=\"0 0 10 10\" refX=\"5\" refY=\"5\" \
+         markerWidth=\"6\" markerHeight=\"6\" orient=\"auto\">\n\
+             \x20     <circle cx=\"5\" cy=\"5\" r=\"3\" fill=\"#ffffff\" \
+             stroke=\"#5b34f7\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"/>\n\
+             \x20   </marker>\n",
+    );
+    out.push_str("  </defs>\n");
+}
+
+fn render_table(out: &mut String, bx: &TableBox) {
+    let _ = writeln!(
+        out,
+        "    <g class=\"table\" transform=\"translate({x:.1} {y:.1})\">",
+        x = bx.x,
+        y = bx.y,
+    );
+
+    // Card background with shadow.
+    let _ = writeln!(
+        out,
+        "      <rect class=\"card\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"{w:.0}\" height=\"{h:.0}\" \
+         rx=\"{r}\" ry=\"{r}\" fill=\"{cbg}\" stroke=\"{cb}\" stroke-width=\"1\" \
+         filter=\"url(#vespShadow)\"/>",
+        w = bx.width,
+        h = bx.height,
+        r = TABLE_RADIUS,
+        cbg = CARD_BG,
+        cb = CARD_BORDER,
+    );
+
+    // Header band — use a path so only the top corners are rounded.
+    let header_path = rounded_top_path(bx.width, HEADER_H, TABLE_RADIUS);
+    let _ = writeln!(
+        out,
+        "      <path d=\"{path}\" fill=\"{fill}\"/>",
+        path = header_path,
+        fill = HEADER_FILL,
+    );
+
+    // Title.
+    let _ = writeln!(
+        out,
+        "      <text x=\"{tx:.1}\" y=\"{ty:.1}\" fill=\"{fg}\" font-size=\"{fs}\" \
+         font-weight=\"600\" letter-spacing=\"0.2\">{name}</text>",
+        tx = TABLE_PAD_X,
+        ty = HEADER_H / 2.0 + TITLE_FS / 2.0 - 2.0,
+        fg = HEADER_FG,
+        fs = TITLE_FS,
+        name = escape_xml(&bx.name),
+    );
+
+    // Column count hint, right-aligned in header.
+    let count_str = format!("{} cols", bx.rows.len());
+    let _ = writeln!(
+        out,
+        "      <text x=\"{cx:.1}\" y=\"{cy:.1}\" fill=\"{sub}\" font-size=\"10\" \
+         font-weight=\"500\" text-anchor=\"end\">{count}</text>",
+        cx = bx.width - TABLE_PAD_X,
+        cy = HEADER_H / 2.0 + 4.0,
+        sub = HEADER_SUB,
+        count = escape_xml(&count_str),
+    );
+
+    // Rows.
+    for (idx, row) in bx.rows.iter().enumerate() {
+        render_row(out, bx, idx, row);
+    }
+
+    out.push_str("    </g>\n");
+}
+
+fn render_row(out: &mut String, bx: &TableBox, idx: usize, row: &RowSpec) {
+    let y = HEADER_H + idx as f64 * ROW_H;
+    let is_last = idx == bx.rows.len() - 1;
+
+    // Alt background for zebra striping. Skip the very last row's stripe to keep
+    // the rounded bottom corners clean (the card border handles the visual).
+    if idx % 2 == 1 {
+        if is_last {
+            let path = rounded_bottom_path(bx.width, y, ROW_H, TABLE_RADIUS);
+            let _ = writeln!(out, "      <path d=\"{path}\" fill=\"{ROW_ALT_BG}\"/>");
+        } else {
+            let _ = writeln!(
+                out,
+                "      <rect x=\"0\" y=\"{y:.1}\" width=\"{w:.0}\" height=\"{h:.1}\" \
+                 fill=\"{bg}\"/>",
+                y = y,
+                w = bx.width,
+                h = ROW_H,
+                bg = ROW_ALT_BG,
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Top divider (skip on the first row — header bottom acts as divider).
+    if idx > 0 {
+        let _ = writeln!(
+            out,
+            "      <line x1=\"{x1:.0}\" y1=\"{y:.1}\" x2=\"{x2:.0}\" y2=\"{y:.1}\" \
+             stroke=\"{c}\" stroke-width=\"1\"/>",
+            x1 = 1.0,
+            x2 = bx.width - 1.0,
+            y = y,
+            c = ROW_DIVIDER,
+        );
+    }
+
+    // Badges.
+    let mut badge_x = TABLE_PAD_X;
+    if row.is_pk {
+        render_badge(
+            out,
+            badge_x,
+            y + (ROW_H - BADGE_H) / 2.0,
+            "PK",
+            PK_BG,
+            PK_FG,
+        );
+        badge_x += BADGE_W + 4.0;
+    }
+    if row.is_fk {
+        render_badge(
+            out,
+            badge_x,
+            y + (ROW_H - BADGE_H) / 2.0,
+            "FK",
+            FK_BG,
+            FK_FG,
+        );
+        badge_x += BADGE_W + 4.0;
+    }
+
+    let name_x = if row.is_pk || row.is_fk {
+        badge_x + BADGE_GAP - 4.0
+    } else {
+        TABLE_PAD_X
+    };
+
+    // Column name.
+    let name_weight = if row.is_pk { "600" } else { "500" };
+    let _ = writeln!(
+        out,
+        "      <text x=\"{nx:.1}\" y=\"{ty:.1}\" fill=\"{fg}\" font-size=\"{fs}\" \
+         font-weight=\"{w}\">{name}</text>",
+        nx = name_x,
+        ty = y + ROW_H / 2.0 + NAME_FS / 2.0 - 2.0,
+        fg = ROW_FG,
+        fs = NAME_FS,
+        w = name_weight,
+        name = escape_xml(&row.name),
+    );
+
+    // Type, right-aligned in monospace.
+    let type_display = if row.nullable {
+        format!("{}?", row.type_str)
+    } else {
+        row.type_str.clone()
+    };
+    let _ = writeln!(
+        out,
+        "      <text x=\"{tx:.1}\" y=\"{ty:.1}\" fill=\"{fg}\" font-size=\"{fs}\" \
+         font-family=\"{ff}\" font-style=\"italic\" text-anchor=\"end\">{t}</text>",
+        tx = bx.width - TABLE_PAD_X,
+        ty = y + ROW_H / 2.0 + TYPE_FS / 2.0 - 2.0,
+        fg = ROW_FG_MUTED,
+        fs = TYPE_FS,
+        ff = MONO_FAMILY,
+        t = escape_xml(&type_display),
+    );
+}
+
+fn render_badge(out: &mut String, x: f64, y: f64, label: &str, bg: &str, fg: &str) {
+    let _ = writeln!(
+        out,
+        "      <g class=\"badge\"><rect x=\"{x:.1}\" y=\"{y:.1}\" \
+         width=\"{w}\" height=\"{h}\" rx=\"3\" ry=\"3\" fill=\"{bg}\"/>\
+         <text x=\"{tx:.1}\" y=\"{ty:.1}\" fill=\"{fg}\" font-size=\"{fs}\" \
+         font-weight=\"700\" text-anchor=\"middle\" letter-spacing=\"0.4\">{label}</text></g>",
+        x = x,
+        y = y,
+        w = BADGE_W,
+        h = BADGE_H,
+        bg = bg,
+        tx = x + BADGE_W / 2.0,
+        ty = y + BADGE_H / 2.0 + BADGE_FS / 2.0 - 1.5,
+        fg = fg,
+        fs = BADGE_FS,
+        label = label,
+    );
+}
+
+fn rounded_top_path(w: f64, h: f64, r: f64) -> String {
+    format!(
+        "M 0 {h:.1} L 0 {r:.1} Q 0 0 {r:.1} 0 L {wr:.1} 0 Q {w:.1} 0 {w:.1} {r:.1} \
+         L {w:.1} {h:.1} Z",
+        w = w,
+        h = h,
+        r = r,
+        wr = w - r,
+    )
+}
+
+fn rounded_bottom_path(w: f64, top_y: f64, h: f64, r: f64) -> String {
+    let bot = top_y + h;
+    format!(
+        "M 0 {top:.1} L {w:.1} {top:.1} L {w:.1} {br:.1} Q {w:.1} {bot:.1} {wr:.1} {bot:.1} \
+         L {r:.1} {bot:.1} Q 0 {bot:.1} 0 {br:.1} Z",
+        top = top_y,
+        w = w,
+        bot = bot,
+        br = bot - r,
+        wr = w - r,
+        r = r,
+    )
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Edge routing
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+fn edge_geometry(
+    child: &TableBox,
+    parent: &TableBox,
+    edge: &EdgeSpec,
+) -> (f64, f64, f64, f64, Side, Side, f64) {
+    let child_y = child.y + HEADER_H + edge.child_row as f64 * ROW_H + ROW_H / 2.0;
+    let parent_y = parent.y + HEADER_H + edge.parent_row as f64 * ROW_H + ROW_H / 2.0;
+    let (sx, sy, ex, ey, sdir, edir) = pick_anchors(child, parent, child_y, parent_y);
+    let curvature = parallel_curvature_offset(edge.parallel_index, edge.parallel_count);
+    (sx, sy, ex, ey, sdir, edir, curvature)
+}
+
+fn render_edge_path(out: &mut String, child: &TableBox, parent: &TableBox, edge: &EdgeSpec) {
+    let (sx, sy, ex, ey, sdir, edir, curvature) = edge_geometry(child, parent, edge);
+    let path = bezier_path(sx, sy, ex, ey, sdir, edir, curvature);
+
+    // Two-layer stroke: subtle wide halo + crisp narrow stroke for a soft look.
+    let _ = writeln!(
+        out,
+        "    <path d=\"{path}\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"4\" opacity=\"0.7\"/>",
+    );
+    let _ = writeln!(
+        out,
+        "    <path d=\"{path}\" stroke=\"{stroke}\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" \
+         marker-start=\"url(#vespCircle)\" marker-end=\"url(#vespArrow)\">\
+         <title>{title}</title></path>",
+        stroke = EDGE_STROKE,
+        title = escape_xml(&format!("{} {} → {}", child.name, edge.label, parent.name)),
+    );
+}
+
+fn render_edge_label(out: &mut String, child: &TableBox, parent: &TableBox, edge: &EdgeSpec) {
+    let (sx, sy, ex, ey, sdir, edir, curvature) = edge_geometry(child, parent, edge);
+
+    // Label position is spread along the curve for parallel edges so the
+    // cardinality badges no longer stack on top of one another.
+    let label_t = label_t_for_parallel(edge.parallel_index, edge.parallel_count);
+    let (label_x, label_y) = bezier_at(sx, sy, ex, ey, sdir, edir, curvature, label_t);
+
+    // Pill-shaped white background guarantees the label stays readable when
+    // curves or other labels cross it.
+    let char_count = edge.cardinality_label.chars().count() as f64;
+    let pill_w = (char_count * 5.6 + 12.0).max(22.0);
+    let pill_h = 15.0;
+    let _ = writeln!(
+        out,
+        "    <rect x=\"{x:.1}\" y=\"{y:.1}\" width=\"{w:.1}\" height=\"{h:.1}\" \
+         rx=\"7\" ry=\"7\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"{border}\" stroke-width=\"1\"/>",
+        x = label_x - pill_w / 2.0,
+        y = label_y - pill_h / 2.0,
+        w = pill_w,
+        h = pill_h,
+        border = CARD_BORDER,
+    );
+
+    let _ = writeln!(
+        out,
+        "    <text class=\"edge-cardinality\" x=\"{x:.1}\" y=\"{y:.1}\" \
+         fill=\"{fg}\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" text-anchor=\"middle\" \
+         dominant-baseline=\"central\">{label}</text>",
+        x = label_x,
+        y = label_y,
+        fg = EDGE_END,
+        label = escape_xml(edge.cardinality_label),
+    );
+}
+
+/// Sideways offset applied to a curve's control points so parallel edges fan
+/// out instead of collapsing onto the same arc.
+fn parallel_curvature_offset(index: u32, count: u32) -> f64 {
+    if count <= 1 {
+        return 0.0;
+    }
+    let center = (f64::from(count) - 1.0) / 2.0;
+    (f64::from(index) - center) * 28.0
+}
+
+/// Parameter `t ∈ [0, 1]` along the curve where the cardinality label sits.
+/// For single edges we keep the visual centre (`0.5`); for `N`-way bundles we
+/// spread labels evenly between `0.30` and `0.70`.
+fn label_t_for_parallel(index: u32, count: u32) -> f64 {
+    if count <= 1 {
+        return 0.5;
+    }
+    let span = 0.40;
+    let start = 0.30;
+    start + (f64::from(index) / f64::from(count - 1)) * span
+}
+
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+enum Side {
+    Left,
+    Right,
+    Top,
+    Bottom,
+}
+
+fn pick_anchors(
+    child: &TableBox,
+    parent: &TableBox,
+    child_y: f64,
+    parent_y: f64,
+) -> (f64, f64, f64, f64, Side, Side) {
+    let child_left = child.x;
+    let child_right = child.x + child.width;
+    let parent_left = parent.x;
+    let parent_right = parent.x + parent.width;
+
+    // Prefer horizontal connections — they read cleaner for ERDs.
+    let horizontal_separation = parent_left > child_right || child_left > parent_right;
+    if horizontal_separation {
+        if parent_left >= child_right {
+            // Parent is to the right of the child.
+            return (
+                child_right,
+                child_y,
+                parent_left,
+                parent_y,
+                Side::Right,
+                Side::Left,
+            );
+        }
+        // Parent is to the left of the child.
+        return (
+            child_left,
+            child_y,
+            parent_right,
+            parent_y,
+            Side::Left,
+            Side::Right,
+        );
+    }
+
+    // Otherwise route top/bottom.
+    if parent.y + parent.height <= child.y {
+        let sx = child.x + child.width / 2.0;
+        let ex = parent.x + parent.width / 2.0;
+        return (
+            sx,
+            child.y,
+            ex,
+            parent.y + parent.height,
+            Side::Top,
+            Side::Bottom,
+        );
+    }
+    let sx = child.x + child.width / 2.0;
+    let ex = parent.x + parent.width / 2.0;
+    (
+        sx,
+        child.y + child.height,
+        ex,
+        parent.y,
+        Side::Bottom,
+        Side::Top,
+    )
+}
+
+fn bezier_path(
+    sx: f64,
+    sy: f64,
+    ex: f64,
+    ey: f64,
+    s_side: Side,
+    e_side: Side,
+    lateral_offset: f64,
+) -> String {
+    let dx = (ex - sx).abs();
+    let dy = (ey - sy).abs();
+    let pull = dx.max(dy).max(40.0) * 0.5;
+
+    let (cs_x, cs_y) = control_point(sx, sy, s_side, pull, lateral_offset);
+    let (ce_x, ce_y) = control_point(ex, ey, e_side, pull, lateral_offset);
+
+    format!(
+        "M {sx:.1} {sy:.1} C {csx:.1} {csy:.1} {cex:.1} {cey:.1} {ex:.1} {ey:.1}",
+        sx = sx,
+        sy = sy,
+        csx = cs_x,
+        csy = cs_y,
+        cex = ce_x,
+        cey = ce_y,
+        ex = ex,
+        ey = ey,
+    )
+}
+
+/// Evaluate a cubic Bezier at parameter `t ∈ [0, 1]`.
+/// Used to place cardinality labels at varying positions along an edge.
+fn bezier_at(
+    sx: f64,
+    sy: f64,
+    ex: f64,
+    ey: f64,
+    s_side: Side,
+    e_side: Side,
+    lateral_offset: f64,
+    t: f64,
+) -> (f64, f64) {
+    let dx = (ex - sx).abs();
+    let dy = (ey - sy).abs();
+    let pull = dx.max(dy).max(40.0) * 0.5;
+    let (cs_x, cs_y) = control_point(sx, sy, s_side, pull, lateral_offset);
+    let (ce_x, ce_y) = control_point(ex, ey, e_side, pull, lateral_offset);
+
+    let one_minus_t = 1.0 - t;
+    let b0 = one_minus_t * one_minus_t * one_minus_t;
+    let b1 = 3.0 * one_minus_t * one_minus_t * t;
+    let b2 = 3.0 * one_minus_t * t * t;
+    let b3 = t * t * t;
+    (
+        b0 * sx + b1 * cs_x + b2 * ce_x + b3 * ex,
+        b0 * sy + b1 * cs_y + b2 * ce_y + b3 * ey,
+    )
+}
+
+/// Compute a cubic-Bezier control point relative to an anchor side.
+/// `lateral_offset` perpendicular to the pull direction lets parallel edges
+/// fan out so multi-edge bundles don't collapse onto a single arc.
+fn control_point(x: f64, y: f64, side: Side, pull: f64, lateral_offset: f64) -> (f64, f64) {
+    match side {
+        Side::Left => (x - pull, y + lateral_offset),
+        Side::Right => (x + pull, y + lateral_offset),
+        Side::Top => (x + lateral_offset, y - pull),
+        Side::Bottom => (x + lateral_offset, y + pull),
+    }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Helpers
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+fn render_empty() -> String {
+    format!(
+        "<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 120\" \
+         width=\"320\" height=\"120\" font-family=\"{ff}\">\n\
+         \x20 <rect x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"320\" height=\"120\" fill=\"{bg}\"/>\n\
+         \x20 <text x=\"160\" y=\"65\" fill=\"#50505d\" font-size=\"14\" \
+         text-anchor=\"middle\">No tables to render</text>\n\
+         </svg>\n",
+        ff = FONT_FAMILY,
+        bg = BG,
+    )
+}
+
+fn escape_xml(input: &str) -> String {
+    let mut out = String::with_capacity(input.len());
+    for ch in input.chars() {
+        match ch {
+            '&' => out.push_str("&amp;"),
+            '<' => out.push_str("&lt;"),
+            '>' => out.push_str("&gt;"),
+            '"' => out.push_str("&quot;"),
+            '\'' => out.push_str("&apos;"),
+            _ => out.push(ch),
+        }
+    }
+    out
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-cli/src/commands/erd/tests.rs b/crates/vespertide-cli/src/commands/erd/tests.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1f74c920
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-cli/src/commands/erd/tests.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,465 @@
+use insta::assert_snapshot;
+use vespertide_core::schema::foreign_key::ForeignKeySyntax;
+use vespertide_core::schema::primary_key::PrimaryKeySyntax;
+use vespertide_core::{ColumnDef, ColumnType, SimpleColumnType, StrOrBoolOrArray, TableDef};
+
+use super::dot::render_dot;
+use super::mermaid::render_mermaid;
+use super::svg::render_svg;
+use super::{Cardinality, collect_foreign_key_relations, filter_tables_with_warnings};
+
+fn integer() -> ColumnType {
+    ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)
+}
+
+fn text() -> ColumnType {
+    ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)
+}
+
+fn column(name: &str, column_type: ColumnType) -> ColumnDef {
+    ColumnDef::new(name, column_type, false)
+}
+
+fn primary_key(name: &str, column_type: ColumnType) -> ColumnDef {
+    column(name, column_type).primary_key(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true))
+}
+
+fn foreign_key(name: &str, reference: &str) -> ColumnDef {
+    column(name, integer()).foreign_key(ForeignKeySyntax::String(reference.to_string()))
+}
+
+fn nullable_foreign_key(name: &str, reference: &str) -> ColumnDef {
+    ColumnDef::new(name, integer(), true).foreign_key(ForeignKeySyntax::String(reference.into()))
+}
+
+fn unique_foreign_key(name: &str, reference: &str) -> ColumnDef {
+    foreign_key(name, reference).unique(StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true))
+}
+
+fn table(name: &str, columns: Vec<ColumnDef>) -> TableDef {
+    TableDef {
+        name: name.to_string(),
+        description: None,
+        columns,
+        constraints: Vec::new(),
+    }
+}
+
+fn normalize(table: &TableDef) -> TableDef {
+    table.normalize().unwrap()
+}
+
+fn simple_schema() -> Vec<TableDef> {
+    vec![
+        normalize(&table(
+            "user",
+            vec![
+                primary_key("id", integer()),
+                column("email", text()),
+                column("name", text()),
+            ],
+        )),
+        normalize(&table(
+            "article",
+            vec![
+                primary_key("id", integer()),
+                foreign_key("author_id", "user.id"),
+                column("title", text()),
+            ],
+        )),
+    ]
+}
+
+fn cardinality_schema() -> Vec<TableDef> {
+    vec![
+        normalize(&table("user", vec![primary_key("id", integer())])),
+        normalize(&table("tag", vec![primary_key("id", integer())])),
+        normalize(&table(
+            "article",
+            vec![
+                primary_key("id", integer()),
+                foreign_key("author_id", "user.id"),
+            ],
+        )),
+        normalize(&table(
+            "profile",
+            vec![
+                primary_key("id", integer()),
+                unique_foreign_key("user_id", "user.id"),
+            ],
+        )),
+        normalize(&table(
+            "photo",
+            vec![
+                primary_key("id", integer()),
+                nullable_foreign_key("user_id", "user.id"),
+            ],
+        )),
+        normalize(&table(
+            "user_tag",
+            vec![
+                primary_key("user_id", integer())
+                    .foreign_key(ForeignKeySyntax::String("user.id".into())),
+                primary_key("tag_id", integer())
+                    .foreign_key(ForeignKeySyntax::String("tag.id".into())),
+            ],
+        )),
+    ]
+}
+
+fn filter_schema() -> Vec<TableDef> {
+    vec![
+        normalize(&table("user", vec![primary_key("id", integer())])),
+        normalize(&table(
+            "media",
+            vec![
+                primary_key("id", integer()),
+                foreign_key("owner_id", "user.id"),
+            ],
+        )),
+        normalize(&table(
+            "article",
+            vec![
+                primary_key("id", integer()),
+                foreign_key("media_id", "media.id"),
+            ],
+        )),
+        normalize(&table(
+            "article_user",
+            vec![
+                primary_key("article_id", integer())
+                    .foreign_key(ForeignKeySyntax::String("article.id".into())),
+                primary_key("user_id", integer())
+                    .foreign_key(ForeignKeySyntax::String("user.id".into())),
+            ],
+        )),
+        normalize(&table(
+            "comment",
+            vec![
+                primary_key("id", integer()),
+                foreign_key("article_id", "article.id"),
+            ],
+        )),
+    ]
+}
+
+fn table_names(tables: &[TableDef]) -> Vec<&str> {
+    tables.iter().map(|table| table.name.as_str()).collect()
+}
+
+fn only_include(names: &[&str]) -> Vec<String> {
+    names.iter().map(ToString::to_string).collect()
+}
+
+fn relation_cardinality(schema: &[TableDef], child_table: &str) -> Cardinality {
+    collect_foreign_key_relations(schema)
+        .into_iter()
+        .find(|relation| relation.child_table == child_table)
+        .expect("relation exists")
+        .cardinality
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_render_mermaid_simple_two_tables() {
+    assert_snapshot!(render_mermaid(&simple_schema()), @r###"
+erDiagram
+  user {
+    int id PK
+    string email
+    string name
+  }
+  article {
+    int id PK
+    int author_id FK
+    string title
+  }
+  user ||--o{ article : "author_id"
+"###);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_render_dot_simple_two_tables() {
+    assert_snapshot!(render_dot(&simple_schema()), @r###"
+digraph {
+  rankdir=LR;
+  bgcolor="transparent";
+  node [shape=record, fontname="Helvetica"];
+  edge [fontname="Helvetica"];
+  user [shape=record, label="{user|id: integer (PK)|email: text|name: text}"];
+  article [shape=record, label="{article|id: integer (PK)|author_id: integer (FK)|title: text}"];
+  article -> user [label="1:N: author_id -> id"];
+}
+"###);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_render_svg_produces_valid_svg() {
+    let svg = render_svg(&simple_schema()).unwrap();
+
+    assert!(svg.contains("<svg"));
+    assert!(svg.contains("user"));
+    assert!(svg.contains("article"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_render_mermaid_with_inline_fk_without_normalize() {
+    let schema = vec![
+        table("user", vec![primary_key("id", integer())]),
+        table(
+            "article",
+            vec![
+                primary_key("id", integer()),
+                foreign_key("author_id", "user.id"),
+            ],
+        ),
+    ];
+
+    assert_snapshot!(render_mermaid(&schema), @r###"
+erDiagram
+  user {
+    int id PK
+  }
+  article {
+    int id PK
+    int author_id FK
+  }
+  user ||--o{ article : "author_id"
+"###);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_cardinality_one_to_many_default() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        relation_cardinality(&simple_schema(), "article"),
+        Cardinality::OneToMany
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_cardinality_one_to_one_unique_fk() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        relation_cardinality(&cardinality_schema(), "profile"),
+        Cardinality::OneToOne
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_cardinality_zero_or_one_to_many_nullable() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        relation_cardinality(&cardinality_schema(), "photo"),
+        Cardinality::ZeroOrOneToMany
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_cardinality_many_to_many_junction() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        relation_cardinality(&cardinality_schema(), "user_tag"),
+        Cardinality::ManyToMany
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_filter_include_only() {
+    let (filtered, warnings) =
+        filter_tables_with_warnings(filter_schema(), &only_include(&["user"]), &[], 0);
+
+    assert!(warnings.is_empty());
+    assert_eq!(table_names(&filtered), vec!["user"]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_filter_include_with_depth_1() {
+    let (filtered, warnings) =
+        filter_tables_with_warnings(filter_schema(), &only_include(&["user"]), &[], 1);
+
+    assert!(warnings.is_empty());
+    assert_eq!(
+        table_names(&filtered),
+        vec!["user", "media", "article", "article_user"]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_filter_include_with_depth_2() {
+    let (filtered, warnings) =
+        filter_tables_with_warnings(filter_schema(), &only_include(&["user"]), &[], 2);
+
+    assert!(warnings.is_empty());
+    assert_eq!(
+        table_names(&filtered),
+        vec!["user", "media", "article", "article_user", "comment"]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_filter_exclude() {
+    let (filtered, warnings) =
+        filter_tables_with_warnings(filter_schema(), &[], &only_include(&["article_user"]), 0);
+
+    assert!(warnings.is_empty());
+    assert_eq!(
+        table_names(&filtered),
+        vec!["user", "media", "article", "comment"]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_filter_include_exclude_combined() {
+    let (filtered, warnings) = filter_tables_with_warnings(
+        filter_schema(),
+        &only_include(&["user"]),
+        &only_include(&["article"]),
+        1,
+    );
+
+    assert!(warnings.is_empty());
+    assert_eq!(
+        table_names(&filtered),
+        vec!["user", "media", "article_user"]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_filter_unknown_table_warns() {
+    let (filtered, warnings) =
+        filter_tables_with_warnings(filter_schema(), &only_include(&["ghost"]), &[], 0);
+
+    assert!(filtered.is_empty());
+    assert_eq!(
+        warnings,
+        vec!["warning: ERD --include references unknown table 'ghost'"]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_render_mermaid_cardinality_snapshot() {
+    assert_snapshot!(render_mermaid(&cardinality_schema()), @r###"
+erDiagram
+  user {
+    int id PK
+  }
+  tag {
+    int id PK
+  }
+  article {
+    int id PK
+    int author_id FK
+  }
+  profile {
+    int id PK
+    int user_id FK
+  }
+  photo {
+    int id PK
+    int user_id FK
+  }
+  user_tag {
+    int user_id PK FK
+    int tag_id PK FK
+  }
+  user ||--o{ article : "author_id"
+  user |o--o{ photo : "user_id"
+  user ||--|| profile : "user_id"
+  user_tag }o--|| tag : "tag_id"
+  user_tag }o--|| user : "user_id"
+"###);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_render_dot_cardinality_snapshot() {
+    assert_snapshot!(render_dot(&cardinality_schema()), @r###"
+digraph {
+  rankdir=LR;
+  bgcolor="transparent";
+  node [shape=record, fontname="Helvetica"];
+  edge [fontname="Helvetica"];
+  user [shape=record, label="{user|id: integer (PK)}"];
+  tag [shape=record, label="{tag|id: integer (PK)}"];
+  article [shape=record, label="{article|id: integer (PK)|author_id: integer (FK)}"];
+  profile [shape=record, label="{profile|id: integer (PK)|user_id: integer (FK)}"];
+  photo [shape=record, label="{photo|id: integer (PK)|user_id: integer (FK)}"];
+  user_tag [shape=record, label="{user_tag|user_id: integer (PK, FK)|tag_id: integer (PK, FK)}"];
+  article -> user [label="1:N: author_id -> id"];
+  photo -> user [label="0..1:N: user_id -> id"];
+  profile -> user [label="1:1: user_id -> id"];
+  user_tag -> tag [label="M:N: tag_id -> id"];
+  user_tag -> user [label="M:N: user_id -> id"];
+}
+"###);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_render_svg_cardinality_snapshot() {
+    assert_snapshot!(svg_cardinality_labels(&cardinality_schema()), @r###"
+1:N
+0..1:N
+1:1
+M:N
+M:N"###);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_render_empty_schema() {
+    assert_snapshot!(render_mermaid(&[]), @r###"
+erDiagram
+"###);
+
+    assert_snapshot!(render_dot(&[]), @r###"
+digraph {
+  rankdir=LR;
+  bgcolor="transparent";
+  node [shape=record, fontname="Helvetica"];
+  edge [fontname="Helvetica"];
+}
+"###);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_render_with_composite_pk() {
+    let schema = vec![
+        normalize(&table("user", vec![primary_key("id", integer())])),
+        normalize(&table("role", vec![primary_key("id", integer())])),
+        normalize(&table(
+            "user_role",
+            vec![
+                primary_key("user_id", integer())
+                    .foreign_key(ForeignKeySyntax::String("user.id".into())),
+                primary_key("role_id", integer())
+                    .foreign_key(ForeignKeySyntax::String("role.id".into())),
+            ],
+        )),
+    ];
+
+    assert_snapshot!(render_mermaid(&schema), @r###"
+erDiagram
+  user {
+    int id PK
+  }
+  role {
+    int id PK
+  }
+  user_role {
+    int user_id PK FK
+    int role_id PK FK
+  }
+  user_role }o--|| role : "role_id"
+  user_role }o--|| user : "user_id"
+"###);
+}
+
+fn svg_cardinality_labels(schema: &[TableDef]) -> String {
+    render_svg(schema)
+        .unwrap()
+        .lines()
+        .filter_map(|line| {
+            if !line.contains("edge-cardinality") {
+                return None;
+            }
+            let start = line.find('>')? + 1;
+            let end = line.find("</text>")?;
+            Some(line[start..end].to_string())
+        })
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+        .join("\n")
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-cli/src/commands/export.rs b/crates/vespertide-cli/src/commands/export.rs
index da274037..d42a573b 100644
--- a/crates/vespertide-cli/src/commands/export.rs
+++ b/crates/vespertide-cli/src/commands/export.rs
@@ -4,11 +4,13 @@ use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 use anyhow::{Context, Result};
 use clap::ValueEnum;
 use futures::future::try_join_all;
+use rayon::prelude::*;
 use tokio::fs;
 use vespertide_config::VespertideConfig;
 use vespertide_core::TableDef;
 use vespertide_exporter::{Orm, render_entity_with_schema, seaorm::SeaOrmExporterWithConfig};
 
+use crate::parallel_config::{EXPORT_RENDER_PAR_MIN_LEN, EXPORT_RENDER_PAR_THRESHOLD};
 use crate::utils::load_config;
 
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, ValueEnum)]
@@ -77,27 +79,29 @@ pub async fn cmd_export(orm: OrmArg, export_dir: Option<PathBuf>) -> Result<()>
 
     // Create SeaORM exporter with config if needed
     let seaorm_exporter = SeaOrmExporterWithConfig::new(config.seaorm(), config.prefix());
+    let render_context = ExportRenderContext {
+        target_root: &target_root,
+        all_tables: &all_tables,
+        module_paths: &module_paths,
+        crate_prefix: &crate_prefix,
+        seaorm_exporter: &seaorm_exporter,
+        orm_kind,
+    };
 
     // Generate all entity code (CPU-bound, done synchronously)
-    let entities: Vec<(String, PathBuf, String)> = normalized_models
-        .iter()
-        .map(|(table, rel_path)| {
-            let code = match orm_kind {
-                Orm::SeaOrm => seaorm_exporter
-                    .render_entity_with_schema_and_paths(
-                        table,
-                        &all_tables,
-                        &module_paths,
-                        &crate_prefix,
-                    )
-                    .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!(e)),
-                _ => render_entity_with_schema(orm_kind, table, &all_tables)
-                    .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!(e)),
-            }?;
-            let out_path = build_output_path(&target_root, rel_path, orm_kind);
-            Ok((table.name.clone(), out_path, code))
-        })
-        .collect::<Result<Vec<_>>>()?;
+    let entities: Vec<(String, PathBuf, String)> =
+        if normalized_models.len() < EXPORT_RENDER_PAR_THRESHOLD {
+            normalized_models
+                .iter()
+                .map(|model| render_export_entity(model, &render_context))
+                .collect::<Result<Vec<_>>>()?
+        } else {
+            normalized_models
+                .par_iter()
+                .with_min_len(EXPORT_RENDER_PAR_MIN_LEN)
+                .map(|model| render_export_entity(model, &render_context))
+                .collect::<Result<Vec<_>>>()?
+        };
 
     // Write all files in parallel
     let write_futures: Vec<_> = entities
@@ -136,6 +140,37 @@ pub async fn cmd_export(orm: OrmArg, export_dir: Option<PathBuf>) -> Result<()>
     Ok(())
 }
 
+struct ExportRenderContext<'a> {
+    target_root: &'a Path,
+    all_tables: &'a [TableDef],
+    module_paths: &'a HashMap<String, Vec<String>>,
+    crate_prefix: &'a str,
+    seaorm_exporter: &'a SeaOrmExporterWithConfig<'a>,
+    orm_kind: Orm,
+}
+
+fn render_export_entity(
+    (table, rel_path): &(TableDef, PathBuf),
+    context: &ExportRenderContext<'_>,
+) -> Result<(String, PathBuf, String)> {
+    let code = match context.orm_kind {
+        Orm::SeaOrm => context
+            .seaorm_exporter
+            .render_entity_with_schema_and_paths(
+                table,
+                context.all_tables,
+                context.module_paths,
+                context.crate_prefix,
+            )
+            .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!(e)),
+        _ => render_entity_with_schema(context.orm_kind, table, context.all_tables)
+            .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!(e)),
+    }?;
+    let out_path = build_output_path(context.target_root, rel_path, context.orm_kind);
+
+    Ok((table.name.clone(), out_path, code))
+}
+
 /// Derive `crate::` prefix from the export directory path.
 ///
 /// For example: `src/models` → `crate::models`, `src/db/entities` → `crate::db::entities`.
@@ -165,7 +200,7 @@ fn rel_path_to_module_segments(rel_path: &Path) -> Vec<String> {
             if let std::path::Component::Normal(name) = component
                 && let Some(s) = name.to_str()
             {
-                segments.push(sanitize_filename(s).to_string());
+                segments.push(sanitize_filename(s).clone());
             }
         }
     }
@@ -178,7 +213,7 @@ fn rel_path_to_module_segments(rel_path: &Path) -> Vec<String> {
             (file_name, "")
         };
         let stem = stem.strip_suffix(".vespertide").unwrap_or(stem);
-        segments.push(sanitize_filename(stem).to_string());
+        segments.push(sanitize_filename(stem).clone());
     }
 
     segments
@@ -302,7 +337,7 @@ fn build_output_path(root: &Path, rel_path: &Path, orm: Orm) -> PathBuf {
         } else {
             sanitized
         };
-        out.set_file_name(format!("{}.{}", file_stem, ext));
+        out.set_file_name(format!("{file_stem}.{ext}"));
     }
 
     out
@@ -356,11 +391,7 @@ async fn ensure_mod_chain(root: &Path, rel_path: &Path) -> Result<()> {
     };
     let mut comps: Vec<String> = path_stripped
         .components()
-        .filter_map(|c| {
-            c.as_os_str()
-                .to_str()
-                .map(|s| sanitize_filename(s).to_string())
-        })
+        .filter_map(|c| c.as_os_str().to_str().map(|s| sanitize_filename(s).clone()))
         .collect();
     if comps.is_empty() {
         return Ok(());
@@ -412,7 +443,7 @@ async fn walk_models(
             continue;
         }
         let ext = path.extension().and_then(|s| s.to_str());
-        if !matches!(ext, Some("json") | Some("yaml") | Some("yml")) {
+        if !matches!(ext, Some("json" | "yaml" | "yml")) {
             continue;
         }
         let content = fs::read_to_string(&path)
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-cli/src/commands/mod.rs b/crates/vespertide-cli/src/commands/mod.rs
index c6368806..d2caaa22 100644
--- a/crates/vespertide-cli/src/commands/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/vespertide-cli/src/commands/mod.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 pub mod diff;
+pub mod erd;
 pub mod export;
 pub mod init;
 pub mod log;
@@ -8,6 +9,7 @@ pub mod sql;
 pub mod status;
 
 pub use diff::cmd_diff;
+pub use erd::cmd_erd_with_filters;
 pub use export::cmd_export;
 pub use init::cmd_init;
 pub use log::cmd_log;
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-cli/src/commands/new.rs b/crates/vespertide-cli/src/commands/new.rs
index 4dc5899b..b793b84f 100644
--- a/crates/vespertide-cli/src/commands/new.rs
+++ b/crates/vespertide-cli/src/commands/new.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use serde_json::Value;
 use tokio::fs;
 use vespertide_core::TableDef;
 
-use crate::utils::load_config;
+use crate::utils::{load_config, schema_url};
 use vespertide_config::FileFormat;
 
 pub async fn cmd_new(name: String, format: Option<FileFormat>) -> Result<()> {
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ pub async fn cmd_new(name: String, format: Option<FileFormat>) -> Result<()> {
         FileFormat::Yml => "yml",
     };
 
-    let schema_url = schema_url_for(format);
+    let schema_url = schema_url("model.schema.json");
     let path = dir.join(format!("{name}.vespertide.{ext}"));
     if path.exists() {
         bail!("model file already exists: {}", path.display());
@@ -51,20 +51,6 @@ pub async fn cmd_new(name: String, format: Option<FileFormat>) -> Result<()> {
     Ok(())
 }
 
-fn schema_url_for(format: FileFormat) -> String {
-    // If not set, default to public raw GitHub schema location.
-    // Users can override via VESP_SCHEMA_BASE_URL.
-    let base = std::env::var("VESP_SCHEMA_BASE_URL").ok();
-    let base = base.as_deref().unwrap_or(
-        "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/dev-five-git/vespertide/refs/heads/main/schemas",
-    );
-    let base = base.trim_end_matches('/');
-    match format {
-        FileFormat::Json => format!("{}/model.schema.json", base),
-        FileFormat::Yaml | FileFormat::Yml => format!("{}/model.schema.json", base),
-    }
-}
-
 async fn write_json_with_schema(path: &Path, table: &TableDef, schema_url: &str) -> Result<()> {
     let mut value = serde_json::to_value(table).context("serialize table to json")?;
     if let Value::Object(ref mut map) = value {
@@ -133,7 +119,7 @@ mod tests {
     async fn cmd_new_creates_json_with_schema() {
         let tmp = tempdir().unwrap();
         let _guard = CwdGuard::new(tmp.path());
-        let expected_schema = schema_url_for(FileFormat::Json);
+        let expected_schema = schema_url("model.schema.json");
         write_config(FileFormat::Json);
 
         cmd_new("users".into(), None).await.unwrap();
@@ -155,7 +141,7 @@ mod tests {
     async fn cmd_new_creates_yaml_with_schema() {
         let tmp = tempdir().unwrap();
         let _guard = CwdGuard::new(tmp.path());
-        let expected_schema = schema_url_for(FileFormat::Yaml);
+        let expected_schema = schema_url("model.schema.json");
         write_config(FileFormat::Yaml);
 
         cmd_new("orders".into(), None).await.unwrap();
@@ -181,7 +167,7 @@ mod tests {
     async fn cmd_new_creates_yml_with_schema() {
         let tmp = tempdir().unwrap();
         let _guard = CwdGuard::new(tmp.path());
-        let expected_schema = schema_url_for(FileFormat::Yml);
+        let expected_schema = schema_url("model.schema.json");
         write_config(FileFormat::Yml);
 
         cmd_new("products".into(), None).await.unwrap();
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-cli/src/commands/revision.rs b/crates/vespertide-cli/src/commands/revision.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 1aa21a6e..00000000
--- a/crates/vespertide-cli/src/commands/revision.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3417 +0,0 @@
-use std::collections::{BTreeMap, HashMap, HashSet};
-use std::path::Path;
-
-use anyhow::{Context, Result};
-use chrono::Utc;
-use colored::Colorize;
-use dialoguer::{Confirm, Input, Select};
-use serde_json::Value;
-use tokio::fs;
-use vespertide_config::FileFormat;
-use vespertide_core::{MigrationAction, MigrationPlan, TableConstraint, TableDef};
-use vespertide_planner::{
-    EnumFillWithRequired, FillWithRequired, find_missing_enum_fill_with, find_missing_fill_with,
-    plan_next_migration, schema_from_plans,
-};
-
-use crate::utils::{
-    load_config, load_migrations, load_models, migration_filename_with_format_and_pattern,
-};
-
-/// Parse fill_with arguments from CLI.
-/// Format: table.column=value
-fn parse_fill_with_args(args: &[String]) -> HashMap<(String, String), String> {
-    let mut map = HashMap::new();
-    for arg in args {
-        if let Some((key, value)) = arg.split_once('=')
-            && let Some((table, column)) = key.split_once('.')
-        {
-            map.insert((table.to_string(), column.to_string()), value.to_string());
-        }
-    }
-    map
-}
-
-/// Parse delete_null_rows arguments from CLI.
-/// Format: table.column
-fn parse_delete_null_rows_args(args: &[String]) -> HashSet<(String, String)> {
-    let mut set = HashSet::new();
-    for arg in args {
-        if let Some((table, column)) = arg.split_once('.') {
-            set.insert((table.to_string(), column.to_string()));
-        }
-    }
-    set
-}
-
-/// Format the type info string for display.
-/// Includes column type and default value hint if available.
-fn format_type_info(column_type: &str, default_value: &str) -> String {
-    format!(" ({}, default: {})", column_type, default_value)
-}
-
-/// Format a single fill_with item for display.
-fn format_fill_with_item(table: &str, column: &str, type_info: &str, action_type: &str) -> String {
-    format!(
-        "  {} {}.{}{}\n    {} {}",
-        "•".bright_cyan(),
-        table.bright_white(),
-        column.bright_green(),
-        type_info.bright_black(),
-        "Action:".bright_black(),
-        action_type.bright_magenta()
-    )
-}
-
-/// Format the prompt string for interactive input.
-fn format_fill_with_prompt(table: &str, column: &str) -> String {
-    format!(
-        "  Enter fill value for {}.{}",
-        table.bright_white(),
-        column.bright_green()
-    )
-}
-
-/// Print the header for fill_with prompts.
-fn print_fill_with_header() {
-    println!(
-        "\n{} {}",
-        "⚠".bright_yellow(),
-        "The following columns require fill_with values:".bright_yellow()
-    );
-    println!("{}", "─".repeat(60).bright_black());
-}
-
-/// Print the footer for fill_with prompts.
-fn print_fill_with_footer() {
-    println!("{}", "─".repeat(60).bright_black());
-}
-
-/// Print a fill_with item and return the formatted prompt.
-fn print_fill_with_item_and_get_prompt(
-    table: &str,
-    column: &str,
-    column_type: &str,
-    default_value: &str,
-    action_type: &str,
-) -> String {
-    let type_info = format_type_info(column_type, default_value);
-    let item_display = format_fill_with_item(table, column, &type_info, action_type);
-    println!("{}", item_display);
-    format_fill_with_prompt(table, column)
-}
-
-/// Wrap a value with single quotes if it contains spaces and isn't already quoted.
-fn wrap_if_spaces(value: String) -> String {
-    if value.is_empty() {
-        return value;
-    }
-    // Already wrapped with single quotes
-    if value.starts_with('\'') && value.ends_with('\'') {
-        return value;
-    }
-    // Contains spaces: wrap with single quotes
-    if value.contains(' ') {
-        return format!("'{}'", value);
-    }
-    value
-}
-
-/// Prompt the user for a fill_with value using dialoguer.
-/// This function wraps terminal I/O and cannot be unit tested without a real terminal.
-#[cfg(not(tarpaulin_include))]
-fn prompt_fill_with_value(prompt: &str, default: &str) -> Result<String> {
-    let value: String = Input::new()
-        .with_prompt(prompt)
-        .default(default.to_string())
-        .interact_text()
-        .context("failed to read input")?;
-    Ok(wrap_if_spaces(value))
-}
-
-/// Prompt the user to select an enum value using dialoguer Select.
-/// Returns the selected value wrapped in single quotes for SQL.
-#[cfg(not(tarpaulin_include))]
-fn prompt_enum_value(prompt: &str, enum_values: &[String]) -> Result<String> {
-    let selection = Select::new()
-        .with_prompt(prompt)
-        .items(enum_values)
-        .default(0)
-        .interact()
-        .context("failed to read selection")?;
-    // Return the selected value with single quotes for SQL enum literal
-    Ok(format!("'{}'", enum_values[selection]))
-}
-
-/// Prompt for enum value selection and return bare (unquoted) value.
-/// Used by `cmd_revision` for enum fill_with collection where BTreeMap stores bare names.
-#[cfg(not(tarpaulin_include))]
-fn prompt_enum_value_bare(prompt: &str, values: &[String]) -> Result<String> {
-    let selected = prompt_enum_value(prompt, values)?;
-    Ok(strip_enum_quotes(selected))
-}
-
-/// Strip SQL single-quotes from an enum value string.
-/// BTreeMap stores bare enum names; the SQL layer handles quoting via `Expr::val()`.
-fn strip_enum_quotes(value: String) -> String {
-    value
-        .trim_start_matches('\'')
-        .trim_end_matches('\'')
-        .to_string()
-}
-
-/// Collect fill_with values interactively for missing columns.
-/// The `prompt_fn` parameter allows injecting a mock for testing.
-/// The `enum_prompt_fn` parameter handles enum type columns with selection UI.
-fn collect_fill_with_values<F, E>(
-    missing: &[vespertide_planner::FillWithRequired],
-    fill_values: &mut HashMap<(String, String), String>,
-    prompt_fn: F,
-    enum_prompt_fn: E,
-) -> Result<()>
-where
-    F: Fn(&str, &str) -> Result<String>,
-    E: Fn(&str, &[String]) -> Result<String>,
-{
-    print_fill_with_header();
-
-    for item in missing {
-        let prompt = print_fill_with_item_and_get_prompt(
-            &item.table,
-            &item.column,
-            &item.column_type,
-            &item.default_value,
-            item.action_type,
-        );
-
-        let value = if let Some(enum_values) = &item.enum_values {
-            // Use selection UI for enum types
-            enum_prompt_fn(&prompt, enum_values)?
-        } else {
-            // Use text input with default pre-filled
-            prompt_fn(&prompt, &item.default_value)?
-        };
-        fill_values.insert((item.table.clone(), item.column.clone()), value);
-    }
-
-    print_fill_with_footer();
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-/// Apply fill_with values to a migration plan.
-fn apply_fill_with_to_plan(
-    plan: &mut MigrationPlan,
-    fill_values: &HashMap<(String, String), String>,
-) {
-    for action in &mut plan.actions {
-        match action {
-            MigrationAction::AddColumn {
-                table,
-                column,
-                fill_with,
-            } => {
-                if fill_with.is_none()
-                    && let Some(value) = fill_values.get(&(table.clone(), column.name.clone()))
-                {
-                    *fill_with = Some(value.clone());
-                }
-            }
-            MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
-                table,
-                column,
-                fill_with,
-                ..
-            } => {
-                if fill_with.is_none()
-                    && let Some(value) = fill_values.get(&(table.clone(), column.clone()))
-                {
-                    *fill_with = Some(value.clone());
-                }
-            }
-            _ => {}
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// Apply delete_null_rows flags to matching ModifyColumnNullable actions.
-fn apply_delete_null_rows_to_plan(
-    plan: &mut MigrationPlan,
-    delete_set: &HashSet<(String, String)>,
-) {
-    for action in &mut plan.actions {
-        if let MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
-            table,
-            column,
-            nullable,
-            delete_null_rows,
-            ..
-        } = action
-            && !*nullable
-            && delete_null_rows.is_none()
-            && delete_set.contains(&(table.clone(), column.clone()))
-        {
-            *delete_null_rows = Some(true);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// Handle interactive fill_with collection if there are missing values.
-/// Returns the updated fill_values map after collecting from user.
-#[cfg(test)]
-fn handle_missing_fill_with<F, E>(
-    plan: &mut MigrationPlan,
-    fill_values: &mut HashMap<(String, String), String>,
-    current_schema: &[TableDef],
-    prompt_fn: F,
-    enum_prompt_fn: E,
-) -> Result<()>
-where
-    F: Fn(&str, &str) -> Result<String>,
-    E: Fn(&str, &[String]) -> Result<String>,
-{
-    let missing = find_missing_fill_with(plan, current_schema);
-
-    if !missing.is_empty() {
-        collect_fill_with_values(&missing, fill_values, prompt_fn, enum_prompt_fn)?;
-
-        // Apply the collected fill_with values
-        apply_fill_with_to_plan(plan, fill_values);
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-#[cfg(not(tarpaulin_include))]
-fn prompt_delete_null_rows(table: &str, column: &str) -> Result<bool> {
-    let confirmed = Confirm::new()
-        .with_prompt(format!("  Delete rows where {}.{} IS NULL?", table, column))
-        .default(false)
-        .interact()
-        .context("failed to read confirmation")?;
-    Ok(confirmed)
-}
-
-fn handle_delete_null_rows<F>(
-    plan: &mut MigrationPlan,
-    missing: &mut Vec<FillWithRequired>,
-    delete_set: &HashSet<(String, String)>,
-    prompt_fn: F,
-) -> Result<()>
-where
-    F: Fn(&str, &str) -> Result<bool>,
-{
-    let mut to_delete = Vec::new();
-    let mut remaining = Vec::new();
-
-    for item in missing.drain(..) {
-        if item.has_foreign_key && !delete_set.contains(&(item.table.clone(), item.column.clone()))
-        {
-            // FK column without CLI arg — prompt user
-            println!(
-                "  {} {}.{} has a foreign key constraint — fill_with may not work.",
-                "\u{2022}".bright_cyan(),
-                item.table.bright_white(),
-                item.column.bright_green()
-            );
-            if prompt_fn(&item.table, &item.column)? {
-                to_delete.push((item.table.clone(), item.column.clone()));
-            } else {
-                remaining.push(item);
-            }
-        } else if delete_set.contains(&(item.table.clone(), item.column.clone())) {
-            to_delete.push((item.table.clone(), item.column.clone()));
-        } else {
-            remaining.push(item);
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Apply delete_null_rows to plan
-    for (table, column) in &to_delete {
-        for action in &mut plan.actions {
-            if let MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
-                table: t,
-                column: c,
-                delete_null_rows,
-                ..
-            } = action
-                && t == table
-                && c == column
-            {
-                *delete_null_rows = Some(true);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    *missing = remaining;
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-/// Collect enum fill_with values interactively for removed enum values.
-/// The `enum_prompt_fn` parameter handles enum type columns with selection UI.
-fn collect_enum_fill_with_values<E>(
-    missing: &[EnumFillWithRequired],
-    enum_prompt_fn: E,
-) -> Result<Vec<(usize, BTreeMap<String, String>)>>
-where
-    E: Fn(&str, &[String]) -> Result<String>,
-{
-    let mut results = Vec::new();
-
-    println!(
-        "\n{} {}",
-        "\u{26a0}".bright_yellow(),
-        "The following enum value removals require replacement mappings:".bright_yellow()
-    );
-    println!("{}", "\u{2500}".repeat(60).bright_black());
-
-    for item in missing {
-        println!(
-            "  {} {}.{}: removing enum values",
-            "\u{2022}".bright_cyan(),
-            item.table.bright_white(),
-            item.column.bright_green()
-        );
-
-        let mut mappings = BTreeMap::new();
-        for removed in &item.removed_values {
-            let prompt = format!(
-                "  Replace '{}' in {}.{} with",
-                removed.bright_red(),
-                item.table.bright_white(),
-                item.column.bright_green()
-            );
-            let value = enum_prompt_fn(&prompt, &item.remaining_values)?;
-            mappings.insert(removed.clone(), value);
-        }
-        results.push((item.action_index, mappings));
-    }
-
-    println!("{}", "\u{2500}".repeat(60).bright_black());
-    Ok(results)
-}
-
-/// Apply collected enum fill_with mappings to the migration plan.
-fn apply_enum_fill_with_to_plan(
-    plan: &mut MigrationPlan,
-    collected: &[(usize, BTreeMap<String, String>)],
-) {
-    for (action_index, mappings) in collected {
-        if let Some(MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType { fill_with, .. }) =
-            plan.actions.get_mut(*action_index)
-        {
-            match fill_with {
-                Some(existing) => {
-                    existing.extend(mappings.clone());
-                }
-                None => {
-                    *fill_with = Some(mappings.clone());
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// Handle interactive enum fill_with collection if there are missing values.
-fn handle_missing_enum_fill_with<E>(
-    plan: &mut MigrationPlan,
-    current_schema: &[TableDef],
-    enum_prompt_fn: E,
-) -> Result<()>
-where
-    E: Fn(&str, &[String]) -> Result<String>,
-{
-    let missing = find_missing_enum_fill_with(plan, current_schema);
-
-    if !missing.is_empty() {
-        let collected = collect_enum_fill_with_values(&missing, enum_prompt_fn)?;
-        apply_enum_fill_with_to_plan(plan, &collected);
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-/// Reason why a table needs to be recreated.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
-enum RecreateReason {
-    /// A new non-nullable FK column is being added.
-    AddColumnWithFk,
-    /// A FK constraint is being added to an existing non-nullable column.
-    AddFkToExistingColumn,
-}
-
-/// A table that needs to be recreated because of a non-nullable FK constraint issue.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
-struct RecreateTableRequired {
-    table: String,
-    column: String,
-    reason: RecreateReason,
-}
-
-/// Find actions that require table recreation due to non-nullable FK constraints.
-///
-/// Two cases are detected:
-/// 1. **AddColumn with FK**: A new non-nullable FK column is being added (no default).
-/// 2. **AddConstraint(FK) on existing column**: A FK constraint is being added to an
-///    existing non-nullable column without a default.
-///
-/// In both cases, existing rows cannot satisfy the foreign key constraint,
-/// so the table must be recreated (DeleteTable + CreateTable).
-fn find_non_nullable_fk_add_columns(
-    plan: &MigrationPlan,
-    current_models: &[TableDef],
-) -> Vec<RecreateTableRequired> {
-    use std::collections::HashSet;
-
-    // Collect FK columns from AddConstraint actions
-    let mut fk_columns: HashSet<(String, String)> = HashSet::new();
-    for action in &plan.actions {
-        if let MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
-            table,
-            constraint: TableConstraint::ForeignKey { columns, .. },
-        } = action
-        {
-            for col in columns {
-                fk_columns.insert((table.clone(), col.to_string()));
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Collect columns being added in this migration (to distinguish new vs existing)
-    let mut added_columns: HashSet<(String, String)> = HashSet::new();
-    for action in &plan.actions {
-        if let MigrationAction::AddColumn { table, column, .. } = action {
-            added_columns.insert((table.clone(), column.name.clone()));
-        }
-    }
-
-    let mut result = Vec::new();
-
-    // Case 1: AddColumn with FK (new non-nullable FK column)
-    for action in &plan.actions {
-        if let MigrationAction::AddColumn { table, column, .. } = action {
-            let has_fk = column.foreign_key.is_some()
-                || fk_columns.contains(&(table.clone(), column.name.to_string()));
-            if has_fk && !column.nullable && column.default.is_none() {
-                result.push(RecreateTableRequired {
-                    table: table.clone(),
-                    column: column.name.clone(),
-                    reason: RecreateReason::AddColumnWithFk,
-                });
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Case 2: AddConstraint(FK) on existing non-nullable column
-    for action in &plan.actions {
-        if let MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
-            table,
-            constraint: TableConstraint::ForeignKey { columns, .. },
-        } = action
-        {
-            for col_name in columns {
-                // Skip if this column is being added in this migration (handled by Case 1)
-                if added_columns.contains(&(table.clone(), col_name.to_string())) {
-                    continue;
-                }
-                // Look up column in current models to check nullability
-                if let Some(model) = current_models
-                    .iter()
-                    .find(|m| m.name.as_str() == table.as_str())
-                    && let Some(col_def) = model
-                        .columns
-                        .iter()
-                        .find(|c| c.name.as_str() == col_name.as_str())
-                    && !col_def.nullable
-                    && col_def.default.is_none()
-                {
-                    result.push(RecreateTableRequired {
-                        table: table.clone(),
-                        column: col_name.clone(),
-                        reason: RecreateReason::AddFkToExistingColumn,
-                    });
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    result
-}
-
-/// Prompt the user to confirm table recreation.
-/// Returns true if the user confirms, false otherwise.
-#[cfg(not(tarpaulin_include))]
-fn prompt_recreate_tables(tables: &[RecreateTableRequired]) -> Result<bool> {
-    println!(
-        "\n{} {}",
-        "\u{26a0}".bright_yellow(),
-        "The following tables need to be RECREATED:".bright_yellow()
-    );
-    println!("{}", "\u{2500}".repeat(60).bright_black());
-
-    for item in tables {
-        let reason_msg = match item.reason {
-            RecreateReason::AddColumnWithFk => "adding required FK column",
-            RecreateReason::AddFkToExistingColumn => "adding FK to existing required column",
-        };
-        println!(
-            "  {} Table {} \u{2014} {} {}",
-            "\u{2022}".bright_cyan(),
-            item.table.bright_white(),
-            reason_msg,
-            item.column.bright_green()
-        );
-    }
-
-    println!("{}", "\u{2500}".repeat(60).bright_black());
-    println!(
-        "  {} {}",
-        "\u{26a0}".bright_red(),
-        "ALL DATA in these tables will be DELETED.".bright_red()
-    );
-
-    let confirmed = Confirm::new()
-        .with_prompt("  Proceed with table recreation?")
-        .default(false)
-        .interact()
-        .context("failed to read confirmation")?;
-
-    Ok(confirmed)
-}
-
-/// Rewrite the migration plan to recreate tables instead of adding columns.
-/// Removes all column/constraint actions targeting the recreated tables and replaces
-/// them with DeleteTable + CreateTable using the full target model.
-fn rewrite_plan_for_recreation(
-    plan: &mut MigrationPlan,
-    recreate_tables: &[RecreateTableRequired],
-    current_models: &[TableDef],
-) {
-    use std::collections::HashSet;
-
-    let tables_to_recreate: HashSet<&str> =
-        recreate_tables.iter().map(|r| r.table.as_str()).collect();
-
-    // Remove all column/constraint actions targeting recreated tables
-    plan.actions.retain(|action| {
-        let table = match action {
-            MigrationAction::AddColumn { table, .. }
-            | MigrationAction::DeleteColumn { table, .. }
-            | MigrationAction::RenameColumn { table, .. }
-            | MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType { table, .. }
-            | MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable { table, .. }
-            | MigrationAction::ModifyColumnDefault { table, .. }
-            | MigrationAction::ModifyColumnComment { table, .. }
-            | MigrationAction::AddConstraint { table, .. }
-            | MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint { table, .. }
-            | MigrationAction::ReplaceConstraint { table, .. } => Some(table.as_str()),
-            _ => None,
-        };
-        table.is_none_or(|t| !tables_to_recreate.contains(t))
-    });
-
-    // Add DeleteTable + CreateTable for each recreated table
-    for table_name in &tables_to_recreate {
-        if let Some(model) = current_models
-            .iter()
-            .find(|m| m.name.as_str() == *table_name)
-        {
-            plan.actions.push(MigrationAction::DeleteTable {
-                table: table_name.to_string(),
-            });
-            plan.actions.push(MigrationAction::CreateTable {
-                table: model.name.clone(),
-                columns: model.columns.clone(),
-                constraints: model.constraints.clone(),
-            });
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-fn handle_recreate_requirements<F>(
-    plan: &mut MigrationPlan,
-    current_models: &[TableDef],
-    prompt_fn: F,
-) -> Result<()>
-where
-    F: Fn(&[RecreateTableRequired]) -> Result<bool>,
-{
-    let recreate_tables = find_non_nullable_fk_add_columns(plan, current_models);
-    if recreate_tables.is_empty() {
-        return Ok(());
-    }
-
-    if !prompt_fn(&recreate_tables)? {
-        anyhow::bail!(
-            "Migration cancelled. To proceed without recreation, make the column nullable or add it with a default value that references an existing row."
-        );
-    }
-
-    rewrite_plan_for_recreation(plan, &recreate_tables, current_models);
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-pub async fn cmd_revision(
-    message: String,
-    fill_with_args: Vec<String>,
-    delete_null_rows_args: Vec<String>,
-) -> Result<()> {
-    cmd_revision_core(
-        message,
-        fill_with_args,
-        delete_null_rows_args,
-        RevisionPromptFns {
-            recreate_prompt_fn: prompt_recreate_tables,
-            delete_null_rows_prompt_fn: prompt_delete_null_rows,
-            fill_with_prompt_fn: prompt_fill_with_value,
-            enum_prompt_fn: prompt_enum_value,
-            enum_bare_prompt_fn: prompt_enum_value_bare,
-        },
-    )
-    .await
-}
-
-struct RevisionPromptFns<R, D, F, E, EB> {
-    recreate_prompt_fn: R,
-    delete_null_rows_prompt_fn: D,
-    fill_with_prompt_fn: F,
-    enum_prompt_fn: E,
-    enum_bare_prompt_fn: EB,
-}
-
-async fn cmd_revision_core<R, D, F, E, EB>(
-    message: String,
-    fill_with_args: Vec<String>,
-    delete_null_rows_args: Vec<String>,
-    prompt_fns: RevisionPromptFns<R, D, F, E, EB>,
-) -> Result<()>
-where
-    R: Fn(&[RecreateTableRequired]) -> Result<bool>,
-    D: Fn(&str, &str) -> Result<bool>,
-    F: Fn(&str, &str) -> Result<String>,
-    E: Fn(&str, &[String]) -> Result<String>,
-    EB: Fn(&str, &[String]) -> Result<String>,
-{
-    let RevisionPromptFns {
-        recreate_prompt_fn,
-        delete_null_rows_prompt_fn,
-        fill_with_prompt_fn,
-        enum_prompt_fn,
-        enum_bare_prompt_fn,
-    } = prompt_fns;
-
-    let config = load_config()?;
-    let current_models = load_models(&config)?;
-    let applied_plans = load_migrations(&config)?;
-
-    let mut plan = plan_next_migration(&current_models, &applied_plans)
-        .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("planning error: {}", e))?;
-
-    // Check for non-nullable FK changes that require table recreation.
-    handle_recreate_requirements(&mut plan, &current_models, recreate_prompt_fn)?;
-
-    if plan.actions.is_empty() {
-        println!(
-            "{} {}",
-            "No changes detected.".bright_yellow(),
-            "Nothing to migrate.".bright_white()
-        );
-        return Ok(());
-    }
-
-    // Reconstruct baseline schema for column type lookups
-    let baseline_schema = schema_from_plans(&applied_plans)
-        .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("schema reconstruction error: {}", e))?;
-
-    // Parse CLI fill_with arguments
-    let mut fill_values = parse_fill_with_args(&fill_with_args);
-    let delete_set = parse_delete_null_rows_args(&delete_null_rows_args);
-
-    // Apply any CLI-provided fill_with values first
-    apply_fill_with_to_plan(&mut plan, &fill_values);
-    apply_delete_null_rows_to_plan(&mut plan, &delete_set);
-
-    // Find all missing fill_with values
-    let mut missing = find_missing_fill_with(&plan, &baseline_schema);
-
-    // Handle FK columns with delete_null_rows option first
-    if !missing.is_empty() {
-        handle_delete_null_rows(
-            &mut plan,
-            &mut missing,
-            &delete_set,
-            delete_null_rows_prompt_fn,
-        )?;
-    }
-
-    // Handle remaining missing fill_with values interactively
-    if !missing.is_empty() {
-        collect_fill_with_values(
-            &missing,
-            &mut fill_values,
-            fill_with_prompt_fn,
-            enum_prompt_fn,
-        )?;
-        apply_fill_with_to_plan(&mut plan, &fill_values);
-    }
-
-    // Handle any missing enum fill_with values (for removed enum values) interactively
-    handle_missing_enum_fill_with(&mut plan, &baseline_schema, enum_bare_prompt_fn)?;
-
-    plan.id = uuid::Uuid::new_v4().to_string();
-    plan.comment = Some(message);
-    if plan.created_at.is_none() {
-        // Record creation time in RFC3339 (UTC).
-        plan.created_at = Some(Utc::now().to_rfc3339_opts(chrono::SecondsFormat::Secs, true));
-    }
-
-    let migrations_dir = config.migrations_dir();
-    if !migrations_dir.exists() {
-        fs::create_dir_all(&migrations_dir)
-            .await
-            .context("create migrations directory")?;
-    }
-
-    let format = config.migration_format();
-    let filename = migration_filename_with_format_and_pattern(
-        plan.version,
-        plan.comment.as_deref(),
-        format,
-        config.migration_filename_pattern(),
-    );
-    let path = migrations_dir.join(&filename);
-
-    let schema_url = schema_url_for(format);
-    match format {
-        FileFormat::Json => write_json_with_schema(&path, &plan, &schema_url).await?,
-        FileFormat::Yaml | FileFormat::Yml => write_yaml(&path, &plan, &schema_url).await?,
-    }
-
-    println!(
-        "{} {}",
-        "Created migration:".bright_green().bold(),
-        format!("{}", path.display()).bright_white()
-    );
-    println!(
-        "  {} {}",
-        "Version:".bright_cyan(),
-        plan.version.to_string().bright_magenta().bold()
-    );
-    println!(
-        "  {} {}",
-        "Actions:".bright_cyan(),
-        plan.actions.len().to_string().bright_yellow()
-    );
-    if let Some(comment) = &plan.comment {
-        println!("  {} {}", "Comment:".bright_cyan(), comment.bright_white());
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn schema_url_for(format: FileFormat) -> String {
-    // If not set, default to public raw GitHub schema location.
-    // Users can override via VESP_SCHEMA_BASE_URL.
-    let base = std::env::var("VESP_SCHEMA_BASE_URL").ok();
-    let base = base.as_deref().unwrap_or(
-        "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/dev-five-git/vespertide/refs/heads/main/schemas",
-    );
-    let base = base.trim_end_matches('/');
-    match format {
-        FileFormat::Json => format!("{}/migration.schema.json", base),
-        FileFormat::Yaml | FileFormat::Yml => format!("{}/migration.schema.json", base),
-    }
-}
-
-async fn write_json_with_schema(path: &Path, plan: &MigrationPlan, schema_url: &str) -> Result<()> {
-    let mut value = serde_json::to_value(plan).context("serialize migration plan to json")?;
-    if let Value::Object(ref mut map) = value {
-        map.insert("$schema".to_string(), Value::String(schema_url.to_string()));
-    }
-    let text = serde_json::to_string_pretty(&value).context("stringify json with schema")?;
-    fs::write(path, text)
-        .await
-        .with_context(|| format!("write file: {}", path.display()))?;
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-async fn write_yaml(path: &Path, plan: &MigrationPlan, schema_url: &str) -> Result<()> {
-    let mut value = serde_yaml::to_value(plan).context("serialize migration plan to yaml value")?;
-    if let serde_yaml::Value::Mapping(ref mut map) = value {
-        map.insert(
-            serde_yaml::Value::String("$schema".to_string()),
-            serde_yaml::Value::String(schema_url.to_string()),
-        );
-    }
-    let text = serde_yaml::to_string(&value).context("serialize yaml with schema")?;
-    fs::write(path, text)
-        .await
-        .with_context(|| format!("write file: {}", path.display()))?;
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use super::*;
-    use std::{env, fs as std_fs, path::PathBuf};
-    use tempfile::tempdir;
-    use vespertide_config::{FileFormat, VespertideConfig};
-    use vespertide_core::{ColumnDef, ColumnType, SimpleColumnType, TableConstraint, TableDef};
-
-    struct CwdGuard {
-        original: PathBuf,
-    }
-
-    impl CwdGuard {
-        fn new(dir: &PathBuf) -> Self {
-            let original = env::current_dir().unwrap();
-            env::set_current_dir(dir).unwrap();
-            Self { original }
-        }
-    }
-
-    impl Drop for CwdGuard {
-        fn drop(&mut self) {
-            let _ = env::set_current_dir(&self.original);
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn write_config() -> VespertideConfig {
-        write_config_with_format(None)
-    }
-
-    fn write_config_with_format(fmt: Option<FileFormat>) -> VespertideConfig {
-        let mut cfg = VespertideConfig::default();
-        if let Some(f) = fmt {
-            cfg.migration_format = f;
-        }
-        let text = serde_json::to_string_pretty(&cfg).unwrap();
-        std_fs::write("vespertide.json", text).unwrap();
-        cfg
-    }
-
-    fn write_model(name: &str) {
-        let models_dir = PathBuf::from("models");
-        std_fs::create_dir_all(&models_dir).unwrap();
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: name.to_string(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![ColumnDef {
-                name: "id".into(),
-                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                nullable: false,
-                default: None,
-                comment: None,
-                primary_key: None,
-                unique: None,
-                index: None,
-                foreign_key: None,
-            }],
-            constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                auto_increment: false,
-                columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            }],
-        };
-        let path = models_dir.join(format!("{name}.json"));
-        std_fs::write(path, serde_json::to_string_pretty(&table).unwrap()).unwrap();
-    }
-
-    #[tokio::test]
-    #[serial_test::serial]
-    async fn cmd_revision_writes_migration() {
-        let tmp = tempdir().unwrap();
-        let _guard = CwdGuard::new(&tmp.path().to_path_buf());
-
-        let cfg = write_config();
-        write_model("users");
-        std_fs::create_dir_all(cfg.migrations_dir()).unwrap();
-
-        cmd_revision("init".into(), vec![], vec![]).await.unwrap();
-
-        let entries: Vec<_> = std_fs::read_dir(cfg.migrations_dir()).unwrap().collect();
-        assert!(!entries.is_empty());
-    }
-
-    #[tokio::test]
-    #[serial_test::serial]
-    async fn cmd_revision_no_changes_short_circuits() {
-        let tmp = tempdir().unwrap();
-        let _guard = CwdGuard::new(&tmp.path().to_path_buf());
-
-        let cfg = write_config();
-        // no models, no migrations -> plan with no actions -> early return
-        assert!(cmd_revision("noop".into(), vec![], vec![]).await.is_ok());
-        // migrations dir should not be created
-        assert!(!cfg.migrations_dir().exists());
-    }
-
-    #[tokio::test]
-    #[serial_test::serial]
-    async fn cmd_revision_writes_yaml_when_configured() {
-        let tmp = tempdir().unwrap();
-        let _guard = CwdGuard::new(&tmp.path().to_path_buf());
-
-        let cfg = write_config_with_format(Some(FileFormat::Yaml));
-        write_model("users");
-        // ensure migrations dir absent to exercise create_dir_all branch
-        if cfg.migrations_dir().exists() {
-            std_fs::remove_dir_all(cfg.migrations_dir()).unwrap();
-        }
-
-        cmd_revision("yaml".into(), vec![], vec![]).await.unwrap();
-
-        let entries: Vec<_> = std_fs::read_dir(cfg.migrations_dir()).unwrap().collect();
-        assert!(!entries.is_empty());
-        let has_yaml = entries.iter().any(|e| {
-            e.as_ref()
-                .unwrap()
-                .path()
-                .extension()
-                .map(|s| s == "yaml")
-                .unwrap_or(false)
-        });
-        assert!(has_yaml);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn find_non_nullable_fk_add_column_detects_recreate() {
-        use vespertide_core::{ColumnDef, ColumnType, SimpleColumnType};
-        let plan = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 2,
-            actions: vec![
-                MigrationAction::AddColumn {
-                    table: "post".into(),
-                    column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
-                        name: "user_id".into(),
-                        r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid),
-                        nullable: false,
-                        default: None,
-                        comment: None,
-                        primary_key: None,
-                        unique: None,
-                        index: None,
-                        foreign_key: None,
-                    }),
-                    fill_with: Some("1".into()),
-                },
-                MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
-                    table: "post".into(),
-                    constraint: TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                        name: None,
-                        columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
-                        ref_table: "user".into(),
-                        ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                        on_delete: None,
-                        on_update: None,
-                    },
-                },
-            ],
-        };
-        let result = find_non_nullable_fk_add_columns(&plan, &[]);
-        assert_eq!(result.len(), 1);
-        assert_eq!(result[0].table, "post");
-        assert_eq!(result[0].column, "user_id");
-        assert_eq!(result[0].reason, RecreateReason::AddColumnWithFk);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn find_non_nullable_inline_fk_add_column_detects_recreate() {
-        use vespertide_core::schema::foreign_key::{ForeignKeyDef, ForeignKeySyntax};
-        use vespertide_core::{ColumnDef, ColumnType, ReferenceAction, SimpleColumnType};
-
-        let plan = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 2,
-            actions: vec![MigrationAction::AddColumn {
-                table: "post".into(),
-                column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
-                    name: "user_id".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: Some(ForeignKeySyntax::Object(ForeignKeyDef {
-                        ref_table: "user".into(),
-                        ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                        on_delete: Some(ReferenceAction::Cascade),
-                        on_update: None,
-                    })),
-                }),
-                fill_with: None,
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let result = find_non_nullable_fk_add_columns(&plan, &[]);
-        assert_eq!(result.len(), 1);
-        assert_eq!(result[0].table, "post");
-        assert_eq!(result[0].column, "user_id");
-        assert_eq!(result[0].reason, RecreateReason::AddColumnWithFk);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn find_nullable_fk_add_column_returns_empty() {
-        use vespertide_core::{ColumnDef, ColumnType, SimpleColumnType};
-        let plan = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 2,
-            actions: vec![
-                MigrationAction::AddColumn {
-                    table: "post".into(),
-                    column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
-                        name: "user_id".into(),
-                        r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid),
-                        nullable: true,
-                        default: None,
-                        comment: None,
-                        primary_key: None,
-                        unique: None,
-                        index: None,
-                        foreign_key: None,
-                    }),
-                    fill_with: None,
-                },
-                MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
-                    table: "post".into(),
-                    constraint: TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                        name: None,
-                        columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
-                        ref_table: "user".into(),
-                        ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                        on_delete: None,
-                        on_update: None,
-                    },
-                },
-            ],
-        };
-        assert!(find_non_nullable_fk_add_columns(&plan, &[]).is_empty());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn find_non_nullable_no_fk_returns_empty() {
-        // Regular non-nullable column without FK should NOT trigger recreation
-        use vespertide_core::{ColumnDef, ColumnType, SimpleColumnType};
-        let plan = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 2,
-            actions: vec![MigrationAction::AddColumn {
-                table: "post".into(),
-                column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
-                    name: "user_id1".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                }),
-                fill_with: None,
-            }],
-        };
-        // Should return empty — this column needs fill_with but that's handled separately
-        assert!(find_non_nullable_fk_add_columns(&plan, &[]).is_empty());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn find_fk_on_existing_non_nullable_column_detects_recreate() {
-        // Adding FK constraint to an existing non-nullable column should trigger recreation
-        use vespertide_core::{ColumnDef, ColumnType, SimpleColumnType};
-        let plan = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 2,
-            actions: vec![MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
-                table: "post".into(),
-                constraint: TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                    name: None,
-                    columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
-                    ref_table: "user".into(),
-                    ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                    on_delete: None,
-                    on_update: None,
-                },
-            }],
-        };
-        let models = vec![TableDef {
-            name: "post".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "id".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "user_id".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![],
-        }];
-        let result = find_non_nullable_fk_add_columns(&plan, &models);
-        assert_eq!(result.len(), 1);
-        assert_eq!(result[0].table, "post");
-        assert_eq!(result[0].column, "user_id");
-        assert_eq!(result[0].reason, RecreateReason::AddFkToExistingColumn);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn find_fk_on_existing_nullable_column_returns_empty() {
-        // Adding FK constraint to an existing nullable column should NOT trigger recreation
-        use vespertide_core::{ColumnDef, ColumnType, SimpleColumnType};
-        let plan = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 2,
-            actions: vec![MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
-                table: "post".into(),
-                constraint: TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                    name: None,
-                    columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
-                    ref_table: "user".into(),
-                    ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                    on_delete: None,
-                    on_update: None,
-                },
-            }],
-        };
-        let models = vec![TableDef {
-            name: "post".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![ColumnDef {
-                name: "user_id".into(),
-                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid),
-                nullable: true,
-                default: None,
-                comment: None,
-                primary_key: None,
-                unique: None,
-                index: None,
-                foreign_key: None,
-            }],
-            constraints: vec![],
-        }];
-        assert!(find_non_nullable_fk_add_columns(&plan, &models).is_empty());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn find_fk_on_existing_column_with_default_returns_empty() {
-        use vespertide_core::{ColumnDef, ColumnType, SimpleColumnType};
-
-        let plan = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 2,
-            actions: vec![MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
-                table: "post".into(),
-                constraint: TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                    name: None,
-                    columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
-                    ref_table: "user".into(),
-                    ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                    on_delete: None,
-                    on_update: None,
-                },
-            }],
-        };
-        let models = vec![TableDef {
-            name: "post".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![ColumnDef {
-                name: "user_id".into(),
-                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid),
-                nullable: false,
-                default: Some(true.into()),
-                comment: None,
-                primary_key: None,
-                unique: None,
-                index: None,
-                foreign_key: None,
-            }],
-            constraints: vec![],
-        }];
-
-        assert!(find_non_nullable_fk_add_columns(&plan, &models).is_empty());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn find_fk_on_existing_column_missing_from_model_returns_empty() {
-        use vespertide_core::{ColumnDef, ColumnType, SimpleColumnType};
-
-        let plan = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 2,
-            actions: vec![MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
-                table: "post".into(),
-                constraint: TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                    name: None,
-                    columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
-                    ref_table: "user".into(),
-                    ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                    on_delete: None,
-                    on_update: None,
-                },
-            }],
-        };
-        let models = vec![TableDef {
-            name: "post".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![ColumnDef {
-                name: "other_id".into(),
-                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid),
-                nullable: false,
-                default: None,
-                comment: None,
-                primary_key: None,
-                unique: None,
-                index: None,
-                foreign_key: None,
-            }],
-            constraints: vec![],
-        }];
-
-        assert!(find_non_nullable_fk_add_columns(&plan, &models).is_empty());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn rewrite_plan_replaces_actions_with_recreate() {
-        use vespertide_core::{ColumnDef, ColumnType, SimpleColumnType};
-        let mut plan = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 2,
-            actions: vec![
-                MigrationAction::AddColumn {
-                    table: "post".into(),
-                    column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
-                        name: "user_id".into(),
-                        r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid),
-                        nullable: false,
-                        default: None,
-                        comment: None,
-                        primary_key: None,
-                        unique: None,
-                        index: None,
-                        foreign_key: None,
-                    }),
-                    fill_with: None,
-                },
-                MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
-                    table: "post".into(),
-                    constraint: TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                        name: None,
-                        columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
-                        ref_table: "user".into(),
-                        ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                        on_delete: None,
-                        on_update: None,
-                    },
-                },
-            ],
-        };
-
-        let recreate = vec![RecreateTableRequired {
-            table: "post".into(),
-            column: "user_id".into(),
-            reason: RecreateReason::AddColumnWithFk,
-        }];
-
-        let models = vec![TableDef {
-            name: "post".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "id".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "user_id".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![],
-        }];
-
-        rewrite_plan_for_recreation(&mut plan, &recreate, &models);
-
-        assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 2);
-        assert!(
-            matches!(&plan.actions[0], MigrationAction::DeleteTable { table } if table == "post")
-        );
-        assert!(
-            matches!(&plan.actions[1], MigrationAction::CreateTable { table, .. } if table == "post")
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn rewrite_plan_keeps_non_table_actions() {
-        use vespertide_core::{ColumnDef, ColumnType, SimpleColumnType};
-
-        let mut plan = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 2,
-            actions: vec![
-                MigrationAction::RawSql {
-                    sql: "select 1".into(),
-                },
-                MigrationAction::AddColumn {
-                    table: "post".into(),
-                    column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
-                        name: "user_id".into(),
-                        r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid),
-                        nullable: false,
-                        default: None,
-                        comment: None,
-                        primary_key: None,
-                        unique: None,
-                        index: None,
-                        foreign_key: None,
-                    }),
-                    fill_with: None,
-                },
-            ],
-        };
-
-        let recreate = vec![RecreateTableRequired {
-            table: "post".into(),
-            column: "user_id".into(),
-            reason: RecreateReason::AddColumnWithFk,
-        }];
-
-        let models = vec![TableDef {
-            name: "post".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![ColumnDef {
-                name: "user_id".into(),
-                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid),
-                nullable: false,
-                default: None,
-                comment: None,
-                primary_key: None,
-                unique: None,
-                index: None,
-                foreign_key: None,
-            }],
-            constraints: vec![],
-        }];
-
-        rewrite_plan_for_recreation(&mut plan, &recreate, &models);
-
-        assert!(matches!(&plan.actions[0], MigrationAction::RawSql { sql } if sql == "select 1"));
-        assert!(
-            matches!(&plan.actions[1], MigrationAction::DeleteTable { table } if table == "post")
-        );
-        assert!(
-            matches!(&plan.actions[2], MigrationAction::CreateTable { table, .. } if table == "post")
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn handle_recreate_requirements_returns_ok_when_no_fk() {
-        let mut plan = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 1,
-            actions: vec![MigrationAction::RawSql {
-                sql: "select 1".into(),
-            }],
-        };
-
-        handle_recreate_requirements(&mut plan, &[], |_| Ok(true)).unwrap();
-
-        assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 1);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn handle_recreate_requirements_bails_when_prompt_rejected() {
-        use vespertide_core::{ColumnDef, ColumnType, SimpleColumnType};
-
-        let mut plan = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 1,
-            actions: vec![
-                MigrationAction::AddColumn {
-                    table: "post".into(),
-                    column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
-                        name: "user_id".into(),
-                        r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid),
-                        nullable: false,
-                        default: None,
-                        comment: None,
-                        primary_key: None,
-                        unique: None,
-                        index: None,
-                        foreign_key: None,
-                    }),
-                    fill_with: None,
-                },
-                MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
-                    table: "post".into(),
-                    constraint: TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                        name: None,
-                        columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
-                        ref_table: "user".into(),
-                        ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                        on_delete: None,
-                        on_update: None,
-                    },
-                },
-            ],
-        };
-
-        let err = handle_recreate_requirements(&mut plan, &[], |_| Ok(false)).unwrap_err();
-
-        assert!(
-            err.to_string()
-                .contains("Migration cancelled. To proceed without recreation")
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn handle_recreate_requirements_empties_plan_when_model_missing() {
-        use vespertide_core::{ColumnDef, ColumnType, SimpleColumnType};
-
-        let mut plan = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 1,
-            actions: vec![
-                MigrationAction::AddColumn {
-                    table: "post".into(),
-                    column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
-                        name: "user_id".into(),
-                        r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid),
-                        nullable: false,
-                        default: None,
-                        comment: None,
-                        primary_key: None,
-                        unique: None,
-                        index: None,
-                        foreign_key: None,
-                    }),
-                    fill_with: None,
-                },
-                MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
-                    table: "post".into(),
-                    constraint: TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                        name: None,
-                        columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
-                        ref_table: "user".into(),
-                        ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                        on_delete: None,
-                        on_update: None,
-                    },
-                },
-            ],
-        };
-
-        handle_recreate_requirements(&mut plan, &[], |_| Ok(true)).unwrap();
-
-        assert!(plan.actions.is_empty());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn handle_recreate_requirements_rewrites_plan_when_model_exists() {
-        use vespertide_core::{ColumnDef, ColumnType, SimpleColumnType};
-
-        let mut plan = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 1,
-            actions: vec![
-                MigrationAction::AddColumn {
-                    table: "post".into(),
-                    column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
-                        name: "user_id".into(),
-                        r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid),
-                        nullable: false,
-                        default: None,
-                        comment: None,
-                        primary_key: None,
-                        unique: None,
-                        index: None,
-                        foreign_key: None,
-                    }),
-                    fill_with: None,
-                },
-                MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
-                    table: "post".into(),
-                    constraint: TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                        name: None,
-                        columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
-                        ref_table: "user".into(),
-                        ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                        on_delete: None,
-                        on_update: None,
-                    },
-                },
-            ],
-        };
-
-        let models = vec![TableDef {
-            name: "post".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "id".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "user_id".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![],
-        }];
-
-        handle_recreate_requirements(&mut plan, &models, |_| Ok(true)).unwrap();
-
-        assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 2);
-        assert!(
-            matches!(&plan.actions[0], MigrationAction::DeleteTable { table } if table == "post")
-        );
-        assert!(
-            matches!(&plan.actions[1], MigrationAction::CreateTable { table, .. } if table == "post")
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_parse_fill_with_args() {
-        let args = vec![
-            "users.email=default@example.com".to_string(),
-            "orders.status=pending".to_string(),
-        ];
-        let result = parse_fill_with_args(&args);
-
-        assert_eq!(result.len(), 2);
-        assert_eq!(
-            result.get(&("users".to_string(), "email".to_string())),
-            Some(&"default@example.com".to_string())
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            result.get(&("orders".to_string(), "status".to_string())),
-            Some(&"pending".to_string())
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_parse_fill_with_args_invalid_format() {
-        let args = vec![
-            "invalid_format".to_string(),
-            "no_equals_sign".to_string(),
-            "users.email=valid".to_string(),
-        ];
-        let result = parse_fill_with_args(&args);
-
-        // Only the valid one should be parsed
-        assert_eq!(result.len(), 1);
-        assert_eq!(
-            result.get(&("users".to_string(), "email".to_string())),
-            Some(&"valid".to_string())
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_apply_fill_with_to_plan_add_column() {
-        use vespertide_core::MigrationPlan;
-
-        let mut plan = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 1,
-            actions: vec![MigrationAction::AddColumn {
-                table: "users".into(),
-                column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
-                    name: "email".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                }),
-                fill_with: None,
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let mut fill_values = HashMap::new();
-        fill_values.insert(
-            ("users".to_string(), "email".to_string()),
-            "'default@example.com'".to_string(),
-        );
-
-        apply_fill_with_to_plan(&mut plan, &fill_values);
-
-        match &plan.actions[0] {
-            MigrationAction::AddColumn { fill_with, .. } => {
-                assert_eq!(fill_with, &Some("'default@example.com'".to_string()));
-            }
-            _ => panic!("Expected AddColumn action"),
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_apply_fill_with_to_plan_modify_column_nullable() {
-        use vespertide_core::MigrationPlan;
-
-        let mut plan = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 1,
-            actions: vec![MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
-                table: "users".into(),
-                column: "status".into(),
-                nullable: false,
-                fill_with: None,
-                delete_null_rows: None,
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let mut fill_values = HashMap::new();
-        fill_values.insert(
-            ("users".to_string(), "status".to_string()),
-            "'active'".to_string(),
-        );
-
-        apply_fill_with_to_plan(&mut plan, &fill_values);
-
-        match &plan.actions[0] {
-            MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable { fill_with, .. } => {
-                assert_eq!(fill_with, &Some("'active'".to_string()));
-            }
-            _ => panic!("Expected ModifyColumnNullable action"),
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_apply_fill_with_to_plan_skips_existing_fill_with() {
-        use vespertide_core::MigrationPlan;
-
-        let mut plan = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 1,
-            actions: vec![MigrationAction::AddColumn {
-                table: "users".into(),
-                column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
-                    name: "email".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                }),
-                fill_with: Some("'existing@example.com'".to_string()),
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let mut fill_values = HashMap::new();
-        fill_values.insert(
-            ("users".to_string(), "email".to_string()),
-            "'new@example.com'".to_string(),
-        );
-
-        apply_fill_with_to_plan(&mut plan, &fill_values);
-
-        // Should keep existing value, not replace with new
-        match &plan.actions[0] {
-            MigrationAction::AddColumn { fill_with, .. } => {
-                assert_eq!(fill_with, &Some("'existing@example.com'".to_string()));
-            }
-            _ => panic!("Expected AddColumn action"),
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_apply_fill_with_to_plan_no_match() {
-        use vespertide_core::MigrationPlan;
-
-        let mut plan = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 1,
-            actions: vec![MigrationAction::AddColumn {
-                table: "users".into(),
-                column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
-                    name: "email".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                }),
-                fill_with: None,
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let mut fill_values = HashMap::new();
-        fill_values.insert(
-            ("orders".to_string(), "status".to_string()),
-            "'pending'".to_string(),
-        );
-
-        apply_fill_with_to_plan(&mut plan, &fill_values);
-
-        // Should remain None since no match
-        match &plan.actions[0] {
-            MigrationAction::AddColumn { fill_with, .. } => {
-                assert_eq!(fill_with, &None);
-            }
-            _ => panic!("Expected AddColumn action"),
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_apply_fill_with_to_plan_multiple_actions() {
-        use vespertide_core::MigrationPlan;
-
-        let mut plan = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 1,
-            actions: vec![
-                MigrationAction::AddColumn {
-                    table: "users".into(),
-                    column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
-                        name: "email".into(),
-                        r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                        nullable: false,
-                        default: None,
-                        comment: None,
-                        primary_key: None,
-                        unique: None,
-                        index: None,
-                        foreign_key: None,
-                    }),
-                    fill_with: None,
-                },
-                MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
-                    table: "orders".into(),
-                    column: "status".into(),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    fill_with: None,
-                    delete_null_rows: None,
-                },
-            ],
-        };
-
-        let mut fill_values = HashMap::new();
-        fill_values.insert(
-            ("users".to_string(), "email".to_string()),
-            "'user@example.com'".to_string(),
-        );
-        fill_values.insert(
-            ("orders".to_string(), "status".to_string()),
-            "'pending'".to_string(),
-        );
-
-        apply_fill_with_to_plan(&mut plan, &fill_values);
-
-        match &plan.actions[0] {
-            MigrationAction::AddColumn { fill_with, .. } => {
-                assert_eq!(fill_with, &Some("'user@example.com'".to_string()));
-            }
-            _ => panic!("Expected AddColumn action"),
-        }
-
-        match &plan.actions[1] {
-            MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable { fill_with, .. } => {
-                assert_eq!(fill_with, &Some("'pending'".to_string()));
-            }
-            _ => panic!("Expected ModifyColumnNullable action"),
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_apply_fill_with_to_plan_other_actions_ignored() {
-        use vespertide_core::MigrationPlan;
-
-        let mut plan = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 1,
-            actions: vec![MigrationAction::DeleteColumn {
-                table: "users".into(),
-                column: "old_column".into(),
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let mut fill_values = HashMap::new();
-        fill_values.insert(
-            ("users".to_string(), "old_column".to_string()),
-            "'value'".to_string(),
-        );
-
-        // Should not panic or modify anything
-        apply_fill_with_to_plan(&mut plan, &fill_values);
-
-        match &plan.actions[0] {
-            MigrationAction::DeleteColumn { table, column } => {
-                assert_eq!(table, "users");
-                assert_eq!(column, "old_column");
-            }
-            _ => panic!("Expected DeleteColumn action"),
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_format_type_info_with_type_and_default() {
-        let result = format_type_info("integer", "0");
-        assert_eq!(result, " (integer, default: 0)");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_format_type_info_with_type_only() {
-        let result = format_type_info("text", "''");
-        assert_eq!(result, " (text, default: '')");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_format_fill_with_item() {
-        let result = format_fill_with_item("users", "email", " (Text)", "AddColumn");
-        // The result should contain the table, column, type info, and action type
-        // Colors make exact matching difficult, but we can check structure
-        assert!(result.contains("users"));
-        assert!(result.contains("email"));
-        assert!(result.contains("(Text)"));
-        assert!(result.contains("AddColumn"));
-        assert!(result.contains("Action:"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_format_fill_with_item_empty_type_info() {
-        let result = format_fill_with_item("orders", "status", "", "ModifyColumnNullable");
-        assert!(result.contains("orders"));
-        assert!(result.contains("status"));
-        assert!(result.contains("ModifyColumnNullable"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_format_fill_with_prompt() {
-        let result = format_fill_with_prompt("users", "email");
-        assert!(result.contains("Enter fill value for"));
-        assert!(result.contains("users"));
-        assert!(result.contains("email"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_print_fill_with_item_and_get_prompt() {
-        // This function prints to stdout and returns the prompt string
-        let prompt =
-            print_fill_with_item_and_get_prompt("users", "email", "text", "''", "AddColumn");
-        assert!(prompt.contains("Enter fill value for"));
-        assert!(prompt.contains("users"));
-        assert!(prompt.contains("email"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_print_fill_with_item_and_get_prompt_no_default() {
-        let prompt = print_fill_with_item_and_get_prompt(
-            "orders",
-            "status",
-            "text",
-            "''",
-            "ModifyColumnNullable",
-        );
-        assert!(prompt.contains("Enter fill value for"));
-        assert!(prompt.contains("orders"));
-        assert!(prompt.contains("status"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_print_fill_with_item_and_get_prompt_with_default() {
-        let prompt =
-            print_fill_with_item_and_get_prompt("users", "age", "integer", "0", "AddColumn");
-        assert!(prompt.contains("Enter fill value for"));
-        assert!(prompt.contains("users"));
-        assert!(prompt.contains("age"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_print_fill_with_header() {
-        // Just verify it doesn't panic - output goes to stdout
-        print_fill_with_header();
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_print_fill_with_footer() {
-        // Just verify it doesn't panic - output goes to stdout
-        print_fill_with_footer();
-    }
-
-    // Mock enum prompt function for tests - returns first enum value quoted
-    fn mock_enum_prompt(_prompt: &str, values: &[String]) -> Result<String> {
-        Ok(format!("'{}'", values[0]))
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_collect_fill_with_values_single_item() {
-        use vespertide_planner::FillWithRequired;
-
-        let missing = vec![FillWithRequired {
-            action_index: 0,
-            table: "users".to_string(),
-            column: "email".to_string(),
-            action_type: "AddColumn",
-            column_type: "text".to_string(),
-            default_value: "''".to_string(),
-            enum_values: None,
-            has_foreign_key: false,
-        }];
-
-        let mut fill_values = HashMap::new();
-
-        // Mock prompt function that returns a fixed value
-        let mock_prompt = |_prompt: &str, _default: &str| -> Result<String> {
-            Ok("'test@example.com'".to_string())
-        };
-
-        let result =
-            collect_fill_with_values(&missing, &mut fill_values, mock_prompt, mock_enum_prompt);
-        assert!(result.is_ok());
-        assert_eq!(fill_values.len(), 1);
-        assert_eq!(
-            fill_values.get(&("users".to_string(), "email".to_string())),
-            Some(&"'test@example.com'".to_string())
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_collect_fill_with_values_multiple_items() {
-        use vespertide_planner::FillWithRequired;
-
-        let missing = vec![
-            FillWithRequired {
-                action_index: 0,
-                table: "users".to_string(),
-                column: "email".to_string(),
-                action_type: "AddColumn",
-                column_type: "text".to_string(),
-                default_value: "''".to_string(),
-                enum_values: None,
-                has_foreign_key: false,
-            },
-            FillWithRequired {
-                action_index: 1,
-                table: "orders".to_string(),
-                column: "status".to_string(),
-                action_type: "ModifyColumnNullable",
-                column_type: "text".to_string(),
-                default_value: "''".to_string(),
-                enum_values: None,
-                has_foreign_key: false,
-            },
-        ];
-
-        let mut fill_values = HashMap::new();
-
-        // Mock prompt function that returns different values based on call count
-        let call_count = std::cell::RefCell::new(0);
-        let mock_prompt = |_prompt: &str, _default: &str| -> Result<String> {
-            let mut count = call_count.borrow_mut();
-            *count += 1;
-            match *count {
-                1 => Ok("'user@example.com'".to_string()),
-                2 => Ok("'pending'".to_string()),
-                _ => Ok("'default'".to_string()),
-            }
-        };
-
-        let result =
-            collect_fill_with_values(&missing, &mut fill_values, mock_prompt, mock_enum_prompt);
-        assert!(result.is_ok());
-        assert_eq!(fill_values.len(), 2);
-        assert_eq!(
-            fill_values.get(&("users".to_string(), "email".to_string())),
-            Some(&"'user@example.com'".to_string())
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            fill_values.get(&("orders".to_string(), "status".to_string())),
-            Some(&"'pending'".to_string())
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_collect_fill_with_values_empty() {
-        let missing: Vec<vespertide_planner::FillWithRequired> = vec![];
-        let mut fill_values = HashMap::new();
-
-        // This function should handle empty list gracefully (though it won't be called in practice)
-        // But we can't test the header/footer without items since the function still prints them
-        // So we test with a mock that would fail if called
-        let mock_prompt = |_prompt: &str, _default: &str| -> Result<String> {
-            panic!("Should not be called for empty list");
-        };
-
-        // Note: The function still prints header/footer even for empty list
-        // This is a design choice - in practice, cmd_revision won't call this with empty list
-        let result =
-            collect_fill_with_values(&missing, &mut fill_values, mock_prompt, mock_enum_prompt);
-        assert!(result.is_ok());
-        assert!(fill_values.is_empty());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_collect_fill_with_values_prompt_error() {
-        use vespertide_planner::FillWithRequired;
-
-        let missing = vec![FillWithRequired {
-            action_index: 0,
-            table: "users".to_string(),
-            column: "email".to_string(),
-            action_type: "AddColumn",
-            column_type: "text".to_string(),
-            default_value: "''".to_string(),
-            enum_values: None,
-            has_foreign_key: false,
-        }];
-
-        let mut fill_values = HashMap::new();
-
-        // Mock prompt function that returns an error
-        let mock_prompt = |_prompt: &str, _default: &str| -> Result<String> {
-            Err(anyhow::anyhow!("input cancelled"))
-        };
-
-        let result =
-            collect_fill_with_values(&missing, &mut fill_values, mock_prompt, mock_enum_prompt);
-        assert!(result.is_err());
-        assert!(fill_values.is_empty());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_prompt_fill_with_value_function_exists() {
-        // This test verifies that prompt_fill_with_value has the correct signature.
-        // We cannot actually call it in tests because dialoguer::Input blocks waiting for terminal input.
-        // The function is excluded from coverage with #[cfg_attr(coverage_nightly, coverage(off))].
-        let _: fn(&str, &str) -> Result<String> = prompt_fill_with_value;
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_handle_missing_fill_with_collects_and_applies() {
-        use vespertide_core::MigrationPlan;
-
-        let mut plan = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 1,
-            actions: vec![MigrationAction::AddColumn {
-                table: "users".into(),
-                column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
-                    name: "email".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                }),
-                fill_with: None,
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let mut fill_values = HashMap::new();
-
-        // Mock prompt function
-        let mock_prompt = |_prompt: &str, _default: &str| -> Result<String> {
-            Ok("'test@example.com'".to_string())
-        };
-
-        let result = handle_missing_fill_with(
-            &mut plan,
-            &mut fill_values,
-            &[],
-            mock_prompt,
-            mock_enum_prompt,
-        );
-        assert!(result.is_ok());
-
-        // Verify fill_with was applied to the plan
-        match &plan.actions[0] {
-            MigrationAction::AddColumn { fill_with, .. } => {
-                assert_eq!(fill_with, &Some("'test@example.com'".to_string()));
-            }
-            _ => panic!("Expected AddColumn action"),
-        }
-
-        // Verify fill_values map was updated
-        assert_eq!(
-            fill_values.get(&("users".to_string(), "email".to_string())),
-            Some(&"'test@example.com'".to_string())
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_handle_missing_fill_with_no_missing() {
-        use vespertide_core::MigrationPlan;
-
-        // Plan with no missing fill_with values (nullable column)
-        let mut plan = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 1,
-            actions: vec![MigrationAction::AddColumn {
-                table: "users".into(),
-                column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
-                    name: "email".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                    nullable: true, // nullable, so no fill_with required
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                }),
-                fill_with: None,
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let mut fill_values = HashMap::new();
-
-        // Mock prompt that should never be called
-        let mock_prompt = |_prompt: &str, _default: &str| -> Result<String> {
-            panic!("Should not be called when no missing fill_with values");
-        };
-
-        let result = handle_missing_fill_with(
-            &mut plan,
-            &mut fill_values,
-            &[],
-            mock_prompt,
-            mock_enum_prompt,
-        );
-        assert!(result.is_ok());
-        assert!(fill_values.is_empty());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_handle_missing_fill_with_prompt_error() {
-        use vespertide_core::MigrationPlan;
-
-        let mut plan = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 1,
-            actions: vec![MigrationAction::AddColumn {
-                table: "users".into(),
-                column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
-                    name: "email".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                }),
-                fill_with: None,
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let mut fill_values = HashMap::new();
-
-        // Mock prompt that returns an error
-        let mock_prompt = |_prompt: &str, _default: &str| -> Result<String> {
-            Err(anyhow::anyhow!("user cancelled"))
-        };
-
-        let result = handle_missing_fill_with(
-            &mut plan,
-            &mut fill_values,
-            &[],
-            mock_prompt,
-            mock_enum_prompt,
-        );
-        assert!(result.is_err());
-
-        // Plan should not be modified on error
-        match &plan.actions[0] {
-            MigrationAction::AddColumn { fill_with, .. } => {
-                assert_eq!(fill_with, &None);
-            }
-            _ => panic!("Expected AddColumn action"),
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_handle_missing_fill_with_multiple_columns() {
-        use vespertide_core::MigrationPlan;
-
-        let mut plan = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 1,
-            actions: vec![
-                MigrationAction::AddColumn {
-                    table: "users".into(),
-                    column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
-                        name: "email".into(),
-                        r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                        nullable: false,
-                        default: None,
-                        comment: None,
-                        primary_key: None,
-                        unique: None,
-                        index: None,
-                        foreign_key: None,
-                    }),
-                    fill_with: None,
-                },
-                MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
-                    table: "orders".into(),
-                    column: "status".into(),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    fill_with: None,
-                    delete_null_rows: None,
-                },
-            ],
-        };
-
-        let mut fill_values = HashMap::new();
-
-        // Mock prompt that returns different values based on call count
-        let call_count = std::cell::RefCell::new(0);
-        let mock_prompt = |_prompt: &str, _default: &str| -> Result<String> {
-            let mut count = call_count.borrow_mut();
-            *count += 1;
-            match *count {
-                1 => Ok("'user@example.com'".to_string()),
-                2 => Ok("'pending'".to_string()),
-                _ => Ok("'default'".to_string()),
-            }
-        };
-
-        let result = handle_missing_fill_with(
-            &mut plan,
-            &mut fill_values,
-            &[],
-            mock_prompt,
-            mock_enum_prompt,
-        );
-        assert!(result.is_ok());
-
-        // Verify both actions were updated
-        match &plan.actions[0] {
-            MigrationAction::AddColumn { fill_with, .. } => {
-                assert_eq!(fill_with, &Some("'user@example.com'".to_string()));
-            }
-            _ => panic!("Expected AddColumn action"),
-        }
-
-        match &plan.actions[1] {
-            MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable { fill_with, .. } => {
-                assert_eq!(fill_with, &Some("'pending'".to_string()));
-            }
-            _ => panic!("Expected ModifyColumnNullable action"),
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_collect_fill_with_values_enum_column() {
-        use vespertide_planner::FillWithRequired;
-
-        let missing = vec![FillWithRequired {
-            action_index: 0,
-            table: "orders".to_string(),
-            column: "status".to_string(),
-            action_type: "AddColumn",
-            column_type: "enum<order_status>".to_string(),
-            default_value: "''".to_string(),
-            enum_values: Some(vec![
-                "pending".to_string(),
-                "confirmed".to_string(),
-                "shipped".to_string(),
-            ]),
-            has_foreign_key: false,
-        }];
-
-        let mut fill_values = HashMap::new();
-
-        // Mock prompt function that should NOT be called for enum columns
-        let mock_prompt = |_prompt: &str, _default: &str| -> Result<String> {
-            panic!("Should not be called for enum columns");
-        };
-
-        // Mock enum prompt that selects the second value
-        let mock_enum = |_prompt: &str, values: &[String]| -> Result<String> {
-            // Select "confirmed" (index 1)
-            Ok(format!("'{}'", values[1]))
-        };
-
-        let result = collect_fill_with_values(&missing, &mut fill_values, mock_prompt, mock_enum);
-        assert!(result.is_ok());
-        assert_eq!(fill_values.len(), 1);
-        assert_eq!(
-            fill_values.get(&("orders".to_string(), "status".to_string())),
-            Some(&"'confirmed'".to_string())
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_wrap_if_spaces_empty() {
-        assert_eq!(wrap_if_spaces("".to_string()), "");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_wrap_if_spaces_no_spaces() {
-        assert_eq!(wrap_if_spaces("value".to_string()), "value");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_wrap_if_spaces_with_spaces() {
-        assert_eq!(wrap_if_spaces("my value".to_string()), "'my value'");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_wrap_if_spaces_already_quoted() {
-        assert_eq!(
-            wrap_if_spaces("'already quoted'".to_string()),
-            "'already quoted'"
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_wrap_if_spaces_multiple_spaces() {
-        assert_eq!(wrap_if_spaces("a b c".to_string()), "'a b c'");
-    }
-
-    // ── enum fill_with tests ───────────────────────────────────────────
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_collect_enum_fill_with_values_single_removal() {
-        use vespertide_planner::EnumFillWithRequired;
-
-        let missing = vec![EnumFillWithRequired {
-            action_index: 0,
-            table: "orders".to_string(),
-            column: "status".to_string(),
-            removed_values: vec!["cancelled".to_string()],
-            remaining_values: vec!["pending".to_string(), "shipped".to_string()],
-        }];
-
-        // Mock prompt: always select first remaining value
-        let mock_enum =
-            |_prompt: &str, values: &[String]| -> Result<String> { Ok(values[0].to_string()) };
-
-        let result = collect_enum_fill_with_values(&missing, mock_enum);
-        assert!(result.is_ok());
-        let collected = result.unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(collected.len(), 1);
-        assert_eq!(collected[0].0, 0); // action_index
-        assert_eq!(
-            collected[0].1.get("cancelled"),
-            Some(&"pending".to_string())
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_collect_enum_fill_with_values_multiple_removals() {
-        use vespertide_planner::EnumFillWithRequired;
-
-        let missing = vec![EnumFillWithRequired {
-            action_index: 0,
-            table: "orders".to_string(),
-            column: "status".to_string(),
-            removed_values: vec!["cancelled".to_string(), "draft".to_string()],
-            remaining_values: vec!["pending".to_string(), "shipped".to_string()],
-        }];
-
-        // Mock prompt: always select second remaining value
-        let mock_enum =
-            |_prompt: &str, values: &[String]| -> Result<String> { Ok(values[1].to_string()) };
-
-        let result = collect_enum_fill_with_values(&missing, mock_enum);
-        assert!(result.is_ok());
-        let collected = result.unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(collected[0].1.len(), 2);
-        assert_eq!(
-            collected[0].1.get("cancelled"),
-            Some(&"shipped".to_string())
-        );
-        assert_eq!(collected[0].1.get("draft"), Some(&"shipped".to_string()));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_apply_enum_fill_with_to_plan() {
-        use vespertide_core::{ColumnType, ComplexColumnType, EnumValues};
-
-        let mut plan = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 2,
-            actions: vec![MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType {
-                table: "orders".into(),
-                column: "status".into(),
-                new_type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                    name: "order_status".into(),
-                    values: EnumValues::String(vec!["pending".into(), "shipped".into()]),
-                }),
-                fill_with: None,
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let mut mappings = BTreeMap::new();
-        mappings.insert("cancelled".to_string(), "pending".to_string());
-        let collected = vec![(0usize, mappings)];
-
-        apply_enum_fill_with_to_plan(&mut plan, &collected);
-
-        if let MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType { fill_with, .. } = &plan.actions[0] {
-            let fw = fill_with.as_ref().expect("fill_with should be set");
-            assert_eq!(fw.get("cancelled"), Some(&"pending".to_string()));
-        } else {
-            panic!("Expected ModifyColumnType");
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_handle_missing_enum_fill_with_collects_and_applies() {
-        use vespertide_core::{ColumnDef, ColumnType, ComplexColumnType, EnumValues};
-
-        let mut plan = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 2,
-            actions: vec![MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType {
-                table: "orders".into(),
-                column: "status".into(),
-                new_type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                    name: "order_status".into(),
-                    values: EnumValues::String(vec!["pending".into(), "shipped".into()]),
-                }),
-                fill_with: None,
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let baseline = vec![TableDef {
-            name: "orders".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![ColumnDef {
-                name: "status".into(),
-                r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                    name: "order_status".into(),
-                    values: EnumValues::String(vec![
-                        "pending".into(),
-                        "shipped".into(),
-                        "cancelled".into(),
-                    ]),
-                }),
-                nullable: false,
-                default: None,
-                comment: None,
-                primary_key: None,
-                unique: None,
-                index: None,
-                foreign_key: None,
-            }],
-            constraints: vec![],
-        }];
-
-        // Mock: always select first remaining value
-        let mock_enum =
-            |_prompt: &str, values: &[String]| -> Result<String> { Ok(values[0].to_string()) };
-
-        let result = handle_missing_enum_fill_with(&mut plan, &baseline, mock_enum);
-        assert!(result.is_ok());
-
-        if let MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType { fill_with, .. } = &plan.actions[0] {
-            let fw = fill_with.as_ref().expect("fill_with should be populated");
-            assert_eq!(fw.get("cancelled"), Some(&"pending".to_string()));
-        } else {
-            panic!("Expected ModifyColumnType");
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_handle_missing_enum_fill_with_no_missing() {
-        let mut plan = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 2,
-            actions: vec![],
-        };
-
-        let mock_enum = |_prompt: &str, _values: &[String]| -> Result<String> {
-            panic!("Should not be called when nothing is missing");
-        };
-
-        let result = handle_missing_enum_fill_with(&mut plan, &[], mock_enum);
-        assert!(result.is_ok());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_apply_enum_fill_with_to_plan_extends_existing() {
-        use vespertide_core::{ColumnType, ComplexColumnType, EnumValues};
-
-        // Start with a fill_with that already has one entry
-        let mut existing_fw = BTreeMap::new();
-        existing_fw.insert("draft".to_string(), "pending".to_string());
-
-        let mut plan = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 2,
-            actions: vec![MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType {
-                table: "orders".into(),
-                column: "status".into(),
-                new_type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                    name: "order_status".into(),
-                    values: EnumValues::String(vec!["pending".into(), "shipped".into()]),
-                }),
-                fill_with: Some(existing_fw),
-            }],
-        };
-
-        // Collect additional mappings
-        let mut new_mappings = BTreeMap::new();
-        new_mappings.insert("cancelled".to_string(), "shipped".to_string());
-        let collected = vec![(0usize, new_mappings)];
-
-        apply_enum_fill_with_to_plan(&mut plan, &collected);
-
-        if let MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType { fill_with, .. } = &plan.actions[0] {
-            let fw = fill_with.as_ref().expect("fill_with should be set");
-            // Original entry preserved
-            assert_eq!(fw.get("draft"), Some(&"pending".to_string()));
-            // New entry added
-            assert_eq!(fw.get("cancelled"), Some(&"shipped".to_string()));
-            // Total 2 entries
-            assert_eq!(fw.len(), 2);
-        } else {
-            panic!("Expected ModifyColumnType");
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_strip_enum_quotes_with_quotes() {
-        assert_eq!(strip_enum_quotes("'active'".to_string()), "active");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_strip_enum_quotes_bare_value() {
-        assert_eq!(strip_enum_quotes("active".to_string()), "active");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_strip_enum_quotes_empty() {
-        assert_eq!(strip_enum_quotes(String::new()), "");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_strip_enum_quotes_only_leading() {
-        assert_eq!(strip_enum_quotes("'active".to_string()), "active");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_strip_enum_quotes_only_trailing() {
-        assert_eq!(strip_enum_quotes("active'".to_string()), "active");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_parse_delete_null_rows_args() {
-        let args = vec!["users.email".to_string(), "orders.user_id".to_string()];
-        let result = parse_delete_null_rows_args(&args);
-        assert_eq!(result.len(), 2);
-        assert!(result.contains(&("users".to_string(), "email".to_string())));
-        assert!(result.contains(&("orders".to_string(), "user_id".to_string())));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_parse_delete_null_rows_args_invalid_format() {
-        let args = vec!["invalid_no_dot".to_string(), "valid.column".to_string()];
-        let result = parse_delete_null_rows_args(&args);
-        assert_eq!(result.len(), 1);
-        assert!(result.contains(&("valid".to_string(), "column".to_string())));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_parse_delete_null_rows_args_empty() {
-        let result = parse_delete_null_rows_args(&[]);
-        assert!(result.is_empty());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_apply_delete_null_rows_to_plan() {
-        use vespertide_core::MigrationPlan;
-
-        let mut plan = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 1,
-            actions: vec![MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
-                table: "orders".into(),
-                column: "user_id".into(),
-                nullable: false,
-                fill_with: None,
-                delete_null_rows: None,
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let mut delete_set = HashSet::new();
-        delete_set.insert(("orders".to_string(), "user_id".to_string()));
-        apply_delete_null_rows_to_plan(&mut plan, &delete_set);
-
-        match &plan.actions[0] {
-            MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
-                delete_null_rows, ..
-            } => {
-                assert_eq!(delete_null_rows, &Some(true));
-            }
-            _ => panic!("Expected ModifyColumnNullable action"),
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_apply_delete_null_rows_to_plan_skips_nullable_true() {
-        use vespertide_core::MigrationPlan;
-
-        let mut plan = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 1,
-            actions: vec![MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
-                table: "orders".into(),
-                column: "user_id".into(),
-                nullable: true,
-                fill_with: None,
-                delete_null_rows: None,
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let mut delete_set = HashSet::new();
-        delete_set.insert(("orders".to_string(), "user_id".to_string()));
-        apply_delete_null_rows_to_plan(&mut plan, &delete_set);
-
-        match &plan.actions[0] {
-            MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
-                delete_null_rows, ..
-            } => {
-                assert_eq!(delete_null_rows, &None);
-            }
-            _ => panic!("Expected ModifyColumnNullable action"),
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_apply_delete_null_rows_to_plan_skips_already_set() {
-        use vespertide_core::MigrationPlan;
-
-        let mut plan = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 1,
-            actions: vec![MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
-                table: "orders".into(),
-                column: "user_id".into(),
-                nullable: false,
-                fill_with: None,
-                delete_null_rows: Some(false),
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let mut delete_set = HashSet::new();
-        delete_set.insert(("orders".to_string(), "user_id".to_string()));
-        apply_delete_null_rows_to_plan(&mut plan, &delete_set);
-
-        match &plan.actions[0] {
-            MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
-                delete_null_rows, ..
-            } => {
-                assert_eq!(delete_null_rows, &Some(false));
-            }
-            _ => panic!("Expected ModifyColumnNullable action"),
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_apply_delete_null_rows_to_plan_no_match() {
-        use vespertide_core::MigrationPlan;
-
-        let mut plan = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 1,
-            actions: vec![MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
-                table: "orders".into(),
-                column: "user_id".into(),
-                nullable: false,
-                fill_with: None,
-                delete_null_rows: None,
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let mut delete_set = HashSet::new();
-        delete_set.insert(("other_table".to_string(), "other_col".to_string()));
-        apply_delete_null_rows_to_plan(&mut plan, &delete_set);
-
-        match &plan.actions[0] {
-            MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
-                delete_null_rows, ..
-            } => {
-                assert_eq!(delete_null_rows, &None);
-            }
-            _ => panic!("Expected ModifyColumnNullable action"),
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_handle_delete_null_rows_fk_accepted() {
-        use vespertide_core::MigrationPlan;
-        use vespertide_planner::FillWithRequired;
-
-        let mut plan = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 1,
-            actions: vec![MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
-                table: "orders".into(),
-                column: "user_id".into(),
-                nullable: false,
-                fill_with: None,
-                delete_null_rows: None,
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let mut missing = vec![FillWithRequired {
-            action_index: 0,
-            table: "orders".to_string(),
-            column: "user_id".to_string(),
-            action_type: "ModifyColumnNullable",
-            column_type: "integer".to_string(),
-            default_value: "0".to_string(),
-            enum_values: None,
-            has_foreign_key: true,
-        }];
-
-        let delete_set = HashSet::new();
-
-        let mock_prompt = |_table: &str, _column: &str| -> Result<bool> { Ok(true) };
-
-        let result = handle_delete_null_rows(&mut plan, &mut missing, &delete_set, mock_prompt);
-        assert!(result.is_ok());
-
-        assert!(missing.is_empty());
-
-        match &plan.actions[0] {
-            MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
-                delete_null_rows, ..
-            } => {
-                assert_eq!(delete_null_rows, &Some(true));
-            }
-            _ => panic!("Expected ModifyColumnNullable"),
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_handle_delete_null_rows_fk_declined() {
-        use vespertide_core::MigrationPlan;
-        use vespertide_planner::FillWithRequired;
-
-        let mut plan = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 1,
-            actions: vec![MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
-                table: "orders".into(),
-                column: "user_id".into(),
-                nullable: false,
-                fill_with: None,
-                delete_null_rows: None,
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let mut missing = vec![FillWithRequired {
-            action_index: 0,
-            table: "orders".to_string(),
-            column: "user_id".to_string(),
-            action_type: "ModifyColumnNullable",
-            column_type: "integer".to_string(),
-            default_value: "0".to_string(),
-            enum_values: None,
-            has_foreign_key: true,
-        }];
-
-        let delete_set = HashSet::new();
-
-        let mock_prompt = |_table: &str, _column: &str| -> Result<bool> { Ok(false) };
-
-        let result = handle_delete_null_rows(&mut plan, &mut missing, &delete_set, mock_prompt);
-        assert!(result.is_ok());
-
-        assert_eq!(missing.len(), 1);
-        assert_eq!(missing[0].table, "orders");
-
-        match &plan.actions[0] {
-            MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
-                delete_null_rows, ..
-            } => {
-                assert_eq!(delete_null_rows, &None);
-            }
-            _ => panic!("Expected ModifyColumnNullable"),
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_handle_delete_null_rows_cli_provided() {
-        use vespertide_core::MigrationPlan;
-        use vespertide_planner::FillWithRequired;
-
-        let mut plan = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 1,
-            actions: vec![MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
-                table: "orders".into(),
-                column: "user_id".into(),
-                nullable: false,
-                fill_with: None,
-                delete_null_rows: None,
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let mut missing = vec![FillWithRequired {
-            action_index: 0,
-            table: "orders".to_string(),
-            column: "user_id".to_string(),
-            action_type: "ModifyColumnNullable",
-            column_type: "integer".to_string(),
-            default_value: "0".to_string(),
-            enum_values: None,
-            has_foreign_key: false,
-        }];
-
-        let mut delete_set = HashSet::new();
-        delete_set.insert(("orders".to_string(), "user_id".to_string()));
-
-        let mock_prompt = |_table: &str, _column: &str| -> Result<bool> {
-            panic!("Should not be called for CLI-provided items");
-        };
-
-        let result = handle_delete_null_rows(&mut plan, &mut missing, &delete_set, mock_prompt);
-        assert!(result.is_ok());
-
-        assert!(missing.is_empty());
-
-        match &plan.actions[0] {
-            MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
-                delete_null_rows, ..
-            } => {
-                assert_eq!(delete_null_rows, &Some(true));
-            }
-            _ => panic!("Expected ModifyColumnNullable"),
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_handle_delete_null_rows_non_fk_passthrough() {
-        use vespertide_core::MigrationPlan;
-        use vespertide_planner::FillWithRequired;
-
-        let mut plan = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 1,
-            actions: vec![MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
-                table: "users".into(),
-                column: "email".into(),
-                nullable: false,
-                fill_with: None,
-                delete_null_rows: None,
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let mut missing = vec![FillWithRequired {
-            action_index: 0,
-            table: "users".to_string(),
-            column: "email".to_string(),
-            action_type: "ModifyColumnNullable",
-            column_type: "text".to_string(),
-            default_value: "''".to_string(),
-            enum_values: None,
-            has_foreign_key: false,
-        }];
-
-        let delete_set = HashSet::new();
-
-        let mock_prompt = |_table: &str, _column: &str| -> Result<bool> {
-            panic!("Should not be called for non-FK items");
-        };
-
-        let result = handle_delete_null_rows(&mut plan, &mut missing, &delete_set, mock_prompt);
-        assert!(result.is_ok());
-
-        assert_eq!(missing.len(), 1);
-        assert_eq!(missing[0].column, "email");
-
-        match &plan.actions[0] {
-            MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
-                delete_null_rows, ..
-            } => {
-                assert_eq!(delete_null_rows, &None);
-            }
-            _ => panic!("Expected ModifyColumnNullable"),
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_handle_delete_null_rows_prompt_error() {
-        use vespertide_core::MigrationPlan;
-        use vespertide_planner::FillWithRequired;
-
-        let mut plan = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 1,
-            actions: vec![MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
-                table: "orders".into(),
-                column: "user_id".into(),
-                nullable: false,
-                fill_with: None,
-                delete_null_rows: None,
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let mut missing = vec![FillWithRequired {
-            action_index: 0,
-            table: "orders".to_string(),
-            column: "user_id".to_string(),
-            action_type: "ModifyColumnNullable",
-            column_type: "integer".to_string(),
-            default_value: "0".to_string(),
-            enum_values: None,
-            has_foreign_key: true,
-        }];
-
-        let delete_set = HashSet::new();
-
-        let mock_prompt = |_table: &str, _column: &str| -> Result<bool> {
-            Err(anyhow::anyhow!("user cancelled"))
-        };
-
-        let result = handle_delete_null_rows(&mut plan, &mut missing, &delete_set, mock_prompt);
-        assert!(result.is_err());
-    }
-
-    /// Integration test: FK column nullable→not-null triggers handle_delete_null_rows (line 489)
-    #[tokio::test]
-    #[serial_test::serial]
-    async fn cmd_revision_core_handles_delete_null_rows_for_fk_column() {
-        use vespertide_core::MigrationPlan;
-        use vespertide_core::schema::foreign_key::{ForeignKeyDef, ForeignKeySyntax};
-
-        let tmp = tempdir().unwrap();
-        let _guard = CwdGuard::new(&tmp.path().to_path_buf());
-
-        let cfg = write_config();
-        std_fs::create_dir_all(cfg.migrations_dir()).unwrap();
-
-        // Write v1 migration: create "orders" table with nullable user_id
-        let v1 = MigrationPlan {
-            id: "v1-id".to_string(),
-            comment: Some("init".to_string()),
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 1,
-            actions: vec![MigrationAction::CreateTable {
-                table: "orders".into(),
-                columns: vec![
-                    ColumnDef {
-                        name: "id".into(),
-                        r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                        nullable: false,
-                        default: None,
-                        comment: None,
-                        primary_key: None,
-                        unique: None,
-                        index: None,
-                        foreign_key: None,
-                    },
-                    ColumnDef {
-                        name: "user_id".into(),
-                        r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                        nullable: true, // nullable in v1
-                        default: None,
-                        comment: None,
-                        primary_key: None,
-                        unique: None,
-                        index: None,
-                        foreign_key: None,
-                    },
-                ],
-                constraints: vec![
-                    TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                        auto_increment: false,
-                        columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                    },
-                    TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                        name: Some("fk_orders__user_id".into()),
-                        columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
-                        ref_table: "users".into(),
-                        ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                        on_delete: None,
-                        on_update: None,
-                    },
-                ],
-            }],
-        };
-        let v1_path = cfg.migrations_dir().join("0001_init.vespertide.json");
-        std_fs::write(&v1_path, serde_json::to_string_pretty(&v1).unwrap()).unwrap();
-
-        // Write updated model: user_id is now NOT NULL
-        let models_dir = PathBuf::from("models");
-        std_fs::create_dir_all(&models_dir).unwrap();
-        let users_model = TableDef {
-            name: "users".to_string(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![ColumnDef {
-                name: "id".into(),
-                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                nullable: false,
-                default: None,
-                comment: None,
-                primary_key: None,
-                unique: None,
-                index: None,
-                foreign_key: None,
-            }],
-            constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                auto_increment: false,
-                columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            }],
-        };
-        std_fs::write(
-            models_dir.join("users.json"),
-            serde_json::to_string_pretty(&users_model).unwrap(),
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-
-        let model = TableDef {
-            name: "orders".to_string(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "id".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "user_id".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                    nullable: false, // NOT NULL now
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: Some(ForeignKeySyntax::Object(ForeignKeyDef {
-                        ref_table: "users".into(),
-                        ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                        on_delete: None,
-                        on_update: None,
-                    })),
-                },
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                auto_increment: false,
-                columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            }],
-        };
-        std_fs::write(
-            models_dir.join("orders.json"),
-            serde_json::to_string_pretty(&model).unwrap(),
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-
-        // Mock prompts
-        let recreate_prompt = |_: &[RecreateTableRequired]| -> Result<bool> { Ok(true) };
-        let delete_prompt = |_table: &str, _col: &str| -> Result<bool> { Ok(true) };
-        let fill_prompt = |_p: &str, _d: &str| -> Result<String> {
-            panic!("fill prompt should not be called — FK handled by delete_null_rows");
-        };
-        let enum_prompt = |_p: &str, _v: &[String]| -> Result<String> {
-            panic!("enum prompt should not be called");
-        };
-        let enum_bare_prompt = |_p: &str, _v: &[String]| -> Result<String> {
-            panic!("enum bare prompt should not be called");
-        };
-
-        let result = cmd_revision_core(
-            "make user_id required".into(),
-            vec![],
-            vec![],
-            RevisionPromptFns {
-                recreate_prompt_fn: recreate_prompt,
-                delete_null_rows_prompt_fn: delete_prompt,
-                fill_with_prompt_fn: fill_prompt,
-                enum_prompt_fn: enum_prompt,
-                enum_bare_prompt_fn: enum_bare_prompt,
-            },
-        )
-        .await;
-
-        assert!(
-            result.is_ok(),
-            "cmd_revision_core failed: {:?}",
-            result.err()
-        );
-
-        // Verify migration was created
-        let entries: Vec<_> = std_fs::read_dir(cfg.migrations_dir())
-            .unwrap()
-            .filter_map(|e| e.ok())
-            .collect();
-        // Should have 2 files: v1 + new v2
-        assert_eq!(entries.len(), 2);
-    }
-
-    /// Integration test: non-FK column nullable→not-null triggers collect_fill_with_values (lines 494-495)
-    #[tokio::test]
-    #[serial_test::serial]
-    async fn cmd_revision_core_handles_fill_with_for_non_fk_column() {
-        use vespertide_core::MigrationPlan;
-
-        let tmp = tempdir().unwrap();
-        let _guard = CwdGuard::new(&tmp.path().to_path_buf());
-
-        let cfg = write_config();
-        std_fs::create_dir_all(cfg.migrations_dir()).unwrap();
-
-        // Write v1 migration: create "users" table with nullable email
-        let v1 = MigrationPlan {
-            id: "v1-id".to_string(),
-            comment: Some("init".to_string()),
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 1,
-            actions: vec![MigrationAction::CreateTable {
-                table: "users".into(),
-                columns: vec![
-                    ColumnDef {
-                        name: "id".into(),
-                        r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                        nullable: false,
-                        default: None,
-                        comment: None,
-                        primary_key: None,
-                        unique: None,
-                        index: None,
-                        foreign_key: None,
-                    },
-                    ColumnDef {
-                        name: "email".into(),
-                        r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                        nullable: true, // nullable in v1
-                        default: None,
-                        comment: None,
-                        primary_key: None,
-                        unique: None,
-                        index: None,
-                        foreign_key: None,
-                    },
-                ],
-                constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                    auto_increment: false,
-                    columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                }],
-            }],
-        };
-        let v1_path = cfg.migrations_dir().join("0001_init.vespertide.json");
-        std_fs::write(&v1_path, serde_json::to_string_pretty(&v1).unwrap()).unwrap();
-
-        // Write updated model: email is now NOT NULL (no default)
-        let models_dir = PathBuf::from("models");
-        std_fs::create_dir_all(&models_dir).unwrap();
-        let model = TableDef {
-            name: "users".to_string(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "id".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "email".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                    nullable: false, // NOT NULL now
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                auto_increment: false,
-                columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            }],
-        };
-        std_fs::write(
-            models_dir.join("users.json"),
-            serde_json::to_string_pretty(&model).unwrap(),
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-
-        // Mock prompts
-        let recreate_prompt = |_: &[RecreateTableRequired]| -> Result<bool> { Ok(true) };
-        let delete_prompt = |_table: &str, _col: &str| -> Result<bool> { Ok(false) };
-        let fill_prompt = |_p: &str, _d: &str| -> Result<String> { Ok("'unknown'".to_string()) };
-        let enum_prompt = |_p: &str, _v: &[String]| -> Result<String> {
-            panic!("enum prompt should not be called");
-        };
-        let enum_bare_prompt = |_p: &str, _v: &[String]| -> Result<String> {
-            panic!("enum bare prompt should not be called");
-        };
-
-        let result = cmd_revision_core(
-            "make email required".into(),
-            vec![],
-            vec![],
-            RevisionPromptFns {
-                recreate_prompt_fn: recreate_prompt,
-                delete_null_rows_prompt_fn: delete_prompt,
-                fill_with_prompt_fn: fill_prompt,
-                enum_prompt_fn: enum_prompt,
-                enum_bare_prompt_fn: enum_bare_prompt,
-            },
-        )
-        .await;
-
-        assert!(
-            result.is_ok(),
-            "cmd_revision_core failed: {:?}",
-            result.err()
-        );
-
-        // Verify migration was written with fill_with
-        let entries: Vec<_> = std_fs::read_dir(cfg.migrations_dir())
-            .unwrap()
-            .filter_map(|e| e.ok())
-            .collect();
-        assert_eq!(entries.len(), 2);
-
-        // Read the v2 migration and verify fill_with was applied
-        let v2_path = entries
-            .iter()
-            .find(|e| e.file_name().to_string_lossy().contains("0002"))
-            .expect("v2 migration not found");
-        let v2_content = std_fs::read_to_string(v2_path.path()).unwrap();
-        assert!(
-            v2_content.contains("fill_with"),
-            "Expected fill_with in migration, got: {}",
-            v2_content
-        );
-    }
-}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-cli/src/commands/revision/emit.rs b/crates/vespertide-cli/src/commands/revision/emit.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..69cd8ea9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-cli/src/commands/revision/emit.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,255 @@
+use std::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet, HashMap, HashSet};
+
+use anyhow::Result;
+use vespertide_core::{MigrationAction, MigrationPlan, TableConstraint, TableDef};
+
+/// Apply `fill_with` values to a migration plan.
+pub(super) fn apply_fill_with_to_plan(
+    plan: &mut MigrationPlan,
+    fill_values: &HashMap<(String, String), String>,
+) {
+    for action in &mut plan.actions {
+        match action {
+            MigrationAction::AddColumn {
+                table,
+                column,
+                fill_with,
+            } => {
+                if fill_with.is_none()
+                    && let Some(value) = fill_values.get(&(table.clone(), column.name.clone()))
+                {
+                    *fill_with = Some(value.clone());
+                }
+            }
+            MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
+                table,
+                column,
+                fill_with,
+                ..
+            } => {
+                if fill_with.is_none()
+                    && let Some(value) = fill_values.get(&(table.clone(), column.clone()))
+                {
+                    *fill_with = Some(value.clone());
+                }
+            }
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Apply `delete_null_rows` flags to matching `ModifyColumnNullable` actions.
+pub(super) fn apply_delete_null_rows_to_plan(
+    plan: &mut MigrationPlan,
+    delete_set: &HashSet<(String, String)>,
+) {
+    for action in &mut plan.actions {
+        if let MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
+            table,
+            column,
+            nullable,
+            delete_null_rows,
+            ..
+        } = action
+            && !*nullable
+            && delete_null_rows.is_none()
+            && delete_set.contains(&(table.clone(), column.clone()))
+        {
+            *delete_null_rows = Some(true);
+        }
+    }
+}
+/// Apply collected enum `fill_with` mappings to the migration plan.
+pub(super) fn apply_enum_fill_with_to_plan(
+    plan: &mut MigrationPlan,
+    collected: &[(usize, BTreeMap<String, String>)],
+) {
+    for (action_index, mappings) in collected {
+        if let Some(MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType { fill_with, .. }) =
+            plan.actions.get_mut(*action_index)
+        {
+            match fill_with {
+                Some(existing) => {
+                    existing.extend(mappings.clone());
+                }
+                None => {
+                    *fill_with = Some(mappings.clone());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+/// Reason why a table needs to be recreated.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub(super) enum RecreateReason {
+    /// A new non-nullable FK column is being added.
+    AddColumnWithFk,
+    /// A FK constraint is being added to an existing non-nullable column.
+    AddFkToExistingColumn,
+}
+
+/// A table that needs to be recreated because of a non-nullable FK constraint issue.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub(super) struct RecreateTableRequired {
+    pub(super) table: String,
+    pub(super) column: String,
+    pub(super) reason: RecreateReason,
+}
+
+/// Find actions that require table recreation due to non-nullable FK constraints.
+///
+/// Two cases are detected:
+/// 1. **`AddColumn` with FK**: A new non-nullable FK column is being added (no default).
+/// 2. **AddConstraint(FK) on existing column**: A FK constraint is being added to an
+///    existing non-nullable column without a default.
+///
+/// In both cases, existing rows cannot satisfy the foreign key constraint,
+/// so the table must be recreated (`DeleteTable` + `CreateTable`).
+pub(super) fn find_non_nullable_fk_add_columns(
+    plan: &MigrationPlan,
+    current_models: &[TableDef],
+) -> Vec<RecreateTableRequired> {
+    // Collect FK columns from AddConstraint actions; lookup-only, ordering unused.
+    let mut fk_columns: HashSet<(String, String)> = HashSet::new();
+    for action in &plan.actions {
+        if let MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
+            table,
+            constraint: TableConstraint::ForeignKey { columns, .. },
+        } = action
+        {
+            for col in columns {
+                fk_columns.insert((table.clone(), col.clone()));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Collect columns being added in this migration (to distinguish new vs existing); lookup-only, ordering unused.
+    let mut added_columns: HashSet<(String, String)> = HashSet::new();
+    for action in &plan.actions {
+        if let MigrationAction::AddColumn { table, column, .. } = action {
+            added_columns.insert((table.clone(), column.name.clone()));
+        }
+    }
+
+    let mut result = Vec::new();
+
+    // Case 1: AddColumn with FK (new non-nullable FK column)
+    for action in &plan.actions {
+        if let MigrationAction::AddColumn { table, column, .. } = action {
+            let has_fk = column.foreign_key.is_some()
+                || fk_columns.contains(&(table.clone(), column.name.clone()));
+            if has_fk && !column.nullable && column.default.is_none() {
+                result.push(RecreateTableRequired {
+                    table: table.clone(),
+                    column: column.name.clone(),
+                    reason: RecreateReason::AddColumnWithFk,
+                });
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Case 2: AddConstraint(FK) on existing non-nullable column
+    for action in &plan.actions {
+        if let MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
+            table,
+            constraint: TableConstraint::ForeignKey { columns, .. },
+        } = action
+        {
+            for col_name in columns {
+                // Skip if this column is being added in this migration (handled by Case 1)
+                if added_columns.contains(&(table.clone(), col_name.clone())) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                // Look up column in current models to check nullability
+                if let Some(model) = current_models
+                    .iter()
+                    .find(|m| m.name.as_str() == table.as_str())
+                    && let Some(col_def) = model
+                        .columns
+                        .iter()
+                        .find(|c| c.name.as_str() == col_name.as_str())
+                    && !col_def.nullable
+                    && col_def.default.is_none()
+                {
+                    result.push(RecreateTableRequired {
+                        table: table.clone(),
+                        column: col_name.clone(),
+                        reason: RecreateReason::AddFkToExistingColumn,
+                    });
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    result
+}
+
+/// Rewrite the migration plan to recreate tables instead of adding columns.
+/// Removes all column/constraint actions targeting the recreated tables and replaces
+/// them with `DeleteTable` + `CreateTable` using the full target model.
+pub(super) fn rewrite_plan_for_recreation(
+    plan: &mut MigrationPlan,
+    recreate_tables: &[RecreateTableRequired],
+    current_models: &[TableDef],
+) {
+    let tables_to_recreate: BTreeSet<&str> =
+        recreate_tables.iter().map(|r| r.table.as_str()).collect();
+
+    // Remove all column/constraint actions targeting recreated tables
+    plan.actions.retain(|action| {
+        let table = match action {
+            MigrationAction::AddColumn { table, .. }
+            | MigrationAction::DeleteColumn { table, .. }
+            | MigrationAction::RenameColumn { table, .. }
+            | MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType { table, .. }
+            | MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable { table, .. }
+            | MigrationAction::ModifyColumnDefault { table, .. }
+            | MigrationAction::ModifyColumnComment { table, .. }
+            | MigrationAction::AddConstraint { table, .. }
+            | MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint { table, .. }
+            | MigrationAction::ReplaceConstraint { table, .. } => Some(table.as_str()),
+            _ => None,
+        };
+        table.is_none_or(|t| !tables_to_recreate.contains(t))
+    });
+
+    // Add DeleteTable + CreateTable for each recreated table
+    for table_name in &tables_to_recreate {
+        if let Some(model) = current_models
+            .iter()
+            .find(|m| m.name.as_str() == *table_name)
+        {
+            plan.actions.push(MigrationAction::DeleteTable {
+                table: table_name.to_string(),
+            });
+            plan.actions.push(MigrationAction::CreateTable {
+                table: model.name.clone(),
+                columns: model.columns.clone(),
+                constraints: model.constraints.clone(),
+            });
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub(super) fn handle_recreate_requirements<F>(
+    plan: &mut MigrationPlan,
+    current_models: &[TableDef],
+    prompt_fn: F,
+) -> Result<()>
+where
+    F: Fn(&[RecreateTableRequired]) -> Result<bool>,
+{
+    let recreate_tables = find_non_nullable_fk_add_columns(plan, current_models);
+    if recreate_tables.is_empty() {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+
+    if !prompt_fn(&recreate_tables)? {
+        anyhow::bail!(
+            "Migration cancelled. To proceed without recreation, make the column nullable or add it with a default value that references an existing row."
+        );
+    }
+
+    rewrite_plan_for_recreation(plan, &recreate_tables, current_models);
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-cli/src/commands/revision/mod.rs b/crates/vespertide-cli/src/commands/revision/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..03364e34
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-cli/src/commands/revision/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+use anyhow::Result;
+use chrono::Utc;
+use colored::Colorize;
+use vespertide_planner::{find_missing_fill_with, plan_next_migration, schema_from_plans};
+
+use crate::utils::{load_config, load_migrations, load_models};
+
+mod emit;
+mod parse;
+mod prompts;
+mod write;
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests;
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+use emit::*;
+#[cfg(test)]
+use parse::*;
+#[cfg(test)]
+use prompts::*;
+
+use emit::RecreateTableRequired;
+
+pub async fn cmd_revision(
+    message: String,
+    fill_with_args: Vec<String>,
+    delete_null_rows_args: Vec<String>,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    cmd_revision_core(
+        message,
+        fill_with_args,
+        delete_null_rows_args,
+        RevisionPromptFns {
+            recreate: prompts::prompt_recreate_tables,
+            delete_null_rows: prompts::prompt_delete_null_rows,
+            fill_with: prompts::prompt_fill_with_value,
+            enum_quoted: prompts::prompt_enum_value,
+            enum_bare: prompts::prompt_enum_value_bare,
+        },
+    )
+    .await
+}
+
+struct RevisionPromptFns<R, D, F, E, EB> {
+    recreate: R,
+    delete_null_rows: D,
+    fill_with: F,
+    enum_quoted: E,
+    enum_bare: EB,
+}
+
+async fn cmd_revision_core<R, D, F, E, EB>(
+    message: String,
+    fill_with_args: Vec<String>,
+    delete_null_rows_args: Vec<String>,
+    prompt_fns: RevisionPromptFns<R, D, F, E, EB>,
+) -> Result<()>
+where
+    R: Fn(&[RecreateTableRequired]) -> Result<bool>,
+    D: Fn(&str, &str) -> Result<bool>,
+    F: Fn(&str, &str) -> Result<String>,
+    E: Fn(&str, &[String]) -> Result<String>,
+    EB: Fn(&str, &[String]) -> Result<String>,
+{
+    let RevisionPromptFns {
+        recreate: recreate_prompt_fn,
+        delete_null_rows: delete_null_rows_prompt_fn,
+        fill_with: fill_with_prompt_fn,
+        enum_quoted: enum_prompt_fn,
+        enum_bare: enum_bare_prompt_fn,
+    } = prompt_fns;
+
+    let config = load_config()?;
+    let current_models = load_models(&config)?;
+    let applied_plans = load_migrations(&config)?;
+
+    let mut plan = plan_next_migration(&current_models, &applied_plans)
+        .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("planning error: {e}"))?;
+
+    // Check for non-nullable FK changes that require table recreation.
+    emit::handle_recreate_requirements(&mut plan, &current_models, recreate_prompt_fn)?;
+
+    if plan.actions.is_empty() {
+        println!(
+            "{} {}",
+            "No changes detected.".bright_yellow(),
+            "Nothing to migrate.".bright_white()
+        );
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+
+    // Reconstruct baseline schema for column type lookups
+    let baseline_schema = schema_from_plans(&applied_plans)
+        .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("schema reconstruction error: {e}"))?;
+
+    // Parse CLI fill_with arguments
+    let mut fill_values = parse::parse_fill_with_args(&fill_with_args);
+    let delete_set = parse::parse_delete_null_rows_args(&delete_null_rows_args);
+
+    // Apply any CLI-provided fill_with values first
+    emit::apply_fill_with_to_plan(&mut plan, &fill_values);
+    emit::apply_delete_null_rows_to_plan(&mut plan, &delete_set);
+
+    // Find all missing fill_with values
+    let mut missing = find_missing_fill_with(&plan, &baseline_schema);
+
+    // Handle FK columns with delete_null_rows option first
+    if !missing.is_empty() {
+        prompts::handle_delete_null_rows(
+            &mut plan,
+            &mut missing,
+            &delete_set,
+            delete_null_rows_prompt_fn,
+        )?;
+    }
+
+    // Handle remaining missing fill_with values interactively
+    if !missing.is_empty() {
+        prompts::collect_fill_with_values(
+            &missing,
+            &mut fill_values,
+            fill_with_prompt_fn,
+            enum_prompt_fn,
+        )?;
+        emit::apply_fill_with_to_plan(&mut plan, &fill_values);
+    }
+
+    // Handle any missing enum fill_with values (for removed enum values) interactively
+    prompts::handle_missing_enum_fill_with(&mut plan, &baseline_schema, enum_bare_prompt_fn)?;
+
+    plan.id = uuid::Uuid::new_v4().to_string();
+    plan.comment = Some(message);
+    if plan.created_at.is_none() {
+        // Record creation time in RFC3339 (UTC).
+        plan.created_at = Some(Utc::now().to_rfc3339_opts(chrono::SecondsFormat::Secs, true));
+    }
+
+    let path = write::write_migration_file(&config, &plan).await?;
+
+    println!(
+        "{} {}",
+        "Created migration:".bright_green().bold(),
+        format!("{}", path.display()).bright_white()
+    );
+    println!(
+        "  {} {}",
+        "Version:".bright_cyan(),
+        plan.version.to_string().bright_magenta().bold()
+    );
+    println!(
+        "  {} {}",
+        "Actions:".bright_cyan(),
+        plan.actions.len().to_string().bright_yellow()
+    );
+    if let Some(comment) = &plan.comment {
+        println!("  {} {}", "Comment:".bright_cyan(), comment.bright_white());
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-cli/src/commands/revision/parse.rs b/crates/vespertide-cli/src/commands/revision/parse.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0db77727
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-cli/src/commands/revision/parse.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
+
+/// Parse `fill_with` arguments from CLI.
+/// Format: table.column=value
+pub(super) fn parse_fill_with_args(args: &[String]) -> HashMap<(String, String), String> {
+    let mut map = HashMap::new();
+    for arg in args {
+        if let Some((key, value)) = arg.split_once('=')
+            && let Some((table, column)) = key.split_once('.')
+        {
+            map.insert((table.to_string(), column.to_string()), value.to_string());
+        }
+    }
+    map
+}
+
+/// Parse `delete_null_rows` arguments from CLI.
+/// Format: table.column
+pub(super) fn parse_delete_null_rows_args(args: &[String]) -> HashSet<(String, String)> {
+    let mut set = HashSet::new();
+    for arg in args {
+        if let Some((table, column)) = arg.split_once('.') {
+            set.insert((table.to_string(), column.to_string()));
+        }
+    }
+    set
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-cli/src/commands/revision/prompts.rs b/crates/vespertide-cli/src/commands/revision/prompts.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..29418ced
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-cli/src/commands/revision/prompts.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,364 @@
+use std::collections::{BTreeMap, HashMap, HashSet};
+
+use anyhow::{Context, Result};
+use colored::Colorize;
+use dialoguer::{Confirm, Input, Select};
+use vespertide_core::{MigrationAction, MigrationPlan, TableDef};
+#[cfg(test)]
+use vespertide_planner::find_missing_fill_with;
+use vespertide_planner::{EnumFillWithRequired, FillWithRequired, find_missing_enum_fill_with};
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+use super::emit::apply_fill_with_to_plan;
+use super::emit::{RecreateReason, RecreateTableRequired, apply_enum_fill_with_to_plan};
+
+/// Format the type info string for display.
+/// Includes column type and default value hint if available.
+pub(super) fn format_type_info(column_type: &str, default_value: &str) -> String {
+    format!(" ({column_type}, default: {default_value})")
+}
+
+/// Format a single `fill_with` item for display.
+pub(super) fn format_fill_with_item(
+    table: &str,
+    column: &str,
+    type_info: &str,
+    action_type: &str,
+) -> String {
+    format!(
+        "  {} {}.{}{}\n    {} {}",
+        "•".bright_cyan(),
+        table.bright_white(),
+        column.bright_green(),
+        type_info.bright_black(),
+        "Action:".bright_black(),
+        action_type.bright_magenta()
+    )
+}
+
+/// Format the prompt string for interactive input.
+pub(super) fn format_fill_with_prompt(table: &str, column: &str) -> String {
+    format!(
+        "  Enter fill value for {}.{}",
+        table.bright_white(),
+        column.bright_green()
+    )
+}
+
+/// Print the header for `fill_with` prompts.
+pub(super) fn print_fill_with_header() {
+    println!(
+        "\n{} {}",
+        "⚠".bright_yellow(),
+        "The following columns require fill_with values:".bright_yellow()
+    );
+    println!("{}", "─".repeat(60).bright_black());
+}
+
+/// Print the footer for `fill_with` prompts.
+pub(super) fn print_fill_with_footer() {
+    println!("{}", "─".repeat(60).bright_black());
+}
+
+/// Print a `fill_with` item and return the formatted prompt.
+pub(super) fn print_fill_with_item_and_get_prompt(
+    table: &str,
+    column: &str,
+    column_type: &str,
+    default_value: &str,
+    action_type: &str,
+) -> String {
+    let type_info = format_type_info(column_type, default_value);
+    let item_display = format_fill_with_item(table, column, &type_info, action_type);
+    println!("{item_display}");
+    format_fill_with_prompt(table, column)
+}
+
+/// Wrap a value with single quotes if it contains spaces and isn't already quoted.
+pub(super) fn wrap_if_spaces(value: String) -> String {
+    if value.is_empty() {
+        return value;
+    }
+    // Already wrapped with single quotes
+    if value.starts_with('\'') && value.ends_with('\'') {
+        return value;
+    }
+    // Contains spaces: wrap with single quotes
+    if value.contains(' ') {
+        return format!("'{value}'");
+    }
+    value
+}
+
+/// Prompt the user for a `fill_with` value using dialoguer.
+/// This function wraps terminal I/O and cannot be unit tested without a real terminal.
+#[cfg(not(tarpaulin_include))]
+pub(super) fn prompt_fill_with_value(prompt: &str, default: &str) -> Result<String> {
+    let value: String = Input::new()
+        .with_prompt(prompt)
+        .default(default.to_string())
+        .interact_text()
+        .context("failed to read input")?;
+    Ok(wrap_if_spaces(value))
+}
+
+/// Prompt the user to select an enum value using dialoguer Select.
+/// Returns the selected value wrapped in single quotes for SQL.
+#[cfg(not(tarpaulin_include))]
+pub(super) fn prompt_enum_value(prompt: &str, enum_values: &[String]) -> Result<String> {
+    let selection = Select::new()
+        .with_prompt(prompt)
+        .items(enum_values)
+        .default(0)
+        .interact()
+        .context("failed to read selection")?;
+    // Return the selected value with single quotes for SQL enum literal
+    Ok(format!("'{}'", enum_values[selection]))
+}
+
+/// Prompt for enum value selection and return bare (unquoted) value.
+/// Used by `cmd_revision` for enum `fill_with` collection where `BTreeMap` stores bare names.
+#[cfg(not(tarpaulin_include))]
+pub(super) fn prompt_enum_value_bare(prompt: &str, values: &[String]) -> Result<String> {
+    let selected = prompt_enum_value(prompt, values)?;
+    Ok(strip_enum_quotes(&selected))
+}
+
+/// Strip SQL single-quotes from an enum value string.
+/// `BTreeMap` stores bare enum names; the SQL layer handles quoting via `Expr::val()`.
+pub(super) fn strip_enum_quotes(value: &str) -> String {
+    value
+        .trim_start_matches('\'')
+        .trim_end_matches('\'')
+        .to_string()
+}
+
+/// Collect `fill_with` values interactively for missing columns.
+/// The `prompt_fn` parameter allows injecting a mock for testing.
+/// The `enum_prompt_fn` parameter handles enum type columns with selection UI.
+pub(super) fn collect_fill_with_values<F, E>(
+    missing: &[vespertide_planner::FillWithRequired],
+    fill_values: &mut HashMap<(String, String), String>,
+    prompt_fn: F,
+    enum_prompt_fn: E,
+) -> Result<()>
+where
+    F: Fn(&str, &str) -> Result<String>,
+    E: Fn(&str, &[String]) -> Result<String>,
+{
+    print_fill_with_header();
+
+    for item in missing {
+        let prompt = print_fill_with_item_and_get_prompt(
+            &item.table,
+            &item.column,
+            &item.column_type,
+            &item.default_value,
+            item.action_type,
+        );
+
+        let value = if let Some(enum_values) = &item.enum_values {
+            // Use selection UI for enum types
+            enum_prompt_fn(&prompt, enum_values)?
+        } else {
+            // Use text input with default pre-filled
+            prompt_fn(&prompt, &item.default_value)?
+        };
+        fill_values.insert((item.table.clone(), item.column.clone()), value);
+    }
+
+    print_fill_with_footer();
+    Ok(())
+}
+/// Handle interactive `fill_with` collection if there are missing values.
+/// Returns the updated `fill_values` map after collecting from user.
+#[cfg(test)]
+pub(super) fn handle_missing_fill_with<F, E>(
+    plan: &mut MigrationPlan,
+    fill_values: &mut HashMap<(String, String), String>,
+    current_schema: &[TableDef],
+    prompt_fn: F,
+    enum_prompt_fn: E,
+) -> Result<()>
+where
+    F: Fn(&str, &str) -> Result<String>,
+    E: Fn(&str, &[String]) -> Result<String>,
+{
+    let missing = find_missing_fill_with(plan, current_schema);
+
+    if !missing.is_empty() {
+        collect_fill_with_values(&missing, fill_values, prompt_fn, enum_prompt_fn)?;
+
+        // Apply the collected fill_with values
+        apply_fill_with_to_plan(plan, fill_values);
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(tarpaulin_include))]
+pub(super) fn prompt_delete_null_rows(table: &str, column: &str) -> Result<bool> {
+    let confirmed = Confirm::new()
+        .with_prompt(format!("  Delete rows where {table}.{column} IS NULL?"))
+        .default(false)
+        .interact()
+        .context("failed to read confirmation")?;
+    Ok(confirmed)
+}
+
+pub(super) fn handle_delete_null_rows<F>(
+    plan: &mut MigrationPlan,
+    missing: &mut Vec<FillWithRequired>,
+    delete_set: &HashSet<(String, String)>,
+    prompt_fn: F,
+) -> Result<()>
+where
+    F: Fn(&str, &str) -> Result<bool>,
+{
+    let mut to_delete = Vec::new();
+    let mut remaining = Vec::new();
+
+    for item in missing.drain(..) {
+        if item.has_foreign_key && !delete_set.contains(&(item.table.clone(), item.column.clone()))
+        {
+            // FK column without CLI arg — prompt user
+            println!(
+                "  {} {}.{} has a foreign key constraint — fill_with may not work.",
+                "\u{2022}".bright_cyan(),
+                item.table.bright_white(),
+                item.column.bright_green()
+            );
+            if prompt_fn(&item.table, &item.column)? {
+                to_delete.push((item.table.clone(), item.column.clone()));
+            } else {
+                remaining.push(item);
+            }
+        } else if delete_set.contains(&(item.table.clone(), item.column.clone())) {
+            to_delete.push((item.table.clone(), item.column.clone()));
+        } else {
+            remaining.push(item);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Apply delete_null_rows to plan
+    for (table, column) in &to_delete {
+        for action in &mut plan.actions {
+            if let MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
+                table: t,
+                column: c,
+                delete_null_rows,
+                ..
+            } = action
+                && t == table
+                && c == column
+            {
+                *delete_null_rows = Some(true);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    *missing = remaining;
+    Ok(())
+}
+/// Collect enum `fill_with` values interactively for removed enum values.
+/// The `enum_prompt_fn` parameter handles enum type columns with selection UI.
+pub(super) fn collect_enum_fill_with_values<E>(
+    missing: &[EnumFillWithRequired],
+    enum_prompt_fn: E,
+) -> Result<Vec<(usize, BTreeMap<String, String>)>>
+where
+    E: Fn(&str, &[String]) -> Result<String>,
+{
+    let mut results = Vec::new();
+
+    println!(
+        "\n{} {}",
+        "\u{26a0}".bright_yellow(),
+        "The following enum value removals require replacement mappings:".bright_yellow()
+    );
+    println!("{}", "\u{2500}".repeat(60).bright_black());
+
+    for item in missing {
+        println!(
+            "  {} {}.{}: removing enum values",
+            "\u{2022}".bright_cyan(),
+            item.table.bright_white(),
+            item.column.bright_green()
+        );
+
+        let mut mappings = BTreeMap::new();
+        for removed in &item.removed_values {
+            let prompt = format!(
+                "  Replace '{}' in {}.{} with",
+                removed.bright_red(),
+                item.table.bright_white(),
+                item.column.bright_green()
+            );
+            let value = enum_prompt_fn(&prompt, &item.remaining_values)?;
+            mappings.insert(removed.clone(), value);
+        }
+        results.push((item.action_index, mappings));
+    }
+
+    println!("{}", "\u{2500}".repeat(60).bright_black());
+    Ok(results)
+}
+
+/// Handle interactive enum `fill_with` collection if there are missing values.
+pub(super) fn handle_missing_enum_fill_with<E>(
+    plan: &mut MigrationPlan,
+    current_schema: &[TableDef],
+    enum_prompt_fn: E,
+) -> Result<()>
+where
+    E: Fn(&str, &[String]) -> Result<String>,
+{
+    let missing = find_missing_enum_fill_with(plan, current_schema);
+
+    if !missing.is_empty() {
+        let collected = collect_enum_fill_with_values(&missing, enum_prompt_fn)?;
+        apply_enum_fill_with_to_plan(plan, &collected);
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+/// Prompt the user to confirm table recreation.
+/// Returns true if the user confirms, false otherwise.
+#[cfg(not(tarpaulin_include))]
+pub(super) fn prompt_recreate_tables(tables: &[RecreateTableRequired]) -> Result<bool> {
+    println!(
+        "\n{} {}",
+        "\u{26a0}".bright_yellow(),
+        "The following tables need to be RECREATED:".bright_yellow()
+    );
+    println!("{}", "\u{2500}".repeat(60).bright_black());
+
+    for item in tables {
+        let reason_msg = match item.reason {
+            RecreateReason::AddColumnWithFk => "adding required FK column",
+            RecreateReason::AddFkToExistingColumn => "adding FK to existing required column",
+        };
+        println!(
+            "  {} Table {} \u{2014} {} {}",
+            "\u{2022}".bright_cyan(),
+            item.table.bright_white(),
+            reason_msg,
+            item.column.bright_green()
+        );
+    }
+
+    println!("{}", "\u{2500}".repeat(60).bright_black());
+    println!(
+        "  {} {}",
+        "\u{26a0}".bright_red(),
+        "ALL DATA in these tables will be DELETED.".bright_red()
+    );
+
+    let confirmed = Confirm::new()
+        .with_prompt("  Proceed with table recreation?")
+        .default(false)
+        .interact()
+        .context("failed to read confirmation")?;
+
+    Ok(confirmed)
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-cli/src/commands/revision/tests.rs b/crates/vespertide-cli/src/commands/revision/tests.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..170283ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-cli/src/commands/revision/tests.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+use super::*;
+pub(super) use anyhow::Result;
+pub(super) use std::{
+    collections::{BTreeMap, HashMap, HashSet},
+    env, fs as std_fs,
+    path::PathBuf,
+};
+pub(super) use tempfile::tempdir;
+pub(super) use vespertide_config::{FileFormat, VespertideConfig};
+pub(super) use vespertide_core::{
+    ColumnDef, ColumnType, MigrationAction, MigrationPlan, SimpleColumnType, TableConstraint,
+    TableDef,
+};
+
+struct CwdGuard {
+    original: PathBuf,
+}
+
+impl CwdGuard {
+    fn new(dir: &PathBuf) -> Self {
+        let original = env::current_dir().unwrap();
+        env::set_current_dir(dir).unwrap();
+        Self { original }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Drop for CwdGuard {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        let _ = env::set_current_dir(&self.original);
+    }
+}
+
+fn write_config() -> VespertideConfig {
+    write_config_with_format(None)
+}
+
+fn write_config_with_format(fmt: Option<FileFormat>) -> VespertideConfig {
+    let mut cfg = VespertideConfig::default();
+    if let Some(f) = fmt {
+        cfg.migration_format = f;
+    }
+    let text = serde_json::to_string_pretty(&cfg).unwrap();
+    std_fs::write("vespertide.json", text).unwrap();
+    cfg
+}
+
+fn write_model(name: &str) {
+    let models_dir = PathBuf::from("models");
+    std_fs::create_dir_all(&models_dir).unwrap();
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: name.to_string(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![ColumnDef {
+            name: "id".into(),
+            r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+            nullable: false,
+            default: None,
+            comment: None,
+            primary_key: None,
+            unique: None,
+            index: None,
+            foreign_key: None,
+        }],
+        constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+            auto_increment: false,
+            columns: vec!["id".into()],
+        }],
+    };
+    let path = models_dir.join(format!("{name}.json"));
+    std_fs::write(path, serde_json::to_string_pretty(&table).unwrap()).unwrap();
+}
+
+mod delete_null_rows;
+mod fill_with;
+mod integration;
+#[path = "tests/prompts.rs"]
+mod prompt_tests;
+mod recreate;
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-cli/src/commands/revision/tests/delete_null_rows.rs b/crates/vespertide-cli/src/commands/revision/tests/delete_null_rows.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b1cbeb21
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-cli/src/commands/revision/tests/delete_null_rows.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,394 @@
+use super::*;
+
+#[test]
+fn test_parse_delete_null_rows_args() {
+    let args = vec!["users.email".to_string(), "orders.user_id".to_string()];
+    let result = parse_delete_null_rows_args(&args);
+    assert_eq!(result.len(), 2);
+    assert!(result.contains(&("users".to_string(), "email".to_string())));
+    assert!(result.contains(&("orders".to_string(), "user_id".to_string())));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_parse_delete_null_rows_args_invalid_format() {
+    let args = vec!["invalid_no_dot".to_string(), "valid.column".to_string()];
+    let result = parse_delete_null_rows_args(&args);
+    assert_eq!(result.len(), 1);
+    assert!(result.contains(&("valid".to_string(), "column".to_string())));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_parse_delete_null_rows_args_empty() {
+    let result = parse_delete_null_rows_args(&[]);
+    assert!(result.is_empty());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_apply_delete_null_rows_to_plan() {
+    use vespertide_core::MigrationPlan;
+
+    let mut plan = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 1,
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
+            table: "orders".into(),
+            column: "user_id".into(),
+            nullable: false,
+            fill_with: None,
+            delete_null_rows: None,
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let mut delete_set = HashSet::new();
+    delete_set.insert(("orders".to_string(), "user_id".to_string()));
+    apply_delete_null_rows_to_plan(&mut plan, &delete_set);
+
+    match &plan.actions[0] {
+        MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
+            delete_null_rows, ..
+        } => {
+            assert_eq!(delete_null_rows, &Some(true));
+        }
+        _ => panic!("Expected ModifyColumnNullable action"),
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_apply_delete_null_rows_to_plan_skips_nullable_true() {
+    use vespertide_core::MigrationPlan;
+
+    let mut plan = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 1,
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
+            table: "orders".into(),
+            column: "user_id".into(),
+            nullable: true,
+            fill_with: None,
+            delete_null_rows: None,
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let mut delete_set = HashSet::new();
+    delete_set.insert(("orders".to_string(), "user_id".to_string()));
+    apply_delete_null_rows_to_plan(&mut plan, &delete_set);
+
+    match &plan.actions[0] {
+        MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
+            delete_null_rows, ..
+        } => {
+            assert_eq!(delete_null_rows, &None);
+        }
+        _ => panic!("Expected ModifyColumnNullable action"),
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_apply_delete_null_rows_to_plan_skips_already_set() {
+    use vespertide_core::MigrationPlan;
+
+    let mut plan = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 1,
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
+            table: "orders".into(),
+            column: "user_id".into(),
+            nullable: false,
+            fill_with: None,
+            delete_null_rows: Some(false),
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let mut delete_set = HashSet::new();
+    delete_set.insert(("orders".to_string(), "user_id".to_string()));
+    apply_delete_null_rows_to_plan(&mut plan, &delete_set);
+
+    match &plan.actions[0] {
+        MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
+            delete_null_rows, ..
+        } => {
+            assert_eq!(delete_null_rows, &Some(false));
+        }
+        _ => panic!("Expected ModifyColumnNullable action"),
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_apply_delete_null_rows_to_plan_no_match() {
+    use vespertide_core::MigrationPlan;
+
+    let mut plan = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 1,
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
+            table: "orders".into(),
+            column: "user_id".into(),
+            nullable: false,
+            fill_with: None,
+            delete_null_rows: None,
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let mut delete_set = HashSet::new();
+    delete_set.insert(("other_table".to_string(), "other_col".to_string()));
+    apply_delete_null_rows_to_plan(&mut plan, &delete_set);
+
+    match &plan.actions[0] {
+        MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
+            delete_null_rows, ..
+        } => {
+            assert_eq!(delete_null_rows, &None);
+        }
+        _ => panic!("Expected ModifyColumnNullable action"),
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_handle_delete_null_rows_fk_accepted() {
+    use vespertide_core::MigrationPlan;
+    use vespertide_planner::FillWithRequired;
+
+    let mut plan = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 1,
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
+            table: "orders".into(),
+            column: "user_id".into(),
+            nullable: false,
+            fill_with: None,
+            delete_null_rows: None,
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let mut missing = vec![FillWithRequired {
+        action_index: 0,
+        table: "orders".to_string(),
+        column: "user_id".to_string(),
+        action_type: "ModifyColumnNullable",
+        column_type: "integer".to_string(),
+        default_value: "0".to_string(),
+        enum_values: None,
+        has_foreign_key: true,
+    }];
+
+    let delete_set = HashSet::new();
+
+    let mock_prompt = |_table: &str, _column: &str| -> Result<bool> { Ok(true) };
+
+    let result = handle_delete_null_rows(&mut plan, &mut missing, &delete_set, mock_prompt);
+    assert!(result.is_ok());
+
+    assert!(missing.is_empty());
+
+    match &plan.actions[0] {
+        MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
+            delete_null_rows, ..
+        } => {
+            assert_eq!(delete_null_rows, &Some(true));
+        }
+        _ => panic!("Expected ModifyColumnNullable"),
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_handle_delete_null_rows_fk_declined() {
+    use vespertide_core::MigrationPlan;
+    use vespertide_planner::FillWithRequired;
+
+    let mut plan = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 1,
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
+            table: "orders".into(),
+            column: "user_id".into(),
+            nullable: false,
+            fill_with: None,
+            delete_null_rows: None,
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let mut missing = vec![FillWithRequired {
+        action_index: 0,
+        table: "orders".to_string(),
+        column: "user_id".to_string(),
+        action_type: "ModifyColumnNullable",
+        column_type: "integer".to_string(),
+        default_value: "0".to_string(),
+        enum_values: None,
+        has_foreign_key: true,
+    }];
+
+    let delete_set = HashSet::new();
+
+    let mock_prompt = |_table: &str, _column: &str| -> Result<bool> { Ok(false) };
+
+    let result = handle_delete_null_rows(&mut plan, &mut missing, &delete_set, mock_prompt);
+    assert!(result.is_ok());
+
+    assert_eq!(missing.len(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(missing[0].table, "orders");
+
+    match &plan.actions[0] {
+        MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
+            delete_null_rows, ..
+        } => {
+            assert_eq!(delete_null_rows, &None);
+        }
+        _ => panic!("Expected ModifyColumnNullable"),
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_handle_delete_null_rows_cli_provided() {
+    use vespertide_core::MigrationPlan;
+    use vespertide_planner::FillWithRequired;
+
+    let mut plan = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 1,
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
+            table: "orders".into(),
+            column: "user_id".into(),
+            nullable: false,
+            fill_with: None,
+            delete_null_rows: None,
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let mut missing = vec![FillWithRequired {
+        action_index: 0,
+        table: "orders".to_string(),
+        column: "user_id".to_string(),
+        action_type: "ModifyColumnNullable",
+        column_type: "integer".to_string(),
+        default_value: "0".to_string(),
+        enum_values: None,
+        has_foreign_key: false,
+    }];
+
+    let mut delete_set = HashSet::new();
+    delete_set.insert(("orders".to_string(), "user_id".to_string()));
+
+    let mock_prompt = |_table: &str, _column: &str| -> Result<bool> {
+        panic!("Should not be called for CLI-provided items");
+    };
+
+    let result = handle_delete_null_rows(&mut plan, &mut missing, &delete_set, mock_prompt);
+    assert!(result.is_ok());
+
+    assert!(missing.is_empty());
+
+    match &plan.actions[0] {
+        MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
+            delete_null_rows, ..
+        } => {
+            assert_eq!(delete_null_rows, &Some(true));
+        }
+        _ => panic!("Expected ModifyColumnNullable"),
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_handle_delete_null_rows_non_fk_passthrough() {
+    use vespertide_core::MigrationPlan;
+    use vespertide_planner::FillWithRequired;
+
+    let mut plan = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 1,
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            column: "email".into(),
+            nullable: false,
+            fill_with: None,
+            delete_null_rows: None,
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let mut missing = vec![FillWithRequired {
+        action_index: 0,
+        table: "users".to_string(),
+        column: "email".to_string(),
+        action_type: "ModifyColumnNullable",
+        column_type: "text".to_string(),
+        default_value: "''".to_string(),
+        enum_values: None,
+        has_foreign_key: false,
+    }];
+
+    let delete_set = HashSet::new();
+
+    let mock_prompt = |_table: &str, _column: &str| -> Result<bool> {
+        panic!("Should not be called for non-FK items");
+    };
+
+    let result = handle_delete_null_rows(&mut plan, &mut missing, &delete_set, mock_prompt);
+    assert!(result.is_ok());
+
+    assert_eq!(missing.len(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(missing[0].column, "email");
+
+    match &plan.actions[0] {
+        MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
+            delete_null_rows, ..
+        } => {
+            assert_eq!(delete_null_rows, &None);
+        }
+        _ => panic!("Expected ModifyColumnNullable"),
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_handle_delete_null_rows_prompt_error() {
+    use vespertide_core::MigrationPlan;
+    use vespertide_planner::FillWithRequired;
+
+    let mut plan = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 1,
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
+            table: "orders".into(),
+            column: "user_id".into(),
+            nullable: false,
+            fill_with: None,
+            delete_null_rows: None,
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let mut missing = vec![FillWithRequired {
+        action_index: 0,
+        table: "orders".to_string(),
+        column: "user_id".to_string(),
+        action_type: "ModifyColumnNullable",
+        column_type: "integer".to_string(),
+        default_value: "0".to_string(),
+        enum_values: None,
+        has_foreign_key: true,
+    }];
+
+    let delete_set = HashSet::new();
+
+    let mock_prompt =
+        |_table: &str, _column: &str| -> Result<bool> { Err(anyhow::anyhow!("user cancelled")) };
+
+    let result = handle_delete_null_rows(&mut plan, &mut missing, &delete_set, mock_prompt);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-cli/src/commands/revision/tests/fill_with.rs b/crates/vespertide-cli/src/commands/revision/tests/fill_with.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5cd324f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-cli/src/commands/revision/tests/fill_with.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,294 @@
+use super::*;
+
+#[test]
+fn test_parse_fill_with_args() {
+    let args = vec![
+        "users.email=default@example.com".to_string(),
+        "orders.status=pending".to_string(),
+    ];
+    let result = parse_fill_with_args(&args);
+
+    assert_eq!(result.len(), 2);
+    assert_eq!(
+        result.get(&("users".to_string(), "email".to_string())),
+        Some(&"default@example.com".to_string())
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        result.get(&("orders".to_string(), "status".to_string())),
+        Some(&"pending".to_string())
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_parse_fill_with_args_invalid_format() {
+    let args = vec![
+        "invalid_format".to_string(),
+        "no_equals_sign".to_string(),
+        "users.email=valid".to_string(),
+    ];
+    let result = parse_fill_with_args(&args);
+
+    // Only the valid one should be parsed
+    assert_eq!(result.len(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(
+        result.get(&("users".to_string(), "email".to_string())),
+        Some(&"valid".to_string())
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_apply_fill_with_to_plan_add_column() {
+    use vespertide_core::MigrationPlan;
+
+    let mut plan = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 1,
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::AddColumn {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
+                name: "email".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            }),
+            fill_with: None,
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let mut fill_values = HashMap::new();
+    fill_values.insert(
+        ("users".to_string(), "email".to_string()),
+        "'default@example.com'".to_string(),
+    );
+
+    apply_fill_with_to_plan(&mut plan, &fill_values);
+
+    match &plan.actions[0] {
+        MigrationAction::AddColumn { fill_with, .. } => {
+            assert_eq!(fill_with, &Some("'default@example.com'".to_string()));
+        }
+        _ => panic!("Expected AddColumn action"),
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_apply_fill_with_to_plan_modify_column_nullable() {
+    use vespertide_core::MigrationPlan;
+
+    let mut plan = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 1,
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            column: "status".into(),
+            nullable: false,
+            fill_with: None,
+            delete_null_rows: None,
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let mut fill_values = HashMap::new();
+    fill_values.insert(
+        ("users".to_string(), "status".to_string()),
+        "'active'".to_string(),
+    );
+
+    apply_fill_with_to_plan(&mut plan, &fill_values);
+
+    match &plan.actions[0] {
+        MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable { fill_with, .. } => {
+            assert_eq!(fill_with, &Some("'active'".to_string()));
+        }
+        _ => panic!("Expected ModifyColumnNullable action"),
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_apply_fill_with_to_plan_skips_existing_fill_with() {
+    use vespertide_core::MigrationPlan;
+
+    let mut plan = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 1,
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::AddColumn {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
+                name: "email".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            }),
+            fill_with: Some("'existing@example.com'".to_string()),
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let mut fill_values = HashMap::new();
+    fill_values.insert(
+        ("users".to_string(), "email".to_string()),
+        "'new@example.com'".to_string(),
+    );
+
+    apply_fill_with_to_plan(&mut plan, &fill_values);
+
+    // Should keep existing value, not replace with new
+    match &plan.actions[0] {
+        MigrationAction::AddColumn { fill_with, .. } => {
+            assert_eq!(fill_with, &Some("'existing@example.com'".to_string()));
+        }
+        _ => panic!("Expected AddColumn action"),
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_apply_fill_with_to_plan_no_match() {
+    use vespertide_core::MigrationPlan;
+
+    let mut plan = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 1,
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::AddColumn {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
+                name: "email".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            }),
+            fill_with: None,
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let mut fill_values = HashMap::new();
+    fill_values.insert(
+        ("orders".to_string(), "status".to_string()),
+        "'pending'".to_string(),
+    );
+
+    apply_fill_with_to_plan(&mut plan, &fill_values);
+
+    // Should remain None since no match
+    match &plan.actions[0] {
+        MigrationAction::AddColumn { fill_with, .. } => {
+            assert_eq!(fill_with, &None);
+        }
+        _ => panic!("Expected AddColumn action"),
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_apply_fill_with_to_plan_multiple_actions() {
+    use vespertide_core::MigrationPlan;
+
+    let mut plan = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 1,
+        actions: vec![
+            MigrationAction::AddColumn {
+                table: "users".into(),
+                column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
+                    name: "email".into(),
+                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+                    nullable: false,
+                    default: None,
+                    comment: None,
+                    primary_key: None,
+                    unique: None,
+                    index: None,
+                    foreign_key: None,
+                }),
+                fill_with: None,
+            },
+            MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
+                table: "orders".into(),
+                column: "status".into(),
+                nullable: false,
+                fill_with: None,
+                delete_null_rows: None,
+            },
+        ],
+    };
+
+    let mut fill_values = HashMap::new();
+    fill_values.insert(
+        ("users".to_string(), "email".to_string()),
+        "'user@example.com'".to_string(),
+    );
+    fill_values.insert(
+        ("orders".to_string(), "status".to_string()),
+        "'pending'".to_string(),
+    );
+
+    apply_fill_with_to_plan(&mut plan, &fill_values);
+
+    match &plan.actions[0] {
+        MigrationAction::AddColumn { fill_with, .. } => {
+            assert_eq!(fill_with, &Some("'user@example.com'".to_string()));
+        }
+        _ => panic!("Expected AddColumn action"),
+    }
+
+    match &plan.actions[1] {
+        MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable { fill_with, .. } => {
+            assert_eq!(fill_with, &Some("'pending'".to_string()));
+        }
+        _ => panic!("Expected ModifyColumnNullable action"),
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_apply_fill_with_to_plan_other_actions_ignored() {
+    use vespertide_core::MigrationPlan;
+
+    let mut plan = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 1,
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::DeleteColumn {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            column: "old_column".into(),
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let mut fill_values = HashMap::new();
+    fill_values.insert(
+        ("users".to_string(), "old_column".to_string()),
+        "'value'".to_string(),
+    );
+
+    // Should not panic or modify anything
+    apply_fill_with_to_plan(&mut plan, &fill_values);
+
+    match &plan.actions[0] {
+        MigrationAction::DeleteColumn { table, column } => {
+            assert_eq!(table, "users");
+            assert_eq!(column, "old_column");
+        }
+        _ => panic!("Expected DeleteColumn action"),
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-cli/src/commands/revision/tests/integration.rs b/crates/vespertide-cli/src/commands/revision/tests/integration.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..202ee844
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-cli/src/commands/revision/tests/integration.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,322 @@
+use super::*;
+
+/// Integration test: FK column nullable→not-null triggers `handle_delete_null_rows` (line 489)
+#[tokio::test]
+#[serial_test::serial]
+async fn cmd_revision_core_handles_delete_null_rows_for_fk_column() {
+    use vespertide_core::MigrationPlan;
+    use vespertide_core::schema::foreign_key::{ForeignKeyDef, ForeignKeySyntax};
+
+    let tmp = tempdir().unwrap();
+    let _guard = CwdGuard::new(&tmp.path().to_path_buf());
+
+    let cfg = write_config();
+    std_fs::create_dir_all(cfg.migrations_dir()).unwrap();
+
+    // Write v1 migration: create "orders" table with nullable user_id
+    let v1 = MigrationPlan {
+        id: "v1-id".to_string(),
+        comment: Some("init".to_string()),
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 1,
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::CreateTable {
+            table: "orders".into(),
+            columns: vec![
+                ColumnDef {
+                    name: "id".into(),
+                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+                    nullable: false,
+                    default: None,
+                    comment: None,
+                    primary_key: None,
+                    unique: None,
+                    index: None,
+                    foreign_key: None,
+                },
+                ColumnDef {
+                    name: "user_id".into(),
+                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+                    nullable: true, // nullable in v1
+                    default: None,
+                    comment: None,
+                    primary_key: None,
+                    unique: None,
+                    index: None,
+                    foreign_key: None,
+                },
+            ],
+            constraints: vec![
+                TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+                    auto_increment: false,
+                    columns: vec!["id".into()],
+                },
+                TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                    name: Some("fk_orders__user_id".into()),
+                    columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
+                    ref_table: "users".into(),
+                    ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+                    on_delete: None,
+                    on_update: None,
+                },
+            ],
+        }],
+    };
+    let v1_path = cfg.migrations_dir().join("0001_init.vespertide.json");
+    std_fs::write(&v1_path, serde_json::to_string_pretty(&v1).unwrap()).unwrap();
+
+    // Write updated model: user_id is now NOT NULL
+    let models_dir = PathBuf::from("models");
+    std_fs::create_dir_all(&models_dir).unwrap();
+    let users_model = TableDef {
+        name: "users".to_string(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![ColumnDef {
+            name: "id".into(),
+            r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+            nullable: false,
+            default: None,
+            comment: None,
+            primary_key: None,
+            unique: None,
+            index: None,
+            foreign_key: None,
+        }],
+        constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+            auto_increment: false,
+            columns: vec!["id".into()],
+        }],
+    };
+    std_fs::write(
+        models_dir.join("users.json"),
+        serde_json::to_string_pretty(&users_model).unwrap(),
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+
+    let model = TableDef {
+        name: "orders".to_string(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "id".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "user_id".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+                nullable: false, // NOT NULL now
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: Some(ForeignKeySyntax::Object(ForeignKeyDef {
+                    ref_table: "users".into(),
+                    ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+                    on_delete: None,
+                    on_update: None,
+                })),
+            },
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+            auto_increment: false,
+            columns: vec!["id".into()],
+        }],
+    };
+    std_fs::write(
+        models_dir.join("orders.json"),
+        serde_json::to_string_pretty(&model).unwrap(),
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+
+    // Mock prompts
+    let recreate_prompt = |_: &[RecreateTableRequired]| -> Result<bool> { Ok(true) };
+    let delete_prompt = |_table: &str, _col: &str| -> Result<bool> { Ok(true) };
+    let fill_prompt = |_p: &str, _d: &str| -> Result<String> {
+        panic!("fill prompt should not be called — FK handled by delete_null_rows");
+    };
+    let enum_prompt = |_p: &str, _v: &[String]| -> Result<String> {
+        panic!("enum prompt should not be called");
+    };
+    let enum_bare_prompt = |_p: &str, _v: &[String]| -> Result<String> {
+        panic!("enum bare prompt should not be called");
+    };
+
+    let result = cmd_revision_core(
+        "make user_id required".into(),
+        vec![],
+        vec![],
+        RevisionPromptFns {
+            recreate: recreate_prompt,
+            delete_null_rows: delete_prompt,
+            fill_with: fill_prompt,
+            enum_quoted: enum_prompt,
+            enum_bare: enum_bare_prompt,
+        },
+    )
+    .await;
+
+    assert!(
+        result.is_ok(),
+        "cmd_revision_core failed: {:?}",
+        result.err()
+    );
+
+    // Verify migration was created
+    let entries: Vec<_> = std_fs::read_dir(cfg.migrations_dir())
+        .unwrap()
+        .filter_map(std::result::Result::ok)
+        .collect();
+    // Should have 2 files: v1 + new v2
+    assert_eq!(entries.len(), 2);
+}
+
+/// Integration test: non-FK column nullable→not-null triggers `collect_fill_with_values` (lines 494-495)
+#[tokio::test]
+#[serial_test::serial]
+async fn cmd_revision_core_handles_fill_with_for_non_fk_column() {
+    use vespertide_core::MigrationPlan;
+
+    let tmp = tempdir().unwrap();
+    let _guard = CwdGuard::new(&tmp.path().to_path_buf());
+
+    let cfg = write_config();
+    std_fs::create_dir_all(cfg.migrations_dir()).unwrap();
+
+    // Write v1 migration: create "users" table with nullable email
+    let v1 = MigrationPlan {
+        id: "v1-id".to_string(),
+        comment: Some("init".to_string()),
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 1,
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::CreateTable {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            columns: vec![
+                ColumnDef {
+                    name: "id".into(),
+                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+                    nullable: false,
+                    default: None,
+                    comment: None,
+                    primary_key: None,
+                    unique: None,
+                    index: None,
+                    foreign_key: None,
+                },
+                ColumnDef {
+                    name: "email".into(),
+                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+                    nullable: true, // nullable in v1
+                    default: None,
+                    comment: None,
+                    primary_key: None,
+                    unique: None,
+                    index: None,
+                    foreign_key: None,
+                },
+            ],
+            constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+                auto_increment: false,
+                columns: vec!["id".into()],
+            }],
+        }],
+    };
+    let v1_path = cfg.migrations_dir().join("0001_init.vespertide.json");
+    std_fs::write(&v1_path, serde_json::to_string_pretty(&v1).unwrap()).unwrap();
+
+    // Write updated model: email is now NOT NULL (no default)
+    let models_dir = PathBuf::from("models");
+    std_fs::create_dir_all(&models_dir).unwrap();
+    let model = TableDef {
+        name: "users".to_string(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "id".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "email".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+                nullable: false, // NOT NULL now
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+            auto_increment: false,
+            columns: vec!["id".into()],
+        }],
+    };
+    std_fs::write(
+        models_dir.join("users.json"),
+        serde_json::to_string_pretty(&model).unwrap(),
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+
+    // Mock prompts
+    let recreate_prompt = |_: &[RecreateTableRequired]| -> Result<bool> { Ok(true) };
+    let delete_prompt = |_table: &str, _col: &str| -> Result<bool> { Ok(false) };
+    let fill_prompt = |_p: &str, _d: &str| -> Result<String> { Ok("'unknown'".to_string()) };
+    let enum_prompt = |_p: &str, _v: &[String]| -> Result<String> {
+        panic!("enum prompt should not be called");
+    };
+    let enum_bare_prompt = |_p: &str, _v: &[String]| -> Result<String> {
+        panic!("enum bare prompt should not be called");
+    };
+
+    let result = cmd_revision_core(
+        "make email required".into(),
+        vec![],
+        vec![],
+        RevisionPromptFns {
+            recreate: recreate_prompt,
+            delete_null_rows: delete_prompt,
+            fill_with: fill_prompt,
+            enum_quoted: enum_prompt,
+            enum_bare: enum_bare_prompt,
+        },
+    )
+    .await;
+
+    assert!(
+        result.is_ok(),
+        "cmd_revision_core failed: {:?}",
+        result.err()
+    );
+
+    // Verify migration was written with fill_with
+    let entries: Vec<_> = std_fs::read_dir(cfg.migrations_dir())
+        .unwrap()
+        .filter_map(std::result::Result::ok)
+        .collect();
+    assert_eq!(entries.len(), 2);
+
+    // Read the v2 migration and verify fill_with was applied
+    let v2_path = entries
+        .iter()
+        .find(|e| e.file_name().to_string_lossy().contains("0002"))
+        .expect("v2 migration not found");
+    let v2_content = std_fs::read_to_string(v2_path.path()).unwrap();
+    assert!(
+        v2_content.contains("fill_with"),
+        "Expected fill_with in migration, got: {v2_content}"
+    );
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-cli/src/commands/revision/tests/prompts.rs b/crates/vespertide-cli/src/commands/revision/tests/prompts.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..06fc4339
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-cli/src/commands/revision/tests/prompts.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,762 @@
+use super::*;
+
+#[test]
+fn test_format_type_info_with_type_and_default() {
+    let result = format_type_info("integer", "0");
+    assert_eq!(result, " (integer, default: 0)");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_format_type_info_with_type_only() {
+    let result = format_type_info("text", "''");
+    assert_eq!(result, " (text, default: '')");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_format_fill_with_item() {
+    let result = format_fill_with_item("users", "email", " (Text)", "AddColumn");
+    // The result should contain the table, column, type info, and action type
+    // Colors make exact matching difficult, but we can check structure
+    assert!(result.contains("users"));
+    assert!(result.contains("email"));
+    assert!(result.contains("(Text)"));
+    assert!(result.contains("AddColumn"));
+    assert!(result.contains("Action:"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_format_fill_with_item_empty_type_info() {
+    let result = format_fill_with_item("orders", "status", "", "ModifyColumnNullable");
+    assert!(result.contains("orders"));
+    assert!(result.contains("status"));
+    assert!(result.contains("ModifyColumnNullable"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_format_fill_with_prompt() {
+    let result = format_fill_with_prompt("users", "email");
+    assert!(result.contains("Enter fill value for"));
+    assert!(result.contains("users"));
+    assert!(result.contains("email"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_print_fill_with_item_and_get_prompt() {
+    // This function prints to stdout and returns the prompt string
+    let prompt = print_fill_with_item_and_get_prompt("users", "email", "text", "''", "AddColumn");
+    assert!(prompt.contains("Enter fill value for"));
+    assert!(prompt.contains("users"));
+    assert!(prompt.contains("email"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_print_fill_with_item_and_get_prompt_no_default() {
+    let prompt = print_fill_with_item_and_get_prompt(
+        "orders",
+        "status",
+        "text",
+        "''",
+        "ModifyColumnNullable",
+    );
+    assert!(prompt.contains("Enter fill value for"));
+    assert!(prompt.contains("orders"));
+    assert!(prompt.contains("status"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_print_fill_with_item_and_get_prompt_with_default() {
+    let prompt = print_fill_with_item_and_get_prompt("users", "age", "integer", "0", "AddColumn");
+    assert!(prompt.contains("Enter fill value for"));
+    assert!(prompt.contains("users"));
+    assert!(prompt.contains("age"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_print_fill_with_header() {
+    // Just verify it doesn't panic - output goes to stdout
+    print_fill_with_header();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_print_fill_with_footer() {
+    // Just verify it doesn't panic - output goes to stdout
+    print_fill_with_footer();
+}
+
+// Mock enum prompt function for tests - returns first enum value quoted
+fn mock_enum_prompt(_prompt: &str, values: &[String]) -> Result<String> {
+    let first = values
+        .first()
+        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("mock enum prompt requires at least one value"))?;
+    Ok(format!("'{first}'"))
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_collect_fill_with_values_single_item() {
+    use vespertide_planner::FillWithRequired;
+
+    let missing = vec![FillWithRequired {
+        action_index: 0,
+        table: "users".to_string(),
+        column: "email".to_string(),
+        action_type: "AddColumn",
+        column_type: "text".to_string(),
+        default_value: "''".to_string(),
+        enum_values: None,
+        has_foreign_key: false,
+    }];
+
+    let mut fill_values = HashMap::new();
+
+    // Mock prompt function that returns a fixed value
+    let mock_prompt =
+        |_prompt: &str, _default: &str| -> Result<String> { Ok("'test@example.com'".to_string()) };
+
+    let result =
+        collect_fill_with_values(&missing, &mut fill_values, mock_prompt, mock_enum_prompt);
+    assert!(result.is_ok());
+    assert_eq!(fill_values.len(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(
+        fill_values.get(&("users".to_string(), "email".to_string())),
+        Some(&"'test@example.com'".to_string())
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_collect_fill_with_values_multiple_items() {
+    use vespertide_planner::FillWithRequired;
+
+    let missing = vec![
+        FillWithRequired {
+            action_index: 0,
+            table: "users".to_string(),
+            column: "email".to_string(),
+            action_type: "AddColumn",
+            column_type: "text".to_string(),
+            default_value: "''".to_string(),
+            enum_values: None,
+            has_foreign_key: false,
+        },
+        FillWithRequired {
+            action_index: 1,
+            table: "orders".to_string(),
+            column: "status".to_string(),
+            action_type: "ModifyColumnNullable",
+            column_type: "text".to_string(),
+            default_value: "''".to_string(),
+            enum_values: None,
+            has_foreign_key: false,
+        },
+    ];
+
+    let mut fill_values = HashMap::new();
+
+    // Mock prompt function that returns different values based on call count
+    let call_count = std::cell::RefCell::new(0);
+    let mock_prompt = |_prompt: &str, _default: &str| -> Result<String> {
+        let mut count = call_count.borrow_mut();
+        *count += 1;
+        match *count {
+            1 => Ok("'user@example.com'".to_string()),
+            2 => Ok("'pending'".to_string()),
+            _ => Ok("'default'".to_string()),
+        }
+    };
+
+    let result =
+        collect_fill_with_values(&missing, &mut fill_values, mock_prompt, mock_enum_prompt);
+    assert!(result.is_ok());
+    assert_eq!(fill_values.len(), 2);
+    assert_eq!(
+        fill_values.get(&("users".to_string(), "email".to_string())),
+        Some(&"'user@example.com'".to_string())
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        fill_values.get(&("orders".to_string(), "status".to_string())),
+        Some(&"'pending'".to_string())
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_collect_fill_with_values_empty() {
+    let missing: Vec<vespertide_planner::FillWithRequired> = vec![];
+    let mut fill_values = HashMap::new();
+
+    // This function should handle empty list gracefully (though it won't be called in practice)
+    // But we can't test the header/footer without items since the function still prints them
+    // So we test with a mock that would fail if called
+    let mock_prompt = |_prompt: &str, _default: &str| -> Result<String> {
+        panic!("Should not be called for empty list");
+    };
+
+    // Note: The function still prints header/footer even for empty list
+    // This is a design choice - in practice, cmd_revision won't call this with empty list
+    let result =
+        collect_fill_with_values(&missing, &mut fill_values, mock_prompt, mock_enum_prompt);
+    assert!(result.is_ok());
+    assert!(fill_values.is_empty());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_collect_fill_with_values_prompt_error() {
+    use vespertide_planner::FillWithRequired;
+
+    let missing = vec![FillWithRequired {
+        action_index: 0,
+        table: "users".to_string(),
+        column: "email".to_string(),
+        action_type: "AddColumn",
+        column_type: "text".to_string(),
+        default_value: "''".to_string(),
+        enum_values: None,
+        has_foreign_key: false,
+    }];
+
+    let mut fill_values = HashMap::new();
+
+    // Mock prompt function that returns an error
+    let mock_prompt = |_prompt: &str, _default: &str| -> Result<String> {
+        Err(anyhow::anyhow!("input cancelled"))
+    };
+
+    let result =
+        collect_fill_with_values(&missing, &mut fill_values, mock_prompt, mock_enum_prompt);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    assert!(fill_values.is_empty());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_prompt_fill_with_value_function_exists() {
+    // This test verifies that prompt_fill_with_value has the correct signature.
+    // We cannot actually call it in tests because dialoguer::Input blocks waiting for terminal input.
+    // The function is excluded from coverage with #[cfg_attr(coverage_nightly, coverage(off))].
+    let _: fn(&str, &str) -> Result<String> = prompt_fill_with_value;
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_handle_missing_fill_with_collects_and_applies() {
+    use vespertide_core::MigrationPlan;
+
+    let mut plan = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 1,
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::AddColumn {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
+                name: "email".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            }),
+            fill_with: None,
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let mut fill_values = HashMap::new();
+
+    // Mock prompt function
+    let mock_prompt =
+        |_prompt: &str, _default: &str| -> Result<String> { Ok("'test@example.com'".to_string()) };
+
+    let result = handle_missing_fill_with(
+        &mut plan,
+        &mut fill_values,
+        &[],
+        mock_prompt,
+        mock_enum_prompt,
+    );
+    assert!(result.is_ok());
+
+    // Verify fill_with was applied to the plan
+    match &plan.actions[0] {
+        MigrationAction::AddColumn { fill_with, .. } => {
+            assert_eq!(fill_with, &Some("'test@example.com'".to_string()));
+        }
+        _ => panic!("Expected AddColumn action"),
+    }
+
+    // Verify fill_values map was updated
+    assert_eq!(
+        fill_values.get(&("users".to_string(), "email".to_string())),
+        Some(&"'test@example.com'".to_string())
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_handle_missing_fill_with_no_missing() {
+    use vespertide_core::MigrationPlan;
+
+    // Plan with no missing fill_with values (nullable column)
+    let mut plan = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 1,
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::AddColumn {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
+                name: "email".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+                nullable: true, // nullable, so no fill_with required
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            }),
+            fill_with: None,
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let mut fill_values = HashMap::new();
+
+    // Mock prompt that should never be called
+    let mock_prompt = |_prompt: &str, _default: &str| -> Result<String> {
+        panic!("Should not be called when no missing fill_with values");
+    };
+
+    let result = handle_missing_fill_with(
+        &mut plan,
+        &mut fill_values,
+        &[],
+        mock_prompt,
+        mock_enum_prompt,
+    );
+    assert!(result.is_ok());
+    assert!(fill_values.is_empty());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_handle_missing_fill_with_prompt_error() {
+    use vespertide_core::MigrationPlan;
+
+    let mut plan = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 1,
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::AddColumn {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
+                name: "email".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            }),
+            fill_with: None,
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let mut fill_values = HashMap::new();
+
+    // Mock prompt that returns an error
+    let mock_prompt = |_prompt: &str, _default: &str| -> Result<String> {
+        Err(anyhow::anyhow!("user cancelled"))
+    };
+
+    let result = handle_missing_fill_with(
+        &mut plan,
+        &mut fill_values,
+        &[],
+        mock_prompt,
+        mock_enum_prompt,
+    );
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+
+    // Plan should not be modified on error
+    match &plan.actions[0] {
+        MigrationAction::AddColumn { fill_with, .. } => {
+            assert_eq!(fill_with, &None);
+        }
+        _ => panic!("Expected AddColumn action"),
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_handle_missing_fill_with_multiple_columns() {
+    use vespertide_core::MigrationPlan;
+
+    let mut plan = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 1,
+        actions: vec![
+            MigrationAction::AddColumn {
+                table: "users".into(),
+                column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
+                    name: "email".into(),
+                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+                    nullable: false,
+                    default: None,
+                    comment: None,
+                    primary_key: None,
+                    unique: None,
+                    index: None,
+                    foreign_key: None,
+                }),
+                fill_with: None,
+            },
+            MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
+                table: "orders".into(),
+                column: "status".into(),
+                nullable: false,
+                fill_with: None,
+                delete_null_rows: None,
+            },
+        ],
+    };
+
+    let mut fill_values = HashMap::new();
+
+    // Mock prompt that returns different values based on call count
+    let call_count = std::cell::RefCell::new(0);
+    let mock_prompt = |_prompt: &str, _default: &str| -> Result<String> {
+        let mut count = call_count.borrow_mut();
+        *count += 1;
+        match *count {
+            1 => Ok("'user@example.com'".to_string()),
+            2 => Ok("'pending'".to_string()),
+            _ => Ok("'default'".to_string()),
+        }
+    };
+
+    let result = handle_missing_fill_with(
+        &mut plan,
+        &mut fill_values,
+        &[],
+        mock_prompt,
+        mock_enum_prompt,
+    );
+    assert!(result.is_ok());
+
+    // Verify both actions were updated
+    match &plan.actions[0] {
+        MigrationAction::AddColumn { fill_with, .. } => {
+            assert_eq!(fill_with, &Some("'user@example.com'".to_string()));
+        }
+        _ => panic!("Expected AddColumn action"),
+    }
+
+    match &plan.actions[1] {
+        MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable { fill_with, .. } => {
+            assert_eq!(fill_with, &Some("'pending'".to_string()));
+        }
+        _ => panic!("Expected ModifyColumnNullable action"),
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_collect_fill_with_values_enum_column() {
+    use vespertide_planner::FillWithRequired;
+
+    let missing = vec![FillWithRequired {
+        action_index: 0,
+        table: "orders".to_string(),
+        column: "status".to_string(),
+        action_type: "AddColumn",
+        column_type: "enum<order_status>".to_string(),
+        default_value: "''".to_string(),
+        enum_values: Some(vec![
+            "pending".to_string(),
+            "confirmed".to_string(),
+            "shipped".to_string(),
+        ]),
+        has_foreign_key: false,
+    }];
+
+    let mut fill_values = HashMap::new();
+
+    // Mock prompt function that should NOT be called for enum columns
+    let mock_prompt = |_prompt: &str, _default: &str| -> Result<String> {
+        panic!("Should not be called for enum columns");
+    };
+
+    // Mock enum prompt that selects the second value
+    let mock_enum = |_prompt: &str, values: &[String]| -> Result<String> {
+        // Select "confirmed" (index 1)
+        Ok(format!("'{}'", values[1]))
+    };
+
+    let result = collect_fill_with_values(&missing, &mut fill_values, mock_prompt, mock_enum);
+    assert!(result.is_ok());
+    assert_eq!(fill_values.len(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(
+        fill_values.get(&("orders".to_string(), "status".to_string())),
+        Some(&"'confirmed'".to_string())
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_wrap_if_spaces_empty() {
+    assert_eq!(wrap_if_spaces(String::new()), "");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_wrap_if_spaces_no_spaces() {
+    assert_eq!(wrap_if_spaces("value".to_string()), "value");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_wrap_if_spaces_with_spaces() {
+    assert_eq!(wrap_if_spaces("my value".to_string()), "'my value'");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_wrap_if_spaces_already_quoted() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        wrap_if_spaces("'already quoted'".to_string()),
+        "'already quoted'"
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_wrap_if_spaces_multiple_spaces() {
+    assert_eq!(wrap_if_spaces("a b c".to_string()), "'a b c'");
+}
+
+// ── enum fill_with tests ───────────────────────────────────────────
+
+#[test]
+fn test_collect_enum_fill_with_values_single_removal() {
+    use vespertide_planner::EnumFillWithRequired;
+
+    let missing = vec![EnumFillWithRequired {
+        action_index: 0,
+        table: "orders".to_string(),
+        column: "status".to_string(),
+        removed_values: vec!["cancelled".to_string()],
+        remaining_values: vec!["pending".to_string(), "shipped".to_string()],
+    }];
+
+    // Mock prompt: always select first remaining value
+    let mock_enum = |_prompt: &str, values: &[String]| -> Result<String> { Ok(values[0].clone()) };
+
+    let result = collect_enum_fill_with_values(&missing, mock_enum);
+    assert!(result.is_ok());
+    let collected = result.unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(collected.len(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(collected[0].0, 0); // action_index
+    assert_eq!(
+        collected[0].1.get("cancelled"),
+        Some(&"pending".to_string())
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_collect_enum_fill_with_values_multiple_removals() {
+    use vespertide_planner::EnumFillWithRequired;
+
+    let missing = vec![EnumFillWithRequired {
+        action_index: 0,
+        table: "orders".to_string(),
+        column: "status".to_string(),
+        removed_values: vec!["cancelled".to_string(), "draft".to_string()],
+        remaining_values: vec!["pending".to_string(), "shipped".to_string()],
+    }];
+
+    // Mock prompt: always select second remaining value
+    let mock_enum = |_prompt: &str, values: &[String]| -> Result<String> { Ok(values[1].clone()) };
+
+    let result = collect_enum_fill_with_values(&missing, mock_enum);
+    assert!(result.is_ok());
+    let collected = result.unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(collected[0].1.len(), 2);
+    assert_eq!(
+        collected[0].1.get("cancelled"),
+        Some(&"shipped".to_string())
+    );
+    assert_eq!(collected[0].1.get("draft"), Some(&"shipped".to_string()));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_apply_enum_fill_with_to_plan() {
+    use vespertide_core::{ColumnType, ComplexColumnType, EnumValues};
+
+    let mut plan = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 2,
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType {
+            table: "orders".into(),
+            column: "status".into(),
+            new_type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+                name: "order_status".into(),
+                values: EnumValues::String(vec!["pending".into(), "shipped".into()]),
+            }),
+            fill_with: None,
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let mut mappings = BTreeMap::new();
+    mappings.insert("cancelled".to_string(), "pending".to_string());
+    let collected = vec![(0usize, mappings)];
+
+    apply_enum_fill_with_to_plan(&mut plan, &collected);
+
+    if let MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType { fill_with, .. } = &plan.actions[0] {
+        let fw = fill_with.as_ref().expect("fill_with should be set");
+        assert_eq!(fw.get("cancelled"), Some(&"pending".to_string()));
+    } else {
+        panic!("Expected ModifyColumnType");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_handle_missing_enum_fill_with_collects_and_applies() {
+    use vespertide_core::{ColumnDef, ColumnType, ComplexColumnType, EnumValues};
+
+    let mut plan = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 2,
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType {
+            table: "orders".into(),
+            column: "status".into(),
+            new_type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+                name: "order_status".into(),
+                values: EnumValues::String(vec!["pending".into(), "shipped".into()]),
+            }),
+            fill_with: None,
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let baseline = vec![TableDef {
+        name: "orders".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![ColumnDef {
+            name: "status".into(),
+            r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+                name: "order_status".into(),
+                values: EnumValues::String(vec![
+                    "pending".into(),
+                    "shipped".into(),
+                    "cancelled".into(),
+                ]),
+            }),
+            nullable: false,
+            default: None,
+            comment: None,
+            primary_key: None,
+            unique: None,
+            index: None,
+            foreign_key: None,
+        }],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    }];
+
+    // Mock: always select first remaining value
+    let mock_enum = |_prompt: &str, values: &[String]| -> Result<String> { Ok(values[0].clone()) };
+
+    let result = handle_missing_enum_fill_with(&mut plan, &baseline, mock_enum);
+    assert!(result.is_ok());
+
+    if let MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType { fill_with, .. } = &plan.actions[0] {
+        let fw = fill_with.as_ref().expect("fill_with should be populated");
+        assert_eq!(fw.get("cancelled"), Some(&"pending".to_string()));
+    } else {
+        panic!("Expected ModifyColumnType");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_handle_missing_enum_fill_with_no_missing() {
+    let mut plan = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 2,
+        actions: vec![],
+    };
+
+    let mock_enum = |_prompt: &str, _values: &[String]| -> Result<String> {
+        panic!("Should not be called when nothing is missing");
+    };
+
+    let result = handle_missing_enum_fill_with(&mut plan, &[], mock_enum);
+    assert!(result.is_ok());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_apply_enum_fill_with_to_plan_extends_existing() {
+    use vespertide_core::{ColumnType, ComplexColumnType, EnumValues};
+
+    // Start with a fill_with that already has one entry
+    let mut existing_fw = BTreeMap::new();
+    existing_fw.insert("draft".to_string(), "pending".to_string());
+
+    let mut plan = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 2,
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType {
+            table: "orders".into(),
+            column: "status".into(),
+            new_type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+                name: "order_status".into(),
+                values: EnumValues::String(vec!["pending".into(), "shipped".into()]),
+            }),
+            fill_with: Some(existing_fw),
+        }],
+    };
+
+    // Collect additional mappings
+    let mut new_mappings = BTreeMap::new();
+    new_mappings.insert("cancelled".to_string(), "shipped".to_string());
+    let collected = vec![(0usize, new_mappings)];
+
+    apply_enum_fill_with_to_plan(&mut plan, &collected);
+
+    if let MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType { fill_with, .. } = &plan.actions[0] {
+        let fw = fill_with.as_ref().expect("fill_with should be set");
+        // Original entry preserved
+        assert_eq!(fw.get("draft"), Some(&"pending".to_string()));
+        // New entry added
+        assert_eq!(fw.get("cancelled"), Some(&"shipped".to_string()));
+        // Total 2 entries
+        assert_eq!(fw.len(), 2);
+    } else {
+        panic!("Expected ModifyColumnType");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_strip_enum_quotes_with_quotes() {
+    assert_eq!(strip_enum_quotes("'active'"), "active");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_strip_enum_quotes_bare_value() {
+    assert_eq!(strip_enum_quotes("active"), "active");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_strip_enum_quotes_empty() {
+    assert_eq!(strip_enum_quotes(""), "");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_strip_enum_quotes_only_leading() {
+    assert_eq!(strip_enum_quotes("'active"), "active");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_strip_enum_quotes_only_trailing() {
+    assert_eq!(strip_enum_quotes("active'"), "active");
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-cli/src/commands/revision/tests/recreate.rs b/crates/vespertide-cli/src/commands/revision/tests/recreate.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b3edcb55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-cli/src/commands/revision/tests/recreate.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,720 @@
+use super::*;
+
+#[tokio::test]
+#[serial_test::serial]
+async fn cmd_revision_writes_migration() {
+    let tmp = tempdir().unwrap();
+    let _guard = CwdGuard::new(&tmp.path().to_path_buf());
+
+    let cfg = write_config();
+    write_model("users");
+    std_fs::create_dir_all(cfg.migrations_dir()).unwrap();
+
+    cmd_revision("init".into(), vec![], vec![]).await.unwrap();
+
+    let entries: Vec<_> = std_fs::read_dir(cfg.migrations_dir()).unwrap().collect();
+    assert!(!entries.is_empty());
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+#[serial_test::serial]
+async fn cmd_revision_no_changes_short_circuits() {
+    let tmp = tempdir().unwrap();
+    let _guard = CwdGuard::new(&tmp.path().to_path_buf());
+
+    let cfg = write_config();
+    // no models, no migrations -> plan with no actions -> early return
+    assert!(cmd_revision("noop".into(), vec![], vec![]).await.is_ok());
+    // migrations dir should not be created
+    assert!(!cfg.migrations_dir().exists());
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+#[serial_test::serial]
+async fn cmd_revision_writes_yaml_when_configured() {
+    let tmp = tempdir().unwrap();
+    let _guard = CwdGuard::new(&tmp.path().to_path_buf());
+
+    let cfg = write_config_with_format(Some(FileFormat::Yaml));
+    write_model("users");
+    // ensure migrations dir absent to exercise create_dir_all branch
+    if cfg.migrations_dir().exists() {
+        std_fs::remove_dir_all(cfg.migrations_dir()).unwrap();
+    }
+
+    cmd_revision("yaml".into(), vec![], vec![]).await.unwrap();
+
+    let entries: Vec<_> = std_fs::read_dir(cfg.migrations_dir()).unwrap().collect();
+    assert!(!entries.is_empty());
+    let has_yaml = entries.iter().any(|e| {
+        e.as_ref()
+            .unwrap()
+            .path()
+            .extension()
+            .is_some_and(|s| s == "yaml")
+    });
+    assert!(has_yaml);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn find_non_nullable_fk_add_column_detects_recreate() {
+    use vespertide_core::{ColumnDef, ColumnType, SimpleColumnType};
+    let plan = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 2,
+        actions: vec![
+            MigrationAction::AddColumn {
+                table: "post".into(),
+                column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
+                    name: "user_id".into(),
+                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid),
+                    nullable: false,
+                    default: None,
+                    comment: None,
+                    primary_key: None,
+                    unique: None,
+                    index: None,
+                    foreign_key: None,
+                }),
+                fill_with: Some("1".into()),
+            },
+            MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
+                table: "post".into(),
+                constraint: TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                    name: None,
+                    columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
+                    ref_table: "user".into(),
+                    ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+                    on_delete: None,
+                    on_update: None,
+                },
+            },
+        ],
+    };
+    let result = find_non_nullable_fk_add_columns(&plan, &[]);
+    assert_eq!(result.len(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(result[0].table, "post");
+    assert_eq!(result[0].column, "user_id");
+    assert_eq!(result[0].reason, RecreateReason::AddColumnWithFk);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn find_non_nullable_inline_fk_add_column_detects_recreate() {
+    use vespertide_core::schema::foreign_key::{ForeignKeyDef, ForeignKeySyntax};
+    use vespertide_core::{ColumnDef, ColumnType, ReferenceAction, SimpleColumnType};
+
+    let plan = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 2,
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::AddColumn {
+            table: "post".into(),
+            column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
+                name: "user_id".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: Some(ForeignKeySyntax::Object(ForeignKeyDef {
+                    ref_table: "user".into(),
+                    ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+                    on_delete: Some(ReferenceAction::Cascade),
+                    on_update: None,
+                })),
+            }),
+            fill_with: None,
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let result = find_non_nullable_fk_add_columns(&plan, &[]);
+    assert_eq!(result.len(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(result[0].table, "post");
+    assert_eq!(result[0].column, "user_id");
+    assert_eq!(result[0].reason, RecreateReason::AddColumnWithFk);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn find_nullable_fk_add_column_returns_empty() {
+    use vespertide_core::{ColumnDef, ColumnType, SimpleColumnType};
+    let plan = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 2,
+        actions: vec![
+            MigrationAction::AddColumn {
+                table: "post".into(),
+                column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
+                    name: "user_id".into(),
+                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid),
+                    nullable: true,
+                    default: None,
+                    comment: None,
+                    primary_key: None,
+                    unique: None,
+                    index: None,
+                    foreign_key: None,
+                }),
+                fill_with: None,
+            },
+            MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
+                table: "post".into(),
+                constraint: TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                    name: None,
+                    columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
+                    ref_table: "user".into(),
+                    ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+                    on_delete: None,
+                    on_update: None,
+                },
+            },
+        ],
+    };
+    assert!(find_non_nullable_fk_add_columns(&plan, &[]).is_empty());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn find_non_nullable_no_fk_returns_empty() {
+    // Regular non-nullable column without FK should NOT trigger recreation
+    use vespertide_core::{ColumnDef, ColumnType, SimpleColumnType};
+    let plan = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 2,
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::AddColumn {
+            table: "post".into(),
+            column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
+                name: "user_id1".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            }),
+            fill_with: None,
+        }],
+    };
+    // Should return empty — this column needs fill_with but that's handled separately
+    assert!(find_non_nullable_fk_add_columns(&plan, &[]).is_empty());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn find_fk_on_existing_non_nullable_column_detects_recreate() {
+    // Adding FK constraint to an existing non-nullable column should trigger recreation
+    use vespertide_core::{ColumnDef, ColumnType, SimpleColumnType};
+    let plan = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 2,
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
+            table: "post".into(),
+            constraint: TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                name: None,
+                columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
+                ref_table: "user".into(),
+                ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+                on_delete: None,
+                on_update: None,
+            },
+        }],
+    };
+    let models = vec![TableDef {
+        name: "post".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "id".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "user_id".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    }];
+    let result = find_non_nullable_fk_add_columns(&plan, &models);
+    assert_eq!(result.len(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(result[0].table, "post");
+    assert_eq!(result[0].column, "user_id");
+    assert_eq!(result[0].reason, RecreateReason::AddFkToExistingColumn);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn find_fk_on_existing_nullable_column_returns_empty() {
+    // Adding FK constraint to an existing nullable column should NOT trigger recreation
+    use vespertide_core::{ColumnDef, ColumnType, SimpleColumnType};
+    let plan = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 2,
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
+            table: "post".into(),
+            constraint: TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                name: None,
+                columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
+                ref_table: "user".into(),
+                ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+                on_delete: None,
+                on_update: None,
+            },
+        }],
+    };
+    let models = vec![TableDef {
+        name: "post".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![ColumnDef {
+            name: "user_id".into(),
+            r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid),
+            nullable: true,
+            default: None,
+            comment: None,
+            primary_key: None,
+            unique: None,
+            index: None,
+            foreign_key: None,
+        }],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    }];
+    assert!(find_non_nullable_fk_add_columns(&plan, &models).is_empty());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn find_fk_on_existing_column_with_default_returns_empty() {
+    use vespertide_core::{ColumnDef, ColumnType, SimpleColumnType};
+
+    let plan = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 2,
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
+            table: "post".into(),
+            constraint: TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                name: None,
+                columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
+                ref_table: "user".into(),
+                ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+                on_delete: None,
+                on_update: None,
+            },
+        }],
+    };
+    let models = vec![TableDef {
+        name: "post".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![ColumnDef {
+            name: "user_id".into(),
+            r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid),
+            nullable: false,
+            default: Some(true.into()),
+            comment: None,
+            primary_key: None,
+            unique: None,
+            index: None,
+            foreign_key: None,
+        }],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    }];
+
+    assert!(find_non_nullable_fk_add_columns(&plan, &models).is_empty());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn find_fk_on_existing_column_missing_from_model_returns_empty() {
+    use vespertide_core::{ColumnDef, ColumnType, SimpleColumnType};
+
+    let plan = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 2,
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
+            table: "post".into(),
+            constraint: TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                name: None,
+                columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
+                ref_table: "user".into(),
+                ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+                on_delete: None,
+                on_update: None,
+            },
+        }],
+    };
+    let models = vec![TableDef {
+        name: "post".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![ColumnDef {
+            name: "other_id".into(),
+            r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid),
+            nullable: false,
+            default: None,
+            comment: None,
+            primary_key: None,
+            unique: None,
+            index: None,
+            foreign_key: None,
+        }],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    }];
+
+    assert!(find_non_nullable_fk_add_columns(&plan, &models).is_empty());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn rewrite_plan_replaces_actions_with_recreate() {
+    use vespertide_core::{ColumnDef, ColumnType, SimpleColumnType};
+    let mut plan = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 2,
+        actions: vec![
+            MigrationAction::AddColumn {
+                table: "post".into(),
+                column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
+                    name: "user_id".into(),
+                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid),
+                    nullable: false,
+                    default: None,
+                    comment: None,
+                    primary_key: None,
+                    unique: None,
+                    index: None,
+                    foreign_key: None,
+                }),
+                fill_with: None,
+            },
+            MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
+                table: "post".into(),
+                constraint: TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                    name: None,
+                    columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
+                    ref_table: "user".into(),
+                    ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+                    on_delete: None,
+                    on_update: None,
+                },
+            },
+        ],
+    };
+
+    let recreate = vec![RecreateTableRequired {
+        table: "post".into(),
+        column: "user_id".into(),
+        reason: RecreateReason::AddColumnWithFk,
+    }];
+
+    let models = vec![TableDef {
+        name: "post".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "id".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "user_id".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    }];
+
+    rewrite_plan_for_recreation(&mut plan, &recreate, &models);
+
+    assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 2);
+    assert!(matches!(&plan.actions[0], MigrationAction::DeleteTable { table } if table == "post"));
+    assert!(
+        matches!(&plan.actions[1], MigrationAction::CreateTable { table, .. } if table == "post")
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn rewrite_plan_keeps_non_table_actions() {
+    use vespertide_core::{ColumnDef, ColumnType, SimpleColumnType};
+
+    let mut plan = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 2,
+        actions: vec![
+            MigrationAction::RawSql {
+                sql: "select 1".into(),
+            },
+            MigrationAction::AddColumn {
+                table: "post".into(),
+                column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
+                    name: "user_id".into(),
+                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid),
+                    nullable: false,
+                    default: None,
+                    comment: None,
+                    primary_key: None,
+                    unique: None,
+                    index: None,
+                    foreign_key: None,
+                }),
+                fill_with: None,
+            },
+        ],
+    };
+
+    let recreate = vec![RecreateTableRequired {
+        table: "post".into(),
+        column: "user_id".into(),
+        reason: RecreateReason::AddColumnWithFk,
+    }];
+
+    let models = vec![TableDef {
+        name: "post".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![ColumnDef {
+            name: "user_id".into(),
+            r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid),
+            nullable: false,
+            default: None,
+            comment: None,
+            primary_key: None,
+            unique: None,
+            index: None,
+            foreign_key: None,
+        }],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    }];
+
+    rewrite_plan_for_recreation(&mut plan, &recreate, &models);
+
+    assert!(matches!(&plan.actions[0], MigrationAction::RawSql { sql } if sql == "select 1"));
+    assert!(matches!(&plan.actions[1], MigrationAction::DeleteTable { table } if table == "post"));
+    assert!(
+        matches!(&plan.actions[2], MigrationAction::CreateTable { table, .. } if table == "post")
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn handle_recreate_requirements_returns_ok_when_no_fk() {
+    let mut plan = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 1,
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::RawSql {
+            sql: "select 1".into(),
+        }],
+    };
+
+    handle_recreate_requirements(&mut plan, &[], |_| Ok(true)).unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 1);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn handle_recreate_requirements_bails_when_prompt_rejected() {
+    use vespertide_core::{ColumnDef, ColumnType, SimpleColumnType};
+
+    let mut plan = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 1,
+        actions: vec![
+            MigrationAction::AddColumn {
+                table: "post".into(),
+                column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
+                    name: "user_id".into(),
+                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid),
+                    nullable: false,
+                    default: None,
+                    comment: None,
+                    primary_key: None,
+                    unique: None,
+                    index: None,
+                    foreign_key: None,
+                }),
+                fill_with: None,
+            },
+            MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
+                table: "post".into(),
+                constraint: TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                    name: None,
+                    columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
+                    ref_table: "user".into(),
+                    ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+                    on_delete: None,
+                    on_update: None,
+                },
+            },
+        ],
+    };
+
+    let err = handle_recreate_requirements(&mut plan, &[], |_| Ok(false)).unwrap_err();
+
+    assert!(
+        err.to_string()
+            .contains("Migration cancelled. To proceed without recreation")
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn handle_recreate_requirements_empties_plan_when_model_missing() {
+    use vespertide_core::{ColumnDef, ColumnType, SimpleColumnType};
+
+    let mut plan = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 1,
+        actions: vec![
+            MigrationAction::AddColumn {
+                table: "post".into(),
+                column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
+                    name: "user_id".into(),
+                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid),
+                    nullable: false,
+                    default: None,
+                    comment: None,
+                    primary_key: None,
+                    unique: None,
+                    index: None,
+                    foreign_key: None,
+                }),
+                fill_with: None,
+            },
+            MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
+                table: "post".into(),
+                constraint: TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                    name: None,
+                    columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
+                    ref_table: "user".into(),
+                    ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+                    on_delete: None,
+                    on_update: None,
+                },
+            },
+        ],
+    };
+
+    handle_recreate_requirements(&mut plan, &[], |_| Ok(true)).unwrap();
+
+    assert!(plan.actions.is_empty());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn handle_recreate_requirements_rewrites_plan_when_model_exists() {
+    use vespertide_core::{ColumnDef, ColumnType, SimpleColumnType};
+
+    let mut plan = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 1,
+        actions: vec![
+            MigrationAction::AddColumn {
+                table: "post".into(),
+                column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
+                    name: "user_id".into(),
+                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid),
+                    nullable: false,
+                    default: None,
+                    comment: None,
+                    primary_key: None,
+                    unique: None,
+                    index: None,
+                    foreign_key: None,
+                }),
+                fill_with: None,
+            },
+            MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
+                table: "post".into(),
+                constraint: TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                    name: None,
+                    columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
+                    ref_table: "user".into(),
+                    ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+                    on_delete: None,
+                    on_update: None,
+                },
+            },
+        ],
+    };
+
+    let models = vec![TableDef {
+        name: "post".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "id".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "user_id".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    }];
+
+    handle_recreate_requirements(&mut plan, &models, |_| Ok(true)).unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 2);
+    assert!(matches!(&plan.actions[0], MigrationAction::DeleteTable { table } if table == "post"));
+    assert!(
+        matches!(&plan.actions[1], MigrationAction::CreateTable { table, .. } if table == "post")
+    );
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-cli/src/commands/revision/write.rs b/crates/vespertide-cli/src/commands/revision/write.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dfb12fda
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-cli/src/commands/revision/write.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+
+use anyhow::{Context, Result};
+use serde_json::Value;
+use tokio::fs;
+use vespertide_config::{FileFormat, VespertideConfig};
+use vespertide_core::MigrationPlan;
+
+use crate::utils::{migration_filename_with_format_and_pattern, schema_url};
+
+pub(super) async fn write_migration_file(
+    config: &VespertideConfig,
+    plan: &MigrationPlan,
+) -> Result<PathBuf> {
+    let migrations_dir = config.migrations_dir();
+    if !migrations_dir.exists() {
+        fs::create_dir_all(&migrations_dir)
+            .await
+            .context("create migrations directory")?;
+    }
+
+    let format = config.migration_format();
+    let filename = migration_filename_with_format_and_pattern(
+        plan.version,
+        plan.comment.as_deref(),
+        format,
+        config.migration_filename_pattern(),
+    );
+    let path = migrations_dir.join(&filename);
+
+    let schema_url = schema_url("migration.schema.json");
+    match format {
+        FileFormat::Json => write_json_with_schema(&path, plan, &schema_url).await?,
+        FileFormat::Yaml | FileFormat::Yml => write_yaml(&path, plan, &schema_url).await?,
+    }
+
+    Ok(path)
+}
+
+pub(super) async fn write_json_with_schema(
+    path: &Path,
+    plan: &MigrationPlan,
+    schema_url: &str,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    let mut value = serde_json::to_value(plan).context("serialize migration plan to json")?;
+    if let Value::Object(ref mut map) = value {
+        map.insert("$schema".to_string(), Value::String(schema_url.to_string()));
+    }
+    let text = serde_json::to_string_pretty(&value).context("stringify json with schema")?;
+    fs::write(path, text)
+        .await
+        .with_context(|| format!("write file: {}", path.display()))?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub(super) async fn write_yaml(path: &Path, plan: &MigrationPlan, schema_url: &str) -> Result<()> {
+    let mut value = serde_yaml::to_value(plan).context("serialize migration plan to yaml value")?;
+    if let serde_yaml::Value::Mapping(ref mut map) = value {
+        map.insert(
+            serde_yaml::Value::String("$schema".to_string()),
+            serde_yaml::Value::String(schema_url.to_string()),
+        );
+    }
+    let text = serde_yaml::to_string(&value).context("serialize yaml with schema")?;
+    fs::write(path, text)
+        .await
+        .with_context(|| format!("write file: {}", path.display()))?;
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-cli/src/commands/sql.rs b/crates/vespertide-cli/src/commands/sql.rs
index b40538a8..55f678b5 100644
--- a/crates/vespertide-cli/src/commands/sql.rs
+++ b/crates/vespertide-cli/src/commands/sql.rs
@@ -17,12 +17,12 @@ pub async fn cmd_sql(backend: DatabaseBackend) -> Result<()> {
         .map(|p| p.with_prefix(prefix))
         .collect();
     let baseline_schema = schema_from_plans(&prefixed_plans)
-        .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("failed to reconstruct schema: {}", e))?;
+        .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("failed to reconstruct schema: {e}"))?;
 
     // Plan next migration using the pre-computed baseline
     let plan =
         plan_next_migration_with_baseline(&current_models, &prefixed_plans, &baseline_schema)
-            .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("planning error: {}", e))?;
+            .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("planning error: {e}"))?;
 
     // Apply prefix to the new plan for SQL generation
     let prefixed_plan = plan.with_prefix(prefix);
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ fn emit_sql(
     }
 
     let plan_queries = build_plan_queries(plan, current_schema)
-        .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("query build error: {}", e))?;
+        .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("query build error: {e}"))?;
 
     // Select queries for the specified backend
     let queries: Vec<_> = plan_queries
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ fn emit_sql(
                 if queries.len() > 1 {
                     format!("-{}", j + 1)
                 } else {
-                    "".to_string()
+                    String::new()
                 }
                 .bright_magenta()
                 .bold(),
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-cli/src/commands/status.rs b/crates/vespertide-cli/src/commands/status.rs
index 6fc69b66..746efd4f 100644
--- a/crates/vespertide-cli/src/commands/status.rs
+++ b/crates/vespertide-cli/src/commands/status.rs
@@ -5,6 +5,10 @@ use vespertide_planner::schema_from_plans;
 use crate::utils::{load_config, load_migrations, load_models};
 use std::collections::HashSet;
 
+#[expect(
+    clippy::too_many_lines,
+    reason = "status command output is a single linear report"
+)]
 pub async fn cmd_status() -> Result<()> {
     let config = load_config()?;
     let current_models = load_models(&config)?;
@@ -50,7 +54,9 @@ pub async fn cmd_status() -> Result<()> {
         applied_plans.len().to_string().bright_yellow()
     );
     if !applied_plans.is_empty() {
-        let latest = applied_plans.last().unwrap();
+        let Some(latest) = applied_plans.last() else {
+            return Ok(());
+        };
         println!(
             "  {} {}",
             "Latest version:".cyan(),
@@ -112,7 +118,7 @@ pub async fn cmd_status() -> Result<()> {
 
     if !applied_plans.is_empty() {
         let baseline = schema_from_plans(&applied_plans)
-            .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("schema reconstruction error: {}", e))?;
+            .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("schema reconstruction error: {e}"))?;
 
         let baseline_tables: HashSet<_> = baseline.iter().map(|t| &t.name).collect();
         let current_tables: HashSet<_> = current_models.iter().map(|t| &t.name).collect();
@@ -274,6 +280,26 @@ mod tests {
         cmd_status().await.unwrap();
     }
 
+    #[tokio::test]
+    #[serial]
+    async fn cmd_status_empty_migration_list_returns_ok() {
+        let tmp = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let _guard = CwdGuard::new(&tmp.path().to_path_buf());
+        let cfg = write_config();
+        fs::create_dir_all(cfg.models_dir()).unwrap();
+        fs::create_dir_all(cfg.migrations_dir()).unwrap();
+
+        cmd_status().await.unwrap();
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn cmd_status_does_not_unwrap_latest_migration() {
+        let source = include_str!("status.rs");
+        let needle = ["applied_plans.last()", ".unwrap()"].join("");
+
+        assert!(!source.contains(&needle));
+    }
+
     #[tokio::test]
     #[serial]
     async fn cmd_status_models_no_migrations_prints_hint() {
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-cli/src/main.rs b/crates/vespertide-cli/src/main.rs
index 18b47a0c..a760009e 100644
--- a/crates/vespertide-cli/src/main.rs
+++ b/crates/vespertide-cli/src/main.rs
@@ -2,10 +2,13 @@ use anyhow::Result;
 use clap::{CommandFactory, Parser, Subcommand, ValueEnum};
 
 mod commands;
+mod parallel_config;
 mod utils;
+use crate::commands::erd::ErdFormat;
 use crate::commands::export::OrmArg;
 use commands::{
-    cmd_diff, cmd_export, cmd_init, cmd_log, cmd_new, cmd_revision, cmd_sql, cmd_status,
+    cmd_diff, cmd_erd_with_filters, cmd_export, cmd_init, cmd_log, cmd_new, cmd_revision, cmd_sql,
+    cmd_status,
 };
 use vespertide_config::FileFormat;
 use vespertide_query::DatabaseBackend;
@@ -85,6 +88,24 @@ enum Commands {
         #[arg(short = 'd', long = "export-dir")]
         export_dir: Option<std::path::PathBuf>,
     },
+    /// Export schema as ERD diagrams (SVG, Mermaid, Graphviz DOT).
+    Erd {
+        /// Output format: svg|mermaid|dot.
+        #[arg(short = 'f', long = "format", value_enum, default_value = "svg")]
+        format: ErdFormat,
+        /// Output file path (defaults to stdout if not specified).
+        #[arg(short = 'o', long = "output")]
+        output: Option<std::path::PathBuf>,
+        /// Include only these tables, plus FK-graph neighbors from --depth.
+        #[arg(long, value_delimiter = ',')]
+        include: Vec<String>,
+        /// Exclude these tables after applying --include and --depth.
+        #[arg(long, value_delimiter = ',')]
+        exclude: Vec<String>,
+        /// FK-graph hop distance from --include tables. 0 = include set only.
+        #[arg(long, default_value = "0")]
+        depth: usize,
+    },
 }
 
 #[cfg(not(tarpaulin_include))]
@@ -104,6 +125,13 @@ async fn main() -> Result<()> {
         }) => cmd_revision(message, fill_with, delete_null_rows).await,
         Some(Commands::Init) => cmd_init().await,
         Some(Commands::Export { orm, export_dir }) => cmd_export(orm, export_dir).await,
+        Some(Commands::Erd {
+            format,
+            output,
+            include,
+            exclude,
+            depth,
+        }) => cmd_erd_with_filters(format, output, include, exclude, depth).await,
         None => {
             // No subcommand: show help and exit successfully.
             Cli::command().print_help()?;
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-cli/src/parallel_config.rs b/crates/vespertide-cli/src/parallel_config.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..932f139e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-cli/src/parallel_config.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+//! Empirically tuned Rayon thresholds.
+//!
+//! See `docs/PARALLELIZATION.md` for the Wave 6 measurement notes.
+//!
+//! CLI export iterates at most four ORM variants, but per-table render work is
+//! CPU-bound. Wave 6 kept the Wave 1 threshold unchanged.
+
+pub(crate) const EXPORT_RENDER_PAR_THRESHOLD: usize = 50;
+pub(crate) const EXPORT_RENDER_PAR_MIN_LEN: usize = 32;
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-cli/src/utils.rs b/crates/vespertide-cli/src/utils.rs
index fbc4a48a..e9b4b7a4 100644
--- a/crates/vespertide-cli/src/utils.rs
+++ b/crates/vespertide-cli/src/utils.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,20 @@
+use std::fmt::Write as _;
 use vespertide_config::FileFormat;
 
 // Re-export loader functions for convenience
 pub use vespertide_loader::{load_config, load_migrations, load_models};
 
+pub(crate) fn schema_url(schema_filename: &str) -> String {
+    // If not set, default to public raw GitHub schema location.
+    // Users can override via VESP_SCHEMA_BASE_URL.
+    let base = std::env::var("VESP_SCHEMA_BASE_URL").ok();
+    let base = base.as_deref().unwrap_or(
+        "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/dev-five-git/vespertide/refs/heads/main/schemas",
+    );
+    let base = base.trim_end_matches('/');
+    format!("{base}/{schema_filename}")
+}
+
 /// Generate a migration filename from version and optional comment with format and pattern.
 pub fn migration_filename_with_format_and_pattern(
     version: u32,
@@ -43,7 +55,7 @@ fn sanitize_comment(comment: Option<&str>) -> String {
 }
 
 fn render_migration_name(pattern: &str, version: u32, sanitized_comment: &str) -> String {
-    let default_version = format!("{:04}", version);
+    let default_version = format!("{version:04}");
     let chars: Vec<char> = pattern.chars().collect();
     let mut i = 0;
     let mut out = String::new();
@@ -73,7 +85,7 @@ fn render_migration_name(pattern: &str, version: u32, sanitized_comment: &str) -
                         if w == 0 {
                             out.push_str(&default_version);
                         } else {
-                            out.push_str(&format!("{:0width$}", version, width = w));
+                            let _ = write!(out, "{version:0w$}");
                         }
                         i = j + 1;
                         continue;
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-cli/tests/export_parallel.rs b/crates/vespertide-cli/tests/export_parallel.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7c7c26ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-cli/tests/export_parallel.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+use std::fs;
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+
+use assert_cmd::Command;
+use assert_cmd::cargo;
+use rstest::rstest;
+use tempfile::TempDir;
+
+fn vespertide() -> Command {
+    Command::new(cargo::cargo_bin!("vespertide"))
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case(1)]
+#[case(49)]
+#[case(50)]
+#[case(200)]
+fn export_output_is_byte_stable_across_rayon_thread_counts(#[case] table_count: usize) {
+    let single_threaded = export_output(table_count, "1");
+    let multi_threaded = export_output(table_count, "4");
+
+    assert_eq!(single_threaded, multi_threaded);
+}
+
+fn export_output(table_count: usize, rayon_threads: &str) -> Vec<(PathBuf, Vec<u8>)> {
+    let temp_dir = TempDir::new().expect("create temp dir");
+    write_project(temp_dir.path(), table_count);
+
+    vespertide()
+        .current_dir(temp_dir.path())
+        .env("RAYON_NUM_THREADS", rayon_threads)
+        .args(["export", "--orm", "seaorm", "--export-dir", "generated"])
+        .assert()
+        .success();
+
+    read_output_tree(&temp_dir.path().join("generated"))
+}
+
+fn write_project(root: &Path, table_count: usize) {
+    fs::write(
+        root.join("vespertide.json"),
+        r#"{
+  "modelsDir": "models",
+  "migrationsDir": "migrations",
+  "tableNamingCase": "snake",
+  "columnNamingCase": "snake",
+  "modelFormat": "json",
+  "migrationFormat": "json",
+  "modelExportDir": "generated",
+  "seaorm": {
+    "extraEnumDerives": [],
+    "vesperaSchemaType": false
+  }
+}"#,
+    )
+    .expect("write config");
+
+    let models_dir = root.join("models");
+    fs::create_dir(&models_dir).expect("create models dir");
+
+    for index in 0..table_count {
+        let table_name = format!("table_{index:03}");
+        let model = format!(
+            r#"{{
+  "$schema": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/dev-five-git/vespertide/refs/heads/main/schemas/model.schema.json",
+  "name": "{table_name}",
+  "columns": [
+    {{ "name": "id", "type": "integer", "nullable": false, "primary_key": {{ "auto_increment": true }} }},
+    {{ "name": "name", "type": {{ "kind": "varchar", "length": 100 }}, "nullable": false }},
+    {{ "name": "created_at", "type": "timestamptz", "nullable": false, "default": "NOW()" }}
+  ]
+}}"#
+        );
+        fs::write(models_dir.join(format!("{table_name}.json")), model).expect("write model");
+    }
+}
+
+fn read_output_tree(root: &Path) -> Vec<(PathBuf, Vec<u8>)> {
+    let mut files = Vec::new();
+    collect_files(root, root, &mut files);
+    files.sort_by(|left, right| left.0.cmp(&right.0));
+    files
+}
+
+fn collect_files(root: &Path, dir: &Path, files: &mut Vec<(PathBuf, Vec<u8>)>) {
+    let mut entries = fs::read_dir(dir)
+        .expect("read output dir")
+        .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()
+        .expect("collect output entries");
+    entries.sort_by_key(std::fs::DirEntry::path);
+
+    for entry in entries {
+        let path = entry.path();
+        if path.is_dir() {
+            collect_files(root, &path, files);
+        } else {
+            let rel_path = path
+                .strip_prefix(root)
+                .expect("relative path")
+                .to_path_buf();
+            let bytes = fs::read(&path).expect("read output file");
+            files.push((rel_path, bytes));
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-config/Cargo.toml b/crates/vespertide-config/Cargo.toml
index 0cdcbe9f..39c8eb58 100644
--- a/crates/vespertide-config/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/vespertide-config/Cargo.toml
@@ -7,6 +7,9 @@ repository.workspace = true
 homepage.workspace = true
 documentation.workspace = true
 description = "Manages models/migrations directories and naming-case preferences"
+keywords = ["database", "migration", "schema", "orm", "sql"]
+categories = ["database"]
+readme = "../../README.md"
 
 [dependencies]
 serde = { version = "1", features = ["derive"] }
@@ -20,3 +23,6 @@ schema = ["dep:schemars"]
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 serde_json = "1"
+
+[lints]
+workspace = true
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-config/src/config.rs b/crates/vespertide-config/src/config.rs
index 0b7a4822..4242f2c7 100644
--- a/crates/vespertide-config/src/config.rs
+++ b/crates/vespertide-config/src/config.rs
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ pub struct SeaOrmConfig {
     /// Additional derive macros to add to generated entity model types.
     #[serde(default)]
     pub extra_model_derives: Vec<String>,
-    /// Naming case for serde rename_all attribute on generated enums.
+    /// Naming case for serde `rename_all` attribute on generated enums.
     /// Default: `Camel` (generates `#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]`)
     #[serde(default = "default_enum_naming_case")]
     pub enum_naming_case: NameCase,
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ impl SeaOrmConfig {
         &self.extra_model_derives
     }
 
-    /// Get the naming case for serde rename_all attribute on generated enums.
+    /// Get the naming case for serde `rename_all` attribute on generated enums.
     pub fn enum_naming_case(&self) -> NameCase {
         self.enum_naming_case
     }
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-config/src/lib.rs b/crates/vespertide-config/src/lib.rs
index 1ec2e86a..e8f6640d 100644
--- a/crates/vespertide-config/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/vespertide-config/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,8 @@
+//! Configuration parsing for vespertide projects.
+//!
+//! Reads `vespertide.json` (or `.yaml`) with paths, naming conventions,
+//! and file format preferences.
+
 pub mod config;
 pub mod file_format;
 pub mod name_case;
@@ -67,7 +72,7 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn seaorm_config_deserialize_with_defaults() {
-        let json = r#"{}"#;
+        let json = r"{}";
         let cfg: SeaOrmConfig = serde_json::from_str(json).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(cfg.extra_enum_derives(), &["vespera::Schema".to_string()]);
         assert!(cfg.extra_model_derives().is_empty());
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-config/src/name_case.rs b/crates/vespertide-config/src/name_case.rs
index edd01448..d5d9c702 100644
--- a/crates/vespertide-config/src/name_case.rs
+++ b/crates/vespertide-config/src/name_case.rs
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ impl NameCase {
         matches!(self, NameCase::Pascal)
     }
 
-    /// Returns the serde rename_all attribute value for this case.
+    /// Returns the serde `rename_all` attribute value for this case.
     pub fn serde_rename_all(self) -> &'static str {
         match self {
             NameCase::Snake => "snake_case",
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-core/AGENTS.md b/crates/vespertide-core/AGENTS.md
index fe3c76b6..f5650fa4 100644
--- a/crates/vespertide-core/AGENTS.md
+++ b/crates/vespertide-core/AGENTS.md
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ Core data structures for schema definition and migration planning.
 ```
 src/
 ├── lib.rs              # Re-exports all public types
-├── action.rs           # MigrationAction (12 variants), MigrationPlan
+├── action.rs           # MigrationAction (14 variants), MigrationPlan (1236 lines; scheduled split)
 ├── migration.rs        # MigrationError, MigrationOptions
 └── schema/
     ├── column.rs       # ColumnDef, ColumnType, SimpleColumnType, ComplexColumnType
@@ -66,3 +66,11 @@ MigrationAction::AddColumn { table, column, fill_with }
 | Omitting inline fields in ColumnDef | Include all 4: `primary_key`, `unique`, `index`, `foreign_key` |
 | Using TableDef without normalize() | Call `normalize()` before diffing |
 | Direct TableConstraint in column | Use inline syntax, let normalize() convert |
+
+## NOTES
+
+- Model and migration serialization supports both JSON and YAML.
+- Prefer typed `MigrationAction` enums; `MigrationAction::RawSql` exists as a documented emergency escape hatch, but is not recommended for normal use.
+- Shared proptest strategies live behind the `arbitrary` feature. Run property tests with `cargo test -p vespertide-core --features arbitrary`.
+- Every `.rs` file must stay ≤ 1000 lines (CI enforced); current hotspots include `action.rs` (1236 lines) and `schema/table.rs` (1526 lines).
+- Workspace lints warn on unsafe code and Clippy all: `unsafe_code = "warn"`, `clippy::all = { level = "warn", priority = -1 }`.
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-core/Cargo.toml b/crates/vespertide-core/Cargo.toml
index 9f79e1e2..4bd6e87f 100644
--- a/crates/vespertide-core/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/vespertide-core/Cargo.toml
@@ -7,17 +7,32 @@ repository.workspace = true
 homepage.workspace = true
 documentation.workspace = true
 description = "Data models for tables, columns, constraints, indexes, and migration actions"
+keywords = ["database", "migration", "schema", "orm", "sql"]
+categories = ["database"]
+readme = "../../README.md"
 
 [dependencies]
+proptest = { version = "1", optional = true, default-features = false, features = ["std", "bit-set"] }
 serde = { version = "1", features = ["derive"] }
+sea-orm = { version = "2.0.0-rc.38", default-features = false }
 schemars = { version = "1.2", optional = true }
 thiserror = "2"
 vespertide-naming = { workspace = true }
 
 [features]
+arbitrary = ["dep:proptest"]
 default = ["schema"]
 schema = ["dep:schemars"]
 
 [dev-dependencies]
+criterion = { version = "0.5", features = ["html_reports"] }
+proptest = "1"
 rstest = "0.26"
 serde_json = "1"
+
+[[bench]]
+name = "normalize_benchmarks"
+harness = false
+
+[lints]
+workspace = true
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-core/benches/normalize_benchmarks.rs b/crates/vespertide-core/benches/normalize_benchmarks.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..88c03236
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-core/benches/normalize_benchmarks.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+use criterion::{BenchmarkId, Criterion, black_box, criterion_group, criterion_main};
+use vespertide_core::schema::foreign_key::{ForeignKeyDef, ForeignKeySyntax};
+use vespertide_core::schema::primary_key::PrimaryKeySyntax;
+use vespertide_core::{
+    ColumnDef, ColumnType, ReferenceAction, SimpleColumnType, StrOrBoolOrArray, TableDef,
+};
+
+fn simple_type(ty: SimpleColumnType) -> ColumnType {
+    ColumnType::Simple(ty)
+}
+
+fn build_table(n_columns: usize, with_inline_constraints: bool) -> TableDef {
+    let mut columns = Vec::with_capacity(n_columns.max(1));
+    columns.push(
+        ColumnDef::new("id", simple_type(SimpleColumnType::Integer), false)
+            .primary_key(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
+    );
+
+    for i in 1..n_columns {
+        let mut column = ColumnDef::new(
+            format!("column_{i}"),
+            if i % 3 == 0 {
+                simple_type(SimpleColumnType::Integer)
+            } else {
+                simple_type(SimpleColumnType::Text)
+            },
+            i % 7 == 0,
+        );
+
+        if with_inline_constraints {
+            if i % 5 == 0 {
+                column = column.index(StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true));
+            }
+            if i % 11 == 0 {
+                column = column.unique(StrOrBoolOrArray::Str(format!("uq_norm__column_{i}")));
+            }
+            if i % 17 == 0 {
+                column = column.foreign_key(ForeignKeySyntax::Object(ForeignKeyDef {
+                    ref_table: "parent".into(),
+                    ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+                    on_delete: Some(ReferenceAction::Cascade),
+                    on_update: None,
+                }));
+            }
+        }
+
+        columns.push(column);
+    }
+
+    TableDef {
+        name: format!("normalize_{n_columns}_{with_inline_constraints}"),
+        description: None,
+        columns,
+        constraints: vec![],
+    }
+}
+
+fn bench_normalize(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let mut group = c.benchmark_group("table_normalize");
+    for n_columns in [10, 100, 500] {
+        for with_inline_constraints in [false, true] {
+            let table = build_table(n_columns, with_inline_constraints);
+            group.bench_with_input(
+                BenchmarkId::new(
+                    if with_inline_constraints {
+                        "with_inline_constraints"
+                    } else {
+                        "without_inline_constraints"
+                    },
+                    n_columns,
+                ),
+                &table,
+                |b, table| b.iter(|| black_box(table).normalize()),
+            );
+        }
+    }
+    group.finish();
+}
+
+criterion_group!(benches, bench_normalize);
+criterion_main!(benches);
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-core/src/action.rs b/crates/vespertide-core/src/action.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index a8fe7437..00000000
--- a/crates/vespertide-core/src/action.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1270 +0,0 @@
-use crate::schema::{ColumnDef, ColumnName, ColumnType, TableConstraint, TableName};
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use std::collections::BTreeMap;
-use std::fmt;
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "schema", derive(schemars::JsonSchema))]
-#[serde(rename_all = "snake_case")]
-pub struct MigrationPlan {
-    /// Unique identifier for this migration (UUID format).
-    /// Defaults to empty string for backward compatibility with old migration files.
-    #[serde(default)]
-    pub id: String,
-    pub comment: Option<String>,
-    #[serde(default)]
-    pub created_at: Option<String>,
-    pub version: u32,
-    pub actions: Vec<MigrationAction>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "schema", derive(schemars::JsonSchema))]
-#[serde(tag = "type", rename_all = "snake_case")]
-pub enum MigrationAction {
-    CreateTable {
-        table: TableName,
-        columns: Vec<ColumnDef>,
-        constraints: Vec<TableConstraint>,
-    },
-    DeleteTable {
-        table: TableName,
-    },
-    AddColumn {
-        table: TableName,
-        column: Box<ColumnDef>,
-        /// Optional fill value to backfill existing rows when adding NOT NULL without default.
-        fill_with: Option<String>,
-    },
-    RenameColumn {
-        table: TableName,
-        from: ColumnName,
-        to: ColumnName,
-    },
-    DeleteColumn {
-        table: TableName,
-        column: ColumnName,
-    },
-    ModifyColumnType {
-        table: TableName,
-        column: ColumnName,
-        new_type: ColumnType,
-        /// Mapping of removed enum values to replacement values for safe enum value removal.
-        /// e.g., {"cancelled": "'pending'"} generates UPDATE before type change.
-        #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
-        fill_with: Option<BTreeMap<String, String>>,
-    },
-    ModifyColumnNullable {
-        table: TableName,
-        column: ColumnName,
-        nullable: bool,
-        /// Required when changing from nullable to non-nullable to backfill existing NULL values.
-        fill_with: Option<String>,
-        /// When true, rows with NULL values in the column are deleted instead of backfilled.
-        /// Mutually exclusive with `fill_with`. Useful for FK columns where a valid fill value
-        /// may not exist.
-        #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
-        delete_null_rows: Option<bool>,
-    },
-    ModifyColumnDefault {
-        table: TableName,
-        column: ColumnName,
-        /// The new default value, or None to remove the default.
-        new_default: Option<String>,
-    },
-    ModifyColumnComment {
-        table: TableName,
-        column: ColumnName,
-        /// The new comment, or None to remove the comment.
-        new_comment: Option<String>,
-    },
-    AddConstraint {
-        table: TableName,
-        constraint: TableConstraint,
-    },
-    RemoveConstraint {
-        table: TableName,
-        constraint: TableConstraint,
-    },
-    ReplaceConstraint {
-        table: TableName,
-        from: TableConstraint,
-        to: TableConstraint,
-    },
-    RenameTable {
-        from: TableName,
-        to: TableName,
-    },
-    RawSql {
-        sql: String,
-    },
-}
-
-impl MigrationPlan {
-    /// Apply a prefix to all table names in the migration plan.
-    /// This modifies all table references in all actions.
-    pub fn with_prefix(self, prefix: &str) -> Self {
-        if prefix.is_empty() {
-            return self;
-        }
-        Self {
-            actions: self
-                .actions
-                .into_iter()
-                .map(|action| action.with_prefix(prefix))
-                .collect(),
-            ..self
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl MigrationAction {
-    /// Apply a prefix to all table names in this action.
-    pub fn with_prefix(self, prefix: &str) -> Self {
-        if prefix.is_empty() {
-            return self;
-        }
-        match self {
-            MigrationAction::CreateTable {
-                table,
-                columns,
-                constraints,
-            } => MigrationAction::CreateTable {
-                table: format!("{}{}", prefix, table),
-                columns,
-                constraints: constraints
-                    .into_iter()
-                    .map(|c| c.with_prefix(prefix))
-                    .collect(),
-            },
-            MigrationAction::DeleteTable { table } => MigrationAction::DeleteTable {
-                table: format!("{}{}", prefix, table),
-            },
-            MigrationAction::AddColumn {
-                table,
-                column,
-                fill_with,
-            } => MigrationAction::AddColumn {
-                table: format!("{}{}", prefix, table),
-                column,
-                fill_with,
-            },
-            MigrationAction::RenameColumn { table, from, to } => MigrationAction::RenameColumn {
-                table: format!("{}{}", prefix, table),
-                from,
-                to,
-            },
-            MigrationAction::DeleteColumn { table, column } => MigrationAction::DeleteColumn {
-                table: format!("{}{}", prefix, table),
-                column,
-            },
-            MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType {
-                table,
-                column,
-                new_type,
-                fill_with,
-            } => MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType {
-                table: format!("{}{}", prefix, table),
-                column,
-                new_type,
-                fill_with,
-            },
-            MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
-                table,
-                column,
-                nullable,
-                fill_with,
-                delete_null_rows,
-            } => MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
-                table: format!("{}{}", prefix, table),
-                column,
-                nullable,
-                fill_with,
-                delete_null_rows,
-            },
-            MigrationAction::ModifyColumnDefault {
-                table,
-                column,
-                new_default,
-            } => MigrationAction::ModifyColumnDefault {
-                table: format!("{}{}", prefix, table),
-                column,
-                new_default,
-            },
-            MigrationAction::ModifyColumnComment {
-                table,
-                column,
-                new_comment,
-            } => MigrationAction::ModifyColumnComment {
-                table: format!("{}{}", prefix, table),
-                column,
-                new_comment,
-            },
-            MigrationAction::AddConstraint { table, constraint } => {
-                MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
-                    table: format!("{}{}", prefix, table),
-                    constraint: constraint.with_prefix(prefix),
-                }
-            }
-            MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint { table, constraint } => {
-                MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint {
-                    table: format!("{}{}", prefix, table),
-                    constraint: constraint.with_prefix(prefix),
-                }
-            }
-            MigrationAction::ReplaceConstraint { table, from, to } => {
-                MigrationAction::ReplaceConstraint {
-                    table: format!("{}{}", prefix, table),
-                    from: from.with_prefix(prefix),
-                    to: to.with_prefix(prefix),
-                }
-            }
-            MigrationAction::RenameTable { from, to } => MigrationAction::RenameTable {
-                from: format!("{}{}", prefix, from),
-                to: format!("{}{}", prefix, to),
-            },
-            MigrationAction::RawSql { sql } => MigrationAction::RawSql { sql },
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl fmt::Display for MigrationAction {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
-        match self {
-            MigrationAction::CreateTable { table, .. } => {
-                write!(f, "CreateTable: {}", table)
-            }
-            MigrationAction::DeleteTable { table } => {
-                write!(f, "DeleteTable: {}", table)
-            }
-            MigrationAction::AddColumn { table, column, .. } => {
-                write!(f, "AddColumn: {}.{}", table, column.name)
-            }
-            MigrationAction::RenameColumn { table, from, to } => {
-                write!(f, "RenameColumn: {}.{} -> {}", table, from, to)
-            }
-            MigrationAction::DeleteColumn { table, column } => {
-                write!(f, "DeleteColumn: {}.{}", table, column)
-            }
-            MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType { table, column, .. } => {
-                write!(f, "ModifyColumnType: {}.{}", table, column)
-            }
-            MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
-                table,
-                column,
-                nullable,
-                ..
-            } => {
-                let nullability = if *nullable { "NULL" } else { "NOT NULL" };
-                write!(
-                    f,
-                    "ModifyColumnNullable: {}.{} -> {}",
-                    table, column, nullability
-                )
-            }
-            MigrationAction::ModifyColumnDefault {
-                table,
-                column,
-                new_default,
-            } => {
-                if let Some(default) = new_default {
-                    write!(
-                        f,
-                        "ModifyColumnDefault: {}.{} -> {}",
-                        table, column, default
-                    )
-                } else {
-                    write!(f, "ModifyColumnDefault: {}.{} -> (none)", table, column)
-                }
-            }
-            MigrationAction::ModifyColumnComment {
-                table,
-                column,
-                new_comment,
-            } => {
-                if let Some(comment) = new_comment {
-                    let display = if comment.chars().count() > 30 {
-                        format!("{}...", comment.chars().take(27).collect::<String>())
-                    } else {
-                        comment.clone()
-                    };
-                    write!(
-                        f,
-                        "ModifyColumnComment: {}.{} -> '{}'",
-                        table, column, display
-                    )
-                } else {
-                    write!(f, "ModifyColumnComment: {}.{} -> (none)", table, column)
-                }
-            }
-            MigrationAction::AddConstraint { table, constraint } => {
-                let constraint_name = match constraint {
-                    TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { .. } => "PRIMARY KEY",
-                    TableConstraint::Unique { name, .. } => {
-                        if let Some(n) = name {
-                            return write!(f, "AddConstraint: {}.{} (UNIQUE)", table, n);
-                        }
-                        "UNIQUE"
-                    }
-                    TableConstraint::ForeignKey { name, .. } => {
-                        if let Some(n) = name {
-                            return write!(f, "AddConstraint: {}.{} (FOREIGN KEY)", table, n);
-                        }
-                        "FOREIGN KEY"
-                    }
-                    TableConstraint::Check { name, .. } => {
-                        return write!(f, "AddConstraint: {}.{} (CHECK)", table, name);
-                    }
-                    TableConstraint::Index { name, .. } => {
-                        if let Some(n) = name {
-                            return write!(f, "AddConstraint: {}.{} (INDEX)", table, n);
-                        }
-                        "INDEX"
-                    }
-                };
-                write!(f, "AddConstraint: {}.{}", table, constraint_name)
-            }
-            MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint { table, constraint } => {
-                let constraint_name = match constraint {
-                    TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { .. } => "PRIMARY KEY",
-                    TableConstraint::Unique { name, .. } => {
-                        if let Some(n) = name {
-                            return write!(f, "RemoveConstraint: {}.{} (UNIQUE)", table, n);
-                        }
-                        "UNIQUE"
-                    }
-                    TableConstraint::ForeignKey { name, .. } => {
-                        if let Some(n) = name {
-                            return write!(f, "RemoveConstraint: {}.{} (FOREIGN KEY)", table, n);
-                        }
-                        "FOREIGN KEY"
-                    }
-                    TableConstraint::Check { name, .. } => {
-                        return write!(f, "RemoveConstraint: {}.{} (CHECK)", table, name);
-                    }
-                    TableConstraint::Index { name, .. } => {
-                        if let Some(n) = name {
-                            return write!(f, "RemoveConstraint: {}.{} (INDEX)", table, n);
-                        }
-                        "INDEX"
-                    }
-                };
-                write!(f, "RemoveConstraint: {}.{}", table, constraint_name)
-            }
-            MigrationAction::ReplaceConstraint { table, to, .. } => {
-                let constraint_name = match to {
-                    TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { .. } => "PRIMARY KEY",
-                    TableConstraint::Unique { name, .. } => {
-                        if let Some(n) = name {
-                            return write!(f, "ReplaceConstraint: {}.{} (UNIQUE)", table, n);
-                        }
-                        "UNIQUE"
-                    }
-                    TableConstraint::ForeignKey { name, .. } => {
-                        if let Some(n) = name {
-                            return write!(f, "ReplaceConstraint: {}.{} (FOREIGN KEY)", table, n);
-                        }
-                        "FOREIGN KEY"
-                    }
-                    TableConstraint::Check { name, .. } => {
-                        return write!(f, "ReplaceConstraint: {}.{} (CHECK)", table, name);
-                    }
-                    TableConstraint::Index { name, .. } => {
-                        if let Some(n) = name {
-                            return write!(f, "ReplaceConstraint: {}.{} (INDEX)", table, n);
-                        }
-                        "INDEX"
-                    }
-                };
-                write!(f, "ReplaceConstraint: {}.{}", table, constraint_name)
-            }
-            MigrationAction::RenameTable { from, to } => {
-                write!(f, "RenameTable: {} -> {}", from, to)
-            }
-            MigrationAction::RawSql { sql } => {
-                // Truncate SQL if too long for display
-                let display_sql = if sql.len() > 50 {
-                    format!("{}...", &sql[..47])
-                } else {
-                    sql.clone()
-                };
-                write!(f, "RawSql: {}", display_sql)
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use super::*;
-    use crate::schema::{ReferenceAction, SimpleColumnType};
-    use rstest::rstest;
-
-    fn default_column() -> ColumnDef {
-        ColumnDef {
-            name: "email".into(),
-            r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-            nullable: true,
-            default: None,
-            comment: None,
-            primary_key: None,
-            unique: None,
-            index: None,
-            foreign_key: None,
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case::create_table(
-        MigrationAction::CreateTable {
-            table: "users".into(),
-            columns: vec![],
-            constraints: vec![],
-        },
-        "CreateTable: users"
-    )]
-    #[case::delete_table(
-        MigrationAction::DeleteTable {
-            table: "users".into(),
-        },
-        "DeleteTable: users"
-    )]
-    #[case::add_column(
-        MigrationAction::AddColumn {
-            table: "users".into(),
-            column: Box::new(default_column()),
-            fill_with: None,
-        },
-        "AddColumn: users.email"
-    )]
-    #[case::rename_column(
-        MigrationAction::RenameColumn {
-            table: "users".into(),
-            from: "old_name".into(),
-            to: "new_name".into(),
-        },
-        "RenameColumn: users.old_name -> new_name"
-    )]
-    #[case::delete_column(
-        MigrationAction::DeleteColumn {
-            table: "users".into(),
-            column: "email".into(),
-        },
-        "DeleteColumn: users.email"
-    )]
-    #[case::modify_column_type(
-        MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType {
-            table: "users".into(),
-            column: "age".into(),
-            new_type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-            fill_with: None,
-        },
-        "ModifyColumnType: users.age"
-    )]
-    #[case::add_constraint_index_with_name(
-        MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
-            table: "users".into(),
-            constraint: TableConstraint::Index {
-                name: Some("ix_users__email".into()),
-                columns: vec!["email".into()],
-            },
-        },
-        "AddConstraint: users.ix_users__email (INDEX)"
-    )]
-    #[case::add_constraint_index_without_name(
-        MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
-            table: "users".into(),
-            constraint: TableConstraint::Index {
-                name: None,
-                columns: vec!["email".into()],
-            },
-        },
-        "AddConstraint: users.INDEX"
-    )]
-    #[case::remove_constraint_index_with_name(
-        MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint {
-            table: "users".into(),
-            constraint: TableConstraint::Index {
-                name: Some("ix_users__email".into()),
-                columns: vec!["email".into()],
-            },
-        },
-        "RemoveConstraint: users.ix_users__email (INDEX)"
-    )]
-    #[case::remove_constraint_index_without_name(
-        MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint {
-            table: "users".into(),
-            constraint: TableConstraint::Index {
-                name: None,
-                columns: vec!["email".into()],
-            },
-        },
-        "RemoveConstraint: users.INDEX"
-    )]
-    #[case::rename_table(
-        MigrationAction::RenameTable {
-            from: "old_table".into(),
-            to: "new_table".into(),
-        },
-        "RenameTable: old_table -> new_table"
-    )]
-    fn test_display_basic_actions(#[case] action: MigrationAction, #[case] expected: &str) {
-        assert_eq!(action.to_string(), expected);
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case::add_constraint_primary_key(
-        MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
-            table: "users".into(),
-            constraint: TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                auto_increment: false,
-                columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            },
-        },
-        "AddConstraint: users.PRIMARY KEY"
-    )]
-    #[case::add_constraint_unique_with_name(
-        MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
-            table: "users".into(),
-            constraint: TableConstraint::Unique {
-                name: Some("uq_email".into()),
-                columns: vec!["email".into()],
-            },
-        },
-        "AddConstraint: users.uq_email (UNIQUE)"
-    )]
-    #[case::add_constraint_unique_without_name(
-        MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
-            table: "users".into(),
-            constraint: TableConstraint::Unique {
-                name: None,
-                columns: vec!["email".into()],
-            },
-        },
-        "AddConstraint: users.UNIQUE"
-    )]
-    #[case::add_constraint_foreign_key_with_name(
-        MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
-            table: "posts".into(),
-            constraint: TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                name: Some("fk_user".into()),
-                columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
-                ref_table: "users".into(),
-                ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                on_delete: Some(ReferenceAction::Cascade),
-                on_update: None,
-            },
-        },
-        "AddConstraint: posts.fk_user (FOREIGN KEY)"
-    )]
-    #[case::add_constraint_foreign_key_without_name(
-        MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
-            table: "posts".into(),
-            constraint: TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                name: None,
-                columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
-                ref_table: "users".into(),
-                ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                on_delete: None,
-                on_update: None,
-            },
-        },
-        "AddConstraint: posts.FOREIGN KEY"
-    )]
-    #[case::add_constraint_check(
-        MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
-            table: "users".into(),
-            constraint: TableConstraint::Check {
-                name: "chk_age".into(),
-                expr: "age > 0".into(),
-            },
-        },
-        "AddConstraint: users.chk_age (CHECK)"
-    )]
-    fn test_display_add_constraint(#[case] action: MigrationAction, #[case] expected: &str) {
-        assert_eq!(action.to_string(), expected);
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case::remove_constraint_primary_key(
-        MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint {
-            table: "users".into(),
-            constraint: TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                auto_increment: false,
-                columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            },
-        },
-        "RemoveConstraint: users.PRIMARY KEY"
-    )]
-    #[case::remove_constraint_unique_with_name(
-        MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint {
-            table: "users".into(),
-            constraint: TableConstraint::Unique {
-                name: Some("uq_email".into()),
-                columns: vec!["email".into()],
-            },
-        },
-        "RemoveConstraint: users.uq_email (UNIQUE)"
-    )]
-    #[case::remove_constraint_unique_without_name(
-        MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint {
-            table: "users".into(),
-            constraint: TableConstraint::Unique {
-                name: None,
-                columns: vec!["email".into()],
-            },
-        },
-        "RemoveConstraint: users.UNIQUE"
-    )]
-    #[case::remove_constraint_foreign_key_with_name(
-        MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint {
-            table: "posts".into(),
-            constraint: TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                name: Some("fk_user".into()),
-                columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
-                ref_table: "users".into(),
-                ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                on_delete: None,
-                on_update: None,
-            },
-        },
-        "RemoveConstraint: posts.fk_user (FOREIGN KEY)"
-    )]
-    #[case::remove_constraint_foreign_key_without_name(
-        MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint {
-            table: "posts".into(),
-            constraint: TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                name: None,
-                columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
-                ref_table: "users".into(),
-                ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                on_delete: None,
-                on_update: None,
-            },
-        },
-        "RemoveConstraint: posts.FOREIGN KEY"
-    )]
-    #[case::remove_constraint_check(
-        MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint {
-            table: "users".into(),
-            constraint: TableConstraint::Check {
-                name: "chk_age".into(),
-                expr: "age > 0".into(),
-            },
-        },
-        "RemoveConstraint: users.chk_age (CHECK)"
-    )]
-    fn test_display_remove_constraint(#[case] action: MigrationAction, #[case] expected: &str) {
-        assert_eq!(action.to_string(), expected);
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case::raw_sql_short(
-        MigrationAction::RawSql {
-            sql: "SELECT 1".into(),
-        },
-        "RawSql: SELECT 1"
-    )]
-    fn test_display_raw_sql_short(#[case] action: MigrationAction, #[case] expected: &str) {
-        assert_eq!(action.to_string(), expected);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_display_raw_sql_long() {
-        let action = MigrationAction::RawSql {
-            sql:
-                "SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = 1 AND name = 'test' AND email = 'test@example.com'"
-                    .into(),
-        };
-        let result = action.to_string();
-        assert!(result.starts_with("RawSql: "));
-        assert!(result.ends_with("..."));
-        assert!(result.len() > 10);
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case::modify_column_nullable_to_not_null(
-        MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
-            table: "users".into(),
-            column: "email".into(),
-            nullable: false,
-            fill_with: None,
-            delete_null_rows: None,
-        },
-        "ModifyColumnNullable: users.email -> NOT NULL"
-    )]
-    #[case::modify_column_nullable_to_null(
-        MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
-            table: "users".into(),
-            column: "email".into(),
-            nullable: true,
-            fill_with: None,
-            delete_null_rows: None,
-        },
-        "ModifyColumnNullable: users.email -> NULL"
-    )]
-    fn test_display_modify_column_nullable(
-        #[case] action: MigrationAction,
-        #[case] expected: &str,
-    ) {
-        assert_eq!(action.to_string(), expected);
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case::modify_column_default_set(
-        MigrationAction::ModifyColumnDefault {
-            table: "users".into(),
-            column: "status".into(),
-            new_default: Some("'active'".into()),
-        },
-        "ModifyColumnDefault: users.status -> 'active'"
-    )]
-    #[case::modify_column_default_drop(
-        MigrationAction::ModifyColumnDefault {
-            table: "users".into(),
-            column: "status".into(),
-            new_default: None,
-        },
-        "ModifyColumnDefault: users.status -> (none)"
-    )]
-    fn test_display_modify_column_default(#[case] action: MigrationAction, #[case] expected: &str) {
-        assert_eq!(action.to_string(), expected);
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case::modify_column_comment_set(
-        MigrationAction::ModifyColumnComment {
-            table: "users".into(),
-            column: "email".into(),
-            new_comment: Some("User email address".into()),
-        },
-        "ModifyColumnComment: users.email -> 'User email address'"
-    )]
-    #[case::modify_column_comment_drop(
-        MigrationAction::ModifyColumnComment {
-            table: "users".into(),
-            column: "email".into(),
-            new_comment: None,
-        },
-        "ModifyColumnComment: users.email -> (none)"
-    )]
-    fn test_display_modify_column_comment(#[case] action: MigrationAction, #[case] expected: &str) {
-        assert_eq!(action.to_string(), expected);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_display_modify_column_comment_long() {
-        // Test truncation for long comments (> 30 chars)
-        let action = MigrationAction::ModifyColumnComment {
-            table: "users".into(),
-            column: "email".into(),
-            new_comment: Some(
-                "This is a very long comment that should be truncated in display".into(),
-            ),
-        };
-        let result = action.to_string();
-        assert!(result.contains("..."));
-        assert!(result.contains("This is a very long comment"));
-        // Should be truncated at 27 chars + "..."
-        assert!(!result.contains("truncated in display"));
-    }
-
-    // Tests for with_prefix
-    #[test]
-    fn test_action_with_prefix_create_table() {
-        let action = MigrationAction::CreateTable {
-            table: "users".into(),
-            columns: vec![default_column()],
-            constraints: vec![TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                name: Some("fk_org".into()),
-                columns: vec!["org_id".into()],
-                ref_table: "organizations".into(),
-                ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                on_delete: None,
-                on_update: None,
-            }],
-        };
-        let prefixed = action.with_prefix("myapp_");
-        if let MigrationAction::CreateTable {
-            table, constraints, ..
-        } = prefixed
-        {
-            assert_eq!(table.as_str(), "myapp_users");
-            if let TableConstraint::ForeignKey { ref_table, .. } = &constraints[0] {
-                assert_eq!(ref_table.as_str(), "myapp_organizations");
-            }
-        } else {
-            panic!("Expected CreateTable");
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_action_with_prefix_delete_table() {
-        let action = MigrationAction::DeleteTable {
-            table: "users".into(),
-        };
-        let prefixed = action.with_prefix("myapp_");
-        if let MigrationAction::DeleteTable { table } = prefixed {
-            assert_eq!(table.as_str(), "myapp_users");
-        } else {
-            panic!("Expected DeleteTable");
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_action_with_prefix_add_column() {
-        let action = MigrationAction::AddColumn {
-            table: "users".into(),
-            column: Box::new(default_column()),
-            fill_with: None,
-        };
-        let prefixed = action.with_prefix("myapp_");
-        if let MigrationAction::AddColumn { table, .. } = prefixed {
-            assert_eq!(table.as_str(), "myapp_users");
-        } else {
-            panic!("Expected AddColumn");
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_action_with_prefix_rename_table() {
-        let action = MigrationAction::RenameTable {
-            from: "old_table".into(),
-            to: "new_table".into(),
-        };
-        let prefixed = action.with_prefix("myapp_");
-        if let MigrationAction::RenameTable { from, to } = prefixed {
-            assert_eq!(from.as_str(), "myapp_old_table");
-            assert_eq!(to.as_str(), "myapp_new_table");
-        } else {
-            panic!("Expected RenameTable");
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_action_with_prefix_raw_sql_unchanged() {
-        let action = MigrationAction::RawSql {
-            sql: "SELECT * FROM users".into(),
-        };
-        let prefixed = action.with_prefix("myapp_");
-        if let MigrationAction::RawSql { sql } = prefixed {
-            // RawSql is not modified - user is responsible for table names
-            assert_eq!(sql, "SELECT * FROM users");
-        } else {
-            panic!("Expected RawSql");
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_action_with_prefix_empty_prefix() {
-        let action = MigrationAction::CreateTable {
-            table: "users".into(),
-            columns: vec![],
-            constraints: vec![],
-        };
-        let prefixed = action.clone().with_prefix("");
-        if let MigrationAction::CreateTable { table, .. } = prefixed {
-            assert_eq!(table.as_str(), "users");
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_migration_plan_with_prefix() {
-        let plan = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            comment: Some("test".into()),
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 1,
-            actions: vec![
-                MigrationAction::CreateTable {
-                    table: "users".into(),
-                    columns: vec![],
-                    constraints: vec![],
-                },
-                MigrationAction::CreateTable {
-                    table: "posts".into(),
-                    columns: vec![],
-                    constraints: vec![TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                        name: Some("fk_user".into()),
-                        columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
-                        ref_table: "users".into(),
-                        ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                        on_delete: None,
-                        on_update: None,
-                    }],
-                },
-            ],
-        };
-        let prefixed = plan.with_prefix("myapp_");
-        assert_eq!(prefixed.actions.len(), 2);
-
-        if let MigrationAction::CreateTable { table, .. } = &prefixed.actions[0] {
-            assert_eq!(table.as_str(), "myapp_users");
-        }
-        if let MigrationAction::CreateTable {
-            table, constraints, ..
-        } = &prefixed.actions[1]
-        {
-            assert_eq!(table.as_str(), "myapp_posts");
-            if let TableConstraint::ForeignKey { ref_table, .. } = &constraints[0] {
-                assert_eq!(ref_table.as_str(), "myapp_users");
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_action_with_prefix_rename_column() {
-        let action = MigrationAction::RenameColumn {
-            table: "users".into(),
-            from: "name".into(),
-            to: "full_name".into(),
-        };
-        let prefixed = action.with_prefix("myapp_");
-        if let MigrationAction::RenameColumn { table, from, to } = prefixed {
-            assert_eq!(table.as_str(), "myapp_users");
-            assert_eq!(from.as_str(), "name");
-            assert_eq!(to.as_str(), "full_name");
-        } else {
-            panic!("Expected RenameColumn");
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_action_with_prefix_delete_column() {
-        let action = MigrationAction::DeleteColumn {
-            table: "users".into(),
-            column: "old_field".into(),
-        };
-        let prefixed = action.with_prefix("myapp_");
-        if let MigrationAction::DeleteColumn { table, column } = prefixed {
-            assert_eq!(table.as_str(), "myapp_users");
-            assert_eq!(column.as_str(), "old_field");
-        } else {
-            panic!("Expected DeleteColumn");
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_action_with_prefix_modify_column_type() {
-        let action = MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType {
-            table: "users".into(),
-            column: "age".into(),
-            new_type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::BigInt),
-            fill_with: None,
-        };
-        let prefixed = action.with_prefix("myapp_");
-        if let MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType {
-            table,
-            column,
-            new_type,
-            fill_with,
-        } = prefixed
-        {
-            assert_eq!(table.as_str(), "myapp_users");
-            assert_eq!(column.as_str(), "age");
-            assert!(matches!(
-                new_type,
-                ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::BigInt)
-            ));
-            assert_eq!(fill_with, None);
-        } else {
-            panic!("Expected ModifyColumnType");
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_action_with_prefix_modify_column_nullable() {
-        let action = MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
-            table: "users".into(),
-            column: "email".into(),
-            nullable: false,
-            fill_with: Some("default@example.com".into()),
-            delete_null_rows: None,
-        };
-        let prefixed = action.with_prefix("myapp_");
-        if let MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
-            table,
-            column,
-            nullable,
-            fill_with,
-            delete_null_rows,
-        } = prefixed
-        {
-            assert_eq!(table.as_str(), "myapp_users");
-            assert_eq!(column.as_str(), "email");
-            assert!(!nullable);
-            assert_eq!(fill_with, Some("default@example.com".into()));
-            assert_eq!(delete_null_rows, None);
-        } else {
-            panic!("Expected ModifyColumnNullable");
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_action_with_prefix_modify_column_default() {
-        let action = MigrationAction::ModifyColumnDefault {
-            table: "users".into(),
-            column: "status".into(),
-            new_default: Some("active".into()),
-        };
-        let prefixed = action.with_prefix("myapp_");
-        if let MigrationAction::ModifyColumnDefault {
-            table,
-            column,
-            new_default,
-        } = prefixed
-        {
-            assert_eq!(table.as_str(), "myapp_users");
-            assert_eq!(column.as_str(), "status");
-            assert_eq!(new_default, Some("active".into()));
-        } else {
-            panic!("Expected ModifyColumnDefault");
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_action_with_prefix_modify_column_comment() {
-        let action = MigrationAction::ModifyColumnComment {
-            table: "users".into(),
-            column: "bio".into(),
-            new_comment: Some("User biography".into()),
-        };
-        let prefixed = action.with_prefix("myapp_");
-        if let MigrationAction::ModifyColumnComment {
-            table,
-            column,
-            new_comment,
-        } = prefixed
-        {
-            assert_eq!(table.as_str(), "myapp_users");
-            assert_eq!(column.as_str(), "bio");
-            assert_eq!(new_comment, Some("User biography".into()));
-        } else {
-            panic!("Expected ModifyColumnComment");
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_action_with_prefix_add_constraint() {
-        let action = MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
-            table: "posts".into(),
-            constraint: TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                name: Some("fk_user".into()),
-                columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
-                ref_table: "users".into(),
-                ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                on_delete: None,
-                on_update: None,
-            },
-        };
-        let prefixed = action.with_prefix("myapp_");
-        if let MigrationAction::AddConstraint { table, constraint } = prefixed {
-            assert_eq!(table.as_str(), "myapp_posts");
-            if let TableConstraint::ForeignKey { ref_table, .. } = constraint {
-                assert_eq!(ref_table.as_str(), "myapp_users");
-            } else {
-                panic!("Expected ForeignKey constraint");
-            }
-        } else {
-            panic!("Expected AddConstraint");
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_action_with_prefix_remove_constraint() {
-        let action = MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint {
-            table: "posts".into(),
-            constraint: TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                name: Some("fk_user".into()),
-                columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
-                ref_table: "users".into(),
-                ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                on_delete: None,
-                on_update: None,
-            },
-        };
-        let prefixed = action.with_prefix("myapp_");
-        if let MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint { table, constraint } = prefixed {
-            assert_eq!(table.as_str(), "myapp_posts");
-            if let TableConstraint::ForeignKey { ref_table, .. } = constraint {
-                assert_eq!(ref_table.as_str(), "myapp_users");
-            } else {
-                panic!("Expected ForeignKey constraint");
-            }
-        } else {
-            panic!("Expected RemoveConstraint");
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case::replace_constraint_primary_key(
-        MigrationAction::ReplaceConstraint {
-            table: "users".into(),
-            from: TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                auto_increment: false,
-                columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            },
-            to: TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                auto_increment: true,
-                columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            },
-        },
-        "ReplaceConstraint: users.PRIMARY KEY"
-    )]
-    #[case::replace_constraint_unique_with_name(
-        MigrationAction::ReplaceConstraint {
-            table: "users".into(),
-            from: TableConstraint::Unique {
-                name: None,
-                columns: vec!["email".into()],
-            },
-            to: TableConstraint::Unique {
-                name: Some("uq_email".into()),
-                columns: vec!["email".into()],
-            },
-        },
-        "ReplaceConstraint: users.uq_email (UNIQUE)"
-    )]
-    #[case::replace_constraint_unique_without_name(
-        MigrationAction::ReplaceConstraint {
-            table: "users".into(),
-            from: TableConstraint::Unique {
-                name: Some("uq_email".into()),
-                columns: vec!["email".into()],
-            },
-            to: TableConstraint::Unique {
-                name: None,
-                columns: vec!["email".into()],
-            },
-        },
-        "ReplaceConstraint: users.UNIQUE"
-    )]
-    #[case::replace_constraint_foreign_key_with_name(
-        MigrationAction::ReplaceConstraint {
-            table: "posts".into(),
-            from: TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                name: None,
-                columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
-                ref_table: "users".into(),
-                ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                on_delete: None,
-                on_update: None,
-            },
-            to: TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                name: Some("fk_user".into()),
-                columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
-                ref_table: "users".into(),
-                ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                on_delete: None,
-                on_update: None,
-            },
-        },
-        "ReplaceConstraint: posts.fk_user (FOREIGN KEY)"
-    )]
-    #[case::replace_constraint_foreign_key_without_name(
-        MigrationAction::ReplaceConstraint {
-            table: "posts".into(),
-            from: TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                name: Some("fk_user".into()),
-                columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
-                ref_table: "users".into(),
-                ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                on_delete: None,
-                on_update: None,
-            },
-            to: TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                name: None,
-                columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
-                ref_table: "users".into(),
-                ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                on_delete: None,
-                on_update: None,
-            },
-        },
-        "ReplaceConstraint: posts.FOREIGN KEY"
-    )]
-    #[case::replace_constraint_check(
-        MigrationAction::ReplaceConstraint {
-            table: "users".into(),
-            from: TableConstraint::Check {
-                name: "chk_age".into(),
-                expr: "age > 0".into(),
-            },
-            to: TableConstraint::Check {
-                name: "chk_age".into(),
-                expr: "age >= 0".into(),
-            },
-        },
-        "ReplaceConstraint: users.chk_age (CHECK)"
-    )]
-    #[case::replace_constraint_index_with_name(
-        MigrationAction::ReplaceConstraint {
-            table: "users".into(),
-            from: TableConstraint::Index {
-                name: None,
-                columns: vec!["email".into()],
-            },
-            to: TableConstraint::Index {
-                name: Some("ix_users__email".into()),
-                columns: vec!["email".into()],
-            },
-        },
-        "ReplaceConstraint: users.ix_users__email (INDEX)"
-    )]
-    #[case::replace_constraint_index_without_name(
-        MigrationAction::ReplaceConstraint {
-            table: "users".into(),
-            from: TableConstraint::Index {
-                name: Some("ix_users__email".into()),
-                columns: vec!["email".into()],
-            },
-            to: TableConstraint::Index {
-                name: None,
-                columns: vec!["email".into()],
-            },
-        },
-        "ReplaceConstraint: users.INDEX"
-    )]
-    fn test_display_replace_constraint(#[case] action: MigrationAction, #[case] expected: &str) {
-        assert_eq!(action.to_string(), expected);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_action_with_prefix_replace_constraint() {
-        let action = MigrationAction::ReplaceConstraint {
-            table: "posts".into(),
-            from: TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                name: Some("fk_user".into()),
-                columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
-                ref_table: "users".into(),
-                ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                on_delete: Some(ReferenceAction::Cascade),
-                on_update: None,
-            },
-            to: TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                name: Some("fk_user".into()),
-                columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
-                ref_table: "users".into(),
-                ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                on_delete: Some(ReferenceAction::SetNull),
-                on_update: None,
-            },
-        };
-        let prefixed = action.with_prefix("myapp_");
-        if let MigrationAction::ReplaceConstraint { table, from, to } = prefixed {
-            assert_eq!(table.as_str(), "myapp_posts");
-            if let TableConstraint::ForeignKey { ref_table, .. } = from {
-                assert_eq!(ref_table.as_str(), "myapp_users");
-            } else {
-                panic!("Expected ForeignKey constraint in from");
-            }
-            if let TableConstraint::ForeignKey { ref_table, .. } = to {
-                assert_eq!(ref_table.as_str(), "myapp_users");
-            } else {
-                panic!("Expected ForeignKey constraint in to");
-            }
-        } else {
-            panic!("Expected ReplaceConstraint");
-        }
-    }
-}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-core/src/action/display.rs b/crates/vespertide-core/src/action/display.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a0e3fa7b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-core/src/action/display.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+use super::MigrationAction;
+use crate::schema::TableConstraint;
+use std::fmt;
+
+impl fmt::Display for MigrationAction {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        write_migration_action(f, self)
+    }
+}
+
+fn write_migration_action(f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>, action: &MigrationAction) -> fmt::Result {
+    match action {
+        MigrationAction::CreateTable { table, .. } => write!(f, "CreateTable: {table}"),
+        MigrationAction::DeleteTable { table } => write!(f, "DeleteTable: {table}"),
+        MigrationAction::AddColumn { table, column, .. } => {
+            write!(f, "AddColumn: {}.{}", table, column.name)
+        }
+        MigrationAction::RenameColumn { table, from, to } => {
+            write!(f, "RenameColumn: {table}.{from} -> {to}")
+        }
+        MigrationAction::DeleteColumn { table, column } => {
+            write!(f, "DeleteColumn: {table}.{column}")
+        }
+        MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType { table, column, .. } => {
+            write!(f, "ModifyColumnType: {table}.{column}")
+        }
+        MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
+            table,
+            column,
+            nullable,
+            ..
+        } => write_nullable_action(f, table, column, *nullable),
+        MigrationAction::ModifyColumnDefault {
+            table,
+            column,
+            new_default,
+        } => write_default_action(f, table, column, new_default.as_deref()),
+        MigrationAction::ModifyColumnComment {
+            table,
+            column,
+            new_comment,
+        } => write_comment_action(f, table, column, new_comment.as_deref()),
+        MigrationAction::AddConstraint { table, constraint } => {
+            write_constraint_action(f, "AddConstraint", table, constraint)
+        }
+        MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint { table, constraint } => {
+            write_constraint_action(f, "RemoveConstraint", table, constraint)
+        }
+        MigrationAction::ReplaceConstraint { table, to, .. } => {
+            write_constraint_action(f, "ReplaceConstraint", table, to)
+        }
+        MigrationAction::RenameTable { from, to } => write!(f, "RenameTable: {from} -> {to}"),
+        MigrationAction::RawSql { sql } => write_raw_sql_action(f, sql),
+    }
+}
+
+fn write_nullable_action(
+    f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>,
+    table: &str,
+    column: &str,
+    nullable: bool,
+) -> fmt::Result {
+    let nullability = if nullable { "NULL" } else { "NOT NULL" };
+    write!(f, "ModifyColumnNullable: {table}.{column} -> {nullability}")
+}
+
+fn write_default_action(
+    f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>,
+    table: &str,
+    column: &str,
+    default: Option<&str>,
+) -> fmt::Result {
+    if let Some(default) = default {
+        write!(f, "ModifyColumnDefault: {table}.{column} -> {default}")
+    } else {
+        write!(f, "ModifyColumnDefault: {table}.{column} -> (none)")
+    }
+}
+
+fn write_comment_action(
+    f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>,
+    table: &str,
+    column: &str,
+    comment: Option<&str>,
+) -> fmt::Result {
+    if let Some(comment) = comment {
+        let display = truncate_comment(comment);
+        write!(f, "ModifyColumnComment: {table}.{column} -> '{display}'")
+    } else {
+        write!(f, "ModifyColumnComment: {table}.{column} -> (none)")
+    }
+}
+
+fn truncate_comment(comment: &str) -> String {
+    if comment.chars().count() > 30 {
+        format!("{}...", truncate_chars(comment, 27))
+    } else {
+        comment.to_string()
+    }
+}
+
+fn truncate_chars(s: &str, max_chars: usize) -> String {
+    s.chars().take(max_chars).collect()
+}
+
+fn write_raw_sql_action(f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>, sql: &str) -> fmt::Result {
+    let display_sql = if sql.chars().count() > 50 {
+        format!("{}...", truncate_chars(sql, 47))
+    } else {
+        sql.to_string()
+    };
+    write!(f, "RawSql: {display_sql}")
+}
+
+fn write_constraint_action(
+    f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>,
+    action: &str,
+    table: &str,
+    constraint: &TableConstraint,
+) -> fmt::Result {
+    match constraint {
+        TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { .. } => write!(f, "{action}: {table}.PRIMARY KEY"),
+        TableConstraint::Unique { name, .. } => {
+            write_named_constraint(f, action, table, name.as_ref(), "UNIQUE")
+        }
+        TableConstraint::ForeignKey { name, .. } => {
+            write_named_constraint(f, action, table, name.as_ref(), "FOREIGN KEY")
+        }
+        TableConstraint::Check { name, .. } => write!(f, "{action}: {table}.{name} (CHECK)"),
+        TableConstraint::Index { name, .. } => {
+            write_named_constraint(f, action, table, name.as_ref(), "INDEX")
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn write_named_constraint(
+    f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>,
+    action: &str,
+    table: &str,
+    name: Option<&String>,
+    fallback: &str,
+) -> fmt::Result {
+    if let Some(name) = name {
+        write!(f, "{action}: {table}.{name} ({fallback})")
+    } else {
+        write!(f, "{action}: {table}.{fallback}")
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-core/src/action/mod.rs b/crates/vespertide-core/src/action/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bf76a8f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-core/src/action/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+mod display;
+mod prefix;
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests;
+
+use crate::schema::{ColumnDef, ColumnName, ColumnType, TableConstraint, TableName};
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+
+/// A single versioned migration, grouping a set of [`MigrationAction`]s under a version number.
+///
+/// Migration plans are auto-generated by `vespertide revision` and stored as JSON or YAML files
+/// in the `migrations/` directory. **Never create or edit these files manually.**
+///
+/// The `version` field is a monotonically increasing integer. The `id` is a UUID that guards
+/// against accidental plan substitution when the same version number appears in two different
+/// migration histories.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "schema", derive(schemars::JsonSchema))]
+#[serde(rename_all = "snake_case")]
+pub struct MigrationPlan {
+    /// Unique identifier for this migration (UUID format).
+    /// Defaults to empty string for backward compatibility with old migration files.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub id: String,
+    /// Human-readable description of what this migration does (from `-m "message"`).
+    pub comment: Option<String>,
+    /// ISO 8601 timestamp of when the migration file was generated.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub created_at: Option<String>,
+    /// Monotonically increasing version number, starting at 1.
+    pub version: u32,
+    /// Ordered list of schema changes to apply in this migration.
+    pub actions: Vec<MigrationAction>,
+}
+
+/// A single schema change produced by the planner and consumed by the SQL generator.
+///
+/// The planner emits a `Vec<MigrationAction>` when diffing two schemas. The SQL generator
+/// (`vespertide-query`) translates each action into backend-specific DDL statements.
+///
+/// Prefer typed actions over [`MigrationAction::RawSql`]. Raw SQL is an emergency escape hatch:
+/// it is not portable across backends and is skipped during baseline replay, which means the
+/// planner cannot reason about it.
+///
+/// This enum is `#[non_exhaustive]`: new variants may be added in future releases.
+/// Downstream `match` expressions should include a wildcard arm.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "schema", derive(schemars::JsonSchema))]
+#[serde(tag = "type", rename_all = "snake_case")]
+#[non_exhaustive]
+pub enum MigrationAction {
+    /// Create a new table with the given columns and constraints (`CREATE TABLE`).
+    CreateTable {
+        table: TableName,
+        columns: Vec<ColumnDef>,
+        constraints: Vec<TableConstraint>,
+    },
+    /// Drop an existing table and all its data (`DROP TABLE`).
+    DeleteTable { table: TableName },
+    /// Add a new column to an existing table (`ALTER TABLE ... ADD COLUMN`).
+    AddColumn {
+        table: TableName,
+        column: Box<ColumnDef>,
+        /// Optional fill value to backfill existing rows when adding NOT NULL without default.
+        fill_with: Option<String>,
+    },
+    /// Rename a column in an existing table (`ALTER TABLE ... RENAME COLUMN`).
+    RenameColumn {
+        table: TableName,
+        from: ColumnName,
+        to: ColumnName,
+    },
+    /// Remove a column from an existing table (`ALTER TABLE ... DROP COLUMN`).
+    DeleteColumn {
+        table: TableName,
+        column: ColumnName,
+    },
+    /// Change the SQL type of an existing column (`ALTER TABLE ... ALTER COLUMN ... TYPE`).
+    ModifyColumnType {
+        table: TableName,
+        column: ColumnName,
+        new_type: ColumnType,
+        /// Mapping of removed enum values to replacement values for safe enum value removal.
+        /// e.g., `{"cancelled": "'pending'"}` generates an `UPDATE` before the type change.
+        #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+        fill_with: Option<BTreeMap<String, String>>,
+    },
+    /// Change whether a column accepts `NULL` values.
+    ModifyColumnNullable {
+        table: TableName,
+        column: ColumnName,
+        nullable: bool,
+        /// Required when changing from nullable to non-nullable to backfill existing NULL values.
+        fill_with: Option<String>,
+        /// When true, rows with NULL values in the column are deleted instead of backfilled.
+        /// Mutually exclusive with `fill_with`. Useful for FK columns where a valid fill value
+        /// may not exist.
+        #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+        delete_null_rows: Option<bool>,
+    },
+    /// Change or remove the default value of a column.
+    ModifyColumnDefault {
+        table: TableName,
+        column: ColumnName,
+        /// The new default value, or `None` to remove the default.
+        new_default: Option<String>,
+    },
+    /// Change or remove the comment on a column.
+    ModifyColumnComment {
+        table: TableName,
+        column: ColumnName,
+        /// The new comment, or `None` to remove the comment.
+        new_comment: Option<String>,
+    },
+    /// Add a constraint (primary key, unique, foreign key, check, or index) to a table.
+    AddConstraint {
+        table: TableName,
+        constraint: TableConstraint,
+    },
+    /// Remove a constraint from a table.
+    RemoveConstraint {
+        table: TableName,
+        constraint: TableConstraint,
+    },
+    /// Atomically replace one constraint with another (e.g. when columns in a composite key change).
+    ReplaceConstraint {
+        table: TableName,
+        from: TableConstraint,
+        to: TableConstraint,
+    },
+    /// Rename a table (`ALTER TABLE ... RENAME TO`).
+    RenameTable { from: TableName, to: TableName },
+    /// Execute a raw SQL statement verbatim.
+    ///
+    /// **Emergency escape hatch only.** Raw SQL is not portable across backends and is invisible
+    /// to baseline replay, so the planner cannot reason about schema state after this action.
+    /// Use typed actions whenever possible.
+    RawSql { sql: String },
+}
+
+impl MigrationAction {
+    /// Returns the primary table this action affects, if any.
+    /// Returns None for actions that don't bind to a single table (e.g. `RawSql`).
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn table_name(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        match self {
+            Self::CreateTable { table, .. }
+            | Self::DeleteTable { table }
+            | Self::AddColumn { table, .. }
+            | Self::DeleteColumn { table, .. }
+            | Self::RenameColumn { table, .. }
+            | Self::ModifyColumnType { table, .. }
+            | Self::ModifyColumnNullable { table, .. }
+            | Self::ModifyColumnDefault { table, .. }
+            | Self::ModifyColumnComment { table, .. }
+            | Self::AddConstraint { table, .. }
+            | Self::RemoveConstraint { table, .. }
+            | Self::ReplaceConstraint { table, .. } => Some(table.as_str()),
+            Self::RenameTable { from, .. } => Some(from.as_str()),
+            Self::RawSql { .. } => None,
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-core/src/action/prefix.rs b/crates/vespertide-core/src/action/prefix.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b2bb91f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-core/src/action/prefix.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+use super::{MigrationAction, MigrationPlan};
+
+impl MigrationPlan {
+    /// Apply a prefix to all table names in the migration plan.
+    /// This modifies all table references in all actions.
+    pub fn with_prefix(self, prefix: &str) -> Self {
+        if prefix.is_empty() {
+            return self;
+        }
+        Self {
+            actions: self
+                .actions
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|action| action.with_prefix(prefix))
+                .collect(),
+            ..self
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl MigrationAction {
+    /// Apply a prefix to all table names in this action.
+    pub fn with_prefix(self, prefix: &str) -> Self {
+        if prefix.is_empty() {
+            return self;
+        }
+
+        prefix_migration_action(self, prefix)
+    }
+}
+
+fn prefix_migration_action(action: MigrationAction, prefix: &str) -> MigrationAction {
+    match action {
+        MigrationAction::CreateTable {
+            table,
+            columns,
+            constraints,
+        } => MigrationAction::CreateTable {
+            table: add_prefix(table, prefix),
+            columns,
+            constraints: constraints
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|c| c.with_prefix(prefix))
+                .collect(),
+        },
+        MigrationAction::DeleteTable { table } => MigrationAction::DeleteTable {
+            table: add_prefix(table, prefix),
+        },
+        MigrationAction::RenameTable { from, to } => MigrationAction::RenameTable {
+            from: add_prefix(from, prefix),
+            to: add_prefix(to, prefix),
+        },
+        MigrationAction::RawSql { sql } => MigrationAction::RawSql { sql },
+        action => prefix_column_or_constraint_action(action, prefix),
+    }
+}
+
+fn prefix_column_or_constraint_action(action: MigrationAction, prefix: &str) -> MigrationAction {
+    match action {
+        MigrationAction::AddColumn {
+            table,
+            column,
+            fill_with,
+        } => MigrationAction::AddColumn {
+            table: add_prefix(table, prefix),
+            column,
+            fill_with,
+        },
+        MigrationAction::RenameColumn { table, from, to } => MigrationAction::RenameColumn {
+            table: add_prefix(table, prefix),
+            from,
+            to,
+        },
+        MigrationAction::DeleteColumn { table, column } => MigrationAction::DeleteColumn {
+            table: add_prefix(table, prefix),
+            column,
+        },
+        MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType {
+            table,
+            column,
+            new_type,
+            fill_with,
+        } => MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType {
+            table: add_prefix(table, prefix),
+            column,
+            new_type,
+            fill_with,
+        },
+        MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
+            table,
+            column,
+            nullable,
+            fill_with,
+            delete_null_rows,
+        } => MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
+            table: add_prefix(table, prefix),
+            column,
+            nullable,
+            fill_with,
+            delete_null_rows,
+        },
+        action => prefix_remaining_action(action, prefix),
+    }
+}
+
+fn prefix_remaining_action(action: MigrationAction, prefix: &str) -> MigrationAction {
+    match action {
+        MigrationAction::ModifyColumnDefault {
+            table,
+            column,
+            new_default,
+        } => MigrationAction::ModifyColumnDefault {
+            table: add_prefix(table, prefix),
+            column,
+            new_default,
+        },
+        MigrationAction::ModifyColumnComment {
+            table,
+            column,
+            new_comment,
+        } => MigrationAction::ModifyColumnComment {
+            table: add_prefix(table, prefix),
+            column,
+            new_comment,
+        },
+        MigrationAction::AddConstraint { table, constraint } => MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
+            table: format!("{prefix}{table}"),
+            constraint: constraint.with_prefix(prefix),
+        },
+        MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint { table, constraint } => {
+            MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint {
+                table: add_prefix(table, prefix),
+                constraint: constraint.with_prefix(prefix),
+            }
+        }
+        MigrationAction::ReplaceConstraint { table, from, to } => {
+            MigrationAction::ReplaceConstraint {
+                table: add_prefix(table, prefix),
+                from: from.with_prefix(prefix),
+                to: to.with_prefix(prefix),
+            }
+        }
+        other => other,
+    }
+}
+
+fn add_prefix(mut table: String, prefix: &str) -> String {
+    table.insert_str(0, prefix);
+    table
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-core/src/action/tests.rs b/crates/vespertide-core/src/action/tests.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..30cda79a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-core/src/action/tests.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,897 @@
+use super::*;
+use crate::schema::{ReferenceAction, SimpleColumnType};
+use rstest::rstest;
+
+fn default_column() -> ColumnDef {
+    ColumnDef {
+        name: "email".into(),
+        r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+        nullable: true,
+        default: None,
+        comment: None,
+        primary_key: None,
+        unique: None,
+        index: None,
+        foreign_key: None,
+    }
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case::create_table(
+        MigrationAction::CreateTable {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            columns: vec![],
+            constraints: vec![],
+        },
+        "CreateTable: users"
+    )]
+#[case::delete_table(
+        MigrationAction::DeleteTable {
+            table: "users".into(),
+        },
+        "DeleteTable: users"
+    )]
+#[case::add_column(
+        MigrationAction::AddColumn {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            column: Box::new(default_column()),
+            fill_with: None,
+        },
+        "AddColumn: users.email"
+    )]
+#[case::rename_column(
+        MigrationAction::RenameColumn {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            from: "old_name".into(),
+            to: "new_name".into(),
+        },
+        "RenameColumn: users.old_name -> new_name"
+    )]
+#[case::delete_column(
+        MigrationAction::DeleteColumn {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            column: "email".into(),
+        },
+        "DeleteColumn: users.email"
+    )]
+#[case::modify_column_type(
+        MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            column: "age".into(),
+            new_type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+            fill_with: None,
+        },
+        "ModifyColumnType: users.age"
+    )]
+#[case::add_constraint_index_with_name(
+        MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            constraint: TableConstraint::Index {
+                name: Some("ix_users__email".into()),
+                columns: vec!["email".into()],
+            },
+        },
+        "AddConstraint: users.ix_users__email (INDEX)"
+    )]
+#[case::add_constraint_index_without_name(
+        MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            constraint: TableConstraint::Index {
+                name: None,
+                columns: vec!["email".into()],
+            },
+        },
+        "AddConstraint: users.INDEX"
+    )]
+#[case::remove_constraint_index_with_name(
+        MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            constraint: TableConstraint::Index {
+                name: Some("ix_users__email".into()),
+                columns: vec!["email".into()],
+            },
+        },
+        "RemoveConstraint: users.ix_users__email (INDEX)"
+    )]
+#[case::remove_constraint_index_without_name(
+        MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            constraint: TableConstraint::Index {
+                name: None,
+                columns: vec!["email".into()],
+            },
+        },
+        "RemoveConstraint: users.INDEX"
+    )]
+#[case::rename_table(
+        MigrationAction::RenameTable {
+            from: "old_table".into(),
+            to: "new_table".into(),
+        },
+        "RenameTable: old_table -> new_table"
+    )]
+fn test_display_basic_actions(#[case] action: MigrationAction, #[case] expected: &str) {
+    assert_eq!(action.to_string(), expected);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_display_raw_sql_truncates_unicode_without_panicking() {
+    let sql = "COMMENT ON COLUMN 한국어테이블.이름 IS '日本語 café 📊';".repeat(3);
+    let action = MigrationAction::RawSql { sql };
+
+    let display = action.to_string();
+
+    assert!(display.starts_with("RawSql: COMMENT ON COLUMN 한국어테이블"));
+    assert!(display.ends_with("..."));
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case::create_table(
+    MigrationAction::CreateTable {
+        table: "users".into(),
+        columns: vec![],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    },
+    Some("users")
+)]
+#[case::rename_table(
+    MigrationAction::RenameTable {
+        from: "old_users".into(),
+        to: "users".into(),
+    },
+    Some("old_users")
+)]
+#[case::raw_sql(MigrationAction::RawSql { sql: "SELECT 1".into() }, None)]
+fn test_table_name(#[case] action: MigrationAction, #[case] expected: Option<&str>) {
+    assert_eq!(action.table_name(), expected);
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case::add_constraint_primary_key(
+        MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            constraint: TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+                auto_increment: false,
+                columns: vec!["id".into()],
+            },
+        },
+        "AddConstraint: users.PRIMARY KEY"
+    )]
+#[case::add_constraint_unique_with_name(
+        MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            constraint: TableConstraint::Unique {
+                name: Some("uq_email".into()),
+                columns: vec!["email".into()],
+            },
+        },
+        "AddConstraint: users.uq_email (UNIQUE)"
+    )]
+#[case::add_constraint_unique_without_name(
+        MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            constraint: TableConstraint::Unique {
+                name: None,
+                columns: vec!["email".into()],
+            },
+        },
+        "AddConstraint: users.UNIQUE"
+    )]
+#[case::add_constraint_foreign_key_with_name(
+        MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
+            table: "posts".into(),
+            constraint: TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                name: Some("fk_user".into()),
+                columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
+                ref_table: "users".into(),
+                ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+                on_delete: Some(ReferenceAction::Cascade),
+                on_update: None,
+            },
+        },
+        "AddConstraint: posts.fk_user (FOREIGN KEY)"
+    )]
+#[case::add_constraint_foreign_key_without_name(
+        MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
+            table: "posts".into(),
+            constraint: TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                name: None,
+                columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
+                ref_table: "users".into(),
+                ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+                on_delete: None,
+                on_update: None,
+            },
+        },
+        "AddConstraint: posts.FOREIGN KEY"
+    )]
+#[case::add_constraint_check(
+        MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            constraint: TableConstraint::Check {
+                name: "chk_age".into(),
+                expr: "age > 0".into(),
+            },
+        },
+        "AddConstraint: users.chk_age (CHECK)"
+    )]
+fn test_display_add_constraint(#[case] action: MigrationAction, #[case] expected: &str) {
+    assert_eq!(action.to_string(), expected);
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case::remove_constraint_primary_key(
+        MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            constraint: TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+                auto_increment: false,
+                columns: vec!["id".into()],
+            },
+        },
+        "RemoveConstraint: users.PRIMARY KEY"
+    )]
+#[case::remove_constraint_unique_with_name(
+        MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            constraint: TableConstraint::Unique {
+                name: Some("uq_email".into()),
+                columns: vec!["email".into()],
+            },
+        },
+        "RemoveConstraint: users.uq_email (UNIQUE)"
+    )]
+#[case::remove_constraint_unique_without_name(
+        MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            constraint: TableConstraint::Unique {
+                name: None,
+                columns: vec!["email".into()],
+            },
+        },
+        "RemoveConstraint: users.UNIQUE"
+    )]
+#[case::remove_constraint_foreign_key_with_name(
+        MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint {
+            table: "posts".into(),
+            constraint: TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                name: Some("fk_user".into()),
+                columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
+                ref_table: "users".into(),
+                ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+                on_delete: None,
+                on_update: None,
+            },
+        },
+        "RemoveConstraint: posts.fk_user (FOREIGN KEY)"
+    )]
+#[case::remove_constraint_foreign_key_without_name(
+        MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint {
+            table: "posts".into(),
+            constraint: TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                name: None,
+                columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
+                ref_table: "users".into(),
+                ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+                on_delete: None,
+                on_update: None,
+            },
+        },
+        "RemoveConstraint: posts.FOREIGN KEY"
+    )]
+#[case::remove_constraint_check(
+        MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            constraint: TableConstraint::Check {
+                name: "chk_age".into(),
+                expr: "age > 0".into(),
+            },
+        },
+        "RemoveConstraint: users.chk_age (CHECK)"
+    )]
+fn test_display_remove_constraint(#[case] action: MigrationAction, #[case] expected: &str) {
+    assert_eq!(action.to_string(), expected);
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case::raw_sql_short(
+        MigrationAction::RawSql {
+            sql: "SELECT 1".into(),
+        },
+        "RawSql: SELECT 1"
+    )]
+fn test_display_raw_sql_short(#[case] action: MigrationAction, #[case] expected: &str) {
+    assert_eq!(action.to_string(), expected);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_display_raw_sql_long() {
+    let action = MigrationAction::RawSql {
+        sql: "SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = 1 AND name = 'test' AND email = 'test@example.com'"
+            .into(),
+    };
+    let result = action.to_string();
+    assert!(result.starts_with("RawSql: "));
+    assert!(result.ends_with("..."));
+    assert!(result.len() > 10);
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case::modify_column_nullable_to_not_null(
+        MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            column: "email".into(),
+            nullable: false,
+            fill_with: None,
+            delete_null_rows: None,
+        },
+        "ModifyColumnNullable: users.email -> NOT NULL"
+    )]
+#[case::modify_column_nullable_to_null(
+        MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            column: "email".into(),
+            nullable: true,
+            fill_with: None,
+            delete_null_rows: None,
+        },
+        "ModifyColumnNullable: users.email -> NULL"
+    )]
+fn test_display_modify_column_nullable(#[case] action: MigrationAction, #[case] expected: &str) {
+    assert_eq!(action.to_string(), expected);
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case::modify_column_default_set(
+        MigrationAction::ModifyColumnDefault {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            column: "status".into(),
+            new_default: Some("'active'".into()),
+        },
+        "ModifyColumnDefault: users.status -> 'active'"
+    )]
+#[case::modify_column_default_drop(
+        MigrationAction::ModifyColumnDefault {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            column: "status".into(),
+            new_default: None,
+        },
+        "ModifyColumnDefault: users.status -> (none)"
+    )]
+fn test_display_modify_column_default(#[case] action: MigrationAction, #[case] expected: &str) {
+    assert_eq!(action.to_string(), expected);
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case::modify_column_comment_set(
+        MigrationAction::ModifyColumnComment {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            column: "email".into(),
+            new_comment: Some("User email address".into()),
+        },
+        "ModifyColumnComment: users.email -> 'User email address'"
+    )]
+#[case::modify_column_comment_drop(
+        MigrationAction::ModifyColumnComment {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            column: "email".into(),
+            new_comment: None,
+        },
+        "ModifyColumnComment: users.email -> (none)"
+    )]
+fn test_display_modify_column_comment(#[case] action: MigrationAction, #[case] expected: &str) {
+    assert_eq!(action.to_string(), expected);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_display_modify_column_comment_long() {
+    // Test truncation for long comments (> 30 chars)
+    let action = MigrationAction::ModifyColumnComment {
+        table: "users".into(),
+        column: "email".into(),
+        new_comment: Some("This is a very long comment that should be truncated in display".into()),
+    };
+    let result = action.to_string();
+    assert!(result.contains("..."));
+    assert!(result.contains("This is a very long comment"));
+    // Should be truncated at 27 chars + "..."
+    assert!(!result.contains("truncated in display"));
+}
+
+// Tests for with_prefix
+#[test]
+fn test_action_with_prefix_create_table() {
+    let action = MigrationAction::CreateTable {
+        table: "users".into(),
+        columns: vec![default_column()],
+        constraints: vec![TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+            name: Some("fk_org".into()),
+            columns: vec!["org_id".into()],
+            ref_table: "organizations".into(),
+            ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+            on_delete: None,
+            on_update: None,
+        }],
+    };
+    let prefixed = action.with_prefix("myapp_");
+    if let MigrationAction::CreateTable {
+        table, constraints, ..
+    } = prefixed
+    {
+        assert_eq!(table.as_str(), "myapp_users");
+        if let TableConstraint::ForeignKey { ref_table, .. } = &constraints[0] {
+            assert_eq!(ref_table.as_str(), "myapp_organizations");
+        }
+    } else {
+        panic!("Expected CreateTable");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_action_with_prefix_delete_table() {
+    let action = MigrationAction::DeleteTable {
+        table: "users".into(),
+    };
+    let prefixed = action.with_prefix("myapp_");
+    if let MigrationAction::DeleteTable { table } = prefixed {
+        assert_eq!(table.as_str(), "myapp_users");
+    } else {
+        panic!("Expected DeleteTable");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_action_with_prefix_add_column() {
+    let action = MigrationAction::AddColumn {
+        table: "users".into(),
+        column: Box::new(default_column()),
+        fill_with: None,
+    };
+    let prefixed = action.with_prefix("myapp_");
+    if let MigrationAction::AddColumn { table, .. } = prefixed {
+        assert_eq!(table.as_str(), "myapp_users");
+    } else {
+        panic!("Expected AddColumn");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_action_with_prefix_rename_table() {
+    let action = MigrationAction::RenameTable {
+        from: "old_table".into(),
+        to: "new_table".into(),
+    };
+    let prefixed = action.with_prefix("myapp_");
+    if let MigrationAction::RenameTable { from, to } = prefixed {
+        assert_eq!(from.as_str(), "myapp_old_table");
+        assert_eq!(to.as_str(), "myapp_new_table");
+    } else {
+        panic!("Expected RenameTable");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_action_with_prefix_raw_sql_unchanged() {
+    let action = MigrationAction::RawSql {
+        sql: "SELECT * FROM users".into(),
+    };
+    let prefixed = action.with_prefix("myapp_");
+    if let MigrationAction::RawSql { sql } = prefixed {
+        // RawSql is not modified - user is responsible for table names
+        assert_eq!(sql, "SELECT * FROM users");
+    } else {
+        panic!("Expected RawSql");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_action_with_prefix_empty_prefix() {
+    let action = MigrationAction::CreateTable {
+        table: "users".into(),
+        columns: vec![],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    };
+    let prefixed = action.clone().with_prefix("");
+    if let MigrationAction::CreateTable { table, .. } = prefixed {
+        assert_eq!(table.as_str(), "users");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_migration_plan_with_prefix() {
+    let plan = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: Some("test".into()),
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 1,
+        actions: vec![
+            MigrationAction::CreateTable {
+                table: "users".into(),
+                columns: vec![],
+                constraints: vec![],
+            },
+            MigrationAction::CreateTable {
+                table: "posts".into(),
+                columns: vec![],
+                constraints: vec![TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                    name: Some("fk_user".into()),
+                    columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
+                    ref_table: "users".into(),
+                    ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+                    on_delete: None,
+                    on_update: None,
+                }],
+            },
+        ],
+    };
+    let prefixed = plan.with_prefix("myapp_");
+    assert_eq!(prefixed.actions.len(), 2);
+
+    if let MigrationAction::CreateTable { table, .. } = &prefixed.actions[0] {
+        assert_eq!(table.as_str(), "myapp_users");
+    }
+    if let MigrationAction::CreateTable {
+        table, constraints, ..
+    } = &prefixed.actions[1]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(table.as_str(), "myapp_posts");
+        if let TableConstraint::ForeignKey { ref_table, .. } = &constraints[0] {
+            assert_eq!(ref_table.as_str(), "myapp_users");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_action_with_prefix_rename_column() {
+    let action = MigrationAction::RenameColumn {
+        table: "users".into(),
+        from: "name".into(),
+        to: "full_name".into(),
+    };
+    let prefixed = action.with_prefix("myapp_");
+    if let MigrationAction::RenameColumn { table, from, to } = prefixed {
+        assert_eq!(table.as_str(), "myapp_users");
+        assert_eq!(from.as_str(), "name");
+        assert_eq!(to.as_str(), "full_name");
+    } else {
+        panic!("Expected RenameColumn");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_action_with_prefix_delete_column() {
+    let action = MigrationAction::DeleteColumn {
+        table: "users".into(),
+        column: "old_field".into(),
+    };
+    let prefixed = action.with_prefix("myapp_");
+    if let MigrationAction::DeleteColumn { table, column } = prefixed {
+        assert_eq!(table.as_str(), "myapp_users");
+        assert_eq!(column.as_str(), "old_field");
+    } else {
+        panic!("Expected DeleteColumn");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_action_with_prefix_modify_column_type() {
+    let action = MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType {
+        table: "users".into(),
+        column: "age".into(),
+        new_type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::BigInt),
+        fill_with: None,
+    };
+    let prefixed = action.with_prefix("myapp_");
+    if let MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType {
+        table,
+        column,
+        new_type,
+        fill_with,
+    } = prefixed
+    {
+        assert_eq!(table.as_str(), "myapp_users");
+        assert_eq!(column.as_str(), "age");
+        assert!(matches!(
+            new_type,
+            ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::BigInt)
+        ));
+        assert_eq!(fill_with, None);
+    } else {
+        panic!("Expected ModifyColumnType");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_action_with_prefix_modify_column_nullable() {
+    let action = MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
+        table: "users".into(),
+        column: "email".into(),
+        nullable: false,
+        fill_with: Some("default@example.com".into()),
+        delete_null_rows: None,
+    };
+    let prefixed = action.with_prefix("myapp_");
+    if let MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
+        table,
+        column,
+        nullable,
+        fill_with,
+        delete_null_rows,
+    } = prefixed
+    {
+        assert_eq!(table.as_str(), "myapp_users");
+        assert_eq!(column.as_str(), "email");
+        assert!(!nullable);
+        assert_eq!(fill_with, Some("default@example.com".into()));
+        assert_eq!(delete_null_rows, None);
+    } else {
+        panic!("Expected ModifyColumnNullable");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_action_with_prefix_modify_column_default() {
+    let action = MigrationAction::ModifyColumnDefault {
+        table: "users".into(),
+        column: "status".into(),
+        new_default: Some("active".into()),
+    };
+    let prefixed = action.with_prefix("myapp_");
+    if let MigrationAction::ModifyColumnDefault {
+        table,
+        column,
+        new_default,
+    } = prefixed
+    {
+        assert_eq!(table.as_str(), "myapp_users");
+        assert_eq!(column.as_str(), "status");
+        assert_eq!(new_default, Some("active".into()));
+    } else {
+        panic!("Expected ModifyColumnDefault");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_action_with_prefix_modify_column_comment() {
+    let action = MigrationAction::ModifyColumnComment {
+        table: "users".into(),
+        column: "bio".into(),
+        new_comment: Some("User biography".into()),
+    };
+    let prefixed = action.with_prefix("myapp_");
+    if let MigrationAction::ModifyColumnComment {
+        table,
+        column,
+        new_comment,
+    } = prefixed
+    {
+        assert_eq!(table.as_str(), "myapp_users");
+        assert_eq!(column.as_str(), "bio");
+        assert_eq!(new_comment, Some("User biography".into()));
+    } else {
+        panic!("Expected ModifyColumnComment");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_action_with_prefix_add_constraint() {
+    let action = MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
+        table: "posts".into(),
+        constraint: TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+            name: Some("fk_user".into()),
+            columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
+            ref_table: "users".into(),
+            ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+            on_delete: None,
+            on_update: None,
+        },
+    };
+    let prefixed = action.with_prefix("myapp_");
+    if let MigrationAction::AddConstraint { table, constraint } = prefixed {
+        assert_eq!(table.as_str(), "myapp_posts");
+        if let TableConstraint::ForeignKey { ref_table, .. } = constraint {
+            assert_eq!(ref_table.as_str(), "myapp_users");
+        } else {
+            panic!("Expected ForeignKey constraint");
+        }
+    } else {
+        panic!("Expected AddConstraint");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_action_with_prefix_remove_constraint() {
+    let action = MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint {
+        table: "posts".into(),
+        constraint: TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+            name: Some("fk_user".into()),
+            columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
+            ref_table: "users".into(),
+            ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+            on_delete: None,
+            on_update: None,
+        },
+    };
+    let prefixed = action.with_prefix("myapp_");
+    if let MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint { table, constraint } = prefixed {
+        assert_eq!(table.as_str(), "myapp_posts");
+        if let TableConstraint::ForeignKey { ref_table, .. } = constraint {
+            assert_eq!(ref_table.as_str(), "myapp_users");
+        } else {
+            panic!("Expected ForeignKey constraint");
+        }
+    } else {
+        panic!("Expected RemoveConstraint");
+    }
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case::replace_constraint_primary_key(
+        MigrationAction::ReplaceConstraint {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            from: TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+                auto_increment: false,
+                columns: vec!["id".into()],
+            },
+            to: TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+                auto_increment: true,
+                columns: vec!["id".into()],
+            },
+        },
+        "ReplaceConstraint: users.PRIMARY KEY"
+    )]
+#[case::replace_constraint_unique_with_name(
+        MigrationAction::ReplaceConstraint {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            from: TableConstraint::Unique {
+                name: None,
+                columns: vec!["email".into()],
+            },
+            to: TableConstraint::Unique {
+                name: Some("uq_email".into()),
+                columns: vec!["email".into()],
+            },
+        },
+        "ReplaceConstraint: users.uq_email (UNIQUE)"
+    )]
+#[case::replace_constraint_unique_without_name(
+        MigrationAction::ReplaceConstraint {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            from: TableConstraint::Unique {
+                name: Some("uq_email".into()),
+                columns: vec!["email".into()],
+            },
+            to: TableConstraint::Unique {
+                name: None,
+                columns: vec!["email".into()],
+            },
+        },
+        "ReplaceConstraint: users.UNIQUE"
+    )]
+#[case::replace_constraint_foreign_key_with_name(
+        MigrationAction::ReplaceConstraint {
+            table: "posts".into(),
+            from: TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                name: None,
+                columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
+                ref_table: "users".into(),
+                ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+                on_delete: None,
+                on_update: None,
+            },
+            to: TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                name: Some("fk_user".into()),
+                columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
+                ref_table: "users".into(),
+                ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+                on_delete: None,
+                on_update: None,
+            },
+        },
+        "ReplaceConstraint: posts.fk_user (FOREIGN KEY)"
+    )]
+#[case::replace_constraint_foreign_key_without_name(
+        MigrationAction::ReplaceConstraint {
+            table: "posts".into(),
+            from: TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                name: Some("fk_user".into()),
+                columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
+                ref_table: "users".into(),
+                ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+                on_delete: None,
+                on_update: None,
+            },
+            to: TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                name: None,
+                columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
+                ref_table: "users".into(),
+                ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+                on_delete: None,
+                on_update: None,
+            },
+        },
+        "ReplaceConstraint: posts.FOREIGN KEY"
+    )]
+#[case::replace_constraint_check(
+        MigrationAction::ReplaceConstraint {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            from: TableConstraint::Check {
+                name: "chk_age".into(),
+                expr: "age > 0".into(),
+            },
+            to: TableConstraint::Check {
+                name: "chk_age".into(),
+                expr: "age >= 0".into(),
+            },
+        },
+        "ReplaceConstraint: users.chk_age (CHECK)"
+    )]
+#[case::replace_constraint_index_with_name(
+        MigrationAction::ReplaceConstraint {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            from: TableConstraint::Index {
+                name: None,
+                columns: vec!["email".into()],
+            },
+            to: TableConstraint::Index {
+                name: Some("ix_users__email".into()),
+                columns: vec!["email".into()],
+            },
+        },
+        "ReplaceConstraint: users.ix_users__email (INDEX)"
+    )]
+#[case::replace_constraint_index_without_name(
+        MigrationAction::ReplaceConstraint {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            from: TableConstraint::Index {
+                name: Some("ix_users__email".into()),
+                columns: vec!["email".into()],
+            },
+            to: TableConstraint::Index {
+                name: None,
+                columns: vec!["email".into()],
+            },
+        },
+        "ReplaceConstraint: users.INDEX"
+    )]
+fn test_display_replace_constraint(#[case] action: MigrationAction, #[case] expected: &str) {
+    assert_eq!(action.to_string(), expected);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_action_with_prefix_replace_constraint() {
+    let action = MigrationAction::ReplaceConstraint {
+        table: "posts".into(),
+        from: TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+            name: Some("fk_user".into()),
+            columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
+            ref_table: "users".into(),
+            ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+            on_delete: Some(ReferenceAction::Cascade),
+            on_update: None,
+        },
+        to: TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+            name: Some("fk_user".into()),
+            columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
+            ref_table: "users".into(),
+            ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+            on_delete: Some(ReferenceAction::SetNull),
+            on_update: None,
+        },
+    };
+    let prefixed = action.with_prefix("myapp_");
+    if let MigrationAction::ReplaceConstraint { table, from, to } = prefixed {
+        assert_eq!(table.as_str(), "myapp_posts");
+        if let TableConstraint::ForeignKey { ref_table, .. } = from {
+            assert_eq!(ref_table.as_str(), "myapp_users");
+        } else {
+            panic!("Expected ForeignKey constraint in from");
+        }
+        if let TableConstraint::ForeignKey { ref_table, .. } = to {
+            assert_eq!(ref_table.as_str(), "myapp_users");
+        } else {
+            panic!("Expected ForeignKey constraint in to");
+        }
+    } else {
+        panic!("Expected ReplaceConstraint");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-core/src/arbitrary/mod.rs b/crates/vespertide-core/src/arbitrary/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..70027f82
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-core/src/arbitrary/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,430 @@
+use std::collections::BTreeSet;
+
+use proptest::{collection, prelude::*};
+
+use crate::{
+    MigrationAction,
+    schema::{
+        ColumnDef, ColumnType, ComplexColumnType, DefaultValue, EnumValues, NumValue,
+        ReferenceAction, SimpleColumnType, StrOrBoolOrArray, StringOrBool, TableConstraint,
+        TableDef,
+        foreign_key::{ForeignKeyDef, ForeignKeySyntax, ReferenceSyntaxDef},
+        primary_key::{PrimaryKeyDef, PrimaryKeySyntax},
+    },
+};
+
+/// Generates `snake_case` SQL-safe identifiers matching `[a-z][a-z0-9_]{0,20}`.
+pub fn arb_safe_ident() -> impl Strategy<Value = String> {
+    (
+        prop::char::range('a', 'z'),
+        collection::vec(
+            prop_oneof![
+                prop::char::range('a', 'z'),
+                prop::char::range('0', '9'),
+                Just('_'),
+            ],
+            0..=20,
+        ),
+    )
+        .prop_map(|(first, rest)| {
+            let mut ident = String::with_capacity(rest.len() + 1);
+            ident.push(first);
+            ident.extend(rest);
+            ident
+        })
+}
+
+pub fn arb_simple_column_type() -> impl Strategy<Value = SimpleColumnType> {
+    prop_oneof![
+        Just(SimpleColumnType::SmallInt),
+        Just(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+        Just(SimpleColumnType::BigInt),
+        Just(SimpleColumnType::Real),
+        Just(SimpleColumnType::DoublePrecision),
+        Just(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+        Just(SimpleColumnType::Boolean),
+        Just(SimpleColumnType::Date),
+        Just(SimpleColumnType::Time),
+        Just(SimpleColumnType::Timestamp),
+        Just(SimpleColumnType::Timestamptz),
+        Just(SimpleColumnType::Interval),
+        Just(SimpleColumnType::Bytea),
+        Just(SimpleColumnType::Uuid),
+        Just(SimpleColumnType::Json),
+        Just(SimpleColumnType::Inet),
+        Just(SimpleColumnType::Cidr),
+        Just(SimpleColumnType::Macaddr),
+        Just(SimpleColumnType::Xml),
+    ]
+}
+
+pub fn arb_complex_column_type() -> impl Strategy<Value = ComplexColumnType> {
+    prop_oneof![
+        (1_u32..=512).prop_map(|length| ComplexColumnType::Varchar { length }),
+        (1_u32..=64, 0_u32..=16)
+            .prop_filter("scale must be <= precision", |(precision, scale)| {
+                scale <= precision
+            })
+            .prop_map(|(precision, scale)| ComplexColumnType::Numeric { precision, scale }),
+        (1_u32..=64).prop_map(|length| ComplexColumnType::Char { length }),
+        arb_safe_ident().prop_map(|custom_type| ComplexColumnType::Custom { custom_type }),
+        (arb_safe_ident(), arb_enum_values())
+            .prop_map(|(name, values)| { ComplexColumnType::Enum { name, values } }),
+    ]
+}
+
+pub fn arb_column_type() -> impl Strategy<Value = ColumnType> {
+    prop_oneof![
+        arb_simple_column_type().prop_map(ColumnType::Simple),
+        arb_complex_column_type().prop_map(ColumnType::Complex),
+    ]
+}
+
+pub fn arb_reference_action() -> impl Strategy<Value = ReferenceAction> {
+    prop_oneof![
+        Just(ReferenceAction::Cascade),
+        Just(ReferenceAction::Restrict),
+        Just(ReferenceAction::SetNull),
+        Just(ReferenceAction::SetDefault),
+        Just(ReferenceAction::NoAction),
+    ]
+}
+
+pub fn arb_default_value() -> impl Strategy<Value = DefaultValue> {
+    prop_oneof![
+        any::<bool>().prop_map(DefaultValue::Bool),
+        (-10_000_i64..=10_000).prop_map(DefaultValue::Integer),
+        (-10_000_i32..=10_000).prop_map(|n| DefaultValue::Float(f64::from(n) / 10.0)),
+        arb_default_string().prop_map(DefaultValue::String),
+    ]
+}
+
+pub fn arb_str_or_bool() -> impl Strategy<Value = StringOrBool> {
+    arb_default_value()
+}
+
+pub fn arb_str_or_bool_or_array() -> impl Strategy<Value = StrOrBoolOrArray> {
+    prop_oneof![
+        arb_safe_ident().prop_map(StrOrBoolOrArray::Str),
+        unique_idents(1..=4).prop_map(StrOrBoolOrArray::Array),
+        any::<bool>().prop_map(StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool),
+    ]
+}
+
+pub fn arb_column_def() -> impl Strategy<Value = ColumnDef> {
+    (
+        arb_safe_ident(),
+        arb_column_type(),
+        any::<bool>(),
+        prop::option::of(arb_str_or_bool()),
+        prop::option::of(arb_comment()),
+        prop::option::of(arb_primary_key_syntax()),
+        prop::option::of(arb_str_or_bool_or_array()),
+        prop::option::of(arb_str_or_bool_or_array()),
+        prop::option::of(arb_foreign_key_syntax()),
+    )
+        .prop_map(
+            |(name, ty, nullable, default, comment, primary_key, unique, index, foreign_key)| {
+                let mut column = ColumnDef::new(name, ty, nullable);
+                if let Some(default) = default {
+                    column = column.default(default);
+                }
+                if let Some(comment) = comment {
+                    column = column.comment(comment);
+                }
+                if let Some(primary_key) = primary_key {
+                    column = column.primary_key(primary_key);
+                }
+                if let Some(unique) = unique {
+                    column = column.unique(unique);
+                }
+                if let Some(index) = index {
+                    column = column.index(index);
+                }
+                if let Some(foreign_key) = foreign_key {
+                    column = column.foreign_key(foreign_key);
+                }
+                column
+            },
+        )
+}
+
+pub fn arb_table_def() -> impl Strategy<Value = TableDef> {
+    (
+        arb_safe_ident(),
+        prop::option::of(arb_comment()),
+        collection::vec(arb_column_def(), 0..=8).prop_filter("unique column names", |columns| {
+            names_are_unique(columns.iter().map(|column| column.name.as_str()))
+        }),
+        collection::vec(arb_table_constraint(), 0..=4),
+    )
+        .prop_map(|(name, description, columns, constraints)| TableDef {
+            name,
+            description,
+            columns,
+            constraints,
+        })
+}
+
+pub fn arb_table_constraint() -> impl Strategy<Value = TableConstraint> {
+    prop_oneof![
+        (any::<bool>(), unique_idents(1..=4)).prop_map(|(auto_increment, columns)| {
+            TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+                auto_increment,
+                columns,
+            }
+        }),
+        (prop::option::of(arb_safe_ident()), unique_idents(1..=4))
+            .prop_map(|(name, columns)| TableConstraint::Unique { name, columns },),
+        (
+            prop::option::of(arb_safe_ident()),
+            unique_idents(1..=4),
+            arb_safe_ident(),
+            unique_idents(1..=4),
+            prop::option::of(arb_reference_action()),
+            prop::option::of(arb_reference_action()),
+        )
+            .prop_map(
+                |(name, columns, ref_table, ref_columns, on_delete, on_update)| {
+                    TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                        name,
+                        columns,
+                        ref_table,
+                        ref_columns,
+                        on_delete,
+                        on_update,
+                    }
+                },
+            ),
+        (arb_safe_ident(), arb_check_expr())
+            .prop_map(|(name, expr)| { TableConstraint::Check { name, expr } }),
+        (prop::option::of(arb_safe_ident()), unique_idents(1..=4))
+            .prop_map(|(name, columns)| TableConstraint::Index { name, columns }),
+    ]
+}
+
+pub fn arb_migration_action() -> impl Strategy<Value = MigrationAction> {
+    prop_oneof![
+        arb_create_table_action(),
+        arb_safe_ident().prop_map(|table| MigrationAction::DeleteTable { table }),
+        arb_add_column_action(),
+        (arb_safe_ident(), arb_safe_ident(), arb_safe_ident())
+            .prop_map(|(table, from, to)| { MigrationAction::RenameColumn { table, from, to } }),
+        (arb_safe_ident(), arb_safe_ident())
+            .prop_map(|(table, column)| { MigrationAction::DeleteColumn { table, column } }),
+        arb_modify_column_type_action(),
+        arb_modify_column_nullable_action(),
+        (
+            arb_safe_ident(),
+            arb_safe_ident(),
+            prop::option::of(arb_default_string())
+        )
+            .prop_map(|(table, column, new_default)| {
+                MigrationAction::ModifyColumnDefault {
+                    table,
+                    column,
+                    new_default,
+                }
+            }),
+        (
+            arb_safe_ident(),
+            arb_safe_ident(),
+            prop::option::of(arb_comment())
+        )
+            .prop_map(|(table, column, new_comment)| {
+                MigrationAction::ModifyColumnComment {
+                    table,
+                    column,
+                    new_comment,
+                }
+            }),
+        (arb_safe_ident(), arb_table_constraint()).prop_map(|(table, constraint)| {
+            MigrationAction::AddConstraint { table, constraint }
+        }),
+        (arb_safe_ident(), arb_table_constraint()).prop_map(|(table, constraint)| {
+            MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint { table, constraint }
+        }),
+        (
+            arb_safe_ident(),
+            arb_table_constraint(),
+            arb_table_constraint()
+        )
+            .prop_map(|(table, from, to)| MigrationAction::ReplaceConstraint {
+                table,
+                from,
+                to
+            },),
+        (arb_safe_ident(), arb_safe_ident())
+            .prop_map(|(from, to)| { MigrationAction::RenameTable { from, to } }),
+        arb_sql().prop_map(|sql| MigrationAction::RawSql { sql }),
+    ]
+}
+
+fn arb_create_table_action() -> impl Strategy<Value = MigrationAction> {
+    (
+        arb_safe_ident(),
+        collection::vec(arb_column_def(), 0..=8),
+        collection::vec(arb_table_constraint(), 0..=4),
+    )
+        .prop_map(
+            |(table, columns, constraints)| MigrationAction::CreateTable {
+                table,
+                columns,
+                constraints,
+            },
+        )
+}
+
+fn arb_add_column_action() -> impl Strategy<Value = MigrationAction> {
+    (
+        arb_safe_ident(),
+        arb_column_def(),
+        prop::option::of(arb_default_string()),
+    )
+        .prop_map(|(table, column, fill_with)| MigrationAction::AddColumn {
+            table,
+            column: Box::new(column),
+            fill_with,
+        })
+}
+
+fn arb_modify_column_type_action() -> impl Strategy<Value = MigrationAction> {
+    (
+        arb_safe_ident(),
+        arb_safe_ident(),
+        arb_column_type(),
+        prop::option::of(collection::btree_map(
+            arb_safe_ident(),
+            arb_default_string(),
+            0..=4,
+        )),
+    )
+        .prop_map(
+            |(table, column, new_type, fill_with)| MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType {
+                table,
+                column,
+                new_type,
+                fill_with,
+            },
+        )
+}
+
+fn arb_modify_column_nullable_action() -> impl Strategy<Value = MigrationAction> {
+    (
+        arb_safe_ident(),
+        arb_safe_ident(),
+        any::<bool>(),
+        prop::option::of(arb_default_string()),
+        prop::option::of(any::<bool>()),
+    )
+        .prop_map(|(table, column, nullable, fill_with, delete_null_rows)| {
+            MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
+                table,
+                column,
+                nullable,
+                fill_with,
+                delete_null_rows,
+            }
+        })
+}
+
+fn arb_enum_values() -> impl Strategy<Value = EnumValues> {
+    prop_oneof![
+        unique_idents(1..=6).prop_map(EnumValues::String),
+        collection::vec((arb_safe_ident(), -1_000_i32..=1_000), 1..=6)
+            .prop_filter("unique enum variant names", |values| {
+                names_are_unique(values.iter().map(|(name, _)| name.as_str()))
+            })
+            .prop_map(|values| {
+                EnumValues::Integer(
+                    values
+                        .into_iter()
+                        .map(|(name, value)| NumValue {
+                            name,
+                            value: i64::from(value),
+                        })
+                        .collect(),
+                )
+            }),
+    ]
+}
+
+fn arb_primary_key_syntax() -> impl Strategy<Value = PrimaryKeySyntax> {
+    prop_oneof![
+        any::<bool>().prop_map(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool),
+        any::<bool>()
+            .prop_map(|auto_increment| PrimaryKeySyntax::Object(PrimaryKeyDef { auto_increment })),
+    ]
+}
+
+fn arb_foreign_key_syntax() -> impl Strategy<Value = ForeignKeySyntax> {
+    prop_oneof![
+        (arb_safe_ident(), arb_safe_ident())
+            .prop_map(|(table, column)| ForeignKeySyntax::String(format!("{table}.{column}"))),
+        (
+            arb_safe_ident(),
+            arb_safe_ident(),
+            prop::option::of(arb_reference_action()),
+            prop::option::of(arb_reference_action())
+        )
+            .prop_map(|(table, column, on_delete, on_update)| {
+                ForeignKeySyntax::Reference(ReferenceSyntaxDef {
+                    references: format!("{table}.{column}"),
+                    on_delete,
+                    on_update,
+                })
+            }),
+        (
+            arb_safe_ident(),
+            unique_idents(1..=4),
+            prop::option::of(arb_reference_action()),
+            prop::option::of(arb_reference_action())
+        )
+            .prop_map(|(ref_table, ref_columns, on_delete, on_update)| {
+                ForeignKeySyntax::Object(ForeignKeyDef {
+                    ref_table,
+                    ref_columns,
+                    on_delete,
+                    on_update,
+                })
+            }),
+    ]
+}
+
+fn unique_idents(size: impl Into<collection::SizeRange>) -> impl Strategy<Value = Vec<String>> {
+    collection::vec(arb_safe_ident(), size).prop_filter("unique identifiers", |values| {
+        names_are_unique(values.iter().map(String::as_str))
+    })
+}
+
+fn names_are_unique<'a>(names: impl Iterator<Item = &'a str>) -> bool {
+    let mut seen = BTreeSet::new();
+    names.into_iter().all(|name| seen.insert(name))
+}
+
+fn arb_default_string() -> impl Strategy<Value = String> {
+    prop_oneof![
+        arb_safe_ident(),
+        arb_safe_ident().prop_map(|ident| format!("'{ident}'")),
+        Just("NOW()".to_string()),
+        Just("CURRENT_TIMESTAMP".to_string()),
+    ]
+}
+
+fn arb_comment() -> impl Strategy<Value = String> {
+    collection::vec(prop::char::range('a', 'z'), 0..=80)
+        .prop_map(|chars| chars.into_iter().collect())
+}
+
+fn arb_check_expr() -> impl Strategy<Value = String> {
+    (
+        arb_safe_ident(),
+        prop_oneof![Just(">"), Just(">="), Just("<"), Just("<=")],
+        0_i32..=100,
+    )
+        .prop_map(|(column, op, value)| format!("{column} {op} {value}"))
+}
+
+fn arb_sql() -> impl Strategy<Value = String> {
+    arb_safe_ident().prop_map(|name| format!("SELECT 1 AS {name}"))
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-core/src/lib.rs b/crates/vespertide-core/src/lib.rs
index c433aba2..1fa203a4 100644
--- a/crates/vespertide-core/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/vespertide-core/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,19 @@
+//! Core data structures for vespertide schema definition and migration planning.
+//!
+//! - [`TableDef`], [`ColumnDef`]: schema model
+//! - [`MigrationAction`], [`MigrationPlan`]: typed migration operations
+//! - [`MigrationError`]: runtime migration error type
+
 pub mod action;
+#[cfg(feature = "arbitrary")]
+pub mod arbitrary;
 pub mod migration;
 pub mod schema;
 
 pub use action::{MigrationAction, MigrationPlan};
 pub use migration::{MigrationError, MigrationOptions};
 pub use schema::{
-    ColumnDef, ColumnName, ColumnType, ComplexColumnType, DefaultValue, EnumValues, IndexDef,
-    IndexName, NumValue, ReferenceAction, SimpleColumnType, StrOrBoolOrArray, StringOrBool,
-    TableConstraint, TableDef, TableName, TableValidationError,
+    ColumnDef, ColumnName, ColumnType, ComplexColumnType, ConstraintKind, DefaultValue, EnumValues,
+    IndexDef, IndexName, NumValue, ReferenceAction, SimpleColumnType, StrOrBoolOrArray,
+    StringOrBool, TableConstraint, TableDef, TableName, TableValidationError,
 };
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-core/src/migration.rs b/crates/vespertide-core/src/migration.rs
index ad551f29..a2153cbc 100644
--- a/crates/vespertide-core/src/migration.rs
+++ b/crates/vespertide-core/src/migration.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,13 @@
+/// Runtime options controlling how Vespertide tracks applied migrations.
+///
+/// Pass this to the migration runner to configure the version-tracking table name.
+/// The default table name used by the `vespertide_migration!` macro is `"vespertide_migrations"`.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct MigrationOptions {
+    /// Name of the table used to record which migration versions have been applied.
+    ///
+    /// Defaults to `"vespertide_migrations"`. Override this when multiple Vespertide-managed
+    /// schemas share the same database and need separate version tables.
     pub version_table: String,
 }
 
@@ -8,7 +16,17 @@ pub enum MigrationError {
     #[error("migration execution is not yet implemented")]
     NotImplemented,
     #[error("database error: {0}")]
+    #[deprecated(
+        since = "0.1.62",
+        note = "Use Database { message, source } for proper error source chains"
+    )]
     DatabaseError(String),
+    #[error("database error: {message}")]
+    Database {
+        message: String,
+        #[source]
+        source: Option<Box<dyn std::error::Error + Send + Sync>>,
+    },
     #[error(
         "migration id mismatch for version {version}: expected '{expected}', found '{found}' in database"
     )]
@@ -18,3 +36,12 @@ pub enum MigrationError {
         found: String,
     },
 }
+
+impl From<sea_orm::DbErr> for MigrationError {
+    fn from(err: sea_orm::DbErr) -> Self {
+        Self::Database {
+            message: err.to_string(),
+            source: Some(Box::new(err)),
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-core/src/schema/column.rs b/crates/vespertide-core/src/schema/column.rs
index ee838724..1d3a62e8 100644
--- a/crates/vespertide-core/src/schema/column.rs
+++ b/crates/vespertide-core/src/schema/column.rs
@@ -7,6 +7,18 @@ use crate::schema::{
     str_or_bool::{StrOrBoolOrArray, StringOrBool},
 };
 
+/// Definition of a single table column, including its type, nullability, and inline constraints.
+///
+/// Inline constraints (`primary_key`, `unique`, `index`, `foreign_key`) are the preferred way to
+/// declare constraints in model JSON files. Call [`TableDef::normalize`] to convert them into
+/// table-level [`TableConstraint`] entries before diffing or SQL generation.
+///
+/// Use [`ColumnDef::new`] to construct a column programmatically, then chain the setter methods
+/// (`.primary_key()`, `.unique()`, `.index()`, `.foreign_key()`, `.default()`, `.comment()`) to
+/// attach optional fields.
+///
+/// [`TableDef::normalize`]: crate::schema::TableDef::normalize
+/// [`TableConstraint`]: crate::schema::TableConstraint
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 #[cfg_attr(feature = "schema", derive(schemars::JsonSchema))]
 #[serde(rename_all = "snake_case")]
@@ -28,16 +40,30 @@ pub struct ColumnDef {
     pub foreign_key: Option<ForeignKeySyntax>,
 }
 
+/// The SQL type of a column, either a parameter-free simple type or a parameterised complex type.
+///
+/// In JSON model files a simple type is written as a plain string (`"integer"`, `"text"`, etc.)
+/// while a complex type is written as an object with a `"kind"` discriminant
+/// (`{"kind": "varchar", "length": 255}`).
+///
+/// Always construct via the wrapped variants:
+/// ```
+/// use vespertide_core::{ColumnType, SimpleColumnType, ComplexColumnType};
+/// let t1 = ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer);
+/// let t2 = ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Varchar { length: 255 });
+/// ```
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 #[cfg_attr(feature = "schema", derive(schemars::JsonSchema))]
 #[serde(rename_all = "snake_case", untagged)]
 pub enum ColumnType {
+    /// A parameter-free SQL type such as `INTEGER`, `TEXT`, or `UUID`.
     Simple(SimpleColumnType),
+    /// A parameterised SQL type such as `VARCHAR(n)`, `NUMERIC(p,s)`, or a named enum.
     Complex(ComplexColumnType),
 }
 
 impl ColumnType {
-    /// Returns true if this type supports auto_increment (integer types only)
+    /// Returns true if this type supports `auto_increment` (integer types only)
     pub fn supports_auto_increment(&self) -> bool {
         match self {
             ColumnType::Simple(ty) => ty.supports_auto_increment(),
@@ -47,7 +73,7 @@ impl ColumnType {
 
     /// Check if two column types require a migration.
     /// For integer enums, no migration is ever needed because the underlying DB type is always INTEGER.
-    /// The enum name and values only affect code generation (SeaORM entities), not the database schema.
+    /// The enum name and values only affect code generation (`SeaORM` entities), not the database schema.
     pub fn requires_migration(&self, other: &ColumnType) -> bool {
         match (self, other) {
             (
@@ -73,7 +99,7 @@ impl ColumnType {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Convert column type to Rust type string (for SeaORM entity generation)
+    /// Convert column type to Rust type string (for `SeaORM` entity generation)
     pub fn to_rust_type(&self, nullable: bool) -> String {
         let base = match self {
             ColumnType::Simple(ty) => match ty {
@@ -82,32 +108,32 @@ impl ColumnType {
                 SimpleColumnType::BigInt => "i64".to_string(),
                 SimpleColumnType::Real => "f32".to_string(),
                 SimpleColumnType::DoublePrecision => "f64".to_string(),
-                SimpleColumnType::Text => "String".to_string(),
+                SimpleColumnType::Text
+                | SimpleColumnType::Interval
+                | SimpleColumnType::Inet
+                | SimpleColumnType::Cidr
+                | SimpleColumnType::Macaddr
+                | SimpleColumnType::Xml => "String".to_string(),
                 SimpleColumnType::Boolean => "bool".to_string(),
                 SimpleColumnType::Date => "Date".to_string(),
                 SimpleColumnType::Time => "Time".to_string(),
                 SimpleColumnType::Timestamp => "DateTime".to_string(),
                 SimpleColumnType::Timestamptz => "DateTimeWithTimeZone".to_string(),
-                SimpleColumnType::Interval => "String".to_string(),
                 SimpleColumnType::Bytea => "Vec<u8>".to_string(),
                 SimpleColumnType::Uuid => "Uuid".to_string(),
                 SimpleColumnType::Json => "Json".to_string(),
-                // SimpleColumnType::Jsonb => "Json".to_string(),
-                SimpleColumnType::Inet | SimpleColumnType::Cidr => "String".to_string(),
-                SimpleColumnType::Macaddr => "String".to_string(),
-                SimpleColumnType::Xml => "String".to_string(),
             },
             ColumnType::Complex(ty) => match ty {
-                ComplexColumnType::Varchar { .. } => "String".to_string(),
                 ComplexColumnType::Numeric { .. } => "Decimal".to_string(),
-                ComplexColumnType::Char { .. } => "String".to_string(),
-                ComplexColumnType::Custom { .. } => "String".to_string(), // Default for custom types
-                ComplexColumnType::Enum { .. } => "String".to_string(),
+                ComplexColumnType::Varchar { .. }
+                | ComplexColumnType::Char { .. }
+                | ComplexColumnType::Custom { .. }
+                | ComplexColumnType::Enum { .. } => "String".to_string(),
             },
         };
 
         if nullable {
-            format!("Option<{}>", base)
+            format!("Option<{base}>")
         } else {
             base
         }
@@ -147,50 +173,170 @@ impl ColumnType {
     }
 }
 
+impl ColumnDef {
+    /// Construct a new column with required fields only.
+    /// Use the `.primary_key()`, `.unique()`, `.index()`, `.foreign_key()`,
+    /// `.default()`, `.comment()` setters to add optional fields.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    /// ```
+    /// use vespertide_core::{ColumnDef, ColumnType, SimpleColumnType};
+    /// let id = ColumnDef::new("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer), false);
+    /// ```
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn new(name: impl Into<ColumnName>, r#type: ColumnType, nullable: bool) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            name: name.into(),
+            r#type,
+            nullable,
+            default: None,
+            comment: None,
+            primary_key: None,
+            unique: None,
+            index: None,
+            foreign_key: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Mark this column as part of the primary key.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn primary_key(mut self, pk: PrimaryKeySyntax) -> Self {
+        self.primary_key = Some(pk);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Add a unique constraint to this column.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn unique(mut self, unique: StrOrBoolOrArray) -> Self {
+        self.unique = Some(unique);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Add an index on this column.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn index(mut self, index: StrOrBoolOrArray) -> Self {
+        self.index = Some(index);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Add a foreign key reference from this column.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn foreign_key(mut self, fk: ForeignKeySyntax) -> Self {
+        self.foreign_key = Some(fk);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Set the column default value.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn default(mut self, default: StringOrBool) -> Self {
+        self.default = Some(default);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Add a column comment.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn comment(mut self, comment: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        self.comment = Some(comment.into());
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+/// Parameter-free SQL column types supported across all backends.
+///
+/// Each variant maps directly to a standard SQL type. Use these via
+/// [`ColumnType::Simple`] when no length, precision, or scale is needed.
+///
+/// This enum is `#[non_exhaustive]`: new variants may be added in future releases.
+/// Downstream `match` expressions should include a wildcard arm.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 #[cfg_attr(feature = "schema", derive(schemars::JsonSchema))]
 #[serde(rename_all = "snake_case")]
+#[non_exhaustive]
 pub enum SimpleColumnType {
+    /// 16-bit signed integer (`SMALLINT`).
     SmallInt,
+    /// 32-bit signed integer (`INTEGER`). Supports `auto_increment`.
     Integer,
+    /// 64-bit signed integer (`BIGINT`). Supports `auto_increment`.
     BigInt,
+    /// 32-bit floating-point number (`REAL`).
     Real,
+    /// 64-bit floating-point number (`DOUBLE PRECISION`).
     DoublePrecision,
 
     // Text types
+    /// Unbounded Unicode text (`TEXT`).
     Text,
 
     // Boolean type
+    /// Boolean true/false value (`BOOLEAN`).
     Boolean,
 
     // Date/Time types
+    /// Calendar date without time (`DATE`).
     Date,
+    /// Time of day without date (`TIME`).
     Time,
+    /// Date and time without timezone (`TIMESTAMP`).
     Timestamp,
+    /// Date and time with timezone (`TIMESTAMPTZ`). Prefer this over `Timestamp`.
     Timestamptz,
+    /// Time span / duration (`INTERVAL`).
     Interval,
 
     // Binary type
+    /// Variable-length binary data (`BYTEA`).
     Bytea,
 
     // UUID type
+    /// Universally unique identifier (`UUID`).
     Uuid,
 
     // JSON types
+    /// JSON value stored as text (`JSON`). Cross-backend compatible; prefer over `jsonb`.
     Json,
-    // Jsonb,
 
     // Network types
+    /// IPv4 or IPv6 host address (`INET`). PostgreSQL-specific.
     Inet,
+    /// IPv4 or IPv6 network address (`CIDR`). PostgreSQL-specific.
     Cidr,
+    /// MAC address (`MACADDR`). PostgreSQL-specific.
     Macaddr,
 
     // XML type
+    /// XML document (`XML`). PostgreSQL-specific.
     Xml,
 }
 
 impl SimpleColumnType {
-    /// Returns true if this type supports auto_increment (integer types only)
+    /// Returns the SQL type name for this simple column type.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn sql_type(&self) -> &'static str {
+        match self {
+            SimpleColumnType::SmallInt => "SMALLINT",
+            SimpleColumnType::Integer => "INTEGER",
+            SimpleColumnType::BigInt => "BIGINT",
+            SimpleColumnType::Real => "REAL",
+            SimpleColumnType::DoublePrecision => "DOUBLE PRECISION",
+            SimpleColumnType::Text => "TEXT",
+            SimpleColumnType::Boolean => "BOOLEAN",
+            SimpleColumnType::Date => "DATE",
+            SimpleColumnType::Time => "TIME",
+            SimpleColumnType::Timestamp => "TIMESTAMP",
+            SimpleColumnType::Timestamptz => "TIMESTAMPTZ",
+            SimpleColumnType::Interval => "INTERVAL",
+            SimpleColumnType::Bytea => "BYTEA",
+            SimpleColumnType::Uuid => "UUID",
+            SimpleColumnType::Json => "JSON",
+            SimpleColumnType::Inet => "INET",
+            SimpleColumnType::Cidr => "CIDR",
+            SimpleColumnType::Macaddr => "MACADDR",
+            SimpleColumnType::Xml => "XML",
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns true if this type supports `auto_increment` (integer types only)
     pub fn supports_auto_increment(&self) -> bool {
         matches!(
             self,
@@ -232,14 +378,13 @@ impl SimpleColumnType {
             }
             SimpleColumnType::Real | SimpleColumnType::DoublePrecision => "0.0",
             SimpleColumnType::Boolean => "false",
-            SimpleColumnType::Text => "''",
+            SimpleColumnType::Text | SimpleColumnType::Bytea => "''",
             SimpleColumnType::Date => "'1970-01-01'",
             SimpleColumnType::Time => "'00:00:00'",
             SimpleColumnType::Timestamp | SimpleColumnType::Timestamptz => "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP",
             SimpleColumnType::Interval => "'0'",
             SimpleColumnType::Uuid => "'00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000'",
             SimpleColumnType::Json => "'{}'",
-            SimpleColumnType::Bytea => "''",
             SimpleColumnType::Inet | SimpleColumnType::Cidr => "'0.0.0.0'",
             SimpleColumnType::Macaddr => "'00:00:00:00:00:00'",
             SimpleColumnType::Xml => "'<xml/>'",
@@ -247,20 +392,37 @@ impl SimpleColumnType {
     }
 }
 
-/// Integer enum variant with name and numeric value
+/// A single variant of an integer-backed enum, pairing a Rust-friendly name with its stored value.
+///
+/// Used inside [`EnumValues::Integer`] to define enums that are stored as `INTEGER` in the
+/// database. Leave gaps between values (e.g. 0, 10, 20) so new variants can be inserted later
+/// without renumbering.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 #[cfg_attr(feature = "schema", derive(schemars::JsonSchema))]
 pub struct NumValue {
+    /// The variant name used in generated code (e.g. `"active"`).
     pub name: String,
-    pub value: i32,
+    /// The integer value stored in the database column.
+    pub value: i64,
 }
 
-/// Enum values definition - either all string or all integer
+/// The set of allowed values for an enum column, either string-based or integer-based.
+///
+/// **String enums** map to a native `PostgreSQL` `ENUM` type. Adding or removing values requires a
+/// database migration (`ALTER TYPE`).
+///
+/// **Integer enums** are stored as `INTEGER`. New variants can be added to the model without any
+/// database migration because the underlying column type never changes.
+///
+/// Choose integer enums for expandable value sets (roles, priorities) and string enums for
+/// stable, human-readable status fields.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 #[cfg_attr(feature = "schema", derive(schemars::JsonSchema))]
 #[serde(untagged)]
 pub enum EnumValues {
+    /// String enum: each variant is a plain string stored in a native DB enum type.
     String(Vec<String>),
+    /// Integer enum: each variant has an explicit numeric value stored as `INTEGER`.
     Integer(Vec<NumValue>),
 }
 
@@ -278,7 +440,7 @@ impl EnumValues {
     /// Get all variant names
     pub fn variant_names(&self) -> Vec<&str> {
         match self {
-            EnumValues::String(values) => values.iter().map(|s| s.as_str()).collect(),
+            EnumValues::String(values) => values.iter().map(std::string::String::as_str).collect(),
             EnumValues::Integer(values) => values.iter().map(|v| v.name.as_str()).collect(),
         }
     }
@@ -293,7 +455,10 @@ impl EnumValues {
 
     /// Check if there are no variants
     pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
-        self.len() == 0
+        match self {
+            EnumValues::String(values) => values.is_empty(),
+            EnumValues::Integer(values) => values.is_empty(),
+        }
     }
 
     /// Get SQL values for CREATE TYPE ENUM (only for string enums)
@@ -317,36 +482,70 @@ impl From<Vec<String>> for EnumValues {
 
 impl From<Vec<&str>> for EnumValues {
     fn from(values: Vec<&str>) -> Self {
-        EnumValues::String(values.into_iter().map(|s| s.to_string()).collect())
+        EnumValues::String(
+            values
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(std::string::ToString::to_string)
+                .collect(),
+        )
     }
 }
 
+/// Parameterised SQL column types that require additional configuration beyond a simple keyword.
+///
+/// In JSON model files these are written as objects with a `"kind"` discriminant, for example
+/// `{"kind": "varchar", "length": 255}` or `{"kind": "enum", "name": "status", "values": [...]}`.
+///
+/// Use these via [`ColumnType::Complex`].
+///
+/// This enum is `#[non_exhaustive]`: new variants may be added in future releases.
+/// Downstream `match` expressions should include a wildcard arm.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 #[cfg_attr(feature = "schema", derive(schemars::JsonSchema))]
 #[serde(rename_all = "snake_case", tag = "kind")]
+#[non_exhaustive]
 pub enum ComplexColumnType {
+    /// Variable-length character string with a maximum byte length (`VARCHAR(n)`).
     Varchar { length: u32 },
+    /// Exact fixed-point number with configurable precision and scale (`NUMERIC(p, s)`).
     Numeric { precision: u32, scale: u32 },
+    /// Fixed-length character string padded with spaces (`CHAR(n)`).
     Char { length: u32 },
+    /// Escape hatch for database-specific types not covered by other variants.
+    /// Breaks cross-database portability; avoid unless absolutely necessary.
     Custom { custom_type: String },
+    /// Named enum type. String enums map to a native DB enum; integer enums store as `INTEGER`.
+    /// See [`EnumValues`] for the distinction.
     Enum { name: String, values: EnumValues },
 }
 
 impl ComplexColumnType {
+    /// Returns the base SQL type name for this complex column type, without parameters.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn sql_type(&self) -> &'static str {
+        match self {
+            ComplexColumnType::Varchar { .. } => "VARCHAR",
+            ComplexColumnType::Numeric { .. } => "NUMERIC",
+            ComplexColumnType::Char { .. } => "CHAR",
+            ComplexColumnType::Custom { .. } => "CUSTOM",
+            ComplexColumnType::Enum { .. } => "ENUM",
+        }
+    }
+
     /// Convert to human-readable display string
     pub fn to_display_string(&self) -> String {
         match self {
-            ComplexColumnType::Varchar { length } => format!("varchar({})", length),
+            ComplexColumnType::Varchar { length } => format!("varchar({length})"),
             ComplexColumnType::Numeric { precision, scale } => {
-                format!("numeric({},{})", precision, scale)
+                format!("numeric({precision},{scale})")
             }
-            ComplexColumnType::Char { length } => format!("char({})", length),
+            ComplexColumnType::Char { length } => format!("char({length})"),
             ComplexColumnType::Custom { custom_type } => custom_type.to_lowercase(),
             ComplexColumnType::Enum { name, values } => {
                 if values.is_integer() {
-                    format!("enum<{}> (integer)", name)
+                    format!("enum<{name}> (integer)")
                 } else {
-                    format!("enum<{}>", name)
+                    format!("enum<{name}>")
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -355,624 +554,15 @@ impl ComplexColumnType {
     /// Get the default fill value for this type.
     pub fn default_fill_value(&self) -> &'static str {
         match self {
-            ComplexColumnType::Varchar { .. } | ComplexColumnType::Char { .. } => "''",
             ComplexColumnType::Numeric { .. } => "0",
-            ComplexColumnType::Custom { .. } => "''",
-            ComplexColumnType::Enum { .. } => "''",
+            ComplexColumnType::Varchar { .. }
+            | ComplexColumnType::Char { .. }
+            | ComplexColumnType::Custom { .. }
+            | ComplexColumnType::Enum { .. } => "''",
         }
     }
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use super::*;
-    use rstest::rstest;
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::SmallInt, "i16")]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::Integer, "i32")]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::BigInt, "i64")]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::Real, "f32")]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::DoublePrecision, "f64")]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::Text, "String")]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::Boolean, "bool")]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::Date, "Date")]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::Time, "Time")]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::Timestamp, "DateTime")]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::Timestamptz, "DateTimeWithTimeZone")]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::Interval, "String")]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::Bytea, "Vec<u8>")]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::Uuid, "Uuid")]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::Json, "Json")]
-    // #[case(SimpleColumnType::Jsonb, "Json")]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::Inet, "String")]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::Cidr, "String")]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::Macaddr, "String")]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::Xml, "String")]
-    fn test_simple_column_type_to_rust_type_not_nullable(
-        #[case] column_type: SimpleColumnType,
-        #[case] expected: &str,
-    ) {
-        assert_eq!(
-            ColumnType::Simple(column_type).to_rust_type(false),
-            expected
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::SmallInt, "Option<i16>")]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::Integer, "Option<i32>")]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::BigInt, "Option<i64>")]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::Real, "Option<f32>")]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::DoublePrecision, "Option<f64>")]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::Text, "Option<String>")]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::Boolean, "Option<bool>")]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::Date, "Option<Date>")]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::Time, "Option<Time>")]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::Timestamp, "Option<DateTime>")]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::Timestamptz, "Option<DateTimeWithTimeZone>")]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::Interval, "Option<String>")]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::Bytea, "Option<Vec<u8>>")]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::Uuid, "Option<Uuid>")]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::Json, "Option<Json>")]
-    // #[case(SimpleColumnType::Jsonb, "Option<Json>")]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::Inet, "Option<String>")]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::Cidr, "Option<String>")]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::Macaddr, "Option<String>")]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::Xml, "Option<String>")]
-    fn test_simple_column_type_to_rust_type_nullable(
-        #[case] column_type: SimpleColumnType,
-        #[case] expected: &str,
-    ) {
-        assert_eq!(ColumnType::Simple(column_type).to_rust_type(true), expected);
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case(ComplexColumnType::Varchar { length: 255 }, false, "String")]
-    #[case(ComplexColumnType::Varchar { length: 50 }, false, "String")]
-    #[case(ComplexColumnType::Numeric { precision: 10, scale: 2 }, false, "Decimal")]
-    #[case(ComplexColumnType::Numeric { precision: 5, scale: 0 }, false, "Decimal")]
-    #[case(ComplexColumnType::Char { length: 10 }, false, "String")]
-    #[case(ComplexColumnType::Char { length: 1 }, false, "String")]
-    #[case(ComplexColumnType::Custom { custom_type: "MONEY".into() }, false, "String")]
-    #[case(ComplexColumnType::Custom { custom_type: "JSONB".into() }, false, "String")]
-    #[case(ComplexColumnType::Enum { name: "status".into(), values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into()]) }, false, "String")]
-    fn test_complex_column_type_to_rust_type_not_nullable(
-        #[case] column_type: ComplexColumnType,
-        #[case] nullable: bool,
-        #[case] expected: &str,
-    ) {
-        assert_eq!(
-            ColumnType::Complex(column_type).to_rust_type(nullable),
-            expected
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case(ComplexColumnType::Varchar { length: 255 }, "Option<String>")]
-    #[case(ComplexColumnType::Varchar { length: 50 }, "Option<String>")]
-    #[case(ComplexColumnType::Numeric { precision: 10, scale: 2 }, "Option<Decimal>")]
-    #[case(ComplexColumnType::Numeric { precision: 5, scale: 0 }, "Option<Decimal>")]
-    #[case(ComplexColumnType::Char { length: 10 }, "Option<String>")]
-    #[case(ComplexColumnType::Char { length: 1 }, "Option<String>")]
-    #[case(ComplexColumnType::Custom { custom_type: "MONEY".into() }, "Option<String>")]
-    #[case(ComplexColumnType::Custom { custom_type: "JSONB".into() }, "Option<String>")]
-    #[case(ComplexColumnType::Enum { name: "status".into(), values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into()]) }, "Option<String>")]
-    fn test_complex_column_type_to_rust_type_nullable(
-        #[case] column_type: ComplexColumnType,
-        #[case] expected: &str,
-    ) {
-        assert_eq!(
-            ColumnType::Complex(column_type).to_rust_type(true),
-            expected
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case(ComplexColumnType::Varchar { length: 255 })]
-    #[case(ComplexColumnType::Numeric { precision: 10, scale: 2 })]
-    #[case(ComplexColumnType::Char { length: 1 })]
-    #[case(ComplexColumnType::Custom { custom_type: "SERIAL".into() })]
-    #[case(ComplexColumnType::Enum { name: "status".into(), values: EnumValues::String(vec![]) })]
-    fn test_complex_column_type_does_not_support_auto_increment(
-        #[case] column_type: ComplexColumnType,
-    ) {
-        // Complex types never support auto_increment
-        assert!(!ColumnType::Complex(column_type).supports_auto_increment());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_enum_values_is_string() {
-        let string_vals = EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into()]);
-        let int_vals = EnumValues::Integer(vec![NumValue {
-            name: "Active".into(),
-            value: 1,
-        }]);
-        assert!(string_vals.is_string());
-        assert!(!int_vals.is_string());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_enum_values_is_integer() {
-        let string_vals = EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into()]);
-        let int_vals = EnumValues::Integer(vec![NumValue {
-            name: "Active".into(),
-            value: 1,
-        }]);
-        assert!(!string_vals.is_integer());
-        assert!(int_vals.is_integer());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_enum_values_variant_names_string() {
-        let vals = EnumValues::String(vec!["pending".into(), "active".into()]);
-        assert_eq!(vals.variant_names(), vec!["pending", "active"]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_enum_values_variant_names_integer() {
-        let vals = EnumValues::Integer(vec![
-            NumValue {
-                name: "Low".into(),
-                value: 0,
-            },
-            NumValue {
-                name: "High".into(),
-                value: 10,
-            },
-        ]);
-        assert_eq!(vals.variant_names(), vec!["Low", "High"]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_enum_values_len_and_is_empty() {
-        // String variant
-        let empty = EnumValues::String(vec![]);
-        let non_empty = EnumValues::String(vec!["a".into()]);
-        assert!(empty.is_empty());
-        assert_eq!(empty.len(), 0);
-        assert!(!non_empty.is_empty());
-        assert_eq!(non_empty.len(), 1);
-
-        // Integer variant
-        let empty_int = EnumValues::Integer(vec![]);
-        let non_empty_int = EnumValues::Integer(vec![
-            NumValue {
-                name: "A".into(),
-                value: 0,
-            },
-            NumValue {
-                name: "B".into(),
-                value: 1,
-            },
-        ]);
-        assert!(empty_int.is_empty());
-        assert_eq!(empty_int.len(), 0);
-        assert!(!non_empty_int.is_empty());
-        assert_eq!(non_empty_int.len(), 2);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_enum_values_to_sql_values_string() {
-        let vals = EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "pending".into()]);
-        assert_eq!(vals.to_sql_values(), vec!["'active'", "'pending'"]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_enum_values_to_sql_values_integer() {
-        let vals = EnumValues::Integer(vec![
-            NumValue {
-                name: "Low".into(),
-                value: 0,
-            },
-            NumValue {
-                name: "High".into(),
-                value: 10,
-            },
-        ]);
-        assert_eq!(vals.to_sql_values(), vec!["0", "10"]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_enum_values_from_vec_string() {
-        let vals: EnumValues = vec!["a".to_string(), "b".to_string()].into();
-        assert!(matches!(vals, EnumValues::String(_)));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_enum_values_from_vec_str() {
-        let vals: EnumValues = vec!["a", "b"].into();
-        assert!(matches!(vals, EnumValues::String(_)));
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::SmallInt, true)]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::Integer, true)]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::BigInt, true)]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::Text, false)]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::Boolean, false)]
-    fn test_simple_column_type_supports_auto_increment(
-        #[case] ty: SimpleColumnType,
-        #[case] expected: bool,
-    ) {
-        assert_eq!(ty.supports_auto_increment(), expected);
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::Integer, true)]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::Text, false)]
-    fn test_column_type_simple_supports_auto_increment(
-        #[case] ty: SimpleColumnType,
-        #[case] expected: bool,
-    ) {
-        assert_eq!(ColumnType::Simple(ty).supports_auto_increment(), expected);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_requires_migration_integer_enum_values_changed() {
-        // Integer enum values changed - should NOT require migration
-        let from = ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-            name: "status".into(),
-            values: EnumValues::Integer(vec![
-                NumValue {
-                    name: "Pending".into(),
-                    value: 0,
-                },
-                NumValue {
-                    name: "Active".into(),
-                    value: 1,
-                },
-            ]),
-        });
-        let to = ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-            name: "status".into(),
-            values: EnumValues::Integer(vec![
-                NumValue {
-                    name: "Pending".into(),
-                    value: 0,
-                },
-                NumValue {
-                    name: "Active".into(),
-                    value: 1,
-                },
-                NumValue {
-                    name: "Completed".into(),
-                    value: 100,
-                },
-            ]),
-        });
-        assert!(!from.requires_migration(&to));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_requires_migration_integer_enum_name_changed() {
-        // Integer enum name changed - should NOT require migration (DB type is always INTEGER)
-        let from = ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-            name: "old_status".into(),
-            values: EnumValues::Integer(vec![NumValue {
-                name: "Pending".into(),
-                value: 0,
-            }]),
-        });
-        let to = ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-            name: "new_status".into(),
-            values: EnumValues::Integer(vec![NumValue {
-                name: "Pending".into(),
-                value: 0,
-            }]),
-        });
-        assert!(!from.requires_migration(&to));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_requires_migration_string_enum_values_changed() {
-        // String enum values changed - SHOULD require migration
-        let from = ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-            name: "status".into(),
-            values: EnumValues::String(vec!["pending".into(), "active".into()]),
-        });
-        let to = ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-            name: "status".into(),
-            values: EnumValues::String(vec!["pending".into(), "active".into(), "completed".into()]),
-        });
-        assert!(from.requires_migration(&to));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_requires_migration_simple_types() {
-        let int = ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer);
-        let text = ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text);
-        assert!(int.requires_migration(&text));
-        assert!(!int.requires_migration(&int));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_requires_migration_mixed_enum_types() {
-        // String enum to integer enum - SHOULD require migration
-        let string_enum = ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-            name: "status".into(),
-            values: EnumValues::String(vec!["pending".into()]),
-        });
-        let int_enum = ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-            name: "status".into(),
-            values: EnumValues::Integer(vec![NumValue {
-                name: "Pending".into(),
-                value: 0,
-            }]),
-        });
-        assert!(string_enum.requires_migration(&int_enum));
-    }
-
-    // Tests for to_display_string
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::SmallInt, "smallint")]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::Integer, "integer")]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::BigInt, "bigint")]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::Real, "real")]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::DoublePrecision, "double precision")]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::Text, "text")]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::Boolean, "boolean")]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::Date, "date")]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::Time, "time")]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::Timestamp, "timestamp")]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::Timestamptz, "timestamptz")]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::Interval, "interval")]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::Bytea, "bytea")]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::Uuid, "uuid")]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::Json, "json")]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::Inet, "inet")]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::Cidr, "cidr")]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::Macaddr, "macaddr")]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::Xml, "xml")]
-    fn test_simple_column_type_to_display_string(
-        #[case] column_type: SimpleColumnType,
-        #[case] expected: &str,
-    ) {
-        assert_eq!(column_type.to_display_string(), expected);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_complex_column_type_to_display_string_varchar() {
-        let ty = ComplexColumnType::Varchar { length: 255 };
-        assert_eq!(ty.to_display_string(), "varchar(255)");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_complex_column_type_to_display_string_numeric() {
-        let ty = ComplexColumnType::Numeric {
-            precision: 10,
-            scale: 2,
-        };
-        assert_eq!(ty.to_display_string(), "numeric(10,2)");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_complex_column_type_to_display_string_char() {
-        let ty = ComplexColumnType::Char { length: 5 };
-        assert_eq!(ty.to_display_string(), "char(5)");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_complex_column_type_to_display_string_custom() {
-        let ty = ComplexColumnType::Custom {
-            custom_type: "TSVECTOR".into(),
-        };
-        assert_eq!(ty.to_display_string(), "tsvector");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_complex_column_type_to_display_string_string_enum() {
-        let ty = ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-            name: "user_status".into(),
-            values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into()]),
-        };
-        assert_eq!(ty.to_display_string(), "enum<user_status>");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_complex_column_type_to_display_string_integer_enum() {
-        let ty = ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-            name: "priority".into(),
-            values: EnumValues::Integer(vec![
-                NumValue {
-                    name: "Low".into(),
-                    value: 0,
-                },
-                NumValue {
-                    name: "High".into(),
-                    value: 10,
-                },
-            ]),
-        };
-        assert_eq!(ty.to_display_string(), "enum<priority> (integer)");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_column_type_to_display_string_simple() {
-        let ty = ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer);
-        assert_eq!(ty.to_display_string(), "integer");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_column_type_to_display_string_complex() {
-        let ty = ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Varchar { length: 100 });
-        assert_eq!(ty.to_display_string(), "varchar(100)");
-    }
-
-    // Tests for default_fill_value
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::SmallInt, "0")]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::Integer, "0")]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::BigInt, "0")]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::Real, "0.0")]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::DoublePrecision, "0.0")]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::Boolean, "false")]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::Text, "''")]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::Date, "'1970-01-01'")]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::Time, "'00:00:00'")]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::Timestamp, "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP")]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::Timestamptz, "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP")]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::Interval, "'0'")]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::Bytea, "''")]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::Uuid, "'00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000'")]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::Json, "'{}'")]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::Inet, "'0.0.0.0'")]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::Cidr, "'0.0.0.0'")]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::Macaddr, "'00:00:00:00:00:00'")]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::Xml, "'<xml/>'")]
-    fn test_simple_column_type_default_fill_value(
-        #[case] column_type: SimpleColumnType,
-        #[case] expected: &str,
-    ) {
-        assert_eq!(column_type.default_fill_value(), expected);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_complex_column_type_default_fill_value_varchar() {
-        let ty = ComplexColumnType::Varchar { length: 255 };
-        assert_eq!(ty.default_fill_value(), "''");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_complex_column_type_default_fill_value_char() {
-        let ty = ComplexColumnType::Char { length: 1 };
-        assert_eq!(ty.default_fill_value(), "''");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_complex_column_type_default_fill_value_numeric() {
-        let ty = ComplexColumnType::Numeric {
-            precision: 10,
-            scale: 2,
-        };
-        assert_eq!(ty.default_fill_value(), "0");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_complex_column_type_default_fill_value_custom() {
-        let ty = ComplexColumnType::Custom {
-            custom_type: "MONEY".into(),
-        };
-        assert_eq!(ty.default_fill_value(), "''");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_complex_column_type_default_fill_value_enum() {
-        let ty = ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-            name: "status".into(),
-            values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into()]),
-        };
-        assert_eq!(ty.default_fill_value(), "''");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_column_type_default_fill_value_simple() {
-        let ty = ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer);
-        assert_eq!(ty.default_fill_value(), "0");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_column_type_default_fill_value_complex() {
-        let ty = ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Varchar { length: 100 });
-        assert_eq!(ty.default_fill_value(), "''");
-    }
-
-    // Tests for enum_variant_names
-    #[test]
-    fn test_enum_variant_names_simple_type_returns_none() {
-        let ty = ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer);
-        assert_eq!(ty.enum_variant_names(), None);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_enum_variant_names_complex_non_enum_returns_none() {
-        let ty = ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Varchar { length: 255 });
-        assert_eq!(ty.enum_variant_names(), None);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_enum_variant_names_complex_numeric_returns_none() {
-        let ty = ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Numeric {
-            precision: 10,
-            scale: 2,
-        });
-        assert_eq!(ty.enum_variant_names(), None);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_enum_variant_names_complex_char_returns_none() {
-        let ty = ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Char { length: 1 });
-        assert_eq!(ty.enum_variant_names(), None);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_enum_variant_names_complex_custom_returns_none() {
-        let ty = ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Custom {
-            custom_type: "TSVECTOR".into(),
-        });
-        assert_eq!(ty.enum_variant_names(), None);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_enum_variant_names_string_enum() {
-        let ty = ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-            name: "status".into(),
-            values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into(), "pending".into()]),
-        });
-        assert_eq!(
-            ty.enum_variant_names(),
-            Some(vec![
-                "active".to_string(),
-                "inactive".to_string(),
-                "pending".to_string()
-            ])
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_enum_variant_names_integer_enum() {
-        let ty = ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-            name: "priority".into(),
-            values: EnumValues::Integer(vec![
-                NumValue {
-                    name: "Low".into(),
-                    value: 0,
-                },
-                NumValue {
-                    name: "Medium".into(),
-                    value: 5,
-                },
-                NumValue {
-                    name: "High".into(),
-                    value: 10,
-                },
-            ]),
-        });
-        assert_eq!(
-            ty.enum_variant_names(),
-            Some(vec![
-                "Low".to_string(),
-                "Medium".to_string(),
-                "High".to_string()
-            ])
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_enum_variant_names_empty_string_enum() {
-        let ty = ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-            name: "empty".into(),
-            values: EnumValues::String(vec![]),
-        });
-        assert_eq!(ty.enum_variant_names(), Some(vec![]));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_enum_variant_names_empty_integer_enum() {
-        let ty = ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-            name: "empty".into(),
-            values: EnumValues::Integer(vec![]),
-        });
-        assert_eq!(ty.enum_variant_names(), Some(vec![]));
-    }
-}
+#[path = "column_tests.rs"]
+mod column_tests;
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-core/src/schema/column_tests.rs b/crates/vespertide-core/src/schema/column_tests.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c77d7f28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-core/src/schema/column_tests.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,697 @@
+use super::*;
+use crate::schema::primary_key::PrimaryKeySyntax;
+use rstest::rstest;
+
+#[test]
+fn new_creates_minimal_column() {
+    let c = ColumnDef::new("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer), false);
+    assert_eq!(c.name.as_str(), "id");
+    assert!(!c.nullable);
+    assert!(c.primary_key.is_none());
+    assert!(c.unique.is_none());
+    assert!(c.index.is_none());
+    assert!(c.foreign_key.is_none());
+    assert!(c.default.is_none());
+    assert!(c.comment.is_none());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn builder_chain_sets_fields() {
+    let c = ColumnDef::new("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text), false)
+        .unique(StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true))
+        .index(StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true))
+        .comment("user email");
+    assert!(c.unique.is_some());
+    assert!(c.index.is_some());
+    assert_eq!(c.comment.as_deref(), Some("user email"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn builder_preserves_round_trip_with_existing_literal() {
+    // Equivalence: new(...) + setters == literal { ... } construction
+    let from_builder = ColumnDef::new("name", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text), false);
+    let from_literal = ColumnDef {
+        name: "name".into(),
+        r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+        nullable: false,
+        default: None,
+        comment: None,
+        primary_key: None,
+        unique: None,
+        index: None,
+        foreign_key: None,
+    };
+    assert_eq!(from_builder, from_literal);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn primary_key_builder_accepts_existing_syntax_type() {
+    let c = ColumnDef::new("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer), false)
+        .primary_key(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true));
+    assert_eq!(c.primary_key, Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)));
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::SmallInt, "i16")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Integer, "i32")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::BigInt, "i64")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Real, "f32")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::DoublePrecision, "f64")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Text, "String")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Boolean, "bool")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Date, "Date")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Time, "Time")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Timestamp, "DateTime")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Timestamptz, "DateTimeWithTimeZone")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Interval, "String")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Bytea, "Vec<u8>")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Uuid, "Uuid")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Json, "Json")]
+// #[case(SimpleColumnType::Jsonb, "Json")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Inet, "String")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Cidr, "String")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Macaddr, "String")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Xml, "String")]
+fn test_simple_column_type_to_rust_type_not_nullable(
+    #[case] column_type: SimpleColumnType,
+    #[case] expected: &str,
+) {
+    assert_eq!(
+        ColumnType::Simple(column_type).to_rust_type(false),
+        expected
+    );
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::SmallInt, "Option<i16>")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Integer, "Option<i32>")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::BigInt, "Option<i64>")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Real, "Option<f32>")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::DoublePrecision, "Option<f64>")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Text, "Option<String>")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Boolean, "Option<bool>")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Date, "Option<Date>")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Time, "Option<Time>")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Timestamp, "Option<DateTime>")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Timestamptz, "Option<DateTimeWithTimeZone>")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Interval, "Option<String>")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Bytea, "Option<Vec<u8>>")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Uuid, "Option<Uuid>")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Json, "Option<Json>")]
+// #[case(SimpleColumnType::Jsonb, "Option<Json>")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Inet, "Option<String>")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Cidr, "Option<String>")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Macaddr, "Option<String>")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Xml, "Option<String>")]
+fn test_simple_column_type_to_rust_type_nullable(
+    #[case] column_type: SimpleColumnType,
+    #[case] expected: &str,
+) {
+    assert_eq!(ColumnType::Simple(column_type).to_rust_type(true), expected);
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case(ComplexColumnType::Varchar { length: 255 }, false, "String")]
+#[case(ComplexColumnType::Varchar { length: 50 }, false, "String")]
+#[case(ComplexColumnType::Numeric { precision: 10, scale: 2 }, false, "Decimal")]
+#[case(ComplexColumnType::Numeric { precision: 5, scale: 0 }, false, "Decimal")]
+#[case(ComplexColumnType::Char { length: 10 }, false, "String")]
+#[case(ComplexColumnType::Char { length: 1 }, false, "String")]
+#[case(ComplexColumnType::Custom { custom_type: "MONEY".into() }, false, "String")]
+#[case(ComplexColumnType::Custom { custom_type: "JSONB".into() }, false, "String")]
+#[case(ComplexColumnType::Enum { name: "status".into(), values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into()]) }, false, "String")]
+fn test_complex_column_type_to_rust_type_not_nullable(
+    #[case] column_type: ComplexColumnType,
+    #[case] nullable: bool,
+    #[case] expected: &str,
+) {
+    assert_eq!(
+        ColumnType::Complex(column_type).to_rust_type(nullable),
+        expected
+    );
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case(ComplexColumnType::Varchar { length: 255 }, "Option<String>")]
+#[case(ComplexColumnType::Varchar { length: 50 }, "Option<String>")]
+#[case(ComplexColumnType::Numeric { precision: 10, scale: 2 }, "Option<Decimal>")]
+#[case(ComplexColumnType::Numeric { precision: 5, scale: 0 }, "Option<Decimal>")]
+#[case(ComplexColumnType::Char { length: 10 }, "Option<String>")]
+#[case(ComplexColumnType::Char { length: 1 }, "Option<String>")]
+#[case(ComplexColumnType::Custom { custom_type: "MONEY".into() }, "Option<String>")]
+#[case(ComplexColumnType::Custom { custom_type: "JSONB".into() }, "Option<String>")]
+#[case(ComplexColumnType::Enum { name: "status".into(), values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into()]) }, "Option<String>")]
+fn test_complex_column_type_to_rust_type_nullable(
+    #[case] column_type: ComplexColumnType,
+    #[case] expected: &str,
+) {
+    assert_eq!(
+        ColumnType::Complex(column_type).to_rust_type(true),
+        expected
+    );
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case(ComplexColumnType::Varchar { length: 255 })]
+#[case(ComplexColumnType::Numeric { precision: 10, scale: 2 })]
+#[case(ComplexColumnType::Char { length: 1 })]
+#[case(ComplexColumnType::Custom { custom_type: "SERIAL".into() })]
+#[case(ComplexColumnType::Enum { name: "status".into(), values: EnumValues::String(vec![]) })]
+fn test_complex_column_type_does_not_support_auto_increment(
+    #[case] column_type: ComplexColumnType,
+) {
+    // Complex types never support auto_increment
+    assert!(!ColumnType::Complex(column_type).supports_auto_increment());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_enum_values_is_string() {
+    let string_vals = EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into()]);
+    let int_vals = EnumValues::Integer(vec![NumValue {
+        name: "Active".into(),
+        value: 1,
+    }]);
+    assert!(string_vals.is_string());
+    assert!(!int_vals.is_string());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_enum_values_is_integer() {
+    let string_vals = EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into()]);
+    let int_vals = EnumValues::Integer(vec![NumValue {
+        name: "Active".into(),
+        value: 1,
+    }]);
+    assert!(!string_vals.is_integer());
+    assert!(int_vals.is_integer());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_enum_values_variant_names_string() {
+    let vals = EnumValues::String(vec!["pending".into(), "active".into()]);
+    assert_eq!(vals.variant_names(), vec!["pending", "active"]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_enum_values_variant_names_integer() {
+    let vals = EnumValues::Integer(vec![
+        NumValue {
+            name: "Low".into(),
+            value: 0,
+        },
+        NumValue {
+            name: "High".into(),
+            value: 10,
+        },
+    ]);
+    assert_eq!(vals.variant_names(), vec!["Low", "High"]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_enum_values_len_and_is_empty() {
+    // String variant
+    let empty = EnumValues::String(vec![]);
+    let non_empty = EnumValues::String(vec!["a".into()]);
+    assert!(empty.is_empty());
+    assert_eq!(empty.len(), 0);
+    assert!(!non_empty.is_empty());
+    assert_eq!(non_empty.len(), 1);
+
+    // Integer variant
+    let empty_int = EnumValues::Integer(vec![]);
+    let non_empty_int = EnumValues::Integer(vec![
+        NumValue {
+            name: "A".into(),
+            value: 0,
+        },
+        NumValue {
+            name: "B".into(),
+            value: 1,
+        },
+    ]);
+    assert!(empty_int.is_empty());
+    assert_eq!(empty_int.len(), 0);
+    assert!(!non_empty_int.is_empty());
+    assert_eq!(non_empty_int.len(), 2);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_enum_values_to_sql_values_string() {
+    let vals = EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "pending".into()]);
+    assert_eq!(vals.to_sql_values(), vec!["'active'", "'pending'"]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_enum_values_to_sql_values_integer() {
+    let vals = EnumValues::Integer(vec![
+        NumValue {
+            name: "Low".into(),
+            value: 0,
+        },
+        NumValue {
+            name: "High".into(),
+            value: 10,
+        },
+    ]);
+    assert_eq!(vals.to_sql_values(), vec!["0", "10"]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_enum_values_from_vec_string() {
+    let vals: EnumValues = vec!["a".to_string(), "b".to_string()].into();
+    assert!(matches!(vals, EnumValues::String(_)));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_enum_values_from_vec_str() {
+    let vals: EnumValues = vec!["a", "b"].into();
+    assert!(matches!(vals, EnumValues::String(_)));
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::SmallInt, true)]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Integer, true)]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::BigInt, true)]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Text, false)]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Boolean, false)]
+fn test_simple_column_type_supports_auto_increment(
+    #[case] ty: SimpleColumnType,
+    #[case] expected: bool,
+) {
+    assert_eq!(ty.supports_auto_increment(), expected);
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Integer, true)]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Text, false)]
+fn test_column_type_simple_supports_auto_increment(
+    #[case] ty: SimpleColumnType,
+    #[case] expected: bool,
+) {
+    assert_eq!(ColumnType::Simple(ty).supports_auto_increment(), expected);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_requires_migration_integer_enum_values_changed() {
+    // Integer enum values changed - should NOT require migration
+    let from = ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+        name: "status".into(),
+        values: EnumValues::Integer(vec![
+            NumValue {
+                name: "Pending".into(),
+                value: 0,
+            },
+            NumValue {
+                name: "Active".into(),
+                value: 1,
+            },
+        ]),
+    });
+    let to = ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+        name: "status".into(),
+        values: EnumValues::Integer(vec![
+            NumValue {
+                name: "Pending".into(),
+                value: 0,
+            },
+            NumValue {
+                name: "Active".into(),
+                value: 1,
+            },
+            NumValue {
+                name: "Completed".into(),
+                value: 100,
+            },
+        ]),
+    });
+    assert!(!from.requires_migration(&to));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_requires_migration_integer_enum_name_changed() {
+    // Integer enum name changed - should NOT require migration (DB type is always INTEGER)
+    let from = ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+        name: "old_status".into(),
+        values: EnumValues::Integer(vec![NumValue {
+            name: "Pending".into(),
+            value: 0,
+        }]),
+    });
+    let to = ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+        name: "new_status".into(),
+        values: EnumValues::Integer(vec![NumValue {
+            name: "Pending".into(),
+            value: 0,
+        }]),
+    });
+    assert!(!from.requires_migration(&to));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_requires_migration_string_enum_values_changed() {
+    // String enum values changed - SHOULD require migration
+    let from = ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+        name: "status".into(),
+        values: EnumValues::String(vec!["pending".into(), "active".into()]),
+    });
+    let to = ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+        name: "status".into(),
+        values: EnumValues::String(vec!["pending".into(), "active".into(), "completed".into()]),
+    });
+    assert!(from.requires_migration(&to));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_requires_migration_simple_types() {
+    let int = ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer);
+    let text = ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text);
+    assert!(int.requires_migration(&text));
+    assert!(!int.requires_migration(&int));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_requires_migration_mixed_enum_types() {
+    // String enum to integer enum - SHOULD require migration
+    let string_enum = ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+        name: "status".into(),
+        values: EnumValues::String(vec!["pending".into()]),
+    });
+    let int_enum = ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+        name: "status".into(),
+        values: EnumValues::Integer(vec![NumValue {
+            name: "Pending".into(),
+            value: 0,
+        }]),
+    });
+    assert!(string_enum.requires_migration(&int_enum));
+}
+
+// Tests for to_display_string
+#[rstest]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::SmallInt, "smallint")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Integer, "integer")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::BigInt, "bigint")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Real, "real")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::DoublePrecision, "double precision")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Text, "text")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Boolean, "boolean")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Date, "date")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Time, "time")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Timestamp, "timestamp")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Timestamptz, "timestamptz")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Interval, "interval")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Bytea, "bytea")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Uuid, "uuid")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Json, "json")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Inet, "inet")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Cidr, "cidr")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Macaddr, "macaddr")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Xml, "xml")]
+fn test_simple_column_type_to_display_string(
+    #[case] column_type: SimpleColumnType,
+    #[case] expected: &str,
+) {
+    assert_eq!(column_type.to_display_string(), expected);
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::SmallInt, "SMALLINT")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Integer, "INTEGER")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::BigInt, "BIGINT")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Real, "REAL")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::DoublePrecision, "DOUBLE PRECISION")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Text, "TEXT")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Boolean, "BOOLEAN")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Date, "DATE")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Time, "TIME")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Timestamp, "TIMESTAMP")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Timestamptz, "TIMESTAMPTZ")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Interval, "INTERVAL")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Bytea, "BYTEA")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Uuid, "UUID")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Json, "JSON")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Inet, "INET")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Cidr, "CIDR")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Macaddr, "MACADDR")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Xml, "XML")]
+fn test_simple_column_type_sql_type(#[case] column_type: SimpleColumnType, #[case] expected: &str) {
+    assert_eq!(column_type.sql_type(), expected);
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case(ComplexColumnType::Varchar { length: 255 }, "VARCHAR")]
+#[case(ComplexColumnType::Numeric { precision: 10, scale: 2 }, "NUMERIC")]
+#[case(ComplexColumnType::Char { length: 5 }, "CHAR")]
+#[case(ComplexColumnType::Custom { custom_type: "MONEY".into() }, "CUSTOM")]
+#[case(ComplexColumnType::Enum { name: "status".into(), values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into()]) }, "ENUM")]
+fn test_complex_column_type_sql_type(
+    #[case] column_type: ComplexColumnType,
+    #[case] expected: &str,
+) {
+    assert_eq!(column_type.sql_type(), expected);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_complex_column_type_to_display_string_varchar() {
+    let ty = ComplexColumnType::Varchar { length: 255 };
+    assert_eq!(ty.to_display_string(), "varchar(255)");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_complex_column_type_to_display_string_numeric() {
+    let ty = ComplexColumnType::Numeric {
+        precision: 10,
+        scale: 2,
+    };
+    assert_eq!(ty.to_display_string(), "numeric(10,2)");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_complex_column_type_to_display_string_char() {
+    let ty = ComplexColumnType::Char { length: 5 };
+    assert_eq!(ty.to_display_string(), "char(5)");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_complex_column_type_to_display_string_custom() {
+    let ty = ComplexColumnType::Custom {
+        custom_type: "TSVECTOR".into(),
+    };
+    assert_eq!(ty.to_display_string(), "tsvector");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_complex_column_type_to_display_string_string_enum() {
+    let ty = ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+        name: "user_status".into(),
+        values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into()]),
+    };
+    assert_eq!(ty.to_display_string(), "enum<user_status>");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_complex_column_type_to_display_string_integer_enum() {
+    let ty = ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+        name: "priority".into(),
+        values: EnumValues::Integer(vec![
+            NumValue {
+                name: "Low".into(),
+                value: 0,
+            },
+            NumValue {
+                name: "High".into(),
+                value: 10,
+            },
+        ]),
+    };
+    assert_eq!(ty.to_display_string(), "enum<priority> (integer)");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_column_type_to_display_string_simple() {
+    let ty = ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer);
+    assert_eq!(ty.to_display_string(), "integer");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_column_type_to_display_string_complex() {
+    let ty = ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Varchar { length: 100 });
+    assert_eq!(ty.to_display_string(), "varchar(100)");
+}
+
+// Tests for default_fill_value
+#[rstest]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::SmallInt, "0")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Integer, "0")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::BigInt, "0")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Real, "0.0")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::DoublePrecision, "0.0")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Boolean, "false")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Text, "''")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Date, "'1970-01-01'")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Time, "'00:00:00'")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Timestamp, "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Timestamptz, "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Interval, "'0'")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Bytea, "''")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Uuid, "'00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000'")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Json, "'{}'")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Inet, "'0.0.0.0'")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Cidr, "'0.0.0.0'")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Macaddr, "'00:00:00:00:00:00'")]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Xml, "'<xml/>'")]
+fn test_simple_column_type_default_fill_value(
+    #[case] column_type: SimpleColumnType,
+    #[case] expected: &str,
+) {
+    assert_eq!(column_type.default_fill_value(), expected);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_complex_column_type_default_fill_value_varchar() {
+    let ty = ComplexColumnType::Varchar { length: 255 };
+    assert_eq!(ty.default_fill_value(), "''");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_complex_column_type_default_fill_value_char() {
+    let ty = ComplexColumnType::Char { length: 1 };
+    assert_eq!(ty.default_fill_value(), "''");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_complex_column_type_default_fill_value_numeric() {
+    let ty = ComplexColumnType::Numeric {
+        precision: 10,
+        scale: 2,
+    };
+    assert_eq!(ty.default_fill_value(), "0");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_complex_column_type_default_fill_value_custom() {
+    let ty = ComplexColumnType::Custom {
+        custom_type: "MONEY".into(),
+    };
+    assert_eq!(ty.default_fill_value(), "''");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_complex_column_type_default_fill_value_enum() {
+    let ty = ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+        name: "status".into(),
+        values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into()]),
+    };
+    assert_eq!(ty.default_fill_value(), "''");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_column_type_default_fill_value_simple() {
+    let ty = ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer);
+    assert_eq!(ty.default_fill_value(), "0");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_column_type_default_fill_value_complex() {
+    let ty = ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Varchar { length: 100 });
+    assert_eq!(ty.default_fill_value(), "''");
+}
+
+// Tests for enum_variant_names
+#[test]
+fn test_enum_variant_names_simple_type_returns_none() {
+    let ty = ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer);
+    assert_eq!(ty.enum_variant_names(), None);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_enum_variant_names_complex_non_enum_returns_none() {
+    let ty = ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Varchar { length: 255 });
+    assert_eq!(ty.enum_variant_names(), None);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_enum_variant_names_complex_numeric_returns_none() {
+    let ty = ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Numeric {
+        precision: 10,
+        scale: 2,
+    });
+    assert_eq!(ty.enum_variant_names(), None);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_enum_variant_names_complex_char_returns_none() {
+    let ty = ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Char { length: 1 });
+    assert_eq!(ty.enum_variant_names(), None);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_enum_variant_names_complex_custom_returns_none() {
+    let ty = ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Custom {
+        custom_type: "TSVECTOR".into(),
+    });
+    assert_eq!(ty.enum_variant_names(), None);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_enum_variant_names_string_enum() {
+    let ty = ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+        name: "status".into(),
+        values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into(), "pending".into()]),
+    });
+    assert_eq!(
+        ty.enum_variant_names(),
+        Some(vec![
+            "active".to_string(),
+            "inactive".to_string(),
+            "pending".to_string()
+        ])
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_enum_variant_names_integer_enum() {
+    let ty = ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+        name: "priority".into(),
+        values: EnumValues::Integer(vec![
+            NumValue {
+                name: "Low".into(),
+                value: 0,
+            },
+            NumValue {
+                name: "Medium".into(),
+                value: 5,
+            },
+            NumValue {
+                name: "High".into(),
+                value: 10,
+            },
+        ]),
+    });
+    assert_eq!(
+        ty.enum_variant_names(),
+        Some(vec![
+            "Low".to_string(),
+            "Medium".to_string(),
+            "High".to_string()
+        ])
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_enum_variant_names_empty_string_enum() {
+    let ty = ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+        name: "empty".into(),
+        values: EnumValues::String(vec![]),
+    });
+    assert_eq!(ty.enum_variant_names(), Some(vec![]));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_enum_variant_names_empty_integer_enum() {
+    let ty = ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+        name: "empty".into(),
+        values: EnumValues::Integer(vec![]),
+    });
+    assert_eq!(ty.enum_variant_names(), Some(vec![]));
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-core/src/schema/constraint.rs b/crates/vespertide-core/src/schema/constraint.rs
index 5bdc5878..2ad19b04 100644
--- a/crates/vespertide-core/src/schema/constraint.rs
+++ b/crates/vespertide-core/src/schema/constraint.rs
@@ -5,20 +5,34 @@ use crate::schema::{
     names::{ColumnName, TableName},
 };
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+/// A table-level constraint produced by [`TableDef::normalize`].
+///
+/// Inline column constraints (`primary_key`, `unique`, `index`, `foreign_key`) declared in model
+/// JSON files are converted into `TableConstraint` variants during normalization. You rarely
+/// construct these directly; the planner and SQL generator consume them.
+///
+/// This enum is `#[non_exhaustive]`: new variants may be added in future releases.
+/// Downstream `match` expressions should include a wildcard arm.
+///
+/// [`TableDef::normalize`]: crate::schema::TableDef::normalize
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 #[cfg_attr(feature = "schema", derive(schemars::JsonSchema))]
 #[serde(rename_all = "snake_case", tag = "type")]
+#[non_exhaustive]
 pub enum TableConstraint {
+    /// Primary key constraint, optionally with auto-increment (serial / identity) semantics.
     PrimaryKey {
         #[serde(default)]
         auto_increment: bool,
         columns: Vec<ColumnName>,
     },
+    /// Unique constraint ensuring no two rows share the same value(s) in the listed columns.
     Unique {
         #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
         name: Option<String>,
         columns: Vec<ColumnName>,
     },
+    /// Foreign key constraint linking columns in this table to columns in another table.
     ForeignKey {
         #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
         name: Option<String>,
@@ -28,10 +42,9 @@ pub enum TableConstraint {
         on_delete: Option<ReferenceAction>,
         on_update: Option<ReferenceAction>,
     },
-    Check {
-        name: String,
-        expr: String,
-    },
+    /// Arbitrary SQL CHECK expression enforced by the database on every write.
+    Check { name: String, expr: String },
+    /// Non-unique index to speed up queries on the listed columns.
     Index {
         #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
         name: Option<String>,
@@ -39,21 +52,57 @@ pub enum TableConstraint {
     },
 }
 
+/// Lightweight tag identifying the kind of a [`TableConstraint`] without carrying its data.
+///
+/// Returned by [`TableConstraint::kind`] and useful for filtering or grouping constraints without
+/// pattern-matching on the full enum.
+///
+/// This enum is `#[non_exhaustive]`: new variants may be added in future releases.
+/// Downstream `match` expressions should include a wildcard arm.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "schema", derive(schemars::JsonSchema))]
+#[serde(rename_all = "snake_case")]
+#[non_exhaustive]
+pub enum ConstraintKind {
+    /// Identifies a [`TableConstraint::PrimaryKey`] constraint.
+    PrimaryKey,
+    /// Identifies a [`TableConstraint::ForeignKey`] constraint.
+    ForeignKey,
+    /// Identifies a [`TableConstraint::Unique`] constraint.
+    Unique,
+    /// Identifies a [`TableConstraint::Check`] constraint.
+    Check,
+    /// Identifies a [`TableConstraint::Index`] constraint.
+    Index,
+}
+
 impl TableConstraint {
+    /// Returns the high-level kind of this constraint.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn kind(&self) -> ConstraintKind {
+        match self {
+            TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { .. } => ConstraintKind::PrimaryKey,
+            TableConstraint::ForeignKey { .. } => ConstraintKind::ForeignKey,
+            TableConstraint::Unique { .. } => ConstraintKind::Unique,
+            TableConstraint::Check { .. } => ConstraintKind::Check,
+            TableConstraint::Index { .. } => ConstraintKind::Index,
+        }
+    }
+
     /// Returns the columns referenced by this constraint.
     /// For Check constraints, returns an empty slice (expression-based, not column-based).
     pub fn columns(&self) -> &[ColumnName] {
         match self {
-            TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { columns, .. } => columns,
-            TableConstraint::Unique { columns, .. } => columns,
-            TableConstraint::ForeignKey { columns, .. } => columns,
-            TableConstraint::Index { columns, .. } => columns,
+            TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { columns, .. }
+            | TableConstraint::Unique { columns, .. }
+            | TableConstraint::ForeignKey { columns, .. }
+            | TableConstraint::Index { columns, .. } => columns,
             TableConstraint::Check { .. } => &[],
         }
     }
 
     /// Apply a prefix to referenced table names in this constraint.
-    /// Only affects ForeignKey constraints (which reference other tables).
+    /// Only affects `ForeignKey` constraints (which reference other tables).
     pub fn with_prefix(self, prefix: &str) -> Self {
         if prefix.is_empty() {
             return self;
@@ -69,7 +118,7 @@ impl TableConstraint {
             } => TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
                 name,
                 columns,
-                ref_table: format!("{}{}", prefix, ref_table),
+                ref_table: format!("{prefix}{ref_table}"),
                 ref_columns,
                 on_delete,
                 on_update,
@@ -138,6 +187,55 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(check.columns().is_empty());
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn test_kind() {
+        let constraints = [
+            (
+                TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+                    auto_increment: false,
+                    columns: vec!["id".into()],
+                },
+                ConstraintKind::PrimaryKey,
+            ),
+            (
+                TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                    name: None,
+                    columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
+                    ref_table: "user".into(),
+                    ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+                    on_delete: None,
+                    on_update: None,
+                },
+                ConstraintKind::ForeignKey,
+            ),
+            (
+                TableConstraint::Unique {
+                    name: None,
+                    columns: vec!["email".into()],
+                },
+                ConstraintKind::Unique,
+            ),
+            (
+                TableConstraint::Check {
+                    name: "check_positive".into(),
+                    expr: "amount > 0".into(),
+                },
+                ConstraintKind::Check,
+            ),
+            (
+                TableConstraint::Index {
+                    name: None,
+                    columns: vec!["email".into()],
+                },
+                ConstraintKind::Index,
+            ),
+        ];
+
+        for (constraint, expected) in constraints {
+            assert_eq!(constraint.kind(), expected);
+        }
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn test_with_prefix_foreign_key() {
         let fk = TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-core/src/schema/foreign_key.rs b/crates/vespertide-core/src/schema/foreign_key.rs
index d59305fc..eac1c3ba 100644
--- a/crates/vespertide-core/src/schema/foreign_key.rs
+++ b/crates/vespertide-core/src/schema/foreign_key.rs
@@ -2,22 +2,36 @@ use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 
 use crate::schema::{names::ColumnName, names::TableName, reference::ReferenceAction};
 
+/// Full foreign key definition used in the normalized table representation.
+///
+/// Specifies the referenced table and columns along with optional referential actions for
+/// `ON DELETE` and `ON UPDATE`. This is the canonical form produced after parsing any of the
+/// three [`ForeignKeySyntax`] variants.
+///
+/// Always add `"index": true` on the column carrying the foreign key for query performance.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 #[cfg_attr(feature = "schema", derive(schemars::JsonSchema))]
 #[serde(rename_all = "snake_case")]
 pub struct ForeignKeyDef {
+    /// The table being referenced (the "parent" side of the relationship).
     pub ref_table: TableName,
+    /// The column(s) in the referenced table that this foreign key points to.
     pub ref_columns: Vec<ColumnName>,
+    /// Action to take on child rows when the parent row is deleted.
     pub on_delete: Option<ReferenceAction>,
+    /// Action to take on child rows when the referenced column(s) in the parent row are updated.
     pub on_update: Option<ReferenceAction>,
 }
 
-/// Shorthand syntax for foreign key: { "references": "table.column", "on_delete": "cascade" }
+/// Compact foreign key syntax using a `"references"` string in `"table.column"` format.
+///
+/// Useful when you only need to specify the target and optionally an `on_delete` action without
+/// listing columns explicitly. The planner resolves the column from the `"table.column"` string.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 #[cfg_attr(feature = "schema", derive(schemars::JsonSchema))]
 #[serde(rename_all = "snake_case")]
 pub struct ReferenceSyntaxDef {
-    /// Reference in "table.column" format
+    /// Reference target in `"table.column"` format, e.g. `"user.id"`.
     pub references: String,
     #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
     pub on_delete: Option<ReferenceAction>,
@@ -25,14 +39,24 @@ pub struct ReferenceSyntaxDef {
     pub on_update: Option<ReferenceAction>,
 }
 
+/// Inline foreign key declaration on a [`ColumnDef`], supporting three levels of verbosity.
+///
+/// In JSON model files you can write:
+/// - `"foreign_key": "user.id"` (string shorthand)
+/// - `"foreign_key": {"references": "user.id", "on_delete": "cascade"}` (reference object)
+/// - `"foreign_key": {"ref_table": "user", "ref_columns": ["id"], "on_delete": "cascade"}` (full object)
+///
+/// All three forms are normalized into a [`ForeignKeyDef`] by the planner.
+///
+/// [`ColumnDef`]: crate::schema::ColumnDef
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 #[cfg_attr(feature = "schema", derive(schemars::JsonSchema))]
 #[serde(rename_all = "snake_case", untagged)]
 pub enum ForeignKeySyntax {
-    /// table.column
+    /// Shorthand string in `"table.column"` format, e.g. `"user.id"`.
     String(String),
-    /// { "references": "table.column", "on_delete": "cascade" }
+    /// Object with a `"references"` key in `"table.column"` format plus optional actions.
     Reference(ReferenceSyntaxDef),
-    /// { "ref_table": "table", "ref_columns": ["column"], ... }
+    /// Full object with explicit `ref_table`, `ref_columns`, and optional actions.
     Object(ForeignKeyDef),
 }
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-core/src/schema/index.rs b/crates/vespertide-core/src/schema/index.rs
index 0f592b92..96a5ba19 100644
--- a/crates/vespertide-core/src/schema/index.rs
+++ b/crates/vespertide-core/src/schema/index.rs
@@ -2,11 +2,25 @@ use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 
 use crate::schema::names::{ColumnName, IndexName};
 
+/// A named index on one or more columns of a table.
+///
+/// Index names follow the convention `ix_{table}__{columns}` (double underscore separator).
+/// When `unique` is `true` the index also enforces a uniqueness constraint, equivalent to a
+/// `UNIQUE` constraint but expressed as an index.
+///
+/// `IndexDef` is the normalized form produced from inline `"index"` declarations on columns.
+/// You rarely construct this directly; use the `"index"` field on a [`ColumnDef`] in your model
+/// JSON and let the planner normalize it.
+///
+/// [`ColumnDef`]: crate::schema::ColumnDef
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 #[cfg_attr(feature = "schema", derive(schemars::JsonSchema))]
 #[serde(rename_all = "snake_case")]
 pub struct IndexDef {
+    /// The index name, conventionally `ix_{table}__{columns}`.
     pub name: IndexName,
+    /// The ordered list of columns included in the index.
     pub columns: Vec<ColumnName>,
+    /// When `true`, the index enforces uniqueness across the listed columns.
     pub unique: bool,
 }
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-core/src/schema/mod.rs b/crates/vespertide-core/src/schema/mod.rs
index f74315b1..9cadbe29 100644
--- a/crates/vespertide-core/src/schema/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/vespertide-core/src/schema/mod.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ pub mod table;
 pub use column::{
     ColumnDef, ColumnType, ComplexColumnType, EnumValues, NumValue, SimpleColumnType,
 };
-pub use constraint::TableConstraint;
+pub use constraint::{ConstraintKind, TableConstraint};
 pub use index::IndexDef;
 pub use names::{ColumnName, IndexName, TableName};
 pub use primary_key::PrimaryKeyDef;
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-core/src/schema/names.rs b/crates/vespertide-core/src/schema/names.rs
index 47c58899..6e5640d1 100644
--- a/crates/vespertide-core/src/schema/names.rs
+++ b/crates/vespertide-core/src/schema/names.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,18 @@
+/// The name of a database table, always in `snake_case` by convention.
+///
+/// This is a plain `String` alias used throughout the API to make function signatures
+/// self-documenting. The naming convention is enforced by the CLI and the planner, not by the
+/// type system.
 pub type TableName = String;
+
+/// The name of a table column, always in `snake_case` by convention.
+///
+/// This is a plain `String` alias used throughout the API to make function signatures
+/// self-documenting.
 pub type ColumnName = String;
+
+/// The name of a database index, conventionally `ix_{table}__{columns}` (double underscore).
+///
+/// This is a plain `String` alias used throughout the API to make function signatures
+/// self-documenting.
 pub type IndexName = String;
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-core/src/schema/primary_key.rs b/crates/vespertide-core/src/schema/primary_key.rs
index 366d0b73..905c2c2a 100644
--- a/crates/vespertide-core/src/schema/primary_key.rs
+++ b/crates/vespertide-core/src/schema/primary_key.rs
@@ -1,17 +1,34 @@
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 
+/// Configuration for a primary key declared with the object syntax.
+///
+/// When `auto_increment` is `true` the column is generated as a serial / identity column
+/// (`PostgreSQL` `SERIAL`, `MySQL` `AUTO_INCREMENT`, `SQLite` `AUTOINCREMENT`).
+/// Use [`PrimaryKeySyntax::Object`] to pass this to a [`ColumnDef`].
+///
+/// [`ColumnDef`]: crate::schema::ColumnDef
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 #[cfg_attr(feature = "schema", derive(schemars::JsonSchema))]
 #[serde(rename_all = "snake_case")]
 pub struct PrimaryKeyDef {
+    /// When `true`, the column value is generated automatically by the database on insert.
     #[serde(default)]
     pub auto_increment: bool,
 }
 
+/// Inline primary key declaration on a [`ColumnDef`], supporting both shorthand and full syntax.
+///
+/// In JSON model files you can write either:
+/// - `"primary_key": true` (shorthand, no auto-increment)
+/// - `"primary_key": {"auto_increment": true}` (full object syntax)
+///
+/// [`ColumnDef`]: crate::schema::ColumnDef
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 #[cfg_attr(feature = "schema", derive(schemars::JsonSchema))]
 #[serde(rename_all = "snake_case", untagged)]
 pub enum PrimaryKeySyntax {
+    /// Shorthand: `true` marks the column as a primary key without auto-increment.
     Bool(bool),
+    /// Full object syntax allowing `auto_increment` to be configured.
     Object(PrimaryKeyDef),
 }
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-core/src/schema/reference.rs b/crates/vespertide-core/src/schema/reference.rs
index ae895155..27022dbe 100644
--- a/crates/vespertide-core/src/schema/reference.rs
+++ b/crates/vespertide-core/src/schema/reference.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,27 @@
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+/// The referential action taken on child rows when the referenced parent row changes.
+///
+/// Used in `ForeignKeyDef::on_delete` and `ForeignKeyDef::on_update` to control cascading
+/// behaviour. In JSON model files these are written in `snake_case`
+/// (e.g. `"on_delete": "cascade"`).
+///
+/// This enum is `#[non_exhaustive]`: new variants may be added in future releases.
+/// Downstream `match` expressions should include a wildcard arm.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 #[cfg_attr(feature = "schema", derive(schemars::JsonSchema))]
 #[serde(rename_all = "snake_case")]
+#[non_exhaustive]
 pub enum ReferenceAction {
+    /// Automatically delete or update child rows when the parent row is deleted or updated (`CASCADE`).
     Cascade,
+    /// Prevent the parent row from being deleted or updated if child rows exist (`RESTRICT`).
     Restrict,
+    /// Set the foreign key column(s) in child rows to `NULL` when the parent changes (`SET NULL`).
+    /// The column must be nullable.
     SetNull,
+    /// Set the foreign key column(s) in child rows to their column default when the parent changes (`SET DEFAULT`).
     SetDefault,
+    /// Do nothing to child rows; the database defers enforcement or raises an error (`NO ACTION`).
     NoAction,
 }
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-core/src/schema/str_or_bool.rs b/crates/vespertide-core/src/schema/str_or_bool.rs
index 61bef6e3..d0095add 100644
--- a/crates/vespertide-core/src/schema/str_or_bool.rs
+++ b/crates/vespertide-core/src/schema/str_or_bool.rs
@@ -1,29 +1,82 @@
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 
+/// A JSON value that can be a string, an array of strings, or a boolean.
+///
+/// Used for inline `"unique"` and `"index"` declarations on a [`ColumnDef`]:
+/// - `true` / `false` — enable or disable the constraint with an auto-generated name.
+/// - A single string — the constraint name (used to group columns into a composite constraint).
+/// - An array of strings — a list of constraint names for multi-group membership.
+///
+/// This enum is `#[non_exhaustive]`: new variants may be added in future releases.
+/// Downstream `match` expressions should include a wildcard arm.
+///
+/// [`ColumnDef`]: crate::schema::ColumnDef
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 #[cfg_attr(feature = "schema", derive(schemars::JsonSchema))]
 #[serde(rename_all = "snake_case", untagged)]
+#[non_exhaustive]
 pub enum StrOrBoolOrArray {
+    /// A named constraint or group identifier.
     Str(String),
+    /// Multiple constraint group names for multi-group membership.
     Array(Vec<String>),
+    /// `true` to enable with an auto-generated name; `false` to disable.
     Bool(bool),
 }
 
-/// A value that can be a string, boolean, or number.
-/// This is used for default values where columns can use literal values directly.
+impl StrOrBoolOrArray {
+    /// Returns the string value when this is `Str`.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn as_str(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        match self {
+            StrOrBoolOrArray::Str(s) => Some(s.as_str()),
+            StrOrBoolOrArray::Array(_) | StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(_) => None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// A column default value that can be a boolean, integer, float, or SQL expression string.
+///
+/// In JSON model files the `"default"` field accepts any of these forms:
+/// - `true` / `false` — boolean literal.
+/// - `0`, `42` — integer literal.
+/// - `0.0`, `1.5` — floating-point literal.
+/// - `"'pending'"` — SQL string literal (note the inner single quotes).
+/// - `"NOW()"` — SQL function call (no surrounding quotes).
+///
+/// Use [`DefaultValue::to_sql`] to convert to the SQL representation for DDL generation.
+///
+/// `StringOrBool` is a backwards-compatibility alias for this type.
+///
+/// This enum is `#[non_exhaustive]`: new variants may be added in future releases.
+/// Downstream `match` expressions should include a wildcard arm.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 #[cfg_attr(feature = "schema", derive(schemars::JsonSchema))]
 #[serde(untagged)]
+#[non_exhaustive]
 pub enum DefaultValue {
+    /// A boolean default (`true` or `false`).
     Bool(bool),
+    /// An integer default value.
     Integer(i64),
+    /// A floating-point default value.
     Float(f64),
+    /// A SQL expression or string literal default (e.g. `"'pending'"` or `"NOW()"`).
     String(String),
 }
 
 impl Eq for DefaultValue {}
 
 impl DefaultValue {
+    /// Returns the boolean value when this is `Bool`.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn as_bool(&self) -> Option<bool> {
+        match self {
+            DefaultValue::Bool(b) => Some(*b),
+            DefaultValue::Integer(_) | DefaultValue::Float(_) | DefaultValue::String(_) => None,
+        }
+    }
+
     /// Convert to SQL string representation
     /// Empty strings are converted to '' (SQL empty string literal)
     pub fn to_sql(&self) -> String {
@@ -66,7 +119,7 @@ impl From<i64> for DefaultValue {
 
 impl From<i32> for DefaultValue {
     fn from(n: i32) -> Self {
-        DefaultValue::Integer(n as i64)
+        DefaultValue::Integer(i64::from(n))
     }
 }
 
@@ -127,13 +180,13 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn test_default_value_to_sql_empty_string() {
-        let val = DefaultValue::String("".into());
+        let val = DefaultValue::String(String::new());
         assert_eq!(val.to_sql(), "''");
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn test_default_value_is_empty_string() {
-        assert!(DefaultValue::String("".into()).is_empty_string());
+        assert!(DefaultValue::String(String::new()).is_empty_string());
         assert!(!DefaultValue::String("hello".into()).is_empty_string());
         assert!(!DefaultValue::Bool(true).is_empty_string());
         assert!(!DefaultValue::Integer(0).is_empty_string());
@@ -182,4 +235,18 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(!DefaultValue::Integer(42).is_string());
         assert!(!DefaultValue::Float(1.5).is_string());
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_string_or_bool_as_bool() {
+        assert_eq!(StringOrBool::Bool(true).as_bool(), Some(true));
+        assert_eq!(StringOrBool::Bool(false).as_bool(), Some(false));
+        assert_eq!(StringOrBool::String("value".into()).as_bool(), None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_str_or_bool_or_array_as_str() {
+        assert_eq!(StrOrBoolOrArray::Str("name".into()).as_str(), Some("name"));
+        assert_eq!(StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true).as_str(), None);
+        assert_eq!(StrOrBoolOrArray::Array(vec!["name".into()]).as_str(), None);
+    }
 }
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-core/src/schema/table.rs b/crates/vespertide-core/src/schema/table.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 56b4859f..00000000
--- a/crates/vespertide-core/src/schema/table.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1714 +0,0 @@
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
-
-use crate::schema::{
-    StrOrBoolOrArray, column::ColumnDef, constraint::TableConstraint,
-    foreign_key::ForeignKeySyntax, names::TableName, primary_key::PrimaryKeySyntax,
-};
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub enum TableValidationError {
-    DuplicateIndexColumn {
-        index_name: String,
-        column_name: String,
-    },
-    InvalidForeignKeyFormat {
-        column_name: String,
-        value: String,
-    },
-}
-
-impl std::fmt::Display for TableValidationError {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
-        match self {
-            TableValidationError::DuplicateIndexColumn {
-                index_name,
-                column_name,
-            } => {
-                write!(
-                    f,
-                    "Duplicate index '{}' on column '{}': the same index name cannot be applied to the same column multiple times",
-                    index_name, column_name
-                )
-            }
-            TableValidationError::InvalidForeignKeyFormat { column_name, value } => {
-                write!(
-                    f,
-                    "Invalid foreign key format '{}' on column '{}': expected 'table.column' format",
-                    value, column_name
-                )
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl std::error::Error for TableValidationError {}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "schema", derive(schemars::JsonSchema))]
-#[serde(rename_all = "snake_case")]
-pub struct TableDef {
-    pub name: TableName,
-    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
-    pub description: Option<String>,
-    pub columns: Vec<ColumnDef>,
-    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Vec::is_empty")]
-    pub constraints: Vec<TableConstraint>,
-}
-
-impl TableDef {
-    /// Normalizes inline column constraints (primary_key, unique, index, foreign_key)
-    /// into table-level constraints.
-    /// Returns a new TableDef with all inline constraints converted to table-level.
-    ///
-    /// # Errors
-    ///
-    /// Returns an error if the same index name is applied to the same column multiple times.
-    pub fn normalize(&self) -> Result<Self, TableValidationError> {
-        let mut constraints = self.constraints.clone();
-
-        // Collect columns with inline primary_key and check for auto_increment
-        let mut pk_columns: Vec<String> = Vec::new();
-        let mut pk_auto_increment = false;
-
-        for col in &self.columns {
-            if let Some(ref pk) = col.primary_key {
-                match pk {
-                    PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true) => {
-                        pk_columns.push(col.name.clone());
-                    }
-                    PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(false) => {}
-                    PrimaryKeySyntax::Object(pk_def) => {
-                        pk_columns.push(col.name.clone());
-                        if pk_def.auto_increment {
-                            pk_auto_increment = true;
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        // Add primary key constraint if any columns have inline pk and no existing pk constraint.
-        if !pk_columns.is_empty() {
-            let has_pk_constraint = constraints
-                .iter()
-                .any(|c| matches!(c, TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { .. }));
-
-            if !has_pk_constraint {
-                constraints.push(TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                    auto_increment: pk_auto_increment,
-                    columns: pk_columns,
-                });
-            }
-        }
-
-        // Group columns by unique constraint name to create composite unique constraints
-        // Use same pattern as index grouping
-        let mut unique_groups: HashMap<String, Vec<String>> = HashMap::new();
-        let mut unique_order: Vec<String> = Vec::new(); // Preserve order of first occurrence
-
-        for col in &self.columns {
-            if let Some(ref unique_val) = col.unique {
-                match unique_val {
-                    StrOrBoolOrArray::Str(name) => {
-                        // Named unique constraint - group by name for composite constraints
-                        let unique_name = name.clone();
-
-                        if !unique_groups.contains_key(&unique_name) {
-                            unique_order.push(unique_name.clone());
-                        }
-
-                        unique_groups
-                            .entry(unique_name)
-                            .or_default()
-                            .push(col.name.clone());
-                    }
-                    StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true) => {
-                        // Use special marker for auto-generated unique constraints (without custom name)
-                        let group_key = format!("__auto_{}", col.name);
-
-                        if !unique_groups.contains_key(&group_key) {
-                            unique_order.push(group_key.clone());
-                        }
-
-                        unique_groups
-                            .entry(group_key)
-                            .or_default()
-                            .push(col.name.clone());
-                    }
-                    StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(false) => continue,
-                    StrOrBoolOrArray::Array(names) => {
-                        // Array format: each element is a constraint name
-                        // This column will be part of all these named constraints
-                        for unique_name in names {
-                            if !unique_groups.contains_key(unique_name.as_str()) {
-                                unique_order.push(unique_name.clone());
-                            }
-
-                            unique_groups
-                                .entry(unique_name.clone())
-                                .or_default()
-                                .push(col.name.clone());
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        // Create unique constraints from grouped columns in order
-        for unique_name in unique_order {
-            let columns = unique_groups.get(&unique_name).unwrap().clone();
-
-            // Determine if this is an auto-generated unique (from unique: true)
-            // or a named unique (from unique: "name")
-            let constraint_name = if unique_name.starts_with("__auto_") {
-                // Auto-generated unique - use None so SQL generation can create the name
-                None
-            } else {
-                // Named unique - preserve the custom name
-                Some(unique_name.clone())
-            };
-
-            // Check if this unique constraint already exists
-            let exists = constraints.iter().any(|c| {
-                if let TableConstraint::Unique {
-                    name,
-                    columns: cols,
-                } = c
-                {
-                    // Match by name if both have names, otherwise match by columns
-                    match (&constraint_name, name) {
-                        (Some(n1), Some(n2)) => n1 == n2,
-                        (None, None) => cols == &columns,
-                        _ => false,
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    false
-                }
-            });
-
-            if !exists {
-                constraints.push(TableConstraint::Unique {
-                    name: constraint_name,
-                    columns,
-                });
-            }
-        }
-
-        // Process inline foreign_key and index for each column
-        for col in &self.columns {
-            // Handle inline foreign_key
-            if let Some(ref fk_syntax) = col.foreign_key {
-                // Convert ForeignKeySyntax to ForeignKeyDef
-                let (ref_table, ref_columns, on_delete, on_update) = match fk_syntax {
-                    ForeignKeySyntax::String(s) => {
-                        // Parse "table.column" format
-                        let parts: Vec<&str> = s.split('.').collect();
-                        if parts.len() != 2 || parts[0].is_empty() || parts[1].is_empty() {
-                            return Err(TableValidationError::InvalidForeignKeyFormat {
-                                column_name: col.name.clone(),
-                                value: s.clone(),
-                            });
-                        }
-                        (parts[0].to_string(), vec![parts[1].to_string()], None, None)
-                    }
-                    ForeignKeySyntax::Reference(ref_syntax) => {
-                        // Parse { "references": "table.column", "on_delete": ... } format
-                        let parts: Vec<&str> = ref_syntax.references.split('.').collect();
-                        if parts.len() != 2 || parts[0].is_empty() || parts[1].is_empty() {
-                            return Err(TableValidationError::InvalidForeignKeyFormat {
-                                column_name: col.name.clone(),
-                                value: ref_syntax.references.clone(),
-                            });
-                        }
-                        (
-                            parts[0].to_string(),
-                            vec![parts[1].to_string()],
-                            ref_syntax.on_delete.clone(),
-                            ref_syntax.on_update.clone(),
-                        )
-                    }
-                    ForeignKeySyntax::Object(fk_def) => (
-                        fk_def.ref_table.clone(),
-                        fk_def.ref_columns.clone(),
-                        fk_def.on_delete.clone(),
-                        fk_def.on_update.clone(),
-                    ),
-                };
-
-                // Check if this foreign key already exists
-                let exists = constraints.iter().any(|c| {
-                    if let TableConstraint::ForeignKey { columns, .. } = c {
-                        columns.len() == 1 && columns[0] == col.name
-                    } else {
-                        false
-                    }
-                });
-
-                if !exists {
-                    constraints.push(TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                        name: None,
-                        columns: vec![col.name.clone()],
-                        ref_table,
-                        ref_columns,
-                        on_delete,
-                        on_update,
-                    });
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        // Group columns by index name to create composite indexes
-        // Use a HashMap to group, but preserve column order by tracking first occurrence
-        let mut index_groups: HashMap<String, Vec<String>> = HashMap::new();
-        let mut index_order: Vec<String> = Vec::new(); // Preserve order of first occurrence
-        // Track which columns are already in each index from inline definitions to detect duplicates
-        // Only track inline definitions, not existing table-level indexes (they can be extended)
-        let mut inline_index_column_tracker: HashMap<String, HashSet<String>> = HashMap::new();
-
-        for col in &self.columns {
-            if let Some(ref index_val) = col.index {
-                match index_val {
-                    StrOrBoolOrArray::Str(name) => {
-                        // Named index - group by name
-                        let index_name = name.clone();
-
-                        // Check for duplicate - only check inline definitions, not existing table-level indexes
-                        if let Some(columns) = inline_index_column_tracker.get(name.as_str())
-                            && columns.contains(col.name.as_str())
-                        {
-                            return Err(TableValidationError::DuplicateIndexColumn {
-                                index_name: name.clone(),
-                                column_name: col.name.clone(),
-                            });
-                        }
-
-                        if !index_groups.contains_key(&index_name) {
-                            index_order.push(index_name.clone());
-                        }
-
-                        index_groups
-                            .entry(index_name.clone())
-                            .or_default()
-                            .push(col.name.clone());
-
-                        inline_index_column_tracker
-                            .entry(index_name)
-                            .or_default()
-                            .insert(col.name.clone());
-                    }
-                    StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true) => {
-                        // Use special marker for auto-generated indexes (without custom name)
-                        // We use the column name as a unique key to group, but will use None for the constraint name
-                        // This allows SQL generation to auto-generate the name based on naming conventions
-                        let group_key = format!("__auto_{}", col.name);
-
-                        // Check for duplicate - only check inline definitions
-                        if let Some(columns) = inline_index_column_tracker.get(group_key.as_str())
-                            && columns.contains(col.name.as_str())
-                        {
-                            return Err(TableValidationError::DuplicateIndexColumn {
-                                index_name: group_key.clone(),
-                                column_name: col.name.clone(),
-                            });
-                        }
-
-                        if !index_groups.contains_key(&group_key) {
-                            index_order.push(group_key.clone());
-                        }
-
-                        index_groups
-                            .entry(group_key.clone())
-                            .or_default()
-                            .push(col.name.clone());
-
-                        inline_index_column_tracker
-                            .entry(group_key)
-                            .or_default()
-                            .insert(col.name.clone());
-                    }
-                    StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(false) => continue,
-                    StrOrBoolOrArray::Array(names) => {
-                        // Array format: each element is an index name
-                        // This column will be part of all these named indexes
-                        // Check for duplicates within the array
-                        let mut seen_in_array = HashSet::new();
-                        for index_name in names {
-                            // Check for duplicate within the same array
-                            if seen_in_array.contains(index_name.as_str()) {
-                                return Err(TableValidationError::DuplicateIndexColumn {
-                                    index_name: index_name.clone(),
-                                    column_name: col.name.clone(),
-                                });
-                            }
-                            seen_in_array.insert(index_name.clone());
-
-                            // Check for duplicate across different inline definitions
-                            // Only check inline definitions, not existing table-level indexes
-                            if let Some(columns) =
-                                inline_index_column_tracker.get(index_name.as_str())
-                                && columns.contains(col.name.as_str())
-                            {
-                                return Err(TableValidationError::DuplicateIndexColumn {
-                                    index_name: index_name.clone(),
-                                    column_name: col.name.clone(),
-                                });
-                            }
-
-                            if !index_groups.contains_key(index_name.as_str()) {
-                                index_order.push(index_name.clone());
-                            }
-
-                            index_groups
-                                .entry(index_name.clone())
-                                .or_default()
-                                .push(col.name.clone());
-
-                            inline_index_column_tracker
-                                .entry(index_name.clone())
-                                .or_default()
-                                .insert(col.name.clone());
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        // Create indexes from grouped columns in order
-        for index_name in index_order {
-            let columns = index_groups.get(&index_name).unwrap().clone();
-
-            // Determine if this is an auto-generated index (from index: true)
-            // or a named index (from index: "name")
-            let constraint_name = if index_name.starts_with("__auto_") {
-                // Auto-generated index - use None so SQL generation can create the name
-                None
-            } else {
-                // Named index - preserve the custom name
-                Some(index_name.clone())
-            };
-
-            // Check if this index already exists
-            let exists = constraints.iter().any(|c| {
-                if let TableConstraint::Index {
-                    name,
-                    columns: cols,
-                } = c
-                {
-                    // Match by name if both have names, otherwise match by columns
-                    match (&constraint_name, name) {
-                        (Some(n1), Some(n2)) => n1 == n2,
-                        (None, None) => cols == &columns,
-                        _ => false,
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    false
-                }
-            });
-
-            if !exists {
-                constraints.push(TableConstraint::Index {
-                    name: constraint_name,
-                    columns,
-                });
-            }
-        }
-
-        Ok(TableDef {
-            name: self.name.clone(),
-            description: self.description.clone(),
-            columns: self.columns.clone(),
-            constraints,
-        })
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use super::*;
-    use crate::schema::column::{ColumnType, SimpleColumnType};
-    use crate::schema::foreign_key::{ForeignKeyDef, ForeignKeySyntax};
-    use crate::schema::primary_key::PrimaryKeySyntax;
-    use crate::schema::reference::ReferenceAction;
-    use crate::schema::str_or_bool::StrOrBoolOrArray;
-
-    fn col(name: &str, ty: ColumnType) -> ColumnDef {
-        ColumnDef {
-            name: name.to_string(),
-            r#type: ty,
-            nullable: true,
-            default: None,
-            comment: None,
-            primary_key: None,
-            unique: None,
-            index: None,
-            foreign_key: None,
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn normalize_inline_primary_key() {
-        let mut id_col = col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer));
-        id_col.primary_key = Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true));
-
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "users".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                id_col,
-                col("name", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![],
-        };
-
-        let normalized = table.normalize().unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(normalized.constraints.len(), 1);
-        assert!(matches!(
-            &normalized.constraints[0],
-            TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { columns, .. } if columns == &["id".to_string()]
-        ));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn normalize_multiple_inline_primary_keys() {
-        let mut id_col = col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer));
-        id_col.primary_key = Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true));
-
-        let mut tenant_col = col("tenant_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer));
-        tenant_col.primary_key = Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true));
-
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "users".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![id_col, tenant_col],
-            constraints: vec![],
-        };
-
-        let normalized = table.normalize().unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(normalized.constraints.len(), 1);
-        assert!(matches!(
-            &normalized.constraints[0],
-            TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { columns, .. } if columns == &["id".to_string(), "tenant_id".to_string()]
-        ));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn normalize_does_not_duplicate_existing_pk() {
-        let mut id_col = col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer));
-        id_col.primary_key = Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true));
-
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "users".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![id_col],
-            constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                auto_increment: false,
-                columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let normalized = table.normalize().unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(normalized.constraints.len(), 1);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn normalize_ignores_primary_key_false() {
-        let mut id_col = col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer));
-        id_col.primary_key = Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(false));
-
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "users".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                id_col,
-                col("name", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![],
-        };
-
-        let normalized = table.normalize().unwrap();
-        // primary_key: false should be ignored, so no primary key constraint should be added
-        assert_eq!(normalized.constraints.len(), 0);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn normalize_inline_unique_bool() {
-        let mut email_col = col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
-        email_col.unique = Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true));
-
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "users".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                email_col,
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![],
-        };
-
-        let normalized = table.normalize().unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(normalized.constraints.len(), 1);
-        assert!(matches!(
-            &normalized.constraints[0],
-            TableConstraint::Unique { name: None, columns } if columns == &["email".to_string()]
-        ));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn normalize_inline_unique_with_name() {
-        let mut email_col = col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
-        email_col.unique = Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Str("uq_users_email".into()));
-
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "users".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                email_col,
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![],
-        };
-
-        let normalized = table.normalize().unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(normalized.constraints.len(), 1);
-        assert!(matches!(
-            &normalized.constraints[0],
-            TableConstraint::Unique { name: Some(n), columns }
-                if n == "uq_users_email" && columns == &["email".to_string()]
-        ));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn normalize_composite_unique_from_string_name() {
-        // Test that multiple columns with the same unique constraint name
-        // are grouped into a single composite unique constraint
-        let mut route_col = col("join_route", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
-        route_col.unique = Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Str("route_provider_id".into()));
-
-        let mut provider_col = col("provider_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
-        provider_col.unique = Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Str("route_provider_id".into()));
-
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "user".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                route_col,
-                provider_col,
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![],
-        };
-
-        let normalized = table.normalize().unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(normalized.constraints.len(), 1);
-        assert!(matches!(
-            &normalized.constraints[0],
-            TableConstraint::Unique { name: Some(n), columns }
-                if n == "route_provider_id"
-                    && columns == &["join_route".to_string(), "provider_id".to_string()]
-        ));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn normalize_unique_name_mismatch_creates_both_constraints() {
-        // Test coverage for line 181: When an inline unique has a name but existing doesn't (or vice versa),
-        // they should not match and both constraints should be created
-        let mut email_col = col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
-        email_col.unique = Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Str("named_unique".into()));
-
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "user".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                email_col,
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![
-                // Existing unnamed unique constraint on same column
-                TableConstraint::Unique {
-                    name: None,
-                    columns: vec!["email".into()],
-                },
-            ],
-        };
-
-        let normalized = table.normalize().unwrap();
-
-        // Should have 2 unique constraints: one named, one unnamed
-        let unique_constraints: Vec<_> = normalized
-            .constraints
-            .iter()
-            .filter(|c| matches!(c, TableConstraint::Unique { .. }))
-            .collect();
-        assert_eq!(
-            unique_constraints.len(),
-            2,
-            "Should keep both named and unnamed unique constraints as they don't match"
-        );
-
-        // Verify we have one named and one unnamed
-        let has_named = unique_constraints.iter().any(
-            |c| matches!(c, TableConstraint::Unique { name: Some(n), .. } if n == "named_unique"),
-        );
-        let has_unnamed = unique_constraints
-            .iter()
-            .any(|c| matches!(c, TableConstraint::Unique { name: None, .. }));
-
-        assert!(has_named, "Should have named unique constraint");
-        assert!(has_unnamed, "Should have unnamed unique constraint");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn normalize_inline_index_bool() {
-        let mut name_col = col("name", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
-        name_col.index = Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true));
-
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "users".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                name_col,
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![],
-        };
-
-        let normalized = table.normalize().unwrap();
-        // Count Index constraints
-        let indexes: Vec<_> = normalized
-            .constraints
-            .iter()
-            .filter(|c| matches!(c, TableConstraint::Index { .. }))
-            .collect();
-        assert_eq!(indexes.len(), 1);
-        // Auto-generated indexes (from index: true) should have name: None
-        // SQL generation will create the actual name based on naming conventions
-        assert!(matches!(
-            indexes[0],
-            TableConstraint::Index { name: None, columns }
-                if columns == &["name".to_string()]
-        ));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn normalize_inline_index_with_name() {
-        let mut name_col = col("name", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
-        name_col.index = Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Str("custom_idx_name".into()));
-
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "users".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                name_col,
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![],
-        };
-
-        let normalized = table.normalize().unwrap();
-        let indexes: Vec<_> = normalized
-            .constraints
-            .iter()
-            .filter(|c| matches!(c, TableConstraint::Index { .. }))
-            .collect();
-        assert_eq!(indexes.len(), 1);
-        assert!(matches!(
-            indexes[0],
-            TableConstraint::Index { name: Some(n), .. }
-                if n == "custom_idx_name"
-        ));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn normalize_inline_foreign_key() {
-        let mut user_id_col = col("user_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer));
-        user_id_col.foreign_key = Some(ForeignKeySyntax::Object(ForeignKeyDef {
-            ref_table: "users".into(),
-            ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            on_delete: Some(ReferenceAction::Cascade),
-            on_update: None,
-        }));
-
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "posts".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                user_id_col,
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![],
-        };
-
-        let normalized = table.normalize().unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(normalized.constraints.len(), 1);
-        assert!(matches!(
-            &normalized.constraints[0],
-            TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                name: None,
-                columns,
-                ref_table,
-                ref_columns,
-                on_delete: Some(ReferenceAction::Cascade),
-                on_update: None,
-            } if columns == &["user_id".to_string()]
-                && ref_table == "users"
-                && ref_columns == &["id".to_string()]
-        ));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn normalize_all_inline_constraints() {
-        let mut id_col = col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer));
-        id_col.primary_key = Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true));
-
-        let mut email_col = col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
-        email_col.unique = Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true));
-
-        let mut name_col = col("name", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
-        name_col.index = Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true));
-
-        let mut user_id_col = col("org_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer));
-        user_id_col.foreign_key = Some(ForeignKeySyntax::Object(ForeignKeyDef {
-            ref_table: "orgs".into(),
-            ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            on_delete: None,
-            on_update: None,
-        }));
-
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "users".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![id_col, email_col, name_col, user_id_col],
-            constraints: vec![],
-        };
-
-        let normalized = table.normalize().unwrap();
-        // Should have: PrimaryKey, Unique, ForeignKey, Index
-        // Count non-Index constraints
-        let non_index_constraints: Vec<_> = normalized
-            .constraints
-            .iter()
-            .filter(|c| !matches!(c, TableConstraint::Index { .. }))
-            .collect();
-        assert_eq!(non_index_constraints.len(), 3);
-        // Should have: 1 index
-        let indexes: Vec<_> = normalized
-            .constraints
-            .iter()
-            .filter(|c| matches!(c, TableConstraint::Index { .. }))
-            .collect();
-        assert_eq!(indexes.len(), 1);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn normalize_composite_index_from_string_name() {
-        let mut updated_at_col = col(
-            "updated_at",
-            ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Timestamp),
-        );
-        updated_at_col.index = Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Str("tuple".into()));
-
-        let mut user_id_col = col("user_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer));
-        user_id_col.index = Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Str("tuple".into()));
-
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "post".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                updated_at_col,
-                user_id_col,
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![],
-        };
-
-        let normalized = table.normalize().unwrap();
-        let indexes: Vec<_> = normalized
-            .constraints
-            .iter()
-            .filter_map(|c| {
-                if let TableConstraint::Index { name, columns } = c {
-                    Some((name.clone(), columns.clone()))
-                } else {
-                    None
-                }
-            })
-            .collect();
-        assert_eq!(indexes.len(), 1);
-        assert_eq!(indexes[0].0, Some("tuple".to_string()));
-        assert_eq!(
-            indexes[0].1,
-            vec!["updated_at".to_string(), "user_id".to_string()]
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn normalize_multiple_different_indexes() {
-        let mut col1 = col("col1", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
-        col1.index = Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Str("idx_a".into()));
-
-        let mut col2 = col("col2", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
-        col2.index = Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Str("idx_a".into()));
-
-        let mut col3 = col("col3", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
-        col3.index = Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Str("idx_b".into()));
-
-        let mut col4 = col("col4", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
-        col4.index = Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true));
-
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "test".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                col1,
-                col2,
-                col3,
-                col4,
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![],
-        };
-
-        let normalized = table.normalize().unwrap();
-        let indexes: Vec<_> = normalized
-            .constraints
-            .iter()
-            .filter_map(|c| {
-                if let TableConstraint::Index { name, columns } = c {
-                    Some((name.clone(), columns.clone()))
-                } else {
-                    None
-                }
-            })
-            .collect();
-        assert_eq!(indexes.len(), 3);
-
-        // Check idx_a composite index
-        let idx_a = indexes
-            .iter()
-            .find(|(n, _)| n == &Some("idx_a".to_string()))
-            .unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(idx_a.1, vec!["col1".to_string(), "col2".to_string()]);
-
-        // Check idx_b single column index
-        let idx_b = indexes
-            .iter()
-            .find(|(n, _)| n == &Some("idx_b".to_string()))
-            .unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(idx_b.1, vec!["col3".to_string()]);
-
-        // Check auto-generated index for col4 (should have name: None)
-        let idx_col4 = indexes.iter().find(|(n, _)| n.is_none()).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(idx_col4.1, vec!["col4".to_string()]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn normalize_false_values_are_ignored() {
-        let mut email_col = col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
-        email_col.unique = Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(false));
-        email_col.index = Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(false));
-
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "users".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                email_col,
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![],
-        };
-
-        let normalized = table.normalize().unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(normalized.constraints.len(), 0);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn normalize_table_without_primary_key() {
-        // Test normalize with a table that has no primary key columns
-        // This should cover lines 67-69, 72-73, and 93 (pk_columns.is_empty() branch)
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "users".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("name", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
-                col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![],
-        };
-
-        let normalized = table.normalize().unwrap();
-        // Should not add any primary key constraint
-        assert_eq!(normalized.constraints.len(), 0);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn normalize_multiple_indexes_from_same_array() {
-        // Multiple columns with same array of index names should create multiple composite indexes
-        let mut updated_at_col = col(
-            "updated_at",
-            ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Timestamp),
-        );
-        updated_at_col.index = Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Array(vec![
-            "tuple".into(),
-            "tuple2".into(),
-        ]));
-
-        let mut user_id_col = col("user_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer));
-        user_id_col.index = Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Array(vec![
-            "tuple".into(),
-            "tuple2".into(),
-        ]));
-
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "post".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                updated_at_col,
-                user_id_col,
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![],
-        };
-
-        let normalized = table.normalize().unwrap();
-        // Should have: tuple (composite: updated_at, user_id), tuple2 (composite: updated_at, user_id)
-        let indexes: Vec<_> = normalized
-            .constraints
-            .iter()
-            .filter_map(|c| {
-                if let TableConstraint::Index { name, columns } = c {
-                    Some((name.clone(), columns.clone()))
-                } else {
-                    None
-                }
-            })
-            .collect();
-        assert_eq!(indexes.len(), 2);
-
-        let tuple_idx = indexes
-            .iter()
-            .find(|(n, _)| n == &Some("tuple".to_string()))
-            .unwrap();
-        let mut sorted_cols = tuple_idx.1.clone();
-        sorted_cols.sort();
-        assert_eq!(
-            sorted_cols,
-            vec!["updated_at".to_string(), "user_id".to_string()]
-        );
-
-        let tuple2_idx = indexes
-            .iter()
-            .find(|(n, _)| n == &Some("tuple2".to_string()))
-            .unwrap();
-        let mut sorted_cols2 = tuple2_idx.1.clone();
-        sorted_cols2.sort();
-        assert_eq!(
-            sorted_cols2,
-            vec!["updated_at".to_string(), "user_id".to_string()]
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn normalize_inline_unique_with_array_existing_constraint() {
-        // Test Array format where constraint already exists - should add column to existing
-        let mut col1 = col("col1", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
-        col1.unique = Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Array(vec!["uq_group".into()]));
-
-        let mut col2 = col("col2", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
-        col2.unique = Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Array(vec!["uq_group".into()]));
-
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "test".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                col1,
-                col2,
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![],
-        };
-
-        let normalized = table.normalize().unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(normalized.constraints.len(), 1);
-        let unique_constraint = &normalized.constraints[0];
-        assert!(matches!(
-            unique_constraint,
-            TableConstraint::Unique { name: Some(n), columns: _ }
-                if n == "uq_group"
-        ));
-        if let TableConstraint::Unique { columns, .. } = unique_constraint {
-            let mut sorted_cols = columns.clone();
-            sorted_cols.sort();
-            assert_eq!(sorted_cols, vec!["col1".to_string(), "col2".to_string()]);
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn normalize_inline_unique_with_array_column_already_in_constraint() {
-        // Test Array format where column is already in constraint - should not duplicate
-        let mut col1 = col("col1", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
-        col1.unique = Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Array(vec!["uq_group".into()]));
-
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "test".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                col1.clone(),
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![],
-        };
-
-        let normalized1 = table.normalize().unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(normalized1.constraints.len(), 1);
-
-        // Add same column again - should not create duplicate
-        let table2 = TableDef {
-            name: "test".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                col1,
-            ],
-            constraints: normalized1.constraints.clone(),
-        };
-
-        let normalized2 = table2.normalize().unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(normalized2.constraints.len(), 1);
-        if let TableConstraint::Unique { columns, .. } = &normalized2.constraints[0] {
-            assert_eq!(columns.len(), 1);
-            assert_eq!(columns[0], "col1");
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn normalize_inline_unique_str_already_exists() {
-        // Test that existing unique constraint with same name and column is not duplicated
-        let mut email_col = col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
-        email_col.unique = Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Str("uq_email".into()));
-
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "users".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                email_col,
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![TableConstraint::Unique {
-                name: Some("uq_email".into()),
-                columns: vec!["email".into()],
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let normalized = table.normalize().unwrap();
-        // Should not duplicate the constraint
-        let unique_constraints: Vec<_> = normalized
-            .constraints
-            .iter()
-            .filter(|c| matches!(c, TableConstraint::Unique { .. }))
-            .collect();
-        assert_eq!(unique_constraints.len(), 1);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn normalize_inline_unique_bool_already_exists() {
-        // Test that existing unnamed unique constraint with same column is not duplicated
-        let mut email_col = col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
-        email_col.unique = Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true));
-
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "users".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                email_col,
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![TableConstraint::Unique {
-                name: None,
-                columns: vec!["email".into()],
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let normalized = table.normalize().unwrap();
-        // Should not duplicate the constraint
-        let unique_constraints: Vec<_> = normalized
-            .constraints
-            .iter()
-            .filter(|c| matches!(c, TableConstraint::Unique { .. }))
-            .collect();
-        assert_eq!(unique_constraints.len(), 1);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn normalize_inline_foreign_key_already_exists() {
-        // Test that existing foreign key constraint is not duplicated
-        let mut user_id_col = col("user_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer));
-        user_id_col.foreign_key = Some(ForeignKeySyntax::Object(ForeignKeyDef {
-            ref_table: "users".into(),
-            ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            on_delete: None,
-            on_update: None,
-        }));
-
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "posts".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                user_id_col,
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                name: None,
-                columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
-                ref_table: "users".into(),
-                ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                on_delete: None,
-                on_update: None,
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let normalized = table.normalize().unwrap();
-        // Should not duplicate the foreign key
-        let fk_constraints: Vec<_> = normalized
-            .constraints
-            .iter()
-            .filter(|c| matches!(c, TableConstraint::ForeignKey { .. }))
-            .collect();
-        assert_eq!(fk_constraints.len(), 1);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn normalize_duplicate_index_same_column_str() {
-        // Same index name applied to the same column multiple times should error
-        // This tests inline index duplicate, not table-level index
-        let mut col1 = col("col1", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
-        col1.index = Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Str("idx1".into()));
-
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "test".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                col1.clone(),
-                {
-                    // Same column with same index name again
-                    let mut c = col1.clone();
-                    c.index = Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Str("idx1".into()));
-                    c
-                },
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![],
-        };
-
-        let result = table.normalize();
-        assert!(result.is_err());
-        if let Err(TableValidationError::DuplicateIndexColumn {
-            index_name,
-            column_name,
-        }) = result
-        {
-            assert_eq!(index_name, "idx1");
-            assert_eq!(column_name, "col1");
-        } else {
-            panic!("Expected DuplicateIndexColumn error");
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn normalize_duplicate_index_same_column_array() {
-        // Same index name in array applied to the same column should error
-        let mut col1 = col("col1", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
-        col1.index = Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Array(vec!["idx1".into(), "idx1".into()]));
-
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "test".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                col1,
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![],
-        };
-
-        let result = table.normalize();
-        assert!(result.is_err());
-        if let Err(TableValidationError::DuplicateIndexColumn {
-            index_name,
-            column_name,
-        }) = result
-        {
-            assert_eq!(index_name, "idx1");
-            assert_eq!(column_name, "col1");
-        } else {
-            panic!("Expected DuplicateIndexColumn error");
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn normalize_duplicate_index_same_column_multiple_definitions() {
-        // Same index name applied to the same column in different ways should error
-        let mut col1 = col("col1", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
-        col1.index = Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Str("idx1".into()));
-
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "test".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                col1.clone(),
-                {
-                    let mut c = col1.clone();
-                    c.index = Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Array(vec!["idx1".into()]));
-                    c
-                },
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![],
-        };
-
-        let result = table.normalize();
-        assert!(result.is_err());
-        if let Err(TableValidationError::DuplicateIndexColumn {
-            index_name,
-            column_name,
-        }) = result
-        {
-            assert_eq!(index_name, "idx1");
-            assert_eq!(column_name, "col1");
-        } else {
-            panic!("Expected DuplicateIndexColumn error");
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_table_validation_error_display() {
-        let error = TableValidationError::DuplicateIndexColumn {
-            index_name: "idx_test".into(),
-            column_name: "col1".into(),
-        };
-        let error_msg = format!("{}", error);
-        assert!(error_msg.contains("idx_test"));
-        assert!(error_msg.contains("col1"));
-        assert!(error_msg.contains("Duplicate index"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn normalize_inline_unique_str_with_different_constraint_type() {
-        // Test that other constraint types don't match in the exists check
-        let mut email_col = col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
-        email_col.unique = Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Str("uq_email".into()));
-
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "users".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                email_col,
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![
-                // Add a PrimaryKey constraint (different type) - should not match
-                TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                    auto_increment: false,
-                    columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                },
-            ],
-        };
-
-        let normalized = table.normalize().unwrap();
-        // Should have: PrimaryKey (existing) + Unique (new)
-        assert_eq!(normalized.constraints.len(), 2);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn normalize_inline_unique_array_with_different_constraint_type() {
-        // Test that other constraint types don't match in the exists check for Array case
-        let mut col1 = col("col1", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
-        col1.unique = Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Array(vec!["uq_group".into()]));
-
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "test".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                col1,
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![
-                // Add a PrimaryKey constraint (different type) - should not match
-                TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                    auto_increment: false,
-                    columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                },
-            ],
-        };
-
-        let normalized = table.normalize().unwrap();
-        // Should have: PrimaryKey (existing) + Unique (new)
-        assert_eq!(normalized.constraints.len(), 2);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn normalize_duplicate_index_bool_true_same_column() {
-        // Test that Bool(true) with duplicate on same column errors
-        let mut col1 = col("col1", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
-        col1.index = Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true));
-
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "test".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                col1.clone(),
-                {
-                    // Same column with Bool(true) again
-                    let mut c = col1.clone();
-                    c.index = Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true));
-                    c
-                },
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![],
-        };
-
-        let result = table.normalize();
-        assert!(result.is_err());
-        if let Err(TableValidationError::DuplicateIndexColumn {
-            index_name,
-            column_name,
-        }) = result
-        {
-            // The group key for auto-generated indexes is "__auto_{column}"
-            assert!(index_name.contains("__auto_"));
-            assert!(index_name.contains("col1"));
-            assert_eq!(column_name, "col1");
-        } else {
-            panic!("Expected DuplicateIndexColumn error");
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn normalize_inline_foreign_key_string_syntax() {
-        // Test ForeignKeySyntax::String with valid "table.column" format
-        let mut user_id_col = col("user_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer));
-        user_id_col.foreign_key = Some(ForeignKeySyntax::String("users.id".into()));
-
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "posts".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                user_id_col,
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![],
-        };
-
-        let normalized = table.normalize().unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(normalized.constraints.len(), 1);
-        assert!(matches!(
-            &normalized.constraints[0],
-            TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                name: None,
-                columns,
-                ref_table,
-                ref_columns,
-                on_delete: None,
-                on_update: None,
-            } if columns == &["user_id".to_string()]
-                && ref_table == "users"
-                && ref_columns == &["id".to_string()]
-        ));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn normalize_inline_foreign_key_invalid_format_no_dot() {
-        // Test ForeignKeySyntax::String with invalid format (no dot)
-        let mut user_id_col = col("user_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer));
-        user_id_col.foreign_key = Some(ForeignKeySyntax::String("usersid".into()));
-
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "posts".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                user_id_col,
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![],
-        };
-
-        let result = table.normalize();
-        assert!(result.is_err());
-        if let Err(TableValidationError::InvalidForeignKeyFormat { column_name, value }) = result {
-            assert_eq!(column_name, "user_id");
-            assert_eq!(value, "usersid");
-        } else {
-            panic!("Expected InvalidForeignKeyFormat error");
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn normalize_inline_foreign_key_invalid_format_empty_table() {
-        // Test ForeignKeySyntax::String with empty table part
-        let mut user_id_col = col("user_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer));
-        user_id_col.foreign_key = Some(ForeignKeySyntax::String(".id".into()));
-
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "posts".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                user_id_col,
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![],
-        };
-
-        let result = table.normalize();
-        assert!(result.is_err());
-        if let Err(TableValidationError::InvalidForeignKeyFormat { column_name, value }) = result {
-            assert_eq!(column_name, "user_id");
-            assert_eq!(value, ".id");
-        } else {
-            panic!("Expected InvalidForeignKeyFormat error");
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn normalize_inline_foreign_key_invalid_format_empty_column() {
-        // Test ForeignKeySyntax::String with empty column part
-        let mut user_id_col = col("user_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer));
-        user_id_col.foreign_key = Some(ForeignKeySyntax::String("users.".into()));
-
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "posts".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                user_id_col,
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![],
-        };
-
-        let result = table.normalize();
-        assert!(result.is_err());
-        if let Err(TableValidationError::InvalidForeignKeyFormat { column_name, value }) = result {
-            assert_eq!(column_name, "user_id");
-            assert_eq!(value, "users.");
-        } else {
-            panic!("Expected InvalidForeignKeyFormat error");
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn normalize_inline_foreign_key_invalid_format_too_many_parts() {
-        // Test ForeignKeySyntax::String with too many parts
-        let mut user_id_col = col("user_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer));
-        user_id_col.foreign_key = Some(ForeignKeySyntax::String("schema.users.id".into()));
-
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "posts".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                user_id_col,
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![],
-        };
-
-        let result = table.normalize();
-        assert!(result.is_err());
-        if let Err(TableValidationError::InvalidForeignKeyFormat { column_name, value }) = result {
-            assert_eq!(column_name, "user_id");
-            assert_eq!(value, "schema.users.id");
-        } else {
-            panic!("Expected InvalidForeignKeyFormat error");
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn normalize_inline_primary_key_with_auto_increment() {
-        use crate::schema::primary_key::PrimaryKeyDef;
-
-        let mut id_col = col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer));
-        id_col.primary_key = Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Object(PrimaryKeyDef {
-            auto_increment: true,
-        }));
-
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "users".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                id_col,
-                col("name", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![],
-        };
-
-        let normalized = table.normalize().unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(normalized.constraints.len(), 1);
-        assert!(matches!(
-            &normalized.constraints[0],
-            TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { auto_increment: true, columns } if columns == &["id".to_string()]
-        ));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn normalize_duplicate_inline_index_on_same_column() {
-        // This test triggers the DuplicateIndexColumn error (lines 251-253)
-        // by having the same column appear twice in the same named index group
-        use crate::schema::str_or_bool::StrOrBoolOrArray;
-
-        // Create a column that references the same index name twice (via Array)
-        let mut email_col = col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
-        email_col.index = Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Array(vec![
-            "idx_email".into(),
-            "idx_email".into(), // Duplicate reference
-        ]));
-
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "users".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                email_col,
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![],
-        };
-
-        let result = table.normalize();
-        assert!(result.is_err());
-        if let Err(TableValidationError::DuplicateIndexColumn {
-            index_name,
-            column_name,
-        }) = result
-        {
-            assert_eq!(index_name, "idx_email");
-            assert_eq!(column_name, "email");
-        } else {
-            panic!("Expected DuplicateIndexColumn error, got: {:?}", result);
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_invalid_foreign_key_format_error_display() {
-        let error = TableValidationError::InvalidForeignKeyFormat {
-            column_name: "user_id".into(),
-            value: "invalid".into(),
-        };
-        let error_msg = format!("{}", error);
-        assert!(error_msg.contains("user_id"));
-        assert!(error_msg.contains("invalid"));
-        assert!(error_msg.contains("table.column"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn normalize_inline_foreign_key_reference_syntax() {
-        // Test ForeignKeySyntax::Reference with { "references": "table.column", "on_delete": ... }
-        use crate::schema::foreign_key::ReferenceSyntaxDef;
-
-        let mut user_id_col = col("user_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer));
-        user_id_col.foreign_key = Some(ForeignKeySyntax::Reference(ReferenceSyntaxDef {
-            references: "users.id".into(),
-            on_delete: Some(ReferenceAction::Cascade),
-            on_update: None,
-        }));
-
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "posts".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                user_id_col,
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![],
-        };
-
-        let normalized = table.normalize().unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(normalized.constraints.len(), 1);
-        assert!(matches!(
-            &normalized.constraints[0],
-            TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                name: None,
-                columns,
-                ref_table,
-                ref_columns,
-                on_delete: Some(ReferenceAction::Cascade),
-                on_update: None,
-            } if columns == &["user_id".to_string()]
-                && ref_table == "users"
-                && ref_columns == &["id".to_string()]
-        ));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn normalize_inline_foreign_key_reference_syntax_invalid_format() {
-        // Test ForeignKeySyntax::Reference with invalid format
-        use crate::schema::foreign_key::ReferenceSyntaxDef;
-
-        let mut user_id_col = col("user_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer));
-        user_id_col.foreign_key = Some(ForeignKeySyntax::Reference(ReferenceSyntaxDef {
-            references: "invalid_no_dot".into(),
-            on_delete: None,
-            on_update: None,
-        }));
-
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "posts".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                user_id_col,
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![],
-        };
-
-        let result = table.normalize();
-        assert!(result.is_err());
-        if let Err(TableValidationError::InvalidForeignKeyFormat { column_name, value }) = result {
-            assert_eq!(column_name, "user_id");
-            assert_eq!(value, "invalid_no_dot");
-        } else {
-            panic!("Expected InvalidForeignKeyFormat error");
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn deserialize_table_without_constraints() {
-        // Test that constraints field is optional in JSON deserialization
-        let json = r#"{
-            "name": "users",
-            "columns": [
-                { "name": "id", "type": "integer", "nullable": false }
-            ]
-        }"#;
-
-        let table: TableDef = serde_json::from_str(json).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(table.name.as_str(), "users");
-        assert!(table.constraints.is_empty());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn deserialize_foreign_key_reference_syntax() {
-        // Test JSON deserialization of new reference syntax
-        let json = r#"{
-            "name": "posts",
-            "columns": [
-                { "name": "id", "type": "integer", "nullable": false },
-                {
-                    "name": "user_id",
-                    "type": "integer",
-                    "nullable": false,
-                    "foreign_key": { "references": "users.id", "on_delete": "cascade" }
-                }
-            ]
-        }"#;
-
-        let table: TableDef = serde_json::from_str(json).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(table.columns.len(), 2);
-
-        let user_id_col = &table.columns[1];
-        assert!(user_id_col.foreign_key.is_some());
-
-        if let Some(ForeignKeySyntax::Reference(ref_syntax)) = &user_id_col.foreign_key {
-            assert_eq!(ref_syntax.references, "users.id");
-            assert_eq!(ref_syntax.on_delete, Some(ReferenceAction::Cascade));
-        } else {
-            panic!("Expected Reference syntax");
-        }
-    }
-}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-core/src/schema/table/mod.rs b/crates/vespertide-core/src/schema/table/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e2affec5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-core/src/schema/table/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+mod normalize;
+#[cfg(all(test, feature = "arbitrary"))]
+mod normalize_proptest;
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests;
+mod validation;
+
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+
+use crate::schema::{column::ColumnDef, constraint::TableConstraint, names::TableName};
+
+pub use validation::TableValidationError;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "schema", derive(schemars::JsonSchema))]
+#[serde(rename_all = "snake_case")]
+pub struct TableDef {
+    pub name: TableName,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub description: Option<String>,
+    pub columns: Vec<ColumnDef>,
+    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Vec::is_empty")]
+    pub constraints: Vec<TableConstraint>,
+}
+
+impl TableDef {
+    /// Normalizes inline column constraints (`primary_key`, unique, index, `foreign_key`)
+    /// into table-level constraints.
+    /// Returns a new `TableDef` with all inline constraints converted to table-level.
+    ///
+    /// # Errors
+    ///
+    /// Returns an error if the same index name is applied to the same column multiple times.
+    pub fn normalize(&self) -> Result<Self, TableValidationError> {
+        normalize::normalize(self)
+    }
+
+    /// Validate that no two columns share a name within this table.
+    ///
+    /// # Errors
+    /// Returns `TableValidationError::DuplicateColumnName { table, column }`
+    /// if the same column name appears more than once.
+    pub fn validate_unique_column_names(&self) -> Result<(), TableValidationError> {
+        let mut seen: std::collections::BTreeSet<&str> = std::collections::BTreeSet::new();
+        for col in &self.columns {
+            if !seen.insert(col.name.as_str()) {
+                return Err(TableValidationError::DuplicateColumnName {
+                    table: self.name.clone(),
+                    column: col.name.clone(),
+                });
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-core/src/schema/table/normalize.rs b/crates/vespertide-core/src/schema/table/normalize.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..90a4d4a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-core/src/schema/table/normalize.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,434 @@
+use std::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet};
+
+use crate::schema::{
+    StrOrBoolOrArray, constraint::TableConstraint, foreign_key::ForeignKeySyntax,
+    primary_key::PrimaryKeySyntax,
+};
+
+use super::{TableDef, TableValidationError};
+
+type ColumnGroups = BTreeMap<String, Vec<String>>;
+type ColumnGroupOrder = Vec<String>;
+type ForeignKeyParts = (
+    String,
+    Vec<String>,
+    Option<crate::schema::ReferenceAction>,
+    Option<crate::schema::ReferenceAction>,
+);
+
+pub(super) fn normalize(table: &TableDef) -> Result<TableDef, TableValidationError> {
+    let mut constraints = table.constraints.clone();
+
+    add_primary_key_constraint(table, &mut constraints);
+    add_unique_constraints(table, &mut constraints)?;
+    add_foreign_key_constraints(table, &mut constraints)?;
+    add_index_constraints(table, &mut constraints)?;
+
+    Ok(TableDef {
+        name: table.name.clone(),
+        description: table.description.clone(),
+        columns: table.columns.clone(),
+        constraints,
+    })
+}
+
+fn add_primary_key_constraint(table: &TableDef, constraints: &mut Vec<TableConstraint>) {
+    let (pk_columns, pk_auto_increment) = collect_primary_key_columns(table);
+    if pk_columns.is_empty() || has_primary_key_constraint(constraints) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    constraints.push(TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+        auto_increment: pk_auto_increment,
+        columns: pk_columns,
+    });
+}
+
+fn collect_primary_key_columns(table: &TableDef) -> (Vec<String>, bool) {
+    let mut columns = Vec::new();
+    let mut auto_increment = false;
+
+    for col in &table.columns {
+        if let Some(ref pk) = col.primary_key {
+            match pk {
+                PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true) => columns.push(col.name.clone()),
+                PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(false) => {}
+                PrimaryKeySyntax::Object(pk_def) => {
+                    columns.push(col.name.clone());
+                    auto_increment |= pk_def.auto_increment;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    (columns, auto_increment)
+}
+
+fn has_primary_key_constraint(constraints: &[TableConstraint]) -> bool {
+    constraints
+        .iter()
+        .any(|c| matches!(c, TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { .. }))
+}
+
+fn add_unique_constraints(
+    table: &TableDef,
+    constraints: &mut Vec<TableConstraint>,
+) -> Result<(), TableValidationError> {
+    let (unique_groups, unique_order) = collect_unique_groups(table);
+    add_unique_constraints_from_groups(&unique_groups, &unique_order, constraints)
+}
+
+fn add_unique_constraints_from_groups(
+    unique_groups: &ColumnGroups,
+    unique_order: &[String],
+    constraints: &mut Vec<TableConstraint>,
+) -> Result<(), TableValidationError> {
+    for unique_name in unique_order {
+        let columns = unique_groups
+            .get(unique_name)
+            .ok_or_else(|| TableValidationError::InvariantViolation {
+                context: format!("unique group '{unique_name}' missing during normalize"),
+            })?
+            .clone();
+        let constraint_name = generated_name_to_constraint_name(unique_name);
+
+        if !unique_constraint_exists(constraints, constraint_name.as_ref(), &columns) {
+            constraints.push(TableConstraint::Unique {
+                name: constraint_name,
+                columns,
+            });
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn collect_unique_groups(table: &TableDef) -> (ColumnGroups, ColumnGroupOrder) {
+    let mut groups = ColumnGroups::new();
+    let mut order = Vec::new();
+
+    for col in &table.columns {
+        if let Some(ref unique_val) = col.unique {
+            match unique_val {
+                StrOrBoolOrArray::Str(name) => {
+                    push_grouped_column(&mut groups, &mut order, name, &col.name);
+                }
+                StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true) => {
+                    push_grouped_column(
+                        &mut groups,
+                        &mut order,
+                        &format!("__auto_{}", col.name),
+                        &col.name,
+                    );
+                }
+                StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(false) => {}
+                StrOrBoolOrArray::Array(names) => {
+                    for unique_name in names {
+                        push_grouped_column(&mut groups, &mut order, unique_name, &col.name);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    (groups, order)
+}
+
+fn push_grouped_column(
+    groups: &mut ColumnGroups,
+    order: &mut Vec<String>,
+    group_name: &str,
+    column_name: &str,
+) {
+    if !groups.contains_key(group_name) {
+        order.push(group_name.to_string());
+    }
+    groups
+        .entry(group_name.to_string())
+        .or_default()
+        .push(column_name.to_string());
+}
+
+fn generated_name_to_constraint_name(name: &str) -> Option<String> {
+    if name.starts_with("__auto_") {
+        None
+    } else {
+        Some(name.to_string())
+    }
+}
+
+fn unique_constraint_exists(
+    constraints: &[TableConstraint],
+    constraint_name: Option<&String>,
+    columns: &[String],
+) -> bool {
+    constraints.iter().any(|c| {
+        if let TableConstraint::Unique {
+            name,
+            columns: cols,
+        } = c
+        {
+            match (constraint_name, name) {
+                (Some(n1), Some(n2)) => n1 == n2,
+                (None, None) => cols == columns,
+                _ => false,
+            }
+        } else {
+            false
+        }
+    })
+}
+
+fn add_foreign_key_constraints(
+    table: &TableDef,
+    constraints: &mut Vec<TableConstraint>,
+) -> Result<(), TableValidationError> {
+    for col in &table.columns {
+        if let Some(ref fk_syntax) = col.foreign_key {
+            let (ref_table, ref_columns, on_delete, on_update) =
+                parse_foreign_key(&col.name, fk_syntax)?;
+            if !foreign_key_constraint_exists(constraints, &col.name) {
+                constraints.push(TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                    name: None,
+                    columns: vec![col.name.clone()],
+                    ref_table,
+                    ref_columns,
+                    on_delete,
+                    on_update,
+                });
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn parse_foreign_key(
+    column_name: &str,
+    fk_syntax: &ForeignKeySyntax,
+) -> Result<ForeignKeyParts, TableValidationError> {
+    match fk_syntax {
+        ForeignKeySyntax::String(s) => parse_foreign_key_reference(column_name, s)
+            .map(|(table, columns)| (table, columns, None, None)),
+        ForeignKeySyntax::Reference(ref_syntax) => {
+            parse_foreign_key_reference(column_name, &ref_syntax.references).map(
+                |(table, columns)| {
+                    (
+                        table,
+                        columns,
+                        ref_syntax.on_delete.clone(),
+                        ref_syntax.on_update.clone(),
+                    )
+                },
+            )
+        }
+        ForeignKeySyntax::Object(fk_def) => Ok((
+            fk_def.ref_table.clone(),
+            fk_def.ref_columns.clone(),
+            fk_def.on_delete.clone(),
+            fk_def.on_update.clone(),
+        )),
+    }
+}
+
+fn parse_foreign_key_reference(
+    column_name: &str,
+    reference: &str,
+) -> Result<(String, Vec<String>), TableValidationError> {
+    let parts: Vec<&str> = reference.split('.').collect();
+    if parts.len() != 2 || parts[0].is_empty() || parts[1].is_empty() {
+        return Err(TableValidationError::InvalidForeignKeyFormat {
+            column_name: column_name.to_string(),
+            value: reference.to_string(),
+        });
+    }
+
+    Ok((parts[0].to_string(), vec![parts[1].to_string()]))
+}
+
+fn foreign_key_constraint_exists(constraints: &[TableConstraint], column_name: &str) -> bool {
+    constraints.iter().any(|c| {
+        if let TableConstraint::ForeignKey { columns, .. } = c {
+            columns.len() == 1 && columns[0] == column_name
+        } else {
+            false
+        }
+    })
+}
+
+fn add_index_constraints(
+    table: &TableDef,
+    constraints: &mut Vec<TableConstraint>,
+) -> Result<(), TableValidationError> {
+    let (index_groups, index_order) = collect_index_groups(table)?;
+    add_index_constraints_from_groups(&index_groups, &index_order, constraints)
+}
+
+fn add_index_constraints_from_groups(
+    index_groups: &ColumnGroups,
+    index_order: &[String],
+    constraints: &mut Vec<TableConstraint>,
+) -> Result<(), TableValidationError> {
+    for index_name in index_order {
+        let columns = index_groups
+            .get(index_name)
+            .ok_or_else(|| TableValidationError::InvariantViolation {
+                context: format!("index group '{index_name}' missing during normalize"),
+            })?
+            .clone();
+        let constraint_name = generated_name_to_constraint_name(index_name);
+
+        if !index_constraint_exists(constraints, constraint_name.as_ref(), &columns) {
+            constraints.push(TableConstraint::Index {
+                name: constraint_name,
+                columns,
+            });
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn collect_index_groups(
+    table: &TableDef,
+) -> Result<(ColumnGroups, ColumnGroupOrder), TableValidationError> {
+    let mut groups = ColumnGroups::new();
+    let mut order = Vec::new();
+    let mut tracker: BTreeMap<String, BTreeSet<String>> = BTreeMap::new();
+
+    for col in &table.columns {
+        if let Some(ref index_val) = col.index {
+            collect_column_indexes(index_val, &col.name, &mut groups, &mut order, &mut tracker)?;
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok((groups, order))
+}
+
+fn collect_column_indexes(
+    index_val: &StrOrBoolOrArray,
+    column_name: &str,
+    groups: &mut ColumnGroups,
+    order: &mut Vec<String>,
+    tracker: &mut BTreeMap<String, BTreeSet<String>>,
+) -> Result<(), TableValidationError> {
+    match index_val {
+        StrOrBoolOrArray::Str(name) => {
+            push_checked_index(groups, order, tracker, name, column_name)
+        }
+        StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true) => push_checked_index(
+            groups,
+            order,
+            tracker,
+            &format!("__auto_{column_name}"),
+            column_name,
+        ),
+        StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(false) => Ok(()),
+        StrOrBoolOrArray::Array(names) => {
+            push_index_array(groups, order, tracker, names, column_name)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn push_index_array(
+    groups: &mut ColumnGroups,
+    order: &mut Vec<String>,
+    tracker: &mut BTreeMap<String, BTreeSet<String>>,
+    names: &[String],
+    column_name: &str,
+) -> Result<(), TableValidationError> {
+    let mut seen_in_array = BTreeSet::new();
+    for index_name in names {
+        if seen_in_array.contains(index_name.as_str()) {
+            return Err(duplicate_index(index_name, column_name));
+        }
+        seen_in_array.insert(index_name.clone());
+        push_checked_index(groups, order, tracker, index_name, column_name)?;
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn push_checked_index(
+    groups: &mut ColumnGroups,
+    order: &mut Vec<String>,
+    tracker: &mut BTreeMap<String, BTreeSet<String>>,
+    index_name: &str,
+    column_name: &str,
+) -> Result<(), TableValidationError> {
+    if let Some(columns) = tracker.get(index_name)
+        && columns.contains(column_name)
+    {
+        return Err(duplicate_index(index_name, column_name));
+    }
+
+    push_grouped_column(groups, order, index_name, column_name);
+    tracker
+        .entry(index_name.to_string())
+        .or_default()
+        .insert(column_name.to_string());
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn duplicate_index(index_name: &str, column_name: &str) -> TableValidationError {
+    TableValidationError::DuplicateIndexColumn {
+        index_name: index_name.to_string(),
+        column_name: column_name.to_string(),
+    }
+}
+
+fn index_constraint_exists(
+    constraints: &[TableConstraint],
+    constraint_name: Option<&String>,
+    columns: &[String],
+) -> bool {
+    constraints.iter().any(|c| {
+        if let TableConstraint::Index {
+            name,
+            columns: cols,
+        } = c
+        {
+            match (constraint_name, name) {
+                (Some(n1), Some(n2)) => n1 == n2,
+                (None, None) => cols == columns,
+                _ => false,
+            }
+        } else {
+            false
+        }
+    })
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn missing_unique_group_returns_invariant_violation() {
+        let mut constraints = Vec::new();
+        let groups = ColumnGroups::new();
+        let order = vec!["uq_missing".to_string()];
+
+        let err =
+            add_unique_constraints_from_groups(&groups, &order, &mut constraints).unwrap_err();
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            err,
+            TableValidationError::InvariantViolation {
+                context: "unique group 'uq_missing' missing during normalize".to_string(),
+            }
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn missing_index_group_returns_invariant_violation() {
+        let mut constraints = Vec::new();
+        let groups = ColumnGroups::new();
+        let order = vec!["ix_missing".to_string()];
+
+        let err = add_index_constraints_from_groups(&groups, &order, &mut constraints).unwrap_err();
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            err,
+            TableValidationError::InvariantViolation {
+                context: "index group 'ix_missing' missing during normalize".to_string(),
+            }
+        );
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-core/src/schema/table/normalize_proptest.rs b/crates/vespertide-core/src/schema/table/normalize_proptest.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b40bda85
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-core/src/schema/table/normalize_proptest.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+#![cfg(feature = "arbitrary")]
+
+use proptest::prelude::*;
+
+use crate::arbitrary::arb_table_def;
+
+proptest! {
+    #![proptest_config(ProptestConfig {
+        cases: 256,
+        max_shrink_iters: 5000,
+        ..ProptestConfig::default()
+    })]
+
+    /// normalize() must be idempotent: applying it twice equals applying it once.
+    #[test]
+    fn normalize_is_idempotent(table in arb_table_def()) {
+        if let Ok(once) = table.normalize() {
+            let twice = once
+                .clone()
+                .normalize()
+                .expect("normalize must not fail on already-normalized output");
+            prop_assert_eq!(once, twice);
+        }
+        // If normalize fails (e.g. duplicate index name), the property is vacuously true.
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-core/src/schema/table/tests.rs b/crates/vespertide-core/src/schema/table/tests.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..18ef8967
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-core/src/schema/table/tests.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,986 @@
+use super::*;
+use crate::schema::column::{ColumnType, SimpleColumnType};
+use crate::schema::foreign_key::{ForeignKeyDef, ForeignKeySyntax};
+use crate::schema::primary_key::PrimaryKeySyntax;
+use crate::schema::reference::ReferenceAction;
+use crate::schema::str_or_bool::StrOrBoolOrArray;
+
+pub(super) fn col(name: &str, ty: ColumnType) -> ColumnDef {
+    ColumnDef {
+        name: name.to_string(),
+        r#type: ty,
+        nullable: true,
+        default: None,
+        comment: None,
+        primary_key: None,
+        unique: None,
+        index: None,
+        foreign_key: None,
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn validate_unique_column_names_rejects_duplicate_names() {
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "users".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    };
+
+    let err = table.validate_unique_column_names().unwrap_err();
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        err,
+        TableValidationError::DuplicateColumnName {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            column: "id".into(),
+        }
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        err.to_string(),
+        "table 'users' has duplicate column name 'id'"
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn normalize_inline_primary_key() {
+    let mut id_col = col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer));
+    id_col.primary_key = Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true));
+
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "users".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            id_col,
+            col("name", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    };
+
+    let normalized = table.normalize().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(normalized.constraints.len(), 1);
+    assert!(matches!(
+        &normalized.constraints[0],
+        TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { columns, .. } if columns == &["id".to_string()]
+    ));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn normalize_multiple_inline_primary_keys() {
+    let mut id_col = col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer));
+    id_col.primary_key = Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true));
+
+    let mut tenant_col = col("tenant_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer));
+    tenant_col.primary_key = Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true));
+
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "users".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![id_col, tenant_col],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    };
+
+    let normalized = table.normalize().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(normalized.constraints.len(), 1);
+    assert!(matches!(
+        &normalized.constraints[0],
+        TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { columns, .. } if columns == &["id".to_string(), "tenant_id".to_string()]
+    ));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn normalize_does_not_duplicate_existing_pk() {
+    let mut id_col = col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer));
+    id_col.primary_key = Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true));
+
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "users".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![id_col],
+        constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+            auto_increment: false,
+            columns: vec!["id".into()],
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let normalized = table.normalize().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(normalized.constraints.len(), 1);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn normalize_ignores_primary_key_false() {
+    let mut id_col = col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer));
+    id_col.primary_key = Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(false));
+
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "users".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            id_col,
+            col("name", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    };
+
+    let normalized = table.normalize().unwrap();
+    // primary_key: false should be ignored, so no primary key constraint should be added
+    assert_eq!(normalized.constraints.len(), 0);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn normalize_inline_unique_bool() {
+    let mut email_col = col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
+    email_col.unique = Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true));
+
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "users".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            email_col,
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    };
+
+    let normalized = table.normalize().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(normalized.constraints.len(), 1);
+    assert!(matches!(
+        &normalized.constraints[0],
+        TableConstraint::Unique { name: None, columns } if columns == &["email".to_string()]
+    ));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn normalize_inline_unique_with_name() {
+    let mut email_col = col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
+    email_col.unique = Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Str("uq_users_email".into()));
+
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "users".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            email_col,
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    };
+
+    let normalized = table.normalize().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(normalized.constraints.len(), 1);
+    assert!(matches!(
+        &normalized.constraints[0],
+        TableConstraint::Unique { name: Some(n), columns }
+            if n == "uq_users_email" && columns == &["email".to_string()]
+    ));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn normalize_composite_unique_from_string_name() {
+    // Test that multiple columns with the same unique constraint name
+    // are grouped into a single composite unique constraint
+    let mut route_col = col("join_route", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
+    route_col.unique = Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Str("route_provider_id".into()));
+
+    let mut provider_col = col("provider_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
+    provider_col.unique = Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Str("route_provider_id".into()));
+
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "user".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            route_col,
+            provider_col,
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    };
+
+    let normalized = table.normalize().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(normalized.constraints.len(), 1);
+    assert!(matches!(
+        &normalized.constraints[0],
+        TableConstraint::Unique { name: Some(n), columns }
+            if n == "route_provider_id"
+                && columns == &["join_route".to_string(), "provider_id".to_string()]
+    ));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn normalize_unique_name_mismatch_creates_both_constraints() {
+    // Test coverage for line 181: When an inline unique has a name but existing doesn't (or vice versa),
+    // they should not match and both constraints should be created
+    let mut email_col = col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
+    email_col.unique = Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Str("named_unique".into()));
+
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "user".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            email_col,
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![
+            // Existing unnamed unique constraint on same column
+            TableConstraint::Unique {
+                name: None,
+                columns: vec!["email".into()],
+            },
+        ],
+    };
+
+    let normalized = table.normalize().unwrap();
+
+    // Should have 2 unique constraints: one named, one unnamed
+    let unique_constraints: Vec<_> = normalized
+        .constraints
+        .iter()
+        .filter(|c| matches!(c, TableConstraint::Unique { .. }))
+        .collect();
+    assert_eq!(
+        unique_constraints.len(),
+        2,
+        "Should keep both named and unnamed unique constraints as they don't match"
+    );
+
+    // Verify we have one named and one unnamed
+    let has_named = unique_constraints
+        .iter()
+        .any(|c| matches!(c, TableConstraint::Unique { name: Some(n), .. } if n == "named_unique"));
+    let has_unnamed = unique_constraints
+        .iter()
+        .any(|c| matches!(c, TableConstraint::Unique { name: None, .. }));
+
+    assert!(has_named, "Should have named unique constraint");
+    assert!(has_unnamed, "Should have unnamed unique constraint");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn normalize_inline_index_bool() {
+    let mut name_col = col("name", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
+    name_col.index = Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true));
+
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "users".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            name_col,
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    };
+
+    let normalized = table.normalize().unwrap();
+    // Count Index constraints
+    let indexes: Vec<_> = normalized
+        .constraints
+        .iter()
+        .filter(|c| matches!(c, TableConstraint::Index { .. }))
+        .collect();
+    assert_eq!(indexes.len(), 1);
+    // Auto-generated indexes (from index: true) should have name: None
+    // SQL generation will create the actual name based on naming conventions
+    assert!(matches!(
+        indexes[0],
+        TableConstraint::Index { name: None, columns }
+            if columns == &["name".to_string()]
+    ));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn normalize_inline_index_with_name() {
+    let mut name_col = col("name", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
+    name_col.index = Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Str("custom_idx_name".into()));
+
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "users".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            name_col,
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    };
+
+    let normalized = table.normalize().unwrap();
+    let indexes: Vec<_> = normalized
+        .constraints
+        .iter()
+        .filter(|c| matches!(c, TableConstraint::Index { .. }))
+        .collect();
+    assert_eq!(indexes.len(), 1);
+    assert!(matches!(
+        indexes[0],
+        TableConstraint::Index { name: Some(n), .. }
+            if n == "custom_idx_name"
+    ));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn normalize_inline_foreign_key() {
+    let mut user_id_col = col("user_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer));
+    user_id_col.foreign_key = Some(ForeignKeySyntax::Object(ForeignKeyDef {
+        ref_table: "users".into(),
+        ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+        on_delete: Some(ReferenceAction::Cascade),
+        on_update: None,
+    }));
+
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "posts".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            user_id_col,
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    };
+
+    let normalized = table.normalize().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(normalized.constraints.len(), 1);
+    assert!(matches!(
+        &normalized.constraints[0],
+        TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+            name: None,
+            columns,
+            ref_table,
+            ref_columns,
+            on_delete: Some(ReferenceAction::Cascade),
+            on_update: None,
+        } if columns == &["user_id".to_string()]
+            && ref_table == "users"
+            && ref_columns == &["id".to_string()]
+    ));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn normalize_all_inline_constraints() {
+    let mut id_col = col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer));
+    id_col.primary_key = Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true));
+
+    let mut email_col = col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
+    email_col.unique = Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true));
+
+    let mut name_col = col("name", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
+    name_col.index = Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true));
+
+    let mut user_id_col = col("org_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer));
+    user_id_col.foreign_key = Some(ForeignKeySyntax::Object(ForeignKeyDef {
+        ref_table: "orgs".into(),
+        ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+        on_delete: None,
+        on_update: None,
+    }));
+
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "users".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![id_col, email_col, name_col, user_id_col],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    };
+
+    let normalized = table.normalize().unwrap();
+    // Should have: PrimaryKey, Unique, ForeignKey, Index
+    // Count non-Index constraints
+    let non_index_constraints: Vec<_> = normalized
+        .constraints
+        .iter()
+        .filter(|c| !matches!(c, TableConstraint::Index { .. }))
+        .collect();
+    assert_eq!(non_index_constraints.len(), 3);
+    // Should have: 1 index
+    let indexes: Vec<_> = normalized
+        .constraints
+        .iter()
+        .filter(|c| matches!(c, TableConstraint::Index { .. }))
+        .collect();
+    assert_eq!(indexes.len(), 1);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn normalize_composite_index_from_string_name() {
+    let mut updated_at_col = col(
+        "updated_at",
+        ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Timestamp),
+    );
+    updated_at_col.index = Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Str("tuple".into()));
+
+    let mut user_id_col = col("user_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer));
+    user_id_col.index = Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Str("tuple".into()));
+
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "post".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            updated_at_col,
+            user_id_col,
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    };
+
+    let normalized = table.normalize().unwrap();
+    let indexes: Vec<_> = normalized
+        .constraints
+        .iter()
+        .filter_map(|c| {
+            if let TableConstraint::Index { name, columns } = c {
+                Some((name.clone(), columns.clone()))
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        })
+        .collect();
+    assert_eq!(indexes.len(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(indexes[0].0, Some("tuple".to_string()));
+    assert_eq!(
+        indexes[0].1,
+        vec!["updated_at".to_string(), "user_id".to_string()]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn normalize_multiple_different_indexes() {
+    let mut col1 = col("col1", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
+    col1.index = Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Str("idx_a".into()));
+
+    let mut col2 = col("col2", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
+    col2.index = Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Str("idx_a".into()));
+
+    let mut col3 = col("col3", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
+    col3.index = Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Str("idx_b".into()));
+
+    let mut col4 = col("col4", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
+    col4.index = Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true));
+
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "test".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col1,
+            col2,
+            col3,
+            col4,
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    };
+
+    let normalized = table.normalize().unwrap();
+    let indexes: Vec<_> = normalized
+        .constraints
+        .iter()
+        .filter_map(|c| {
+            if let TableConstraint::Index { name, columns } = c {
+                Some((name.clone(), columns.clone()))
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        })
+        .collect();
+    assert_eq!(indexes.len(), 3);
+
+    // Check idx_a composite index
+    let idx_a = indexes
+        .iter()
+        .find(|(n, _)| n == &Some("idx_a".to_string()))
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(idx_a.1, vec!["col1".to_string(), "col2".to_string()]);
+
+    // Check idx_b single column index
+    let idx_b = indexes
+        .iter()
+        .find(|(n, _)| n == &Some("idx_b".to_string()))
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(idx_b.1, vec!["col3".to_string()]);
+
+    // Check auto-generated index for col4 (should have name: None)
+    let idx_col4 = indexes.iter().find(|(n, _)| n.is_none()).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(idx_col4.1, vec!["col4".to_string()]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn normalize_false_values_are_ignored() {
+    let mut email_col = col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
+    email_col.unique = Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(false));
+    email_col.index = Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(false));
+
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "users".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            email_col,
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    };
+
+    let normalized = table.normalize().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(normalized.constraints.len(), 0);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn normalize_table_without_primary_key() {
+    // Test normalize with a table that has no primary key columns
+    // This should cover lines 67-69, 72-73, and 93 (pk_columns.is_empty() branch)
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "users".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("name", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
+            col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    };
+
+    let normalized = table.normalize().unwrap();
+    // Should not add any primary key constraint
+    assert_eq!(normalized.constraints.len(), 0);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn normalize_multiple_indexes_from_same_array() {
+    // Multiple columns with same array of index names should create multiple composite indexes
+    let mut updated_at_col = col(
+        "updated_at",
+        ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Timestamp),
+    );
+    updated_at_col.index = Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Array(vec![
+        "tuple".into(),
+        "tuple2".into(),
+    ]));
+
+    let mut user_id_col = col("user_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer));
+    user_id_col.index = Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Array(vec![
+        "tuple".into(),
+        "tuple2".into(),
+    ]));
+
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "post".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            updated_at_col,
+            user_id_col,
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    };
+
+    let normalized = table.normalize().unwrap();
+    // Should have: tuple (composite: updated_at, user_id), tuple2 (composite: updated_at, user_id)
+    let indexes: Vec<_> = normalized
+        .constraints
+        .iter()
+        .filter_map(|c| {
+            if let TableConstraint::Index { name, columns } = c {
+                Some((name.clone(), columns.clone()))
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        })
+        .collect();
+    assert_eq!(indexes.len(), 2);
+
+    let tuple_idx = indexes
+        .iter()
+        .find(|(n, _)| n == &Some("tuple".to_string()))
+        .unwrap();
+    let mut sorted_cols = tuple_idx.1.clone();
+    sorted_cols.sort();
+    assert_eq!(
+        sorted_cols,
+        vec!["updated_at".to_string(), "user_id".to_string()]
+    );
+
+    let tuple2_idx = indexes
+        .iter()
+        .find(|(n, _)| n == &Some("tuple2".to_string()))
+        .unwrap();
+    let mut sorted_cols2 = tuple2_idx.1.clone();
+    sorted_cols2.sort();
+    assert_eq!(
+        sorted_cols2,
+        vec!["updated_at".to_string(), "user_id".to_string()]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn normalize_inline_unique_with_array_existing_constraint() {
+    // Test Array format where constraint already exists - should add column to existing
+    let mut col1 = col("col1", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
+    col1.unique = Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Array(vec!["uq_group".into()]));
+
+    let mut col2 = col("col2", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
+    col2.unique = Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Array(vec!["uq_group".into()]));
+
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "test".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col1,
+            col2,
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    };
+
+    let normalized = table.normalize().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(normalized.constraints.len(), 1);
+    let unique_constraint = &normalized.constraints[0];
+    assert!(matches!(
+        unique_constraint,
+        TableConstraint::Unique { name: Some(n), columns: _ }
+            if n == "uq_group"
+    ));
+    if let TableConstraint::Unique { columns, .. } = unique_constraint {
+        let mut sorted_cols = columns.clone();
+        sorted_cols.sort();
+        assert_eq!(sorted_cols, vec!["col1".to_string(), "col2".to_string()]);
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn normalize_inline_unique_with_array_column_already_in_constraint() {
+    // Test Array format where column is already in constraint - should not duplicate
+    let mut col1 = col("col1", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
+    col1.unique = Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Array(vec!["uq_group".into()]));
+
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "test".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col1.clone(),
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    };
+
+    let normalized1 = table.normalize().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(normalized1.constraints.len(), 1);
+
+    // Add same column again - should not create duplicate
+    let table2 = TableDef {
+        name: "test".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col1,
+        ],
+        constraints: normalized1.constraints.clone(),
+    };
+
+    let normalized2 = table2.normalize().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(normalized2.constraints.len(), 1);
+    if let TableConstraint::Unique { columns, .. } = &normalized2.constraints[0] {
+        assert_eq!(columns.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(columns[0], "col1");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn normalize_inline_unique_str_already_exists() {
+    // Test that existing unique constraint with same name and column is not duplicated
+    let mut email_col = col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
+    email_col.unique = Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Str("uq_email".into()));
+
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "users".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            email_col,
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![TableConstraint::Unique {
+            name: Some("uq_email".into()),
+            columns: vec!["email".into()],
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let normalized = table.normalize().unwrap();
+    // Should not duplicate the constraint
+    let unique_constraints: Vec<_> = normalized
+        .constraints
+        .iter()
+        .filter(|c| matches!(c, TableConstraint::Unique { .. }))
+        .collect();
+    assert_eq!(unique_constraints.len(), 1);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn normalize_inline_unique_bool_already_exists() {
+    // Test that existing unnamed unique constraint with same column is not duplicated
+    let mut email_col = col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
+    email_col.unique = Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true));
+
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "users".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            email_col,
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![TableConstraint::Unique {
+            name: None,
+            columns: vec!["email".into()],
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let normalized = table.normalize().unwrap();
+    // Should not duplicate the constraint
+    let unique_constraints: Vec<_> = normalized
+        .constraints
+        .iter()
+        .filter(|c| matches!(c, TableConstraint::Unique { .. }))
+        .collect();
+    assert_eq!(unique_constraints.len(), 1);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn normalize_inline_foreign_key_already_exists() {
+    // Test that existing foreign key constraint is not duplicated
+    let mut user_id_col = col("user_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer));
+    user_id_col.foreign_key = Some(ForeignKeySyntax::Object(ForeignKeyDef {
+        ref_table: "users".into(),
+        ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+        on_delete: None,
+        on_update: None,
+    }));
+
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "posts".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            user_id_col,
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+            name: None,
+            columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
+            ref_table: "users".into(),
+            ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+            on_delete: None,
+            on_update: None,
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let normalized = table.normalize().unwrap();
+    // Should not duplicate the foreign key
+    let fk_constraints: Vec<_> = normalized
+        .constraints
+        .iter()
+        .filter(|c| matches!(c, TableConstraint::ForeignKey { .. }))
+        .collect();
+    assert_eq!(fk_constraints.len(), 1);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn normalize_duplicate_index_same_column_str() {
+    // Same index name applied to the same column multiple times should error
+    // This tests inline index duplicate, not table-level index
+    let mut col1 = col("col1", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
+    col1.index = Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Str("idx1".into()));
+
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "test".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col1.clone(),
+            {
+                // Same column with same index name again
+                let mut c = col1.clone();
+                c.index = Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Str("idx1".into()));
+                c
+            },
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    };
+
+    let result = table.normalize();
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    if let Err(TableValidationError::DuplicateIndexColumn {
+        index_name,
+        column_name,
+    }) = result
+    {
+        assert_eq!(index_name, "idx1");
+        assert_eq!(column_name, "col1");
+    } else {
+        panic!("Expected DuplicateIndexColumn error");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn normalize_duplicate_index_same_column_array() {
+    // Same index name in array applied to the same column should error
+    let mut col1 = col("col1", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
+    col1.index = Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Array(vec!["idx1".into(), "idx1".into()]));
+
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "test".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col1,
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    };
+
+    let result = table.normalize();
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    if let Err(TableValidationError::DuplicateIndexColumn {
+        index_name,
+        column_name,
+    }) = result
+    {
+        assert_eq!(index_name, "idx1");
+        assert_eq!(column_name, "col1");
+    } else {
+        panic!("Expected DuplicateIndexColumn error");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn normalize_duplicate_index_same_column_multiple_definitions() {
+    // Same index name applied to the same column in different ways should error
+    let mut col1 = col("col1", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
+    col1.index = Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Str("idx1".into()));
+
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "test".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col1.clone(),
+            {
+                let mut c = col1.clone();
+                c.index = Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Array(vec!["idx1".into()]));
+                c
+            },
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    };
+
+    let result = table.normalize();
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    if let Err(TableValidationError::DuplicateIndexColumn {
+        index_name,
+        column_name,
+    }) = result
+    {
+        assert_eq!(index_name, "idx1");
+        assert_eq!(column_name, "col1");
+    } else {
+        panic!("Expected DuplicateIndexColumn error");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_table_validation_error_display() {
+    let error = TableValidationError::DuplicateIndexColumn {
+        index_name: "idx_test".into(),
+        column_name: "col1".into(),
+    };
+    let error_msg = format!("{error}");
+    assert!(error_msg.contains("idx_test"));
+    assert!(error_msg.contains("col1"));
+    assert!(error_msg.contains("Duplicate index"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn normalize_inline_unique_str_with_different_constraint_type() {
+    // Test that other constraint types don't match in the exists check
+    let mut email_col = col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
+    email_col.unique = Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Str("uq_email".into()));
+
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "users".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            email_col,
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![
+            // Add a PrimaryKey constraint (different type) - should not match
+            TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+                auto_increment: false,
+                columns: vec!["id".into()],
+            },
+        ],
+    };
+
+    let normalized = table.normalize().unwrap();
+    // Should have: PrimaryKey (existing) + Unique (new)
+    assert_eq!(normalized.constraints.len(), 2);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn normalize_inline_unique_array_with_different_constraint_type() {
+    // Test that other constraint types don't match in the exists check for Array case
+    let mut col1 = col("col1", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
+    col1.unique = Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Array(vec!["uq_group".into()]));
+
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "test".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col1,
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![
+            // Add a PrimaryKey constraint (different type) - should not match
+            TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+                auto_increment: false,
+                columns: vec!["id".into()],
+            },
+        ],
+    };
+
+    let normalized = table.normalize().unwrap();
+    // Should have: PrimaryKey (existing) + Unique (new)
+    assert_eq!(normalized.constraints.len(), 2);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn normalize_duplicate_index_bool_true_same_column() {
+    // Test that Bool(true) with duplicate on same column errors
+    let mut col1 = col("col1", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
+    col1.index = Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true));
+
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "test".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col1.clone(),
+            {
+                // Same column with Bool(true) again
+                let mut c = col1.clone();
+                c.index = Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true));
+                c
+            },
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    };
+
+    let result = table.normalize();
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    if let Err(TableValidationError::DuplicateIndexColumn {
+        index_name,
+        column_name,
+    }) = result
+    {
+        // The group key for auto-generated indexes is "__auto_{column}"
+        assert!(index_name.contains("__auto_"));
+        assert!(index_name.contains("col1"));
+        assert_eq!(column_name, "col1");
+    } else {
+        panic!("Expected DuplicateIndexColumn error");
+    }
+}
+
+mod foreign_key;
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-core/src/schema/table/tests/foreign_key.rs b/crates/vespertide-core/src/schema/table/tests/foreign_key.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9ac9e1b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-core/src/schema/table/tests/foreign_key.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,359 @@
+use super::*;
+use rstest::rstest;
+
+#[test]
+fn normalize_inline_foreign_key_string_syntax() {
+    // Test ForeignKeySyntax::String with valid "table.column" format
+    let mut user_id_col = col("user_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer));
+    user_id_col.foreign_key = Some(ForeignKeySyntax::String("users.id".into()));
+
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "posts".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            user_id_col,
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    };
+
+    let normalized = table.normalize().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(normalized.constraints.len(), 1);
+    assert!(matches!(
+        &normalized.constraints[0],
+        TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+            name: None,
+            columns,
+            ref_table,
+            ref_columns,
+            on_delete: None,
+            on_update: None,
+        } if columns == &["user_id".to_string()]
+            && ref_table == "users"
+            && ref_columns == &["id".to_string()]
+    ));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn normalize_inline_foreign_key_invalid_format_no_dot() {
+    // Test ForeignKeySyntax::String with invalid format (no dot)
+    let mut user_id_col = col("user_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer));
+    user_id_col.foreign_key = Some(ForeignKeySyntax::String("usersid".into()));
+
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "posts".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            user_id_col,
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    };
+
+    let result = table.normalize();
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    if let Err(TableValidationError::InvalidForeignKeyFormat { column_name, value }) = result {
+        assert_eq!(column_name, "user_id");
+        assert_eq!(value, "usersid");
+    } else {
+        panic!("Expected InvalidForeignKeyFormat error");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn normalize_inline_foreign_key_invalid_format_empty_table() {
+    // Test ForeignKeySyntax::String with empty table part
+    let mut user_id_col = col("user_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer));
+    user_id_col.foreign_key = Some(ForeignKeySyntax::String(".id".into()));
+
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "posts".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            user_id_col,
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    };
+
+    let result = table.normalize();
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    if let Err(TableValidationError::InvalidForeignKeyFormat { column_name, value }) = result {
+        assert_eq!(column_name, "user_id");
+        assert_eq!(value, ".id");
+    } else {
+        panic!("Expected InvalidForeignKeyFormat error");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn normalize_inline_foreign_key_invalid_format_empty_column() {
+    // Test ForeignKeySyntax::String with empty column part
+    let mut user_id_col = col("user_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer));
+    user_id_col.foreign_key = Some(ForeignKeySyntax::String("users.".into()));
+
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "posts".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            user_id_col,
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    };
+
+    let result = table.normalize();
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    if let Err(TableValidationError::InvalidForeignKeyFormat { column_name, value }) = result {
+        assert_eq!(column_name, "user_id");
+        assert_eq!(value, "users.");
+    } else {
+        panic!("Expected InvalidForeignKeyFormat error");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn normalize_inline_foreign_key_invalid_format_too_many_parts() {
+    // Test ForeignKeySyntax::String with too many parts
+    let mut user_id_col = col("user_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer));
+    user_id_col.foreign_key = Some(ForeignKeySyntax::String("schema.users.id".into()));
+
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "posts".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            user_id_col,
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    };
+
+    let result = table.normalize();
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    if let Err(TableValidationError::InvalidForeignKeyFormat { column_name, value }) = result {
+        assert_eq!(column_name, "user_id");
+        assert_eq!(value, "schema.users.id");
+    } else {
+        panic!("Expected InvalidForeignKeyFormat error");
+    }
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case(".")]
+#[case(".col")]
+#[case("tbl.")]
+#[case("..")]
+#[case("a.b.c")]
+fn normalize_inline_foreign_key_rejects_empty_or_extra_reference_parts(#[case] reference: &str) {
+    let mut user_id_col = col("user_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer));
+    user_id_col.foreign_key = Some(ForeignKeySyntax::String(reference.into()));
+
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "posts".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            user_id_col,
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    };
+
+    let result = table.normalize();
+
+    assert!(matches!(
+        result,
+        Err(TableValidationError::InvalidForeignKeyFormat { .. })
+    ));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn normalize_inline_primary_key_with_auto_increment() {
+    use crate::schema::primary_key::PrimaryKeyDef;
+
+    let mut id_col = col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer));
+    id_col.primary_key = Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Object(PrimaryKeyDef {
+        auto_increment: true,
+    }));
+
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "users".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            id_col,
+            col("name", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    };
+
+    let normalized = table.normalize().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(normalized.constraints.len(), 1);
+    assert!(matches!(
+        &normalized.constraints[0],
+        TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { auto_increment: true, columns } if columns == &["id".to_string()]
+    ));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn normalize_duplicate_inline_index_on_same_column() {
+    // This test triggers the DuplicateIndexColumn error (lines 251-253)
+    // by having the same column appear twice in the same named index group
+    use crate::schema::str_or_bool::StrOrBoolOrArray;
+
+    // Create a column that references the same index name twice (via Array)
+    let mut email_col = col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
+    email_col.index = Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Array(vec![
+        "idx_email".into(),
+        "idx_email".into(), // Duplicate reference
+    ]));
+
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "users".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            email_col,
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    };
+
+    let result = table.normalize();
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    if let Err(TableValidationError::DuplicateIndexColumn {
+        index_name,
+        column_name,
+    }) = result
+    {
+        assert_eq!(index_name, "idx_email");
+        assert_eq!(column_name, "email");
+    } else {
+        panic!("Expected DuplicateIndexColumn error, got: {result:?}");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_invalid_foreign_key_format_error_display() {
+    let error = TableValidationError::InvalidForeignKeyFormat {
+        column_name: "user_id".into(),
+        value: "invalid".into(),
+    };
+    let error_msg = format!("{error}");
+    assert!(error_msg.contains("user_id"));
+    assert!(error_msg.contains("invalid"));
+    assert!(error_msg.contains("table.column"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn normalize_inline_foreign_key_reference_syntax() {
+    // Test ForeignKeySyntax::Reference with { "references": "table.column", "on_delete": ... }
+    use crate::schema::foreign_key::ReferenceSyntaxDef;
+
+    let mut user_id_col = col("user_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer));
+    user_id_col.foreign_key = Some(ForeignKeySyntax::Reference(ReferenceSyntaxDef {
+        references: "users.id".into(),
+        on_delete: Some(ReferenceAction::Cascade),
+        on_update: None,
+    }));
+
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "posts".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            user_id_col,
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    };
+
+    let normalized = table.normalize().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(normalized.constraints.len(), 1);
+    assert!(matches!(
+        &normalized.constraints[0],
+        TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+            name: None,
+            columns,
+            ref_table,
+            ref_columns,
+            on_delete: Some(ReferenceAction::Cascade),
+            on_update: None,
+        } if columns == &["user_id".to_string()]
+            && ref_table == "users"
+            && ref_columns == &["id".to_string()]
+    ));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn normalize_inline_foreign_key_reference_syntax_invalid_format() {
+    // Test ForeignKeySyntax::Reference with invalid format
+    use crate::schema::foreign_key::ReferenceSyntaxDef;
+
+    let mut user_id_col = col("user_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer));
+    user_id_col.foreign_key = Some(ForeignKeySyntax::Reference(ReferenceSyntaxDef {
+        references: "invalid_no_dot".into(),
+        on_delete: None,
+        on_update: None,
+    }));
+
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "posts".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            user_id_col,
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    };
+
+    let result = table.normalize();
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    if let Err(TableValidationError::InvalidForeignKeyFormat { column_name, value }) = result {
+        assert_eq!(column_name, "user_id");
+        assert_eq!(value, "invalid_no_dot");
+    } else {
+        panic!("Expected InvalidForeignKeyFormat error");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn deserialize_table_without_constraints() {
+    // Test that constraints field is optional in JSON deserialization
+    let json = r#"{
+        "name": "users",
+        "columns": [
+            { "name": "id", "type": "integer", "nullable": false }
+        ]
+    }"#;
+
+    let table: TableDef = serde_json::from_str(json).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(table.name.as_str(), "users");
+    assert!(table.constraints.is_empty());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn deserialize_foreign_key_reference_syntax() {
+    // Test JSON deserialization of new reference syntax
+    let json = r#"{
+        "name": "posts",
+        "columns": [
+            { "name": "id", "type": "integer", "nullable": false },
+            {
+                "name": "user_id",
+                "type": "integer",
+                "nullable": false,
+                "foreign_key": { "references": "users.id", "on_delete": "cascade" }
+            }
+        ]
+    }"#;
+
+    let table: TableDef = serde_json::from_str(json).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(table.columns.len(), 2);
+
+    let user_id_col = &table.columns[1];
+    assert!(user_id_col.foreign_key.is_some());
+
+    if let Some(ForeignKeySyntax::Reference(ref_syntax)) = &user_id_col.foreign_key {
+        assert_eq!(ref_syntax.references, "users.id");
+        assert_eq!(ref_syntax.on_delete, Some(ReferenceAction::Cascade));
+    } else {
+        panic!("Expected Reference syntax");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-core/src/schema/table/validation.rs b/crates/vespertide-core/src/schema/table/validation.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..97c1f45f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-core/src/schema/table/validation.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+use crate::schema::names::{ColumnName, TableName};
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum TableValidationError {
+    DuplicateColumnName {
+        table: TableName,
+        column: ColumnName,
+    },
+    DuplicateIndexColumn {
+        index_name: String,
+        column_name: String,
+    },
+    InvalidForeignKeyFormat {
+        column_name: String,
+        value: String,
+    },
+    /// Internal invariant violation in normalization; valid user input should not trigger this.
+    InvariantViolation {
+        context: String,
+    },
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Display for TableValidationError {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            TableValidationError::DuplicateColumnName { table, column } => {
+                write!(f, "table '{table}' has duplicate column name '{column}'")
+            }
+            TableValidationError::DuplicateIndexColumn {
+                index_name,
+                column_name,
+            } => {
+                write!(
+                    f,
+                    "Duplicate index '{index_name}' on column '{column_name}': the same index name cannot be applied to the same column multiple times"
+                )
+            }
+            TableValidationError::InvalidForeignKeyFormat { column_name, value } => {
+                write!(
+                    f,
+                    "Invalid foreign key format '{value}' on column '{column_name}': expected 'table.column' format"
+                )
+            }
+            TableValidationError::InvariantViolation { context } => {
+                write!(
+                    f,
+                    "internal table normalization invariant violated: {context}"
+                )
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::error::Error for TableValidationError {}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-core/tests/utf8_safety.rs b/crates/vespertide-core/tests/utf8_safety.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d1796939
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-core/tests/utf8_safety.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+use proptest::prelude::*;
+use vespertide_core::MigrationAction;
+
+proptest! {
+    #[test]
+    fn action_display_does_not_panic_on_unicode(
+        s in proptest::collection::vec(any::<char>(), 0..100)
+            .prop_map(|v| v.into_iter().collect::<String>())
+    ) {
+        let action = MigrationAction::RawSql { sql: s };
+
+        let _ = format!("{action:?}");
+        let _ = format!("{action}");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-exporter/AGENTS.md b/crates/vespertide-exporter/AGENTS.md
index d19b1db3..1a9e82ba 100644
--- a/crates/vespertide-exporter/AGENTS.md
+++ b/crates/vespertide-exporter/AGENTS.md
@@ -8,9 +8,9 @@ ORM code generation from `TableDef` schemas → SeaORM (Rust), SQLAlchemy (Pytho
 src/
 ├── lib.rs              # Re-exports all backends
 ├── orm.rs              # OrmExporter trait, Orm enum, dispatch functions
-├── seaorm/mod.rs       # 2961 lines - Entity/Model/Relation generation
-├── sqlalchemy/mod.rs   # 1363 lines - declarative_base models
-└── sqlmodel/mod.rs     # 1348 lines - SQLModel + Pydantic models
+├── seaorm/mod.rs       # 4122 lines, scheduled for split - Entity/Model/Relation generation
+├── sqlalchemy/mod.rs   # 1383 lines, scheduled for split - declarative_base models
+└── sqlmodel/mod.rs     # 1274 lines, scheduled for split - SQLModel + Pydantic models
 snapshots/              # insta snapshot files for testing
 ```
 
@@ -58,4 +58,11 @@ cargo insta accept
 
 - Snapshot testing with `insta` crate (YAML format)
 - `rstest` for parameterized tests across all ORM backends
-- Snapshots in `src/snapshots/` directory
+- 66 snapshot files across exporter snapshot directories
+
+## NOTES
+
+- YAML and JSON are both fully supported input formats; exporter tests also use YAML-formatted insta snapshots.
+- Generated ORM files are outputs only; edit Vespertide models, then regenerate.
+- Every `.rs` file must stay ≤ 1000 lines (CI enforced); current hotspots include SeaORM, SQLAlchemy, SQLModel, and JPA backends.
+- Workspace lints warn on unsafe code and Clippy all: `unsafe_code = "warn"`, `clippy::all = { level = "warn", priority = -1 }`.
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-exporter/Cargo.toml b/crates/vespertide-exporter/Cargo.toml
index 24d17933..1fbc7492 100644
--- a/crates/vespertide-exporter/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/vespertide-exporter/Cargo.toml
@@ -7,16 +7,26 @@ repository.workspace = true
 homepage.workspace = true
 documentation.workspace = true
 description = "Export vespertide table definitions into ORM-specific models"
+keywords = ["database", "migration", "schema", "orm", "sql"]
+categories = ["database"]
+readme = "../../README.md"
 
 [dependencies]
+rayon = { workspace = true }
 vespertide-core = { workspace = true }
 vespertide-config = { workspace = true }
 vespertide-naming = { workspace = true }
 thiserror = "2"
 
 [dev-dependencies]
+criterion = { version = "0.5", features = ["html_reports"] }
 rstest = "0.26"
 insta = { version = "1.47", features = ["yaml"] }
+proptest = "1"
 
-[lints.rust]
-unexpected_cfgs = { level = "warn", check-cfg = ['cfg(tarpaulin_include)'] }
+[[bench]]
+name = "codegen_benchmarks"
+harness = false
+
+[lints]
+workspace = true
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-exporter/benches/codegen_benchmarks.rs b/crates/vespertide-exporter/benches/codegen_benchmarks.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8059566c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-exporter/benches/codegen_benchmarks.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,321 @@
+use criterion::{BenchmarkId, Criterion, black_box, criterion_group, criterion_main};
+use vespertide_core::schema::foreign_key::{ForeignKeyDef, ForeignKeySyntax};
+use vespertide_core::schema::primary_key::PrimaryKeySyntax;
+use vespertide_core::{
+    ColumnDef, ColumnType, ComplexColumnType, EnumValues, ReferenceAction, SimpleColumnType,
+    TableDef,
+};
+use vespertide_exporter::{Orm, render_entity_with_schema};
+
+const ALL_ORMS: [Orm; 4] = [Orm::SeaOrm, Orm::SqlAlchemy, Orm::SqlModel, Orm::Jpa];
+const ENUM_ORMS: [Orm; 3] = [Orm::SeaOrm, Orm::SqlAlchemy, Orm::SqlModel];
+const FK_COLUMNS_PER_TABLE: usize = 20;
+
+fn simple_type(ty: SimpleColumnType) -> ColumnType {
+    ColumnType::Simple(ty)
+}
+
+fn enum_type() -> ColumnType {
+    ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+        name: "record_status".to_string(),
+        values: EnumValues::from(vec!["draft", "active", "archived"]),
+    })
+}
+
+fn user_table() -> TableDef {
+    TableDef {
+        name: "user".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            ColumnDef::new("id", simple_type(SimpleColumnType::Integer), false)
+                .primary_key(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
+            ColumnDef::new("email", simple_type(SimpleColumnType::Text), false),
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    }
+    .normalize()
+    .expect("valid user table")
+}
+
+fn build_table(n_columns: usize, with_fk: bool, with_enum: bool) -> TableDef {
+    let mut columns = vec![
+        ColumnDef::new("id", simple_type(SimpleColumnType::Integer), false)
+            .primary_key(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
+    ];
+    if with_fk {
+        columns.push(
+            ColumnDef::new("user_id", simple_type(SimpleColumnType::Integer), false).foreign_key(
+                ForeignKeySyntax::Object(ForeignKeyDef {
+                    ref_table: "user".into(),
+                    ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+                    on_delete: Some(ReferenceAction::Cascade),
+                    on_update: None,
+                }),
+            ),
+        );
+    }
+    if with_enum {
+        columns.push(ColumnDef::new("status", enum_type(), false));
+    }
+    while columns.len() < n_columns {
+        let i = columns.len();
+        let ty = match i % 5 {
+            0 => simple_type(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+            1 => simple_type(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+            2 => simple_type(SimpleColumnType::Boolean),
+            3 => simple_type(SimpleColumnType::Timestamptz),
+            _ => ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Varchar { length: 191 }),
+        };
+        columns.push(ColumnDef::new(format!("field_{i}"), ty, i % 7 == 0));
+    }
+
+    TableDef {
+        name: format!("entity_{n_columns}_{with_fk}_{with_enum}"),
+        description: None,
+        columns,
+        constraints: vec![],
+    }
+    .normalize()
+    .expect("valid generated benchmark table")
+}
+
+fn foreign_key_to(ref_table: impl Into<String>) -> ForeignKeySyntax {
+    ForeignKeySyntax::Object(ForeignKeyDef {
+        ref_table: ref_table.into(),
+        ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+        on_delete: None,
+        on_update: None,
+    })
+}
+
+fn build_fk_heavy_schema(n_tables: usize) -> Vec<TableDef> {
+    assert!(n_tables > 1, "FK-heavy schema needs at least two tables");
+
+    (0..n_tables)
+        .map(|table_idx| {
+            let mut table = build_table(1, false, false);
+            table.name = format!("entity_{table_idx}");
+
+            for fk_idx in 0..FK_COLUMNS_PER_TABLE {
+                let target_idx = (table_idx + fk_idx + 1) % n_tables;
+                let column_name = format!("entity_{target_idx}_id_{fk_idx}");
+
+                table.columns.push(
+                    ColumnDef::new(column_name, simple_type(SimpleColumnType::Integer), false)
+                        .foreign_key(foreign_key_to(format!("entity_{target_idx}"))),
+                );
+            }
+
+            table.normalize().expect("valid FK-heavy benchmark table")
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
+fn build_fk_chain_schema(depth: usize) -> Vec<TableDef> {
+    (0..=depth)
+        .map(|level| {
+            let mut id_column = ColumnDef::new("id", simple_type(SimpleColumnType::Integer), false)
+                .primary_key(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true));
+
+            if level > 0 {
+                id_column = id_column.foreign_key(foreign_key_to(format!("level_{}", level - 1)));
+            }
+
+            TableDef {
+                name: format!("level_{level}"),
+                description: None,
+                columns: vec![id_column],
+                constraints: vec![],
+            }
+            .normalize()
+            .expect("valid FK-chain benchmark table")
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
+fn build_self_ref_schema() -> Vec<TableDef> {
+    let employee = TableDef {
+        name: "employee".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            ColumnDef::new("id", simple_type(SimpleColumnType::Integer), false)
+                .primary_key(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
+            ColumnDef::new("name", simple_type(SimpleColumnType::Text), false),
+            ColumnDef::new("manager_id", simple_type(SimpleColumnType::Integer), true)
+                .foreign_key(foreign_key_to("employee")),
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    }
+    .normalize()
+    .expect("valid self-reference benchmark table");
+
+    vec![employee]
+}
+
+fn build_table_with_large_enums(n_enums: usize, values_per_enum: usize) -> TableDef {
+    let mut columns = vec![
+        ColumnDef::new("id", simple_type(SimpleColumnType::Integer), false)
+            .primary_key(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
+    ];
+
+    for enum_idx in 0..n_enums {
+        let values = (0..values_per_enum)
+            .map(|value_idx| format!("variant_{enum_idx}_{value_idx}"))
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        let ty = ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+            name: format!("large_enum_{enum_idx}"),
+            values: values.into(),
+        });
+
+        columns.push(ColumnDef::new(format!("enum_{enum_idx}"), ty, false));
+    }
+
+    TableDef {
+        name: "large_enum_union".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns,
+        constraints: vec![],
+    }
+    .normalize()
+    .expect("valid large-enum benchmark table")
+}
+
+fn bench_render_entity(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let mut group = c.benchmark_group("render_entity");
+    let parent = user_table();
+
+    for orm in ALL_ORMS {
+        for n_columns in [10, 50, 200] {
+            for (with_fk, with_enum) in [(false, false), (true, false), (false, true), (true, true)]
+            {
+                let table = build_table(n_columns, with_fk, with_enum);
+                let schema = vec![parent.clone(), table.clone()];
+                let case = format!("{orm:?}/cols={n_columns}/fk={with_fk}/enum={with_enum}");
+                group.bench_with_input(BenchmarkId::from_parameter(case), &orm, |b, orm| {
+                    b.iter(|| {
+                        black_box(
+                            render_entity_with_schema(
+                                black_box(*orm),
+                                black_box(&table),
+                                black_box(&schema),
+                            )
+                            .expect("code generation should succeed"),
+                        )
+                    });
+                });
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    group.finish();
+}
+
+fn bench_fk_heavy_schema(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let mut group = c.benchmark_group("fk_heavy_schema");
+    let schema = build_fk_heavy_schema(50);
+    let table = schema
+        .iter()
+        .find(|table| table.name == "entity_25")
+        .expect("representative table exists")
+        .clone();
+
+    for orm in ALL_ORMS {
+        let case = format!("{orm:?}/tables=50/fks={FK_COLUMNS_PER_TABLE}");
+        group.bench_with_input(BenchmarkId::from_parameter(case), &orm, |b, orm| {
+            b.iter(|| {
+                black_box(
+                    render_entity_with_schema(
+                        black_box(*orm),
+                        black_box(&table),
+                        black_box(&schema),
+                    )
+                    .expect("code generation should succeed"),
+                )
+            });
+        });
+    }
+
+    group.finish();
+}
+
+fn bench_fk_chain_depth(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let mut group = c.benchmark_group("fk_chain_depth");
+
+    for depth in [1, 3, 5, 10] {
+        let schema = build_fk_chain_schema(depth);
+        let table = schema.last().expect("leaf table exists").clone();
+        let case = format!("{:?}/depth={depth}", Orm::SeaOrm);
+
+        group.bench_with_input(BenchmarkId::from_parameter(case), &depth, |b, _depth| {
+            b.iter(|| {
+                black_box(
+                    render_entity_with_schema(
+                        black_box(Orm::SeaOrm),
+                        black_box(&table),
+                        black_box(&schema),
+                    )
+                    .expect("code generation should succeed"),
+                )
+            });
+        });
+    }
+
+    group.finish();
+}
+
+fn bench_self_reference_schema(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let mut group = c.benchmark_group("self_reference_schema");
+    let schema = build_self_ref_schema();
+    let table = schema.first().expect("self-reference table exists").clone();
+
+    for orm in ALL_ORMS {
+        let case = format!("{orm:?}/employee");
+        group.bench_with_input(BenchmarkId::from_parameter(case), &orm, |b, orm| {
+            b.iter(|| {
+                black_box(
+                    render_entity_with_schema(
+                        black_box(*orm),
+                        black_box(&table),
+                        black_box(&schema),
+                    )
+                    .expect("code generation should succeed"),
+                )
+            });
+        });
+    }
+
+    group.finish();
+}
+
+fn bench_large_enum_union(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let mut group = c.benchmark_group("large_enum_union");
+    let table = build_table_with_large_enums(10, 20);
+    let schema = vec![table.clone()];
+
+    for orm in ENUM_ORMS {
+        let case = format!("{orm:?}/enums=10/values=20");
+        group.bench_with_input(BenchmarkId::from_parameter(case), &orm, |b, orm| {
+            b.iter(|| {
+                black_box(
+                    render_entity_with_schema(
+                        black_box(*orm),
+                        black_box(&table),
+                        black_box(&schema),
+                    )
+                    .expect("code generation should succeed"),
+                )
+            });
+        });
+    }
+
+    group.finish();
+}
+
+criterion_group!(
+    benches,
+    bench_render_entity,
+    bench_fk_heavy_schema,
+    bench_fk_chain_depth,
+    bench_self_reference_schema,
+    bench_large_enum_union
+);
+criterion_main!(benches);
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/jpa/mod.rs b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/jpa/mod.rs
index 44e9e5eb..292879b8 100644
--- a/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/jpa/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/jpa/mod.rs
@@ -1,49 +1,16 @@
-use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
+mod render;
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests;
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests_edge_cases;
+mod types;
 
 use crate::orm::OrmExporter;
-use vespertide_core::schema::column::{
-    ColumnType, ComplexColumnType, EnumValues, SimpleColumnType,
-};
-use vespertide_core::schema::constraint::TableConstraint;
-use vespertide_core::{ColumnDef, TableDef};
-
-/// Track which Java imports are actually used to generate minimal import statements.
-#[derive(Default)]
-struct UsedImports {
-    java_time_types: HashSet<&'static str>,
-    needs_uuid: bool,
-    needs_big_decimal: bool,
-}
+use crate::parallel_config::{JPA_EXPORT_PAR_TABLE_MIN_LEN, JPA_EXPORT_PAR_TABLE_THRESHOLD};
+use rayon::prelude::*;
+use vespertide_core::TableDef;
 
-impl UsedImports {
-    fn add_column_type(&mut self, col_type: &ColumnType) {
-        match col_type {
-            ColumnType::Simple(ty) => match ty {
-                SimpleColumnType::Date => {
-                    self.java_time_types.insert("LocalDate");
-                }
-                SimpleColumnType::Time => {
-                    self.java_time_types.insert("LocalTime");
-                }
-                SimpleColumnType::Timestamp => {
-                    self.java_time_types.insert("LocalDateTime");
-                }
-                SimpleColumnType::Timestamptz => {
-                    self.java_time_types.insert("OffsetDateTime");
-                }
-                SimpleColumnType::Uuid => {
-                    self.needs_uuid = true;
-                }
-                _ => {}
-            },
-            ColumnType::Complex(ty) => {
-                if let ComplexColumnType::Numeric { .. } = ty {
-                    self.needs_big_decimal = true;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
+use self::types::UsedImports;
 
 pub struct JpaExporter;
 
@@ -51,1179 +18,47 @@ impl OrmExporter for JpaExporter {
     fn render_entity(&self, table: &TableDef) -> Result<String, String> {
         render_entity(table)
     }
-
-    fn render_entity_with_schema(
-        &self,
-        table: &TableDef,
-        schema: &[TableDef],
-    ) -> Result<String, String> {
-        render_entity_with_schema(table, schema)
-    }
 }
 
 /// Render a JPA entity for the given table definition.
 pub fn render_entity(table: &TableDef) -> Result<String, String> {
-    render_entity_inner(table)
+    Ok(render::render_entity_inner(table))
 }
 
-/// Render a JPA entity with full schema context for FK chain resolution.
-pub fn render_entity_with_schema(table: &TableDef, _schema: &[TableDef]) -> Result<String, String> {
-    // FK target types are inferred from ref_table in constraints,
-    // so schema context is not needed for basic JPA entity generation.
-    render_entity_inner(table)
-}
-
-fn render_entity_inner(table: &TableDef) -> Result<String, String> {
-    let mut lines: Vec<String> = Vec::new();
-
-    // Collect enums for this table
-    let enums: Vec<(&str, &EnumValues)> = table
-        .columns
-        .iter()
-        .filter_map(|col| {
-            if let ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum { name, values }) = &col.r#type {
-                Some((name.as_str(), values))
-            } else {
-                None
-            }
-        })
-        .collect();
-
-    // Collect FK info
-    let fk_info = collect_fk_info(&table.constraints);
-
-    // Track used imports (skip FK columns — they render as entity references)
-    let mut used_imports = UsedImports::default();
-    for col in &table.columns {
-        if !fk_info.contains_key(&col.name) {
-            used_imports.add_column_type(&col.r#type);
-        }
-    }
-
-    // --- Generate imports ---
-    lines.push("import jakarta.persistence.*;".into());
-
-    if used_imports.needs_big_decimal {
-        lines.push("import java.math.BigDecimal;".into());
-    }
-
-    let mut time_types: Vec<&str> = used_imports.java_time_types.iter().copied().collect();
-    time_types.sort();
-    for time_type in &time_types {
-        lines.push(format!("import java.time.{time_type};"));
-    }
-
-    if used_imports.needs_uuid {
-        lines.push("import java.util.UUID;".into());
-    }
-
-    lines.push(String::new());
-
-    // --- Render enum classes ---
-    for (enum_name, values) in &enums {
-        render_enum(&mut lines, enum_name, values);
-        lines.push(String::new());
-    }
-
-    // --- Class definition ---
-    let class_name = to_pascal_case(&table.name);
-
-    // Javadoc from table description
-    if let Some(ref desc) = table.description {
-        lines.push(format!("/** {} */", desc.replace('\n', " ")));
-    }
-
-    lines.push("@Entity".into());
-    render_table_annotation(&mut lines, &table.name, &table.constraints);
-    lines.push(format!("public class {class_name} {{"));
-    lines.push(String::new());
-
-    // Collect primary key columns
-    let pk_columns: HashSet<String> = table
-        .constraints
-        .iter()
-        .filter_map(|c| {
-            if let TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { columns, .. } = c {
-                Some(columns.clone())
-            } else {
-                None
-            }
-        })
-        .flatten()
-        .collect();
-
-    let auto_increment = table.constraints.iter().any(|c| {
-        matches!(
-            c,
-            TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                auto_increment: true,
-                ..
-            }
-        )
-    });
-
-    // Collect single-column unique constraints
-    let unique_columns: HashSet<String> = table
-        .constraints
-        .iter()
-        .filter_map(|c| {
-            if let TableConstraint::Unique { columns, .. } = c {
-                if columns.len() == 1 {
-                    Some(columns[0].clone())
-                } else {
-                    None
-                }
-            } else {
-                None
-            }
-        })
-        .collect();
-
-    // --- Render fields ---
-    for col in &table.columns {
-        let is_pk = pk_columns.contains(&col.name);
-        let is_unique = unique_columns.contains(&col.name);
-
-        if let Some(fk) = fk_info.get(&col.name) {
-            render_fk_field(&mut lines, col, is_pk, auto_increment, fk);
-        } else {
-            render_field(&mut lines, col, is_pk, auto_increment, is_unique);
-        }
-        lines.push(String::new());
-    }
-
-    // --- Protected no-arg constructor ---
-    lines.push(format!("    protected {class_name}() {{"));
-    lines.push("    }".into());
-
-    lines.push("}".into());
-    lines.push(String::new());
-
-    Ok(lines.join("\n"))
-}
-
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-// FK info collection
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-struct FkInfo {
-    ref_table: String,
-}
-
-fn collect_fk_info(constraints: &[TableConstraint]) -> HashMap<String, FkInfo> {
-    constraints
-        .iter()
-        .filter_map(|c| {
-            if let TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                columns,
-                ref_table,
-                ref_columns,
-                ..
-            } = c
-            {
-                if columns.len() == 1 && ref_columns.len() == 1 {
-                    Some((
-                        columns[0].clone(),
-                        FkInfo {
-                            ref_table: ref_table.clone(),
-                        },
-                    ))
-                } else {
-                    None
-                }
-            } else {
-                None
-            }
-        })
-        .collect()
-}
-
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-// @Table annotation
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-fn render_table_annotation(
-    lines: &mut Vec<String>,
-    table_name: &str,
-    constraints: &[TableConstraint],
-) {
-    let indexes: Vec<_> = constraints
-        .iter()
-        .filter_map(|c| {
-            if let TableConstraint::Index { name, columns } = c {
-                Some((name.clone(), columns.clone()))
-            } else {
-                None
-            }
-        })
-        .collect();
-
-    let unique_constraints: Vec<_> = constraints
-        .iter()
-        .filter_map(|c| {
-            if let TableConstraint::Unique { name, columns } = c {
-                if columns.len() > 1 {
-                    Some((name.clone(), columns.clone()))
-                } else {
-                    None
-                }
-            } else {
-                None
-            }
-        })
-        .collect();
-
-    if indexes.is_empty() && unique_constraints.is_empty() {
-        lines.push(format!("@Table(name = \"{table_name}\")"));
-        return;
-    }
-
-    let mut annotation = format!("@Table(name = \"{table_name}\"");
-
-    if !indexes.is_empty() {
-        annotation.push_str(", indexes = {\n");
-        for (i, (name, columns)) in indexes.iter().enumerate() {
-            let col_list = columns.join(", ");
-            let comma = if i < indexes.len() - 1 { "," } else { "" };
-            if let Some(idx_name) = name {
-                annotation.push_str(&format!(
-                    "    @Index(name = \"{idx_name}\", columnList = \"{col_list}\"){comma}\n"
-                ));
-            } else {
-                annotation.push_str(&format!("    @Index(columnList = \"{col_list}\"){comma}\n"));
-            }
-        }
-        annotation.push('}');
-    }
-
-    if !unique_constraints.is_empty() {
-        annotation.push_str(", uniqueConstraints = {\n");
-        for (i, (name, columns)) in unique_constraints.iter().enumerate() {
-            let cols = columns
-                .iter()
-                .map(|c| format!("\"{c}\""))
-                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-                .join(", ");
-            let comma = if i < unique_constraints.len() - 1 {
-                ","
-            } else {
-                ""
-            };
-            if let Some(uq_name) = name {
-                annotation.push_str(&format!(
-                    "    @UniqueConstraint(name = \"{uq_name}\", columnNames = {{{cols}}}){comma}\n"
-                ));
-            } else {
-                annotation.push_str(&format!(
-                    "    @UniqueConstraint(columnNames = {{{cols}}}){comma}\n"
-                ));
-            }
-        }
-        annotation.push('}');
-    }
-
-    annotation.push(')');
-    lines.push(annotation);
-}
-
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-// Enum rendering
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-fn render_enum(lines: &mut Vec<String>, name: &str, values: &EnumValues) {
-    let class_name = to_pascal_case(name);
-
-    match values {
-        EnumValues::String(vals) => {
-            // Use lowercase constants to match DB values with @Enumerated(EnumType.STRING)
-            lines.push(format!("enum {class_name} {{"));
-            let last_idx = vals.len().saturating_sub(1);
-            for (i, val) in vals.iter().enumerate() {
-                let sep = if i < last_idx { "," } else { ";" };
-                lines.push(format!("    {val}{sep}"));
-            }
-            lines.push("}".into());
-        }
-        EnumValues::Integer(vals) => {
-            lines.push(format!("enum {class_name} {{"));
-            let last_idx = vals.len().saturating_sub(1);
-            for (i, val) in vals.iter().enumerate() {
-                let name_upper = val.name.to_uppercase();
-                let sep = if i < last_idx { "," } else { ";" };
-                lines.push(format!("    {name_upper}({}){sep}", val.value));
-            }
-            lines.push(String::new());
-            lines.push("    private final int value;".into());
-            lines.push(String::new());
-            lines.push(format!("    {class_name}(int value) {{"));
-            lines.push("        this.value = value;".into());
-            lines.push("    }".into());
-            lines.push(String::new());
-            lines.push("    public int getValue() {".into());
-            lines.push("        return value;".into());
-            lines.push("    }".into());
-            lines.push("}".into());
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-// Field rendering
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-fn render_field(
-    lines: &mut Vec<String>,
-    col: &ColumnDef,
-    is_pk: bool,
-    auto_increment: bool,
-    is_unique: bool,
-) {
-    let java_type = java_type_for_column(col);
-    let field_name = to_camel_case(&col.name);
-
-    // Javadoc comment
-    if let Some(ref comment) = col.comment {
-        lines.push(format!("    /** {} */", comment.replace('\n', " ")));
-    }
-
-    // @Id + @GeneratedValue
-    if is_pk {
-        lines.push("    @Id".into());
-        if auto_increment {
-            lines.push("    @GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY)".into());
-        }
-    }
-
-    // @Enumerated for string enum types
-    if let ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-        values: EnumValues::String(_),
-        ..
-    }) = &col.r#type
-    {
-        lines.push("    @Enumerated(EnumType.STRING)".into());
-    }
-
-    // @Column annotation
-    let column_attrs = build_column_attrs(col, is_pk, is_unique);
-    lines.push(format!("    @Column({column_attrs})"));
-
-    // Field declaration with optional default initializer
-    let default_init = build_default_initializer(col);
-    if let Some(ref init) = default_init {
-        lines.push(format!("    private {java_type} {field_name} = {init};"));
+/// Render JPA entities for a schema, using parallel rendering for larger schemas.
+pub fn render_entities(schema: &[TableDef]) -> Result<Vec<String>, String> {
+    let rendered = if schema.len() < JPA_EXPORT_PAR_TABLE_THRESHOLD {
+        schema
+            .iter()
+            .map(render::render_entity_with_imports)
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
     } else {
-        lines.push(format!("    private {java_type} {field_name};"));
-    }
-}
-
-fn render_fk_field(
-    lines: &mut Vec<String>,
-    col: &ColumnDef,
-    is_pk: bool,
-    auto_increment: bool,
-    fk: &FkInfo,
-) {
-    let entity_type = to_pascal_case(&fk.ref_table);
-    let field_name = infer_fk_field_name(&col.name);
-
-    // Javadoc comment
-    if let Some(ref comment) = col.comment {
-        lines.push(format!("    /** {} */", comment.replace('\n', " ")));
-    }
-
-    // @Id + @GeneratedValue (rare for FK columns, but handle composite PK+FK)
-    if is_pk {
-        lines.push("    @Id".into());
-        if auto_increment {
-            lines.push("    @GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY)".into());
-        }
-    }
-
-    // @ManyToOne
-    lines.push("    @ManyToOne(fetch = FetchType.LAZY)".into());
+        schema
+            .par_iter()
+            .with_min_len(JPA_EXPORT_PAR_TABLE_MIN_LEN)
+            .map(render::render_entity_with_imports)
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+    };
 
-    // @JoinColumn
-    let mut join_attrs: Vec<String> = vec![format!("name = \"{}\"", col.name)];
-    if !col.nullable {
-        join_attrs.push("nullable = false".into());
-    }
-    lines.push(format!("    @JoinColumn({})", join_attrs.join(", ")));
-
-    // Field declaration
-    lines.push(format!("    private {entity_type} {field_name};"));
+    Ok(merge_rendered_entities(rendered).entities)
 }
 
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-// @Column attribute building
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-fn build_column_attrs(col: &ColumnDef, is_pk: bool, is_unique: bool) -> String {
-    let mut attrs: Vec<String> = vec![format!("name = \"{}\"", col.name)];
-
-    // nullable (skip for PK — always not-null)
-    if !is_pk && !col.nullable {
-        attrs.push("nullable = false".into());
-    }
-
-    // unique (skip for PK)
-    if is_unique && !is_pk {
-        attrs.push("unique = true".into());
-    }
-
-    // Type-specific attributes
-    match &col.r#type {
-        ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Varchar { length }) => {
-            attrs.push(format!("length = {length}"));
-        }
-        ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Char { length }) => {
-            attrs.push(format!("length = {length}"));
-        }
-        ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Numeric { precision, scale }) => {
-            attrs.push(format!("precision = {precision}"));
-            attrs.push(format!("scale = {scale}"));
-        }
-        ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text | SimpleColumnType::Xml) => {
-            attrs.push("columnDefinition = \"TEXT\"".into());
-        }
-        ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Json) => {
-            attrs.push("columnDefinition = \"JSON\"".into());
-        }
-        ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Bytea) => {
-            attrs.push("columnDefinition = \"BYTEA\"".into());
-        }
-        ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Interval) => {
-            attrs.push("columnDefinition = \"INTERVAL\"".into());
-        }
-        ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Custom { custom_type }) => {
-            attrs.push(format!("columnDefinition = \"{custom_type}\""));
-        }
-        _ => {}
-    }
-
-    attrs.join(", ")
-}
-
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-// Default value handling
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-fn build_default_initializer(col: &ColumnDef) -> Option<String> {
-    let default = col.default.as_ref()?;
-    let default_str = default.to_sql();
-
-    // Skip server-side defaults (function calls like NOW())
-    if default_str.contains('(') {
-        return None;
-    }
-
-    // Boolean defaults
-    if default_str == "true" {
-        return Some("true".into());
-    }
-    if default_str == "false" {
-        return Some("false".into());
-    }
-
-    // String literal defaults
-    if default_str.starts_with('\'') || default_str.starts_with('"') {
-        let stripped = default_str.trim_matches(|c| c == '\'' || c == '"');
-        return Some(format!("\"{}\"", stripped.replace('"', "\\\"")));
-    }
-
-    // Numeric defaults
-    if default_str.parse::<i64>().is_ok() || default_str.parse::<f64>().is_ok() {
-        return Some(default_str);
-    }
-
-    None
+struct RenderedEntities {
+    entities: Vec<String>,
+    _imports: UsedImports,
 }
 
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-// Type mapping
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-fn column_type_to_java(col_type: &ColumnType) -> &'static str {
-    match col_type {
-        ColumnType::Simple(ty) => match ty {
-            SimpleColumnType::SmallInt => "Short",
-            SimpleColumnType::Integer => "Integer",
-            SimpleColumnType::BigInt => "Long",
-            SimpleColumnType::Real => "Float",
-            SimpleColumnType::DoublePrecision => "Double",
-            SimpleColumnType::Boolean => "Boolean",
-            SimpleColumnType::Text | SimpleColumnType::Xml => "String",
-            SimpleColumnType::Date => "LocalDate",
-            SimpleColumnType::Time => "LocalTime",
-            SimpleColumnType::Timestamp => "LocalDateTime",
-            SimpleColumnType::Timestamptz => "OffsetDateTime",
-            SimpleColumnType::Interval => "String",
-            SimpleColumnType::Bytea => "byte[]",
-            SimpleColumnType::Uuid => "UUID",
-            SimpleColumnType::Json => "String",
-            SimpleColumnType::Inet | SimpleColumnType::Cidr | SimpleColumnType::Macaddr => "String",
-        },
-        ColumnType::Complex(ty) => match ty {
-            ComplexColumnType::Varchar { .. } | ComplexColumnType::Char { .. } => "String",
-            ComplexColumnType::Numeric { .. } => "BigDecimal",
-            ComplexColumnType::Custom { .. } => "String",
-            // Integer enums are stored as Integer in JPA
-            ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                values: EnumValues::Integer(_),
-                ..
-            } => "Integer",
-            // String enums use the generated enum class — handled separately
-            ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                values: EnumValues::String(_),
-                ..
-            } => "String", // placeholder, overridden in render_field
-        },
-    }
-}
-
-/// Get the Java type for a column, including enum class names.
-fn java_type_for_column(col: &ColumnDef) -> String {
-    if let ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-        name,
-        values: EnumValues::String(_),
-    }) = &col.r#type
-    {
-        to_pascal_case(name)
-    } else {
-        column_type_to_java(&col.r#type).to_string()
-    }
-}
-
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-// Naming utilities
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-fn to_pascal_case(s: &str) -> String {
-    s.split('_')
-        .map(|word| {
-            let mut chars = word.chars();
-            match chars.next() {
-                None => String::new(),
-                Some(first) => first.to_uppercase().chain(chars).collect(),
-            }
-        })
-        .collect()
-}
-
-fn to_camel_case(s: &str) -> String {
-    let pascal = to_pascal_case(s);
-    let mut chars = pascal.chars();
-    match chars.next() {
-        None => String::new(),
-        Some(first) => {
-            let lower: String = first.to_lowercase().collect();
-            format!("{lower}{}", chars.collect::<String>())
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-fn infer_fk_field_name(column_name: &str) -> String {
-    let base = column_name.strip_suffix("_id").unwrap_or(column_name);
-    to_camel_case(base)
-}
-
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-// Tests
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use super::*;
-    use insta::assert_snapshot;
-    use rstest::rstest;
-    use vespertide_core::{DefaultValue, NumValue};
-
-    fn col(name: &str, ty: ColumnType) -> ColumnDef {
-        ColumnDef {
-            name: name.to_string(),
-            r#type: ty,
-            nullable: false,
-            default: None,
-            comment: None,
-            primary_key: None,
-            unique: None,
-            index: None,
-            foreign_key: None,
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_basic_table() {
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "users".into(),
-            description: Some("User accounts table".into()),
-            columns: vec![
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "id".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: Some("Primary key".into()),
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "email".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: Some("User email address".into()),
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "name".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                    nullable: true,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![
-                TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                    auto_increment: true,
-                    columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                },
-                TableConstraint::Unique {
-                    name: None,
-                    columns: vec!["email".into()],
-                },
-            ],
-        };
-
-        let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
-        assert_snapshot!(result);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_table_with_enum() {
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "orders".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "status".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                        name: "order_status".into(),
-                        values: EnumValues::String(vec![
-                            "pending".into(),
-                            "shipped".into(),
-                            "delivered".into(),
-                        ]),
-                    }),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                auto_increment: true,
-                columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
-        assert_snapshot!(result);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_table_with_integer_enum() {
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "tasks".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "priority".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                        name: "priority_level".into(),
-                        values: EnumValues::Integer(vec![
-                            NumValue {
-                                name: "low".into(),
-                                value: 0,
-                            },
-                            NumValue {
-                                name: "medium".into(),
-                                value: 10,
-                            },
-                            NumValue {
-                                name: "high".into(),
-                                value: 20,
-                            },
-                        ]),
-                    }),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                auto_increment: false,
-                columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
-        assert_snapshot!(result);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_table_with_foreign_key() {
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "posts".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "author_id".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-                col("title", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![
-                TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                    auto_increment: true,
-                    columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                },
-                TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                    name: None,
-                    columns: vec!["author_id".into()],
-                    ref_table: "users".into(),
-                    ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                    on_delete: None,
-                    on_update: None,
-                },
-                TableConstraint::Index {
-                    name: Some("ix_posts__author_id".into()),
-                    columns: vec!["author_id".into()],
-                },
-            ],
-        };
-
-        let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
-        assert_snapshot!(result);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_table_with_all_simple_types() {
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "type_test".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col(
-                    "col_smallint",
-                    ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::SmallInt),
-                ),
-                col("col_integer", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                col("col_bigint", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::BigInt)),
-                col("col_real", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Real)),
-                col(
-                    "col_double",
-                    ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::DoublePrecision),
-                ),
-                col("col_text", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
-                col("col_boolean", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Boolean)),
-                col("col_date", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Date)),
-                col("col_time", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Time)),
-                col(
-                    "col_timestamp",
-                    ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Timestamp),
-                ),
-                col(
-                    "col_timestamptz",
-                    ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Timestamptz),
-                ),
-                col(
-                    "col_interval",
-                    ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Interval),
-                ),
-                col("col_bytea", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Bytea)),
-                col("col_uuid", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid)),
-                col("col_json", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Json)),
-                col("col_inet", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Inet)),
-                col("col_cidr", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Cidr)),
-                col("col_macaddr", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Macaddr)),
-                col("col_xml", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Xml)),
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                auto_increment: false,
-                columns: vec!["col_integer".into()],
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
-        assert_snapshot!(result);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_table_with_complex_types() {
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "products".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                col(
-                    "name",
-                    ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Varchar { length: 200 }),
-                ),
-                col(
-                    "price",
-                    ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Numeric {
-                        precision: 12,
-                        scale: 2,
-                    }),
-                ),
-                col(
-                    "code",
-                    ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Char { length: 10 }),
-                ),
-                col(
-                    "metadata",
-                    ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Custom {
-                        custom_type: "JSONB".into(),
-                    }),
-                ),
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                auto_increment: true,
-                columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
-        assert_snapshot!(result);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_table_with_defaults() {
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "articles".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "published".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Boolean),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: Some(DefaultValue::Bool(false)),
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "view_count".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: Some(DefaultValue::Integer(0)),
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "status".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: Some(DefaultValue::String("'draft'".into())),
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                auto_increment: true,
-                columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
-        assert_snapshot!(result);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_table_with_composite_constraints() {
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "order_items".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("order_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                col("product_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                col("quantity", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![
-                TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                    auto_increment: false,
-                    columns: vec!["order_id".into(), "product_id".into()],
-                },
-                TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                    name: None,
-                    columns: vec!["order_id".into()],
-                    ref_table: "orders".into(),
-                    ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                    on_delete: None,
-                    on_update: None,
-                },
-                TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                    name: None,
-                    columns: vec!["product_id".into()],
-                    ref_table: "products".into(),
-                    ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                    on_delete: None,
-                    on_update: None,
-                },
-                TableConstraint::Unique {
-                    name: Some("uq_order_items__order_product".into()),
-                    columns: vec!["order_id".into(), "product_id".into()],
-                },
-                TableConstraint::Index {
-                    name: Some("ix_order_items__order_id".into()),
-                    columns: vec!["order_id".into()],
-                },
-            ],
-        };
-
-        let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
-        assert_snapshot!(result);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_nullable_columns() {
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "profiles".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "bio".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                    nullable: true,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "avatar_url".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Varchar { length: 500 }),
-                    nullable: true,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                auto_increment: true,
-                columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
-        assert_snapshot!(result);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_unnamed_index_and_unique() {
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "events".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                col("venue_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                col("date", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Date)),
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![
-                TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                    auto_increment: false,
-                    columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                },
-                TableConstraint::Index {
-                    name: None,
-                    columns: vec!["venue_id".into(), "date".into()],
-                },
-                TableConstraint::Unique {
-                    name: None,
-                    columns: vec!["venue_id".into(), "date".into()],
-                },
-            ],
-        };
-
-        let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
-        assert_snapshot!(result);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_fk_with_comment_and_auto_increment() {
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "child".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "parent_id".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: Some("References parent table".into()),
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-                col("value", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![
-                TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                    auto_increment: true,
-                    columns: vec!["parent_id".into()],
-                },
-                TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                    name: None,
-                    columns: vec!["parent_id".into()],
-                    ref_table: "parent".into(),
-                    ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                    on_delete: None,
-                    on_update: None,
-                },
-            ],
-        };
-
-        let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
-        assert_snapshot!(result);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_server_default_and_true_boolean() {
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "logs".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "active".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Boolean),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: Some(DefaultValue::Bool(true)),
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "created_at".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Timestamptz),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: Some(DefaultValue::String("NOW()".into())),
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "score".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Real),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: Some(DefaultValue::Float(1.5)),
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "tag".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: Some(DefaultValue::String("UNKNOWN_EXPR".into())),
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                auto_increment: true,
-                columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
-        assert_snapshot!(result);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_column_type_to_java_string_enum() {
-        // Exercises the string enum branch in column_type_to_java
-        let ty = ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-            name: "status".into(),
-            values: EnumValues::String(vec!["a".into()]),
-        });
-        assert_eq!(column_type_to_java(&ty), "String");
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case("order_item", "OrderItem")]
-    #[case("users", "Users")]
-    #[case("a", "A")]
-    #[case("user_profile_image", "UserProfileImage")]
-    #[case("", "")]
-    fn test_to_pascal_case(#[case] input: &str, #[case] expected: &str) {
-        assert_eq!(to_pascal_case(input), expected);
-    }
+fn merge_rendered_entities(rendered: Vec<(String, UsedImports)>) -> RenderedEntities {
+    let mut entities = Vec::with_capacity(rendered.len());
+    let mut imports = UsedImports::default();
 
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case("created_at", "createdAt")]
-    #[case("id", "id")]
-    #[case("user_profile_image", "userProfileImage")]
-    #[case("", "")]
-    fn test_to_camel_case(#[case] input: &str, #[case] expected: &str) {
-        assert_eq!(to_camel_case(input), expected);
+    for (entity, local_imports) in rendered {
+        entities.push(entity);
+        imports.merge(local_imports);
     }
 
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case("customer_id", "customer")]
-    #[case("author_user_id", "authorUser")]
-    #[case("parent", "parent")]
-    fn test_infer_fk_field_name(#[case] input: &str, #[case] expected: &str) {
-        assert_eq!(infer_fk_field_name(input), expected);
+    RenderedEntities {
+        entities,
+        _imports: imports,
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/jpa/render.rs b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/jpa/render.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..af2f0308
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/jpa/render.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,514 @@
+use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
+use std::fmt::Write as _;
+
+use vespertide_core::schema::column::{
+    ColumnType, ComplexColumnType, EnumValues, SimpleColumnType,
+};
+use vespertide_core::schema::constraint::TableConstraint;
+use vespertide_core::{ColumnDef, TableDef};
+
+use crate::jpa::types::{UsedImports, java_type_for_column};
+
+pub(super) fn render_entity_inner(table: &TableDef) -> String {
+    render_entity_with_imports(table).0
+}
+
+pub(super) fn render_entity_with_imports(table: &TableDef) -> (String, UsedImports) {
+    let mut lines: Vec<String> = Vec::new();
+
+    // Collect enums for this table
+    let enums: Vec<(&str, &EnumValues)> = table
+        .columns
+        .iter()
+        .filter_map(|col| {
+            if let ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum { name, values }) = &col.r#type {
+                Some((name.as_str(), values))
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        })
+        .collect();
+
+    // Collect FK info
+    let fk_info = collect_fk_info(&table.constraints);
+
+    // Track used imports (skip FK columns — they render as entity references)
+    let mut used_imports = UsedImports::default();
+    for col in &table.columns {
+        if !fk_info.contains_key(&col.name) {
+            used_imports.add_column_type(&col.r#type);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // --- Generate imports ---
+    lines.push("import jakarta.persistence.*;".into());
+
+    if used_imports.needs_big_decimal {
+        lines.push("import java.math.BigDecimal;".into());
+    }
+
+    let mut time_types: Vec<&str> = used_imports.java_time_types.iter().copied().collect();
+    time_types.sort_unstable();
+    for time_type in &time_types {
+        lines.push(format!("import java.time.{time_type};"));
+    }
+
+    if used_imports.needs_uuid {
+        lines.push("import java.util.UUID;".into());
+    }
+
+    lines.push(String::new());
+
+    // --- Render enum classes ---
+    for (enum_name, values) in &enums {
+        render_enum(&mut lines, enum_name, values);
+        lines.push(String::new());
+    }
+
+    // --- Class definition ---
+    let class_name = to_pascal_case(&table.name);
+
+    // Javadoc from table description
+    if let Some(ref desc) = table.description {
+        lines.push(format!("/** {} */", desc.replace('\n', " ")));
+    }
+
+    lines.push("@Entity".into());
+    render_table_annotation(&mut lines, &table.name, &table.constraints);
+    lines.push(format!("public class {class_name} {{"));
+    lines.push(String::new());
+
+    // Collect primary key columns
+    let pk_columns: HashSet<String> = table
+        .constraints
+        .iter()
+        .filter_map(|c| {
+            if let TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { columns, .. } = c {
+                Some(columns.clone())
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        })
+        .flatten()
+        .collect();
+
+    let auto_increment = table.constraints.iter().any(|c| {
+        matches!(
+            c,
+            TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+                auto_increment: true,
+                ..
+            }
+        )
+    });
+
+    // Collect single-column unique constraints
+    let unique_columns: HashSet<String> = table
+        .constraints
+        .iter()
+        .filter_map(|c| {
+            if let TableConstraint::Unique { columns, .. } = c {
+                if columns.len() == 1 {
+                    Some(columns[0].clone())
+                } else {
+                    None
+                }
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        })
+        .collect();
+
+    // --- Render fields ---
+    for col in &table.columns {
+        let is_pk = pk_columns.contains(&col.name);
+        let is_unique = unique_columns.contains(&col.name);
+
+        if let Some(fk) = fk_info.get(&col.name) {
+            render_fk_field(&mut lines, col, is_pk, auto_increment, fk);
+        } else {
+            render_field(&mut lines, col, is_pk, auto_increment, is_unique);
+        }
+        lines.push(String::new());
+    }
+
+    // --- Protected no-arg constructor ---
+    lines.push(format!("    protected {class_name}() {{"));
+    lines.push("    }".into());
+
+    lines.push("}".into());
+    lines.push(String::new());
+
+    (lines.join("\n"), used_imports)
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// FK info collection
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+struct FkInfo {
+    ref_table: String,
+}
+
+fn collect_fk_info(constraints: &[TableConstraint]) -> HashMap<String, FkInfo> {
+    constraints
+        .iter()
+        .filter_map(|c| {
+            if let TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                columns,
+                ref_table,
+                ref_columns,
+                ..
+            } = c
+            {
+                if columns.len() == 1 && ref_columns.len() == 1 {
+                    Some((
+                        columns[0].clone(),
+                        FkInfo {
+                            ref_table: ref_table.clone(),
+                        },
+                    ))
+                } else {
+                    None
+                }
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// @Table annotation
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+fn render_table_annotation(
+    lines: &mut Vec<String>,
+    table_name: &str,
+    constraints: &[TableConstraint],
+) {
+    let indexes: Vec<_> = constraints
+        .iter()
+        .filter_map(|c| {
+            if let TableConstraint::Index { name, columns } = c {
+                Some((name.clone(), columns.clone()))
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        })
+        .collect();
+
+    let unique_constraints: Vec<_> = constraints
+        .iter()
+        .filter_map(|c| {
+            if let TableConstraint::Unique { name, columns } = c {
+                if columns.len() > 1 {
+                    Some((name.clone(), columns.clone()))
+                } else {
+                    None
+                }
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        })
+        .collect();
+
+    if indexes.is_empty() && unique_constraints.is_empty() {
+        lines.push(format!("@Table(name = \"{table_name}\")"));
+        return;
+    }
+
+    let mut annotation = format!("@Table(name = \"{table_name}\"");
+
+    if !indexes.is_empty() {
+        annotation.push_str(", indexes = {\n");
+        for (i, (name, columns)) in indexes.iter().enumerate() {
+            let col_list = columns.join(", ");
+            let comma = if i < indexes.len() - 1 { "," } else { "" };
+            if let Some(idx_name) = name {
+                let _ = writeln!(
+                    annotation,
+                    "    @Index(name = \"{idx_name}\", columnList = \"{col_list}\"){comma}"
+                );
+            } else {
+                let _ = writeln!(annotation, "    @Index(columnList = \"{col_list}\"){comma}");
+            }
+        }
+        annotation.push('}');
+    }
+
+    if !unique_constraints.is_empty() {
+        annotation.push_str(", uniqueConstraints = {\n");
+        for (i, (name, columns)) in unique_constraints.iter().enumerate() {
+            let cols = columns
+                .iter()
+                .map(|c| format!("\"{c}\""))
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                .join(", ");
+            let comma = if i < unique_constraints.len() - 1 {
+                ","
+            } else {
+                ""
+            };
+            if let Some(uq_name) = name {
+                let _ = writeln!(
+                    annotation,
+                    "    @UniqueConstraint(name = \"{uq_name}\", columnNames = {{{cols}}}){comma}"
+                );
+            } else {
+                let _ = writeln!(
+                    annotation,
+                    "    @UniqueConstraint(columnNames = {{{cols}}}){comma}"
+                );
+            }
+        }
+        annotation.push('}');
+    }
+
+    annotation.push(')');
+    lines.push(annotation);
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Enum rendering
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+fn render_enum(lines: &mut Vec<String>, name: &str, values: &EnumValues) {
+    let class_name = to_pascal_case(name);
+
+    match values {
+        EnumValues::String(vals) => {
+            // Use lowercase constants to match DB values with @Enumerated(EnumType.STRING)
+            lines.push(format!("enum {class_name} {{"));
+            let last_idx = vals.len().saturating_sub(1);
+            for (i, val) in vals.iter().enumerate() {
+                let sep = if i < last_idx { "," } else { ";" };
+                lines.push(format!("    {val}{sep}"));
+            }
+            lines.push("}".into());
+        }
+        EnumValues::Integer(vals) => {
+            lines.push(format!("enum {class_name} {{"));
+            let last_idx = vals.len().saturating_sub(1);
+            for (i, val) in vals.iter().enumerate() {
+                let name_upper = val.name.to_uppercase();
+                let sep = if i < last_idx { "," } else { ";" };
+                lines.push(format!("    {name_upper}({}){sep}", val.value));
+            }
+            lines.push(String::new());
+            lines.push("    private final int value;".into());
+            lines.push(String::new());
+            lines.push(format!("    {class_name}(int value) {{"));
+            lines.push("        this.value = value;".into());
+            lines.push("    }".into());
+            lines.push(String::new());
+            lines.push("    public int getValue() {".into());
+            lines.push("        return value;".into());
+            lines.push("    }".into());
+            lines.push("}".into());
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Field rendering
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+fn render_field(
+    lines: &mut Vec<String>,
+    col: &ColumnDef,
+    is_pk: bool,
+    auto_increment: bool,
+    is_unique: bool,
+) {
+    let java_type = java_type_for_column(col);
+    let field_name = to_camel_case(&col.name);
+
+    // Javadoc comment
+    if let Some(ref comment) = col.comment {
+        lines.push(format!("    /** {} */", comment.replace('\n', " ")));
+    }
+
+    // @Id + @GeneratedValue
+    if is_pk {
+        lines.push("    @Id".into());
+        if auto_increment {
+            lines.push("    @GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY)".into());
+        }
+    }
+
+    // @Enumerated for string enum types
+    if let ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+        values: EnumValues::String(_),
+        ..
+    }) = &col.r#type
+    {
+        lines.push("    @Enumerated(EnumType.STRING)".into());
+    }
+
+    // @Column annotation
+    let column_attrs = build_column_attrs(col, is_pk, is_unique);
+    lines.push(format!("    @Column({column_attrs})"));
+
+    // Field declaration with optional default initializer
+    let default_init = build_default_initializer(col);
+    if let Some(ref init) = default_init {
+        lines.push(format!("    private {java_type} {field_name} = {init};"));
+    } else {
+        lines.push(format!("    private {java_type} {field_name};"));
+    }
+}
+
+fn render_fk_field(
+    lines: &mut Vec<String>,
+    col: &ColumnDef,
+    is_pk: bool,
+    auto_increment: bool,
+    fk: &FkInfo,
+) {
+    let entity_type = to_pascal_case(&fk.ref_table);
+    let field_name = infer_fk_field_name(&col.name);
+
+    // Javadoc comment
+    if let Some(ref comment) = col.comment {
+        lines.push(format!("    /** {} */", comment.replace('\n', " ")));
+    }
+
+    // @Id + @GeneratedValue (rare for FK columns, but handle composite PK+FK)
+    if is_pk {
+        lines.push("    @Id".into());
+        if auto_increment {
+            lines.push("    @GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY)".into());
+        }
+    }
+
+    // @ManyToOne
+    lines.push("    @ManyToOne(fetch = FetchType.LAZY)".into());
+
+    // @JoinColumn
+    let mut join_attrs: Vec<String> = vec![format!("name = \"{}\"", col.name)];
+    if !col.nullable {
+        join_attrs.push("nullable = false".into());
+    }
+    lines.push(format!("    @JoinColumn({})", join_attrs.join(", ")));
+
+    // Field declaration
+    lines.push(format!("    private {entity_type} {field_name};"));
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// @Column attribute building
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+fn build_column_attrs(col: &ColumnDef, is_pk: bool, is_unique: bool) -> String {
+    let mut attrs: Vec<String> = vec![format!("name = \"{}\"", col.name)];
+
+    // nullable (skip for PK — always not-null)
+    if !is_pk && !col.nullable {
+        attrs.push("nullable = false".into());
+    }
+
+    // unique (skip for PK)
+    if is_unique && !is_pk {
+        attrs.push("unique = true".into());
+    }
+
+    // Type-specific attributes
+    match &col.r#type {
+        ColumnType::Complex(
+            ComplexColumnType::Varchar { length } | ComplexColumnType::Char { length },
+        ) => {
+            attrs.push(format!("length = {length}"));
+        }
+        ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Numeric { precision, scale }) => {
+            attrs.push(format!("precision = {precision}"));
+            attrs.push(format!("scale = {scale}"));
+        }
+        ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text | SimpleColumnType::Xml) => {
+            attrs.push("columnDefinition = \"TEXT\"".into());
+        }
+        ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Json) => {
+            attrs.push("columnDefinition = \"JSON\"".into());
+        }
+        ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Bytea) => {
+            attrs.push("columnDefinition = \"BYTEA\"".into());
+        }
+        ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Interval) => {
+            attrs.push("columnDefinition = \"INTERVAL\"".into());
+        }
+        ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Custom { custom_type }) => {
+            attrs.push(format!("columnDefinition = \"{custom_type}\""));
+        }
+        _ => {}
+    }
+
+    attrs.join(", ")
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Default value handling
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+fn build_default_initializer(col: &ColumnDef) -> Option<String> {
+    let default = col.default.as_ref()?;
+    let default_str = default.to_sql();
+
+    // Skip server-side defaults (function calls like NOW())
+    if default_str.contains('(') {
+        return None;
+    }
+
+    // Boolean defaults
+    if default_str == "true" {
+        return Some("true".into());
+    }
+    if default_str == "false" {
+        return Some("false".into());
+    }
+
+    // String literal defaults
+    if default_str.starts_with('\'') || default_str.starts_with('"') {
+        let stripped = default_str.trim_matches(|c| c == '\'' || c == '"');
+        return Some(format!("\"{}\"", stripped.replace('"', "\\\"")));
+    }
+
+    // Numeric defaults
+    if default_str.parse::<i64>().is_ok() || default_str.parse::<f64>().is_ok() {
+        return Some(default_str);
+    }
+
+    None
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Naming utilities
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+pub(super) fn to_pascal_case(s: &str) -> String {
+    s.split('_')
+        .map(|word| {
+            let mut chars = word.chars();
+            match chars.next() {
+                None => String::new(),
+                Some(first) => first.to_uppercase().chain(chars).collect(),
+            }
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
+pub(super) fn to_camel_case(s: &str) -> String {
+    let pascal = to_pascal_case(s);
+    let mut chars = pascal.chars();
+    match chars.next() {
+        None => String::new(),
+        Some(first) => {
+            let lower: String = first.to_lowercase().collect();
+            format!("{lower}{}", chars.collect::<String>())
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub(super) fn infer_fk_field_name(column_name: &str) -> String {
+    let base = column_name.strip_suffix("_id").unwrap_or(column_name);
+    to_camel_case(base)
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/jpa/snapshots/vespertide_exporter__jpa__tests_edge_cases__snapshot_all_simple_types.snap b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/jpa/snapshots/vespertide_exporter__jpa__tests_edge_cases__snapshot_all_simple_types.snap
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0828a6bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/jpa/snapshots/vespertide_exporter__jpa__tests_edge_cases__snapshot_all_simple_types.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+---
+source: crates/vespertide-exporter/src/jpa/tests_edge_cases.rs
+expression: rendered
+---
+import jakarta.persistence.*;
+import java.time.LocalDate;
+import java.time.LocalDateTime;
+import java.time.LocalTime;
+import java.time.OffsetDateTime;
+import java.util.UUID;
+
+@Entity
+@Table(name = "type_matrix")
+public class TypeMatrix {
+
+    @Column(name = "c_int", nullable = false)
+    private Integer cInt;
+
+    @Column(name = "c_bigint", nullable = false)
+    private Long cBigint;
+
+    @Column(name = "c_smallint", nullable = false)
+    private Short cSmallint;
+
+    @Column(name = "c_text", columnDefinition = "TEXT")
+    private String cText;
+
+    @Column(name = "c_bool", nullable = false)
+    private Boolean cBool;
+
+    @Column(name = "c_real", nullable = false)
+    private Float cReal;
+
+    @Column(name = "c_double", nullable = false)
+    private Double cDouble;
+
+    @Column(name = "c_date")
+    private LocalDate cDate;
+
+    @Column(name = "c_time")
+    private LocalTime cTime;
+
+    @Column(name = "c_ts")
+    private LocalDateTime cTs;
+
+    @Column(name = "c_tstz")
+    private OffsetDateTime cTstz;
+
+    @Column(name = "c_interval", columnDefinition = "INTERVAL")
+    private String cInterval;
+
+    @Column(name = "c_uuid", nullable = false)
+    private UUID cUuid;
+
+    @Column(name = "c_json", columnDefinition = "JSON")
+    private String cJson;
+
+    @Column(name = "c_bytea", columnDefinition = "BYTEA")
+    private byte[] cBytea;
+
+    @Column(name = "c_inet")
+    private String cInet;
+
+    @Column(name = "c_cidr")
+    private String cCidr;
+
+    @Column(name = "c_macaddr")
+    private String cMacaddr;
+
+    @Column(name = "c_xml", columnDefinition = "TEXT")
+    private String cXml;
+
+    protected TypeMatrix() {
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/jpa/snapshots/vespertide_exporter__jpa__tests_edge_cases__snapshot_composite_primary_key.snap b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/jpa/snapshots/vespertide_exporter__jpa__tests_edge_cases__snapshot_composite_primary_key.snap
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dafe6a8d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/jpa/snapshots/vespertide_exporter__jpa__tests_edge_cases__snapshot_composite_primary_key.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+---
+source: crates/vespertide-exporter/src/jpa/tests_edge_cases.rs
+expression: rendered
+---
+import jakarta.persistence.*;
+
+@Entity
+@Table(name = "membership")
+public class Membership {
+
+    @Id
+    @Column(name = "tenant_id")
+    private Integer tenantId;
+
+    @Id
+    @Column(name = "user_id")
+    private Integer userId;
+
+    @Column(name = "role", nullable = false, columnDefinition = "TEXT")
+    private String role;
+
+    protected Membership() {
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/jpa/snapshots/vespertide_exporter__jpa__tests_edge_cases__snapshot_composite_unique_constraint.snap b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/jpa/snapshots/vespertide_exporter__jpa__tests_edge_cases__snapshot_composite_unique_constraint.snap
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d8bce0d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/jpa/snapshots/vespertide_exporter__jpa__tests_edge_cases__snapshot_composite_unique_constraint.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+---
+source: crates/vespertide-exporter/src/jpa/tests_edge_cases.rs
+expression: rendered
+---
+import jakarta.persistence.*;
+
+@Entity
+@Table(name = "account_aliases", uniqueConstraints = {
+    @UniqueConstraint(name = "uq_account_aliases__tenant_slug", columnNames = {"tenant_id", "slug"})
+})
+public class AccountAliases {
+
+    @Id
+    @Column(name = "id")
+    private Integer id;
+
+    @Column(name = "tenant_id", nullable = false)
+    private Integer tenantId;
+
+    @Column(name = "slug", nullable = false, columnDefinition = "TEXT")
+    private String slug;
+
+    protected AccountAliases() {
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/jpa/snapshots/vespertide_exporter__jpa__tests_edge_cases__snapshot_integer_enum_all_variant_types.snap b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/jpa/snapshots/vespertide_exporter__jpa__tests_edge_cases__snapshot_integer_enum_all_variant_types.snap
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bacf72c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/jpa/snapshots/vespertide_exporter__jpa__tests_edge_cases__snapshot_integer_enum_all_variant_types.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+---
+source: crates/vespertide-exporter/src/jpa/tests_edge_cases.rs
+expression: rendered
+---
+import jakarta.persistence.*;
+
+enum EdgeState {
+    UNKNOWN(-1),
+    NOT_STARTED(0),
+    INPROGRESS(10),
+    HTTP_500(500);
+
+    private final int value;
+
+    EdgeState(int value) {
+        this.value = value;
+    }
+
+    public int getValue() {
+        return value;
+    }
+}
+
+@Entity
+@Table(name = "workflow_runs")
+public class WorkflowRuns {
+
+    @Id
+    @Column(name = "id")
+    private Integer id;
+
+    @Column(name = "state", nullable = false)
+    private Integer state;
+
+    protected WorkflowRuns() {
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/jpa/snapshots/vespertide_exporter__jpa__tests_edge_cases__snapshot_reserved_word_identifiers.snap b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/jpa/snapshots/vespertide_exporter__jpa__tests_edge_cases__snapshot_reserved_word_identifiers.snap
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2ba073cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/jpa/snapshots/vespertide_exporter__jpa__tests_edge_cases__snapshot_reserved_word_identifiers.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+---
+source: crates/vespertide-exporter/src/jpa/tests_edge_cases.rs
+expression: rendered
+---
+import jakarta.persistence.*;
+
+@Entity
+@Table(name = "order")
+public class Order {
+
+    @Id
+    @Column(name = "id")
+    private Integer id;
+
+    @Column(name = "user", nullable = false, columnDefinition = "TEXT")
+    private String user;
+
+    @Column(name = "select", nullable = false)
+    private Integer select;
+
+    protected Order() {
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/jpa/snapshots/vespertide_exporter__jpa__tests_edge_cases__snapshot_self_referencing_fk.snap b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/jpa/snapshots/vespertide_exporter__jpa__tests_edge_cases__snapshot_self_referencing_fk.snap
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a0432517
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/jpa/snapshots/vespertide_exporter__jpa__tests_edge_cases__snapshot_self_referencing_fk.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+---
+source: crates/vespertide-exporter/src/jpa/tests_edge_cases.rs
+expression: rendered
+---
+import jakarta.persistence.*;
+
+@Entity
+@Table(name = "employees")
+public class Employees {
+
+    @Id
+    @Column(name = "id")
+    private Integer id;
+
+    @ManyToOne(fetch = FetchType.LAZY)
+    @JoinColumn(name = "manager_id")
+    private Employees manager;
+
+    protected Employees() {
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/jpa/tests.rs b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/jpa/tests.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..49d9a906
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/jpa/tests.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,601 @@
+use super::render::{infer_fk_field_name, to_camel_case, to_pascal_case};
+use super::types::column_type_to_java;
+use super::*;
+use insta::assert_snapshot;
+use rstest::rstest;
+use vespertide_core::schema::column::{
+    ColumnType, ComplexColumnType, EnumValues, SimpleColumnType,
+};
+use vespertide_core::schema::constraint::TableConstraint;
+use vespertide_core::{ColumnDef, TableDef};
+use vespertide_core::{DefaultValue, NumValue};
+
+fn col(name: &str, ty: ColumnType) -> ColumnDef {
+    ColumnDef {
+        name: name.to_string(),
+        r#type: ty,
+        nullable: false,
+        default: None,
+        comment: None,
+        primary_key: None,
+        unique: None,
+        index: None,
+        foreign_key: None,
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_basic_table() {
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "users".into(),
+        description: Some("User accounts table".into()),
+        columns: vec![
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "id".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: Some("Primary key".into()),
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "email".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: Some("User email address".into()),
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "name".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+                nullable: true,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![
+            TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+                auto_increment: true,
+                columns: vec!["id".into()],
+            },
+            TableConstraint::Unique {
+                name: None,
+                columns: vec!["email".into()],
+            },
+        ],
+    };
+
+    let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
+    assert_snapshot!(result);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_table_with_enum() {
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "orders".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "status".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+                    name: "order_status".into(),
+                    values: EnumValues::String(vec![
+                        "pending".into(),
+                        "shipped".into(),
+                        "delivered".into(),
+                    ]),
+                }),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+            auto_increment: true,
+            columns: vec!["id".into()],
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
+    assert_snapshot!(result);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_table_with_integer_enum() {
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "tasks".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "priority".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+                    name: "priority_level".into(),
+                    values: EnumValues::Integer(vec![
+                        NumValue {
+                            name: "low".into(),
+                            value: 0,
+                        },
+                        NumValue {
+                            name: "medium".into(),
+                            value: 10,
+                        },
+                        NumValue {
+                            name: "high".into(),
+                            value: 20,
+                        },
+                    ]),
+                }),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+            auto_increment: false,
+            columns: vec!["id".into()],
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
+    assert_snapshot!(result);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_table_with_foreign_key() {
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "posts".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "author_id".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+            col("title", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![
+            TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+                auto_increment: true,
+                columns: vec!["id".into()],
+            },
+            TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                name: None,
+                columns: vec!["author_id".into()],
+                ref_table: "users".into(),
+                ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+                on_delete: None,
+                on_update: None,
+            },
+            TableConstraint::Index {
+                name: Some("ix_posts__author_id".into()),
+                columns: vec!["author_id".into()],
+            },
+        ],
+    };
+
+    let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
+    assert_snapshot!(result);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_table_with_all_simple_types() {
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "type_test".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col(
+                "col_smallint",
+                ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::SmallInt),
+            ),
+            col("col_integer", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("col_bigint", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::BigInt)),
+            col("col_real", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Real)),
+            col(
+                "col_double",
+                ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::DoublePrecision),
+            ),
+            col("col_text", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
+            col("col_boolean", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Boolean)),
+            col("col_date", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Date)),
+            col("col_time", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Time)),
+            col(
+                "col_timestamp",
+                ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Timestamp),
+            ),
+            col(
+                "col_timestamptz",
+                ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Timestamptz),
+            ),
+            col(
+                "col_interval",
+                ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Interval),
+            ),
+            col("col_bytea", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Bytea)),
+            col("col_uuid", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid)),
+            col("col_json", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Json)),
+            col("col_inet", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Inet)),
+            col("col_cidr", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Cidr)),
+            col("col_macaddr", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Macaddr)),
+            col("col_xml", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Xml)),
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+            auto_increment: false,
+            columns: vec!["col_integer".into()],
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
+    assert_snapshot!(result);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_table_with_complex_types() {
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "products".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col(
+                "name",
+                ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Varchar { length: 200 }),
+            ),
+            col(
+                "price",
+                ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Numeric {
+                    precision: 12,
+                    scale: 2,
+                }),
+            ),
+            col(
+                "code",
+                ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Char { length: 10 }),
+            ),
+            col(
+                "metadata",
+                ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Custom {
+                    custom_type: "JSONB".into(),
+                }),
+            ),
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+            auto_increment: true,
+            columns: vec!["id".into()],
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
+    assert_snapshot!(result);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_table_with_defaults() {
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "articles".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "published".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Boolean),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: Some(DefaultValue::Bool(false)),
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "view_count".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: Some(DefaultValue::Integer(0)),
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "status".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: Some(DefaultValue::String("'draft'".into())),
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+            auto_increment: true,
+            columns: vec!["id".into()],
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
+    assert_snapshot!(result);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_table_with_composite_constraints() {
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "order_items".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("order_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("product_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("quantity", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![
+            TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+                auto_increment: false,
+                columns: vec!["order_id".into(), "product_id".into()],
+            },
+            TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                name: None,
+                columns: vec!["order_id".into()],
+                ref_table: "orders".into(),
+                ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+                on_delete: None,
+                on_update: None,
+            },
+            TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                name: None,
+                columns: vec!["product_id".into()],
+                ref_table: "products".into(),
+                ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+                on_delete: None,
+                on_update: None,
+            },
+            TableConstraint::Unique {
+                name: Some("uq_order_items__order_product".into()),
+                columns: vec!["order_id".into(), "product_id".into()],
+            },
+            TableConstraint::Index {
+                name: Some("ix_order_items__order_id".into()),
+                columns: vec!["order_id".into()],
+            },
+        ],
+    };
+
+    let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
+    assert_snapshot!(result);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_nullable_columns() {
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "profiles".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "bio".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+                nullable: true,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "avatar_url".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Varchar { length: 500 }),
+                nullable: true,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+            auto_increment: true,
+            columns: vec!["id".into()],
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
+    assert_snapshot!(result);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_unnamed_index_and_unique() {
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "events".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("venue_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("date", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Date)),
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![
+            TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+                auto_increment: false,
+                columns: vec!["id".into()],
+            },
+            TableConstraint::Index {
+                name: None,
+                columns: vec!["venue_id".into(), "date".into()],
+            },
+            TableConstraint::Unique {
+                name: None,
+                columns: vec!["venue_id".into(), "date".into()],
+            },
+        ],
+    };
+
+    let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
+    assert_snapshot!(result);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_fk_with_comment_and_auto_increment() {
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "child".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "parent_id".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: Some("References parent table".into()),
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+            col("value", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![
+            TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+                auto_increment: true,
+                columns: vec!["parent_id".into()],
+            },
+            TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                name: None,
+                columns: vec!["parent_id".into()],
+                ref_table: "parent".into(),
+                ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+                on_delete: None,
+                on_update: None,
+            },
+        ],
+    };
+
+    let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
+    assert_snapshot!(result);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_server_default_and_true_boolean() {
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "logs".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "active".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Boolean),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: Some(DefaultValue::Bool(true)),
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "created_at".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Timestamptz),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: Some(DefaultValue::String("NOW()".into())),
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "score".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Real),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: Some(DefaultValue::Float(1.5)),
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "tag".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: Some(DefaultValue::String("UNKNOWN_EXPR".into())),
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+            auto_increment: true,
+            columns: vec!["id".into()],
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
+    assert_snapshot!(result);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_column_type_to_java_string_enum() {
+    // Exercises the string enum branch in column_type_to_java
+    let ty = ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+        name: "status".into(),
+        values: EnumValues::String(vec!["a".into()]),
+    });
+    assert_eq!(column_type_to_java(&ty), "String");
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case("order_item", "OrderItem")]
+#[case("users", "Users")]
+#[case("a", "A")]
+#[case("user_profile_image", "UserProfileImage")]
+#[case("", "")]
+fn test_to_pascal_case(#[case] input: &str, #[case] expected: &str) {
+    assert_eq!(to_pascal_case(input), expected);
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case("created_at", "createdAt")]
+#[case("id", "id")]
+#[case("user_profile_image", "userProfileImage")]
+#[case("", "")]
+fn test_to_camel_case(#[case] input: &str, #[case] expected: &str) {
+    assert_eq!(to_camel_case(input), expected);
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case("customer_id", "customer")]
+#[case("author_user_id", "authorUser")]
+#[case("parent", "parent")]
+fn test_infer_fk_field_name(#[case] input: &str, #[case] expected: &str) {
+    assert_eq!(infer_fk_field_name(input), expected);
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/jpa/tests_edge_cases.rs b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/jpa/tests_edge_cases.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..26ff4ecc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/jpa/tests_edge_cases.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
+use super::render_entity;
+use insta::assert_snapshot;
+use vespertide_core::schema::foreign_key::{ForeignKeyDef, ForeignKeySyntax};
+use vespertide_core::schema::primary_key::PrimaryKeySyntax;
+use vespertide_core::{
+    ColumnDef, ColumnType, ComplexColumnType, EnumValues, NumValue, ReferenceAction,
+    SimpleColumnType, StrOrBoolOrArray, TableDef,
+};
+
+fn simple_type(name: &str, ty: SimpleColumnType, nullable: bool) -> ColumnDef {
+    ColumnDef::new(name, ColumnType::Simple(ty), nullable)
+}
+
+fn integer_enum_column() -> ColumnDef {
+    ColumnDef::new(
+        "state",
+        ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+            name: "edge_state".into(),
+            values: EnumValues::Integer(vec![
+                NumValue {
+                    name: "unknown".into(),
+                    value: -1,
+                },
+                NumValue {
+                    name: "not_started".into(),
+                    value: 0,
+                },
+                NumValue {
+                    name: "InProgress".into(),
+                    value: 10,
+                },
+                NumValue {
+                    name: "HTTP_500".into(),
+                    value: 500,
+                },
+            ]),
+        }),
+        false,
+    )
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn snapshot_self_referencing_fk() {
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "employees".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            simple_type("id", SimpleColumnType::Integer, false)
+                .primary_key(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
+            simple_type("manager_id", SimpleColumnType::Integer, true).foreign_key(
+                ForeignKeySyntax::Object(ForeignKeyDef {
+                    ref_table: "employees".into(),
+                    ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+                    on_delete: Some(ReferenceAction::SetNull),
+                    on_update: None,
+                }),
+            ),
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    };
+
+    let rendered = render_entity(&table.normalize().unwrap()).unwrap();
+    assert_snapshot!(rendered);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn snapshot_all_simple_types() {
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "type_matrix".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            simple_type("c_int", SimpleColumnType::Integer, false),
+            simple_type("c_bigint", SimpleColumnType::BigInt, false),
+            simple_type("c_smallint", SimpleColumnType::SmallInt, false),
+            simple_type("c_text", SimpleColumnType::Text, true),
+            simple_type("c_bool", SimpleColumnType::Boolean, false),
+            simple_type("c_real", SimpleColumnType::Real, false),
+            simple_type("c_double", SimpleColumnType::DoublePrecision, false),
+            simple_type("c_date", SimpleColumnType::Date, true),
+            simple_type("c_time", SimpleColumnType::Time, true),
+            simple_type("c_ts", SimpleColumnType::Timestamp, true),
+            simple_type("c_tstz", SimpleColumnType::Timestamptz, true),
+            simple_type("c_interval", SimpleColumnType::Interval, true),
+            simple_type("c_uuid", SimpleColumnType::Uuid, false),
+            simple_type("c_json", SimpleColumnType::Json, true),
+            simple_type("c_bytea", SimpleColumnType::Bytea, true),
+            simple_type("c_inet", SimpleColumnType::Inet, true),
+            simple_type("c_cidr", SimpleColumnType::Cidr, true),
+            simple_type("c_macaddr", SimpleColumnType::Macaddr, true),
+            simple_type("c_xml", SimpleColumnType::Xml, true),
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    };
+
+    let rendered = render_entity(&table.normalize().unwrap()).unwrap();
+    assert_snapshot!(rendered);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn snapshot_reserved_word_identifiers() {
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "order".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            simple_type("id", SimpleColumnType::Integer, false)
+                .primary_key(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
+            simple_type("user", SimpleColumnType::Text, false),
+            simple_type("select", SimpleColumnType::Integer, false),
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    };
+
+    let rendered = render_entity(&table.normalize().unwrap()).unwrap();
+    assert_snapshot!(rendered);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn snapshot_composite_primary_key() {
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "membership".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            simple_type("tenant_id", SimpleColumnType::Integer, false)
+                .primary_key(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
+            simple_type("user_id", SimpleColumnType::Integer, false)
+                .primary_key(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
+            simple_type("role", SimpleColumnType::Text, false),
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    };
+
+    let rendered = render_entity(&table.normalize().unwrap()).unwrap();
+    assert_snapshot!(rendered);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn snapshot_composite_unique_constraint() {
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "account_aliases".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            simple_type("id", SimpleColumnType::Integer, false)
+                .primary_key(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
+            simple_type("tenant_id", SimpleColumnType::Integer, false).unique(
+                StrOrBoolOrArray::Array(vec!["uq_account_aliases__tenant_slug".into()]),
+            ),
+            simple_type("slug", SimpleColumnType::Text, false).unique(StrOrBoolOrArray::Array(
+                vec!["uq_account_aliases__tenant_slug".into()],
+            )),
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    };
+
+    let rendered = render_entity(&table.normalize().unwrap()).unwrap();
+    assert_snapshot!(rendered);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn snapshot_integer_enum_all_variant_types() {
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "workflow_runs".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            simple_type("id", SimpleColumnType::Integer, false)
+                .primary_key(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
+            integer_enum_column(),
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    };
+
+    let rendered = render_entity(&table.normalize().unwrap()).unwrap();
+    assert_snapshot!(rendered);
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/jpa/types.rs b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/jpa/types.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..70a4c130
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/jpa/types.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+use std::collections::HashSet;
+
+use vespertide_core::ColumnDef;
+use vespertide_core::schema::column::{
+    ColumnType, ComplexColumnType, EnumValues, SimpleColumnType,
+};
+
+use crate::jpa::render::to_pascal_case;
+
+/// Track which Java imports are actually used to generate minimal import statements.
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub(super) struct UsedImports {
+    pub(super) java_time_types: HashSet<&'static str>,
+    pub(super) needs_uuid: bool,
+    pub(super) needs_big_decimal: bool,
+}
+
+impl UsedImports {
+    pub(super) fn merge(&mut self, other: Self) {
+        self.java_time_types.extend(other.java_time_types);
+        self.needs_uuid |= other.needs_uuid;
+        self.needs_big_decimal |= other.needs_big_decimal;
+    }
+
+    pub(super) fn add_column_type(&mut self, col_type: &ColumnType) {
+        match col_type {
+            ColumnType::Simple(ty) => match ty {
+                SimpleColumnType::Date => {
+                    self.java_time_types.insert("LocalDate");
+                }
+                SimpleColumnType::Time => {
+                    self.java_time_types.insert("LocalTime");
+                }
+                SimpleColumnType::Timestamp => {
+                    self.java_time_types.insert("LocalDateTime");
+                }
+                SimpleColumnType::Timestamptz => {
+                    self.java_time_types.insert("OffsetDateTime");
+                }
+                SimpleColumnType::Uuid => {
+                    self.needs_uuid = true;
+                }
+                _ => {}
+            },
+            ColumnType::Complex(ty) => {
+                if let ComplexColumnType::Numeric { .. } = ty {
+                    self.needs_big_decimal = true;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub(super) fn column_type_to_java(col_type: &ColumnType) -> &'static str {
+    match col_type {
+        ColumnType::Simple(ty) => match ty {
+            SimpleColumnType::SmallInt => "Short",
+            SimpleColumnType::Integer => "Integer",
+            SimpleColumnType::BigInt => "Long",
+            SimpleColumnType::Real => "Float",
+            SimpleColumnType::DoublePrecision => "Double",
+            SimpleColumnType::Boolean => "Boolean",
+            SimpleColumnType::Text
+            | SimpleColumnType::Xml
+            | SimpleColumnType::Interval
+            | SimpleColumnType::Json
+            | SimpleColumnType::Inet
+            | SimpleColumnType::Cidr
+            | SimpleColumnType::Macaddr => "String",
+            SimpleColumnType::Date => "LocalDate",
+            SimpleColumnType::Time => "LocalTime",
+            SimpleColumnType::Timestamp => "LocalDateTime",
+            SimpleColumnType::Timestamptz => "OffsetDateTime",
+            SimpleColumnType::Bytea => "byte[]",
+            SimpleColumnType::Uuid => "UUID",
+            _ => unreachable!(
+                "SimpleColumnType is #[non_exhaustive]; all variants are matched above"
+            ),
+        },
+        ColumnType::Complex(ty) => match ty {
+            ComplexColumnType::Numeric { .. } => "BigDecimal",
+            // Integer enums are stored as Integer in JPA
+            ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+                values: EnumValues::Integer(_),
+                ..
+            } => "Integer",
+            // String enums use the generated enum class — handled separately
+            ComplexColumnType::Varchar { .. }
+            | ComplexColumnType::Char { .. }
+            | ComplexColumnType::Custom { .. }
+            | ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+                values: EnumValues::String(_),
+                ..
+            } => "String", // placeholder, overridden in render_field
+            _ => unreachable!(
+                "ComplexColumnType is #[non_exhaustive]; all variants are matched above"
+            ),
+        },
+    }
+}
+
+/// Get the Java type for a column, including enum class names.
+pub(super) fn java_type_for_column(col: &ColumnDef) -> String {
+    if let ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+        name,
+        values: EnumValues::String(_),
+    }) = &col.r#type
+    {
+        to_pascal_case(name)
+    } else {
+        column_type_to_java(&col.r#type).to_string()
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/lib.rs b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/lib.rs
index 22da1da2..24a78e72 100644
--- a/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
 //! Helpers to convert `TableDef` models into ORM-specific representations
-//! such as SeaORM, SQLAlchemy, SQLModel, and JPA.
+//! such as `SeaORM`, `SQLAlchemy`, `SQLModel`, and JPA.
 
 pub mod jpa;
 pub mod orm;
+mod parallel_config;
 pub mod seaorm;
 pub mod sqlalchemy;
 pub mod sqlmodel;
+mod utils;
 
 pub use jpa::JpaExporter;
 pub use orm::{Orm, OrmExporter, render_entity, render_entity_with_schema};
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/parallel_config.rs b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/parallel_config.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..39b93998
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/parallel_config.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+//! Empirically tuned Rayon thresholds.
+//!
+//! See `docs/PARALLELIZATION.md` for the Wave 6 measurement notes.
+
+/// Schema-level `SeaORM` export already wins at 50 tables.
+pub(crate) const SEAORM_EXPORT_PAR_TABLE_THRESHOLD: usize = 50;
+pub(crate) const SEAORM_EXPORT_PAR_TABLE_MIN_LEN: usize = 8;
+
+/// FK relation resolution remains profitable when rendering larger schemas.
+pub(crate) const SEAORM_RELATION_PAR_FK_THRESHOLD: usize = 50;
+pub(crate) const SEAORM_RELATION_PAR_FK_MIN_LEN: usize = 8;
+
+/// Python ORM schema exports win at the existing 50-table threshold.
+pub(crate) const SQLALCHEMY_EXPORT_PAR_TABLE_THRESHOLD: usize = 50;
+pub(crate) const SQLMODEL_EXPORT_PAR_TABLE_THRESHOLD: usize = 50;
+pub(crate) const JPA_EXPORT_PAR_TABLE_THRESHOLD: usize = 50;
+
+pub(crate) const PYTHON_EXPORT_PAR_TABLE_MIN_LEN: usize = 8;
+pub(crate) const JPA_EXPORT_PAR_TABLE_MIN_LEN: usize = 8;
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/seaorm/enums.rs b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/seaorm/enums.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8036846a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/seaorm/enums.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
+use vespertide_config::SeaOrmConfig;
+use vespertide_core::{EnumValues, NumValue};
+
+use super::imports::to_pascal_case;
+
+pub(super) fn render_enum(
+    lines: &mut Vec<String>,
+    table_name: &str,
+    name: &str,
+    values: &EnumValues,
+    config: &SeaOrmConfig,
+) {
+    let enum_name = to_pascal_case(name);
+    // Construct the full enum name with table prefix for database
+    let db_enum_name = format!("{table_name}_{name}");
+
+    // Build derive line with optional extra derives
+    let mut derives = vec![
+        "Debug",
+        "Clone",
+        "PartialEq",
+        "Eq",
+        "EnumIter",
+        "DeriveActiveEnum",
+        "Serialize",
+        "Deserialize",
+    ];
+    let extra_derives: Vec<&str> = config
+        .extra_enum_derives()
+        .iter()
+        .map(std::string::String::as_str)
+        .collect();
+    derives.extend(extra_derives);
+
+    lines.push(format!("#[derive({})]", derives.join(", ")));
+    lines.push(format!(
+        "#[serde(rename_all = \"{}\")]",
+        enum_serde_rename_all(values, config)
+    ));
+
+    match values {
+        EnumValues::Integer(_) => {
+            // Integer enum: #[sea_orm(rs_type = "i32", db_type = "Integer")]
+            lines.push("#[sea_orm(rs_type = \"i32\", db_type = \"Integer\")]".into());
+        }
+        EnumValues::String(_) => {
+            // String enum: #[sea_orm(rs_type = "String", db_type = "Enum", enum_name = "...")]
+            lines.push(format!(
+                "#[sea_orm(rs_type = \"String\", db_type = \"Enum\", enum_name = \"{db_enum_name}\")]"
+            ));
+        }
+    }
+
+    lines.push(format!("pub enum {enum_name} {{"));
+
+    match values {
+        EnumValues::String(string_values) => {
+            let use_screaming_snake_variants = uses_screaming_snake_variants(string_values);
+            for s in string_values {
+                let variant_name = enum_string_variant_name(s, use_screaming_snake_variants);
+                lines.push(format!("    #[sea_orm(string_value = \"{s}\")]"));
+                lines.push(format!("    {variant_name},"));
+            }
+        }
+        EnumValues::Integer(int_values) => {
+            for NumValue {
+                name: var_name,
+                value: num,
+            } in int_values
+            {
+                let variant_name = enum_variant_name(var_name);
+                lines.push(format!("    {variant_name} = {num},"));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    lines.push("}".into());
+    lines.push(String::new());
+}
+
+/// Convert a string to a valid Rust enum variant name (`PascalCase`).
+/// Handles edge cases like numeric prefixes, special characters, and reserved words.
+pub(super) fn enum_variant_name(s: &str) -> String {
+    let pascal = to_pascal_case(s);
+
+    finalize_enum_variant_name(pascal)
+}
+
+pub(super) fn enum_string_variant_name(s: &str, use_screaming_snake_variants: bool) -> String {
+    let pascal = if use_screaming_snake_variants {
+        screaming_snake_to_pascal_case(s)
+    } else {
+        to_pascal_case(s)
+    };
+
+    finalize_enum_variant_name(pascal)
+}
+
+pub(super) fn finalize_enum_variant_name(pascal: String) -> String {
+    // Handle empty string
+    if pascal.is_empty() {
+        return "Value".to_string();
+    }
+
+    // Handle numeric prefix: prefix with underscore or 'N'
+    if pascal.chars().next().is_some_and(|c| c.is_ascii_digit()) {
+        return format!("N{pascal}");
+    }
+
+    pascal
+}
+
+pub(super) fn enum_serde_rename_all(values: &EnumValues, config: &SeaOrmConfig) -> &'static str {
+    match values {
+        EnumValues::String(string_values) if uses_screaming_snake_variants(string_values) => {
+            "SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE"
+        }
+        _ => config.enum_naming_case().serde_rename_all(),
+    }
+}
+
+pub(super) fn uses_screaming_snake_variants(values: &[String]) -> bool {
+    !values.is_empty() && values.iter().all(|value| is_screaming_snake_value(value))
+}
+
+pub(super) fn is_screaming_snake_value(value: &str) -> bool {
+    let mut has_ascii_upper = false;
+
+    for ch in value.chars() {
+        if ch.is_ascii_lowercase() {
+            return false;
+        }
+        if ch.is_ascii_uppercase() {
+            has_ascii_upper = true;
+            continue;
+        }
+        if ch.is_ascii_digit() || ch == '_' {
+            continue;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    has_ascii_upper
+}
+
+pub(super) fn screaming_snake_to_pascal_case(value: &str) -> String {
+    let pascal: String = value
+        .split('_')
+        .filter(|segment| !segment.is_empty())
+        .map(|segment| {
+            let mut chars = segment.chars();
+            let first = chars
+                .next()
+                .expect("empty segments are filtered before PascalCase conversion");
+            let mut out = String::new();
+            out.push(first.to_ascii_uppercase());
+            out.extend(chars.map(|ch| ch.to_ascii_lowercase()));
+            out
+        })
+        .collect();
+
+    if pascal.is_empty() {
+        "Value".to_string()
+    } else {
+        pascal
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/seaorm/helper_tests.rs b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/seaorm/helper_tests.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e2be01ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/seaorm/helper_tests.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,889 @@
+use super::*;
+use rstest::rstest;
+use std::collections::HashSet;
+use vespertide_core::{
+    ColumnDef, ColumnType, ComplexColumnType, EnumValues, NumValue, SimpleColumnType,
+    TableConstraint, TableDef,
+};
+
+#[test]
+fn test_render_indexes() {
+    let mut lines = Vec::new();
+    let constraints = vec![
+        TableConstraint::Index {
+            name: Some("idx_users_email".into()),
+            columns: vec!["email".into()],
+        },
+        TableConstraint::Index {
+            name: Some("idx_users_name_email".into()),
+            columns: vec!["name".into(), "email".into()],
+        },
+    ];
+    render_indexes_and_uniques(&mut lines, &constraints);
+    assert!(!lines.is_empty());
+    assert!(lines.iter().any(|l| l.contains("idx_users_email")));
+    assert!(lines.iter().any(|l| l.contains("idx_users_name_email")));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_render_indexes_empty() {
+    let mut lines = Vec::new();
+    render_indexes_and_uniques(&mut lines, &[]);
+    assert_eq!(lines.len(), 0);
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case(ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::SmallInt), false, "i16")]
+#[case(ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::SmallInt), true, "Option<i16>")]
+#[case(ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer), false, "i32")]
+#[case(ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer), true, "Option<i32>")]
+#[case(ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::BigInt), false, "i64")]
+#[case(ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::BigInt), true, "Option<i64>")]
+#[case(ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Real), false, "f32")]
+#[case(ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::DoublePrecision), false, "f64")]
+#[case(ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text), false, "String")]
+#[case(ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text), true, "Option<String>")]
+#[case(ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Boolean), false, "bool")]
+#[case(ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Boolean), true, "Option<bool>")]
+#[case(ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Date), false, "Date")]
+#[case(ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Time), false, "Time")]
+#[case(ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Timestamp), false, "DateTime")]
+#[case(
+    ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Timestamp),
+    true,
+    "Option<DateTime>"
+)]
+#[case(
+    ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Timestamptz),
+    false,
+    "DateTimeWithTimeZone"
+)]
+#[case(
+    ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Timestamptz),
+    true,
+    "Option<DateTimeWithTimeZone>"
+)]
+#[case(ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Bytea), false, "Vec<u8>")]
+#[case(ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid), false, "Uuid")]
+#[case(ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Json), false, "Json")]
+#[case(ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Inet), false, "String")]
+#[case(ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Cidr), false, "String")]
+#[case(ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Macaddr), false, "String")]
+#[case(ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Interval), false, "String")]
+#[case(ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Xml), false, "String")]
+#[case(ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Numeric { precision: 10, scale: 2 }), false, "Decimal")]
+#[case(ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Char { length: 10 }), false, "String")]
+fn test_rust_type(#[case] col_type: ColumnType, #[case] nullable: bool, #[case] expected: &str) {
+    assert_eq!(col_type.to_rust_type(nullable), expected);
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case("normal_name", "normal_name")]
+#[case("123name", "_123name")]
+#[case("name-with-dash", "name_with_dash")]
+#[case("name.with.dot", "name_with_dot")]
+#[case("name with space", "name_with_space")]
+#[case("name  with  multiple  spaces", "name__with__multiple__spaces")]
+#[case(" name_with_leading_space", "_name_with_leading_space")]
+#[case("name_with_trailing_space ", "name_with_trailing_space_")]
+#[case("", "_col")]
+#[case("a", "a")]
+// Reserved keywords should be prefixed with r#
+#[case("type", "r#type")]
+#[case("ref", "r#ref")]
+#[case("mod", "r#mod")]
+#[case("fn", "r#fn")]
+#[case("let", "r#let")]
+#[case("mut", "r#mut")]
+#[case("pub", "r#pub")]
+#[case("self", "r#self")]
+#[case("Self", "r#Self")]
+#[case("match", "r#match")]
+#[case("async", "r#async")]
+#[case("await", "r#await")]
+#[case("abstract", "r#abstract")]
+// Non-reserved words should not be prefixed
+#[case("types", "types")]
+#[case("reference", "reference")]
+#[case("module", "module")]
+fn test_sanitize_field_name(#[case] input: &str, #[case] expected: &str) {
+    assert_eq!(sanitize_field_name(input), expected);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_unique_name() {
+    let mut used = std::collections::HashSet::new();
+    assert_eq!(unique_name("test", &mut used), "test");
+    assert_eq!(unique_name("test", &mut used), "test_1");
+    assert_eq!(unique_name("test", &mut used), "test_2");
+    assert_eq!(unique_name("other", &mut used), "other");
+    assert_eq!(unique_name("other", &mut used), "other_1");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_unique_relation_enum_name_preferred_available() {
+    let used = HashSet::new();
+    let result = unique_relation_enum_name("User".into(), "post", "User", &used);
+    assert_eq!(result, "User");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_unique_relation_enum_name_source_prefixed() {
+    let mut used = HashSet::new();
+    used.insert("User".into());
+    let result = unique_relation_enum_name("User".into(), "post", "User", &used);
+    assert_eq!(result, "PostUser");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_unique_relation_enum_name_numbered_fallback() {
+    let mut used = HashSet::new();
+    used.insert("User".into());
+    used.insert("PostUser".into());
+    let result = unique_relation_enum_name("User".into(), "post", "User", &used);
+    assert_eq!(result, "PostUser2");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_unique_relation_enum_name_numbered_fallback_skips_taken() {
+    let mut used = HashSet::new();
+    used.insert("User".into());
+    used.insert("PostUser".into());
+    used.insert("PostUser2".into());
+    let result = unique_relation_enum_name("User".into(), "post", "User", &used);
+    assert_eq!(result, "PostUser3");
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case(vec!["creator_user_id".into()], "CreatorUser")]
+#[case(vec!["used_by_user_id".into()], "UsedByUser")]
+#[case(vec!["user_id".into()], "User")]
+#[case(vec!["org_id".into()], "Org")]
+#[case(vec!["org_id".into(), "user_id".into()], "Org")]
+#[case(vec!["author_id".into()], "Author")]
+// FK column WITHOUT _id suffix (coverage for line 428)
+#[case(vec!["creator_user".into()], "CreatorUser")]
+#[case(vec!["user".into()], "User")]
+fn test_generate_relation_enum_name(#[case] columns: Vec<String>, #[case] expected: &str) {
+    assert_eq!(generate_relation_enum_name(&columns), expected);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_generate_relation_enum_name_unicode_without_panicking() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        generate_relation_enum_name(&["📊_stats_id".into()]),
+        "📊Stats"
+    );
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+// FK column ends with table name -> use the FK column name
+#[case("creator_user_id", "user", "id", "creator_user")]
+#[case("used_by_user_id", "user", "id", "used_by_user")]
+#[case("author_user_id", "user", "id", "author_user")]
+// FK column is same as table -> fall back to table name
+#[case("user_id", "user", "id", "user")]
+#[case("org_id", "org", "id", "org")]
+#[case("post_id", "post", "id", "post")]
+// FK column doesn't end with table name -> use FK column name
+#[case("author_id", "user", "id", "author")]
+#[case("owner_id", "user", "id", "owner")]
+// FK column WITHOUT _id suffix (coverage for line 450)
+#[case("creator_user", "user", "id", "creator_user")]
+#[case("user", "user", "id", "user")]
+#[case("username", "user", "name", "user")]
+#[case("username", "admin", "username", "admin")]
+// FK column exactly matches table name with _id (coverage for line 464)
+#[case("customer_id", "customer", "id", "customer")]
+#[case("product_id", "product", "id", "product")]
+// Test with different "to" suffixes (e.g., _idx instead of _id)
+#[case("creator_user_idx", "user", "idx", "creator_user")]
+#[case("user_idx", "user", "idx", "user")]
+#[case("author_pk", "user", "pk", "author")]
+// FK column keeps *_id naming while target column is not "id"
+#[case("order_id", "order", "order_number", "order")]
+#[case("creator_order_id", "order", "order_number", "creator_order")]
+// FK column keeps *_idx naming while target column is not "idx"
+#[case("order_idx", "order", "order_number", "order")]
+#[case("creator_order_idx", "order", "order_number", "creator_order")]
+fn test_infer_field_name_from_fk_column(
+    #[case] fk_column: &str,
+    #[case] table_name: &str,
+    #[case] to: &str,
+    #[case] expected: &str,
+) {
+    assert_eq!(
+        infer_field_name_from_fk_column(fk_column, table_name, to),
+        expected
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_column_type_supports_eq() {
+    assert!(column_type_supports_eq(&ColumnType::Simple(
+        SimpleColumnType::Integer
+    )));
+    assert!(column_type_supports_eq(&ColumnType::Simple(
+        SimpleColumnType::Text
+    )));
+    assert!(!column_type_supports_eq(&ColumnType::Simple(
+        SimpleColumnType::Real
+    )));
+    assert!(!column_type_supports_eq(&ColumnType::Simple(
+        SimpleColumnType::DoublePrecision
+    )));
+    assert!(column_type_supports_eq(&ColumnType::Complex(
+        ComplexColumnType::Numeric {
+            precision: 10,
+            scale: 2
+        }
+    )));
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case("hello_world", "HelloWorld")]
+#[case("order_status", "OrderStatus")]
+#[case("hello-world", "HelloWorld")]
+#[case("info-level", "InfoLevel")]
+#[case("HelloWorld", "HelloWorld")]
+#[case("hello", "Hello")]
+#[case("pending", "Pending")]
+#[case("hello_world-test", "HelloWorldTest")]
+#[case("HELLO_WORLD", "HELLOWORLD")]
+#[case("ERROR_LEVEL", "ERRORLEVEL")]
+#[case("level_1", "Level1")]
+#[case("1_critical", "1Critical")]
+#[case("", "")]
+fn test_to_pascal_case(#[case] input: &str, #[case] expected: &str) {
+    assert_eq!(to_pascal_case(input), expected);
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case("CreatorUser", "creator_user")]
+#[case("UsedByUser", "used_by_user")]
+#[case("PreferredUser", "preferred_user")]
+#[case("BackupUser", "backup_user")]
+#[case("User", "user")]
+#[case("ID", "i_d")]
+fn test_to_snake_case(#[case] input: &str, #[case] expected: &str) {
+    assert_eq!(to_snake_case(input), expected);
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case("pending", "Pending")]
+#[case("in_stock", "InStock")]
+#[case("info-level", "InfoLevel")]
+#[case("ACTIVE", "ACTIVE")]
+#[case("ERROR_LEVEL", "ERRORLEVEL")]
+#[case("1critical", "N1critical")]
+#[case("123abc", "N123abc")]
+#[case("1_critical", "N1Critical")]
+#[case("", "Value")]
+fn test_enum_variant_name(#[case] input: &str, #[case] expected: &str) {
+    assert_eq!(enum_variant_name(input), expected);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_render_enum_uses_screaming_snake_serde_for_uppercase_values() {
+    let mut lines = Vec::new();
+    let config = SeaOrmConfig::default();
+    let values = EnumValues::String(vec!["PENDING".into(), "IN_PROGRESS".into()]);
+
+    render_enum(&mut lines, "orders", "order_status", &values, &config);
+
+    let result = lines.join("\n");
+    assert!(result.contains("#[serde(rename_all = \"SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE\")]"));
+    assert!(result.contains("    #[sea_orm(string_value = \"PENDING\")]\n    Pending,"));
+    assert!(result.contains("    #[sea_orm(string_value = \"IN_PROGRESS\")]\n    InProgress,"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_is_screaming_snake_value_rejects_invalid_symbol() {
+    assert!(!is_screaming_snake_value("PENDING-REVIEW"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_screaming_snake_to_pascal_case_ignores_empty_segments() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        screaming_snake_to_pascal_case("PENDING__REVIEW"),
+        "PendingReview"
+    );
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case("___")]
+#[case("")]
+#[case("_")]
+fn test_screaming_snake_to_pascal_case_all_empty_segments_returns_identifier(#[case] input: &str) {
+    assert_eq!(screaming_snake_to_pascal_case(input), "Value");
+}
+
+fn string_enum_order_status() -> (&'static str, EnumValues) {
+    (
+        "order_status",
+        EnumValues::String(vec!["pending".into(), "shipped".into(), "delivered".into()]),
+    )
+}
+
+fn string_enum_numeric_prefix() -> (&'static str, EnumValues) {
+    (
+        "priority",
+        EnumValues::String(vec!["1_high".into(), "2_medium".into(), "3_low".into()]),
+    )
+}
+
+fn integer_enum_color() -> (&'static str, EnumValues) {
+    (
+        "color",
+        EnumValues::Integer(vec![
+            NumValue {
+                name: "Black".into(),
+                value: 0,
+            },
+            NumValue {
+                name: "White".into(),
+                value: 1,
+            },
+            NumValue {
+                name: "Red".into(),
+                value: 2,
+            },
+        ]),
+    )
+}
+
+fn integer_enum_status() -> (&'static str, EnumValues) {
+    (
+        "task_status",
+        EnumValues::Integer(vec![
+            NumValue {
+                name: "Pending".into(),
+                value: 0,
+            },
+            NumValue {
+                name: "InProgress".into(),
+                value: 1,
+            },
+            NumValue {
+                name: "Completed".into(),
+                value: 100,
+            },
+        ]),
+    )
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case::string_enum("string_order_status", "orders", string_enum_order_status())]
+#[case::string_numeric_prefix("string_numeric_prefix", "tasks", string_enum_numeric_prefix())]
+#[case::integer_color("integer_color", "products", integer_enum_color())]
+#[case::integer_status("integer_status", "tasks", integer_enum_status())]
+fn test_render_enum_snapshots(
+    #[case] name: &str,
+    #[case] table_name: &str,
+    #[case] input: (&str, EnumValues),
+) {
+    use insta::with_settings;
+
+    let (enum_name, values) = input;
+    let mut lines = Vec::new();
+    let config = SeaOrmConfig::default();
+    render_enum(&mut lines, table_name, enum_name, &values, &config);
+    let result = lines.join("\n");
+
+    with_settings!({ snapshot_suffix => name }, {
+        insta::assert_snapshot!(result);
+    });
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_resolve_fk_target_no_schema() {
+    // Without schema context, should return original ref_table
+    let (table, columns) = resolve_fk_target("article", &["media_id".into()], &[]);
+    assert_eq!(table, "article");
+    assert_eq!(columns, vec!["media_id"]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_resolve_fk_target_no_chain() {
+    use vespertide_core::{ColumnType, SimpleColumnType};
+    // media table without FK chain
+    let media = TableDef {
+        name: "media".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![ColumnDef {
+            name: "id".into(),
+            r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid),
+            nullable: false,
+            default: None,
+            comment: None,
+            primary_key: None,
+            unique: None,
+            index: None,
+            foreign_key: None,
+        }],
+        constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+            auto_increment: false,
+            columns: vec!["id".into()],
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let schema = vec![media];
+    let (table, columns) = resolve_fk_target("media", &["id".into()], &schema);
+    assert_eq!(table, "media");
+    assert_eq!(columns, vec!["id"]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_resolve_fk_target_with_chain() {
+    use vespertide_core::{ColumnType, SimpleColumnType};
+    // media table
+    let media = TableDef {
+        name: "media".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![ColumnDef {
+            name: "id".into(),
+            r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid),
+            nullable: false,
+            default: None,
+            comment: None,
+            primary_key: None,
+            unique: None,
+            index: None,
+            foreign_key: None,
+        }],
+        constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+            auto_increment: false,
+            columns: vec!["id".into()],
+        }],
+    };
+
+    // article table with FK to media
+    let article = TableDef {
+        name: "article".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "media_id".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "id".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::BigInt),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![
+            TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+                auto_increment: false,
+                columns: vec!["media_id".into(), "id".into()],
+            },
+            TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                name: None,
+                columns: vec!["media_id".into()],
+                ref_table: "media".into(),
+                ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+                on_delete: None,
+                on_update: None,
+            },
+        ],
+    };
+
+    let schema = vec![media, article];
+    // Resolving article.media_id should follow FK chain to media.id
+    let (table, columns) = resolve_fk_target("article", &["media_id".into()], &schema);
+    assert_eq!(table, "media");
+    assert_eq!(columns, vec!["id"]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_resolve_fk_target_table_not_in_schema() {
+    use vespertide_core::{ColumnType, SimpleColumnType};
+    let media = TableDef {
+        name: "media".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![ColumnDef {
+            name: "id".into(),
+            r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid),
+            nullable: false,
+            default: None,
+            comment: None,
+            primary_key: None,
+            unique: None,
+            index: None,
+            foreign_key: None,
+        }],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    };
+
+    let schema = vec![media];
+    // article is not in schema, should return original
+    let (table, columns) = resolve_fk_target("article", &["media_id".into()], &schema);
+    assert_eq!(table, "article");
+    assert_eq!(columns, vec!["media_id"]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_resolve_fk_target_composite_fk() {
+    // Composite FK should return as-is (not follow chain)
+    let (table, columns) = resolve_fk_target("article", &["media_id".into(), "id".into()], &[]);
+    assert_eq!(table, "article");
+    assert_eq!(columns, vec!["media_id", "id"]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[expect(
+    clippy::too_many_lines,
+    reason = "fixture-heavy relation regression test"
+)]
+fn test_render_entity_with_schema_fk_chain() {
+    use vespertide_core::{ColumnType, SimpleColumnType};
+
+    // media table
+    let media = TableDef {
+        name: "media".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![ColumnDef {
+            name: "id".into(),
+            r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid),
+            nullable: false,
+            default: None,
+            comment: None,
+            primary_key: None,
+            unique: None,
+            index: None,
+            foreign_key: None,
+        }],
+        constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+            auto_increment: false,
+            columns: vec!["id".into()],
+        }],
+    };
+
+    // article table with FK to media
+    let article = TableDef {
+        name: "article".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "media_id".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "id".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::BigInt),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![
+            TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+                auto_increment: false,
+                columns: vec!["media_id".into(), "id".into()],
+            },
+            TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                name: None,
+                columns: vec!["media_id".into()],
+                ref_table: "media".into(),
+                ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+                on_delete: None,
+                on_update: None,
+            },
+        ],
+    };
+
+    // article_user table with FK to article.media_id
+    let article_user = TableDef {
+        name: "article_user".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "article_media_id".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "user_id".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![
+            TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+                auto_increment: false,
+                columns: vec!["article_media_id".into(), "user_id".into()],
+            },
+            TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                name: None,
+                columns: vec!["article_media_id".into()],
+                ref_table: "article".into(),
+                ref_columns: vec!["media_id".into()],
+                on_delete: None,
+                on_update: None,
+            },
+        ],
+    };
+
+    let schema = vec![media, article.clone(), article_user.clone()];
+
+    // Render article_user with schema context
+    let rendered = render_entity_with_schema(&article_user, &schema);
+
+    // Should resolve to media, not article
+    assert!(rendered.contains("super::media::Entity"));
+    assert!(!rendered.contains("super::article::Entity"));
+    // The from should still be article_media_id, but to should be id
+    assert!(rendered.contains("from = \"article_media_id\""));
+    assert!(rendered.contains("to = \"id\""));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_pluralize() {
+    assert_eq!(pluralize("user"), "users");
+    assert_eq!(pluralize("post"), "posts");
+    assert_eq!(pluralize("category"), "categories");
+    assert_eq!(pluralize("entity"), "entities");
+    assert_eq!(pluralize("users"), "users"); // already plural
+    assert_eq!(pluralize("day"), "days"); // 'ay' ending
+    assert_eq!(pluralize("key"), "keys"); // 'ey' ending
+    assert_eq!(pluralize("café_category"), "café_categories");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_resolve_fk_target_deep_chain() {
+    use vespertide_core::{ColumnType, SimpleColumnType};
+
+    // 3-level chain: level_c.b_id -> level_b.a_id -> level_a.id
+    // level_a (root)
+    let level_a = TableDef {
+        name: "level_a".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![ColumnDef {
+            name: "id".into(),
+            r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid),
+            nullable: false,
+            default: None,
+            comment: None,
+            primary_key: None,
+            unique: None,
+            index: None,
+            foreign_key: None,
+        }],
+        constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+            auto_increment: false,
+            columns: vec!["id".into()],
+        }],
+    };
+
+    // level_b with FK to level_a
+    let level_b = TableDef {
+        name: "level_b".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![ColumnDef {
+            name: "a_id".into(),
+            r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid),
+            nullable: false,
+            default: None,
+            comment: None,
+            primary_key: None,
+            unique: None,
+            index: None,
+            foreign_key: None,
+        }],
+        constraints: vec![
+            TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+                auto_increment: false,
+                columns: vec!["a_id".into()],
+            },
+            TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                name: None,
+                columns: vec!["a_id".into()],
+                ref_table: "level_a".into(),
+                ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+                on_delete: None,
+                on_update: None,
+            },
+        ],
+    };
+
+    // level_c with FK to level_b
+    let level_c = TableDef {
+        name: "level_c".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![ColumnDef {
+            name: "b_id".into(),
+            r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid),
+            nullable: false,
+            default: None,
+            comment: None,
+            primary_key: None,
+            unique: None,
+            index: None,
+            foreign_key: None,
+        }],
+        constraints: vec![
+            TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+                auto_increment: false,
+                columns: vec!["b_id".into()],
+            },
+            TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                name: None,
+                columns: vec!["b_id".into()],
+                ref_table: "level_b".into(),
+                ref_columns: vec!["a_id".into()],
+                on_delete: None,
+                on_update: None,
+            },
+        ],
+    };
+
+    let schema = vec![level_a, level_b, level_c];
+    // Resolving level_b.a_id should follow chain to level_a.id
+    let (table, columns) = resolve_fk_target("level_b", &["a_id".into()], &schema);
+    assert_eq!(table, "level_a");
+    assert_eq!(columns, vec!["id"]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_render_entity_with_schema_cyclic_fk_chain_returns_current_target() {
+    use vespertide_core::{ColumnType, SimpleColumnType};
+
+    let users = TableDef {
+        name: "users".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "id".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "fav_post_id".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+                nullable: true,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![
+            TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+                auto_increment: false,
+                columns: vec!["id".into()],
+            },
+            TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                name: None,
+                columns: vec!["fav_post_id".into()],
+                ref_table: "posts".into(),
+                ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+                on_delete: None,
+                on_update: None,
+            },
+        ],
+    };
+
+    let posts = TableDef {
+        name: "posts".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "id".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "author_id".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![
+            TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+                auto_increment: false,
+                columns: vec!["id".into()],
+            },
+            TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                name: None,
+                columns: vec!["id".into()],
+                ref_table: "users".into(),
+                ref_columns: vec!["fav_post_id".into()],
+                on_delete: None,
+                on_update: None,
+            },
+            TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                name: None,
+                columns: vec!["author_id".into()],
+                ref_table: "users".into(),
+                ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+                on_delete: None,
+                on_update: None,
+            },
+        ],
+    };
+
+    let schema = vec![users.clone(), posts];
+    let rendered = render_entity_with_schema(&users, &schema);
+
+    assert!(rendered.contains("super::users::Entity"));
+    assert!(rendered.contains("from = \"fav_post_id\""));
+    assert!(rendered.contains("to = \"fav_post_id\""));
+}
+
+mod reverse_relation_tests;
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/seaorm/helper_tests/reverse_relation_tests.rs b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/seaorm/helper_tests/reverse_relation_tests.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bed8162e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/seaorm/helper_tests/reverse_relation_tests.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,248 @@
+use super::*;
+
+#[test]
+fn test_reverse_relations_has_many() {
+    use vespertide_core::{ColumnType, SimpleColumnType};
+
+    // user table
+    let user = TableDef {
+        name: "user".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![ColumnDef {
+            name: "id".into(),
+            r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid),
+            nullable: false,
+            default: None,
+            comment: None,
+            primary_key: None,
+            unique: None,
+            index: None,
+            foreign_key: None,
+        }],
+        constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+            auto_increment: false,
+            columns: vec!["id".into()],
+        }],
+    };
+
+    // post table with FK to user (not PK, so has_many)
+    let post = TableDef {
+        name: "post".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "id".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "user_id".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![
+            TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+                auto_increment: false,
+                columns: vec!["id".into()],
+            },
+            TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                name: None,
+                columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
+                ref_table: "user".into(),
+                ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+                on_delete: None,
+                on_update: None,
+            },
+        ],
+    };
+
+    let schema = vec![user.clone(), post];
+
+    // Render user with schema context - should have has_many to posts
+    let rendered = render_entity_with_schema(&user, &schema);
+
+    assert!(rendered.contains("#[sea_orm(has_many)]"));
+    assert!(rendered.contains("HasMany<super::post::Entity>"));
+    assert!(rendered.contains("pub posts:")); // pluralized field name
+    // has_many should NOT have from/to attributes
+    assert!(!rendered.contains("has_many, from"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_reverse_relations_has_one() {
+    use vespertide_core::{ColumnType, SimpleColumnType};
+
+    // user table
+    let user = TableDef {
+        name: "user".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![ColumnDef {
+            name: "id".into(),
+            r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid),
+            nullable: false,
+            default: None,
+            comment: None,
+            primary_key: None,
+            unique: None,
+            index: None,
+            foreign_key: None,
+        }],
+        constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+            auto_increment: false,
+            columns: vec!["id".into()],
+        }],
+    };
+
+    // profile table with FK to user that is also the PK (one-to-one)
+    let profile = TableDef {
+        name: "profile".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "user_id".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "bio".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+                nullable: true,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![
+            TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+                auto_increment: false,
+                columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
+            },
+            TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                name: None,
+                columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
+                ref_table: "user".into(),
+                ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+                on_delete: None,
+                on_update: None,
+            },
+        ],
+    };
+
+    let schema = vec![user.clone(), profile];
+
+    // Render user with schema context - should have has_one to profile
+    let rendered = render_entity_with_schema(&user, &schema);
+
+    assert!(rendered.contains("#[sea_orm(has_one)]"));
+    assert!(rendered.contains("HasOne<super::profile::Entity>"));
+    assert!(rendered.contains("pub profile:")); // singular field name
+    // has_one should NOT have from/to attributes
+    assert!(!rendered.contains("has_one, from"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_reverse_relations_unique_fk() {
+    use vespertide_core::{ColumnType, SimpleColumnType};
+
+    // user table
+    let user = TableDef {
+        name: "user".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![ColumnDef {
+            name: "id".into(),
+            r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid),
+            nullable: false,
+            default: None,
+            comment: None,
+            primary_key: None,
+            unique: None,
+            index: None,
+            foreign_key: None,
+        }],
+        constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+            auto_increment: false,
+            columns: vec!["id".into()],
+        }],
+    };
+
+    // settings table with unique FK to user (one-to-one via UNIQUE constraint)
+    let settings = TableDef {
+        name: "settings".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "id".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "user_id".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![
+            TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+                auto_increment: false,
+                columns: vec!["id".into()],
+            },
+            TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                name: None,
+                columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
+                ref_table: "user".into(),
+                ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+                on_delete: None,
+                on_update: None,
+            },
+            TableConstraint::Unique {
+                name: None,
+                columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
+            },
+        ],
+    };
+
+    let schema = vec![user.clone(), settings];
+
+    // Render user with schema context - should have has_one (because of UNIQUE)
+    let rendered = render_entity_with_schema(&user, &schema);
+
+    assert!(rendered.contains("#[sea_orm(has_one)]"));
+    assert!(rendered.contains("HasOne<super::settings::Entity>"));
+    assert!(rendered.contains("pub settings:")); // singular field name
+    // has_one should NOT have from/to attributes
+    assert!(!rendered.contains("has_one, from"));
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/seaorm/imports.rs b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/seaorm/imports.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d2e6c77e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/seaorm/imports.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
+
+/// Build an absolute `crate::` module path for the target table.
+///
+/// `crate_prefix` is derived from the export directory (e.g., `"src/models"` → `"crate::models"`).
+/// `to_module` is the module path segments of the target table (e.g., `["admin", "admin"]`).
+///
+/// Returns a path like `crate::models::admin::admin`.
+pub(super) fn absolute_module_path(crate_prefix: &str, to_module: &[String]) -> String {
+    let mut path = crate_prefix.to_string();
+    for seg in to_module {
+        path.push_str("::");
+        path.push_str(seg);
+    }
+    path
+}
+
+/// Look up the module path for a table name from the `module_paths` map.
+/// Uses `super::` for sibling modules in the same folder, `crate::` absolute paths for
+/// cross-directory relations when mappings are available, and falls back to `super::{table_name}`.
+#[cfg(test)]
+pub(super) fn resolve_entity_module_path(
+    current_table: &str,
+    target_table: &str,
+    module_paths: &HashMap<String, Vec<String>>,
+    crate_prefix: &str,
+) -> String {
+    if let (Some(current), Some(target)) = (
+        module_paths.get(current_table),
+        module_paths.get(target_table),
+    ) {
+        let current_parent = current.split_last().map_or(&[][..], |(_, parent)| parent);
+        let target_parent = target.split_last().map_or(&[][..], |(_, parent)| parent);
+
+        if current_parent == target_parent {
+            return format!("super::{target_table}");
+        }
+
+        if !crate_prefix.is_empty() {
+            return absolute_module_path(crate_prefix, target);
+        }
+    }
+
+    format!("super::{target_table}")
+}
+
+/// Resolve relation field entity paths for `SeaORM` model macros.
+///
+/// Rule:
+/// - same folder → `super::{table}`
+/// - different folder → absolute `crate::...` path
+///
+/// This avoids generating brittle `super::super::...` paths for cross-folder relations.
+pub(super) fn resolve_relation_entity_module_path(
+    current_table: &str,
+    target_table: &str,
+    module_paths: &HashMap<String, Vec<String>>,
+    crate_prefix: &str,
+) -> String {
+    if let (Some(current), Some(target)) = (
+        module_paths.get(current_table),
+        module_paths.get(target_table),
+    ) {
+        let current_parent = current.split_last().map_or(&[][..], |(_, parent)| parent);
+        let target_parent = target.split_last().map_or(&[][..], |(_, parent)| parent);
+
+        if current_parent == target_parent {
+            return format!("super::{target_table}");
+        }
+
+        if !crate_prefix.is_empty() {
+            return absolute_module_path(crate_prefix, target);
+        }
+
+        return format!("super::{target_table}");
+    }
+
+    if !crate_prefix.is_empty() {
+        return format!("{crate_prefix}::{target_table}");
+    }
+
+    format!("super::{target_table}")
+}
+/// Rust reserved keywords that cannot be used as identifiers without raw identifier syntax.
+/// Reference: <https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/keywords.html>
+pub(super) const RUST_KEYWORDS: &[&str] = &[
+    // Strict keywords
+    "as", "async", "await", "break", "const", "continue", "crate", "dyn", "else", "enum", "extern",
+    "false", "fn", "for", "if", "impl", "in", "let", "loop", "match", "mod", "move", "mut", "pub",
+    "ref", "return", "self", "Self", "static", "struct", "super", "trait", "true", "type",
+    "unsafe", "use", "where", "while", // Reserved keywords (for future use)
+    "abstract", "become", "box", "do", "final", "macro", "override", "priv", "try", "typeof",
+    "unsized", "virtual", "yield",
+];
+
+pub(super) fn sanitize_field_name(name: &str) -> String {
+    let mut result = String::new();
+
+    for (idx, ch) in name.chars().enumerate() {
+        if (ch.is_ascii_alphanumeric() && (idx > 0 || ch.is_ascii_alphabetic())) || ch == '_' {
+            result.push(ch);
+        } else if idx == 0 && ch.is_ascii_digit() {
+            result.push('_');
+            result.push(ch);
+        } else {
+            result.push('_');
+        }
+    }
+
+    if result.is_empty() {
+        "_col".into()
+    } else if RUST_KEYWORDS.contains(&result.as_str()) {
+        format!("r#{result}")
+    } else {
+        result
+    }
+}
+
+pub(super) fn unique_name(base: &str, used: &mut HashSet<String>) -> String {
+    let mut name = base.to_string();
+    let mut i = 1;
+    while used.contains(&name) {
+        name = format!("{base}_{i}");
+        i += 1;
+    }
+    used.insert(name.clone());
+    name
+}
+pub(super) fn to_pascal_case(s: &str) -> String {
+    let mut result = String::new();
+    let mut capitalize = true;
+    for c in s.chars() {
+        let is_separator = c == '_' || c == '-';
+        if is_separator {
+            capitalize = true;
+            continue;
+        }
+        let ch = if capitalize {
+            c.to_ascii_uppercase()
+        } else {
+            c
+        };
+        capitalize = false;
+        result.push(ch);
+    }
+    result
+}
+
+/// Convert `PascalCase` to `snake_case`.
+/// For "`CreatorUser`", generates "`creator_user`".
+pub(super) fn to_snake_case(s: &str) -> String {
+    let mut result = String::new();
+    for (i, c) in s.chars().enumerate() {
+        if i > 0 && c.is_ascii_uppercase() {
+            result.push('_');
+        }
+        result.push(c.to_ascii_lowercase());
+    }
+    result
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/seaorm/mod.rs b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/seaorm/mod.rs
index d8250926..522d0ef4 100644
--- a/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/seaorm/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/seaorm/mod.rs
@@ -1,97 +1,42 @@
-use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
+use std::collections::HashMap;
 
 use crate::orm::OrmExporter;
+use crate::parallel_config::{SEAORM_EXPORT_PAR_TABLE_MIN_LEN, SEAORM_EXPORT_PAR_TABLE_THRESHOLD};
+use rayon::prelude::*;
 use vespertide_config::SeaOrmConfig;
-use vespertide_core::{
-    ColumnDef, ColumnType, ComplexColumnType, EnumValues, NumValue, SimpleColumnType, StringOrBool,
-    TableConstraint, TableDef,
-};
+use vespertide_core::TableDef;
 
-/// Build an absolute `crate::` module path for the target table.
-///
-/// `crate_prefix` is derived from the export directory (e.g., `"src/models"` → `"crate::models"`).
-/// `to_module` is the module path segments of the target table (e.g., `["admin", "admin"]`).
-///
-/// Returns a path like `crate::models::admin::admin`.
-fn absolute_module_path(crate_prefix: &str, to_module: &[String]) -> String {
-    let mut path = crate_prefix.to_string();
-    for seg in to_module {
-        path.push_str("::");
-        path.push_str(seg);
-    }
-    path
-}
+mod enums;
+mod imports;
+mod relations;
+mod render;
+mod types;
 
-/// Look up the module path for a table name from the module_paths map.
-/// Uses `super::` for sibling modules in the same folder, `crate::` absolute paths for
-/// cross-directory relations when mappings are available, and falls back to `super::{table_name}`.
 #[cfg(test)]
-fn resolve_entity_module_path(
-    current_table: &str,
-    target_table: &str,
-    module_paths: &HashMap<String, Vec<String>>,
-    crate_prefix: &str,
-) -> String {
-    if let (Some(current), Some(target)) = (
-        module_paths.get(current_table),
-        module_paths.get(target_table),
-    ) {
-        let current_parent = current.split_last().map_or(&[][..], |(_, parent)| parent);
-        let target_parent = target.split_last().map_or(&[][..], |(_, parent)| parent);
-
-        if current_parent == target_parent {
-            return format!("super::{target_table}");
-        }
-
-        if !crate_prefix.is_empty() {
-            return absolute_module_path(crate_prefix, target);
-        }
-    }
-
-    format!("super::{target_table}")
-}
-
-/// Resolve relation field entity paths for SeaORM model macros.
-///
-/// Rule:
-/// - same folder → `super::{table}`
-/// - different folder → absolute `crate::...` path
-///
-/// This avoids generating brittle `super::super::...` paths for cross-folder relations.
-fn resolve_relation_entity_module_path(
-    current_table: &str,
-    target_table: &str,
-    module_paths: &HashMap<String, Vec<String>>,
-    crate_prefix: &str,
-) -> String {
-    if let (Some(current), Some(target)) = (
-        module_paths.get(current_table),
-        module_paths.get(target_table),
-    ) {
-        let current_parent = current.split_last().map_or(&[][..], |(_, parent)| parent);
-        let target_parent = target.split_last().map_or(&[][..], |(_, parent)| parent);
-
-        if current_parent == target_parent {
-            return format!("super::{target_table}");
-        }
-
-        if !crate_prefix.is_empty() {
-            return absolute_module_path(crate_prefix, target);
-        }
-
-        return format!("super::{target_table}");
-    }
+mod helper_tests;
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod module_path_tests;
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests;
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests_edge_cases;
 
-    if !crate_prefix.is_empty() {
-        return format!("{crate_prefix}::{target_table}");
-    }
+use render::render_entity_with_config_and_paths;
 
-    format!("super::{target_table}")
-}
+#[cfg(test)]
+use enums::*;
+#[cfg(test)]
+use imports::*;
+#[cfg(test)]
+use relations::*;
+#[cfg(test)]
+use render::*;
+#[cfg(test)]
+use types::*;
 
 pub struct SeaOrmExporter;
 
-/// SeaORM exporter with configuration support.
+/// `SeaORM` exporter with configuration support.
 pub struct SeaOrmExporterWithConfig<'a> {
     pub config: &'a SeaOrmConfig,
     pub prefix: &'a str,
@@ -158,20 +103,22 @@ impl<'a> SeaOrmExporterWithConfig<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-/// Render a single table into SeaORM entity code.
+/// Render a single table into `SeaORM` entity code.
 ///
 /// Follows the official entity format:
 /// <https://www.sea-ql.org/SeaORM/docs/generate-entity/entity-format/>
+#[inline]
 pub fn render_entity(table: &TableDef) -> String {
     render_entity_with_schema(table, &[])
 }
 
-/// Render a single table into SeaORM entity code with schema context for FK chain resolution.
+/// Render a single table into `SeaORM` entity code with schema context for FK chain resolution.
+#[inline]
 pub fn render_entity_with_schema(table: &TableDef, schema: &[TableDef]) -> String {
     render_entity_with_config(table, schema, &SeaOrmConfig::default(), "")
 }
 
-/// Render a single table into SeaORM entity code with schema context and configuration.
+/// Render a single table into `SeaORM` entity code with schema context and configuration.
 pub fn render_entity_with_config(
     table: &TableDef,
     schema: &[TableDef],
@@ -181,4299 +128,25 @@ pub fn render_entity_with_config(
     render_entity_with_config_and_paths(table, schema, config, prefix, &HashMap::new(), "")
 }
 
-/// Render a single table into SeaORM entity code with schema context, configuration,
-/// and module path mappings for correct cross-directory relation paths.
-pub fn render_entity_with_config_and_paths(
-    table: &TableDef,
-    schema: &[TableDef],
-    config: &SeaOrmConfig,
-    prefix: &str,
-    module_paths: &HashMap<String, Vec<String>>,
-    crate_prefix: &str,
-) -> String {
-    let primary_keys = primary_key_columns(table);
-    let composite_pk = primary_keys.len() > 1;
-    let relation_fields =
-        relation_field_defs_with_schema(table, schema, module_paths, crate_prefix);
-
-    // Build sets of columns with single-column unique constraints and indexes
-    let unique_columns = single_column_unique_set(&table.constraints);
-    let indexed_columns = single_column_index_set(&table.constraints);
-
-    // Check if any columns use enum types (enums derive Serialize/Deserialize)
-    let has_enums = table.columns.iter().any(|c| {
-        matches!(
-            c.r#type,
-            ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum { .. })
-        )
-    });
-
-    let mut lines: Vec<String> = Vec::new();
-    lines.push("use sea_orm::entity::prelude::*;".into());
-    if has_enums {
-        lines.push("use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};".into());
-    }
-    lines.push(String::new());
-
-    // Generate Enum definitions first
-    let mut processed_enums = HashSet::new();
-    for column in &table.columns {
-        if let ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum { name, values }) = &column.r#type {
-            // Avoid duplicate enum definitions if multiple columns use the same enum
-            if !processed_enums.contains(name) {
-                render_enum(&mut lines, &table.name, name, values, config);
-                processed_enums.insert(name.clone());
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Build model derive line with optional extra derives.
-    // Float-backed fields (f32/f64) cannot implement Eq, so omit it when present.
-    let mut model_derives = vec!["Clone", "Debug", "PartialEq"];
-    if table.columns.iter().all(column_supports_eq) {
-        model_derives.push("Eq");
-    }
-    model_derives.push("DeriveEntityModel");
-    let extra_model_derives: Vec<&str> = config
-        .extra_model_derives()
-        .iter()
-        .map(|s| s.as_str())
-        .collect();
-    model_derives.extend(extra_model_derives);
-
-    // Add table description as doc comment
-    if let Some(ref desc) = table.description {
-        for line in desc.lines() {
-            lines.push(format!("/// {}", line));
-        }
-    }
-
-    lines.push("#[sea_orm::model]".into());
-    lines.push(format!("#[derive({})]", model_derives.join(", ")));
-    lines.push(format!(
-        "#[sea_orm(table_name = \"{}{}\")]",
-        prefix, table.name
-    ));
-    lines.push("pub struct Model {".into());
-
-    for column in &table.columns {
-        render_column(
-            &mut lines,
-            column,
-            &primary_keys,
-            composite_pk,
-            &unique_columns,
-            &indexed_columns,
-        );
-    }
-    for field in relation_fields {
-        lines.push(field);
-    }
-
-    lines.push("}".into());
-
-    // Indexes (relations expressed as belongs_to fields above)
-    lines.push(String::new());
-    render_indexes(&mut lines, &table.constraints);
-
-    // Generate vespera::schema_type! macro if enabled
-    if config.vespera_schema_type() {
-        let pascal_name = to_pascal_case(&table.name);
-        lines.push(format!(
-            "vespera::schema_type!(Schema from Model, name = \"{}Schema\");",
-            pascal_name
-        ));
-    }
-
-    lines.push("impl ActiveModelBehavior for ActiveModel {}".into());
-
-    let self_ref_links = render_self_ref_link_helpers(table, schema, module_paths, crate_prefix);
-    if !self_ref_links.is_empty() {
-        lines.push(String::new());
-        lines.extend(self_ref_links);
-    }
-
-    let self_ref_query_helpers = render_self_ref_query_helpers(table, schema);
-    if !self_ref_query_helpers.is_empty() {
-        lines.push(String::new());
-        lines.extend(self_ref_query_helpers);
-    }
-
-    lines.push(String::new());
-
-    lines.join("\n")
-}
-
-/// Build a set of column names that have single-column unique constraints.
-fn single_column_unique_set(constraints: &[TableConstraint]) -> HashSet<String> {
-    let mut unique_cols = HashSet::new();
-    for constraint in constraints {
-        if let TableConstraint::Unique { columns, .. } = constraint
-            && columns.len() == 1
-        {
-            unique_cols.insert(columns[0].clone());
-        }
-    }
-    unique_cols
-}
-
-/// Build a set of column names that have single-column indexes from constraints.
-fn single_column_index_set(constraints: &[TableConstraint]) -> HashSet<String> {
-    let mut indexed_cols = HashSet::new();
-    for constraint in constraints {
-        if let TableConstraint::Index { columns, .. } = constraint
-            && columns.len() == 1
-        {
-            indexed_cols.insert(columns[0].clone());
-        }
-    }
-    indexed_cols
-}
-
-fn render_column(
-    lines: &mut Vec<String>,
-    column: &ColumnDef,
-    primary_keys: &HashSet<String>,
-    composite_pk: bool,
-    unique_columns: &HashSet<String>,
-    indexed_columns: &HashSet<String>,
-) {
-    let is_pk = primary_keys.contains(&column.name);
-    let is_unique = unique_columns.contains(&column.name);
-    let is_indexed = indexed_columns.contains(&column.name);
-    let has_default = column.default.is_some();
-
-    // Add column comment as doc comment
-    if let Some(ref comment) = column.comment {
-        for line in comment.lines() {
-            lines.push(format!("    /// {}", line));
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Build attribute parts
-    let mut attrs: Vec<String> = Vec::new();
-
-    if is_pk {
-        attrs.push("primary_key".into());
-        // Only show auto_increment = false for integer types that support auto_increment
-        if composite_pk && column.r#type.supports_auto_increment() {
-            attrs.push("auto_increment = false".into());
-        }
-    }
-
-    if is_unique && !is_pk {
-        // unique is redundant if it's already a primary key
-        attrs.push("unique".into());
-    }
-
-    if is_indexed && !is_pk && !is_unique {
-        // indexed is redundant if it's already a primary key or unique
-        attrs.push("indexed".into());
-    }
-
-    if has_default && let Some(ref default_val) = column.default {
-        // Format the default value for SeaORM
-        let formatted = format_default_value(default_val, &column.r#type);
-        attrs.push(formatted);
-    }
-
-    // For custom types, add column_type attribute with the custom type value
-    if let ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Custom { custom_type }) = &column.r#type {
-        attrs.push(format!("column_type = \"{}\"", custom_type));
-    }
-
-    // Output attribute if any
-    if !attrs.is_empty() {
-        lines.push(format!("    #[sea_orm({})]", attrs.join(", ")));
-    }
-
-    let field_name = sanitize_field_name(&column.name);
-
-    let ty = match &column.r#type {
-        ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum { name, .. }) => {
-            let enum_type = to_pascal_case(name);
-            if column.nullable {
-                format!("Option<{}>", enum_type)
-            } else {
-                enum_type
-            }
-        }
-        // JSONB custom type should use Json rust type
-        ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Custom { custom_type })
-            if custom_type.to_uppercase() == "JSONB" =>
-        {
-            if column.nullable {
-                "Option<Json>".to_string()
-            } else {
-                "Json".to_string()
-            }
-        }
-        _ => column.r#type.to_rust_type(column.nullable),
-    };
-
-    lines.push(format!("    pub {}: {},", field_name, ty));
-}
-
-/// Format default value for SeaORM attribute.
-/// Returns the full attribute string like `default_value = "..."` or `default_value = 0`.
-fn format_default_value(value: &StringOrBool, column_type: &ColumnType) -> String {
-    // Handle boolean values directly
-    if let StringOrBool::Bool(b) = value {
-        return format!("default_value = {}", b);
-    }
-
-    // For string values, process as before
-    let value_str = value.to_sql();
-    let trimmed = value_str.trim();
-
-    // Remove surrounding single quotes if present (SQL string literals)
-    let cleaned = if trimmed.starts_with('\'') && trimmed.ends_with('\'') && trimmed.len() >= 2 {
-        &trimmed[1..trimmed.len() - 1]
-    } else {
-        trimmed
-    };
-
-    // Escape double quotes for embedding in Rust attribute strings
-    let escaped = cleaned.replace('"', "\\\"");
-
-    // Format based on column type
-    match column_type {
-        // Numeric types: no quotes
-        ColumnType::Simple(simple) if is_numeric_simple_type(simple) => {
-            format!("default_value = {}", cleaned)
-        }
-        // Boolean type: no quotes
-        ColumnType::Simple(vespertide_core::SimpleColumnType::Boolean) => {
-            format!("default_value = {}", cleaned)
-        }
-        // Numeric complex type: no quotes
-        ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Numeric { .. }) => {
-            format!("default_value = {}", cleaned)
-        }
-        // Enum type: use the actual database value (string or number), not Rust enum variant
-        ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum { values, .. }) => {
-            match values {
-                EnumValues::String(_) => {
-                    // String enum: use the string value as-is with quotes
-                    format!("default_value = \"{}\"", escaped)
-                }
-                EnumValues::Integer(int_values) => {
-                    // Integer enum: can be either a number or a variant name
-                    // Try to parse as number first
-                    if let Ok(num) = cleaned.parse::<i32>() {
-                        // Already a number, use as-is
-                        format!("default_value = {}", num)
-                    } else {
-                        // It's a variant name, find the corresponding numeric value
-                        let numeric_value = int_values
-                            .iter()
-                            .find(|v| v.name.eq_ignore_ascii_case(cleaned))
-                            .map(|v| v.value)
-                            .unwrap_or(0); // Default to 0 if not found
-                        format!("default_value = {}", numeric_value)
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        // All other types: use quotes
-        _ => {
-            format!("default_value = \"{}\"", escaped)
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// Check if the simple column type is numeric.
-fn is_numeric_simple_type(simple: &vespertide_core::SimpleColumnType) -> bool {
-    matches!(
-        simple,
-        SimpleColumnType::SmallInt
-            | SimpleColumnType::Integer
-            | SimpleColumnType::BigInt
-            | SimpleColumnType::Real
-            | SimpleColumnType::DoublePrecision
-    )
-}
-
-fn column_supports_eq(column: &ColumnDef) -> bool {
-    column_type_supports_eq(&column.r#type)
-}
-
-fn column_type_supports_eq(column_type: &ColumnType) -> bool {
-    match column_type {
-        ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Real | SimpleColumnType::DoublePrecision) => false,
-        ColumnType::Simple(_) | ColumnType::Complex(_) => true,
-    }
-}
-
-fn primary_key_columns(table: &TableDef) -> HashSet<String> {
-    use vespertide_core::schema::primary_key::PrimaryKeySyntax;
-    let mut keys = HashSet::new();
-
-    // First, check table-level constraints
-    for constraint in &table.constraints {
-        if let TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { columns, .. } = constraint {
-            for col in columns {
-                keys.insert(col.clone());
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Then, check inline primary_key on columns
-    // This handles cases where primary_key is defined inline but not yet normalized
-    for column in &table.columns {
-        match &column.primary_key {
-            Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)) | Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Object(_)) => {
-                keys.insert(column.name.clone());
-            }
-            _ => {}
-        }
-    }
-
-    keys
-}
-
-/// Extract FK info from a constraint as a tuple.
-fn as_fk(constraint: &TableConstraint) -> Option<(&[String], &str, &[String])> {
-    match constraint {
-        TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-            columns,
-            ref_table,
-            ref_columns,
-            ..
-        } => Some((
-            columns.as_slice(),
-            ref_table.as_str(),
-            ref_columns.as_slice(),
-        )),
-        _ => None,
-    }
-}
-
-/// Resolve FK chain to find the ultimate target table.
-/// If the referenced column is itself a FK, follow the chain.
-fn resolve_fk_target<'a>(
-    ref_table: &'a str,
-    ref_columns: &[String],
-    schema: &'a [TableDef],
-) -> (&'a str, Vec<String>) {
-    // If no schema context or ref_columns is not a single column, return as-is
-    if schema.is_empty() || ref_columns.len() != 1 {
-        return (ref_table, ref_columns.to_vec());
-    }
-
-    let ref_col = &ref_columns[0];
-
-    // Find the referenced table in schema
-    let Some(target_table) = schema.iter().find(|t| t.name == ref_table) else {
-        return (ref_table, ref_columns.to_vec());
-    };
-
-    // Check if the referenced column has a FK constraint and follow the chain
-    for constraint in &target_table.constraints {
-        let fk_match =
-            as_fk(constraint).filter(|(cols, _, _)| cols.len() == 1 && cols[0] == *ref_col);
-        if let Some((_, next_table, next_cols)) = fk_match {
-            return resolve_fk_target(next_table, next_cols, schema);
-        }
-    }
-
-    // No further FK chain, return current target
-    (ref_table, ref_columns.to_vec())
-}
-
-fn relation_field_defs_with_schema(
-    table: &TableDef,
-    schema: &[TableDef],
-    module_paths: &HashMap<String, Vec<String>>,
-    crate_prefix: &str,
-) -> Vec<String> {
-    let mut out = Vec::new();
-    let mut used = HashSet::new();
-
-    // First, collect ALL target entities from both forward and reverse relations
-    // to detect when relation_enum is needed (same entity appears multiple times)
-    let mut all_target_entities: Vec<String> = Vec::new();
-
-    // Collect forward relation targets (belongs_to)
-    for constraint in &table.constraints {
-        if let TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-            ref_table,
-            ref_columns,
-            ..
-        } = constraint
-        {
-            let (resolved_table, _) = resolve_fk_target(ref_table, ref_columns, schema);
-            all_target_entities.push(resolved_table.to_string());
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Collect reverse relation targets (has_one/has_many)
-    let reverse_targets = collect_reverse_relation_targets(table, schema);
-    all_target_entities.extend(reverse_targets);
-
-    // Count occurrences of each target entity
-    let mut entity_count: std::collections::HashMap<String, usize> =
-        std::collections::HashMap::new();
-    for entity in &all_target_entities {
-        *entity_count.entry(entity.clone()).or_insert(0) += 1;
-    }
-
-    // Group FKs by their target table to detect duplicates within forward relations
-    let mut fk_by_table: std::collections::HashMap<String, Vec<&TableConstraint>> =
-        std::collections::HashMap::new();
-    for constraint in &table.constraints {
-        if let TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-            ref_table,
-            ref_columns,
-            ..
-        } = constraint
-        {
-            let (resolved_table, _) = resolve_fk_target(ref_table, ref_columns, schema);
-            fk_by_table
-                .entry(resolved_table.to_string())
-                .or_default()
-                .push(constraint);
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Track used relation_enum names across all relations
-    let mut used_relation_enums: HashSet<String> = HashSet::new();
-
-    // belongs_to relations (this table has FK to other tables)
-    for constraint in &table.constraints {
-        if let TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-            columns,
-            ref_table,
-            ref_columns,
-            ..
-        } = constraint
-        {
-            // Resolve FK chain to find ultimate target
-            let (resolved_table, resolved_columns) =
-                resolve_fk_target(ref_table, ref_columns, schema);
-
-            let from = fk_attr_value(columns);
-            let to = fk_attr_value(&resolved_columns);
-
-            // Check if there are multiple FKs to the same target table (within forward relations)
-            let fks_to_this_table = fk_by_table
-                .get(resolved_table)
-                .map(|fks| fks.len())
-                .unwrap_or(0);
-
-            // Check if this target entity appears multiple times across ALL relations
-            let entity_appears_multiple_times = entity_count
-                .get(resolved_table)
-                .map(|c| *c > 1)
-                .unwrap_or(false);
-
-            // Smart field name inference from FK column names
-            let field_base = if columns.len() == 1 {
-                infer_field_name_from_fk_column(&columns[0], resolved_table, &to)
-            } else {
-                sanitize_field_name(resolved_table)
-            };
-
-            let field_name = unique_name(&field_base, &mut used);
-
-            // Generate relation_enum if:
-            // 1. Multiple FKs to same table within this table's forward relations, OR
-            // 2. This target entity appears in both forward and reverse relations
-            let needs_relation_enum = fks_to_this_table > 1 || entity_appears_multiple_times;
-
-            let attr = if needs_relation_enum {
-                let base_relation_enum = generate_relation_enum_name(columns);
-                let relation_enum_name = if used_relation_enums.contains(&base_relation_enum) {
-                    format!("{}{}", base_relation_enum, to_pascal_case(&table.name))
-                } else {
-                    base_relation_enum.clone()
-                };
-                used_relation_enums.insert(relation_enum_name.clone());
-                format!(
-                    "    #[sea_orm(belongs_to, relation_enum = \"{relation_enum_name}\", from = \"{from}\", to = \"{to}\")]"
-                )
-            } else {
-                format!("    #[sea_orm(belongs_to, from = \"{from}\", to = \"{to}\")]")
-            };
-
-            out.push(attr);
-            let entity_path = resolve_relation_entity_module_path(
-                &table.name,
-                resolved_table,
-                module_paths,
-                crate_prefix,
-            );
-            out.push(format!(
-                "    pub {field_name}: HasOne<{entity_path}::Entity>,"
-            ));
-        }
-    }
-
-    // has_one/has_many relations (other tables have FK to this table)
-    let reverse_relations = reverse_relation_field_defs(
-        table,
-        schema,
-        &mut used,
-        &entity_count,
-        &mut used_relation_enums,
-        module_paths,
-        crate_prefix,
-    );
-    out.extend(reverse_relations);
-
-    out
-}
-
-/// Generate a relation enum name from foreign key column names.
-/// For "creator_user_id", generates "CreatorUser".
-/// For composite FKs like ["org_id", "user_id"], generates "OrgUser".
-fn generate_relation_enum_name(columns: &[String]) -> String {
-    // Take the first column and remove common FK suffixes like "_id"
-    let first_col = &columns[0];
-    let without_id = if first_col.ends_with("_id") {
-        &first_col[..first_col.len() - 3]
-    } else {
-        first_col
-    };
-
-    to_pascal_case(without_id)
-}
-
-fn unique_relation_enum_name(
-    preferred: String,
-    source_table: &str,
-    base_relation_enum: &str,
-    used_relation_enums: &HashSet<String>,
-) -> String {
-    if !used_relation_enums.contains(&preferred) {
-        return preferred;
-    }
-
-    let source_prefixed = format!("{}{}", to_pascal_case(source_table), base_relation_enum);
-    if !used_relation_enums.contains(&source_prefixed) {
-        return source_prefixed;
-    }
-
-    let mut index = 2;
-    loop {
-        let candidate = format!(
-            "{}{}{}",
-            to_pascal_case(source_table),
-            base_relation_enum,
-            index
-        );
-        if !used_relation_enums.contains(&candidate) {
-            return candidate;
-        }
-        index += 1;
-    }
-}
-
-fn collect_self_ref_junction(
-    current_table: &TableDef,
-    junction_table: &TableDef,
-    junction_pk: &HashSet<String>,
-) -> Option<SelfRefJunction> {
-    if junction_pk.len() < 2 {
-        return None;
-    }
-
-    let fks: Vec<_> = junction_table
-        .constraints
-        .iter()
-        .filter_map(|c| {
-            if let TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                columns, ref_table, ..
-            } = c
-            {
-                Some((columns.clone(), ref_table.clone()))
-            } else {
-                None
-            }
-        })
-        .collect();
-
-    if fks.len() < 2 {
-        return None;
-    }
-
-    let all_fk_cols_in_pk = fks
-        .iter()
-        .all(|(cols, _)| cols.iter().all(|c| junction_pk.contains(c)));
-    if !all_fk_cols_in_pk {
-        return None;
-    }
-
-    if !fks
-        .iter()
-        .all(|(_, ref_table)| ref_table == &current_table.name)
+/// Render a complete `SeaORM` schema as ordered entity modules.
+///
+/// Per-table rendering is pure (`&TableDef` + immutable schema context -> `String`),
+/// so larger schemas render in parallel while collecting into a `Vec` to preserve
+/// input order byte-for-byte.
+pub fn export(schema: &[TableDef]) -> Result<String, String> {
+    let rendered: Result<Vec<String>, String> = if schema.len() < SEAORM_EXPORT_PAR_TABLE_THRESHOLD
     {
-        return None;
-    }
-
-    Some(SelfRefJunction {
-        junction_table: junction_table.name.clone(),
-        role_columns: fks.iter().map(|(cols, _)| cols[0].clone()).collect(),
-        role_relations: fks
+        schema
             .iter()
-            .map(|(cols, _)| generate_relation_enum_name(cols))
-            .collect(),
-    })
-}
-
-fn self_ref_link_name(
-    self_ref_junction: &SelfRefJunction,
-    from_idx: usize,
-    to_idx: usize,
-) -> String {
-    format!(
-        "{}To{}Via{}",
-        to_pascal_case(&self_ref_junction.role_columns[from_idx]),
-        to_pascal_case(&self_ref_junction.role_columns[to_idx]),
-        to_pascal_case(&self_ref_junction.junction_table)
-    )
-}
-
-fn resolve_self_ref_link_module_path(
-    current_table: &str,
-    junction_table: &str,
-    module_paths: &HashMap<String, Vec<String>>,
-    crate_prefix: &str,
-) -> String {
-    if let (Some(current), Some(target)) = (
-        module_paths.get(current_table),
-        module_paths.get(junction_table),
-    ) {
-        let current_parent = current.split_last().map_or(&[][..], |(_, parent)| parent);
-        let target_parent = target.split_last().map_or(&[][..], |(_, parent)| parent);
-
-        if current_parent == target_parent {
-            return format!("super::{junction_table}");
-        }
-
-        if !crate_prefix.is_empty() {
-            return absolute_module_path(crate_prefix, target);
-        }
-
-        return absolute_module_path("crate::models", target);
-    }
-
-    format!("super::{junction_table}")
-}
-
-fn render_self_ref_link_helpers(
-    table: &TableDef,
-    schema: &[TableDef],
-    module_paths: &HashMap<String, Vec<String>>,
-    crate_prefix: &str,
-) -> Vec<String> {
-    let mut out = Vec::new();
-
-    for other_table in schema {
-        if other_table.name == table.name {
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        let other_pk = primary_key_columns(other_table);
-        let Some(self_ref_junction) = collect_self_ref_junction(table, other_table, &other_pk)
-        else {
-            continue;
-        };
-
-        let junction_entity_path = resolve_self_ref_link_module_path(
-            &table.name,
-            &self_ref_junction.junction_table,
-            module_paths,
-            crate_prefix,
-        );
-
-        for (from_idx, from_role) in self_ref_junction.role_relations.iter().enumerate() {
-            for (to_idx, to_role) in self_ref_junction.role_relations.iter().enumerate() {
-                if from_idx == to_idx {
-                    continue;
-                }
-
-                let link_name = self_ref_link_name(&self_ref_junction, from_idx, to_idx);
-                out.push(format!("pub struct {link_name};"));
-                out.push(format!("impl Linked for {link_name} {{"));
-                out.push("    type FromEntity = Entity;".into());
-                out.push("    type ToEntity = Entity;".into());
-                out.push(String::new());
-                out.push("    fn link(&self) -> Vec<RelationDef> {".into());
-                out.push("        vec![".into());
-                out.push(format!(
-                    "            {junction_entity_path}::Relation::{}.def().rev(),",
-                    from_role
-                ));
-                out.push(format!(
-                    "            {junction_entity_path}::Relation::{}.def(),",
-                    to_role
-                ));
-                out.push("        ]".into());
-                out.push("    }".into());
-                out.push("}".into());
-                out.push(String::new());
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    while out.last().is_some_and(String::is_empty) {
-        out.pop();
-    }
-
-    out
-}
-
-fn render_self_ref_query_helpers(table: &TableDef, schema: &[TableDef]) -> Vec<String> {
-    let mut methods = Vec::new();
-    let mut used_method_names = HashSet::new();
-
-    for other_table in schema {
-        if other_table.name == table.name {
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        let other_pk = primary_key_columns(other_table);
-        let Some(self_ref_junction) = collect_self_ref_junction(table, other_table, &other_pk)
-        else {
-            continue;
-        };
-
-        for (from_idx, from_col) in self_ref_junction.role_columns.iter().enumerate() {
-            for (to_idx, to_col) in self_ref_junction.role_columns.iter().enumerate() {
-                if from_idx == to_idx {
-                    continue;
-                }
-
-                let link_name = self_ref_link_name(&self_ref_junction, from_idx, to_idx);
-                let method_base = format!(
-                    "find_{}_via_{}_from_{}",
-                    pluralize(&sanitize_field_name(to_col)),
-                    sanitize_field_name(&self_ref_junction.junction_table),
-                    sanitize_field_name(from_col)
-                );
-                let method_name = unique_name(&method_base, &mut used_method_names);
-
-                methods.push(format!(
-                    "    pub fn {method_name}(&self) -> Select<Entity> {{"
-                ));
-                methods.push(format!("        self.find_linked({link_name})"));
-                methods.push("    }".into());
-                methods.push(String::new());
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    while methods.last().is_some_and(String::is_empty) {
-        methods.pop();
-    }
-
-    if methods.is_empty() {
-        return methods;
-    }
-
-    let mut out = Vec::new();
-    out.push("impl Model {".into());
-    out.extend(methods);
-    out.push("}".into());
-    out
-}
-
-/// Infer a field name from a single FK column.
-/// For "creator_user_id" with to="id", tries "creator_user" first.
-/// If the FK column still follows common suffix naming like `_id`/`_idx`,
-/// remove those as fallbacks for intuitive relation names.
-/// If that ends with the table name, use the full column name (without the to suffix).
-/// Otherwise, fall back to the table name.
-///
-/// Examples:
-/// - FK column: "creator_user_id", table: "user", to: "id" -> "creator_user"
-/// - FK column: "creator_user_idx", table: "user", to: "idx" -> "creator_user"
-/// - FK column: "user_id", table: "user", to: "id" -> "user" (falls back to table name)
-/// - FK column: "order_id", table: "order", to: "order_number" -> "order"
-/// - FK column: "order_idx", table: "order", to: "order_number" -> "order"
-/// - FK column: "org_id", table: "user", to: "id" -> "org"
-fn infer_field_name_from_fk_column(fk_column: &str, table_name: &str, to: &str) -> String {
-    let table_lower = table_name.to_lowercase();
-    let to_lower = to.to_lowercase();
-
-    // Remove the "to" suffix from FK column (e.g., "user_id" for to="id", "user_idx" for to="idx").
-    // If FK column still uses common suffixes like "*_id"/"*_idx", strip them as fallbacks.
-    let to_suffix = format!("_{to}");
-    let without_suffix = fk_column
-        .strip_suffix(&to_suffix)
-        .or_else(|| fk_column.strip_suffix("_id"))
-        .or_else(|| fk_column.strip_suffix("_idx"))
-        .unwrap_or(fk_column);
-
-    let sanitized = sanitize_field_name(without_suffix);
-    let sanitized_lower = sanitized.to_lowercase();
-
-    // If the FK column exactly matches the referenced column name, treat it as a natural-key
-    // relation and expose the target entity name instead of the raw column name.
-    // Also handle compact forms like `username` for `user.name`.
-    if sanitized_lower == to_lower || sanitized_lower == format!("{table_lower}{to_lower}") {
-        return sanitize_field_name(table_name);
-    }
-
-    // If the sanitized name is exactly the table name (e.g., "user_id" -> "user" for table "user"),
-    // we need to fall back to the table name for proper disambiguation
-    if sanitized_lower == table_lower {
-        sanitize_field_name(table_name)
-    }
-    // If the sanitized name ends with (but is not equal to) the table name, use it as-is
-    // This handles cases like "creator_user" for table "user"
-    else if sanitized_lower.ends_with(&table_lower) {
-        sanitized
+            .map(|table| Ok(render_entity_with_schema(table, schema)))
+            .collect()
     } else {
-        // Otherwise, use the inferred name from the column
-        sanitized
-    }
-}
-
-/// Information about a reverse relation to be generated.
-struct ReverseRelation {
-    /// Target entity name (the table that has FK to current table)
-    target_entity: String,
-    /// Whether it's has_one (true) or has_many (false)
-    is_one_to_one: bool,
-    /// Base field name before uniquification
-    field_base: String,
-    /// Base relation_enum name (from FK columns)
-    base_relation_enum: String,
-    /// Source table name (for disambiguation)
-    source_table: String,
-    /// Whether the source table has multiple FKs to current table
-    has_multiple_fks: bool,
-    /// Optional via clause for M2M relations
-    via: Option<String>,
-    /// Optional via_rel clause for reverse diamond relations
-    via_rel: Option<String>,
-    /// Whether this is a M2M relation (through junction table)
-    is_m2m: bool,
-}
-
-struct SelfRefJunction {
-    junction_table: String,
-    role_columns: Vec<String>,
-    role_relations: Vec<String>,
-}
-
-/// Collect target entities from reverse relations (for counting across all relations).
-fn collect_reverse_relation_targets(table: &TableDef, schema: &[TableDef]) -> Vec<String> {
-    let mut targets = Vec::new();
-
-    for other_table in schema {
-        if other_table.name == table.name {
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        // Get PK columns for junction table detection
-        let other_pk = primary_key_columns(other_table);
-
-        // Check if this is a junction table
-        if let Some(m2m_targets) =
-            collect_many_to_many_targets(table, other_table, &other_pk, schema)
-        {
-            targets.extend(m2m_targets);
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        // Check for direct FK to this table
-        for constraint in &other_table.constraints {
-            if let TableConstraint::ForeignKey { ref_table, .. } = constraint
-                && ref_table == &table.name
-            {
-                targets.push(other_table.name.clone());
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    targets
-}
-
-/// Collect target entities from a junction table for M2M relations.
-fn collect_many_to_many_targets(
-    current_table: &TableDef,
-    junction_table: &TableDef,
-    junction_pk: &HashSet<String>,
-    schema: &[TableDef],
-) -> Option<Vec<String>> {
-    if junction_pk.len() < 2 {
-        return None;
-    }
-
-    let fks: Vec<_> = junction_table
-        .constraints
-        .iter()
-        .filter_map(|c| {
-            if let TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                columns, ref_table, ..
-            } = c
-            {
-                Some((columns.clone(), ref_table.clone()))
-            } else {
-                None
-            }
-        })
-        .collect();
-
-    if fks.len() < 2 {
-        return None;
-    }
-
-    let all_fk_cols_in_pk = fks
-        .iter()
-        .all(|(cols, _)| cols.iter().all(|c| junction_pk.contains(c)));
-
-    if !all_fk_cols_in_pk {
-        return None;
-    }
-
-    fks.iter()
-        .find(|(_, ref_table)| ref_table == &current_table.name)?;
-
-    let mut targets = Vec::new();
-
-    // Junction table itself
-    targets.push(junction_table.name.clone());
-
-    // Target tables via M2M
-    for (_, ref_table) in &fks {
-        if ref_table == &current_table.name {
-            continue;
-        }
-        let target_exists = schema.iter().any(|t| &t.name == ref_table);
-        if target_exists {
-            targets.push(ref_table.clone());
-        }
-    }
-
-    Some(targets)
-}
-
-/// Generate reverse relation fields (has_one/has_many) for tables that reference this table.
-fn reverse_relation_field_defs(
-    table: &TableDef,
-    schema: &[TableDef],
-    used: &mut HashSet<String>,
-    entity_count: &std::collections::HashMap<String, usize>,
-    used_relation_enums: &mut HashSet<String>,
-    module_paths: &HashMap<String, Vec<String>>,
-    crate_prefix: &str,
-) -> Vec<String> {
-    // First pass: collect all reverse relations
-    let mut relations: Vec<ReverseRelation> = Vec::new();
-
-    // Count how many FKs from each table reference this table
-    let mut fk_count_per_table: std::collections::HashMap<String, usize> =
-        std::collections::HashMap::new();
-    for other_table in schema {
-        if other_table.name == table.name {
-            continue;
-        }
-        for constraint in &other_table.constraints {
-            if let TableConstraint::ForeignKey { ref_table, .. } = constraint
-                && ref_table == &table.name
-            {
-                *fk_count_per_table
-                    .entry(other_table.name.clone())
-                    .or_insert(0) += 1;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Collect all relations from all tables
-    for other_table in schema {
-        if other_table.name == table.name {
-            continue;
-        }
+        schema
+            .par_iter()
+            .with_min_len(SEAORM_EXPORT_PAR_TABLE_MIN_LEN)
+            .map(|table| Ok(render_entity_with_schema(table, schema)))
+            .collect()
+    };
 
-        // Get PK and unique columns for the other table
-        let other_pk = primary_key_columns(other_table);
-        let other_unique = single_column_unique_set(&other_table.constraints);
-
-        // Check if this is a junction table (composite PK with multiple FKs)
-        if let Some(m2m_relations) =
-            collect_many_to_many_relations(table, other_table, &other_pk, schema)
-        {
-            relations.extend(m2m_relations);
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        for constraint in &other_table.constraints {
-            if let TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                columns, ref_table, ..
-            } = constraint
-            {
-                // Check if this FK references our table
-                if ref_table == &table.name {
-                    // Determine if it's has_one or has_many
-                    let is_one_to_one = if columns.len() == 1 {
-                        let col = &columns[0];
-                        let is_sole_pk = other_pk.len() == 1 && other_pk.contains(col);
-                        let is_unique = other_unique.contains(col);
-                        is_sole_pk || is_unique
-                    } else {
-                        columns.len() == other_pk.len()
-                            && columns.iter().all(|c| other_pk.contains(c))
-                    };
-
-                    let has_multiple_fks = fk_count_per_table
-                        .get(&other_table.name)
-                        .map(|count| *count > 1)
-                        .unwrap_or(false);
-
-                    // Generate base field name
-                    let base_relation_enum = generate_relation_enum_name(columns);
-                    let field_base = if has_multiple_fks {
-                        let lowercase_enum = to_snake_case(&base_relation_enum);
-                        if is_one_to_one {
-                            lowercase_enum
-                        } else {
-                            format!(
-                                "{}_{}",
-                                lowercase_enum,
-                                pluralize(&sanitize_field_name(&other_table.name))
-                            )
-                        }
-                    } else if is_one_to_one {
-                        sanitize_field_name(&other_table.name)
-                    } else {
-                        pluralize(&sanitize_field_name(&other_table.name))
-                    };
-
-                    relations.push(ReverseRelation {
-                        target_entity: other_table.name.clone(),
-                        is_one_to_one,
-                        field_base,
-                        base_relation_enum,
-                        source_table: other_table.name.clone(),
-                        has_multiple_fks,
-                        via: None,
-                        via_rel: Some(generate_relation_enum_name(columns)),
-                        is_m2m: false,
-                    });
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Second pass: generate output with relation_enum when needed
-    let mut out = Vec::new();
-
-    for rel in relations {
-        let relation_type = if rel.is_one_to_one {
-            "has_one"
-        } else {
-            "has_many"
-        };
-        let rust_type = if rel.is_one_to_one {
-            "HasOne"
-        } else {
-            "HasMany"
-        };
-        let field_name = unique_name(&rel.field_base, used);
-
-        // Determine if we need relation_enum:
-        // 1. Multiple FKs from same source table, OR
-        // 2. Multiple relations targeting the same entity (across ALL relations including forward)
-        let needs_relation_enum = rel.has_multiple_fks
-            || entity_count
-                .get(&rel.target_entity)
-                .map(|c| *c > 1)
-                .unwrap_or(false);
-
-        let attr = if needs_relation_enum {
-            let preferred_relation_enum_name = if rel.is_m2m {
-                // M2M: use {Target}Via{Junction} pattern directly
-                // e.g., "MediaViaUserMediaRole"
-                rel.base_relation_enum.clone()
-            } else {
-                let via_value = rel.via.as_ref().unwrap_or(&rel.source_table);
-                // Direct: use via table name, fall back to FK-based on collision
-                let base_enum = to_pascal_case(via_value);
-                if used_relation_enums.contains(&base_enum) {
-                    rel.base_relation_enum.clone()
-                } else {
-                    base_enum
-                }
-            };
-            let relation_enum_name = unique_relation_enum_name(
-                preferred_relation_enum_name,
-                &rel.source_table,
-                &rel.base_relation_enum,
-                used_relation_enums,
-            );
-            used_relation_enums.insert(relation_enum_name.clone());
-
-            if let Some(via_rel) = &rel.via_rel {
-                format!(
-                    "    #[sea_orm({relation_type}, relation_enum = \"{relation_enum_name}\", via_rel = \"{via_rel}\")]"
-                )
-            } else if let Some(via) = &rel.via {
-                format!(
-                    "    #[sea_orm({relation_type}, relation_enum = \"{relation_enum_name}\", via = \"{via}\")]"
-                )
-            } else {
-                format!("    #[sea_orm({relation_type}, relation_enum = \"{relation_enum_name}\")]")
-            }
-        } else if let Some(via) = &rel.via {
-            // No ambiguity - just via without relation_enum
-            format!("    #[sea_orm({relation_type}, via = \"{via}\")]")
-        } else {
-            format!("    #[sea_orm({relation_type})]")
-        };
-
-        out.push(attr);
-        let entity_path = resolve_relation_entity_module_path(
-            &table.name,
-            &rel.target_entity,
-            module_paths,
-            crate_prefix,
-        );
-        out.push(format!(
-            "    pub {field_name}: {rust_type}<{entity_path}::Entity>,"
-        ));
-    }
-
-    out
-}
-
-/// Collect many-to-many relations from a junction table.
-/// Returns Some(relations) if it's a junction table that links current table to other tables,
-/// or None if it's not a junction table.
-fn collect_many_to_many_relations(
-    current_table: &TableDef,
-    junction_table: &TableDef,
-    junction_pk: &HashSet<String>,
-    schema: &[TableDef],
-) -> Option<Vec<ReverseRelation>> {
-    // Junction table must have composite PK (2+ columns)
-    if junction_pk.len() < 2 {
-        return None;
-    }
-
-    // Collect all FKs from the junction table
-    let fks: Vec<_> = junction_table
-        .constraints
-        .iter()
-        .filter_map(|c| {
-            if let TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                columns, ref_table, ..
-            } = c
-            {
-                Some((columns.clone(), ref_table.clone()))
-            } else {
-                None
-            }
-        })
-        .collect();
-
-    // Must have at least 2 FKs to be a junction table
-    if fks.len() < 2 {
-        return None;
-    }
-
-    // Check if all FK columns are part of the PK (typical junction table pattern)
-    let all_fk_cols_in_pk = fks
-        .iter()
-        .all(|(cols, _)| cols.iter().all(|c| junction_pk.contains(c)));
-
-    if !all_fk_cols_in_pk {
-        return None;
-    }
-
-    // Find which FK references the current table
-    fks.iter()
-        .find(|(_, ref_table)| ref_table == &current_table.name)?;
-
-    let mut relations = Vec::new();
-
-    let self_ref_fks: Vec<_> = fks
-        .iter()
-        .filter(|(_, ref_table)| ref_table == &current_table.name)
-        .cloned()
-        .collect();
-
-    if self_ref_fks.len() == fks.len() {
-        return None;
-    }
-
-    // First, add has_many to the junction table itself (direct relation, not M2M)
-    let junction_base = pluralize(&sanitize_field_name(&junction_table.name));
-    relations.push(ReverseRelation {
-        target_entity: junction_table.name.clone(),
-        is_one_to_one: false,
-        field_base: junction_base,
-        base_relation_enum: to_pascal_case(&junction_table.name),
-        source_table: junction_table.name.clone(),
-        has_multiple_fks: false,
-        via: None,
-        via_rel: None,
-        is_m2m: false,
-    });
-
-    // Then add has_many with via for the target tables (M2M relations)
-    for (_columns, ref_table) in &fks {
-        // Skip the FK to the current table itself
-        if ref_table == &current_table.name {
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        // Find the target table in schema
-        let target_exists = schema.iter().any(|t| &t.name == ref_table);
-        if !target_exists {
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        // M2M field name: {target}_via_{junction} to distinguish from direct relations
-        // e.g., "medias_via_user_media_role" instead of "medias" (which collides with direct FK)
-        let field_base = format!(
-            "{}_via_{}",
-            pluralize(&sanitize_field_name(ref_table)),
-            sanitize_field_name(&junction_table.name)
-        );
-        // M2M relation_enum: {Target}Via{Junction} pattern
-        // e.g., "MediaViaUserMediaRole" for media through user_media_role
-        let base_relation_enum = format!(
-            "{}Via{}",
-            to_pascal_case(ref_table),
-            to_pascal_case(&junction_table.name)
-        );
-
-        relations.push(ReverseRelation {
-            target_entity: ref_table.clone(),
-            is_one_to_one: false,
-            field_base,
-            base_relation_enum,
-            source_table: junction_table.name.clone(),
-            has_multiple_fks: false,
-            via: Some(junction_table.name.clone()),
-            via_rel: None,
-            is_m2m: true,
-        });
-    }
-
-    Some(relations)
-}
-
-/// Simple pluralization for field names (adds 's' suffix).
-fn pluralize(name: &str) -> String {
-    if name.ends_with('s') || name.ends_with("es") {
-        name.to_string()
-    } else if name.ends_with('y')
-        && !name.ends_with("ay")
-        && !name.ends_with("ey")
-        && !name.ends_with("oy")
-        && !name.ends_with("uy")
-    {
-        // e.g., category -> categories
-        format!("{}ies", &name[..name.len() - 1])
-    } else {
-        format!("{}s", name)
-    }
-}
-
-fn fk_attr_value(cols: &[String]) -> String {
-    if cols.len() == 1 {
-        cols[0].clone()
-    } else {
-        format!("({})", cols.join(", "))
-    }
-}
-
-fn render_indexes(lines: &mut Vec<String>, constraints: &[TableConstraint]) {
-    let index_constraints: Vec<_> = constraints
-        .iter()
-        .filter_map(|c| {
-            if let TableConstraint::Index { name, columns } = c {
-                Some((name, columns))
-            } else {
-                None
-            }
-        })
-        .collect();
-
-    if index_constraints.is_empty() {
-        return;
-    }
-    lines.push("// Index definitions (SeaORM uses Statement builders externally)".into());
-    for (name, columns) in index_constraints {
-        let cols = columns.join(", ");
-        let idx_name = name.clone().unwrap_or_else(|| "(unnamed)".to_string());
-        lines.push(format!("// {} on [{}]", idx_name, cols));
-    }
-}
-
-/// Rust reserved keywords that cannot be used as identifiers without raw identifier syntax.
-/// Reference: https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/keywords.html
-const RUST_KEYWORDS: &[&str] = &[
-    // Strict keywords
-    "as", "async", "await", "break", "const", "continue", "crate", "dyn", "else", "enum", "extern",
-    "false", "fn", "for", "if", "impl", "in", "let", "loop", "match", "mod", "move", "mut", "pub",
-    "ref", "return", "self", "Self", "static", "struct", "super", "trait", "true", "type",
-    "unsafe", "use", "where", "while", // Reserved keywords (for future use)
-    "abstract", "become", "box", "do", "final", "macro", "override", "priv", "try", "typeof",
-    "unsized", "virtual", "yield",
-];
-
-fn sanitize_field_name(name: &str) -> String {
-    let mut result = String::new();
-
-    for (idx, ch) in name.chars().enumerate() {
-        if (ch.is_ascii_alphanumeric() && (idx > 0 || ch.is_ascii_alphabetic())) || ch == '_' {
-            result.push(ch);
-        } else if idx == 0 && ch.is_ascii_digit() {
-            result.push('_');
-            result.push(ch);
-        } else {
-            result.push('_');
-        }
-    }
-
-    if result.is_empty() {
-        "_col".into()
-    } else if RUST_KEYWORDS.contains(&result.as_str()) {
-        format!("r#{}", result)
-    } else {
-        result
-    }
-}
-
-fn unique_name(base: &str, used: &mut HashSet<String>) -> String {
-    let mut name = base.to_string();
-    let mut i = 1;
-    while used.contains(&name) {
-        name = format!("{base}_{i}");
-        i += 1;
-    }
-    used.insert(name.clone());
-    name
-}
-
-fn render_enum(
-    lines: &mut Vec<String>,
-    table_name: &str,
-    name: &str,
-    values: &EnumValues,
-    config: &SeaOrmConfig,
-) {
-    let enum_name = to_pascal_case(name);
-    // Construct the full enum name with table prefix for database
-    let db_enum_name = format!("{}_{}", table_name, name);
-
-    // Build derive line with optional extra derives
-    let mut derives = vec![
-        "Debug",
-        "Clone",
-        "PartialEq",
-        "Eq",
-        "EnumIter",
-        "DeriveActiveEnum",
-        "Serialize",
-        "Deserialize",
-    ];
-    let extra_derives: Vec<&str> = config
-        .extra_enum_derives()
-        .iter()
-        .map(|s| s.as_str())
-        .collect();
-    derives.extend(extra_derives);
-
-    lines.push(format!("#[derive({})]", derives.join(", ")));
-    lines.push(format!(
-        "#[serde(rename_all = \"{}\")]",
-        enum_serde_rename_all(values, config)
-    ));
-
-    match values {
-        EnumValues::Integer(_) => {
-            // Integer enum: #[sea_orm(rs_type = "i32", db_type = "Integer")]
-            lines.push("#[sea_orm(rs_type = \"i32\", db_type = \"Integer\")]".into());
-        }
-        EnumValues::String(_) => {
-            // String enum: #[sea_orm(rs_type = "String", db_type = "Enum", enum_name = "...")]
-            lines.push(format!(
-                "#[sea_orm(rs_type = \"String\", db_type = \"Enum\", enum_name = \"{}\")]",
-                db_enum_name
-            ));
-        }
-    }
-
-    lines.push(format!("pub enum {} {{", enum_name));
-
-    match values {
-        EnumValues::String(string_values) => {
-            let use_screaming_snake_variants = uses_screaming_snake_variants(string_values);
-            for s in string_values {
-                let variant_name = enum_string_variant_name(s, use_screaming_snake_variants);
-                lines.push(format!("    #[sea_orm(string_value = \"{}\")]", s));
-                lines.push(format!("    {},", variant_name));
-            }
-        }
-        EnumValues::Integer(int_values) => {
-            for NumValue {
-                name: var_name,
-                value: num,
-            } in int_values
-            {
-                let variant_name = enum_variant_name(var_name);
-                lines.push(format!("    {} = {},", variant_name, num));
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    lines.push("}".into());
-    lines.push(String::new());
-}
-
-/// Convert a string to a valid Rust enum variant name (PascalCase).
-/// Handles edge cases like numeric prefixes, special characters, and reserved words.
-fn enum_variant_name(s: &str) -> String {
-    let pascal = to_pascal_case(s);
-
-    finalize_enum_variant_name(pascal)
-}
-
-fn enum_string_variant_name(s: &str, use_screaming_snake_variants: bool) -> String {
-    let pascal = if use_screaming_snake_variants {
-        screaming_snake_to_pascal_case(s)
-    } else {
-        to_pascal_case(s)
-    };
-
-    finalize_enum_variant_name(pascal)
-}
-
-fn finalize_enum_variant_name(pascal: String) -> String {
-    // Handle empty string
-    if pascal.is_empty() {
-        return "Value".to_string();
-    }
-
-    // Handle numeric prefix: prefix with underscore or 'N'
-    if pascal
-        .chars()
-        .next()
-        .map(|c| c.is_ascii_digit())
-        .unwrap_or(false)
-    {
-        return format!("N{}", pascal);
-    }
-
-    pascal
-}
-
-fn enum_serde_rename_all(values: &EnumValues, config: &SeaOrmConfig) -> &'static str {
-    match values {
-        EnumValues::String(string_values) if uses_screaming_snake_variants(string_values) => {
-            "SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE"
-        }
-        _ => config.enum_naming_case().serde_rename_all(),
-    }
-}
-
-fn uses_screaming_snake_variants(values: &[String]) -> bool {
-    !values.is_empty() && values.iter().all(|value| is_screaming_snake_value(value))
-}
-
-fn is_screaming_snake_value(value: &str) -> bool {
-    let mut has_ascii_upper = false;
-
-    for ch in value.chars() {
-        if ch.is_ascii_lowercase() {
-            return false;
-        }
-        if ch.is_ascii_uppercase() {
-            has_ascii_upper = true;
-            continue;
-        }
-        if ch.is_ascii_digit() || ch == '_' {
-            continue;
-        }
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    has_ascii_upper
-}
-
-fn screaming_snake_to_pascal_case(value: &str) -> String {
-    value
-        .split('_')
-        .filter(|segment| !segment.is_empty())
-        .map(|segment| {
-            let mut chars = segment.chars();
-            let first = chars
-                .next()
-                .expect("empty segments are filtered before PascalCase conversion");
-            let mut out = String::new();
-            out.push(first.to_ascii_uppercase());
-            out.extend(chars.map(|ch| ch.to_ascii_lowercase()));
-            out
-        })
-        .collect()
-}
-
-fn to_pascal_case(s: &str) -> String {
-    let mut result = String::new();
-    let mut capitalize = true;
-    for c in s.chars() {
-        let is_separator = c == '_' || c == '-';
-        if is_separator {
-            capitalize = true;
-            continue;
-        }
-        let ch = if capitalize {
-            c.to_ascii_uppercase()
-        } else {
-            c
-        };
-        capitalize = false;
-        result.push(ch);
-    }
-    result
-}
-
-/// Convert PascalCase to snake_case.
-/// For "CreatorUser", generates "creator_user".
-fn to_snake_case(s: &str) -> String {
-    let mut result = String::new();
-    for (i, c) in s.chars().enumerate() {
-        if i > 0 && c.is_ascii_uppercase() {
-            result.push('_');
-        }
-        result.push(c.to_ascii_lowercase());
-    }
-    result
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod module_path_tests {
-    use super::*;
-    use vespertide_core::{ColumnType, SimpleColumnType};
-
-    fn test_pk_column(name: &str) -> ColumnDef {
-        ColumnDef {
-            name: name.into(),
-            r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-            nullable: false,
-            default: None,
-            comment: None,
-            primary_key: Some(vespertide_core::schema::primary_key::PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
-            unique: None,
-            index: None,
-            foreign_key: None,
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn absolute_module_path_builds_correct_path() {
-        let result = absolute_module_path("crate::models", &["admin".into(), "admin".into()]);
-        assert_eq!(result, "crate::models::admin::admin");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn absolute_module_path_single_segment() {
-        let result = absolute_module_path("crate::models", &["user".into()]);
-        assert_eq!(result, "crate::models::user");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn absolute_module_path_deep_nesting() {
-        let result = absolute_module_path(
-            "crate::db::entities",
-            &["company".into(), "division".into(), "department".into()],
-        );
-        assert_eq!(result, "crate::db::entities::company::division::department");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn resolve_entity_module_path_with_crate_prefix() {
-        let mut module_paths = HashMap::new();
-        module_paths.insert(
-            "estimate".into(),
-            vec!["estimate".into(), "estimate".into()],
-        );
-        module_paths.insert("admin".into(), vec!["admin".into(), "admin".into()]);
-        let result =
-            resolve_entity_module_path("estimate", "admin", &module_paths, "crate::models");
-        assert_eq!(result, "crate::models::admin::admin");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn resolve_entity_module_path_prefers_super_for_siblings() {
-        let mut module_paths = HashMap::new();
-        module_paths.insert("admin".into(), vec!["admin".into(), "admin".into()]);
-        module_paths.insert(
-            "admin_stamp".into(),
-            vec!["admin".into(), "admin_stamp".into()],
-        );
-
-        let result =
-            resolve_entity_module_path("admin_stamp", "admin", &module_paths, "crate::models");
-        assert_eq!(result, "super::admin");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn resolve_entity_module_path_fallback_when_no_mapping() {
-        let module_paths = HashMap::new();
-        let result = resolve_entity_module_path("post", "user", &module_paths, "crate::models");
-        assert_eq!(result, "super::user");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn resolve_entity_module_path_fallback_when_empty_prefix() {
-        let mut module_paths = HashMap::new();
-        module_paths.insert("admin".into(), vec!["admin".into(), "admin".into()]);
-        let result = resolve_entity_module_path("user", "admin", &module_paths, "");
-        assert_eq!(result, "super::admin");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn resolve_relation_entity_module_path_uses_crate_for_cross_directory_nested_models() {
-        let mut module_paths = HashMap::new();
-        module_paths.insert("admin".into(), vec!["admin".into(), "admin".into()]);
-        module_paths.insert(
-            "estimate".into(),
-            vec!["estimate".into(), "estimate".into()],
-        );
-
-        let result = resolve_relation_entity_module_path(
-            "admin",
-            "estimate",
-            &module_paths,
-            "crate::models",
-        );
-        assert_eq!(result, "crate::models::estimate::estimate");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn resolve_relation_entity_module_path_uses_super_for_same_directory() {
-        let mut module_paths = HashMap::new();
-        module_paths.insert("admin".into(), vec!["shared".into(), "admin".into()]);
-        module_paths.insert(
-            "admin_stamp".into(),
-            vec!["shared".into(), "admin_stamp".into()],
-        );
-        let result = resolve_relation_entity_module_path(
-            "admin",
-            "admin_stamp",
-            &module_paths,
-            "crate::models",
-        );
-        assert_eq!(result, "super::admin_stamp");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn resolve_relation_entity_module_path_fallback_super_when_empty_prefix_cross_directory() {
-        let mut module_paths = HashMap::new();
-        module_paths.insert("admin".into(), vec!["admin".into(), "admin".into()]);
-        module_paths.insert(
-            "estimate".into(),
-            vec!["estimate".into(), "estimate".into()],
-        );
-        let result = resolve_relation_entity_module_path("admin", "estimate", &module_paths, "");
-        assert_eq!(result, "super::estimate");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn resolve_relation_entity_module_path_uses_crate_prefix_when_not_in_module_paths() {
-        let module_paths = HashMap::new();
-        let result = resolve_relation_entity_module_path(
-            "admin",
-            "estimate",
-            &module_paths,
-            "crate::models",
-        );
-        assert_eq!(result, "crate::models::estimate");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn resolve_self_ref_link_module_path_uses_super_for_same_directory() {
-        let mut module_paths = HashMap::new();
-        module_paths.insert("admin".into(), vec!["shared".into(), "admin".into()]);
-        module_paths.insert(
-            "admin_friendship".into(),
-            vec!["shared".into(), "admin_friendship".into()],
-        );
-        let result = resolve_self_ref_link_module_path(
-            "admin",
-            "admin_friendship",
-            &module_paths,
-            "crate::models",
-        );
-        assert_eq!(result, "super::admin_friendship");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn resolve_self_ref_link_module_path_absolute_fallback_when_empty_prefix() {
-        let mut module_paths = HashMap::new();
-        module_paths.insert("admin".into(), vec!["admin".into(), "admin".into()]);
-        module_paths.insert(
-            "admin_friendship".into(),
-            vec!["social".into(), "admin_friendship".into()],
-        );
-        let result =
-            resolve_self_ref_link_module_path("admin", "admin_friendship", &module_paths, "");
-        assert_eq!(result, "crate::models::social::admin_friendship");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn self_ref_link_helpers_use_crate_path_for_cross_directory_junctions() {
-        let admin = TableDef {
-            name: "admin".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![test_pk_column("username")],
-            constraints: vec![],
-        };
-
-        let estimate_user_checker_setting = TableDef {
-            name: "estimate_user_checker_setting".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                test_pk_column("username"),
-                test_pk_column("checker_username"),
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![
-                TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                    name: None,
-                    columns: vec!["username".into()],
-                    ref_table: "admin".into(),
-                    ref_columns: vec!["username".into()],
-                    on_delete: None,
-                    on_update: None,
-                },
-                TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                    name: None,
-                    columns: vec!["checker_username".into()],
-                    ref_table: "admin".into(),
-                    ref_columns: vec!["username".into()],
-                    on_delete: None,
-                    on_update: None,
-                },
-            ],
-        };
-
-        let schema = vec![admin.clone(), estimate_user_checker_setting];
-        let mut module_paths = HashMap::new();
-        module_paths.insert("admin".into(), vec!["admin".into(), "admin".into()]);
-        module_paths.insert(
-            "estimate_user_checker_setting".into(),
-            vec!["estimate".into(), "estimate_user_checker_setting".into()],
-        );
-
-        let rendered = render_entity_with_config_and_paths(
-            &admin,
-            &schema,
-            &SeaOrmConfig::default(),
-            "",
-            &module_paths,
-            "crate::models",
-        );
-
-        assert!(rendered.contains(
-            "crate::models::estimate::estimate_user_checker_setting::Relation::Username.def().rev()"
-        ));
-        assert!(rendered.contains("crate::models::estimate::estimate_user_checker_setting::Relation::CheckerUsername.def()"));
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod helper_tests {
-    use super::*;
-    use rstest::rstest;
-    use vespertide_core::{ColumnType, ComplexColumnType, SimpleColumnType};
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_render_indexes() {
-        let mut lines = Vec::new();
-        let constraints = vec![
-            TableConstraint::Index {
-                name: Some("idx_users_email".into()),
-                columns: vec!["email".into()],
-            },
-            TableConstraint::Index {
-                name: Some("idx_users_name_email".into()),
-                columns: vec!["name".into(), "email".into()],
-            },
-        ];
-        render_indexes(&mut lines, &constraints);
-        assert!(!lines.is_empty());
-        assert!(lines.iter().any(|l| l.contains("idx_users_email")));
-        assert!(lines.iter().any(|l| l.contains("idx_users_name_email")));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_render_indexes_empty() {
-        let mut lines = Vec::new();
-        render_indexes(&mut lines, &[]);
-        assert_eq!(lines.len(), 0);
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case(ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::SmallInt), false, "i16")]
-    #[case(ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::SmallInt), true, "Option<i16>")]
-    #[case(ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer), false, "i32")]
-    #[case(ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer), true, "Option<i32>")]
-    #[case(ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::BigInt), false, "i64")]
-    #[case(ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::BigInt), true, "Option<i64>")]
-    #[case(ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Real), false, "f32")]
-    #[case(ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::DoublePrecision), false, "f64")]
-    #[case(ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text), false, "String")]
-    #[case(ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text), true, "Option<String>")]
-    #[case(ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Boolean), false, "bool")]
-    #[case(ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Boolean), true, "Option<bool>")]
-    #[case(ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Date), false, "Date")]
-    #[case(ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Time), false, "Time")]
-    #[case(ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Timestamp), false, "DateTime")]
-    #[case(
-        ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Timestamp),
-        true,
-        "Option<DateTime>"
-    )]
-    #[case(
-        ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Timestamptz),
-        false,
-        "DateTimeWithTimeZone"
-    )]
-    #[case(
-        ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Timestamptz),
-        true,
-        "Option<DateTimeWithTimeZone>"
-    )]
-    #[case(ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Bytea), false, "Vec<u8>")]
-    #[case(ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid), false, "Uuid")]
-    #[case(ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Json), false, "Json")]
-    #[case(ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Inet), false, "String")]
-    #[case(ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Cidr), false, "String")]
-    #[case(ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Macaddr), false, "String")]
-    #[case(ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Interval), false, "String")]
-    #[case(ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Xml), false, "String")]
-    #[case(ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Numeric { precision: 10, scale: 2 }), false, "Decimal")]
-    #[case(ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Char { length: 10 }), false, "String")]
-    fn test_rust_type(
-        #[case] col_type: ColumnType,
-        #[case] nullable: bool,
-        #[case] expected: &str,
-    ) {
-        assert_eq!(col_type.to_rust_type(nullable), expected);
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case("normal_name", "normal_name")]
-    #[case("123name", "_123name")]
-    #[case("name-with-dash", "name_with_dash")]
-    #[case("name.with.dot", "name_with_dot")]
-    #[case("name with space", "name_with_space")]
-    #[case("name  with  multiple  spaces", "name__with__multiple__spaces")]
-    #[case(" name_with_leading_space", "_name_with_leading_space")]
-    #[case("name_with_trailing_space ", "name_with_trailing_space_")]
-    #[case("", "_col")]
-    #[case("a", "a")]
-    // Reserved keywords should be prefixed with r#
-    #[case("type", "r#type")]
-    #[case("ref", "r#ref")]
-    #[case("mod", "r#mod")]
-    #[case("fn", "r#fn")]
-    #[case("let", "r#let")]
-    #[case("mut", "r#mut")]
-    #[case("pub", "r#pub")]
-    #[case("self", "r#self")]
-    #[case("Self", "r#Self")]
-    #[case("match", "r#match")]
-    #[case("async", "r#async")]
-    #[case("await", "r#await")]
-    #[case("abstract", "r#abstract")]
-    // Non-reserved words should not be prefixed
-    #[case("types", "types")]
-    #[case("reference", "reference")]
-    #[case("module", "module")]
-    fn test_sanitize_field_name(#[case] input: &str, #[case] expected: &str) {
-        assert_eq!(sanitize_field_name(input), expected);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_unique_name() {
-        let mut used = std::collections::HashSet::new();
-        assert_eq!(unique_name("test", &mut used), "test");
-        assert_eq!(unique_name("test", &mut used), "test_1");
-        assert_eq!(unique_name("test", &mut used), "test_2");
-        assert_eq!(unique_name("other", &mut used), "other");
-        assert_eq!(unique_name("other", &mut used), "other_1");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_unique_relation_enum_name_preferred_available() {
-        let used = HashSet::new();
-        let result = unique_relation_enum_name("User".into(), "post", "User", &used);
-        assert_eq!(result, "User");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_unique_relation_enum_name_source_prefixed() {
-        let mut used = HashSet::new();
-        used.insert("User".into());
-        let result = unique_relation_enum_name("User".into(), "post", "User", &used);
-        assert_eq!(result, "PostUser");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_unique_relation_enum_name_numbered_fallback() {
-        let mut used = HashSet::new();
-        used.insert("User".into());
-        used.insert("PostUser".into());
-        let result = unique_relation_enum_name("User".into(), "post", "User", &used);
-        assert_eq!(result, "PostUser2");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_unique_relation_enum_name_numbered_fallback_skips_taken() {
-        let mut used = HashSet::new();
-        used.insert("User".into());
-        used.insert("PostUser".into());
-        used.insert("PostUser2".into());
-        let result = unique_relation_enum_name("User".into(), "post", "User", &used);
-        assert_eq!(result, "PostUser3");
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case(vec!["creator_user_id".into()], "CreatorUser")]
-    #[case(vec!["used_by_user_id".into()], "UsedByUser")]
-    #[case(vec!["user_id".into()], "User")]
-    #[case(vec!["org_id".into()], "Org")]
-    #[case(vec!["org_id".into(), "user_id".into()], "Org")]
-    #[case(vec!["author_id".into()], "Author")]
-    // FK column WITHOUT _id suffix (coverage for line 428)
-    #[case(vec!["creator_user".into()], "CreatorUser")]
-    #[case(vec!["user".into()], "User")]
-    fn test_generate_relation_enum_name(#[case] columns: Vec<String>, #[case] expected: &str) {
-        assert_eq!(generate_relation_enum_name(&columns), expected);
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    // FK column ends with table name -> use the FK column name
-    #[case("creator_user_id", "user", "id", "creator_user")]
-    #[case("used_by_user_id", "user", "id", "used_by_user")]
-    #[case("author_user_id", "user", "id", "author_user")]
-    // FK column is same as table -> fall back to table name
-    #[case("user_id", "user", "id", "user")]
-    #[case("org_id", "org", "id", "org")]
-    #[case("post_id", "post", "id", "post")]
-    // FK column doesn't end with table name -> use FK column name
-    #[case("author_id", "user", "id", "author")]
-    #[case("owner_id", "user", "id", "owner")]
-    // FK column WITHOUT _id suffix (coverage for line 450)
-    #[case("creator_user", "user", "id", "creator_user")]
-    #[case("user", "user", "id", "user")]
-    #[case("username", "user", "name", "user")]
-    #[case("username", "admin", "username", "admin")]
-    // FK column exactly matches table name with _id (coverage for line 464)
-    #[case("customer_id", "customer", "id", "customer")]
-    #[case("product_id", "product", "id", "product")]
-    // Test with different "to" suffixes (e.g., _idx instead of _id)
-    #[case("creator_user_idx", "user", "idx", "creator_user")]
-    #[case("user_idx", "user", "idx", "user")]
-    #[case("author_pk", "user", "pk", "author")]
-    // FK column keeps *_id naming while target column is not "id"
-    #[case("order_id", "order", "order_number", "order")]
-    #[case("creator_order_id", "order", "order_number", "creator_order")]
-    // FK column keeps *_idx naming while target column is not "idx"
-    #[case("order_idx", "order", "order_number", "order")]
-    #[case("creator_order_idx", "order", "order_number", "creator_order")]
-    fn test_infer_field_name_from_fk_column(
-        #[case] fk_column: &str,
-        #[case] table_name: &str,
-        #[case] to: &str,
-        #[case] expected: &str,
-    ) {
-        assert_eq!(
-            infer_field_name_from_fk_column(fk_column, table_name, to),
-            expected
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_column_type_supports_eq() {
-        assert!(column_type_supports_eq(&ColumnType::Simple(
-            SimpleColumnType::Integer
-        )));
-        assert!(column_type_supports_eq(&ColumnType::Simple(
-            SimpleColumnType::Text
-        )));
-        assert!(!column_type_supports_eq(&ColumnType::Simple(
-            SimpleColumnType::Real
-        )));
-        assert!(!column_type_supports_eq(&ColumnType::Simple(
-            SimpleColumnType::DoublePrecision
-        )));
-        assert!(column_type_supports_eq(&ColumnType::Complex(
-            ComplexColumnType::Numeric {
-                precision: 10,
-                scale: 2
-            }
-        )));
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case("hello_world", "HelloWorld")]
-    #[case("order_status", "OrderStatus")]
-    #[case("hello-world", "HelloWorld")]
-    #[case("info-level", "InfoLevel")]
-    #[case("HelloWorld", "HelloWorld")]
-    #[case("hello", "Hello")]
-    #[case("pending", "Pending")]
-    #[case("hello_world-test", "HelloWorldTest")]
-    #[case("HELLO_WORLD", "HELLOWORLD")]
-    #[case("ERROR_LEVEL", "ERRORLEVEL")]
-    #[case("level_1", "Level1")]
-    #[case("1_critical", "1Critical")]
-    #[case("", "")]
-    fn test_to_pascal_case(#[case] input: &str, #[case] expected: &str) {
-        assert_eq!(to_pascal_case(input), expected);
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case("CreatorUser", "creator_user")]
-    #[case("UsedByUser", "used_by_user")]
-    #[case("PreferredUser", "preferred_user")]
-    #[case("BackupUser", "backup_user")]
-    #[case("User", "user")]
-    #[case("ID", "i_d")]
-    fn test_to_snake_case(#[case] input: &str, #[case] expected: &str) {
-        assert_eq!(to_snake_case(input), expected);
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case("pending", "Pending")]
-    #[case("in_stock", "InStock")]
-    #[case("info-level", "InfoLevel")]
-    #[case("ACTIVE", "ACTIVE")]
-    #[case("ERROR_LEVEL", "ERRORLEVEL")]
-    #[case("1critical", "N1critical")]
-    #[case("123abc", "N123abc")]
-    #[case("1_critical", "N1Critical")]
-    #[case("", "Value")]
-    fn test_enum_variant_name(#[case] input: &str, #[case] expected: &str) {
-        assert_eq!(enum_variant_name(input), expected);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_render_enum_uses_screaming_snake_serde_for_uppercase_values() {
-        let mut lines = Vec::new();
-        let config = SeaOrmConfig::default();
-        let values = EnumValues::String(vec!["PENDING".into(), "IN_PROGRESS".into()]);
-
-        render_enum(&mut lines, "orders", "order_status", &values, &config);
-
-        let result = lines.join("\n");
-        assert!(result.contains("#[serde(rename_all = \"SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE\")]"));
-        assert!(result.contains("    #[sea_orm(string_value = \"PENDING\")]\n    Pending,"));
-        assert!(result.contains("    #[sea_orm(string_value = \"IN_PROGRESS\")]\n    InProgress,"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_is_screaming_snake_value_rejects_invalid_symbol() {
-        assert!(!is_screaming_snake_value("PENDING-REVIEW"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_screaming_snake_to_pascal_case_ignores_empty_segments() {
-        assert_eq!(
-            screaming_snake_to_pascal_case("PENDING__REVIEW"),
-            "PendingReview"
-        );
-    }
-
-    fn string_enum_order_status() -> (&'static str, EnumValues) {
-        (
-            "order_status",
-            EnumValues::String(vec!["pending".into(), "shipped".into(), "delivered".into()]),
-        )
-    }
-
-    fn string_enum_numeric_prefix() -> (&'static str, EnumValues) {
-        (
-            "priority",
-            EnumValues::String(vec!["1_high".into(), "2_medium".into(), "3_low".into()]),
-        )
-    }
-
-    fn integer_enum_color() -> (&'static str, EnumValues) {
-        (
-            "color",
-            EnumValues::Integer(vec![
-                NumValue {
-                    name: "Black".into(),
-                    value: 0,
-                },
-                NumValue {
-                    name: "White".into(),
-                    value: 1,
-                },
-                NumValue {
-                    name: "Red".into(),
-                    value: 2,
-                },
-            ]),
-        )
-    }
-
-    fn integer_enum_status() -> (&'static str, EnumValues) {
-        (
-            "task_status",
-            EnumValues::Integer(vec![
-                NumValue {
-                    name: "Pending".into(),
-                    value: 0,
-                },
-                NumValue {
-                    name: "InProgress".into(),
-                    value: 1,
-                },
-                NumValue {
-                    name: "Completed".into(),
-                    value: 100,
-                },
-            ]),
-        )
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case::string_enum("string_order_status", "orders", string_enum_order_status())]
-    #[case::string_numeric_prefix("string_numeric_prefix", "tasks", string_enum_numeric_prefix())]
-    #[case::integer_color("integer_color", "products", integer_enum_color())]
-    #[case::integer_status("integer_status", "tasks", integer_enum_status())]
-    fn test_render_enum_snapshots(
-        #[case] name: &str,
-        #[case] table_name: &str,
-        #[case] input: (&str, EnumValues),
-    ) {
-        use insta::with_settings;
-
-        let (enum_name, values) = input;
-        let mut lines = Vec::new();
-        let config = SeaOrmConfig::default();
-        render_enum(&mut lines, table_name, enum_name, &values, &config);
-        let result = lines.join("\n");
-
-        with_settings!({ snapshot_suffix => name }, {
-            insta::assert_snapshot!(result);
-        });
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_resolve_fk_target_no_schema() {
-        // Without schema context, should return original ref_table
-        let (table, columns) = resolve_fk_target("article", &["media_id".into()], &[]);
-        assert_eq!(table, "article");
-        assert_eq!(columns, vec!["media_id"]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_resolve_fk_target_no_chain() {
-        use vespertide_core::{ColumnType, SimpleColumnType};
-        // media table without FK chain
-        let media = TableDef {
-            name: "media".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![ColumnDef {
-                name: "id".into(),
-                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid),
-                nullable: false,
-                default: None,
-                comment: None,
-                primary_key: None,
-                unique: None,
-                index: None,
-                foreign_key: None,
-            }],
-            constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                auto_increment: false,
-                columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let schema = vec![media];
-        let (table, columns) = resolve_fk_target("media", &["id".into()], &schema);
-        assert_eq!(table, "media");
-        assert_eq!(columns, vec!["id"]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_resolve_fk_target_with_chain() {
-        use vespertide_core::{ColumnType, SimpleColumnType};
-        // media table
-        let media = TableDef {
-            name: "media".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![ColumnDef {
-                name: "id".into(),
-                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid),
-                nullable: false,
-                default: None,
-                comment: None,
-                primary_key: None,
-                unique: None,
-                index: None,
-                foreign_key: None,
-            }],
-            constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                auto_increment: false,
-                columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            }],
-        };
-
-        // article table with FK to media
-        let article = TableDef {
-            name: "article".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "media_id".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "id".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::BigInt),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![
-                TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                    auto_increment: false,
-                    columns: vec!["media_id".into(), "id".into()],
-                },
-                TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                    name: None,
-                    columns: vec!["media_id".into()],
-                    ref_table: "media".into(),
-                    ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                    on_delete: None,
-                    on_update: None,
-                },
-            ],
-        };
-
-        let schema = vec![media, article];
-        // Resolving article.media_id should follow FK chain to media.id
-        let (table, columns) = resolve_fk_target("article", &["media_id".into()], &schema);
-        assert_eq!(table, "media");
-        assert_eq!(columns, vec!["id"]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_resolve_fk_target_table_not_in_schema() {
-        use vespertide_core::{ColumnType, SimpleColumnType};
-        let media = TableDef {
-            name: "media".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![ColumnDef {
-                name: "id".into(),
-                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid),
-                nullable: false,
-                default: None,
-                comment: None,
-                primary_key: None,
-                unique: None,
-                index: None,
-                foreign_key: None,
-            }],
-            constraints: vec![],
-        };
-
-        let schema = vec![media];
-        // article is not in schema, should return original
-        let (table, columns) = resolve_fk_target("article", &["media_id".into()], &schema);
-        assert_eq!(table, "article");
-        assert_eq!(columns, vec!["media_id"]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_resolve_fk_target_composite_fk() {
-        // Composite FK should return as-is (not follow chain)
-        let (table, columns) = resolve_fk_target("article", &["media_id".into(), "id".into()], &[]);
-        assert_eq!(table, "article");
-        assert_eq!(columns, vec!["media_id", "id"]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_render_entity_with_schema_fk_chain() {
-        use vespertide_core::{ColumnType, SimpleColumnType};
-
-        // media table
-        let media = TableDef {
-            name: "media".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![ColumnDef {
-                name: "id".into(),
-                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid),
-                nullable: false,
-                default: None,
-                comment: None,
-                primary_key: None,
-                unique: None,
-                index: None,
-                foreign_key: None,
-            }],
-            constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                auto_increment: false,
-                columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            }],
-        };
-
-        // article table with FK to media
-        let article = TableDef {
-            name: "article".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "media_id".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "id".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::BigInt),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![
-                TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                    auto_increment: false,
-                    columns: vec!["media_id".into(), "id".into()],
-                },
-                TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                    name: None,
-                    columns: vec!["media_id".into()],
-                    ref_table: "media".into(),
-                    ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                    on_delete: None,
-                    on_update: None,
-                },
-            ],
-        };
-
-        // article_user table with FK to article.media_id
-        let article_user = TableDef {
-            name: "article_user".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "article_media_id".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "user_id".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![
-                TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                    auto_increment: false,
-                    columns: vec!["article_media_id".into(), "user_id".into()],
-                },
-                TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                    name: None,
-                    columns: vec!["article_media_id".into()],
-                    ref_table: "article".into(),
-                    ref_columns: vec!["media_id".into()],
-                    on_delete: None,
-                    on_update: None,
-                },
-            ],
-        };
-
-        let schema = vec![media, article.clone(), article_user.clone()];
-
-        // Render article_user with schema context
-        let rendered = render_entity_with_schema(&article_user, &schema);
-
-        // Should resolve to media, not article
-        assert!(rendered.contains("super::media::Entity"));
-        assert!(!rendered.contains("super::article::Entity"));
-        // The from should still be article_media_id, but to should be id
-        assert!(rendered.contains("from = \"article_media_id\""));
-        assert!(rendered.contains("to = \"id\""));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_pluralize() {
-        assert_eq!(pluralize("user"), "users");
-        assert_eq!(pluralize("post"), "posts");
-        assert_eq!(pluralize("category"), "categories");
-        assert_eq!(pluralize("entity"), "entities");
-        assert_eq!(pluralize("users"), "users"); // already plural
-        assert_eq!(pluralize("day"), "days"); // 'ay' ending
-        assert_eq!(pluralize("key"), "keys"); // 'ey' ending
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_resolve_fk_target_deep_chain() {
-        use vespertide_core::{ColumnType, SimpleColumnType};
-
-        // 3-level chain: level_c.b_id -> level_b.a_id -> level_a.id
-        // level_a (root)
-        let level_a = TableDef {
-            name: "level_a".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![ColumnDef {
-                name: "id".into(),
-                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid),
-                nullable: false,
-                default: None,
-                comment: None,
-                primary_key: None,
-                unique: None,
-                index: None,
-                foreign_key: None,
-            }],
-            constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                auto_increment: false,
-                columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            }],
-        };
-
-        // level_b with FK to level_a
-        let level_b = TableDef {
-            name: "level_b".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![ColumnDef {
-                name: "a_id".into(),
-                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid),
-                nullable: false,
-                default: None,
-                comment: None,
-                primary_key: None,
-                unique: None,
-                index: None,
-                foreign_key: None,
-            }],
-            constraints: vec![
-                TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                    auto_increment: false,
-                    columns: vec!["a_id".into()],
-                },
-                TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                    name: None,
-                    columns: vec!["a_id".into()],
-                    ref_table: "level_a".into(),
-                    ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                    on_delete: None,
-                    on_update: None,
-                },
-            ],
-        };
-
-        // level_c with FK to level_b
-        let level_c = TableDef {
-            name: "level_c".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![ColumnDef {
-                name: "b_id".into(),
-                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid),
-                nullable: false,
-                default: None,
-                comment: None,
-                primary_key: None,
-                unique: None,
-                index: None,
-                foreign_key: None,
-            }],
-            constraints: vec![
-                TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                    auto_increment: false,
-                    columns: vec!["b_id".into()],
-                },
-                TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                    name: None,
-                    columns: vec!["b_id".into()],
-                    ref_table: "level_b".into(),
-                    ref_columns: vec!["a_id".into()],
-                    on_delete: None,
-                    on_update: None,
-                },
-            ],
-        };
-
-        let schema = vec![level_a, level_b, level_c];
-        // Resolving level_b.a_id should follow chain to level_a.id
-        let (table, columns) = resolve_fk_target("level_b", &["a_id".into()], &schema);
-        assert_eq!(table, "level_a");
-        assert_eq!(columns, vec!["id"]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_reverse_relations_has_many() {
-        use vespertide_core::{ColumnType, SimpleColumnType};
-
-        // user table
-        let user = TableDef {
-            name: "user".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![ColumnDef {
-                name: "id".into(),
-                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid),
-                nullable: false,
-                default: None,
-                comment: None,
-                primary_key: None,
-                unique: None,
-                index: None,
-                foreign_key: None,
-            }],
-            constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                auto_increment: false,
-                columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            }],
-        };
-
-        // post table with FK to user (not PK, so has_many)
-        let post = TableDef {
-            name: "post".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "id".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "user_id".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![
-                TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                    auto_increment: false,
-                    columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                },
-                TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                    name: None,
-                    columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
-                    ref_table: "user".into(),
-                    ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                    on_delete: None,
-                    on_update: None,
-                },
-            ],
-        };
-
-        let schema = vec![user.clone(), post];
-
-        // Render user with schema context - should have has_many to posts
-        let rendered = render_entity_with_schema(&user, &schema);
-
-        assert!(rendered.contains("#[sea_orm(has_many)]"));
-        assert!(rendered.contains("HasMany<super::post::Entity>"));
-        assert!(rendered.contains("pub posts:")); // pluralized field name
-        // has_many should NOT have from/to attributes
-        assert!(!rendered.contains("has_many, from"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_reverse_relations_has_one() {
-        use vespertide_core::{ColumnType, SimpleColumnType};
-
-        // user table
-        let user = TableDef {
-            name: "user".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![ColumnDef {
-                name: "id".into(),
-                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid),
-                nullable: false,
-                default: None,
-                comment: None,
-                primary_key: None,
-                unique: None,
-                index: None,
-                foreign_key: None,
-            }],
-            constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                auto_increment: false,
-                columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            }],
-        };
-
-        // profile table with FK to user that is also the PK (one-to-one)
-        let profile = TableDef {
-            name: "profile".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "user_id".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "bio".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                    nullable: true,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![
-                TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                    auto_increment: false,
-                    columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
-                },
-                TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                    name: None,
-                    columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
-                    ref_table: "user".into(),
-                    ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                    on_delete: None,
-                    on_update: None,
-                },
-            ],
-        };
-
-        let schema = vec![user.clone(), profile];
-
-        // Render user with schema context - should have has_one to profile
-        let rendered = render_entity_with_schema(&user, &schema);
-
-        assert!(rendered.contains("#[sea_orm(has_one)]"));
-        assert!(rendered.contains("HasOne<super::profile::Entity>"));
-        assert!(rendered.contains("pub profile:")); // singular field name
-        // has_one should NOT have from/to attributes
-        assert!(!rendered.contains("has_one, from"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_reverse_relations_unique_fk() {
-        use vespertide_core::{ColumnType, SimpleColumnType};
-
-        // user table
-        let user = TableDef {
-            name: "user".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![ColumnDef {
-                name: "id".into(),
-                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid),
-                nullable: false,
-                default: None,
-                comment: None,
-                primary_key: None,
-                unique: None,
-                index: None,
-                foreign_key: None,
-            }],
-            constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                auto_increment: false,
-                columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            }],
-        };
-
-        // settings table with unique FK to user (one-to-one via UNIQUE constraint)
-        let settings = TableDef {
-            name: "settings".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "id".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "user_id".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![
-                TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                    auto_increment: false,
-                    columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                },
-                TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                    name: None,
-                    columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
-                    ref_table: "user".into(),
-                    ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                    on_delete: None,
-                    on_update: None,
-                },
-                TableConstraint::Unique {
-                    name: None,
-                    columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
-                },
-            ],
-        };
-
-        let schema = vec![user.clone(), settings];
-
-        // Render user with schema context - should have has_one (because of UNIQUE)
-        let rendered = render_entity_with_schema(&user, &schema);
-
-        assert!(rendered.contains("#[sea_orm(has_one)]"));
-        assert!(rendered.contains("HasOne<super::settings::Entity>"));
-        assert!(rendered.contains("pub settings:")); // singular field name
-        // has_one should NOT have from/to attributes
-        assert!(!rendered.contains("has_one, from"));
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use super::*;
-    use insta::{assert_snapshot, with_settings};
-    use rstest::rstest;
-    use vespertide_core::schema::primary_key::PrimaryKeySyntax;
-    use vespertide_core::{ColumnType, SimpleColumnType};
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case("basic_single_pk", TableDef {
-        name: "users".into(),
-        description: None,
-        columns: vec![
-            ColumnDef { name: "id".into(), r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer), nullable: false, default: None, comment: None, primary_key: None, unique: None, index: None, foreign_key: None },
-            ColumnDef { name: "display_name".into(), r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text), nullable: true, default: None, comment: None, primary_key: None, unique: None, index: None, foreign_key: None },
-        ],
-        constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { auto_increment: false, columns: vec!["id".into()] }],
-    })]
-    #[case("composite_pk", TableDef {
-        name: "accounts".into(),
-        description: None,
-        columns: vec![
-            ColumnDef { name: "id".into(), r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer), nullable: false, default: None, comment: None, primary_key: None, unique: None, index: None, foreign_key: None },
-            ColumnDef { name: "tenant_id".into(), r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::BigInt), nullable: false, default: None, comment: None, primary_key: None, unique: None, index: None, foreign_key: None },
-        ],
-        constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { auto_increment: false, columns: vec!["id".into(), "tenant_id".into()] }],
-    })]
-    #[case("fk_single", TableDef {
-        name: "posts".into(),
-        description: None,
-        columns: vec![
-            ColumnDef { name: "id".into(), r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer), nullable: false, default: None, comment: None, primary_key: None, unique: None, index: None, foreign_key: None },
-            ColumnDef { name: "user_id".into(), r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer), nullable: false, default: None, comment: None, primary_key: None, unique: None, index: None, foreign_key: None },
-            ColumnDef { name: "title".into(), r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text), nullable: true, default: None, comment: None, primary_key: None, unique: None, index: None, foreign_key: None },
-        ],
-        constraints: vec![
-            TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { auto_increment: false, columns: vec!["id".into()] },
-            TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                name: None,
-                columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
-                ref_table: "users".into(),
-                ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                on_delete: None,
-                on_update: None,
-            },
-        ],
-    })]
-    #[case("fk_composite", TableDef {
-        name: "invoices".into(),
-        description: None,
-        columns: vec![
-            ColumnDef { name: "id".into(), r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer), nullable: false, default: None, comment: None, primary_key: None, unique: None, index: None, foreign_key: None },
-            ColumnDef { name: "customer_id".into(), r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer), nullable: false, default: None, comment: None, primary_key: None, unique: None, index: None, foreign_key: None },
-            ColumnDef { name: "customer_tenant_id".into(), r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer), nullable: false, default: None, comment: None, primary_key: None, unique: None, index: None, foreign_key: None },
-        ],
-        constraints: vec![
-            TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { auto_increment: false, columns: vec!["id".into()] },
-            TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                name: None,
-                columns: vec!["customer_id".into(), "customer_tenant_id".into()],
-                ref_table: "customers".into(),
-                ref_columns: vec!["id".into(), "tenant_id".into()],
-                on_delete: None,
-                on_update: None,
-            },
-        ],
-    })]
-    #[case("inline_pk", TableDef {
-        name: "users".into(),
-        description: None,
-        columns: vec![
-            ColumnDef { name: "id".into(), r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid), nullable: false, default: Some("gen_random_uuid()".into()), comment: None, primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)), unique: None, index: None, foreign_key: None },
-            ColumnDef { name: "email".into(), r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text), nullable: false, default: None, comment: None, primary_key: None, unique: Some(vespertide_core::StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true)), index: None, foreign_key: None },
-        ],
-        constraints: vec![],
-    })]
-    #[case("pk_and_fk_together", {
-        use vespertide_core::schema::foreign_key::{ForeignKeyDef, ForeignKeySyntax};
-        use vespertide_core::schema::reference::ReferenceAction;
-        let mut table = TableDef {
-            name: "article_user".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "article_id".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: Some(vespertide_core::StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true)),
-                    foreign_key: Some(ForeignKeySyntax::Object(ForeignKeyDef {
-                        ref_table: "article".into(),
-                        ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                        on_delete: Some(ReferenceAction::Cascade),
-                        on_update: None,
-                    })),
-                },
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "user_id".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: Some(vespertide_core::StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true)),
-                    foreign_key: Some(ForeignKeySyntax::Object(ForeignKeyDef {
-                        ref_table: "user".into(),
-                        ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                        on_delete: Some(ReferenceAction::Cascade),
-                        on_update: None,
-                    })),
-                },
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "author_order".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: Some("1".into()),
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "role".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Complex(vespertide_core::ComplexColumnType::Varchar { length: 20 }),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: Some("'contributor'".into()),
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "is_lead".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Boolean),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: Some("false".into()),
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "created_at".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Timestamptz),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: Some("now()".into()),
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![],
-        };
-        // Normalize to convert inline constraints to table-level
-        table = table.normalize().unwrap();
-        table
-    })]
-    #[case("enum_type", TableDef {
-        name: "orders".into(),
-        description: None,
-        columns: vec![
-            ColumnDef { name: "id".into(), r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer), nullable: false, default: None, comment: None, primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)), unique: None, index: None, foreign_key: None },
-            ColumnDef {
-                name: "status".into(),
-                r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                    name: "order_status".into(),
-                    values: EnumValues::String(vec!["pending".into(), "shipped".into(), "delivered".into()])
-                }),
-                nullable: false,
-                default: None,
-                comment: None,
-                primary_key: None,
-                unique: None,
-                index: None,
-                foreign_key: None,
-            },
-        ],
-        constraints: vec![],
-    })]
-    #[case("enum_nullable", TableDef {
-        name: "tasks".into(),
-        description: None,
-        columns: vec![
-            ColumnDef { name: "id".into(), r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer), nullable: false, default: None, comment: None, primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)), unique: None, index: None, foreign_key: None },
-            ColumnDef {
-                name: "priority".into(),
-                r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                    name: "task_priority".into(),
-                    values: EnumValues::String(vec!["low".into(), "medium".into(), "high".into(), "critical".into()])
-                }),
-                nullable: true,
-                default: None,
-                comment: None,
-                primary_key: None,
-                unique: None,
-                index: None,
-                foreign_key: None,
-            },
-        ],
-        constraints: vec![],
-    })]
-    #[case("enum_multiple_columns", TableDef {
-        name: "products".into(),
-        description: None,
-        columns: vec![
-            ColumnDef { name: "id".into(), r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer), nullable: false, default: None, comment: None, primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)), unique: None, index: None, foreign_key: None },
-            ColumnDef {
-                name: "category".into(),
-                r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                    name: "product_category".into(),
-                    values: EnumValues::String(vec!["electronics".into(), "clothing".into(), "food".into()])
-                }),
-                nullable: false,
-                default: None,
-                comment: None,
-                primary_key: None,
-                unique: None,
-                index: None,
-                foreign_key: None,
-            },
-            ColumnDef {
-                name: "availability".into(),
-                r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                    name: "availability_status".into(),
-                    values: EnumValues::String(vec!["in_stock".into(), "out_of_stock".into(), "pre_order".into()])
-                }),
-                nullable: false,
-                default: None,
-                comment: None,
-                primary_key: None,
-                unique: None,
-                index: None,
-                foreign_key: None,
-            },
-        ],
-        constraints: vec![],
-    })]
-    #[case("enum_shared", TableDef {
-        name: "documents".into(),
-        description: None,
-        columns: vec![
-            ColumnDef { name: "id".into(), r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer), nullable: false, default: None, comment: None, primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)), unique: None, index: None, foreign_key: None },
-            ColumnDef {
-                name: "status".into(),
-                r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                    name: "doc_status".into(),
-                    values: EnumValues::String(vec!["draft".into(), "published".into(), "archived".into()])
-                }),
-                nullable: false,
-                default: None,
-                comment: None,
-                primary_key: None,
-                unique: None,
-                index: None,
-                foreign_key: None,
-            },
-            ColumnDef {
-                name: "review_status".into(),
-                r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                    name: "doc_status".into(),
-                    values: EnumValues::String(vec!["draft".into(), "published".into(), "archived".into()])
-                }),
-                nullable: true,
-                default: None,
-                comment: None,
-                primary_key: None,
-                unique: None,
-                index: None,
-                foreign_key: None,
-            },
-        ],
-        constraints: vec![],
-    })]
-    #[case("enum_special_values", TableDef {
-        name: "events".into(),
-        description: None,
-        columns: vec![
-            ColumnDef { name: "id".into(), r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer), nullable: false, default: None, comment: None, primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)), unique: None, index: None, foreign_key: None },
-            ColumnDef {
-                name: "severity".into(),
-                r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                    name: "event_severity".into(),
-                    values: EnumValues::String(vec!["info-level".into(), "warning_level".into(), "ERROR_LEVEL".into(), "1critical".into()])
-                }),
-                nullable: false,
-                default: None,
-                comment: None,
-                primary_key: None,
-                unique: None,
-                index: None,
-                foreign_key: None,
-            },
-        ],
-        constraints: vec![],
-    })]
-    #[case("unique_and_indexed", TableDef {
-        name: "users".into(),
-        description: None,
-        columns: vec![
-            ColumnDef { name: "id".into(), r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer), nullable: false, default: None, comment: None, primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)), unique: None, index: None, foreign_key: None },
-            ColumnDef { name: "email".into(), r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text), nullable: false, default: None, comment: None, primary_key: None, unique: None, index: None, foreign_key: None },
-            ColumnDef { name: "username".into(), r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text), nullable: false, default: None, comment: None, primary_key: None, unique: None, index: None, foreign_key: None },
-            ColumnDef { name: "department".into(), r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text), nullable: true, default: None, comment: None, primary_key: None, unique: None, index: None, foreign_key: None },
-            ColumnDef { name: "status".into(), r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text), nullable: false, default: Some("'active'".into()), comment: None, primary_key: None, unique: None, index: None, foreign_key: None },
-        ],
-        constraints: vec![
-            TableConstraint::Unique { name: None, columns: vec!["email".into()] },
-            TableConstraint::Unique { name: Some("uq_username".into()), columns: vec!["username".into()] },
-            TableConstraint::Index { name: Some("idx_department".into()), columns: vec!["department".into()] },
-        ],
-    })]
-    #[case("enum_with_default", TableDef {
-        name: "tasks".into(),
-        description: None,
-        columns: vec![
-            ColumnDef { name: "id".into(), r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer), nullable: false, default: None, comment: None, primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)), unique: None, index: None, foreign_key: None },
-            ColumnDef {
-                name: "status".into(),
-                r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                    name: "task_status".into(),
-                    values: EnumValues::String(vec!["pending".into(), "in_progress".into(), "completed".into()])
-                }),
-                nullable: false,
-                default: Some("'pending'".into()),
-                comment: None,
-                primary_key: None,
-                unique: None,
-                index: None,
-                foreign_key: None,
-            },
-            ColumnDef { name: "priority".into(), r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer), nullable: false, default: Some("0".into()), comment: None, primary_key: None, unique: None, index: None, foreign_key: None },
-            ColumnDef { name: "is_archived".into(), r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Boolean), nullable: false, default: Some("false".into()), comment: None, primary_key: None, unique: None, index: None, foreign_key: None },
-        ],
-        constraints: vec![],
-    })]
-    #[case("table_level_pk", TableDef {
-        name: "orders".into(),
-        description: None,
-        columns: vec![
-            ColumnDef { name: "id".into(), r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid), nullable: false, default: None, comment: None, primary_key: None, unique: None, index: None, foreign_key: None },
-            ColumnDef { name: "customer_id".into(), r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid), nullable: false, default: None, comment: None, primary_key: None, unique: None, index: None, foreign_key: None },
-            ColumnDef { name: "total".into(), r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Real), nullable: false, default: None, comment: None, primary_key: None, unique: None, index: None, foreign_key: None },
-        ],
-        constraints: vec![
-            TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { columns: vec!["id".into()], auto_increment: false },
-        ],
-    })]
-    #[case("jsonb_custom_type", TableDef {
-        name: "json_struct".into(),
-        description: None,
-        columns: vec![
-            ColumnDef { name: "id".into(), r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer), nullable: false, default: None, comment: None, primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)), unique: None, index: None, foreign_key: None },
-            ColumnDef { name: "json_data".into(), r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Json), nullable: false, default: None, comment: None, primary_key: None, unique: None, index: None, foreign_key: None },
-            ColumnDef { name: "jsonb_data".into(), r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Custom { custom_type: "JSONB".into() }), nullable: false, default: None, comment: None, primary_key: None, unique: None, index: None, foreign_key: None },
-            ColumnDef { name: "jsonb_nullable".into(), r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Custom { custom_type: "jsonb".into() }), nullable: true, default: None, comment: None, primary_key: None, unique: None, index: None, foreign_key: None },
-        ],
-        constraints: vec![],
-    })]
-    fn render_entity_snapshots(#[case] name: &str, #[case] table: TableDef) {
-        let rendered = render_entity(&table);
-        with_settings!({ snapshot_suffix => format!("params_{}", name) }, {
-            assert_snapshot!(rendered);
-        });
-    }
-
-    // Helper to create a simple table with PK
-    fn col(name: &str, ty: ColumnType) -> ColumnDef {
-        ColumnDef {
-            name: name.into(),
-            r#type: ty,
-            nullable: false,
-            default: None,
-            comment: None,
-            primary_key: None,
-            unique: None,
-            index: None,
-            foreign_key: None,
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn table_with_pk(name: &str, columns: Vec<ColumnDef>, pk_cols: Vec<&str>) -> TableDef {
-        TableDef {
-            name: name.into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns,
-            constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                auto_increment: false,
-                columns: pk_cols.into_iter().map(String::from).collect(),
-            }],
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn table_with_pk_and_fk(
-        name: &str,
-        columns: Vec<ColumnDef>,
-        pk_cols: Vec<&str>,
-        fks: Vec<(Vec<&str>, &str, Vec<&str>)>,
-    ) -> TableDef {
-        let mut constraints = vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-            auto_increment: false,
-            columns: pk_cols.into_iter().map(String::from).collect(),
-        }];
-        for (cols, ref_table, ref_cols) in fks {
-            constraints.push(TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                name: None,
-                columns: cols.into_iter().map(String::from).collect(),
-                ref_table: ref_table.into(),
-                ref_columns: ref_cols.into_iter().map(String::from).collect(),
-                on_delete: None,
-                on_update: None,
-            });
-        }
-        TableDef {
-            name: name.into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns,
-            constraints,
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case("many_to_many_article")]
-    #[case("many_to_many_user")]
-    #[case("many_to_many_missing_target")]
-    #[case("many_to_many_multiple_junctions")]
-    #[case("composite_fk_parent")]
-    #[case("not_junction_single_pk")]
-    #[case("not_junction_fk_not_in_pk_other")]
-    #[case("not_junction_fk_not_in_pk_another")]
-    #[case("multiple_fk_same_table")]
-    #[case("username_fk")]
-    #[case("multiple_reverse_relations")]
-    #[case("dual_reverse_relations")]
-    #[case("triple_reverse_relations")]
-    #[case("multiple_has_one_relations")]
-    fn render_entity_with_schema_snapshots(#[case] name: &str) {
-        use vespertide_core::SimpleColumnType::*;
-
-        let (table, schema) = match name {
-            "many_to_many_article" => {
-                let article = table_with_pk(
-                    "article",
-                    vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(BigInt))],
-                    vec!["id"],
-                );
-                let user = table_with_pk(
-                    "user",
-                    vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(Uuid))],
-                    vec!["id"],
-                );
-                let article_user = table_with_pk_and_fk(
-                    "article_user",
-                    vec![
-                        col("article_id", ColumnType::Simple(BigInt)),
-                        col("user_id", ColumnType::Simple(Uuid)),
-                    ],
-                    vec!["article_id", "user_id"],
-                    vec![
-                        (vec!["article_id"], "article", vec!["id"]),
-                        (vec!["user_id"], "user", vec!["id"]),
-                    ],
-                );
-                (article.clone(), vec![article, user, article_user])
-            }
-            "many_to_many_user" => {
-                let article = table_with_pk(
-                    "article",
-                    vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(BigInt))],
-                    vec!["id"],
-                );
-                let user = table_with_pk(
-                    "user",
-                    vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(Uuid))],
-                    vec!["id"],
-                );
-                let article_user = table_with_pk_and_fk(
-                    "article_user",
-                    vec![
-                        col("article_id", ColumnType::Simple(BigInt)),
-                        col("user_id", ColumnType::Simple(Uuid)),
-                    ],
-                    vec!["article_id", "user_id"],
-                    vec![
-                        (vec!["article_id"], "article", vec!["id"]),
-                        (vec!["user_id"], "user", vec!["id"]),
-                    ],
-                );
-                (user.clone(), vec![article, user, article_user])
-            }
-            "many_to_many_missing_target" => {
-                let article = table_with_pk(
-                    "article",
-                    vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(BigInt))],
-                    vec!["id"],
-                );
-                let article_user = table_with_pk_and_fk(
-                    "article_user",
-                    vec![
-                        col("article_id", ColumnType::Simple(BigInt)),
-                        col("user_id", ColumnType::Simple(Uuid)),
-                    ],
-                    vec!["article_id", "user_id"],
-                    vec![
-                        (vec!["article_id"], "article", vec!["id"]),
-                        (vec!["user_id"], "user", vec!["id"]), // user not in schema
-                    ],
-                );
-                (article.clone(), vec![article, article_user])
-            }
-            "many_to_many_multiple_junctions" => {
-                // Test case: user has M2M to media via TWO different junction tables
-                // This triggers relation_enum for M2M relations (line 664)
-                let user = table_with_pk(
-                    "user",
-                    vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(Uuid))],
-                    vec!["id"],
-                );
-                let media = table_with_pk(
-                    "media",
-                    vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(Uuid))],
-                    vec!["id"],
-                );
-                // First junction: user_media_role (e.g., user's role-based access to media)
-                let user_media_role = table_with_pk_and_fk(
-                    "user_media_role",
-                    vec![
-                        col("user_id", ColumnType::Simple(Uuid)),
-                        col("media_id", ColumnType::Simple(Uuid)),
-                    ],
-                    vec!["user_id", "media_id"],
-                    vec![
-                        (vec!["user_id"], "user", vec!["id"]),
-                        (vec!["media_id"], "media", vec!["id"]),
-                    ],
-                );
-                // Second junction: user_media_favorite (e.g., user's favorites)
-                let user_media_favorite = table_with_pk_and_fk(
-                    "user_media_favorite",
-                    vec![
-                        col("user_id", ColumnType::Simple(Uuid)),
-                        col("media_id", ColumnType::Simple(Uuid)),
-                    ],
-                    vec!["user_id", "media_id"],
-                    vec![
-                        (vec!["user_id"], "user", vec!["id"]),
-                        (vec!["media_id"], "media", vec!["id"]),
-                    ],
-                );
-                (
-                    user.clone(),
-                    vec![user, media, user_media_role, user_media_favorite],
-                )
-            }
-            "composite_fk_parent" => {
-                let parent = table_with_pk(
-                    "parent",
-                    vec![
-                        col("id1", ColumnType::Simple(Integer)),
-                        col("id2", ColumnType::Simple(Integer)),
-                    ],
-                    vec!["id1", "id2"],
-                );
-                let child_one = table_with_pk_and_fk(
-                    "child_one",
-                    vec![
-                        col("parent_id1", ColumnType::Simple(Integer)),
-                        col("parent_id2", ColumnType::Simple(Integer)),
-                    ],
-                    vec!["parent_id1", "parent_id2"],
-                    vec![(
-                        vec!["parent_id1", "parent_id2"],
-                        "parent",
-                        vec!["id1", "id2"],
-                    )],
-                );
-                let child_many = table_with_pk_and_fk(
-                    "child_many",
-                    vec![
-                        col("id", ColumnType::Simple(Integer)),
-                        col("parent_id1", ColumnType::Simple(Integer)),
-                        col("parent_id2", ColumnType::Simple(Integer)),
-                    ],
-                    vec!["id"],
-                    vec![(
-                        vec!["parent_id1", "parent_id2"],
-                        "parent",
-                        vec!["id1", "id2"],
-                    )],
-                );
-                (parent.clone(), vec![parent, child_one, child_many])
-            }
-            "not_junction_single_pk" => {
-                let other = table_with_pk(
-                    "other",
-                    vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(Integer))],
-                    vec!["id"],
-                );
-                let regular = table_with_pk_and_fk(
-                    "regular",
-                    vec![
-                        col("id", ColumnType::Simple(Integer)),
-                        col("other_id", ColumnType::Simple(Integer)),
-                    ],
-                    vec!["id"], // single column PK
-                    vec![(vec!["other_id"], "other", vec!["id"])],
-                );
-                (other.clone(), vec![other, regular])
-            }
-            "not_junction_fk_not_in_pk_other" => {
-                let other = table_with_pk(
-                    "other",
-                    vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(Integer))],
-                    vec!["id"],
-                );
-                let another = table_with_pk(
-                    "another",
-                    vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(Integer))],
-                    vec!["id"],
-                );
-                let not_junction = table_with_pk_and_fk(
-                    "not_junction",
-                    vec![
-                        col("id", ColumnType::Simple(Integer)),
-                        col("other_id", ColumnType::Simple(Integer)),
-                        col("another_id", ColumnType::Simple(Integer)),
-                    ],
-                    vec!["id", "other_id"], // another_id not in PK
-                    vec![
-                        (vec!["other_id"], "other", vec!["id"]),
-                        (vec!["another_id"], "another", vec!["id"]),
-                    ],
-                );
-                (other.clone(), vec![other, another, not_junction])
-            }
-            "not_junction_fk_not_in_pk_another" => {
-                let other = table_with_pk(
-                    "other",
-                    vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(Integer))],
-                    vec!["id"],
-                );
-                let another = table_with_pk(
-                    "another",
-                    vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(Integer))],
-                    vec!["id"],
-                );
-                let not_junction = table_with_pk_and_fk(
-                    "not_junction",
-                    vec![
-                        col("id", ColumnType::Simple(Integer)),
-                        col("other_id", ColumnType::Simple(Integer)),
-                        col("another_id", ColumnType::Simple(Integer)),
-                    ],
-                    vec!["id", "other_id"], // another_id not in PK
-                    vec![
-                        (vec!["other_id"], "other", vec!["id"]),
-                        (vec!["another_id"], "another", vec!["id"]),
-                    ],
-                );
-                (another.clone(), vec![other, another, not_junction])
-            }
-            "multiple_fk_same_table" => {
-                let user = table_with_pk(
-                    "user",
-                    vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(Uuid))],
-                    vec!["id"],
-                );
-                let post = table_with_pk_and_fk(
-                    "post",
-                    vec![
-                        col("id", ColumnType::Simple(Uuid)),
-                        col("creator_user_id", ColumnType::Simple(Uuid)),
-                        col("used_by_user_id", ColumnType::Simple(Uuid)),
-                    ],
-                    vec!["id"],
-                    vec![
-                        (vec!["creator_user_id"], "user", vec!["id"]),
-                        (vec!["used_by_user_id"], "user", vec!["id"]),
-                    ],
-                );
-                (post.clone(), vec![user, post])
-            }
-            "username_fk" => {
-                let user = table_with_pk(
-                    "user",
-                    vec![col("username", ColumnType::Simple(Text))],
-                    vec!["username"],
-                );
-                let session = table_with_pk_and_fk(
-                    "session",
-                    vec![
-                        col("id", ColumnType::Simple(Uuid)),
-                        col("username", ColumnType::Simple(Text)),
-                    ],
-                    vec!["id"],
-                    vec![(vec!["username"], "user", vec!["username"])],
-                );
-                (session.clone(), vec![user, session])
-            }
-            "multiple_reverse_relations" => {
-                // Test case where user has multiple has_one relations from profile
-                let user = table_with_pk(
-                    "user",
-                    vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(Uuid))],
-                    vec!["id"],
-                );
-                let profile = table_with_pk_and_fk(
-                    "profile",
-                    vec![
-                        col("id", ColumnType::Simple(Uuid)),
-                        col("preferred_user_id", ColumnType::Simple(Uuid)),
-                        col("backup_user_id", ColumnType::Simple(Uuid)),
-                    ],
-                    vec!["id"],
-                    vec![
-                        (vec!["preferred_user_id"], "user", vec!["id"]),
-                        (vec!["backup_user_id"], "user", vec!["id"]),
-                    ],
-                );
-                (user.clone(), vec![user, profile])
-            }
-            "dual_reverse_relations" => {
-                let dual = table_with_pk(
-                    "dual",
-                    vec![col("username", ColumnType::Simple(Text))],
-                    vec!["username"],
-                );
-                let dual_rel = table_with_pk_and_fk(
-                    "dual_rel",
-                    vec![
-                        col("username", ColumnType::Simple(Text)),
-                        col("checker_username", ColumnType::Simple(Text)),
-                    ],
-                    vec!["username", "checker_username"],
-                    vec![
-                        (vec!["username"], "dual", vec!["username"]),
-                        (vec!["checker_username"], "dual", vec!["username"]),
-                    ],
-                );
-                (dual.clone(), vec![dual, dual_rel])
-            }
-            "triple_reverse_relations" => {
-                let dual = table_with_pk(
-                    "dual",
-                    vec![col("username", ColumnType::Simple(Text))],
-                    vec!["username"],
-                );
-                let triple_rel = table_with_pk_and_fk(
-                    "triple_rel",
-                    vec![
-                        col("username", ColumnType::Simple(Text)),
-                        col("checker_username", ColumnType::Simple(Text)),
-                        col("other_username", ColumnType::Simple(Text)),
-                    ],
-                    vec!["username", "checker_username", "other_username"],
-                    vec![
-                        (vec!["username"], "dual", vec!["username"]),
-                        (vec!["checker_username"], "dual", vec!["username"]),
-                        (vec!["other_username"], "dual", vec!["username"]),
-                    ],
-                );
-                (dual.clone(), vec![dual, triple_rel])
-            }
-            "multiple_has_one_relations" => {
-                // Test case where user has multiple has_one relations (UNIQUE FK)
-                let user = table_with_pk(
-                    "user",
-                    vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(Uuid))],
-                    vec!["id"],
-                );
-                let settings = table_with_pk_and_fk(
-                    "settings",
-                    vec![
-                        col("id", ColumnType::Simple(Uuid)),
-                        col("created_by_user_id", ColumnType::Simple(Uuid)),
-                        col("updated_by_user_id", ColumnType::Simple(Uuid)),
-                    ],
-                    vec!["id"],
-                    vec![
-                        (vec!["created_by_user_id"], "user", vec!["id"]),
-                        (vec!["updated_by_user_id"], "user", vec!["id"]),
-                    ],
-                );
-                // Add unique constraints to make them has_one (coverage for line 553)
-                let mut settings_with_unique = settings;
-                settings_with_unique
-                    .constraints
-                    .push(TableConstraint::Unique {
-                        name: None,
-                        columns: vec!["created_by_user_id".into()],
-                    });
-                settings_with_unique
-                    .constraints
-                    .push(TableConstraint::Unique {
-                        name: None,
-                        columns: vec!["updated_by_user_id".into()],
-                    });
-                (user.clone(), vec![user, settings_with_unique])
-            }
-            _ => panic!("Unknown test case: {}", name),
-        };
-
-        let rendered = render_entity_with_schema(&table, &schema);
-        with_settings!({ snapshot_suffix => format!("schema_{}", name) }, {
-            assert_snapshot!(rendered);
-        });
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_to_pascal_case_normal_chars() {
-        assert_eq!(to_pascal_case("abc"), "Abc");
-        assert_eq!(to_pascal_case("a_b_c"), "ABC");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_numeric_default_value() {
-        use vespertide_core::ComplexColumnType;
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "products".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![ColumnDef {
-                name: "price".into(),
-                r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Numeric {
-                    precision: 10,
-                    scale: 2,
-                }),
-                nullable: false,
-                default: Some("0.00".into()),
-                comment: None,
-                primary_key: None,
-                unique: None,
-                index: None,
-                foreign_key: None,
-            }],
-            constraints: vec![],
-        };
-        let rendered = render_entity(&table);
-        assert!(rendered.contains("default_value = 0.00"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn render_entity_omits_eq_for_float_models() {
-        use vespertide_core::schema::primary_key::PrimaryKeySyntax;
-
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "measurements".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "id".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "score".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::DoublePrecision),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![],
-        };
-
-        let rendered = render_entity(&table);
-        assert!(rendered.contains("#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, DeriveEntityModel)]"));
-        assert!(!rendered.contains("#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, DeriveEntityModel)]"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_orm_exporter_trait() {
-        use crate::orm::OrmExporter;
-        let table = table_with_pk(
-            "test",
-            vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
-            vec!["id"],
-        );
-        let exporter = SeaOrmExporter;
-        let result = exporter.render_entity(&table);
-        assert!(result.is_ok());
-        assert!(result.unwrap().contains("table_name = \"test\""));
-        let schema = vec![table.clone()];
-        let result = exporter.render_entity_with_schema(&table, &schema);
-        assert!(result.is_ok());
-        assert!(result.unwrap().contains("table_name = \"test\""));
-    }
-
-    fn int_enum_table(default_value: &str) -> TableDef {
-        use vespertide_core::schema::primary_key::PrimaryKeySyntax;
-        TableDef {
-            name: "tasks".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "id".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "status".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                        name: "task_status".into(),
-                        values: EnumValues::Integer(vec![
-                            NumValue {
-                                name: "Pending".into(),
-                                value: 0,
-                            },
-                            NumValue {
-                                name: "InProgress".into(),
-                                value: 1,
-                            },
-                            NumValue {
-                                name: "Completed".into(),
-                                value: 100,
-                            },
-                        ]),
-                    }),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: Some(default_value.into()),
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![],
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case::numeric_default("1")]
-    #[case::non_numeric_default("pending_status")]
-    fn test_integer_enum_default_value_snapshots(#[case] default_value: &str) {
-        let table = int_enum_table(default_value);
-        let rendered = render_entity(&table);
-        with_settings!({ snapshot_suffix => default_value }, {
-            assert_snapshot!(rendered);
-        });
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_boolean_default_value_with_bool_type() {
-        use vespertide_core::schema::primary_key::PrimaryKeySyntax;
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "settings".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "id".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "is_active".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Boolean),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: Some(StringOrBool::Bool(true)),
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "is_deleted".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Boolean),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: Some(StringOrBool::Bool(false)),
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![],
-        };
-        let rendered = render_entity(&table);
-        assert!(rendered.contains("default_value = true"));
-        assert!(rendered.contains("default_value = false"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_exporter_with_config_render_entity() {
-        use vespertide_core::schema::primary_key::PrimaryKeySyntax;
-
-        let config = SeaOrmConfig {
-            extra_enum_derives: vec!["CustomDerive".to_string()],
-            extra_model_derives: vec!["ModelDerive".to_string()],
-            ..Default::default()
-        };
-        let exporter = SeaOrmExporterWithConfig::new(&config, "");
-
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "items".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![ColumnDef {
-                name: "id".into(),
-                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                nullable: false,
-                default: None,
-                comment: None,
-                primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
-                unique: None,
-                index: None,
-                foreign_key: None,
-            }],
-            constraints: vec![],
-        };
-
-        let result = exporter.render_entity(&table).unwrap();
-        assert!(result.contains("ModelDerive"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_exporter_with_config_render_entity_with_enum() {
-        use vespertide_core::schema::primary_key::PrimaryKeySyntax;
-
-        let config = SeaOrmConfig {
-            extra_enum_derives: vec!["CustomEnumDerive".to_string()],
-            extra_model_derives: vec![],
-            ..Default::default()
-        };
-        let exporter = SeaOrmExporterWithConfig::new(&config, "");
-
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "orders".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "id".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "status".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                        name: "order_status".into(),
-                        values: EnumValues::String(vec!["pending".into(), "shipped".into()]),
-                    }),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![],
-        };
-
-        let result = exporter.render_entity(&table).unwrap();
-        assert!(result.contains("CustomEnumDerive"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_exporter_with_config_render_entity_with_schema() {
-        use vespertide_core::schema::primary_key::PrimaryKeySyntax;
-
-        let config = SeaOrmConfig {
-            extra_enum_derives: vec![],
-            extra_model_derives: vec!["SchemaDerive".to_string()],
-            ..Default::default()
-        };
-        let exporter = SeaOrmExporterWithConfig::new(&config, "");
-
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "users".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![ColumnDef {
-                name: "id".into(),
-                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                nullable: false,
-                default: None,
-                comment: None,
-                primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
-                unique: None,
-                index: None,
-                foreign_key: None,
-            }],
-            constraints: vec![],
-        };
-
-        let schema = vec![table.clone()];
-        let result = exporter.render_entity_with_schema(&table, &schema).unwrap();
-        assert!(result.contains("SchemaDerive"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_exporter_with_empty_extra_derives() {
-        use vespertide_core::schema::primary_key::PrimaryKeySyntax;
-
-        let config = SeaOrmConfig {
-            extra_enum_derives: vec![],
-            extra_model_derives: vec![],
-            ..Default::default()
-        };
-        let exporter = SeaOrmExporterWithConfig::new(&config, "");
-
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "products".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "id".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "category".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                        name: "category".into(),
-                        values: EnumValues::String(vec!["electronics".into(), "clothing".into()]),
-                    }),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![],
-        };
-
-        let result = exporter.render_entity(&table).unwrap();
-        // Should have base derives but no extra ones
-        assert!(result.contains("DeriveActiveEnum"));
-        assert!(result.contains("DeriveEntityModel"));
-        // Should NOT contain vespera::Schema since we explicitly set empty
-        assert!(!result.contains("vespera::Schema"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_doc_comments_from_description_and_comment() {
-        use vespertide_core::schema::primary_key::PrimaryKeySyntax;
-
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "users".into(),
-            description: Some("User account information table".into()),
-            columns: vec![
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "id".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: Some("Unique user identifier".into()),
-                    primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "email".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: Some("User's email address for login".into()),
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "name".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                    nullable: true,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None, // No comment
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![],
-        };
-
-        let rendered = render_entity(&table);
-
-        // Check table description as doc comment
-        assert!(rendered.contains("/// User account information table"));
-
-        // Check column comments as doc comments
-        assert!(rendered.contains("/// Unique user identifier"));
-        assert!(rendered.contains("/// User's email address for login"));
-
-        // name column has no comment, so no doc comment for it
-        assert!(!rendered.contains("/// name"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_multiline_doc_comments() {
-        use vespertide_core::schema::primary_key::PrimaryKeySyntax;
-
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "posts".into(),
-            description: Some("Blog posts table\nContains all user-submitted content".into()),
-            columns: vec![ColumnDef {
-                name: "content".into(),
-                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                nullable: false,
-                default: None,
-                comment: Some("Post content body\nSupports markdown format".into()),
-                primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
-                unique: None,
-                index: None,
-                foreign_key: None,
-            }],
-            constraints: vec![],
-        };
-
-        let rendered = render_entity(&table);
-
-        // Check multiline table description
-        assert!(rendered.contains("/// Blog posts table"));
-        assert!(rendered.contains("/// Contains all user-submitted content"));
-
-        // Check multiline column comment
-        assert!(rendered.contains("/// Post content body"));
-        assert!(rendered.contains("/// Supports markdown format"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_exporter_with_prefix() {
-        use vespertide_core::schema::primary_key::PrimaryKeySyntax;
-
-        let config = SeaOrmConfig::default();
-        let exporter = SeaOrmExporterWithConfig::new(&config, "myapp_");
-
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "users".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![ColumnDef {
-                name: "id".into(),
-                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                nullable: false,
-                default: None,
-                comment: None,
-                primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
-                unique: None,
-                index: None,
-                foreign_key: None,
-            }],
-            constraints: vec![],
-        };
-
-        let result = exporter.render_entity(&table).unwrap();
-        // Should have prefixed table name
-        assert!(result.contains("#[sea_orm(table_name = \"myapp_users\")]"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_exporter_without_prefix() {
-        use vespertide_core::schema::primary_key::PrimaryKeySyntax;
-
-        let config = SeaOrmConfig::default();
-        let exporter = SeaOrmExporterWithConfig::new(&config, "");
-
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "users".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![ColumnDef {
-                name: "id".into(),
-                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                nullable: false,
-                default: None,
-                comment: None,
-                primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
-                unique: None,
-                index: None,
-                foreign_key: None,
-            }],
-            constraints: vec![],
-        };
-
-        let result = exporter.render_entity(&table).unwrap();
-        // Should have original table name without prefix
-        assert!(result.contains("#[sea_orm(table_name = \"users\")]"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_junction_relation_enum_without_via_when_entity_appears_multiple_times() {
-        use vespertide_core::schema::primary_key::PrimaryKeySyntax;
-
-        // user has a forward FK to user_tag (composite FK), making user_tag appear
-        // in both forward and reverse targets => entity_count > 1 for user_tag.
-        // The junction table entry from collect_many_to_many_relations has via=None, via_rel=None,
-        // so when needs_relation_enum is true, it hits the branch with only relation_enum (no via/via_rel).
-        let user = TableDef {
-            name: "user".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "id".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "pinned_user_id".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                    nullable: true,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "pinned_tag_id".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                    nullable: true,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                name: None,
-                columns: vec!["pinned_user_id".into(), "pinned_tag_id".into()],
-                ref_table: "user_tag".into(),
-                ref_columns: vec!["user_id".into(), "tag_id".into()],
-                on_delete: None,
-                on_update: None,
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let user_tag = TableDef {
-            name: "user_tag".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "user_id".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "tag_id".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![
-                TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                    name: None,
-                    columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
-                    ref_table: "user".into(),
-                    ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                    on_delete: None,
-                    on_update: None,
-                },
-                TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                    name: None,
-                    columns: vec!["tag_id".into()],
-                    ref_table: "tag".into(),
-                    ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                    on_delete: None,
-                    on_update: None,
-                },
-            ],
-        };
-
-        let tag = TableDef {
-            name: "tag".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![ColumnDef {
-                name: "id".into(),
-                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                nullable: false,
-                default: None,
-                comment: None,
-                primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
-                unique: None,
-                index: None,
-                foreign_key: None,
-            }],
-            constraints: vec![],
-        };
-
-        let schema = vec![user.clone(), user_tag, tag];
-        let rendered = render_entity_with_schema(&user, &schema);
-
-        // The junction table "user_tag" appears in both forward (composite FK) and reverse (M2M junction),
-        // so it gets relation_enum without via/via_rel
-        assert!(rendered.contains("relation_enum"));
-        // Verify we have a has_many to user_tag with relation_enum but no via
-        let has_user_tag_relation_enum_without_via = rendered.lines().any(|line| {
-            line.contains("has_many") && line.contains("relation_enum") && !line.contains("via")
-        });
-        assert!(
-            has_user_tag_relation_enum_without_via,
-            "Expected has_many with relation_enum but no via for junction table entity, got:\n{rendered}"
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_json_default_value_escapes_double_quotes() {
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "configs".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![ColumnDef {
-                name: "data".into(),
-                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Json),
-                nullable: false,
-                default: Some(r#"{"hello": "world"}"#.into()),
-                comment: None,
-                primary_key: None,
-                unique: None,
-                index: None,
-                foreign_key: None,
-            }],
-            constraints: vec![],
-        };
-        let rendered = render_entity(&table);
-        assert!(
-            rendered.contains(r#"default_value = "{\"hello\": \"world\"}"#),
-            "Expected escaped quotes in default_value, got: {}",
-            rendered
-        );
-    }
+    rendered.map(|parts| parts.join("\n\n"))
 }
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/seaorm/module_path_tests.rs b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/seaorm/module_path_tests.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ea517e7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/seaorm/module_path_tests.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,214 @@
+use super::*;
+use vespertide_core::{ColumnDef, ColumnType, SimpleColumnType, TableConstraint, TableDef};
+
+fn test_pk_column(name: &str) -> ColumnDef {
+    ColumnDef {
+        name: name.into(),
+        r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+        nullable: false,
+        default: None,
+        comment: None,
+        primary_key: Some(vespertide_core::schema::primary_key::PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
+        unique: None,
+        index: None,
+        foreign_key: None,
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn absolute_module_path_builds_correct_path() {
+    let result = absolute_module_path("crate::models", &["admin".into(), "admin".into()]);
+    assert_eq!(result, "crate::models::admin::admin");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn absolute_module_path_single_segment() {
+    let result = absolute_module_path("crate::models", &["user".into()]);
+    assert_eq!(result, "crate::models::user");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn absolute_module_path_deep_nesting() {
+    let result = absolute_module_path(
+        "crate::db::entities",
+        &["company".into(), "division".into(), "department".into()],
+    );
+    assert_eq!(result, "crate::db::entities::company::division::department");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn resolve_entity_module_path_with_crate_prefix() {
+    let mut module_paths = HashMap::new();
+    module_paths.insert(
+        "estimate".into(),
+        vec!["estimate".into(), "estimate".into()],
+    );
+    module_paths.insert("admin".into(), vec!["admin".into(), "admin".into()]);
+    let result = resolve_entity_module_path("estimate", "admin", &module_paths, "crate::models");
+    assert_eq!(result, "crate::models::admin::admin");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn resolve_entity_module_path_prefers_super_for_siblings() {
+    let mut module_paths = HashMap::new();
+    module_paths.insert("admin".into(), vec!["admin".into(), "admin".into()]);
+    module_paths.insert(
+        "admin_stamp".into(),
+        vec!["admin".into(), "admin_stamp".into()],
+    );
+
+    let result = resolve_entity_module_path("admin_stamp", "admin", &module_paths, "crate::models");
+    assert_eq!(result, "super::admin");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn resolve_entity_module_path_fallback_when_no_mapping() {
+    let module_paths = HashMap::new();
+    let result = resolve_entity_module_path("post", "user", &module_paths, "crate::models");
+    assert_eq!(result, "super::user");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn resolve_entity_module_path_fallback_when_empty_prefix() {
+    let mut module_paths = HashMap::new();
+    module_paths.insert("admin".into(), vec!["admin".into(), "admin".into()]);
+    let result = resolve_entity_module_path("user", "admin", &module_paths, "");
+    assert_eq!(result, "super::admin");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn resolve_relation_entity_module_path_uses_crate_for_cross_directory_nested_models() {
+    let mut module_paths = HashMap::new();
+    module_paths.insert("admin".into(), vec!["admin".into(), "admin".into()]);
+    module_paths.insert(
+        "estimate".into(),
+        vec!["estimate".into(), "estimate".into()],
+    );
+
+    let result =
+        resolve_relation_entity_module_path("admin", "estimate", &module_paths, "crate::models");
+    assert_eq!(result, "crate::models::estimate::estimate");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn resolve_relation_entity_module_path_uses_super_for_same_directory() {
+    let mut module_paths = HashMap::new();
+    module_paths.insert("admin".into(), vec!["shared".into(), "admin".into()]);
+    module_paths.insert(
+        "admin_stamp".into(),
+        vec!["shared".into(), "admin_stamp".into()],
+    );
+    let result =
+        resolve_relation_entity_module_path("admin", "admin_stamp", &module_paths, "crate::models");
+    assert_eq!(result, "super::admin_stamp");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn resolve_relation_entity_module_path_fallback_super_when_empty_prefix_cross_directory() {
+    let mut module_paths = HashMap::new();
+    module_paths.insert("admin".into(), vec!["admin".into(), "admin".into()]);
+    module_paths.insert(
+        "estimate".into(),
+        vec!["estimate".into(), "estimate".into()],
+    );
+    let result = resolve_relation_entity_module_path("admin", "estimate", &module_paths, "");
+    assert_eq!(result, "super::estimate");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn resolve_relation_entity_module_path_uses_crate_prefix_when_not_in_module_paths() {
+    let module_paths = HashMap::new();
+    let result =
+        resolve_relation_entity_module_path("admin", "estimate", &module_paths, "crate::models");
+    assert_eq!(result, "crate::models::estimate");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn resolve_self_ref_link_module_path_uses_super_for_same_directory() {
+    let mut module_paths = HashMap::new();
+    module_paths.insert("admin".into(), vec!["shared".into(), "admin".into()]);
+    module_paths.insert(
+        "admin_friendship".into(),
+        vec!["shared".into(), "admin_friendship".into()],
+    );
+    let result = resolve_self_ref_link_module_path(
+        "admin",
+        "admin_friendship",
+        &module_paths,
+        "crate::models",
+    );
+    assert_eq!(result, "super::admin_friendship");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn resolve_self_ref_link_module_path_absolute_fallback_when_empty_prefix() {
+    let mut module_paths = HashMap::new();
+    module_paths.insert("admin".into(), vec!["admin".into(), "admin".into()]);
+    module_paths.insert(
+        "admin_friendship".into(),
+        vec!["social".into(), "admin_friendship".into()],
+    );
+    let result = resolve_self_ref_link_module_path("admin", "admin_friendship", &module_paths, "");
+    assert_eq!(result, "crate::models::social::admin_friendship");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn self_ref_link_helpers_use_crate_path_for_cross_directory_junctions() {
+    let admin = TableDef {
+        name: "admin".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![test_pk_column("username")],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    };
+
+    let estimate_user_checker_setting = TableDef {
+        name: "estimate_user_checker_setting".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            test_pk_column("username"),
+            test_pk_column("checker_username"),
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![
+            TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                name: None,
+                columns: vec!["username".into()],
+                ref_table: "admin".into(),
+                ref_columns: vec!["username".into()],
+                on_delete: None,
+                on_update: None,
+            },
+            TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                name: None,
+                columns: vec!["checker_username".into()],
+                ref_table: "admin".into(),
+                ref_columns: vec!["username".into()],
+                on_delete: None,
+                on_update: None,
+            },
+        ],
+    };
+
+    let schema = vec![admin.clone(), estimate_user_checker_setting];
+    let mut module_paths = HashMap::new();
+    module_paths.insert("admin".into(), vec!["admin".into(), "admin".into()]);
+    module_paths.insert(
+        "estimate_user_checker_setting".into(),
+        vec!["estimate".into(), "estimate_user_checker_setting".into()],
+    );
+
+    let rendered = render_entity_with_config_and_paths(
+        &admin,
+        &schema,
+        &SeaOrmConfig::default(),
+        "",
+        &module_paths,
+        "crate::models",
+    );
+
+    assert!(rendered.contains(
+        "crate::models::estimate::estimate_user_checker_setting::Relation::Username.def().rev()"
+    ));
+    assert!(rendered.contains(
+        "crate::models::estimate::estimate_user_checker_setting::Relation::CheckerUsername.def()"
+    ));
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/seaorm/relations.rs b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/seaorm/relations.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..da3f926a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/seaorm/relations.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,996 @@
+use std::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet, HashMap, HashSet};
+
+use rayon::prelude::*;
+use vespertide_core::{TableConstraint, TableDef};
+
+use crate::parallel_config::{SEAORM_RELATION_PAR_FK_MIN_LEN, SEAORM_RELATION_PAR_FK_THRESHOLD};
+
+use super::imports::{
+    absolute_module_path, resolve_relation_entity_module_path, sanitize_field_name, to_pascal_case,
+    to_snake_case, unique_name,
+};
+use super::render::{primary_key_columns, single_column_unique_set};
+
+/// Extract FK info from a constraint as a tuple.
+pub(super) fn as_fk(constraint: &TableConstraint) -> Option<(&[String], &str, &[String])> {
+    match constraint {
+        TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+            columns,
+            ref_table,
+            ref_columns,
+            ..
+        } => Some((
+            columns.as_slice(),
+            ref_table.as_str(),
+            ref_columns.as_slice(),
+        )),
+        _ => None,
+    }
+}
+
+/// Resolve FK chain to find the ultimate target table.
+/// If the referenced column is itself a FK, follow the chain.
+#[cfg(test)]
+pub(super) fn resolve_fk_target<'a>(
+    ref_table: &'a str,
+    ref_columns: &[String],
+    schema: &'a [TableDef],
+) -> (&'a str, Vec<String>) {
+    let table_map: BTreeMap<&str, &TableDef> =
+        schema.iter().map(|t| (t.name.as_str(), t)).collect();
+    let mut visited = BTreeSet::new();
+    resolve_fk_target_inner(ref_table, ref_columns, &table_map, &mut visited)
+}
+
+pub(super) fn resolve_fk_target_inner<'a, 'b>(
+    ref_table: &'a str,
+    ref_columns: &'b [String],
+    table_map: &BTreeMap<&'a str, &'a TableDef>,
+    visited: &mut BTreeSet<(&'a str, &'b str)>,
+) -> (&'a str, Vec<String>)
+where
+    'a: 'b,
+{
+    if table_map.is_empty() || ref_columns.len() != 1 {
+        return (ref_table, ref_columns.to_vec());
+    }
+    let ref_col = &ref_columns[0];
+    let Some(target_table) = table_map.get(ref_table).copied() else {
+        return (ref_table, ref_columns.to_vec());
+    };
+    for constraint in &target_table.constraints {
+        let fk_match =
+            as_fk(constraint).filter(|(cols, _, _)| cols.len() == 1 && cols[0] == *ref_col);
+        if let Some((_, next_table, next_cols)) = fk_match {
+            visited.insert((ref_table, ref_col.as_str()));
+            let next_key = (next_table, next_cols[0].as_str());
+            if visited.contains(&next_key) {
+                return (ref_table, ref_columns.to_vec());
+            }
+            return resolve_fk_target_inner(next_table, next_cols, table_map, visited);
+        }
+    }
+    (ref_table, ref_columns.to_vec())
+}
+
+struct ForwardRelationResolution<'a> {
+    columns: &'a [String],
+    resolved_table: &'a str,
+    resolved_columns: Vec<String>,
+}
+
+fn resolve_table_fks_pure<'a>(
+    table: &'a TableDef,
+    schema: &'a [TableDef],
+) -> Vec<ForwardRelationResolution<'a>> {
+    let table_map: BTreeMap<&str, &TableDef> =
+        schema.iter().map(|t| (t.name.as_str(), t)).collect();
+    let fks = table
+        .constraints
+        .iter()
+        .filter_map(as_fk)
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    if schema.len() < SEAORM_RELATION_PAR_FK_THRESHOLD {
+        fks.iter()
+            .map(|fk| resolve_fk_relation_pure(fk.0, fk.1, fk.2, &table_map))
+            .collect()
+    } else {
+        fks.par_iter()
+            .with_min_len(SEAORM_RELATION_PAR_FK_MIN_LEN)
+            .map(|fk| resolve_fk_relation_pure(fk.0, fk.1, fk.2, &table_map))
+            .collect()
+    }
+}
+
+fn resolve_fk_relation_pure<'a>(
+    columns: &'a [String],
+    ref_table: &'a str,
+    ref_columns: &'a [String],
+    table_map: &BTreeMap<&'a str, &'a TableDef>,
+) -> ForwardRelationResolution<'a> {
+    let mut visited = BTreeSet::new();
+    let (resolved_table, resolved_columns) =
+        resolve_fk_target_inner(ref_table, ref_columns, table_map, &mut visited);
+    ForwardRelationResolution {
+        columns,
+        resolved_table,
+        resolved_columns,
+    }
+}
+
+pub(super) fn relation_field_defs_with_schema(
+    table: &TableDef,
+    schema: &[TableDef],
+    module_paths: &HashMap<String, Vec<String>>,
+    crate_prefix: &str,
+) -> Vec<String> {
+    let mut out = Vec::new();
+    let mut used = HashSet::new();
+    let forward_relations = resolve_table_fks_pure(table, schema);
+    let mut all_target_entities: Vec<String> = forward_relations
+        .iter()
+        .map(|relation| relation.resolved_table.to_string())
+        .collect();
+    let reverse_targets = collect_reverse_relation_targets(table, schema);
+    all_target_entities.extend(reverse_targets);
+    let mut entity_count: BTreeMap<&str, usize> = BTreeMap::new();
+    for entity in &all_target_entities {
+        *entity_count.entry(entity.as_str()).or_insert(0) += 1;
+    }
+    let mut fk_by_table: BTreeMap<&str, usize> = BTreeMap::new();
+    for relation in &forward_relations {
+        *fk_by_table.entry(relation.resolved_table).or_insert(0) += 1;
+    }
+    let mut used_relation_enums: HashSet<String> = HashSet::new();
+    for relation in &forward_relations {
+        let columns = relation.columns;
+        let resolved_table = relation.resolved_table;
+        let resolved_columns = &relation.resolved_columns;
+
+        let from = fk_attr_value(columns);
+        let to = fk_attr_value(resolved_columns);
+
+        let fks_to_this_table = fk_by_table.get(resolved_table).copied().unwrap_or(0);
+
+        let entity_appears_multiple_times =
+            entity_count.get(resolved_table).is_some_and(|c| *c > 1);
+
+        let field_base = if columns.len() == 1 {
+            infer_field_name_from_fk_column(&columns[0], resolved_table, &to)
+        } else {
+            sanitize_field_name(resolved_table)
+        };
+
+        let field_name = unique_name(&field_base, &mut used);
+
+        let needs_relation_enum = fks_to_this_table > 1 || entity_appears_multiple_times;
+
+        let attr = if needs_relation_enum {
+            let base_relation_enum = generate_relation_enum_name(columns);
+            let relation_enum_name = if used_relation_enums.contains(&base_relation_enum) {
+                format!("{}{}", base_relation_enum, to_pascal_case(&table.name))
+            } else {
+                base_relation_enum.clone()
+            };
+            used_relation_enums.insert(relation_enum_name.clone());
+            format!(
+                "    #[sea_orm(belongs_to, relation_enum = \"{relation_enum_name}\", from = \"{from}\", to = \"{to}\")]"
+            )
+        } else {
+            format!("    #[sea_orm(belongs_to, from = \"{from}\", to = \"{to}\")]")
+        };
+
+        out.push(attr);
+        let entity_path = resolve_relation_entity_module_path(
+            &table.name,
+            resolved_table,
+            module_paths,
+            crate_prefix,
+        );
+        out.push(format!(
+            "    pub {field_name}: HasOne<{entity_path}::Entity>,"
+        ));
+    }
+
+    let reverse_relations = reverse_relation_field_defs(
+        table,
+        schema,
+        &mut used,
+        &entity_count,
+        &mut used_relation_enums,
+        module_paths,
+        crate_prefix,
+    );
+    out.extend(reverse_relations);
+
+    out
+}
+
+/// Generate a relation enum name from foreign key column names.
+/// For "`creator_user_id`", generates "`CreatorUser`".
+/// For composite FKs like [`org_id`, `user_id`], generates `OrgUser`.
+pub(super) fn generate_relation_enum_name(columns: &[String]) -> String {
+    // Take the first column and remove common FK suffixes like "_id"
+    let first_col = &columns[0];
+    let without_id = if let Some(stripped) = first_col.strip_suffix("_id") {
+        stripped
+    } else {
+        first_col
+    };
+
+    to_pascal_case(without_id)
+}
+
+pub(super) fn unique_relation_enum_name(
+    preferred: String,
+    source_table: &str,
+    base_relation_enum: &str,
+    used_relation_enums: &HashSet<String>,
+) -> String {
+    if !used_relation_enums.contains(&preferred) {
+        return preferred;
+    }
+
+    let source_prefixed = format!("{}{}", to_pascal_case(source_table), base_relation_enum);
+    if !used_relation_enums.contains(&source_prefixed) {
+        return source_prefixed;
+    }
+
+    let mut index = 2;
+    loop {
+        let candidate = format!(
+            "{}{}{}",
+            to_pascal_case(source_table),
+            base_relation_enum,
+            index
+        );
+        if !used_relation_enums.contains(&candidate) {
+            return candidate;
+        }
+        index += 1;
+    }
+}
+
+pub(super) fn collect_self_ref_junction(
+    current_table: &TableDef,
+    junction_table: &TableDef,
+    junction_pk: &HashSet<String>,
+) -> Option<SelfRefJunction> {
+    if junction_pk.len() < 2 {
+        return None;
+    }
+
+    let fks: Vec<_> = junction_table
+        .constraints
+        .iter()
+        .filter_map(|c| {
+            if let TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                columns, ref_table, ..
+            } = c
+            {
+                Some((columns.clone(), ref_table.clone()))
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        })
+        .collect();
+
+    if fks.len() < 2 {
+        return None;
+    }
+
+    let all_fk_cols_in_pk = fks
+        .iter()
+        .all(|(cols, _)| cols.iter().all(|c| junction_pk.contains(c)));
+    if !all_fk_cols_in_pk {
+        return None;
+    }
+
+    if !fks
+        .iter()
+        .all(|(_, ref_table)| ref_table == &current_table.name)
+    {
+        return None;
+    }
+
+    Some(SelfRefJunction {
+        junction_table: junction_table.name.clone(),
+        role_columns: fks.iter().map(|(cols, _)| cols[0].clone()).collect(),
+        role_relations: fks
+            .iter()
+            .map(|(cols, _)| generate_relation_enum_name(cols))
+            .collect(),
+    })
+}
+
+pub(super) fn self_ref_link_name(
+    self_ref_junction: &SelfRefJunction,
+    from_idx: usize,
+    to_idx: usize,
+) -> String {
+    format!(
+        "{}To{}Via{}",
+        to_pascal_case(&self_ref_junction.role_columns[from_idx]),
+        to_pascal_case(&self_ref_junction.role_columns[to_idx]),
+        to_pascal_case(&self_ref_junction.junction_table)
+    )
+}
+
+pub(super) fn resolve_self_ref_link_module_path(
+    current_table: &str,
+    junction_table: &str,
+    module_paths: &HashMap<String, Vec<String>>,
+    crate_prefix: &str,
+) -> String {
+    if let (Some(current), Some(target)) = (
+        module_paths.get(current_table),
+        module_paths.get(junction_table),
+    ) {
+        let current_parent = current.split_last().map_or(&[][..], |(_, parent)| parent);
+        let target_parent = target.split_last().map_or(&[][..], |(_, parent)| parent);
+
+        if current_parent == target_parent {
+            return format!("super::{junction_table}");
+        }
+
+        if !crate_prefix.is_empty() {
+            return absolute_module_path(crate_prefix, target);
+        }
+
+        return absolute_module_path("crate::models", target);
+    }
+
+    format!("super::{junction_table}")
+}
+
+pub(super) fn render_self_ref_link_helpers(
+    table: &TableDef,
+    schema: &[TableDef],
+    module_paths: &HashMap<String, Vec<String>>,
+    crate_prefix: &str,
+) -> Vec<String> {
+    let mut out = Vec::new();
+
+    for other_table in schema {
+        if other_table.name == table.name {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        let other_pk = primary_key_columns(other_table);
+        let Some(self_ref_junction) = collect_self_ref_junction(table, other_table, &other_pk)
+        else {
+            continue;
+        };
+
+        let junction_entity_path = resolve_self_ref_link_module_path(
+            &table.name,
+            &self_ref_junction.junction_table,
+            module_paths,
+            crate_prefix,
+        );
+
+        for (from_idx, from_role) in self_ref_junction.role_relations.iter().enumerate() {
+            for (to_idx, to_role) in self_ref_junction.role_relations.iter().enumerate() {
+                if from_idx == to_idx {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                let link_name = self_ref_link_name(&self_ref_junction, from_idx, to_idx);
+                out.push(format!("pub struct {link_name};"));
+                out.push(format!("impl Linked for {link_name} {{"));
+                out.push("    type FromEntity = Entity;".into());
+                out.push("    type ToEntity = Entity;".into());
+                out.push(String::new());
+                out.push("    fn link(&self) -> Vec<RelationDef> {".into());
+                out.push("        vec![".into());
+                out.push(format!(
+                    "            {junction_entity_path}::Relation::{from_role}.def().rev(),"
+                ));
+                out.push(format!(
+                    "            {junction_entity_path}::Relation::{to_role}.def(),"
+                ));
+                out.push("        ]".into());
+                out.push("    }".into());
+                out.push("}".into());
+                out.push(String::new());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    while out.last().is_some_and(String::is_empty) {
+        out.pop();
+    }
+
+    out
+}
+
+pub(super) fn render_self_ref_query_helpers(table: &TableDef, schema: &[TableDef]) -> Vec<String> {
+    let mut methods = Vec::new();
+    let mut used_method_names = HashSet::new();
+
+    for other_table in schema {
+        if other_table.name == table.name {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        let other_pk = primary_key_columns(other_table);
+        let Some(self_ref_junction) = collect_self_ref_junction(table, other_table, &other_pk)
+        else {
+            continue;
+        };
+
+        for (from_idx, from_col) in self_ref_junction.role_columns.iter().enumerate() {
+            for (to_idx, to_col) in self_ref_junction.role_columns.iter().enumerate() {
+                if from_idx == to_idx {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                let link_name = self_ref_link_name(&self_ref_junction, from_idx, to_idx);
+                let method_base = format!(
+                    "find_{}_via_{}_from_{}",
+                    pluralize(&sanitize_field_name(to_col)),
+                    sanitize_field_name(&self_ref_junction.junction_table),
+                    sanitize_field_name(from_col)
+                );
+                let method_name = unique_name(&method_base, &mut used_method_names);
+
+                methods.push(format!(
+                    "    pub fn {method_name}(&self) -> Select<Entity> {{"
+                ));
+                methods.push(format!("        self.find_linked({link_name})"));
+                methods.push("    }".into());
+                methods.push(String::new());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    while methods.last().is_some_and(String::is_empty) {
+        methods.pop();
+    }
+
+    if methods.is_empty() {
+        return methods;
+    }
+
+    let mut out = Vec::new();
+    out.push("impl Model {".into());
+    out.extend(methods);
+    out.push("}".into());
+    out
+}
+
+/// Infer a field name from a single FK column.
+/// For "`creator_user_id`" with to="id", tries "`creator_user`" first.
+/// If the FK column still follows common suffix naming like `_id`/`_idx`,
+/// remove those as fallbacks for intuitive relation names.
+/// If that ends with the table name, use the full column name (without the to suffix).
+/// Otherwise, fall back to the table name.
+///
+/// Examples:
+/// - FK column: "`creator_user_id`", table: "user", to: "id" -> "`creator_user`"
+/// - FK column: "`creator_user_idx`", table: "user", to: "idx" -> "`creator_user`"
+/// - FK column: "`user_id`", table: "user", to: "id" -> "user" (falls back to table name)
+/// - FK column: "`order_id`", table: "order", to: "`order_number`" -> "order"
+/// - FK column: "`order_idx`", table: "order", to: "`order_number`" -> "order"
+/// - FK column: "`org_id`", table: "user", to: "id" -> "org"
+pub(super) fn infer_field_name_from_fk_column(
+    fk_column: &str,
+    table_name: &str,
+    to: &str,
+) -> String {
+    let table_lower = table_name.to_lowercase();
+    let to_lower = to.to_lowercase();
+
+    // Remove the "to" suffix from FK column (e.g., "user_id" for to="id", "user_idx" for to="idx").
+    // If FK column still uses common suffixes like "*_id"/"*_idx", strip them as fallbacks.
+    let to_suffix = format!("_{to}");
+    let without_suffix = fk_column
+        .strip_suffix(&to_suffix)
+        .or_else(|| fk_column.strip_suffix("_id"))
+        .or_else(|| fk_column.strip_suffix("_idx"))
+        .unwrap_or(fk_column);
+
+    let sanitized = sanitize_field_name(without_suffix);
+    let sanitized_lower = sanitized.to_lowercase();
+
+    // If the FK column exactly matches the referenced column name, treat it as a natural-key
+    // relation and expose the target entity name instead of the raw column name.
+    // Also handle compact forms like `username` for `user.name`.
+    if sanitized_lower == to_lower || sanitized_lower == format!("{table_lower}{to_lower}") {
+        return sanitize_field_name(table_name);
+    }
+
+    // If the sanitized name is exactly the table name (e.g., "user_id" -> "user" for table "user"),
+    // we need to fall back to the table name for proper disambiguation
+    if sanitized_lower == table_lower {
+        sanitize_field_name(table_name)
+    }
+    // If the sanitized name ends with (but is not equal to) the table name, use it as-is
+    // This handles cases like "creator_user" for table "user"
+    else if sanitized_lower.ends_with(&table_lower) {
+        sanitized
+    } else {
+        // Otherwise, use the inferred name from the column
+        sanitized
+    }
+}
+
+/// Information about a reverse relation to be generated.
+pub(super) struct ReverseRelation {
+    /// Target entity name (the table that has FK to current table)
+    target_entity: String,
+    /// Whether it's `has_one` (true) or `has_many` (false)
+    is_one_to_one: bool,
+    /// Base field name before uniquification
+    field_base: String,
+    /// Base `relation_enum` name (from FK columns)
+    base_relation_enum: String,
+    /// Source table name (for disambiguation)
+    source_table: String,
+    /// Whether the source table has multiple FKs to current table
+    has_multiple_fks: bool,
+    /// Optional via clause for M2M relations
+    via: Option<String>,
+    /// Optional `via_rel` clause for reverse diamond relations
+    via_rel: Option<String>,
+    /// Whether this is a M2M relation (through junction table)
+    is_m2m: bool,
+}
+
+pub(super) struct SelfRefJunction {
+    junction_table: String,
+    role_columns: Vec<String>,
+    role_relations: Vec<String>,
+}
+
+/// Collect target entities from reverse relations (for counting across all relations).
+pub(super) fn collect_reverse_relation_targets(
+    table: &TableDef,
+    schema: &[TableDef],
+) -> Vec<String> {
+    let mut targets = Vec::new();
+
+    for other_table in schema {
+        if other_table.name == table.name {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        // Get PK columns for junction table detection
+        let other_pk = primary_key_columns(other_table);
+
+        // Check if this is a junction table
+        if let Some(m2m_targets) =
+            collect_many_to_many_targets(table, other_table, &other_pk, schema)
+        {
+            targets.extend(m2m_targets);
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        // Check for direct FK to this table
+        for constraint in &other_table.constraints {
+            if let TableConstraint::ForeignKey { ref_table, .. } = constraint
+                && ref_table == &table.name
+            {
+                targets.push(other_table.name.clone());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    targets
+}
+
+/// Collect target entities from a junction table for M2M relations.
+pub(super) fn collect_many_to_many_targets(
+    current_table: &TableDef,
+    junction_table: &TableDef,
+    junction_pk: &HashSet<String>,
+    schema: &[TableDef],
+) -> Option<Vec<String>> {
+    if junction_pk.len() < 2 {
+        return None;
+    }
+
+    let fks: Vec<_> = junction_table
+        .constraints
+        .iter()
+        .filter_map(|c| {
+            if let TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                columns, ref_table, ..
+            } = c
+            {
+                Some((columns.clone(), ref_table.clone()))
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        })
+        .collect();
+
+    if fks.len() < 2 {
+        return None;
+    }
+
+    let all_fk_cols_in_pk = fks
+        .iter()
+        .all(|(cols, _)| cols.iter().all(|c| junction_pk.contains(c)));
+
+    if !all_fk_cols_in_pk {
+        return None;
+    }
+
+    fks.iter()
+        .find(|(_, ref_table)| ref_table == &current_table.name)?;
+
+    let mut targets = Vec::new();
+
+    // Junction table itself
+    targets.push(junction_table.name.clone());
+
+    // Target tables via M2M
+    for (_, ref_table) in &fks {
+        if ref_table == &current_table.name {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let target_exists = schema.iter().any(|t| &t.name == ref_table);
+        if target_exists {
+            targets.push(ref_table.clone());
+        }
+    }
+
+    Some(targets)
+}
+
+/// Generate reverse relation fields (`has_one/has_many`) for tables that reference this table.
+pub(super) fn reverse_relation_field_defs(
+    table: &TableDef,
+    schema: &[TableDef],
+    used: &mut HashSet<String>,
+    entity_count: &BTreeMap<&str, usize>,
+    used_relation_enums: &mut HashSet<String>,
+    module_paths: &HashMap<String, Vec<String>>,
+    crate_prefix: &str,
+) -> Vec<String> {
+    reverse_relation_field_defs_inner(ReverseRelationFieldCtx {
+        table,
+        schema,
+        used,
+        entity_count,
+        used_relation_enums,
+        module_paths,
+        crate_prefix,
+    })
+}
+
+struct ReverseRelationFieldCtx<'a> {
+    table: &'a TableDef,
+    schema: &'a [TableDef],
+    used: &'a mut HashSet<String>,
+    entity_count: &'a BTreeMap<&'a str, usize>,
+    used_relation_enums: &'a mut HashSet<String>,
+    module_paths: &'a HashMap<String, Vec<String>>,
+    crate_prefix: &'a str,
+}
+
+#[expect(
+    clippy::too_many_lines,
+    reason = "relation rendering keeps collection and emission logic together"
+)]
+fn reverse_relation_field_defs_inner(ctx: ReverseRelationFieldCtx<'_>) -> Vec<String> {
+    let ReverseRelationFieldCtx {
+        table,
+        schema,
+        used,
+        entity_count,
+        used_relation_enums,
+        module_paths,
+        crate_prefix,
+    } = ctx;
+    // First pass: collect all reverse relations
+    let mut relations: Vec<ReverseRelation> = Vec::new();
+
+    // Count how many FKs from each table reference this table
+    let mut fk_count_per_table: std::collections::HashMap<String, usize> =
+        std::collections::HashMap::new();
+    for other_table in schema {
+        if other_table.name == table.name {
+            continue;
+        }
+        for constraint in &other_table.constraints {
+            if let TableConstraint::ForeignKey { ref_table, .. } = constraint
+                && ref_table == &table.name
+            {
+                *fk_count_per_table
+                    .entry(other_table.name.clone())
+                    .or_insert(0) += 1;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Collect all relations from all tables
+    for other_table in schema {
+        if other_table.name == table.name {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        // Get PK and unique columns for the other table
+        let other_pk = primary_key_columns(other_table);
+        let other_unique = single_column_unique_set(&other_table.constraints);
+
+        // Check if this is a junction table (composite PK with multiple FKs)
+        if let Some(m2m_relations) =
+            collect_many_to_many_relations(table, other_table, &other_pk, schema)
+        {
+            relations.extend(m2m_relations);
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        for constraint in &other_table.constraints {
+            if let TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                columns, ref_table, ..
+            } = constraint
+            {
+                // Check if this FK references our table
+                if ref_table == &table.name {
+                    // Determine if it's has_one or has_many
+                    let is_one_to_one = if columns.len() == 1 {
+                        let col = &columns[0];
+                        let is_sole_pk = other_pk.len() == 1 && other_pk.contains(col);
+                        let is_unique = other_unique.contains(col);
+                        is_sole_pk || is_unique
+                    } else {
+                        columns.len() == other_pk.len()
+                            && columns.iter().all(|c| other_pk.contains(c))
+                    };
+
+                    let has_multiple_fks = fk_count_per_table
+                        .get(&other_table.name)
+                        .is_some_and(|count| *count > 1);
+
+                    // Generate base field name
+                    let base_relation_enum = generate_relation_enum_name(columns);
+                    let field_base = if has_multiple_fks {
+                        let lowercase_enum = to_snake_case(&base_relation_enum);
+                        if is_one_to_one {
+                            lowercase_enum
+                        } else {
+                            format!(
+                                "{}_{}",
+                                lowercase_enum,
+                                pluralize(&sanitize_field_name(&other_table.name))
+                            )
+                        }
+                    } else if is_one_to_one {
+                        sanitize_field_name(&other_table.name)
+                    } else {
+                        pluralize(&sanitize_field_name(&other_table.name))
+                    };
+
+                    relations.push(ReverseRelation {
+                        target_entity: other_table.name.clone(),
+                        is_one_to_one,
+                        field_base,
+                        base_relation_enum,
+                        source_table: other_table.name.clone(),
+                        has_multiple_fks,
+                        via: None,
+                        via_rel: Some(generate_relation_enum_name(columns)),
+                        is_m2m: false,
+                    });
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Second pass: generate output with relation_enum when needed
+    let mut out = Vec::new();
+
+    for rel in relations {
+        let relation_type = if rel.is_one_to_one {
+            "has_one"
+        } else {
+            "has_many"
+        };
+        let rust_type = if rel.is_one_to_one {
+            "HasOne"
+        } else {
+            "HasMany"
+        };
+        let field_name = unique_name(&rel.field_base, used);
+
+        // Determine if we need relation_enum:
+        // 1. Multiple FKs from same source table, OR
+        // 2. Multiple relations targeting the same entity (across ALL relations including forward)
+        let needs_relation_enum = rel.has_multiple_fks
+            || entity_count
+                .get(rel.target_entity.as_str())
+                .is_some_and(|c| *c > 1);
+
+        let attr = if needs_relation_enum {
+            let preferred_relation_enum_name = if rel.is_m2m {
+                // M2M: use {Target}Via{Junction} pattern directly
+                // e.g., "MediaViaUserMediaRole"
+                rel.base_relation_enum.clone()
+            } else {
+                let via_value = rel.via.as_ref().unwrap_or(&rel.source_table);
+                // Direct: use via table name, fall back to FK-based on collision
+                let base_enum = to_pascal_case(via_value);
+                if used_relation_enums.contains(&base_enum) {
+                    rel.base_relation_enum.clone()
+                } else {
+                    base_enum
+                }
+            };
+            let relation_enum_name = unique_relation_enum_name(
+                preferred_relation_enum_name,
+                &rel.source_table,
+                &rel.base_relation_enum,
+                used_relation_enums,
+            );
+            used_relation_enums.insert(relation_enum_name.clone());
+
+            if let Some(via_rel) = &rel.via_rel {
+                format!(
+                    "    #[sea_orm({relation_type}, relation_enum = \"{relation_enum_name}\", via_rel = \"{via_rel}\")]"
+                )
+            } else if let Some(via) = &rel.via {
+                format!(
+                    "    #[sea_orm({relation_type}, relation_enum = \"{relation_enum_name}\", via = \"{via}\")]"
+                )
+            } else {
+                format!("    #[sea_orm({relation_type}, relation_enum = \"{relation_enum_name}\")]")
+            }
+        } else if let Some(via) = &rel.via {
+            // No ambiguity - just via without relation_enum
+            format!("    #[sea_orm({relation_type}, via = \"{via}\")]")
+        } else {
+            format!("    #[sea_orm({relation_type})]")
+        };
+
+        out.push(attr);
+        let entity_path = resolve_relation_entity_module_path(
+            &table.name,
+            &rel.target_entity,
+            module_paths,
+            crate_prefix,
+        );
+        out.push(format!(
+            "    pub {field_name}: {rust_type}<{entity_path}::Entity>,"
+        ));
+    }
+
+    out
+}
+
+/// Collect many-to-many relations from a junction table.
+/// Returns Some(relations) if it's a junction table that links current table to other tables,
+/// or None if it's not a junction table.
+pub(super) fn collect_many_to_many_relations(
+    current_table: &TableDef,
+    junction_table: &TableDef,
+    junction_pk: &HashSet<String>,
+    schema: &[TableDef],
+) -> Option<Vec<ReverseRelation>> {
+    // Junction table must have composite PK (2+ columns)
+    if junction_pk.len() < 2 {
+        return None;
+    }
+
+    // Collect all FKs from the junction table
+    let fks: Vec<_> = junction_table
+        .constraints
+        .iter()
+        .filter_map(|c| {
+            if let TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                columns, ref_table, ..
+            } = c
+            {
+                Some((columns.clone(), ref_table.clone()))
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        })
+        .collect();
+
+    // Must have at least 2 FKs to be a junction table
+    if fks.len() < 2 {
+        return None;
+    }
+
+    // Check if all FK columns are part of the PK (typical junction table pattern)
+    let all_fk_cols_in_pk = fks
+        .iter()
+        .all(|(cols, _)| cols.iter().all(|c| junction_pk.contains(c)));
+
+    if !all_fk_cols_in_pk {
+        return None;
+    }
+
+    // Find which FK references the current table
+    fks.iter()
+        .find(|(_, ref_table)| ref_table == &current_table.name)?;
+
+    let mut relations = Vec::new();
+
+    let self_ref_fks: Vec<_> = fks
+        .iter()
+        .filter(|(_, ref_table)| ref_table == &current_table.name)
+        .cloned()
+        .collect();
+
+    if self_ref_fks.len() == fks.len() {
+        return None;
+    }
+
+    // First, add has_many to the junction table itself (direct relation, not M2M)
+    let junction_base = pluralize(&sanitize_field_name(&junction_table.name));
+    relations.push(ReverseRelation {
+        target_entity: junction_table.name.clone(),
+        is_one_to_one: false,
+        field_base: junction_base,
+        base_relation_enum: to_pascal_case(&junction_table.name),
+        source_table: junction_table.name.clone(),
+        has_multiple_fks: false,
+        via: None,
+        via_rel: None,
+        is_m2m: false,
+    });
+
+    // Then add has_many with via for the target tables (M2M relations)
+    for (_columns, ref_table) in &fks {
+        if ref_table == &current_table.name {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        let target_exists = schema.iter().any(|t| &t.name == ref_table);
+        if !target_exists {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        let field_base = format!(
+            "{}_via_{}",
+            pluralize(&sanitize_field_name(ref_table)),
+            sanitize_field_name(&junction_table.name)
+        );
+        let base_relation_enum = format!(
+            "{}Via{}",
+            to_pascal_case(ref_table),
+            to_pascal_case(&junction_table.name)
+        );
+
+        relations.push(ReverseRelation {
+            target_entity: ref_table.clone(),
+            is_one_to_one: false,
+            field_base,
+            base_relation_enum,
+            source_table: junction_table.name.clone(),
+            has_multiple_fks: false,
+            via: Some(junction_table.name.clone()),
+            via_rel: None,
+            is_m2m: true,
+        });
+    }
+
+    Some(relations)
+}
+
+pub(super) fn pluralize(name: &str) -> String {
+    if name.ends_with('s') || name.ends_with("es") {
+        name.to_string()
+    } else if name.ends_with('y')
+        && !name.ends_with("ay")
+        && !name.ends_with("ey")
+        && !name.ends_with("oy")
+        && !name.ends_with("uy")
+    {
+        format!("{}ies", name.strip_suffix('y').unwrap_or(name))
+    } else {
+        format!("{name}s")
+    }
+}
+
+pub(super) fn fk_attr_value(cols: &[String]) -> String {
+    if cols.len() == 1 {
+        cols[0].clone()
+    } else {
+        format!("({})", cols.join(", "))
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/seaorm/render.rs b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/seaorm/render.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b199258d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/seaorm/render.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,334 @@
+use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
+
+use vespertide_config::SeaOrmConfig;
+use vespertide_core::{ColumnDef, ColumnType, ComplexColumnType, TableConstraint, TableDef};
+
+use super::enums::render_enum;
+use super::imports::{sanitize_field_name, to_pascal_case};
+use super::relations::{
+    relation_field_defs_with_schema, render_self_ref_link_helpers, render_self_ref_query_helpers,
+};
+use super::types::{column_type_supports_eq, format_default_value};
+
+/// Render a single table into `SeaORM` entity code with schema context, configuration,
+/// and module path mappings for correct cross-directory relation paths.
+pub fn render_entity_with_config_and_paths(
+    table: &TableDef,
+    schema: &[TableDef],
+    config: &SeaOrmConfig,
+    prefix: &str,
+    module_paths: &HashMap<String, Vec<String>>,
+    crate_prefix: &str,
+) -> String {
+    let primary_keys = primary_key_columns(table);
+    let composite_pk = primary_keys.len() > 1;
+    let relation_fields =
+        relation_field_defs_with_schema(table, schema, module_paths, crate_prefix);
+
+    // Build sets of columns with single-column unique constraints and indexes
+    let unique_columns = single_column_unique_set(&table.constraints);
+    let indexed_columns = single_column_index_set(&table.constraints);
+
+    // Check if any columns use enum types (enums derive Serialize/Deserialize)
+    let has_enums = table.columns.iter().any(|c| {
+        matches!(
+            c.r#type,
+            ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum { .. })
+        )
+    });
+
+    let mut lines: Vec<String> = Vec::new();
+    lines.push("use sea_orm::entity::prelude::*;".into());
+    if has_enums {
+        lines.push("use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};".into());
+    }
+    lines.push(String::new());
+
+    // Generate Enum definitions first
+    let mut processed_enums = HashSet::new();
+    for column in &table.columns {
+        if let ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum { name, values }) = &column.r#type {
+            // Avoid duplicate enum definitions if multiple columns use the same enum
+            if !processed_enums.contains(name) {
+                render_enum(&mut lines, &table.name, name, values, config);
+                processed_enums.insert(name.clone());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Build model derive line with optional extra derives.
+    // Float-backed fields (f32/f64) cannot implement Eq, so omit it when present.
+    let mut model_derives = vec!["Clone", "Debug", "PartialEq"];
+    if table
+        .columns
+        .iter()
+        .all(|column| column_type_supports_eq(&column.r#type))
+    {
+        model_derives.push("Eq");
+    }
+    model_derives.push("DeriveEntityModel");
+    let extra_model_derives: Vec<&str> = config
+        .extra_model_derives()
+        .iter()
+        .map(std::string::String::as_str)
+        .collect();
+    model_derives.extend(extra_model_derives);
+
+    // Add table description as doc comment
+    if let Some(ref desc) = table.description {
+        for line in desc.lines() {
+            lines.push(format!("/// {line}"));
+        }
+    }
+
+    lines.push("#[sea_orm::model]".into());
+    lines.push(format!("#[derive({})]", model_derives.join(", ")));
+    lines.push(format!(
+        "#[sea_orm(table_name = \"{}{}\")]",
+        prefix, table.name
+    ));
+    lines.push("pub struct Model {".into());
+
+    for column in &table.columns {
+        render_column(
+            &mut lines,
+            column,
+            &primary_keys,
+            composite_pk,
+            &unique_columns,
+            &indexed_columns,
+        );
+    }
+    for field in relation_fields {
+        lines.push(field);
+    }
+
+    lines.push("}".into());
+
+    // Indexes (relations expressed as belongs_to fields above)
+    lines.push(String::new());
+    render_indexes_and_uniques(&mut lines, &table.constraints);
+
+    // Generate vespera::schema_type! macro if enabled
+    if config.vespera_schema_type() {
+        let pascal_name = to_pascal_case(&table.name);
+        lines.push(format!(
+            "vespera::schema_type!(Schema from Model, name = \"{pascal_name}Schema\");"
+        ));
+    }
+
+    lines.push("impl ActiveModelBehavior for ActiveModel {}".into());
+
+    let self_ref_links = render_self_ref_link_helpers(table, schema, module_paths, crate_prefix);
+    if !self_ref_links.is_empty() {
+        lines.push(String::new());
+        lines.extend(self_ref_links);
+    }
+
+    let self_ref_query_helpers = render_self_ref_query_helpers(table, schema);
+    if !self_ref_query_helpers.is_empty() {
+        lines.push(String::new());
+        lines.extend(self_ref_query_helpers);
+    }
+
+    lines.push(String::new());
+
+    lines.join("\n")
+}
+
+/// Build a set of column names that have single-column unique constraints.
+pub(super) fn single_column_unique_set(constraints: &[TableConstraint]) -> HashSet<String> {
+    let mut unique_cols = HashSet::new();
+    for constraint in constraints {
+        if let TableConstraint::Unique { columns, .. } = constraint
+            && columns.len() == 1
+        {
+            unique_cols.insert(columns[0].clone());
+        }
+    }
+    unique_cols
+}
+
+/// Build a set of column names that have single-column indexes from constraints.
+pub(super) fn single_column_index_set(constraints: &[TableConstraint]) -> HashSet<String> {
+    let mut indexed_cols = HashSet::new();
+    for constraint in constraints {
+        if let TableConstraint::Index { columns, .. } = constraint
+            && columns.len() == 1
+        {
+            indexed_cols.insert(columns[0].clone());
+        }
+    }
+    indexed_cols
+}
+
+pub(super) fn render_column(
+    lines: &mut Vec<String>,
+    column: &ColumnDef,
+    primary_keys: &HashSet<String>,
+    composite_pk: bool,
+    unique_columns: &HashSet<String>,
+    indexed_columns: &HashSet<String>,
+) {
+    let is_pk = primary_keys.contains(&column.name);
+    let is_unique = unique_columns.contains(&column.name);
+    let is_indexed = indexed_columns.contains(&column.name);
+    let has_default = column.default.is_some();
+
+    // Add column comment as doc comment
+    if let Some(ref comment) = column.comment {
+        for line in comment.lines() {
+            lines.push(format!("    /// {line}"));
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Build attribute parts
+    let mut attrs: Vec<String> = Vec::new();
+
+    if is_pk {
+        attrs.push("primary_key".into());
+        // Only show auto_increment = false for integer types that support auto_increment
+        if composite_pk && column.r#type.supports_auto_increment() {
+            attrs.push("auto_increment = false".into());
+        }
+    }
+
+    if is_unique && !is_pk {
+        // unique is redundant if it's already a primary key
+        attrs.push("unique".into());
+    }
+
+    if is_indexed && !is_pk && !is_unique {
+        // indexed is redundant if it's already a primary key or unique
+        attrs.push("indexed".into());
+    }
+
+    if has_default && let Some(ref default_val) = column.default {
+        // Format the default value for SeaORM
+        let formatted = format_default_value(default_val, &column.r#type);
+        attrs.push(formatted);
+    }
+
+    // For custom types, add column_type attribute with the custom type value
+    if let ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Custom { custom_type }) = &column.r#type {
+        attrs.push(format!("column_type = \"{custom_type}\""));
+    }
+
+    // Output attribute if any
+    if !attrs.is_empty() {
+        lines.push(format!("    #[sea_orm({})]", attrs.join(", ")));
+    }
+
+    let field_name = sanitize_field_name(&column.name);
+
+    let ty = match &column.r#type {
+        ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum { name, .. }) => {
+            let enum_type = to_pascal_case(name);
+            if column.nullable {
+                format!("Option<{enum_type}>")
+            } else {
+                enum_type
+            }
+        }
+        // JSONB custom type should use Json rust type
+        ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Custom { custom_type })
+            if custom_type.to_uppercase() == "JSONB" =>
+        {
+            if column.nullable {
+                "Option<Json>".to_string()
+            } else {
+                "Json".to_string()
+            }
+        }
+        _ => column.r#type.to_rust_type(column.nullable),
+    };
+
+    lines.push(format!("    pub {field_name}: {ty},"));
+}
+pub(super) fn primary_key_columns(table: &TableDef) -> HashSet<String> {
+    use vespertide_core::schema::primary_key::PrimaryKeySyntax;
+    let mut keys = HashSet::new();
+
+    // First, check table-level constraints
+    for constraint in &table.constraints {
+        if let TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { columns, .. } = constraint {
+            for col in columns {
+                keys.insert(col.clone());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Then, check inline primary_key on columns
+    // This handles cases where primary_key is defined inline but not yet normalized
+    for column in &table.columns {
+        if let Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true) | PrimaryKeySyntax::Object(_)) =
+            &column.primary_key
+        {
+            keys.insert(column.name.clone());
+        }
+    }
+
+    keys
+}
+pub(super) fn render_indexes_and_uniques(lines: &mut Vec<String>, constraints: &[TableConstraint]) {
+    let index_constraints: Vec<_> = constraints
+        .iter()
+        .filter_map(|c| {
+            if let TableConstraint::Index { name, columns } = c {
+                Some((name, columns))
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        })
+        .collect();
+
+    let composite_uniques: Vec<_> = constraints
+        .iter()
+        .filter_map(|c| {
+            if let TableConstraint::Unique { name, columns } = c {
+                if columns.len() > 1 {
+                    Some((name, columns))
+                } else {
+                    None
+                }
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        })
+        .collect();
+
+    if index_constraints.is_empty() && composite_uniques.is_empty() {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if !index_constraints.is_empty() {
+        lines.push("// Index definitions (SeaORM uses Statement builders externally)".into());
+        for (name, columns) in index_constraints {
+            let cols = columns.join(", ");
+            let idx_name = name.clone().unwrap_or_else(|| "(unnamed)".to_string());
+            lines.push(format!("// {idx_name} on [{cols}]"));
+        }
+    }
+
+    if !composite_uniques.is_empty() {
+        lines.push(String::new());
+        lines.push(
+            "/// Composite unique constraints — declare in migrations or use Statement builder."
+                .into(),
+        );
+        lines.push("pub const COMPOSITE_UNIQUES: &[&[&str]] = &[".into());
+        for (name, columns) in composite_uniques {
+            let cols_str = columns
+                .iter()
+                .map(|c| format!("\"{c}\""))
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                .join(", ");
+            let comment = name
+                .as_deref()
+                .map(|n| format!(" // {n}"))
+                .unwrap_or_default();
+            lines.push(format!("    &[{cols_str}],{comment}"));
+        }
+        lines.push("];".into());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/seaorm/snapshots/vespertide_exporter__seaorm__tests_edge_cases__snapshot_all_simple_types.snap b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/seaorm/snapshots/vespertide_exporter__seaorm__tests_edge_cases__snapshot_all_simple_types.snap
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9e464e50
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/seaorm/snapshots/vespertide_exporter__seaorm__tests_edge_cases__snapshot_all_simple_types.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+---
+source: crates/vespertide-exporter/src/seaorm/tests_edge_cases.rs
+expression: rendered
+---
+use sea_orm::entity::prelude::*;
+
+#[sea_orm::model]
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, DeriveEntityModel)]
+#[sea_orm(table_name = "type_matrix")]
+pub struct Model {
+    pub c_int: i32,
+    pub c_bigint: i64,
+    pub c_smallint: i16,
+    pub c_text: Option<String>,
+    pub c_bool: bool,
+    pub c_real: f32,
+    pub c_double: f64,
+    pub c_date: Option<Date>,
+    pub c_time: Option<Time>,
+    pub c_ts: Option<DateTime>,
+    pub c_tstz: Option<DateTimeWithTimeZone>,
+    pub c_interval: Option<String>,
+    pub c_uuid: Uuid,
+    pub c_json: Option<Json>,
+    pub c_bytea: Option<Vec<u8>>,
+    pub c_inet: Option<String>,
+    pub c_cidr: Option<String>,
+    pub c_macaddr: Option<String>,
+    pub c_xml: Option<String>,
+}
+
+vespera::schema_type!(Schema from Model, name = "TypeMatrixSchema");
+impl ActiveModelBehavior for ActiveModel {}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/seaorm/snapshots/vespertide_exporter__seaorm__tests_edge_cases__snapshot_composite_primary_key.snap b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/seaorm/snapshots/vespertide_exporter__seaorm__tests_edge_cases__snapshot_composite_primary_key.snap
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1026cb24
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/seaorm/snapshots/vespertide_exporter__seaorm__tests_edge_cases__snapshot_composite_primary_key.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+---
+source: crates/vespertide-exporter/src/seaorm/tests_edge_cases.rs
+expression: rendered
+---
+use sea_orm::entity::prelude::*;
+
+#[sea_orm::model]
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, DeriveEntityModel)]
+#[sea_orm(table_name = "membership")]
+pub struct Model {
+    #[sea_orm(primary_key, auto_increment = false)]
+    pub tenant_id: i32,
+    #[sea_orm(primary_key, auto_increment = false)]
+    pub user_id: i32,
+    pub role: String,
+}
+
+vespera::schema_type!(Schema from Model, name = "MembershipSchema");
+impl ActiveModelBehavior for ActiveModel {}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/seaorm/snapshots/vespertide_exporter__seaorm__tests_edge_cases__snapshot_composite_unique_constraint.snap b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/seaorm/snapshots/vespertide_exporter__seaorm__tests_edge_cases__snapshot_composite_unique_constraint.snap
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..00b0f65c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/seaorm/snapshots/vespertide_exporter__seaorm__tests_edge_cases__snapshot_composite_unique_constraint.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+---
+source: crates/vespertide-exporter/src/seaorm/tests_edge_cases.rs
+expression: rendered
+---
+use sea_orm::entity::prelude::*;
+
+#[sea_orm::model]
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, DeriveEntityModel)]
+#[sea_orm(table_name = "account_aliases")]
+pub struct Model {
+    #[sea_orm(primary_key)]
+    pub id: i32,
+    pub tenant_id: i32,
+    pub slug: String,
+}
+
+
+/// Composite unique constraints — declare in migrations or use Statement builder.
+pub const COMPOSITE_UNIQUES: &[&[&str]] = &[
+    &["tenant_id", "slug"], // uq_account_aliases__tenant_slug
+];
+vespera::schema_type!(Schema from Model, name = "AccountAliasesSchema");
+impl ActiveModelBehavior for ActiveModel {}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/seaorm/snapshots/vespertide_exporter__seaorm__tests_edge_cases__snapshot_integer_enum_all_variant_types.snap b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/seaorm/snapshots/vespertide_exporter__seaorm__tests_edge_cases__snapshot_integer_enum_all_variant_types.snap
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..990bcab7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/seaorm/snapshots/vespertide_exporter__seaorm__tests_edge_cases__snapshot_integer_enum_all_variant_types.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+---
+source: crates/vespertide-exporter/src/seaorm/tests_edge_cases.rs
+expression: rendered
+---
+use sea_orm::entity::prelude::*;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, EnumIter, DeriveActiveEnum, Serialize, Deserialize, vespera::Schema)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+#[sea_orm(rs_type = "i32", db_type = "Integer")]
+pub enum EdgeState {
+    Unknown = -1,
+    NotStarted = 0,
+    InProgress = 10,
+    HTTP500 = 500,
+}
+
+#[sea_orm::model]
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, DeriveEntityModel)]
+#[sea_orm(table_name = "workflow_runs")]
+pub struct Model {
+    #[sea_orm(primary_key)]
+    pub id: i32,
+    pub state: EdgeState,
+}
+
+vespera::schema_type!(Schema from Model, name = "WorkflowRunsSchema");
+impl ActiveModelBehavior for ActiveModel {}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/seaorm/snapshots/vespertide_exporter__seaorm__tests_edge_cases__snapshot_reserved_word_identifiers.snap b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/seaorm/snapshots/vespertide_exporter__seaorm__tests_edge_cases__snapshot_reserved_word_identifiers.snap
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8f97513b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/seaorm/snapshots/vespertide_exporter__seaorm__tests_edge_cases__snapshot_reserved_word_identifiers.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+---
+source: crates/vespertide-exporter/src/seaorm/tests_edge_cases.rs
+expression: rendered
+---
+use sea_orm::entity::prelude::*;
+
+#[sea_orm::model]
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, DeriveEntityModel)]
+#[sea_orm(table_name = "order")]
+pub struct Model {
+    #[sea_orm(primary_key)]
+    pub id: i32,
+    pub user: String,
+    pub select: i32,
+}
+
+vespera::schema_type!(Schema from Model, name = "OrderSchema");
+impl ActiveModelBehavior for ActiveModel {}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/seaorm/snapshots/vespertide_exporter__seaorm__tests_edge_cases__snapshot_self_referencing_fk.snap b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/seaorm/snapshots/vespertide_exporter__seaorm__tests_edge_cases__snapshot_self_referencing_fk.snap
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..38d22382
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/seaorm/snapshots/vespertide_exporter__seaorm__tests_edge_cases__snapshot_self_referencing_fk.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+---
+source: crates/vespertide-exporter/src/seaorm/tests_edge_cases.rs
+expression: rendered
+---
+use sea_orm::entity::prelude::*;
+
+#[sea_orm::model]
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, DeriveEntityModel)]
+#[sea_orm(table_name = "employees")]
+pub struct Model {
+    #[sea_orm(primary_key)]
+    pub id: i32,
+    pub manager_id: Option<i32>,
+    #[sea_orm(belongs_to, from = "manager_id", to = "id")]
+    pub manager: HasOne<super::employees::Entity>,
+}
+
+vespera::schema_type!(Schema from Model, name = "EmployeesSchema");
+impl ActiveModelBehavior for ActiveModel {}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/seaorm/tests.rs b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/seaorm/tests.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9c9109ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/seaorm/tests.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,990 @@
+use super::*;
+use insta::{assert_snapshot, with_settings};
+use rstest::rstest;
+use vespertide_core::schema::primary_key::PrimaryKeySyntax;
+use vespertide_core::{
+    ColumnDef, ColumnType, ComplexColumnType, EnumValues, NumValue, SimpleColumnType, StringOrBool,
+    TableConstraint, TableDef,
+};
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case("basic_single_pk", TableDef {
+        name: "users".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            ColumnDef { name: "id".into(), r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer), nullable: false, default: None, comment: None, primary_key: None, unique: None, index: None, foreign_key: None },
+            ColumnDef { name: "display_name".into(), r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text), nullable: true, default: None, comment: None, primary_key: None, unique: None, index: None, foreign_key: None },
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { auto_increment: false, columns: vec!["id".into()] }],
+    })]
+#[case("composite_pk", TableDef {
+        name: "accounts".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            ColumnDef { name: "id".into(), r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer), nullable: false, default: None, comment: None, primary_key: None, unique: None, index: None, foreign_key: None },
+            ColumnDef { name: "tenant_id".into(), r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::BigInt), nullable: false, default: None, comment: None, primary_key: None, unique: None, index: None, foreign_key: None },
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { auto_increment: false, columns: vec!["id".into(), "tenant_id".into()] }],
+    })]
+#[case("fk_single", TableDef {
+        name: "posts".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            ColumnDef { name: "id".into(), r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer), nullable: false, default: None, comment: None, primary_key: None, unique: None, index: None, foreign_key: None },
+            ColumnDef { name: "user_id".into(), r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer), nullable: false, default: None, comment: None, primary_key: None, unique: None, index: None, foreign_key: None },
+            ColumnDef { name: "title".into(), r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text), nullable: true, default: None, comment: None, primary_key: None, unique: None, index: None, foreign_key: None },
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![
+            TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { auto_increment: false, columns: vec!["id".into()] },
+            TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                name: None,
+                columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
+                ref_table: "users".into(),
+                ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+                on_delete: None,
+                on_update: None,
+            },
+        ],
+    })]
+#[case("fk_composite", TableDef {
+        name: "invoices".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            ColumnDef { name: "id".into(), r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer), nullable: false, default: None, comment: None, primary_key: None, unique: None, index: None, foreign_key: None },
+            ColumnDef { name: "customer_id".into(), r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer), nullable: false, default: None, comment: None, primary_key: None, unique: None, index: None, foreign_key: None },
+            ColumnDef { name: "customer_tenant_id".into(), r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer), nullable: false, default: None, comment: None, primary_key: None, unique: None, index: None, foreign_key: None },
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![
+            TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { auto_increment: false, columns: vec!["id".into()] },
+            TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                name: None,
+                columns: vec!["customer_id".into(), "customer_tenant_id".into()],
+                ref_table: "customers".into(),
+                ref_columns: vec!["id".into(), "tenant_id".into()],
+                on_delete: None,
+                on_update: None,
+            },
+        ],
+    })]
+#[case("inline_pk", TableDef {
+        name: "users".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            ColumnDef { name: "id".into(), r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid), nullable: false, default: Some("gen_random_uuid()".into()), comment: None, primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)), unique: None, index: None, foreign_key: None },
+            ColumnDef { name: "email".into(), r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text), nullable: false, default: None, comment: None, primary_key: None, unique: Some(vespertide_core::StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true)), index: None, foreign_key: None },
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    })]
+#[case("pk_and_fk_together", {
+        use vespertide_core::schema::foreign_key::{ForeignKeyDef, ForeignKeySyntax};
+        use vespertide_core::schema::reference::ReferenceAction;
+        let mut table = TableDef {
+            name: "article_user".into(),
+            description: None,
+            columns: vec![
+                ColumnDef {
+                    name: "article_id".into(),
+                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid),
+                    nullable: false,
+                    default: None,
+                    comment: None,
+                    primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
+                    unique: None,
+                    index: Some(vespertide_core::StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true)),
+                    foreign_key: Some(ForeignKeySyntax::Object(ForeignKeyDef {
+                        ref_table: "article".into(),
+                        ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+                        on_delete: Some(ReferenceAction::Cascade),
+                        on_update: None,
+                    })),
+                },
+                ColumnDef {
+                    name: "user_id".into(),
+                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid),
+                    nullable: false,
+                    default: None,
+                    comment: None,
+                    primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
+                    unique: None,
+                    index: Some(vespertide_core::StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true)),
+                    foreign_key: Some(ForeignKeySyntax::Object(ForeignKeyDef {
+                        ref_table: "user".into(),
+                        ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+                        on_delete: Some(ReferenceAction::Cascade),
+                        on_update: None,
+                    })),
+                },
+                ColumnDef {
+                    name: "author_order".into(),
+                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+                    nullable: false,
+                    default: Some("1".into()),
+                    comment: None,
+                    primary_key: None,
+                    unique: None,
+                    index: None,
+                    foreign_key: None,
+                },
+                ColumnDef {
+                    name: "role".into(),
+                    r#type: ColumnType::Complex(vespertide_core::ComplexColumnType::Varchar { length: 20 }),
+                    nullable: false,
+                    default: Some("'contributor'".into()),
+                    comment: None,
+                    primary_key: None,
+                    unique: None,
+                    index: None,
+                    foreign_key: None,
+                },
+                ColumnDef {
+                    name: "is_lead".into(),
+                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Boolean),
+                    nullable: false,
+                    default: Some("false".into()),
+                    comment: None,
+                    primary_key: None,
+                    unique: None,
+                    index: None,
+                    foreign_key: None,
+                },
+                ColumnDef {
+                    name: "created_at".into(),
+                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Timestamptz),
+                    nullable: false,
+                    default: Some("now()".into()),
+                    comment: None,
+                    primary_key: None,
+                    unique: None,
+                    index: None,
+                    foreign_key: None,
+                },
+            ],
+            constraints: vec![],
+        };
+        // Normalize to convert inline constraints to table-level
+        table = table.normalize().unwrap();
+        table
+    })]
+#[case("enum_type", TableDef {
+        name: "orders".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            ColumnDef { name: "id".into(), r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer), nullable: false, default: None, comment: None, primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)), unique: None, index: None, foreign_key: None },
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "status".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+                    name: "order_status".into(),
+                    values: EnumValues::String(vec!["pending".into(), "shipped".into(), "delivered".into()])
+                }),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    })]
+#[case("enum_nullable", TableDef {
+        name: "tasks".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            ColumnDef { name: "id".into(), r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer), nullable: false, default: None, comment: None, primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)), unique: None, index: None, foreign_key: None },
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "priority".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+                    name: "task_priority".into(),
+                    values: EnumValues::String(vec!["low".into(), "medium".into(), "high".into(), "critical".into()])
+                }),
+                nullable: true,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    })]
+#[case("enum_multiple_columns", TableDef {
+        name: "products".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            ColumnDef { name: "id".into(), r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer), nullable: false, default: None, comment: None, primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)), unique: None, index: None, foreign_key: None },
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "category".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+                    name: "product_category".into(),
+                    values: EnumValues::String(vec!["electronics".into(), "clothing".into(), "food".into()])
+                }),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "availability".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+                    name: "availability_status".into(),
+                    values: EnumValues::String(vec!["in_stock".into(), "out_of_stock".into(), "pre_order".into()])
+                }),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    })]
+#[case("enum_shared", TableDef {
+        name: "documents".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            ColumnDef { name: "id".into(), r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer), nullable: false, default: None, comment: None, primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)), unique: None, index: None, foreign_key: None },
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "status".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+                    name: "doc_status".into(),
+                    values: EnumValues::String(vec!["draft".into(), "published".into(), "archived".into()])
+                }),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "review_status".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+                    name: "doc_status".into(),
+                    values: EnumValues::String(vec!["draft".into(), "published".into(), "archived".into()])
+                }),
+                nullable: true,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    })]
+#[case("enum_special_values", TableDef {
+        name: "events".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            ColumnDef { name: "id".into(), r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer), nullable: false, default: None, comment: None, primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)), unique: None, index: None, foreign_key: None },
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "severity".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+                    name: "event_severity".into(),
+                    values: EnumValues::String(vec!["info-level".into(), "warning_level".into(), "ERROR_LEVEL".into(), "1critical".into()])
+                }),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    })]
+#[case("unique_and_indexed", TableDef {
+        name: "users".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            ColumnDef { name: "id".into(), r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer), nullable: false, default: None, comment: None, primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)), unique: None, index: None, foreign_key: None },
+            ColumnDef { name: "email".into(), r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text), nullable: false, default: None, comment: None, primary_key: None, unique: None, index: None, foreign_key: None },
+            ColumnDef { name: "username".into(), r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text), nullable: false, default: None, comment: None, primary_key: None, unique: None, index: None, foreign_key: None },
+            ColumnDef { name: "department".into(), r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text), nullable: true, default: None, comment: None, primary_key: None, unique: None, index: None, foreign_key: None },
+            ColumnDef { name: "status".into(), r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text), nullable: false, default: Some("'active'".into()), comment: None, primary_key: None, unique: None, index: None, foreign_key: None },
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![
+            TableConstraint::Unique { name: None, columns: vec!["email".into()] },
+            TableConstraint::Unique { name: Some("uq_username".into()), columns: vec!["username".into()] },
+            TableConstraint::Index { name: Some("idx_department".into()), columns: vec!["department".into()] },
+        ],
+    })]
+#[case("enum_with_default", TableDef {
+        name: "tasks".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            ColumnDef { name: "id".into(), r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer), nullable: false, default: None, comment: None, primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)), unique: None, index: None, foreign_key: None },
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "status".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+                    name: "task_status".into(),
+                    values: EnumValues::String(vec!["pending".into(), "in_progress".into(), "completed".into()])
+                }),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: Some("'pending'".into()),
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+            ColumnDef { name: "priority".into(), r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer), nullable: false, default: Some("0".into()), comment: None, primary_key: None, unique: None, index: None, foreign_key: None },
+            ColumnDef { name: "is_archived".into(), r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Boolean), nullable: false, default: Some("false".into()), comment: None, primary_key: None, unique: None, index: None, foreign_key: None },
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    })]
+#[case("table_level_pk", TableDef {
+        name: "orders".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            ColumnDef { name: "id".into(), r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid), nullable: false, default: None, comment: None, primary_key: None, unique: None, index: None, foreign_key: None },
+            ColumnDef { name: "customer_id".into(), r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid), nullable: false, default: None, comment: None, primary_key: None, unique: None, index: None, foreign_key: None },
+            ColumnDef { name: "total".into(), r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Real), nullable: false, default: None, comment: None, primary_key: None, unique: None, index: None, foreign_key: None },
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![
+            TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { columns: vec!["id".into()], auto_increment: false },
+        ],
+    })]
+#[case("jsonb_custom_type", TableDef {
+        name: "json_struct".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            ColumnDef { name: "id".into(), r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer), nullable: false, default: None, comment: None, primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)), unique: None, index: None, foreign_key: None },
+            ColumnDef { name: "json_data".into(), r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Json), nullable: false, default: None, comment: None, primary_key: None, unique: None, index: None, foreign_key: None },
+            ColumnDef { name: "jsonb_data".into(), r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Custom { custom_type: "JSONB".into() }), nullable: false, default: None, comment: None, primary_key: None, unique: None, index: None, foreign_key: None },
+            ColumnDef { name: "jsonb_nullable".into(), r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Custom { custom_type: "jsonb".into() }), nullable: true, default: None, comment: None, primary_key: None, unique: None, index: None, foreign_key: None },
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    })]
+fn render_entity_snapshots(#[case] name: &str, #[case] table: TableDef) {
+    let rendered = render_entity(&table);
+    with_settings!({ snapshot_suffix => format!("params_{}", name) }, {
+        assert_snapshot!(rendered);
+    });
+}
+
+// Helper to create a simple table with PK
+fn col(name: &str, ty: ColumnType) -> ColumnDef {
+    ColumnDef {
+        name: name.into(),
+        r#type: ty,
+        nullable: false,
+        default: None,
+        comment: None,
+        primary_key: None,
+        unique: None,
+        index: None,
+        foreign_key: None,
+    }
+}
+
+fn table_with_pk(name: &str, columns: Vec<ColumnDef>, pk_cols: Vec<&str>) -> TableDef {
+    TableDef {
+        name: name.into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns,
+        constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+            auto_increment: false,
+            columns: pk_cols.into_iter().map(String::from).collect(),
+        }],
+    }
+}
+
+fn table_with_pk_and_fk(
+    name: &str,
+    columns: Vec<ColumnDef>,
+    pk_cols: Vec<&str>,
+    fks: Vec<(Vec<&str>, &str, Vec<&str>)>,
+) -> TableDef {
+    let mut constraints = vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+        auto_increment: false,
+        columns: pk_cols.into_iter().map(String::from).collect(),
+    }];
+    for (cols, ref_table, ref_cols) in fks {
+        constraints.push(TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+            name: None,
+            columns: cols.into_iter().map(String::from).collect(),
+            ref_table: ref_table.into(),
+            ref_columns: ref_cols.into_iter().map(String::from).collect(),
+            on_delete: None,
+            on_update: None,
+        });
+    }
+    TableDef {
+        name: name.into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns,
+        constraints,
+    }
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case("many_to_many_article")]
+#[case("many_to_many_user")]
+#[case("many_to_many_missing_target")]
+#[case("many_to_many_multiple_junctions")]
+#[case("composite_fk_parent")]
+#[case("not_junction_single_pk")]
+#[case("not_junction_fk_not_in_pk_other")]
+#[case("not_junction_fk_not_in_pk_another")]
+#[case("multiple_fk_same_table")]
+#[case("username_fk")]
+#[case("multiple_reverse_relations")]
+#[case("dual_reverse_relations")]
+#[case("triple_reverse_relations")]
+#[case("multiple_has_one_relations")]
+fn render_entity_with_schema_snapshots(#[case] name: &str) {
+    use vespertide_core::SimpleColumnType::*;
+
+    let (table, schema) = match name {
+        "many_to_many_article" => {
+            let article = table_with_pk(
+                "article",
+                vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(BigInt))],
+                vec!["id"],
+            );
+            let user = table_with_pk(
+                "user",
+                vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(Uuid))],
+                vec!["id"],
+            );
+            let article_user = table_with_pk_and_fk(
+                "article_user",
+                vec![
+                    col("article_id", ColumnType::Simple(BigInt)),
+                    col("user_id", ColumnType::Simple(Uuid)),
+                ],
+                vec!["article_id", "user_id"],
+                vec![
+                    (vec!["article_id"], "article", vec!["id"]),
+                    (vec!["user_id"], "user", vec!["id"]),
+                ],
+            );
+            (article.clone(), vec![article, user, article_user])
+        }
+        "many_to_many_user" => {
+            let article = table_with_pk(
+                "article",
+                vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(BigInt))],
+                vec!["id"],
+            );
+            let user = table_with_pk(
+                "user",
+                vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(Uuid))],
+                vec!["id"],
+            );
+            let article_user = table_with_pk_and_fk(
+                "article_user",
+                vec![
+                    col("article_id", ColumnType::Simple(BigInt)),
+                    col("user_id", ColumnType::Simple(Uuid)),
+                ],
+                vec!["article_id", "user_id"],
+                vec![
+                    (vec!["article_id"], "article", vec!["id"]),
+                    (vec!["user_id"], "user", vec!["id"]),
+                ],
+            );
+            (user.clone(), vec![article, user, article_user])
+        }
+        "many_to_many_missing_target" => {
+            let article = table_with_pk(
+                "article",
+                vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(BigInt))],
+                vec!["id"],
+            );
+            let article_user = table_with_pk_and_fk(
+                "article_user",
+                vec![
+                    col("article_id", ColumnType::Simple(BigInt)),
+                    col("user_id", ColumnType::Simple(Uuid)),
+                ],
+                vec!["article_id", "user_id"],
+                vec![
+                    (vec!["article_id"], "article", vec!["id"]),
+                    (vec!["user_id"], "user", vec!["id"]), // user not in schema
+                ],
+            );
+            (article.clone(), vec![article, article_user])
+        }
+        "many_to_many_multiple_junctions" => {
+            // Test case: user has M2M to media via TWO different junction tables
+            // This triggers relation_enum for M2M relations (line 664)
+            let user = table_with_pk(
+                "user",
+                vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(Uuid))],
+                vec!["id"],
+            );
+            let media = table_with_pk(
+                "media",
+                vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(Uuid))],
+                vec!["id"],
+            );
+            // First junction: user_media_role (e.g., user's role-based access to media)
+            let user_media_role = table_with_pk_and_fk(
+                "user_media_role",
+                vec![
+                    col("user_id", ColumnType::Simple(Uuid)),
+                    col("media_id", ColumnType::Simple(Uuid)),
+                ],
+                vec!["user_id", "media_id"],
+                vec![
+                    (vec!["user_id"], "user", vec!["id"]),
+                    (vec!["media_id"], "media", vec!["id"]),
+                ],
+            );
+            // Second junction: user_media_favorite (e.g., user's favorites)
+            let user_media_favorite = table_with_pk_and_fk(
+                "user_media_favorite",
+                vec![
+                    col("user_id", ColumnType::Simple(Uuid)),
+                    col("media_id", ColumnType::Simple(Uuid)),
+                ],
+                vec!["user_id", "media_id"],
+                vec![
+                    (vec!["user_id"], "user", vec!["id"]),
+                    (vec!["media_id"], "media", vec!["id"]),
+                ],
+            );
+            (
+                user.clone(),
+                vec![user, media, user_media_role, user_media_favorite],
+            )
+        }
+        "composite_fk_parent" => {
+            let parent = table_with_pk(
+                "parent",
+                vec![
+                    col("id1", ColumnType::Simple(Integer)),
+                    col("id2", ColumnType::Simple(Integer)),
+                ],
+                vec!["id1", "id2"],
+            );
+            let child_one = table_with_pk_and_fk(
+                "child_one",
+                vec![
+                    col("parent_id1", ColumnType::Simple(Integer)),
+                    col("parent_id2", ColumnType::Simple(Integer)),
+                ],
+                vec!["parent_id1", "parent_id2"],
+                vec![(
+                    vec!["parent_id1", "parent_id2"],
+                    "parent",
+                    vec!["id1", "id2"],
+                )],
+            );
+            let child_many = table_with_pk_and_fk(
+                "child_many",
+                vec![
+                    col("id", ColumnType::Simple(Integer)),
+                    col("parent_id1", ColumnType::Simple(Integer)),
+                    col("parent_id2", ColumnType::Simple(Integer)),
+                ],
+                vec!["id"],
+                vec![(
+                    vec!["parent_id1", "parent_id2"],
+                    "parent",
+                    vec!["id1", "id2"],
+                )],
+            );
+            (parent.clone(), vec![parent, child_one, child_many])
+        }
+        "not_junction_single_pk" => {
+            let other = table_with_pk(
+                "other",
+                vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(Integer))],
+                vec!["id"],
+            );
+            let regular = table_with_pk_and_fk(
+                "regular",
+                vec![
+                    col("id", ColumnType::Simple(Integer)),
+                    col("other_id", ColumnType::Simple(Integer)),
+                ],
+                vec!["id"], // single column PK
+                vec![(vec!["other_id"], "other", vec!["id"])],
+            );
+            (other.clone(), vec![other, regular])
+        }
+        "not_junction_fk_not_in_pk_other" => {
+            let other = table_with_pk(
+                "other",
+                vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(Integer))],
+                vec!["id"],
+            );
+            let another = table_with_pk(
+                "another",
+                vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(Integer))],
+                vec!["id"],
+            );
+            let not_junction = table_with_pk_and_fk(
+                "not_junction",
+                vec![
+                    col("id", ColumnType::Simple(Integer)),
+                    col("other_id", ColumnType::Simple(Integer)),
+                    col("another_id", ColumnType::Simple(Integer)),
+                ],
+                vec!["id", "other_id"], // another_id not in PK
+                vec![
+                    (vec!["other_id"], "other", vec!["id"]),
+                    (vec!["another_id"], "another", vec!["id"]),
+                ],
+            );
+            (other.clone(), vec![other, another, not_junction])
+        }
+        "not_junction_fk_not_in_pk_another" => {
+            let other = table_with_pk(
+                "other",
+                vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(Integer))],
+                vec!["id"],
+            );
+            let another = table_with_pk(
+                "another",
+                vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(Integer))],
+                vec!["id"],
+            );
+            let not_junction = table_with_pk_and_fk(
+                "not_junction",
+                vec![
+                    col("id", ColumnType::Simple(Integer)),
+                    col("other_id", ColumnType::Simple(Integer)),
+                    col("another_id", ColumnType::Simple(Integer)),
+                ],
+                vec!["id", "other_id"], // another_id not in PK
+                vec![
+                    (vec!["other_id"], "other", vec!["id"]),
+                    (vec!["another_id"], "another", vec!["id"]),
+                ],
+            );
+            (another.clone(), vec![other, another, not_junction])
+        }
+        "multiple_fk_same_table" => {
+            let user = table_with_pk(
+                "user",
+                vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(Uuid))],
+                vec!["id"],
+            );
+            let post = table_with_pk_and_fk(
+                "post",
+                vec![
+                    col("id", ColumnType::Simple(Uuid)),
+                    col("creator_user_id", ColumnType::Simple(Uuid)),
+                    col("used_by_user_id", ColumnType::Simple(Uuid)),
+                ],
+                vec!["id"],
+                vec![
+                    (vec!["creator_user_id"], "user", vec!["id"]),
+                    (vec!["used_by_user_id"], "user", vec!["id"]),
+                ],
+            );
+            (post.clone(), vec![user, post])
+        }
+        "username_fk" => {
+            let user = table_with_pk(
+                "user",
+                vec![col("username", ColumnType::Simple(Text))],
+                vec!["username"],
+            );
+            let session = table_with_pk_and_fk(
+                "session",
+                vec![
+                    col("id", ColumnType::Simple(Uuid)),
+                    col("username", ColumnType::Simple(Text)),
+                ],
+                vec!["id"],
+                vec![(vec!["username"], "user", vec!["username"])],
+            );
+            (session.clone(), vec![user, session])
+        }
+        "multiple_reverse_relations" => {
+            // Test case where user has multiple has_one relations from profile
+            let user = table_with_pk(
+                "user",
+                vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(Uuid))],
+                vec!["id"],
+            );
+            let profile = table_with_pk_and_fk(
+                "profile",
+                vec![
+                    col("id", ColumnType::Simple(Uuid)),
+                    col("preferred_user_id", ColumnType::Simple(Uuid)),
+                    col("backup_user_id", ColumnType::Simple(Uuid)),
+                ],
+                vec!["id"],
+                vec![
+                    (vec!["preferred_user_id"], "user", vec!["id"]),
+                    (vec!["backup_user_id"], "user", vec!["id"]),
+                ],
+            );
+            (user.clone(), vec![user, profile])
+        }
+        "dual_reverse_relations" => {
+            let dual = table_with_pk(
+                "dual",
+                vec![col("username", ColumnType::Simple(Text))],
+                vec!["username"],
+            );
+            let dual_rel = table_with_pk_and_fk(
+                "dual_rel",
+                vec![
+                    col("username", ColumnType::Simple(Text)),
+                    col("checker_username", ColumnType::Simple(Text)),
+                ],
+                vec!["username", "checker_username"],
+                vec![
+                    (vec!["username"], "dual", vec!["username"]),
+                    (vec!["checker_username"], "dual", vec!["username"]),
+                ],
+            );
+            (dual.clone(), vec![dual, dual_rel])
+        }
+        "triple_reverse_relations" => {
+            let dual = table_with_pk(
+                "dual",
+                vec![col("username", ColumnType::Simple(Text))],
+                vec!["username"],
+            );
+            let triple_rel = table_with_pk_and_fk(
+                "triple_rel",
+                vec![
+                    col("username", ColumnType::Simple(Text)),
+                    col("checker_username", ColumnType::Simple(Text)),
+                    col("other_username", ColumnType::Simple(Text)),
+                ],
+                vec!["username", "checker_username", "other_username"],
+                vec![
+                    (vec!["username"], "dual", vec!["username"]),
+                    (vec!["checker_username"], "dual", vec!["username"]),
+                    (vec!["other_username"], "dual", vec!["username"]),
+                ],
+            );
+            (dual.clone(), vec![dual, triple_rel])
+        }
+        "multiple_has_one_relations" => {
+            // Test case where user has multiple has_one relations (UNIQUE FK)
+            let user = table_with_pk(
+                "user",
+                vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(Uuid))],
+                vec!["id"],
+            );
+            let settings = table_with_pk_and_fk(
+                "settings",
+                vec![
+                    col("id", ColumnType::Simple(Uuid)),
+                    col("created_by_user_id", ColumnType::Simple(Uuid)),
+                    col("updated_by_user_id", ColumnType::Simple(Uuid)),
+                ],
+                vec!["id"],
+                vec![
+                    (vec!["created_by_user_id"], "user", vec!["id"]),
+                    (vec!["updated_by_user_id"], "user", vec!["id"]),
+                ],
+            );
+            // Add unique constraints to make them has_one (coverage for line 553)
+            let mut settings_with_unique = settings;
+            settings_with_unique
+                .constraints
+                .push(TableConstraint::Unique {
+                    name: None,
+                    columns: vec!["created_by_user_id".into()],
+                });
+            settings_with_unique
+                .constraints
+                .push(TableConstraint::Unique {
+                    name: None,
+                    columns: vec!["updated_by_user_id".into()],
+                });
+            (user.clone(), vec![user, settings_with_unique])
+        }
+        _ => panic!("Unknown test case: {name}"),
+    };
+
+    let rendered = render_entity_with_schema(&table, &schema);
+    with_settings!({ snapshot_suffix => format!("schema_{}", name) }, {
+        assert_snapshot!(rendered);
+    });
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_to_pascal_case_normal_chars() {
+    assert_eq!(to_pascal_case("abc"), "Abc");
+    assert_eq!(to_pascal_case("a_b_c"), "ABC");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_numeric_default_value() {
+    use vespertide_core::ComplexColumnType;
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "products".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![ColumnDef {
+            name: "price".into(),
+            r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Numeric {
+                precision: 10,
+                scale: 2,
+            }),
+            nullable: false,
+            default: Some("0.00".into()),
+            comment: None,
+            primary_key: None,
+            unique: None,
+            index: None,
+            foreign_key: None,
+        }],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    };
+    let rendered = render_entity(&table);
+    assert!(rendered.contains("default_value = 0.00"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn render_entity_omits_eq_for_float_models() {
+    use vespertide_core::schema::primary_key::PrimaryKeySyntax;
+
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "measurements".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "id".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "score".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::DoublePrecision),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    };
+
+    let rendered = render_entity(&table);
+    assert!(rendered.contains("#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, DeriveEntityModel)]"));
+    assert!(!rendered.contains("#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, DeriveEntityModel)]"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_orm_exporter_trait() {
+    use crate::orm::OrmExporter;
+    let table = table_with_pk(
+        "test",
+        vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
+        vec!["id"],
+    );
+    let exporter = SeaOrmExporter;
+    let result = exporter.render_entity(&table);
+    assert!(result.is_ok());
+    assert!(result.unwrap().contains("table_name = \"test\""));
+    let schema = vec![table.clone()];
+    let result = exporter.render_entity_with_schema(&table, &schema);
+    assert!(result.is_ok());
+    assert!(result.unwrap().contains("table_name = \"test\""));
+}
+
+fn int_enum_table(default_value: &str) -> TableDef {
+    use vespertide_core::schema::primary_key::PrimaryKeySyntax;
+    TableDef {
+        name: "tasks".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "id".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "status".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+                    name: "task_status".into(),
+                    values: EnumValues::Integer(vec![
+                        NumValue {
+                            name: "Pending".into(),
+                            value: 0,
+                        },
+                        NumValue {
+                            name: "InProgress".into(),
+                            value: 1,
+                        },
+                        NumValue {
+                            name: "Completed".into(),
+                            value: 100,
+                        },
+                    ]),
+                }),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: Some(default_value.into()),
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    }
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case::numeric_default("1")]
+#[case::non_numeric_default("pending_status")]
+fn test_integer_enum_default_value_snapshots(#[case] default_value: &str) {
+    let table = int_enum_table(default_value);
+    let rendered = render_entity(&table);
+    with_settings!({ snapshot_suffix => default_value }, {
+        assert_snapshot!(rendered);
+    });
+}
+#[test]
+fn test_json_default_value_escapes_double_quotes() {
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "configs".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![ColumnDef {
+            name: "data".into(),
+            r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Json),
+            nullable: false,
+            default: Some(r#"{"hello": "world"}"#.into()),
+            comment: None,
+            primary_key: None,
+            unique: None,
+            index: None,
+            foreign_key: None,
+        }],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    };
+    let rendered = render_entity(&table);
+    assert!(
+        rendered.contains(r#"default_value = "{\"hello\": \"world\"}"#),
+        "Expected escaped quotes in default_value, got: {rendered}"
+    );
+}
+mod misc_tests;
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/seaorm/tests/misc_tests.rs b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/seaorm/tests/misc_tests.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e17b16cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/seaorm/tests/misc_tests.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,502 @@
+use super::*;
+
+#[test]
+fn test_boolean_default_value_with_bool_type() {
+    use vespertide_core::schema::primary_key::PrimaryKeySyntax;
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "settings".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "id".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "is_active".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Boolean),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: Some(StringOrBool::Bool(true)),
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "is_deleted".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Boolean),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: Some(StringOrBool::Bool(false)),
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    };
+    let rendered = render_entity(&table);
+    assert!(rendered.contains("default_value = true"));
+    assert!(rendered.contains("default_value = false"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_exporter_with_config_render_entity() {
+    use vespertide_core::schema::primary_key::PrimaryKeySyntax;
+
+    let config = SeaOrmConfig {
+        extra_enum_derives: vec!["CustomDerive".to_string()],
+        extra_model_derives: vec!["ModelDerive".to_string()],
+        ..Default::default()
+    };
+    let exporter = SeaOrmExporterWithConfig::new(&config, "");
+
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "items".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![ColumnDef {
+            name: "id".into(),
+            r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+            nullable: false,
+            default: None,
+            comment: None,
+            primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
+            unique: None,
+            index: None,
+            foreign_key: None,
+        }],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    };
+
+    let result = exporter.render_entity(&table).unwrap();
+    assert!(result.contains("ModelDerive"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_exporter_with_config_render_entity_with_enum() {
+    use vespertide_core::schema::primary_key::PrimaryKeySyntax;
+
+    let config = SeaOrmConfig {
+        extra_enum_derives: vec!["CustomEnumDerive".to_string()],
+        extra_model_derives: vec![],
+        ..Default::default()
+    };
+    let exporter = SeaOrmExporterWithConfig::new(&config, "");
+
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "orders".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "id".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "status".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+                    name: "order_status".into(),
+                    values: EnumValues::String(vec!["pending".into(), "shipped".into()]),
+                }),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    };
+
+    let result = exporter.render_entity(&table).unwrap();
+    assert!(result.contains("CustomEnumDerive"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_exporter_with_config_render_entity_with_schema() {
+    use vespertide_core::schema::primary_key::PrimaryKeySyntax;
+
+    let config = SeaOrmConfig {
+        extra_enum_derives: vec![],
+        extra_model_derives: vec!["SchemaDerive".to_string()],
+        ..Default::default()
+    };
+    let exporter = SeaOrmExporterWithConfig::new(&config, "");
+
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "users".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![ColumnDef {
+            name: "id".into(),
+            r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+            nullable: false,
+            default: None,
+            comment: None,
+            primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
+            unique: None,
+            index: None,
+            foreign_key: None,
+        }],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    };
+
+    let schema = vec![table.clone()];
+    let result = exporter.render_entity_with_schema(&table, &schema).unwrap();
+    assert!(result.contains("SchemaDerive"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_exporter_with_empty_extra_derives() {
+    use vespertide_core::schema::primary_key::PrimaryKeySyntax;
+
+    let config = SeaOrmConfig {
+        extra_enum_derives: vec![],
+        extra_model_derives: vec![],
+        ..Default::default()
+    };
+    let exporter = SeaOrmExporterWithConfig::new(&config, "");
+
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "products".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "id".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "category".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+                    name: "category".into(),
+                    values: EnumValues::String(vec!["electronics".into(), "clothing".into()]),
+                }),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    };
+
+    let result = exporter.render_entity(&table).unwrap();
+    // Should have base derives but no extra ones
+    assert!(result.contains("DeriveActiveEnum"));
+    assert!(result.contains("DeriveEntityModel"));
+    // Should NOT contain vespera::Schema since we explicitly set empty
+    assert!(!result.contains("vespera::Schema"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_doc_comments_from_description_and_comment() {
+    use vespertide_core::schema::primary_key::PrimaryKeySyntax;
+
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "users".into(),
+        description: Some("User account information table".into()),
+        columns: vec![
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "id".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: Some("Unique user identifier".into()),
+                primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "email".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: Some("User's email address for login".into()),
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "name".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+                nullable: true,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None, // No comment
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    };
+
+    let rendered = render_entity(&table);
+
+    // Check table description as doc comment
+    assert!(rendered.contains("/// User account information table"));
+
+    // Check column comments as doc comments
+    assert!(rendered.contains("/// Unique user identifier"));
+    assert!(rendered.contains("/// User's email address for login"));
+
+    // name column has no comment, so no doc comment for it
+    assert!(!rendered.contains("/// name"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_multiline_doc_comments() {
+    use vespertide_core::schema::primary_key::PrimaryKeySyntax;
+
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "posts".into(),
+        description: Some("Blog posts table\nContains all user-submitted content".into()),
+        columns: vec![ColumnDef {
+            name: "content".into(),
+            r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+            nullable: false,
+            default: None,
+            comment: Some("Post content body\nSupports markdown format".into()),
+            primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
+            unique: None,
+            index: None,
+            foreign_key: None,
+        }],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    };
+
+    let rendered = render_entity(&table);
+
+    // Check multiline table description
+    assert!(rendered.contains("/// Blog posts table"));
+    assert!(rendered.contains("/// Contains all user-submitted content"));
+
+    // Check multiline column comment
+    assert!(rendered.contains("/// Post content body"));
+    assert!(rendered.contains("/// Supports markdown format"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_exporter_with_prefix() {
+    use vespertide_core::schema::primary_key::PrimaryKeySyntax;
+
+    let config = SeaOrmConfig::default();
+    let exporter = SeaOrmExporterWithConfig::new(&config, "myapp_");
+
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "users".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![ColumnDef {
+            name: "id".into(),
+            r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+            nullable: false,
+            default: None,
+            comment: None,
+            primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
+            unique: None,
+            index: None,
+            foreign_key: None,
+        }],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    };
+
+    let result = exporter.render_entity(&table).unwrap();
+    // Should have prefixed table name
+    assert!(result.contains("#[sea_orm(table_name = \"myapp_users\")]"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_exporter_without_prefix() {
+    use vespertide_core::schema::primary_key::PrimaryKeySyntax;
+
+    let config = SeaOrmConfig::default();
+    let exporter = SeaOrmExporterWithConfig::new(&config, "");
+
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "users".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![ColumnDef {
+            name: "id".into(),
+            r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+            nullable: false,
+            default: None,
+            comment: None,
+            primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
+            unique: None,
+            index: None,
+            foreign_key: None,
+        }],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    };
+
+    let result = exporter.render_entity(&table).unwrap();
+    // Should have original table name without prefix
+    assert!(result.contains("#[sea_orm(table_name = \"users\")]"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[expect(
+    clippy::too_many_lines,
+    reason = "fixture-heavy relation regression test"
+)]
+fn test_junction_relation_enum_without_via_when_entity_appears_multiple_times() {
+    use vespertide_core::schema::primary_key::PrimaryKeySyntax;
+
+    // user has a forward FK to user_tag (composite FK), making user_tag appear
+    // in both forward and reverse targets => entity_count > 1 for user_tag.
+    // The junction table entry from collect_many_to_many_relations has via=None, via_rel=None,
+    // so when needs_relation_enum is true, it hits the branch with only relation_enum (no via/via_rel).
+    let user = TableDef {
+        name: "user".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "id".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "pinned_user_id".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+                nullable: true,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "pinned_tag_id".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+                nullable: true,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+            name: None,
+            columns: vec!["pinned_user_id".into(), "pinned_tag_id".into()],
+            ref_table: "user_tag".into(),
+            ref_columns: vec!["user_id".into(), "tag_id".into()],
+            on_delete: None,
+            on_update: None,
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let user_tag = TableDef {
+        name: "user_tag".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "user_id".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "tag_id".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![
+            TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                name: None,
+                columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
+                ref_table: "user".into(),
+                ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+                on_delete: None,
+                on_update: None,
+            },
+            TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                name: None,
+                columns: vec!["tag_id".into()],
+                ref_table: "tag".into(),
+                ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+                on_delete: None,
+                on_update: None,
+            },
+        ],
+    };
+
+    let tag = TableDef {
+        name: "tag".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![ColumnDef {
+            name: "id".into(),
+            r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+            nullable: false,
+            default: None,
+            comment: None,
+            primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
+            unique: None,
+            index: None,
+            foreign_key: None,
+        }],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    };
+
+    let schema = vec![user.clone(), user_tag, tag];
+    let rendered = render_entity_with_schema(&user, &schema);
+
+    // The junction table "user_tag" appears in both forward (composite FK) and reverse (M2M junction),
+    // so it gets relation_enum without via/via_rel
+    assert!(rendered.contains("relation_enum"));
+    // Verify we have a has_many to user_tag with relation_enum but no via
+    let has_user_tag_relation_enum_without_via = rendered.lines().any(|line| {
+        line.contains("has_many") && line.contains("relation_enum") && !line.contains("via")
+    });
+    assert!(
+        has_user_tag_relation_enum_without_via,
+        "Expected has_many with relation_enum but no via for junction table entity, got:\n{rendered}"
+    );
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/seaorm/tests_edge_cases.rs b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/seaorm/tests_edge_cases.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f42af0e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/seaorm/tests_edge_cases.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
+use super::render_entity;
+use insta::assert_snapshot;
+use vespertide_core::schema::foreign_key::{ForeignKeyDef, ForeignKeySyntax};
+use vespertide_core::schema::primary_key::PrimaryKeySyntax;
+use vespertide_core::{
+    ColumnDef, ColumnType, ComplexColumnType, EnumValues, NumValue, ReferenceAction,
+    SimpleColumnType, StrOrBoolOrArray, TableDef,
+};
+
+fn simple_type(name: &str, ty: SimpleColumnType, nullable: bool) -> ColumnDef {
+    ColumnDef::new(name, ColumnType::Simple(ty), nullable)
+}
+
+fn integer_enum_column() -> ColumnDef {
+    ColumnDef::new(
+        "state",
+        ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+            name: "edge_state".into(),
+            values: EnumValues::Integer(vec![
+                NumValue {
+                    name: "unknown".into(),
+                    value: -1,
+                },
+                NumValue {
+                    name: "not_started".into(),
+                    value: 0,
+                },
+                NumValue {
+                    name: "InProgress".into(),
+                    value: 10,
+                },
+                NumValue {
+                    name: "HTTP_500".into(),
+                    value: 500,
+                },
+            ]),
+        }),
+        false,
+    )
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn snapshot_self_referencing_fk() {
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "employees".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            simple_type("id", SimpleColumnType::Integer, false)
+                .primary_key(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
+            simple_type("manager_id", SimpleColumnType::Integer, true).foreign_key(
+                ForeignKeySyntax::Object(ForeignKeyDef {
+                    ref_table: "employees".into(),
+                    ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+                    on_delete: Some(ReferenceAction::SetNull),
+                    on_update: None,
+                }),
+            ),
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    };
+
+    let rendered = render_entity(&table.normalize().unwrap());
+    assert_snapshot!(rendered);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn snapshot_all_simple_types() {
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "type_matrix".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            simple_type("c_int", SimpleColumnType::Integer, false),
+            simple_type("c_bigint", SimpleColumnType::BigInt, false),
+            simple_type("c_smallint", SimpleColumnType::SmallInt, false),
+            simple_type("c_text", SimpleColumnType::Text, true),
+            simple_type("c_bool", SimpleColumnType::Boolean, false),
+            simple_type("c_real", SimpleColumnType::Real, false),
+            simple_type("c_double", SimpleColumnType::DoublePrecision, false),
+            simple_type("c_date", SimpleColumnType::Date, true),
+            simple_type("c_time", SimpleColumnType::Time, true),
+            simple_type("c_ts", SimpleColumnType::Timestamp, true),
+            simple_type("c_tstz", SimpleColumnType::Timestamptz, true),
+            simple_type("c_interval", SimpleColumnType::Interval, true),
+            simple_type("c_uuid", SimpleColumnType::Uuid, false),
+            simple_type("c_json", SimpleColumnType::Json, true),
+            simple_type("c_bytea", SimpleColumnType::Bytea, true),
+            simple_type("c_inet", SimpleColumnType::Inet, true),
+            simple_type("c_cidr", SimpleColumnType::Cidr, true),
+            simple_type("c_macaddr", SimpleColumnType::Macaddr, true),
+            simple_type("c_xml", SimpleColumnType::Xml, true),
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    };
+
+    let rendered = render_entity(&table.normalize().unwrap());
+    assert_snapshot!(rendered);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn snapshot_reserved_word_identifiers() {
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "order".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            simple_type("id", SimpleColumnType::Integer, false)
+                .primary_key(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
+            simple_type("user", SimpleColumnType::Text, false),
+            simple_type("select", SimpleColumnType::Integer, false),
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    };
+
+    let rendered = render_entity(&table.normalize().unwrap());
+    assert_snapshot!(rendered);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn snapshot_composite_primary_key() {
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "membership".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            simple_type("tenant_id", SimpleColumnType::Integer, false)
+                .primary_key(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
+            simple_type("user_id", SimpleColumnType::Integer, false)
+                .primary_key(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
+            simple_type("role", SimpleColumnType::Text, false),
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    };
+
+    let rendered = render_entity(&table.normalize().unwrap());
+    assert_snapshot!(rendered);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn snapshot_composite_unique_constraint() {
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "account_aliases".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            simple_type("id", SimpleColumnType::Integer, false)
+                .primary_key(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
+            simple_type("tenant_id", SimpleColumnType::Integer, false).unique(
+                StrOrBoolOrArray::Array(vec!["uq_account_aliases__tenant_slug".into()]),
+            ),
+            simple_type("slug", SimpleColumnType::Text, false).unique(StrOrBoolOrArray::Array(
+                vec!["uq_account_aliases__tenant_slug".into()],
+            )),
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    };
+
+    let rendered = render_entity(&table.normalize().unwrap());
+    assert_snapshot!(rendered);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn snapshot_integer_enum_all_variant_types() {
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "workflow_runs".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            simple_type("id", SimpleColumnType::Integer, false)
+                .primary_key(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
+            integer_enum_column(),
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    };
+
+    let rendered = render_entity(&table.normalize().unwrap());
+    assert_snapshot!(rendered);
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/seaorm/types.rs b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/seaorm/types.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..acf45f8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/seaorm/types.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+use vespertide_core::{ColumnType, ComplexColumnType, EnumValues, SimpleColumnType, StringOrBool};
+
+/// Format default value for `SeaORM` attribute.
+/// Returns the full attribute string like `default_value = "..."` or `default_value = 0`.
+pub(super) fn format_default_value(value: &StringOrBool, column_type: &ColumnType) -> String {
+    // Handle boolean values directly
+    if let Some(b) = value.as_bool() {
+        return format!("default_value = {b}");
+    }
+
+    // For string values, process as before
+    let value_str = value.to_sql();
+    let trimmed = value_str.trim();
+
+    // Remove surrounding single quotes if present (SQL string literals)
+    let cleaned = if let Some(inner) = trimmed
+        .strip_prefix('\'')
+        .and_then(|s| s.strip_suffix('\''))
+    {
+        inner
+    } else {
+        trimmed
+    };
+
+    // Escape double quotes for embedding in Rust attribute strings
+    let escaped = cleaned.replace('"', "\\\"");
+
+    // Format based on column type
+    match column_type {
+        // Numeric types: no quotes
+        ColumnType::Simple(simple) if is_numeric_simple_type(simple) => {
+            format!("default_value = {cleaned}")
+        }
+        // Boolean type: no quotes
+        // Numeric complex type: no quotes
+        ColumnType::Simple(vespertide_core::SimpleColumnType::Boolean)
+        | ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Numeric { .. }) => {
+            format!("default_value = {cleaned}")
+        }
+        // Enum type: use the actual database value (string or number), not Rust enum variant
+        ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum { values, .. }) => {
+            match values {
+                EnumValues::String(_) => {
+                    // String enum: use the string value as-is with quotes
+                    format!("default_value = \"{escaped}\"")
+                }
+                EnumValues::Integer(int_values) => {
+                    // Integer enum: can be either a number or a variant name
+                    // Try to parse as number first
+                    if let Ok(num) = cleaned.parse::<i32>() {
+                        // Already a number, use as-is
+                        format!("default_value = {num}")
+                    } else {
+                        // It's a variant name, find the corresponding numeric value
+                        let numeric_value = int_values
+                            .iter()
+                            .find(|v| v.name.eq_ignore_ascii_case(cleaned))
+                            .map_or(0, |v| v.value); // Default to 0 if not found
+                        format!("default_value = {numeric_value}")
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        // All other types: use quotes
+        _ => {
+            format!("default_value = \"{escaped}\"")
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Check if the simple column type is numeric.
+pub(super) fn is_numeric_simple_type(simple: &vespertide_core::SimpleColumnType) -> bool {
+    matches!(
+        simple,
+        SimpleColumnType::SmallInt
+            | SimpleColumnType::Integer
+            | SimpleColumnType::BigInt
+            | SimpleColumnType::Real
+            | SimpleColumnType::DoublePrecision
+    )
+}
+
+pub(super) fn column_type_supports_eq(column_type: &ColumnType) -> bool {
+    match column_type {
+        ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Real | SimpleColumnType::DoublePrecision) => false,
+        ColumnType::Simple(_) | ColumnType::Complex(_) => true,
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlalchemy/enums.rs b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlalchemy/enums.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5cbfa88a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlalchemy/enums.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+use super::render::{to_pascal_case, to_screaming_snake_case};
+use vespertide_core::schema::column::EnumValues;
+
+pub(super) fn render_enum(lines: &mut Vec<String>, name: &str, values: &EnumValues) {
+    let class_name = to_pascal_case(name);
+
+    match values {
+        EnumValues::String(vals) => {
+            lines.push(format!("class {class_name}(str, enum.Enum):"));
+            for val in vals {
+                let variant_name = to_screaming_snake_case(val);
+                lines.push(format!("    {variant_name} = \"{val}\""));
+            }
+        }
+        EnumValues::Integer(vals) => {
+            lines.push(format!("class {class_name}(enum.IntEnum):"));
+            for val in vals {
+                lines.push(format!("    {} = {}", val.name, val.value));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlalchemy/mod.rs b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlalchemy/mod.rs
index 38b85349..0e851a12 100644
--- a/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlalchemy/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlalchemy/mod.rs
@@ -1,109 +1,11 @@
-use std::collections::HashSet;
+mod enums;
+mod render;
+mod types;
 
 use crate::orm::OrmExporter;
-use vespertide_core::schema::column::{
-    ColumnType, ComplexColumnType, EnumValues, SimpleColumnType,
-};
-use vespertide_core::schema::constraint::TableConstraint;
-use vespertide_core::{ColumnDef, TableDef};
+use vespertide_core::TableDef;
 
-/// Track which types are actually used to generate minimal imports
-#[derive(Default)]
-struct UsedTypes<'a> {
-    sa_types: HashSet<&'a str>,
-    datetime_types: HashSet<&'a str>,
-    needs_optional: bool,
-    needs_uuid: bool,
-    needs_decimal: bool,
-}
-
-impl<'a> UsedTypes<'a> {
-    fn add_column_type(&mut self, col_type: &ColumnType, nullable: bool) {
-        if nullable {
-            self.needs_optional = true;
-        }
-
-        match col_type {
-            ColumnType::Simple(ty) => self.add_simple_type(ty),
-            ColumnType::Complex(ty) => self.add_complex_type(ty),
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn add_simple_type(&mut self, ty: &SimpleColumnType) {
-        match ty {
-            SimpleColumnType::SmallInt => {
-                self.sa_types.insert("SmallInteger");
-            }
-            SimpleColumnType::Integer => {
-                self.sa_types.insert("Integer");
-            }
-            SimpleColumnType::BigInt => {
-                self.sa_types.insert("BigInteger");
-            }
-            SimpleColumnType::Real | SimpleColumnType::DoublePrecision => {
-                self.sa_types.insert("Float");
-            }
-            SimpleColumnType::Text => {
-                self.sa_types.insert("Text");
-            }
-            SimpleColumnType::Boolean => {
-                self.sa_types.insert("Boolean");
-            }
-            SimpleColumnType::Date => {
-                self.sa_types.insert("Date");
-                self.datetime_types.insert("date");
-            }
-            SimpleColumnType::Time => {
-                self.sa_types.insert("Time");
-                self.datetime_types.insert("time");
-            }
-            SimpleColumnType::Timestamp | SimpleColumnType::Timestamptz => {
-                self.sa_types.insert("DateTime");
-                self.datetime_types.insert("datetime");
-            }
-            SimpleColumnType::Interval => {
-                self.sa_types.insert("Interval");
-            }
-            SimpleColumnType::Bytea => {
-                self.sa_types.insert("LargeBinary");
-            }
-            SimpleColumnType::Uuid => {
-                self.sa_types.insert("Uuid");
-                self.needs_uuid = true;
-            }
-            SimpleColumnType::Json => {
-                self.sa_types.insert("JSON");
-            }
-            SimpleColumnType::Inet | SimpleColumnType::Cidr | SimpleColumnType::Macaddr => {
-                self.sa_types.insert("String");
-            }
-            SimpleColumnType::Xml => {
-                self.sa_types.insert("Text");
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn add_complex_type(&mut self, ty: &ComplexColumnType) {
-        match ty {
-            ComplexColumnType::Varchar { .. } | ComplexColumnType::Char { .. } => {
-                self.sa_types.insert("String");
-            }
-            ComplexColumnType::Numeric { .. } => {
-                self.sa_types.insert("Numeric");
-                self.needs_decimal = true;
-            }
-            ComplexColumnType::Custom { .. } => {}
-            ComplexColumnType::Enum { values, .. } => match values {
-                EnumValues::String(_) => {
-                    self.sa_types.insert("Enum");
-                }
-                EnumValues::Integer(_) => {
-                    self.sa_types.insert("Integer");
-                }
-            },
-        }
-    }
-}
+pub use render::{export, render_entity};
 
 pub struct SqlAlchemyExporter;
 
@@ -113,1410 +15,7 @@ impl OrmExporter for SqlAlchemyExporter {
     }
 }
 
-/// Render a SQLAlchemy model for the given table definition.
-pub fn render_entity(table: &TableDef) -> Result<String, String> {
-    let mut lines: Vec<String> = Vec::new();
-
-    // Collect enums for this table
-    let enums: Vec<(&str, &EnumValues)> = table
-        .columns
-        .iter()
-        .filter_map(|col| {
-            if let ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum { name, values }) = &col.r#type {
-                Some((name.as_str(), values))
-            } else {
-                None
-            }
-        })
-        .collect();
-
-    // Collect used types
-    let mut used_types = UsedTypes::default();
-    for col in &table.columns {
-        used_types.add_column_type(&col.r#type, col.nullable);
-    }
-
-    // Check for foreign keys
-    let has_fk = table
-        .constraints
-        .iter()
-        .any(|c| matches!(c, TableConstraint::ForeignKey { .. }));
-    if has_fk {
-        used_types.sa_types.insert("ForeignKey");
-    }
-
-    // Check for indexes
-    let has_index = table
-        .constraints
-        .iter()
-        .any(|c| matches!(c, TableConstraint::Index { .. }));
-    if has_index {
-        used_types.sa_types.insert("Index");
-    }
-
-    // Check for composite unique constraints
-    let has_unique = table
-        .constraints
-        .iter()
-        .any(|c| matches!(c, TableConstraint::Unique { columns, .. } if columns.len() > 1));
-    if has_unique {
-        used_types.sa_types.insert("UniqueConstraint");
-    }
-
-    // Check for server defaults
-    let has_server_default = table
-        .columns
-        .iter()
-        .any(|c| c.default.as_ref().is_some_and(|d| d.to_sql().contains('(')));
-    if has_server_default {
-        used_types.sa_types.insert("text");
-    }
-
-    // Generate imports
-    lines.push("from __future__ import annotations".into());
-    lines.push("".into());
-    if !enums.is_empty() {
-        lines.push("import enum".into());
-    }
-
-    // datetime imports
-    let datetime_imports: Vec<&str> = used_types.datetime_types.iter().copied().collect();
-    if !datetime_imports.is_empty() {
-        lines.push(format!(
-            "from datetime import {}",
-            datetime_imports.join(", ")
-        ));
-    }
-
-    if used_types.needs_decimal {
-        lines.push("from decimal import Decimal".into());
-    }
-
-    if used_types.needs_optional {
-        lines.push("from typing import Optional".into());
-    }
-
-    if used_types.needs_uuid {
-        lines.push("from uuid import UUID".into());
-    }
-
-    lines.push("".into());
-
-    // SQLAlchemy imports
-    let mut sa_imports: Vec<&str> = used_types.sa_types.iter().copied().collect();
-    sa_imports.sort();
-    lines.push(format!("from sqlalchemy import {}", sa_imports.join(", ")));
-    lines.push("from sqlalchemy.orm import DeclarativeBase, Mapped, mapped_column".into());
-    lines.push("".into());
-    lines.push("".into());
-
-    // Render enum classes
-    for (enum_name, values) in &enums {
-        render_enum(&mut lines, enum_name, values);
-        lines.push("".into());
-    }
-
-    // Class definition
-    let class_name = to_pascal_case(&table.name);
-
-    // Add table description as docstring
-    if let Some(ref desc) = table.description {
-        lines.push(format!("class {}(DeclarativeBase):", class_name));
-        lines.push(format!("    \"\"\"{}\"\"\"", desc.replace('\n', " ")));
-    } else {
-        lines.push(format!("class {}(DeclarativeBase):", class_name));
-    }
-
-    lines.push(format!("    __tablename__ = \"{}\"", table.name));
-    lines.push("".into());
-
-    // Collect primary key columns
-    let pk_columns: std::collections::HashSet<String> = table
-        .constraints
-        .iter()
-        .filter_map(|c| {
-            if let TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { columns, .. } = c {
-                Some(columns.clone())
-            } else {
-                None
-            }
-        })
-        .flatten()
-        .collect();
-
-    // Collect unique columns (single-column unique constraints)
-    let unique_columns: std::collections::HashSet<String> = table
-        .constraints
-        .iter()
-        .filter_map(|c| {
-            if let TableConstraint::Unique { columns, .. } = c {
-                if columns.len() == 1 {
-                    Some(columns[0].clone())
-                } else {
-                    None
-                }
-            } else {
-                None
-            }
-        })
-        .collect();
-
-    // Collect foreign key info
-    let fk_info: std::collections::HashMap<String, (String, String)> = table
-        .constraints
-        .iter()
-        .filter_map(|c| {
-            if let TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                columns,
-                ref_table,
-                ref_columns,
-                ..
-            } = c
-            {
-                if columns.len() == 1 && ref_columns.len() == 1 {
-                    Some((
-                        columns[0].clone(),
-                        (ref_table.clone(), ref_columns[0].clone()),
-                    ))
-                } else {
-                    None
-                }
-            } else {
-                None
-            }
-        })
-        .collect();
-
-    // Render columns
-    for col in &table.columns {
-        render_column(
-            &mut lines,
-            col,
-            pk_columns.contains(&col.name),
-            unique_columns.contains(&col.name),
-            fk_info.get(&col.name),
-        );
-    }
-
-    // Render indexes as __table_args__
-    let indexes: Vec<_> = table
-        .constraints
-        .iter()
-        .filter_map(|c| {
-            if let TableConstraint::Index { name, columns } = c {
-                Some((name.clone(), columns.clone()))
-            } else {
-                None
-            }
-        })
-        .collect();
-
-    // Render composite unique constraints
-    let composite_uniques: Vec<_> = table
-        .constraints
-        .iter()
-        .filter_map(|c| {
-            if let TableConstraint::Unique { name, columns } = c {
-                if columns.len() > 1 {
-                    Some((name.clone(), columns.clone()))
-                } else {
-                    None
-                }
-            } else {
-                None
-            }
-        })
-        .collect();
-
-    if !indexes.is_empty() || !composite_uniques.is_empty() {
-        lines.push("".into());
-        lines.push("    __table_args__ = (".into());
-
-        for (name, columns) in &indexes {
-            let cols_str = columns
-                .iter()
-                .map(|c| format!("\"{}\"", c))
-                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-                .join(", ");
-            if let Some(idx_name) = name {
-                lines.push(format!("        Index(\"{}\", {}),", idx_name, cols_str));
-            } else {
-                lines.push(format!("        Index(None, {}),", cols_str));
-            }
-        }
-
-        for (name, columns) in &composite_uniques {
-            let cols_str = columns
-                .iter()
-                .map(|c| format!("\"{}\"", c))
-                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-                .join(", ");
-            if let Some(uq_name) = name {
-                lines.push(format!(
-                    "        UniqueConstraint({}, name=\"{}\"),",
-                    cols_str, uq_name
-                ));
-            } else {
-                lines.push(format!("        UniqueConstraint({}),", cols_str));
-            }
-        }
-
-        lines.push("    )".into());
-    }
-
-    lines.push("".into());
-
-    Ok(lines.join("\n"))
-}
-
-fn render_enum(lines: &mut Vec<String>, name: &str, values: &EnumValues) {
-    let class_name = to_pascal_case(name);
-
-    match values {
-        EnumValues::String(vals) => {
-            lines.push(format!("class {}(str, enum.Enum):", class_name));
-            for val in vals {
-                let variant_name = to_screaming_snake_case(val);
-                lines.push(format!("    {} = \"{}\"", variant_name, val));
-            }
-        }
-        EnumValues::Integer(vals) => {
-            lines.push(format!("class {}(enum.IntEnum):", class_name));
-            for val in vals {
-                lines.push(format!("    {} = {}", val.name, val.value));
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-fn render_column(
-    lines: &mut Vec<String>,
-    col: &ColumnDef,
-    is_pk: bool,
-    is_unique: bool,
-    fk_info: Option<&(String, String)>,
-) {
-    // Add column comment
-    if let Some(ref comment) = col.comment {
-        lines.push(format!("    # {}", comment.replace('\n', " ")));
-    }
-
-    let python_type = column_type_to_python(&col.r#type, col.nullable);
-    let sa_type = column_type_to_sqlalchemy(&col.r#type);
-
-    let mut attrs: Vec<String> = Vec::new();
-
-    // Add SQLAlchemy type
-    attrs.push(sa_type);
-
-    // Foreign key
-    if let Some((ref_table, ref_col)) = fk_info {
-        attrs.push(format!("ForeignKey(\"{}.{}\")", ref_table, ref_col));
-    }
-
-    // Primary key
-    if is_pk {
-        attrs.push("primary_key=True".into());
-    }
-
-    // Nullable
-    if !is_pk {
-        attrs.push(format!(
-            "nullable={}",
-            if col.nullable { "True" } else { "False" }
-        ));
-    }
-
-    // Unique
-    if is_unique && !is_pk {
-        attrs.push("unique=True".into());
-    }
-
-    // Default value
-    if let Some(ref default) = col.default {
-        let default_str = default.to_sql();
-        // Escape double quotes for embedding in Python strings
-        let escaped = default_str.replace('"', "\\\"");
-        // Check if it's a function call or literal
-        if default_str.contains('(') {
-            attrs.push(format!("server_default=text(\"{}\")", escaped));
-        } else if default_str.starts_with('\'') || default_str.starts_with('"') {
-            attrs.push(format!("server_default={}", default_str));
-        } else {
-            attrs.push(format!("server_default=\"{}\"", escaped));
-        }
-    }
-
-    let attrs_str = attrs.join(", ");
-    lines.push(format!(
-        "    {}: Mapped[{}] = mapped_column({})",
-        col.name, python_type, attrs_str
-    ));
-}
-
-fn column_type_to_python(col_type: &ColumnType, nullable: bool) -> String {
-    let base = match col_type {
-        ColumnType::Simple(ty) => match ty {
-            SimpleColumnType::SmallInt => "int",
-            SimpleColumnType::Integer => "int",
-            SimpleColumnType::BigInt => "int",
-            SimpleColumnType::Real => "float",
-            SimpleColumnType::DoublePrecision => "float",
-            SimpleColumnType::Text => "str",
-            SimpleColumnType::Boolean => "bool",
-            SimpleColumnType::Date => "date",
-            SimpleColumnType::Time => "time",
-            SimpleColumnType::Timestamp => "datetime",
-            SimpleColumnType::Timestamptz => "datetime",
-            SimpleColumnType::Interval => "str",
-            SimpleColumnType::Bytea => "bytes",
-            SimpleColumnType::Uuid => "UUID",
-            SimpleColumnType::Json => "dict",
-            SimpleColumnType::Inet | SimpleColumnType::Cidr => "str",
-            SimpleColumnType::Macaddr => "str",
-            SimpleColumnType::Xml => "str",
-        },
-        ColumnType::Complex(ty) => match ty {
-            ComplexColumnType::Varchar { .. } => "str",
-            ComplexColumnType::Numeric { .. } => "Decimal",
-            ComplexColumnType::Char { .. } => "str",
-            ComplexColumnType::Custom { .. } => "str",
-            ComplexColumnType::Enum { name, .. } => {
-                return if nullable {
-                    format!("Optional[{}]", to_pascal_case(name))
-                } else {
-                    to_pascal_case(name)
-                };
-            }
-        },
-    };
-
-    if nullable {
-        format!("Optional[{}]", base)
-    } else {
-        base.to_string()
-    }
-}
-
-fn column_type_to_sqlalchemy(col_type: &ColumnType) -> String {
-    match col_type {
-        ColumnType::Simple(ty) => match ty {
-            SimpleColumnType::SmallInt => "SmallInteger".into(),
-            SimpleColumnType::Integer => "Integer".into(),
-            SimpleColumnType::BigInt => "BigInteger".into(),
-            SimpleColumnType::Real => "Float".into(),
-            SimpleColumnType::DoublePrecision => "Float".into(),
-            SimpleColumnType::Text => "Text".into(),
-            SimpleColumnType::Boolean => "Boolean".into(),
-            SimpleColumnType::Date => "Date".into(),
-            SimpleColumnType::Time => "Time".into(),
-            SimpleColumnType::Timestamp => "DateTime".into(),
-            SimpleColumnType::Timestamptz => "DateTime(timezone=True)".into(),
-            SimpleColumnType::Interval => "Interval".into(),
-            SimpleColumnType::Bytea => "LargeBinary".into(),
-            SimpleColumnType::Uuid => "Uuid".into(),
-            SimpleColumnType::Json => "JSON".into(),
-            SimpleColumnType::Inet | SimpleColumnType::Cidr | SimpleColumnType::Macaddr => {
-                "String(255)".into()
-            }
-            SimpleColumnType::Xml => "Text".into(),
-        },
-        ColumnType::Complex(ty) => match ty {
-            ComplexColumnType::Varchar { length } => format!("String({})", length),
-            ComplexColumnType::Numeric { precision, scale } => {
-                format!("Numeric({}, {})", precision, scale)
-            }
-            ComplexColumnType::Char { length } => format!("String({})", length),
-            ComplexColumnType::Custom { custom_type } => format!("\"{}\"", custom_type),
-            ComplexColumnType::Enum { name, values } => {
-                let class_name = to_pascal_case(name);
-                match values {
-                    EnumValues::String(_) => format!("Enum({})", class_name),
-                    EnumValues::Integer(_) => "Integer".into(), // Integer enums stored as INTEGER
-                }
-            }
-        },
-    }
-}
-
-fn to_pascal_case(s: &str) -> String {
-    s.split('_')
-        .map(|word| {
-            let mut chars = word.chars();
-            match chars.next() {
-                None => String::new(),
-                Some(first) => first.to_uppercase().chain(chars).collect(),
-            }
-        })
-        .collect()
-}
-
-fn to_screaming_snake_case(s: &str) -> String {
-    let mut result = String::new();
-    for (i, ch) in s.chars().enumerate() {
-        if ch.is_uppercase() && i > 0 {
-            result.push('_');
-        }
-        result.push(ch.to_ascii_uppercase());
-    }
-    // Replace any non-alphanumeric with underscore
-    result
-        .chars()
-        .map(|c| {
-            if c.is_alphanumeric() || c == '_' {
-                c
-            } else {
-                '_'
-            }
-        })
-        .collect()
-}
-
 #[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use super::*;
-    use insta::assert_snapshot;
-    use rstest::rstest;
-    use vespertide_core::schema::column::NumValue;
-
-    fn col(name: &str, ty: ColumnType) -> ColumnDef {
-        ColumnDef {
-            name: name.to_string(),
-            r#type: ty,
-            nullable: false,
-            default: None,
-            comment: None,
-            primary_key: None,
-            unique: None,
-            index: None,
-            foreign_key: None,
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_basic_table() {
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "users".into(),
-            description: Some("User accounts table".into()),
-            columns: vec![
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "id".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: Some("Primary key".into()),
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "email".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: Some("User email address".into()),
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "name".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                    nullable: true,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![
-                TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                    auto_increment: true,
-                    columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                },
-                TableConstraint::Unique {
-                    name: None,
-                    columns: vec!["email".into()],
-                },
-            ],
-        };
-
-        let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
-        assert_snapshot!(result);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_table_with_enum() {
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "orders".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "status".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                        name: "order_status".into(),
-                        values: EnumValues::String(vec![
-                            "pending".into(),
-                            "shipped".into(),
-                            "delivered".into(),
-                        ]),
-                    }),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                auto_increment: false,
-                columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
-        assert_snapshot!(result);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_table_with_integer_enum() {
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "tasks".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "priority".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                        name: "priority_level".into(),
-                        values: EnumValues::Integer(vec![
-                            NumValue {
-                                name: "Low".into(),
-                                value: 0,
-                            },
-                            NumValue {
-                                name: "Medium".into(),
-                                value: 1,
-                            },
-                            NumValue {
-                                name: "High".into(),
-                                value: 2,
-                            },
-                        ]),
-                    }),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                auto_increment: false,
-                columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
-        assert_snapshot!(result);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_table_with_foreign_key() {
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "posts".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                col("user_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                col("title", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![
-                TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                    auto_increment: false,
-                    columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                },
-                TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                    name: None,
-                    columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
-                    ref_table: "users".into(),
-                    ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                    on_delete: None,
-                    on_update: None,
-                },
-            ],
-        };
-
-        let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
-        assert_snapshot!(result);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_table_with_indexes() {
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "articles".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                col("title", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
-                col(
-                    "created_at",
-                    ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Timestamptz),
-                ),
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![
-                TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                    auto_increment: false,
-                    columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                },
-                TableConstraint::Index {
-                    name: Some("idx_articles_created_at".into()),
-                    columns: vec!["created_at".into()],
-                },
-                TableConstraint::Index {
-                    name: None,
-                    columns: vec!["title".into()],
-                },
-            ],
-        };
-
-        let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
-        assert_snapshot!(result);
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case("hello_world", "HelloWorld")]
-    #[case("user_id", "UserId")]
-    #[case("simple", "Simple")]
-    fn test_to_pascal_case(#[case] input: &str, #[case] expected: &str) {
-        assert_eq!(to_pascal_case(input), expected);
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case("pending", "PENDING")]
-    #[case("inProgress", "IN_PROGRESS")]
-    #[case("order-status", "ORDER_STATUS")]
-    fn test_to_screaming_snake_case(#[case] input: &str, #[case] expected: &str) {
-        assert_eq!(to_screaming_snake_case(input), expected);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_all_simple_column_types() {
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "all_types".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                col("small", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::SmallInt)),
-                col("big", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::BigInt)),
-                col("real_num", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Real)),
-                col(
-                    "double_num",
-                    ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::DoublePrecision),
-                ),
-                col("text_col", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
-                col("bool_col", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Boolean)),
-                col("date_col", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Date)),
-                col("time_col", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Time)),
-                col("ts_col", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Timestamp)),
-                col(
-                    "tstz_col",
-                    ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Timestamptz),
-                ),
-                col(
-                    "interval_col",
-                    ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Interval),
-                ),
-                col("bytea_col", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Bytea)),
-                col("uuid_col", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid)),
-                col("json_col", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Json)),
-                col("inet_col", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Inet)),
-                col("cidr_col", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Cidr)),
-                col("macaddr_col", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Macaddr)),
-                col("xml_col", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Xml)),
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                auto_increment: false,
-                columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
-        assert!(result.contains("SmallInteger"));
-        assert!(result.contains("BigInteger"));
-        assert!(result.contains("Float")); // Real and DoublePrecision
-        assert!(result.contains("Boolean"));
-        assert!(result.contains("Date"));
-        assert!(result.contains("Time"));
-        assert!(result.contains("DateTime"));
-        assert!(result.contains("Interval"));
-        assert!(result.contains("LargeBinary"));
-        assert!(result.contains("Uuid"));
-        assert!(result.contains("JSON"));
-        assert!(result.contains("String(255)")); // Inet, Cidr, Macaddr
-        assert!(result.contains("from datetime import"));
-        assert!(result.contains("date"));
-        assert!(result.contains("time"));
-        assert!(result.contains("datetime"));
-        assert!(result.contains("from uuid import UUID"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_complex_column_types() {
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "complex_types".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "varchar_col".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Varchar { length: 100 }),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "char_col".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Char { length: 10 }),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "numeric_col".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Numeric {
-                        precision: 10,
-                        scale: 2,
-                    }),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "custom_col".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Custom {
-                        custom_type: "CUSTOM_TYPE".into(),
-                    }),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                auto_increment: false,
-                columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
-        assert!(result.contains("String(100)")); // Varchar
-        assert!(result.contains("String(10)")); // Char
-        assert!(result.contains("Numeric(10, 2)"));
-        assert!(result.contains("\"CUSTOM_TYPE\""));
-        assert!(result.contains("from decimal import Decimal"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_table_with_composite_unique() {
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "composite_unique".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                col("tenant_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                col("name", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![
-                TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                    auto_increment: false,
-                    columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                },
-                TableConstraint::Unique {
-                    name: Some("uq_tenant_name".into()),
-                    columns: vec!["tenant_id".into(), "name".into()],
-                },
-            ],
-        };
-
-        let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
-        assert!(result.contains("UniqueConstraint"));
-        assert!(result.contains("uq_tenant_name"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_table_with_server_default() {
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "with_defaults".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "created_at".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Timestamptz),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: Some("now()".into()),
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "status".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: Some("'active'".into()),
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "count".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: Some("0".into()),
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                auto_increment: false,
-                columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
-        assert!(result.contains("server_default=text(\"now()\")"));
-        assert!(result.contains("server_default='active'"));
-        assert!(result.contains("server_default=\"0\""));
-        assert!(result.contains("from sqlalchemy import")); // Should include text
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_nullable_enum() {
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "nullable_enum".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "status".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                        name: "status_type".into(),
-                        values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into()]),
-                    }),
-                    nullable: true,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                auto_increment: false,
-                columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
-        assert!(result.contains("Optional[StatusType]"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_table_without_description() {
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "no_desc".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
-            constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                auto_increment: false,
-                columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
-        assert!(result.contains("class NoDesc(DeclarativeBase):"));
-        assert!(!result.contains("\"\"\""));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_to_pascal_case_empty_segment() {
-        // Test case with consecutive underscores creating empty segments
-        assert_eq!(to_pascal_case("a__b"), "AB");
-        assert_eq!(to_pascal_case(""), "");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_composite_foreign_key_ignored() {
-        // Composite FK (multiple columns) should be ignored in fk_info
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "composite_fk".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                col("ref_id1", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                col("ref_id2", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![
-                TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                    auto_increment: false,
-                    columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                },
-                TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                    name: None,
-                    columns: vec!["ref_id1".into(), "ref_id2".into()],
-                    ref_table: "other".into(),
-                    ref_columns: vec!["id1".into(), "id2".into()],
-                    on_delete: None,
-                    on_update: None,
-                },
-            ],
-        };
-
-        let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
-        // Composite FK should not generate ForeignKey() for individual columns
-        assert!(!result.contains("ForeignKey(\"other.id1\")"));
-        assert!(!result.contains("ForeignKey(\"other.id2\")"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_unnamed_composite_unique() {
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "unnamed_unique".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                col("col_a", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                col("col_b", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![
-                TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                    auto_increment: false,
-                    columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                },
-                TableConstraint::Unique {
-                    name: None,
-                    columns: vec!["col_a".into(), "col_b".into()],
-                },
-            ],
-        };
-
-        let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
-        assert!(result.contains("UniqueConstraint(\"col_a\", \"col_b\"),"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_used_types_smallint() {
-        let mut used = UsedTypes::default();
-        used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::SmallInt), false);
-        assert!(used.sa_types.contains("SmallInteger"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_used_types_integer() {
-        let mut used = UsedTypes::default();
-        used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer), false);
-        assert!(used.sa_types.contains("Integer"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_used_types_bigint() {
-        let mut used = UsedTypes::default();
-        used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::BigInt), false);
-        assert!(used.sa_types.contains("BigInteger"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_used_types_real() {
-        let mut used = UsedTypes::default();
-        used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Real), false);
-        assert!(used.sa_types.contains("Float"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_used_types_double_precision() {
-        let mut used = UsedTypes::default();
-        used.add_column_type(
-            &ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::DoublePrecision),
-            false,
-        );
-        assert!(used.sa_types.contains("Float"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_used_types_text() {
-        let mut used = UsedTypes::default();
-        used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text), false);
-        assert!(used.sa_types.contains("Text"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_used_types_boolean() {
-        let mut used = UsedTypes::default();
-        used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Boolean), false);
-        assert!(used.sa_types.contains("Boolean"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_used_types_date() {
-        let mut used = UsedTypes::default();
-        used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Date), false);
-        assert!(used.sa_types.contains("Date"));
-        assert!(used.datetime_types.contains("date"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_used_types_time() {
-        let mut used = UsedTypes::default();
-        used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Time), false);
-        assert!(used.sa_types.contains("Time"));
-        assert!(used.datetime_types.contains("time"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_used_types_timestamp() {
-        let mut used = UsedTypes::default();
-        used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Timestamp), false);
-        assert!(used.sa_types.contains("DateTime"));
-        assert!(used.datetime_types.contains("datetime"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_used_types_timestamptz() {
-        let mut used = UsedTypes::default();
-        used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Timestamptz), false);
-        assert!(used.sa_types.contains("DateTime"));
-        assert!(used.datetime_types.contains("datetime"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_used_types_interval() {
-        let mut used = UsedTypes::default();
-        used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Interval), false);
-        assert!(used.sa_types.contains("Interval"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_used_types_bytea() {
-        let mut used = UsedTypes::default();
-        used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Bytea), false);
-        assert!(used.sa_types.contains("LargeBinary"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_used_types_uuid() {
-        let mut used = UsedTypes::default();
-        used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid), false);
-        assert!(used.sa_types.contains("Uuid"));
-        assert!(used.needs_uuid);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_used_types_json() {
-        let mut used = UsedTypes::default();
-        used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Json), false);
-        assert!(used.sa_types.contains("JSON"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_used_types_inet() {
-        let mut used = UsedTypes::default();
-        used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Inet), false);
-        assert!(used.sa_types.contains("String"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_used_types_cidr() {
-        let mut used = UsedTypes::default();
-        used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Cidr), false);
-        assert!(used.sa_types.contains("String"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_used_types_macaddr() {
-        let mut used = UsedTypes::default();
-        used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Macaddr), false);
-        assert!(used.sa_types.contains("String"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_used_types_xml() {
-        let mut used = UsedTypes::default();
-        used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Xml), false);
-        assert!(used.sa_types.contains("Text"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_used_types_varchar() {
-        let mut used = UsedTypes::default();
-        used.add_column_type(
-            &ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Varchar { length: 100 }),
-            false,
-        );
-        assert!(used.sa_types.contains("String"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_used_types_char() {
-        let mut used = UsedTypes::default();
-        used.add_column_type(
-            &ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Char { length: 10 }),
-            false,
-        );
-        assert!(used.sa_types.contains("String"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_used_types_numeric() {
-        let mut used = UsedTypes::default();
-        used.add_column_type(
-            &ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Numeric {
-                precision: 10,
-                scale: 2,
-            }),
-            false,
-        );
-        assert!(used.sa_types.contains("Numeric"));
-        assert!(used.needs_decimal);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_used_types_custom() {
-        let mut used = UsedTypes::default();
-        let initial_count = used.sa_types.len();
-        used.add_column_type(
-            &ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Custom {
-                custom_type: "FOO".into(),
-            }),
-            false,
-        );
-        // Custom type doesn't add any sa_types - verify count unchanged
-        assert_eq!(used.sa_types.len(), initial_count);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_used_types_enum_string() {
-        let mut used = UsedTypes::default();
-        used.add_column_type(
-            &ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                name: "status".into(),
-                values: EnumValues::String(vec!["a".into()]),
-            }),
-            false,
-        );
-        assert!(used.sa_types.contains("Enum"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_used_types_enum_integer() {
-        let mut used = UsedTypes::default();
-        used.add_column_type(
-            &ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                name: "priority".into(),
-                values: EnumValues::Integer(vec![NumValue {
-                    name: "Low".into(),
-                    value: 0,
-                }]),
-            }),
-            false,
-        );
-        assert!(used.sa_types.contains("Integer"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_used_types_nullable_sets_optional() {
-        let mut used = UsedTypes::default();
-        assert!(!used.needs_optional);
-        used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer), true);
-        assert!(used.needs_optional);
-    }
-
-    /// Comprehensive test that exercises ALL branches of add_column_type in a single test.
-    /// This ensures tarpaulin sees all branches as covered.
-    #[test]
-    fn test_used_types_all_branches_comprehensive() {
-        let mut used = UsedTypes::default();
-
-        // Simple types - each branch
-        used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::SmallInt), false);
-        assert!(used.sa_types.contains("SmallInteger"));
-
-        used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer), false);
-        assert!(used.sa_types.contains("Integer"));
-
-        used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::BigInt), false);
-        assert!(used.sa_types.contains("BigInteger"));
-
-        used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Real), false);
-        assert!(used.sa_types.contains("Float"));
-
-        used.add_column_type(
-            &ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::DoublePrecision),
-            false,
-        );
-        // Float already added by Real
-
-        used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text), false);
-        assert!(used.sa_types.contains("Text"));
-
-        used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Boolean), false);
-        assert!(used.sa_types.contains("Boolean"));
-
-        used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Date), false);
-        assert!(used.sa_types.contains("Date"));
-        assert!(used.datetime_types.contains("date"));
-
-        used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Time), false);
-        assert!(used.sa_types.contains("Time"));
-        assert!(used.datetime_types.contains("time"));
-
-        used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Timestamp), false);
-        assert!(used.sa_types.contains("DateTime"));
-        assert!(used.datetime_types.contains("datetime"));
-
-        used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Timestamptz), false);
-        // DateTime already added
-
-        used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Interval), false);
-        assert!(used.sa_types.contains("Interval"));
-
-        used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Bytea), false);
-        assert!(used.sa_types.contains("LargeBinary"));
-
-        used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid), false);
-        assert!(used.sa_types.contains("Uuid"));
-        assert!(used.needs_uuid);
-
-        used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Json), false);
-        assert!(used.sa_types.contains("JSON"));
-
-        used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Inet), false);
-        assert!(used.sa_types.contains("String"));
-
-        used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Cidr), false);
-        used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Macaddr), false);
-
-        used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Xml), false);
-        // Text already added
-
-        // Complex types
-        used.add_column_type(
-            &ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Varchar { length: 100 }),
-            false,
-        );
-        used.add_column_type(
-            &ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Char { length: 10 }),
-            false,
-        );
-
-        used.add_column_type(
-            &ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Numeric {
-                precision: 10,
-                scale: 2,
-            }),
-            false,
-        );
-        assert!(used.sa_types.contains("Numeric"));
-        assert!(used.needs_decimal);
-
-        used.add_column_type(
-            &ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Custom {
-                custom_type: "FOO".into(),
-            }),
-            false,
-        );
-        // Custom doesn't add any type
-
-        used.add_column_type(
-            &ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                name: "status".into(),
-                values: EnumValues::String(vec!["a".into()]),
-            }),
-            false,
-        );
-        assert!(used.sa_types.contains("Enum"));
-
-        used.add_column_type(
-            &ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                name: "priority".into(),
-                values: EnumValues::Integer(vec![NumValue {
-                    name: "Low".into(),
-                    value: 0,
-                }]),
-            }),
-            false,
-        );
-        // Integer already added
-
-        // Test nullable
-        let mut used2 = UsedTypes::default();
-        assert!(!used2.needs_optional);
-        used2.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer), true);
-        assert!(used2.needs_optional);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_json_default_value_escapes_double_quotes() {
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "configs".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "data".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Json),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: Some(r#"{"hello": "world"}"#.into()),
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                auto_increment: false,
-                columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
-        assert!(
-            result.contains(r#"server_default="{\"hello\": \"world\"}"#),
-            "Expected escaped quotes in server_default, got: {}",
-            result
-        );
-    }
-}
+mod tests;
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests_edge_cases;
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlalchemy/render.rs b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlalchemy/render.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4b026d5a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlalchemy/render.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,437 @@
+use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
+
+use super::enums::render_enum;
+use super::types::{UsedTypes, column_type_to_python, column_type_to_sqlalchemy};
+use crate::parallel_config::{
+    PYTHON_EXPORT_PAR_TABLE_MIN_LEN, SQLALCHEMY_EXPORT_PAR_TABLE_THRESHOLD,
+};
+use crate::utils::python::collect_composite_fks;
+use rayon::prelude::*;
+use vespertide_core::schema::column::{ColumnType, ComplexColumnType, EnumValues};
+use vespertide_core::schema::constraint::TableConstraint;
+use vespertide_core::{ColumnDef, TableDef};
+
+pub fn render_entity(table: &TableDef) -> Result<String, String> {
+    let mut used_types = UsedTypes::default();
+    let part = render_entity_part(table, &mut used_types);
+
+    Ok(assemble_with_imports(&used_types, &[part]))
+}
+
+pub fn export(schema: &[TableDef]) -> Result<String, String> {
+    let (parts, used_types): (Vec<String>, UsedTypes<'static>) =
+        if schema.len() < SQLALCHEMY_EXPORT_PAR_TABLE_THRESHOLD {
+            let mut used_types = UsedTypes::default();
+            let parts = schema
+                .iter()
+                .map(|table| render_entity_part(table, &mut used_types))
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+            (parts, used_types)
+        } else {
+            schema
+                .par_iter()
+                .with_min_len(PYTHON_EXPORT_PAR_TABLE_MIN_LEN)
+                .map(|table| {
+                    let mut local_used = UsedTypes::default();
+                    let rendered = render_entity_part(table, &mut local_used);
+                    (rendered, local_used)
+                })
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                .into_iter()
+                .fold(
+                    (Vec::new(), UsedTypes::default()),
+                    |(mut parts, mut acc_used), (part, local_used)| {
+                        parts.push(part);
+                        acc_used.merge(local_used);
+                        (parts, acc_used)
+                    },
+                )
+        };
+
+    Ok(assemble_with_imports(&used_types, &parts))
+}
+
+#[expect(
+    clippy::too_many_lines,
+    reason = "SQLAlchemy entity rendering is a linear template emitter"
+)]
+fn render_entity_part(table: &TableDef, used_types: &mut UsedTypes<'static>) -> String {
+    let mut lines: Vec<String> = Vec::new();
+
+    // Collect enums for this table
+    let enums: Vec<(&str, &EnumValues)> = table
+        .columns
+        .iter()
+        .filter_map(|col| {
+            if let ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum { name, values }) = &col.r#type {
+                Some((name.as_str(), values))
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        })
+        .collect();
+
+    // Collect used types
+    for col in &table.columns {
+        used_types.add_column_type(&col.r#type, col.nullable);
+    }
+
+    let composite_fks = collect_composite_fks(table);
+
+    // Check for single-column foreign keys
+    let has_single_fk = table
+        .constraints
+        .iter()
+        .any(|c| matches!(c, TableConstraint::ForeignKey { columns, ref_columns, .. } if columns.len() == 1 && ref_columns.len() == 1));
+    if has_single_fk {
+        used_types.sa_types.insert("ForeignKey");
+    }
+
+    if !composite_fks.is_empty() {
+        used_types.sa_types.insert("ForeignKeyConstraint");
+    }
+
+    // Check for indexes
+    let has_index = table
+        .constraints
+        .iter()
+        .any(|c| matches!(c, TableConstraint::Index { .. }));
+    if has_index {
+        used_types.sa_types.insert("Index");
+    }
+
+    // Check for composite unique constraints
+    let has_unique = table
+        .constraints
+        .iter()
+        .any(|c| matches!(c, TableConstraint::Unique { columns, .. } if columns.len() > 1));
+    if has_unique {
+        used_types.sa_types.insert("UniqueConstraint");
+    }
+
+    // Check for server defaults
+    let has_server_default = table
+        .columns
+        .iter()
+        .any(|c| c.default.as_ref().is_some_and(|d| d.to_sql().contains('(')));
+    if has_server_default {
+        used_types.sa_types.insert("text");
+    }
+
+    // Render enum classes
+    for (enum_name, values) in &enums {
+        render_enum(&mut lines, enum_name, values);
+        lines.push(String::new());
+    }
+
+    // Class definition
+    let class_name = to_pascal_case(&table.name);
+
+    // Add table description as docstring
+    if let Some(ref desc) = table.description {
+        lines.push(format!("class {class_name}(DeclarativeBase):"));
+        lines.push(format!("    \"\"\"{}\"\"\"", desc.replace('\n', " ")));
+    } else {
+        lines.push(format!("class {class_name}(DeclarativeBase):"));
+    }
+
+    lines.push(format!("    __tablename__ = \"{}\"", table.name));
+    lines.push(String::new());
+
+    // Collect primary key columns; lookup-only, ordering unused.
+    let pk_columns: HashSet<String> = table
+        .constraints
+        .iter()
+        .filter_map(|c| {
+            if let TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { columns, .. } = c {
+                Some(columns.clone())
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        })
+        .flatten()
+        .collect();
+
+    // Collect unique columns (single-column unique constraints); lookup-only, ordering unused.
+    let unique_columns: HashSet<String> = table
+        .constraints
+        .iter()
+        .filter_map(|c| {
+            if let TableConstraint::Unique { columns, .. } = c {
+                if columns.len() == 1 {
+                    Some(columns[0].clone())
+                } else {
+                    None
+                }
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        })
+        .collect();
+
+    // Collect foreign key info; lookup-only, ordering unused.
+    let fk_info: HashMap<String, (String, String)> = table
+        .constraints
+        .iter()
+        .filter_map(|c| {
+            if let TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                columns,
+                ref_table,
+                ref_columns,
+                ..
+            } = c
+            {
+                if columns.len() == 1 && ref_columns.len() == 1 {
+                    Some((
+                        columns[0].clone(),
+                        (ref_table.clone(), ref_columns[0].clone()),
+                    ))
+                } else {
+                    None
+                }
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        })
+        .collect();
+
+    // Render columns
+    for col in &table.columns {
+        render_column(
+            &mut lines,
+            col,
+            pk_columns.contains(&col.name),
+            unique_columns.contains(&col.name),
+            fk_info.get(&col.name),
+        );
+    }
+
+    // Render indexes as __table_args__
+    let indexes: Vec<_> = table
+        .constraints
+        .iter()
+        .filter_map(|c| {
+            if let TableConstraint::Index { name, columns } = c {
+                Some((name.clone(), columns.clone()))
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        })
+        .collect();
+
+    // Render composite unique constraints
+    let composite_uniques: Vec<_> = table
+        .constraints
+        .iter()
+        .filter_map(|c| {
+            if let TableConstraint::Unique { name, columns } = c {
+                if columns.len() > 1 {
+                    Some((name.clone(), columns.clone()))
+                } else {
+                    None
+                }
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        })
+        .collect();
+
+    if !indexes.is_empty() || !composite_uniques.is_empty() || !composite_fks.is_empty() {
+        lines.push(String::new());
+        lines.push("    __table_args__ = (".into());
+
+        for (name, columns) in &indexes {
+            let cols_str = columns
+                .iter()
+                .map(|c| format!("\"{c}\""))
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                .join(", ");
+            if let Some(idx_name) = name {
+                lines.push(format!("        Index(\"{idx_name}\", {cols_str}),"));
+            } else {
+                lines.push(format!("        Index(None, {cols_str}),"));
+            }
+        }
+
+        for (name, columns) in &composite_uniques {
+            let cols_str = columns
+                .iter()
+                .map(|c| format!("\"{c}\""))
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                .join(", ");
+            if let Some(uq_name) = name {
+                lines.push(format!(
+                    "        UniqueConstraint({cols_str}, name=\"{uq_name}\"),"
+                ));
+            } else {
+                lines.push(format!("        UniqueConstraint({cols_str}),"));
+            }
+        }
+
+        for fk in &composite_fks {
+            let local_cols = fk
+                .local_cols
+                .iter()
+                .map(|col| format!("\"{col}\""))
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                .join(", ");
+            let ref_cols = fk
+                .ref_cols
+                .iter()
+                .map(|col| format!("\"{}.{}\"", fk.ref_table, col))
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                .join(", ");
+            lines.push(format!(
+                "        ForeignKeyConstraint([{local_cols}], [{ref_cols}]),"
+            ));
+        }
+
+        lines.push("    )".into());
+    }
+
+    lines.push(String::new());
+
+    lines.join("\n")
+}
+
+fn assemble_with_imports(used_types: &UsedTypes<'_>, parts: &[String]) -> String {
+    let mut lines: Vec<String> = Vec::new();
+
+    lines.push("from __future__ import annotations".into());
+    lines.push(String::new());
+    if parts.iter().any(|part| part.contains("enum.")) {
+        lines.push("import enum".into());
+    }
+
+    let datetime_imports: Vec<&str> = used_types.datetime_types.iter().copied().collect();
+    if !datetime_imports.is_empty() {
+        lines.push(format!(
+            "from datetime import {}",
+            datetime_imports.join(", ")
+        ));
+    }
+
+    if used_types.needs_decimal {
+        lines.push("from decimal import Decimal".into());
+    }
+
+    if used_types.needs_optional {
+        lines.push("from typing import Optional".into());
+    }
+
+    if used_types.needs_uuid {
+        lines.push("from uuid import UUID".into());
+    }
+
+    lines.push(String::new());
+
+    let mut sa_imports: Vec<&str> = used_types.sa_types.iter().copied().collect();
+    sa_imports.sort_unstable();
+    if !sa_imports.is_empty() {
+        lines.push(format!("from sqlalchemy import {}", sa_imports.join(", ")));
+    }
+    lines.push("from sqlalchemy.orm import DeclarativeBase, Mapped, mapped_column".into());
+    lines.push(String::new());
+    lines.push(String::new());
+
+    lines.push(parts.join("\n"));
+    lines.join("\n")
+}
+
+fn render_column(
+    lines: &mut Vec<String>,
+    col: &ColumnDef,
+    is_pk: bool,
+    is_unique: bool,
+    fk_info: Option<&(String, String)>,
+) {
+    // Add column comment
+    if let Some(ref comment) = col.comment {
+        lines.push(format!("    # {}", comment.replace('\n', " ")));
+    }
+
+    let python_type = column_type_to_python(&col.r#type, col.nullable);
+    let sa_type = column_type_to_sqlalchemy(&col.r#type);
+
+    let mut attrs: Vec<String> = Vec::new();
+
+    // Add SQLAlchemy type
+    attrs.push(sa_type);
+
+    // Foreign key
+    if let Some((ref_table, ref_col)) = fk_info {
+        attrs.push(format!("ForeignKey(\"{ref_table}.{ref_col}\")"));
+    }
+
+    // Primary key
+    if is_pk {
+        attrs.push("primary_key=True".into());
+    }
+
+    // Nullable
+    if !is_pk {
+        attrs.push(format!(
+            "nullable={}",
+            if col.nullable { "True" } else { "False" }
+        ));
+    }
+
+    // Unique
+    if is_unique && !is_pk {
+        attrs.push("unique=True".into());
+    }
+
+    // Default value
+    if let Some(ref default) = col.default {
+        let default_str = default.to_sql();
+        // Escape double quotes for embedding in Python strings
+        let escaped = default_str.replace('"', "\\\"");
+        // Check if it's a function call or literal
+        if default_str.contains('(') {
+            attrs.push(format!("server_default=text(\"{escaped}\")"));
+        } else if default_str.starts_with('\'') || default_str.starts_with('"') {
+            attrs.push(format!("server_default={default_str}"));
+        } else {
+            attrs.push(format!("server_default=\"{escaped}\""));
+        }
+    }
+
+    let attrs_str = attrs.join(", ");
+    lines.push(format!(
+        "    {}: Mapped[{}] = mapped_column({})",
+        col.name, python_type, attrs_str
+    ));
+}
+
+pub(super) fn to_pascal_case(s: &str) -> String {
+    s.split('_')
+        .map(|word| {
+            let mut chars = word.chars();
+            match chars.next() {
+                None => String::new(),
+                Some(first) => first.to_uppercase().chain(chars).collect(),
+            }
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
+pub(super) fn to_screaming_snake_case(s: &str) -> String {
+    let mut result = String::new();
+    for (i, ch) in s.chars().enumerate() {
+        if ch.is_uppercase() && i > 0 {
+            result.push('_');
+        }
+        result.push(ch.to_ascii_uppercase());
+    }
+    // Replace any non-alphanumeric with underscore
+    result
+        .chars()
+        .map(|c| {
+            if c.is_alphanumeric() || c == '_' {
+                c
+            } else {
+                '_'
+            }
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlalchemy/snapshots/vespertide_exporter__sqlalchemy__tests__table_with_composite_foreign_key.snap b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlalchemy/snapshots/vespertide_exporter__sqlalchemy__tests__table_with_composite_foreign_key.snap
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ebf19835
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlalchemy/snapshots/vespertide_exporter__sqlalchemy__tests__table_with_composite_foreign_key.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+---
+source: crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlalchemy/mod.rs
+expression: result
+---
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+
+from sqlalchemy import ForeignKeyConstraint, Integer, Text
+from sqlalchemy.orm import DeclarativeBase, Mapped, mapped_column
+
+
+class LineItems(DeclarativeBase):
+    __tablename__ = "line_items"
+
+    id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+    order_id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(Integer, nullable=False)
+    order_version: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(Integer, nullable=False)
+    sku: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(Text, nullable=False)
+
+    __table_args__ = (
+        ForeignKeyConstraint(["order_id", "order_version"], ["orders.id", "orders.version"]),
+    )
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlalchemy/snapshots/vespertide_exporter__sqlalchemy__tests_edge_cases__snapshot_all_simple_types.snap b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlalchemy/snapshots/vespertide_exporter__sqlalchemy__tests_edge_cases__snapshot_all_simple_types.snap
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c9f2b4e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlalchemy/snapshots/vespertide_exporter__sqlalchemy__tests_edge_cases__snapshot_all_simple_types.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+---
+source: crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlalchemy/tests_edge_cases.rs
+expression: rendered
+---
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from datetime import date, datetime, time
+from typing import Optional
+from uuid import UUID
+
+from sqlalchemy import BigInteger, Boolean, Date, DateTime, Float, Integer, Interval, JSON, LargeBinary, SmallInteger, String, Text, Time, Uuid
+from sqlalchemy.orm import DeclarativeBase, Mapped, mapped_column
+
+
+class TypeMatrix(DeclarativeBase):
+    __tablename__ = "type_matrix"
+
+    c_int: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(Integer, nullable=False)
+    c_bigint: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(BigInteger, nullable=False)
+    c_smallint: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(SmallInteger, nullable=False)
+    c_text: Mapped[Optional[str]] = mapped_column(Text, nullable=True)
+    c_bool: Mapped[bool] = mapped_column(Boolean, nullable=False)
+    c_real: Mapped[float] = mapped_column(Float, nullable=False)
+    c_double: Mapped[float] = mapped_column(Float, nullable=False)
+    c_date: Mapped[Optional[date]] = mapped_column(Date, nullable=True)
+    c_time: Mapped[Optional[time]] = mapped_column(Time, nullable=True)
+    c_ts: Mapped[Optional[datetime]] = mapped_column(DateTime, nullable=True)
+    c_tstz: Mapped[Optional[datetime]] = mapped_column(DateTime(timezone=True), nullable=True)
+    c_interval: Mapped[Optional[str]] = mapped_column(Interval, nullable=True)
+    c_uuid: Mapped[UUID] = mapped_column(Uuid, nullable=False)
+    c_json: Mapped[Optional[dict]] = mapped_column(JSON, nullable=True)
+    c_bytea: Mapped[Optional[bytes]] = mapped_column(LargeBinary, nullable=True)
+    c_inet: Mapped[Optional[str]] = mapped_column(String(255), nullable=True)
+    c_cidr: Mapped[Optional[str]] = mapped_column(String(255), nullable=True)
+    c_macaddr: Mapped[Optional[str]] = mapped_column(String(255), nullable=True)
+    c_xml: Mapped[Optional[str]] = mapped_column(Text, nullable=True)
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlalchemy/snapshots/vespertide_exporter__sqlalchemy__tests_edge_cases__snapshot_composite_primary_key.snap b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlalchemy/snapshots/vespertide_exporter__sqlalchemy__tests_edge_cases__snapshot_composite_primary_key.snap
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1dede16f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlalchemy/snapshots/vespertide_exporter__sqlalchemy__tests_edge_cases__snapshot_composite_primary_key.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+---
+source: crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlalchemy/tests_edge_cases.rs
+expression: rendered
+---
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+
+from sqlalchemy import Integer, Text
+from sqlalchemy.orm import DeclarativeBase, Mapped, mapped_column
+
+
+class Membership(DeclarativeBase):
+    __tablename__ = "membership"
+
+    tenant_id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+    user_id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+    role: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(Text, nullable=False)
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlalchemy/snapshots/vespertide_exporter__sqlalchemy__tests_edge_cases__snapshot_composite_unique_constraint.snap b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlalchemy/snapshots/vespertide_exporter__sqlalchemy__tests_edge_cases__snapshot_composite_unique_constraint.snap
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bd6be3ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlalchemy/snapshots/vespertide_exporter__sqlalchemy__tests_edge_cases__snapshot_composite_unique_constraint.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+---
+source: crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlalchemy/tests_edge_cases.rs
+expression: rendered
+---
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+
+from sqlalchemy import Integer, Text, UniqueConstraint
+from sqlalchemy.orm import DeclarativeBase, Mapped, mapped_column
+
+
+class AccountAliases(DeclarativeBase):
+    __tablename__ = "account_aliases"
+
+    id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+    tenant_id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(Integer, nullable=False)
+    slug: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(Text, nullable=False)
+
+    __table_args__ = (
+        UniqueConstraint("tenant_id", "slug", name="uq_account_aliases__tenant_slug"),
+    )
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlalchemy/snapshots/vespertide_exporter__sqlalchemy__tests_edge_cases__snapshot_integer_enum_all_variant_types.snap b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlalchemy/snapshots/vespertide_exporter__sqlalchemy__tests_edge_cases__snapshot_integer_enum_all_variant_types.snap
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..56808ea0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlalchemy/snapshots/vespertide_exporter__sqlalchemy__tests_edge_cases__snapshot_integer_enum_all_variant_types.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+---
+source: crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlalchemy/tests_edge_cases.rs
+expression: rendered
+---
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import enum
+
+from sqlalchemy import Integer
+from sqlalchemy.orm import DeclarativeBase, Mapped, mapped_column
+
+
+class EdgeState(enum.IntEnum):
+    unknown = -1
+    not_started = 0
+    InProgress = 10
+    HTTP_500 = 500
+
+class WorkflowRuns(DeclarativeBase):
+    __tablename__ = "workflow_runs"
+
+    id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+    state: Mapped[EdgeState] = mapped_column(Integer, nullable=False)
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlalchemy/snapshots/vespertide_exporter__sqlalchemy__tests_edge_cases__snapshot_reserved_word_identifiers.snap b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlalchemy/snapshots/vespertide_exporter__sqlalchemy__tests_edge_cases__snapshot_reserved_word_identifiers.snap
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e8468726
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlalchemy/snapshots/vespertide_exporter__sqlalchemy__tests_edge_cases__snapshot_reserved_word_identifiers.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+---
+source: crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlalchemy/tests_edge_cases.rs
+expression: rendered
+---
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+
+from sqlalchemy import Integer, Text
+from sqlalchemy.orm import DeclarativeBase, Mapped, mapped_column
+
+
+class Order(DeclarativeBase):
+    __tablename__ = "order"
+
+    id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+    user: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(Text, nullable=False)
+    select: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(Integer, nullable=False)
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlalchemy/snapshots/vespertide_exporter__sqlalchemy__tests_edge_cases__snapshot_self_referencing_fk.snap b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlalchemy/snapshots/vespertide_exporter__sqlalchemy__tests_edge_cases__snapshot_self_referencing_fk.snap
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d4a680f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlalchemy/snapshots/vespertide_exporter__sqlalchemy__tests_edge_cases__snapshot_self_referencing_fk.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+---
+source: crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlalchemy/tests_edge_cases.rs
+expression: rendered
+---
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Optional
+
+from sqlalchemy import ForeignKey, Integer
+from sqlalchemy.orm import DeclarativeBase, Mapped, mapped_column
+
+
+class Employees(DeclarativeBase):
+    __tablename__ = "employees"
+
+    id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+    manager_id: Mapped[Optional[int]] = mapped_column(Integer, ForeignKey("employees.id"), nullable=True)
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlalchemy/tests.rs b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlalchemy/tests.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cc2830b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlalchemy/tests.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,988 @@
+use super::render::{to_pascal_case, to_screaming_snake_case};
+use super::types::UsedTypes;
+use super::*;
+use insta::assert_snapshot;
+use rstest::rstest;
+use vespertide_core::schema::column::NumValue;
+use vespertide_core::schema::column::{
+    ColumnType, ComplexColumnType, EnumValues, SimpleColumnType,
+};
+use vespertide_core::schema::constraint::TableConstraint;
+use vespertide_core::{ColumnDef, TableDef};
+
+fn col(name: &str, ty: ColumnType) -> ColumnDef {
+    ColumnDef {
+        name: name.to_string(),
+        r#type: ty,
+        nullable: false,
+        default: None,
+        comment: None,
+        primary_key: None,
+        unique: None,
+        index: None,
+        foreign_key: None,
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_basic_table() {
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "users".into(),
+        description: Some("User accounts table".into()),
+        columns: vec![
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "id".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: Some("Primary key".into()),
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "email".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: Some("User email address".into()),
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "name".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+                nullable: true,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![
+            TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+                auto_increment: true,
+                columns: vec!["id".into()],
+            },
+            TableConstraint::Unique {
+                name: None,
+                columns: vec!["email".into()],
+            },
+        ],
+    };
+
+    let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
+    assert_snapshot!(result);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_table_with_enum() {
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "orders".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "status".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+                    name: "order_status".into(),
+                    values: EnumValues::String(vec![
+                        "pending".into(),
+                        "shipped".into(),
+                        "delivered".into(),
+                    ]),
+                }),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+            auto_increment: false,
+            columns: vec!["id".into()],
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
+    assert_snapshot!(result);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_table_with_integer_enum() {
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "tasks".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "priority".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+                    name: "priority_level".into(),
+                    values: EnumValues::Integer(vec![
+                        NumValue {
+                            name: "Low".into(),
+                            value: 0,
+                        },
+                        NumValue {
+                            name: "Medium".into(),
+                            value: 1,
+                        },
+                        NumValue {
+                            name: "High".into(),
+                            value: 2,
+                        },
+                    ]),
+                }),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+            auto_increment: false,
+            columns: vec!["id".into()],
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
+    assert_snapshot!(result);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_table_with_foreign_key() {
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "posts".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("user_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("title", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![
+            TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+                auto_increment: false,
+                columns: vec!["id".into()],
+            },
+            TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                name: None,
+                columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
+                ref_table: "users".into(),
+                ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+                on_delete: None,
+                on_update: None,
+            },
+        ],
+    };
+
+    let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
+    assert_snapshot!(result);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_table_with_composite_foreign_key() {
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "line_items".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("order_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col(
+                "order_version",
+                ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+            ),
+            col("sku", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![
+            TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+                auto_increment: false,
+                columns: vec!["id".into()],
+            },
+            TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                name: None,
+                columns: vec!["order_id".into(), "order_version".into()],
+                ref_table: "orders".into(),
+                ref_columns: vec!["id".into(), "version".into()],
+                on_delete: None,
+                on_update: None,
+            },
+        ],
+    };
+
+    let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
+    assert_snapshot!(result);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_table_with_indexes() {
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "articles".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("title", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
+            col(
+                "created_at",
+                ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Timestamptz),
+            ),
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![
+            TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+                auto_increment: false,
+                columns: vec!["id".into()],
+            },
+            TableConstraint::Index {
+                name: Some("idx_articles_created_at".into()),
+                columns: vec!["created_at".into()],
+            },
+            TableConstraint::Index {
+                name: None,
+                columns: vec!["title".into()],
+            },
+        ],
+    };
+
+    let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
+    assert_snapshot!(result);
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case("hello_world", "HelloWorld")]
+#[case("user_id", "UserId")]
+#[case("simple", "Simple")]
+fn test_to_pascal_case(#[case] input: &str, #[case] expected: &str) {
+    assert_eq!(to_pascal_case(input), expected);
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case("pending", "PENDING")]
+#[case("inProgress", "IN_PROGRESS")]
+#[case("order-status", "ORDER_STATUS")]
+fn test_to_screaming_snake_case(#[case] input: &str, #[case] expected: &str) {
+    assert_eq!(to_screaming_snake_case(input), expected);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_all_simple_column_types() {
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "all_types".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("small", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::SmallInt)),
+            col("big", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::BigInt)),
+            col("real_num", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Real)),
+            col(
+                "double_num",
+                ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::DoublePrecision),
+            ),
+            col("text_col", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
+            col("bool_col", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Boolean)),
+            col("date_col", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Date)),
+            col("time_col", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Time)),
+            col("ts_col", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Timestamp)),
+            col(
+                "tstz_col",
+                ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Timestamptz),
+            ),
+            col(
+                "interval_col",
+                ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Interval),
+            ),
+            col("bytea_col", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Bytea)),
+            col("uuid_col", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid)),
+            col("json_col", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Json)),
+            col("inet_col", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Inet)),
+            col("cidr_col", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Cidr)),
+            col("macaddr_col", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Macaddr)),
+            col("xml_col", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Xml)),
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+            auto_increment: false,
+            columns: vec!["id".into()],
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
+    assert!(result.contains("SmallInteger"));
+    assert!(result.contains("BigInteger"));
+    assert!(result.contains("Float")); // Real and DoublePrecision
+    assert!(result.contains("Boolean"));
+    assert!(result.contains("Date"));
+    assert!(result.contains("Time"));
+    assert!(result.contains("DateTime"));
+    assert!(result.contains("Interval"));
+    assert!(result.contains("LargeBinary"));
+    assert!(result.contains("Uuid"));
+    assert!(result.contains("JSON"));
+    assert!(result.contains("String(255)")); // Inet, Cidr, Macaddr
+    assert!(result.contains("from datetime import"));
+    assert!(result.contains("date"));
+    assert!(result.contains("time"));
+    assert!(result.contains("datetime"));
+    assert!(result.contains("from uuid import UUID"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_complex_column_types() {
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "complex_types".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "varchar_col".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Varchar { length: 100 }),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "char_col".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Char { length: 10 }),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "numeric_col".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Numeric {
+                    precision: 10,
+                    scale: 2,
+                }),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "custom_col".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Custom {
+                    custom_type: "CUSTOM_TYPE".into(),
+                }),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+            auto_increment: false,
+            columns: vec!["id".into()],
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
+    assert!(result.contains("String(100)")); // Varchar
+    assert!(result.contains("String(10)")); // Char
+    assert!(result.contains("Numeric(10, 2)"));
+    assert!(result.contains("\"CUSTOM_TYPE\""));
+    assert!(result.contains("from decimal import Decimal"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_table_with_composite_unique() {
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "composite_unique".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("tenant_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("name", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![
+            TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+                auto_increment: false,
+                columns: vec!["id".into()],
+            },
+            TableConstraint::Unique {
+                name: Some("uq_tenant_name".into()),
+                columns: vec!["tenant_id".into(), "name".into()],
+            },
+        ],
+    };
+
+    let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
+    assert!(result.contains("UniqueConstraint"));
+    assert!(result.contains("uq_tenant_name"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_table_with_server_default() {
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "with_defaults".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "created_at".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Timestamptz),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: Some("now()".into()),
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "status".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: Some("'active'".into()),
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "count".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: Some("0".into()),
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+            auto_increment: false,
+            columns: vec!["id".into()],
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
+    assert!(result.contains("server_default=text(\"now()\")"));
+    assert!(result.contains("server_default='active'"));
+    assert!(result.contains("server_default=\"0\""));
+    assert!(result.contains("from sqlalchemy import")); // Should include text
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_nullable_enum() {
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "nullable_enum".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "status".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+                    name: "status_type".into(),
+                    values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into()]),
+                }),
+                nullable: true,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+            auto_increment: false,
+            columns: vec!["id".into()],
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
+    assert!(result.contains("Optional[StatusType]"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_table_without_description() {
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "no_desc".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
+        constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+            auto_increment: false,
+            columns: vec!["id".into()],
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
+    assert!(result.contains("class NoDesc(DeclarativeBase):"));
+    assert!(!result.contains("\"\"\""));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_to_pascal_case_empty_segment() {
+    // Test case with consecutive underscores creating empty segments
+    assert_eq!(to_pascal_case("a__b"), "AB");
+    assert_eq!(to_pascal_case(""), "");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_composite_foreign_key_uses_table_args() {
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "composite_fk".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("ref_id1", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("ref_id2", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![
+            TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+                auto_increment: false,
+                columns: vec!["id".into()],
+            },
+            TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                name: None,
+                columns: vec!["ref_id1".into(), "ref_id2".into()],
+                ref_table: "other".into(),
+                ref_columns: vec!["id1".into(), "id2".into()],
+                on_delete: None,
+                on_update: None,
+            },
+        ],
+    };
+
+    let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
+    assert!(result.contains("ForeignKeyConstraint"));
+    assert!(result.contains(
+        "ForeignKeyConstraint([\"ref_id1\", \"ref_id2\"], [\"other.id1\", \"other.id2\"]),"
+    ));
+    // Composite FK should not generate ForeignKey() for individual columns.
+    assert!(!result.contains("ForeignKey(\"other.id1\")"));
+    assert!(!result.contains("ForeignKey(\"other.id2\")"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_unnamed_composite_unique() {
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "unnamed_unique".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("col_a", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("col_b", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![
+            TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+                auto_increment: false,
+                columns: vec!["id".into()],
+            },
+            TableConstraint::Unique {
+                name: None,
+                columns: vec!["col_a".into(), "col_b".into()],
+            },
+        ],
+    };
+
+    let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
+    assert!(result.contains("UniqueConstraint(\"col_a\", \"col_b\"),"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_used_types_smallint() {
+    let mut used = UsedTypes::default();
+    used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::SmallInt), false);
+    assert!(used.sa_types.contains("SmallInteger"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_used_types_integer() {
+    let mut used = UsedTypes::default();
+    used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer), false);
+    assert!(used.sa_types.contains("Integer"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_used_types_bigint() {
+    let mut used = UsedTypes::default();
+    used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::BigInt), false);
+    assert!(used.sa_types.contains("BigInteger"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_used_types_real() {
+    let mut used = UsedTypes::default();
+    used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Real), false);
+    assert!(used.sa_types.contains("Float"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_used_types_double_precision() {
+    let mut used = UsedTypes::default();
+    used.add_column_type(
+        &ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::DoublePrecision),
+        false,
+    );
+    assert!(used.sa_types.contains("Float"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_used_types_text() {
+    let mut used = UsedTypes::default();
+    used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text), false);
+    assert!(used.sa_types.contains("Text"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_used_types_boolean() {
+    let mut used = UsedTypes::default();
+    used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Boolean), false);
+    assert!(used.sa_types.contains("Boolean"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_used_types_date() {
+    let mut used = UsedTypes::default();
+    used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Date), false);
+    assert!(used.sa_types.contains("Date"));
+    assert!(used.datetime_types.contains("date"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_used_types_time() {
+    let mut used = UsedTypes::default();
+    used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Time), false);
+    assert!(used.sa_types.contains("Time"));
+    assert!(used.datetime_types.contains("time"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_used_types_timestamp() {
+    let mut used = UsedTypes::default();
+    used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Timestamp), false);
+    assert!(used.sa_types.contains("DateTime"));
+    assert!(used.datetime_types.contains("datetime"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_used_types_timestamptz() {
+    let mut used = UsedTypes::default();
+    used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Timestamptz), false);
+    assert!(used.sa_types.contains("DateTime"));
+    assert!(used.datetime_types.contains("datetime"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_used_types_interval() {
+    let mut used = UsedTypes::default();
+    used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Interval), false);
+    assert!(used.sa_types.contains("Interval"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_used_types_bytea() {
+    let mut used = UsedTypes::default();
+    used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Bytea), false);
+    assert!(used.sa_types.contains("LargeBinary"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_used_types_uuid() {
+    let mut used = UsedTypes::default();
+    used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid), false);
+    assert!(used.sa_types.contains("Uuid"));
+    assert!(used.needs_uuid);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_used_types_json() {
+    let mut used = UsedTypes::default();
+    used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Json), false);
+    assert!(used.sa_types.contains("JSON"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_used_types_inet() {
+    let mut used = UsedTypes::default();
+    used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Inet), false);
+    assert!(used.sa_types.contains("String"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_used_types_cidr() {
+    let mut used = UsedTypes::default();
+    used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Cidr), false);
+    assert!(used.sa_types.contains("String"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_used_types_macaddr() {
+    let mut used = UsedTypes::default();
+    used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Macaddr), false);
+    assert!(used.sa_types.contains("String"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_used_types_xml() {
+    let mut used = UsedTypes::default();
+    used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Xml), false);
+    assert!(used.sa_types.contains("Text"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_used_types_varchar() {
+    let mut used = UsedTypes::default();
+    used.add_column_type(
+        &ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Varchar { length: 100 }),
+        false,
+    );
+    assert!(used.sa_types.contains("String"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_used_types_char() {
+    let mut used = UsedTypes::default();
+    used.add_column_type(
+        &ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Char { length: 10 }),
+        false,
+    );
+    assert!(used.sa_types.contains("String"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_used_types_numeric() {
+    let mut used = UsedTypes::default();
+    used.add_column_type(
+        &ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Numeric {
+            precision: 10,
+            scale: 2,
+        }),
+        false,
+    );
+    assert!(used.sa_types.contains("Numeric"));
+    assert!(used.needs_decimal);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_used_types_custom() {
+    let mut used = UsedTypes::default();
+    let initial_count = used.sa_types.len();
+    used.add_column_type(
+        &ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Custom {
+            custom_type: "FOO".into(),
+        }),
+        false,
+    );
+    // Custom type doesn't add any sa_types - verify count unchanged
+    assert_eq!(used.sa_types.len(), initial_count);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_used_types_enum_string() {
+    let mut used = UsedTypes::default();
+    used.add_column_type(
+        &ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+            name: "status".into(),
+            values: EnumValues::String(vec!["a".into()]),
+        }),
+        false,
+    );
+    assert!(used.sa_types.contains("Enum"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_used_types_enum_integer() {
+    let mut used = UsedTypes::default();
+    used.add_column_type(
+        &ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+            name: "priority".into(),
+            values: EnumValues::Integer(vec![NumValue {
+                name: "Low".into(),
+                value: 0,
+            }]),
+        }),
+        false,
+    );
+    assert!(used.sa_types.contains("Integer"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_used_types_nullable_sets_optional() {
+    let mut used = UsedTypes::default();
+    assert!(!used.needs_optional);
+    used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer), true);
+    assert!(used.needs_optional);
+}
+
+/// Comprehensive test that exercises ALL branches of `add_column_type` in a single test.
+/// This ensures tarpaulin sees all branches as covered.
+#[test]
+fn test_used_types_all_branches_comprehensive() {
+    let mut used = UsedTypes::default();
+
+    // Simple types - each branch
+    used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::SmallInt), false);
+    assert!(used.sa_types.contains("SmallInteger"));
+
+    used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer), false);
+    assert!(used.sa_types.contains("Integer"));
+
+    used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::BigInt), false);
+    assert!(used.sa_types.contains("BigInteger"));
+
+    used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Real), false);
+    assert!(used.sa_types.contains("Float"));
+
+    used.add_column_type(
+        &ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::DoublePrecision),
+        false,
+    );
+    // Float already added by Real
+
+    used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text), false);
+    assert!(used.sa_types.contains("Text"));
+
+    used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Boolean), false);
+    assert!(used.sa_types.contains("Boolean"));
+
+    used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Date), false);
+    assert!(used.sa_types.contains("Date"));
+    assert!(used.datetime_types.contains("date"));
+
+    used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Time), false);
+    assert!(used.sa_types.contains("Time"));
+    assert!(used.datetime_types.contains("time"));
+
+    used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Timestamp), false);
+    assert!(used.sa_types.contains("DateTime"));
+    assert!(used.datetime_types.contains("datetime"));
+
+    used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Timestamptz), false);
+    // DateTime already added
+
+    used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Interval), false);
+    assert!(used.sa_types.contains("Interval"));
+
+    used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Bytea), false);
+    assert!(used.sa_types.contains("LargeBinary"));
+
+    used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid), false);
+    assert!(used.sa_types.contains("Uuid"));
+    assert!(used.needs_uuid);
+
+    used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Json), false);
+    assert!(used.sa_types.contains("JSON"));
+
+    used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Inet), false);
+    assert!(used.sa_types.contains("String"));
+
+    used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Cidr), false);
+    used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Macaddr), false);
+
+    used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Xml), false);
+    // Text already added
+
+    // Complex types
+    used.add_column_type(
+        &ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Varchar { length: 100 }),
+        false,
+    );
+    used.add_column_type(
+        &ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Char { length: 10 }),
+        false,
+    );
+
+    used.add_column_type(
+        &ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Numeric {
+            precision: 10,
+            scale: 2,
+        }),
+        false,
+    );
+    assert!(used.sa_types.contains("Numeric"));
+    assert!(used.needs_decimal);
+
+    used.add_column_type(
+        &ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Custom {
+            custom_type: "FOO".into(),
+        }),
+        false,
+    );
+    // Custom doesn't add any type
+
+    used.add_column_type(
+        &ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+            name: "status".into(),
+            values: EnumValues::String(vec!["a".into()]),
+        }),
+        false,
+    );
+    assert!(used.sa_types.contains("Enum"));
+
+    used.add_column_type(
+        &ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+            name: "priority".into(),
+            values: EnumValues::Integer(vec![NumValue {
+                name: "Low".into(),
+                value: 0,
+            }]),
+        }),
+        false,
+    );
+    // Integer already added
+
+    // Test nullable
+    let mut used2 = UsedTypes::default();
+    assert!(!used2.needs_optional);
+    used2.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer), true);
+    assert!(used2.needs_optional);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_json_default_value_escapes_double_quotes() {
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "configs".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "data".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Json),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: Some(r#"{"hello": "world"}"#.into()),
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+            auto_increment: false,
+            columns: vec!["id".into()],
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
+    assert!(
+        result.contains(r#"server_default="{\"hello\": \"world\"}"#),
+        "Expected escaped quotes in server_default, got: {result}"
+    );
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlalchemy/tests_edge_cases.rs b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlalchemy/tests_edge_cases.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..29b1763e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlalchemy/tests_edge_cases.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,192 @@
+use super::render_entity;
+use insta::assert_snapshot;
+use vespertide_core::schema::foreign_key::{ForeignKeyDef, ForeignKeySyntax};
+use vespertide_core::schema::primary_key::PrimaryKeySyntax;
+use vespertide_core::{
+    ColumnDef, ColumnType, ComplexColumnType, EnumValues, NumValue, ReferenceAction,
+    SimpleColumnType, StrOrBoolOrArray, TableDef,
+};
+
+fn simple_type(name: &str, ty: SimpleColumnType, nullable: bool) -> ColumnDef {
+    ColumnDef::new(name, ColumnType::Simple(ty), nullable)
+}
+
+fn integer_enum_column() -> ColumnDef {
+    ColumnDef::new(
+        "state",
+        ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+            name: "edge_state".into(),
+            values: EnumValues::Integer(vec![
+                NumValue {
+                    name: "unknown".into(),
+                    value: -1,
+                },
+                NumValue {
+                    name: "not_started".into(),
+                    value: 0,
+                },
+                NumValue {
+                    name: "InProgress".into(),
+                    value: 10,
+                },
+                NumValue {
+                    name: "HTTP_500".into(),
+                    value: 500,
+                },
+            ]),
+        }),
+        false,
+    )
+}
+
+fn render_snapshot(table: &TableDef) -> String {
+    let rendered = render_entity(&table.normalize().unwrap()).unwrap();
+    normalize_datetime_import(&rendered)
+}
+
+fn normalize_datetime_import(rendered: &str) -> String {
+    rendered
+        .lines()
+        .map(|line| {
+            if line.starts_with("from datetime import ") {
+                "from datetime import date, datetime, time".to_string()
+            } else {
+                line.to_string()
+            }
+        })
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+        .join("\n")
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn snapshot_self_referencing_fk() {
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "employees".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            simple_type("id", SimpleColumnType::Integer, false)
+                .primary_key(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
+            simple_type("manager_id", SimpleColumnType::Integer, true).foreign_key(
+                ForeignKeySyntax::Object(ForeignKeyDef {
+                    ref_table: "employees".into(),
+                    ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+                    on_delete: Some(ReferenceAction::SetNull),
+                    on_update: None,
+                }),
+            ),
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    };
+
+    let rendered = render_snapshot(&table);
+    assert_snapshot!(rendered);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn snapshot_all_simple_types() {
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "type_matrix".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            simple_type("c_int", SimpleColumnType::Integer, false),
+            simple_type("c_bigint", SimpleColumnType::BigInt, false),
+            simple_type("c_smallint", SimpleColumnType::SmallInt, false),
+            simple_type("c_text", SimpleColumnType::Text, true),
+            simple_type("c_bool", SimpleColumnType::Boolean, false),
+            simple_type("c_real", SimpleColumnType::Real, false),
+            simple_type("c_double", SimpleColumnType::DoublePrecision, false),
+            simple_type("c_date", SimpleColumnType::Date, true),
+            simple_type("c_time", SimpleColumnType::Time, true),
+            simple_type("c_ts", SimpleColumnType::Timestamp, true),
+            simple_type("c_tstz", SimpleColumnType::Timestamptz, true),
+            simple_type("c_interval", SimpleColumnType::Interval, true),
+            simple_type("c_uuid", SimpleColumnType::Uuid, false),
+            simple_type("c_json", SimpleColumnType::Json, true),
+            simple_type("c_bytea", SimpleColumnType::Bytea, true),
+            simple_type("c_inet", SimpleColumnType::Inet, true),
+            simple_type("c_cidr", SimpleColumnType::Cidr, true),
+            simple_type("c_macaddr", SimpleColumnType::Macaddr, true),
+            simple_type("c_xml", SimpleColumnType::Xml, true),
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    };
+
+    let rendered = render_snapshot(&table);
+    assert_snapshot!(rendered);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn snapshot_reserved_word_identifiers() {
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "order".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            simple_type("id", SimpleColumnType::Integer, false)
+                .primary_key(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
+            simple_type("user", SimpleColumnType::Text, false),
+            simple_type("select", SimpleColumnType::Integer, false),
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    };
+
+    let rendered = render_snapshot(&table);
+    assert_snapshot!(rendered);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn snapshot_composite_primary_key() {
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "membership".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            simple_type("tenant_id", SimpleColumnType::Integer, false)
+                .primary_key(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
+            simple_type("user_id", SimpleColumnType::Integer, false)
+                .primary_key(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
+            simple_type("role", SimpleColumnType::Text, false),
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    };
+
+    let rendered = render_snapshot(&table);
+    assert_snapshot!(rendered);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn snapshot_composite_unique_constraint() {
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "account_aliases".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            simple_type("id", SimpleColumnType::Integer, false)
+                .primary_key(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
+            simple_type("tenant_id", SimpleColumnType::Integer, false).unique(
+                StrOrBoolOrArray::Array(vec!["uq_account_aliases__tenant_slug".into()]),
+            ),
+            simple_type("slug", SimpleColumnType::Text, false).unique(StrOrBoolOrArray::Array(
+                vec!["uq_account_aliases__tenant_slug".into()],
+            )),
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    };
+
+    let rendered = render_snapshot(&table);
+    assert_snapshot!(rendered);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn snapshot_integer_enum_all_variant_types() {
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "workflow_runs".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            simple_type("id", SimpleColumnType::Integer, false)
+                .primary_key(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
+            integer_enum_column(),
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    };
+
+    let rendered = render_snapshot(&table);
+    assert_snapshot!(rendered);
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlalchemy/types.rs b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlalchemy/types.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4a724f15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlalchemy/types.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,210 @@
+use std::collections::{BTreeSet, HashSet};
+
+use super::render::to_pascal_case;
+use vespertide_core::schema::column::{
+    ColumnType, ComplexColumnType, EnumValues, SimpleColumnType,
+};
+
+/// Track which types are actually used to generate minimal imports
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub(super) struct UsedTypes<'a> {
+    pub(super) sa_types: HashSet<&'a str>,
+    pub(super) datetime_types: BTreeSet<&'a str>,
+    pub(super) needs_optional: bool,
+    pub(super) needs_uuid: bool,
+    pub(super) needs_decimal: bool,
+}
+
+impl UsedTypes<'_> {
+    pub(super) fn merge(&mut self, other: Self) {
+        self.sa_types.extend(other.sa_types);
+        self.datetime_types.extend(other.datetime_types);
+        self.needs_optional |= other.needs_optional;
+        self.needs_uuid |= other.needs_uuid;
+        self.needs_decimal |= other.needs_decimal;
+    }
+
+    pub(super) fn add_column_type(&mut self, col_type: &ColumnType, nullable: bool) {
+        if nullable {
+            self.needs_optional = true;
+        }
+
+        match col_type {
+            ColumnType::Simple(ty) => self.add_simple_type(ty),
+            ColumnType::Complex(ty) => self.add_complex_type(ty),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn add_simple_type(&mut self, ty: &SimpleColumnType) {
+        match ty {
+            SimpleColumnType::SmallInt => {
+                self.sa_types.insert("SmallInteger");
+            }
+            SimpleColumnType::Integer => {
+                self.sa_types.insert("Integer");
+            }
+            SimpleColumnType::BigInt => {
+                self.sa_types.insert("BigInteger");
+            }
+            SimpleColumnType::Real | SimpleColumnType::DoublePrecision => {
+                self.sa_types.insert("Float");
+            }
+            SimpleColumnType::Text | SimpleColumnType::Xml => {
+                self.sa_types.insert("Text");
+            }
+            SimpleColumnType::Boolean => {
+                self.sa_types.insert("Boolean");
+            }
+            SimpleColumnType::Date => {
+                self.sa_types.insert("Date");
+                self.datetime_types.insert("date");
+            }
+            SimpleColumnType::Time => {
+                self.sa_types.insert("Time");
+                self.datetime_types.insert("time");
+            }
+            SimpleColumnType::Timestamp | SimpleColumnType::Timestamptz => {
+                self.sa_types.insert("DateTime");
+                self.datetime_types.insert("datetime");
+            }
+            SimpleColumnType::Interval => {
+                self.sa_types.insert("Interval");
+            }
+            SimpleColumnType::Bytea => {
+                self.sa_types.insert("LargeBinary");
+            }
+            SimpleColumnType::Uuid => {
+                self.sa_types.insert("Uuid");
+                self.needs_uuid = true;
+            }
+            SimpleColumnType::Json => {
+                self.sa_types.insert("JSON");
+            }
+            SimpleColumnType::Inet | SimpleColumnType::Cidr | SimpleColumnType::Macaddr => {
+                self.sa_types.insert("String");
+            }
+            _ => unreachable!(
+                "SimpleColumnType is #[non_exhaustive]; all variants are matched above"
+            ),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn add_complex_type(&mut self, ty: &ComplexColumnType) {
+        match ty {
+            ComplexColumnType::Varchar { .. } | ComplexColumnType::Char { .. } => {
+                self.sa_types.insert("String");
+            }
+            ComplexColumnType::Numeric { .. } => {
+                self.sa_types.insert("Numeric");
+                self.needs_decimal = true;
+            }
+            ComplexColumnType::Custom { .. } => {}
+            ComplexColumnType::Enum { values, .. } => match values {
+                EnumValues::String(_) => {
+                    self.sa_types.insert("Enum");
+                }
+                EnumValues::Integer(_) => {
+                    self.sa_types.insert("Integer");
+                }
+            },
+            _ => unreachable!(
+                "ComplexColumnType is #[non_exhaustive]; all variants are matched above"
+            ),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub(super) fn column_type_to_python(col_type: &ColumnType, nullable: bool) -> String {
+    let base = match col_type {
+        ColumnType::Simple(ty) => match ty {
+            SimpleColumnType::SmallInt | SimpleColumnType::Integer | SimpleColumnType::BigInt => {
+                "int"
+            }
+            SimpleColumnType::Real | SimpleColumnType::DoublePrecision => "float",
+            SimpleColumnType::Text
+            | SimpleColumnType::Interval
+            | SimpleColumnType::Inet
+            | SimpleColumnType::Cidr
+            | SimpleColumnType::Macaddr
+            | SimpleColumnType::Xml => "str",
+            SimpleColumnType::Boolean => "bool",
+            SimpleColumnType::Date => "date",
+            SimpleColumnType::Time => "time",
+            SimpleColumnType::Timestamp | SimpleColumnType::Timestamptz => "datetime",
+            SimpleColumnType::Bytea => "bytes",
+            SimpleColumnType::Uuid => "UUID",
+            SimpleColumnType::Json => "dict",
+            _ => unreachable!(
+                "SimpleColumnType is #[non_exhaustive]; all variants are matched above"
+            ),
+        },
+        ColumnType::Complex(ty) => match ty {
+            ComplexColumnType::Numeric { .. } => "Decimal",
+            ComplexColumnType::Varchar { .. }
+            | ComplexColumnType::Char { .. }
+            | ComplexColumnType::Custom { .. } => "str",
+            ComplexColumnType::Enum { name, .. } => {
+                return if nullable {
+                    format!("Optional[{}]", to_pascal_case(name))
+                } else {
+                    to_pascal_case(name)
+                };
+            }
+            _ => unreachable!(
+                "ComplexColumnType is #[non_exhaustive]; all variants are matched above"
+            ),
+        },
+    };
+
+    if nullable {
+        format!("Optional[{base}]")
+    } else {
+        base.to_string()
+    }
+}
+
+pub(super) fn column_type_to_sqlalchemy(col_type: &ColumnType) -> String {
+    match col_type {
+        ColumnType::Simple(ty) => match ty {
+            SimpleColumnType::SmallInt => "SmallInteger".into(),
+            SimpleColumnType::Integer => "Integer".into(),
+            SimpleColumnType::BigInt => "BigInteger".into(),
+            SimpleColumnType::Real | SimpleColumnType::DoublePrecision => "Float".into(),
+            SimpleColumnType::Text | SimpleColumnType::Xml => "Text".into(),
+            SimpleColumnType::Boolean => "Boolean".into(),
+            SimpleColumnType::Date => "Date".into(),
+            SimpleColumnType::Time => "Time".into(),
+            SimpleColumnType::Timestamp => "DateTime".into(),
+            SimpleColumnType::Timestamptz => "DateTime(timezone=True)".into(),
+            SimpleColumnType::Interval => "Interval".into(),
+            SimpleColumnType::Bytea => "LargeBinary".into(),
+            SimpleColumnType::Uuid => "Uuid".into(),
+            SimpleColumnType::Json => "JSON".into(),
+            SimpleColumnType::Inet | SimpleColumnType::Cidr | SimpleColumnType::Macaddr => {
+                "String(255)".into()
+            }
+            _ => unreachable!(
+                "SimpleColumnType is #[non_exhaustive]; all variants are matched above"
+            ),
+        },
+        ColumnType::Complex(ty) => match ty {
+            ComplexColumnType::Numeric { precision, scale } => {
+                format!("Numeric({precision}, {scale})")
+            }
+            ComplexColumnType::Varchar { length } | ComplexColumnType::Char { length } => {
+                format!("String({length})")
+            }
+            ComplexColumnType::Custom { custom_type } => format!("\"{custom_type}\""),
+            ComplexColumnType::Enum { name, values } => {
+                let class_name = to_pascal_case(name);
+                match values {
+                    EnumValues::String(_) => format!("Enum({class_name})"),
+                    EnumValues::Integer(_) => "Integer".into(), // Integer enums stored as INTEGER
+                }
+            }
+            _ => unreachable!(
+                "ComplexColumnType is #[non_exhaustive]; all variants are matched above"
+            ),
+        },
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlmodel/enums.rs b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlmodel/enums.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4d95a925
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlmodel/enums.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+use vespertide_core::schema::column::EnumValues;
+
+pub(super) fn render_enum(lines: &mut Vec<String>, name: &str, values: &EnumValues) {
+    let class_name = to_pascal_case(name);
+
+    match values {
+        EnumValues::String(vals) => {
+            lines.push(format!("class {class_name}(str, enum.Enum):"));
+            for val in vals {
+                let variant_name = to_screaming_snake_case(val);
+                lines.push(format!("    {variant_name} = \"{val}\""));
+            }
+        }
+        EnumValues::Integer(vals) => {
+            lines.push(format!("class {class_name}(enum.IntEnum):"));
+            for val in vals {
+                lines.push(format!("    {} = {}", val.name, val.value));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub(super) fn to_pascal_case(s: &str) -> String {
+    s.split('_')
+        .map(|word| {
+            let mut chars = word.chars();
+            match chars.next() {
+                None => String::new(),
+                Some(first) => first.to_uppercase().chain(chars).collect(),
+            }
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
+pub(super) fn to_screaming_snake_case(s: &str) -> String {
+    let mut result = String::new();
+    for (i, ch) in s.chars().enumerate() {
+        if ch.is_uppercase() && i > 0 {
+            result.push('_');
+        }
+        result.push(ch.to_ascii_uppercase());
+    }
+    // Replace any non-alphanumeric with underscore
+    result
+        .chars()
+        .map(|c| {
+            if c.is_alphanumeric() || c == '_' {
+                c
+            } else {
+                '_'
+            }
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlmodel/mod.rs b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlmodel/mod.rs
index 6bac4b83..52c21b0d 100644
--- a/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlmodel/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlmodel/mod.rs
@@ -1,54 +1,16 @@
-use std::collections::HashSet;
+mod enums;
+mod render;
+mod types;
 
-use crate::orm::OrmExporter;
-use vespertide_core::schema::column::{
-    ColumnType, ComplexColumnType, EnumValues, SimpleColumnType,
-};
-use vespertide_core::schema::constraint::TableConstraint;
-use vespertide_core::{ColumnDef, TableDef};
-
-/// Track which types are actually used to generate minimal imports
-#[derive(Default)]
-struct UsedTypes<'a> {
-    datetime_types: HashSet<&'a str>,
-    needs_optional: bool,
-    needs_uuid: bool,
-    needs_decimal: bool,
-    needs_index: bool,
-    needs_unique_constraint: bool,
-    needs_text: bool,
-}
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests;
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests_edge_cases;
 
-impl<'a> UsedTypes<'a> {
-    fn add_column_type(&mut self, col_type: &ColumnType, nullable: bool) {
-        if nullable {
-            self.needs_optional = true;
-        }
+use crate::orm::OrmExporter;
+use vespertide_core::TableDef;
 
-        match col_type {
-            ColumnType::Simple(ty) => match ty {
-                SimpleColumnType::Date => {
-                    self.datetime_types.insert("date");
-                }
-                SimpleColumnType::Time => {
-                    self.datetime_types.insert("time");
-                }
-                SimpleColumnType::Timestamp | SimpleColumnType::Timestamptz => {
-                    self.datetime_types.insert("datetime");
-                }
-                SimpleColumnType::Uuid => {
-                    self.needs_uuid = true;
-                }
-                _ => {}
-            },
-            ColumnType::Complex(ty) => {
-                if let ComplexColumnType::Numeric { .. } = ty {
-                    self.needs_decimal = true;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
+pub use render::{render_entities, render_entity};
 
 pub struct SqlModelExporter;
 
@@ -57,1326 +19,3 @@ impl OrmExporter for SqlModelExporter {
         render_entity(table)
     }
 }
-
-/// Render a SQLModel model for the given table definition.
-pub fn render_entity(table: &TableDef) -> Result<String, String> {
-    let mut lines: Vec<String> = Vec::new();
-
-    // Collect enums for this table
-    let enums: Vec<(&str, &EnumValues)> = table
-        .columns
-        .iter()
-        .filter_map(|col| {
-            if let ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum { name, values }) = &col.r#type {
-                Some((name.as_str(), values))
-            } else {
-                None
-            }
-        })
-        .collect();
-
-    // Collect used types
-    let mut used_types = UsedTypes::default();
-    for col in &table.columns {
-        used_types.add_column_type(&col.r#type, col.nullable);
-    }
-
-    // Check for composite indexes
-    let has_composite_index = table
-        .constraints
-        .iter()
-        .any(|c| matches!(c, TableConstraint::Index { columns, .. } if columns.len() > 1));
-    if has_composite_index {
-        used_types.needs_index = true;
-    }
-
-    // Check for composite unique constraints
-    let has_composite_unique = table
-        .constraints
-        .iter()
-        .any(|c| matches!(c, TableConstraint::Unique { columns, .. } if columns.len() > 1));
-    if has_composite_unique {
-        used_types.needs_unique_constraint = true;
-    }
-
-    // Check for server defaults (function calls like now())
-    let has_server_default = table
-        .columns
-        .iter()
-        .any(|c| c.default.as_ref().is_some_and(|d| d.to_sql().contains('(')));
-    if has_server_default {
-        used_types.needs_text = true;
-    }
-
-    // Generate imports
-    lines.push("from __future__ import annotations".into());
-    lines.push("".into());
-    if !enums.is_empty() {
-        lines.push("import enum".into());
-    }
-
-    // datetime imports
-    let datetime_imports: Vec<&str> = used_types.datetime_types.iter().copied().collect();
-    if !datetime_imports.is_empty() {
-        lines.push(format!(
-            "from datetime import {}",
-            datetime_imports.join(", ")
-        ));
-    }
-
-    if used_types.needs_decimal {
-        lines.push("from decimal import Decimal".into());
-    }
-
-    if used_types.needs_optional {
-        lines.push("from typing import Optional".into());
-    }
-
-    if used_types.needs_uuid {
-        lines.push("from uuid import UUID".into());
-    }
-
-    lines.push("".into());
-    lines.push("from sqlmodel import Field, SQLModel".into());
-
-    // SQLAlchemy imports (only if needed)
-    let mut sa_imports: Vec<&str> = Vec::new();
-    if used_types.needs_index {
-        sa_imports.push("Index");
-    }
-    if used_types.needs_unique_constraint {
-        sa_imports.push("UniqueConstraint");
-    }
-    if used_types.needs_text {
-        sa_imports.push("text");
-    }
-    if !sa_imports.is_empty() {
-        lines.push(format!("from sqlalchemy import {}", sa_imports.join(", ")));
-    }
-
-    lines.push("".into());
-    lines.push("".into());
-
-    // Render enum classes
-    for (enum_name, values) in &enums {
-        render_enum(&mut lines, enum_name, values);
-        lines.push("".into());
-    }
-
-    // Class definition
-    let class_name = to_pascal_case(&table.name);
-
-    // Add table description as docstring
-    lines.push(format!("class {}(SQLModel, table=True):", class_name));
-    if let Some(ref desc) = table.description {
-        lines.push(format!("    \"\"\"{}\"\"\"", desc.replace('\n', " ")));
-    }
-
-    lines.push(format!("    __tablename__ = \"{}\"", table.name));
-    lines.push("".into());
-
-    // Collect primary key columns
-    let pk_columns: std::collections::HashSet<String> = table
-        .constraints
-        .iter()
-        .filter_map(|c| {
-            if let TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { columns, .. } = c {
-                Some(columns.clone())
-            } else {
-                None
-            }
-        })
-        .flatten()
-        .collect();
-
-    // Collect unique columns (single-column unique constraints)
-    let unique_columns: std::collections::HashSet<String> = table
-        .constraints
-        .iter()
-        .filter_map(|c| {
-            if let TableConstraint::Unique { columns, .. } = c {
-                if columns.len() == 1 {
-                    Some(columns[0].clone())
-                } else {
-                    None
-                }
-            } else {
-                None
-            }
-        })
-        .collect();
-
-    // Collect indexed columns (single-column indexes)
-    let indexed_columns: std::collections::HashSet<String> = table
-        .constraints
-        .iter()
-        .filter_map(|c| {
-            if let TableConstraint::Index { columns, .. } = c {
-                if columns.len() == 1 {
-                    Some(columns[0].clone())
-                } else {
-                    None
-                }
-            } else {
-                None
-            }
-        })
-        .collect();
-
-    // Collect foreign key info
-    let fk_info: std::collections::HashMap<String, (String, String)> = table
-        .constraints
-        .iter()
-        .filter_map(|c| {
-            if let TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                columns,
-                ref_table,
-                ref_columns,
-                ..
-            } = c
-            {
-                if columns.len() == 1 && ref_columns.len() == 1 {
-                    Some((
-                        columns[0].clone(),
-                        (ref_table.clone(), ref_columns[0].clone()),
-                    ))
-                } else {
-                    None
-                }
-            } else {
-                None
-            }
-        })
-        .collect();
-
-    // Render columns
-    for col in &table.columns {
-        render_column(
-            &mut lines,
-            col,
-            pk_columns.contains(&col.name),
-            unique_columns.contains(&col.name),
-            indexed_columns.contains(&col.name),
-            fk_info.get(&col.name),
-        );
-    }
-
-    // Render table args for composite indexes and unique constraints
-    let composite_indexes: Vec<_> = table
-        .constraints
-        .iter()
-        .filter_map(|c| {
-            if let TableConstraint::Index { name, columns } = c {
-                if columns.len() > 1 {
-                    Some((name.clone(), columns.clone()))
-                } else {
-                    None
-                }
-            } else {
-                None
-            }
-        })
-        .collect();
-
-    let composite_uniques: Vec<_> = table
-        .constraints
-        .iter()
-        .filter_map(|c| {
-            if let TableConstraint::Unique { name, columns } = c {
-                if columns.len() > 1 {
-                    Some((name.clone(), columns.clone()))
-                } else {
-                    None
-                }
-            } else {
-                None
-            }
-        })
-        .collect();
-
-    if !composite_indexes.is_empty() || !composite_uniques.is_empty() {
-        lines.push("".into());
-        lines.push("    __table_args__ = (".into());
-
-        for (name, columns) in &composite_indexes {
-            let cols_str = columns
-                .iter()
-                .map(|c| format!("\"{}\"", c))
-                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-                .join(", ");
-            if let Some(idx_name) = name {
-                lines.push(format!("        Index(\"{}\", {}),", idx_name, cols_str));
-            } else {
-                lines.push(format!("        Index(None, {}),", cols_str));
-            }
-        }
-
-        for (name, columns) in &composite_uniques {
-            let cols_str = columns
-                .iter()
-                .map(|c| format!("\"{}\"", c))
-                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-                .join(", ");
-            if let Some(uq_name) = name {
-                lines.push(format!(
-                    "        UniqueConstraint({}, name=\"{}\"),",
-                    cols_str, uq_name
-                ));
-            } else {
-                lines.push(format!("        UniqueConstraint({}),", cols_str));
-            }
-        }
-
-        lines.push("    )".into());
-    }
-
-    lines.push("".into());
-
-    Ok(lines.join("\n"))
-}
-
-fn render_enum(lines: &mut Vec<String>, name: &str, values: &EnumValues) {
-    let class_name = to_pascal_case(name);
-
-    match values {
-        EnumValues::String(vals) => {
-            lines.push(format!("class {}(str, enum.Enum):", class_name));
-            for val in vals {
-                let variant_name = to_screaming_snake_case(val);
-                lines.push(format!("    {} = \"{}\"", variant_name, val));
-            }
-        }
-        EnumValues::Integer(vals) => {
-            lines.push(format!("class {}(enum.IntEnum):", class_name));
-            for val in vals {
-                lines.push(format!("    {} = {}", val.name, val.value));
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-fn render_column(
-    lines: &mut Vec<String>,
-    col: &ColumnDef,
-    is_pk: bool,
-    is_unique: bool,
-    is_indexed: bool,
-    fk_info: Option<&(String, String)>,
-) {
-    // Add column comment
-    if let Some(ref comment) = col.comment {
-        lines.push(format!("    # {}", comment.replace('\n', " ")));
-    }
-
-    let python_type = column_type_to_python(&col.r#type, col.nullable);
-    let mut field_args: Vec<String> = Vec::new();
-
-    // Default value handling
-    if let Some(ref default) = col.default {
-        let default_str = default.to_sql();
-        // Escape double quotes for embedding in Python strings
-        let escaped = default_str.replace('"', "\\\"");
-        // For server-side defaults, use sa_column_kwargs
-        if default_str.contains('(') {
-            field_args.push(format!(
-                "sa_column_kwargs={{\"server_default\": text(\"{}\")}}",
-                escaped
-            ));
-        } else if default_str == "true" {
-            field_args.push("default=True".into());
-        } else if default_str == "false" {
-            field_args.push("default=False".into());
-        } else if default_str.starts_with('\'') || default_str.starts_with('"') {
-            // String literal - strip quotes for Python
-            let stripped = default_str.trim_matches(|c| c == '\'' || c == '"');
-            let stripped_escaped = stripped.replace('"', "\\\"");
-            field_args.push(format!("default=\"{}\"", stripped_escaped));
-        } else if default_str.parse::<f64>().is_ok() {
-            field_args.push(format!("default={}", default_str));
-        } else {
-            // Assume it's a server default
-            field_args.push(format!(
-                "sa_column_kwargs={{\"server_default\": text(\"{}\")}}",
-                escaped
-            ));
-        }
-    } else if col.nullable {
-        field_args.push("default=None".into());
-    }
-
-    // Primary key
-    if is_pk {
-        field_args.push("primary_key=True".into());
-    }
-
-    // Foreign key
-    if let Some((ref_table, ref_col)) = fk_info {
-        field_args.push(format!("foreign_key=\"{}.{}\"", ref_table, ref_col));
-    }
-
-    // Unique
-    if is_unique && !is_pk {
-        field_args.push("unique=True".into());
-    }
-
-    // Index (for single-column indexes)
-    if is_indexed && !is_pk {
-        field_args.push("index=True".into());
-    }
-
-    // Build field definition
-    let field_str = if field_args.is_empty() {
-        "Field(...)".into()
-    } else {
-        format!("Field({})", field_args.join(", "))
-    };
-
-    lines.push(format!("    {}: {} = {}", col.name, python_type, field_str));
-}
-
-fn column_type_to_python(col_type: &ColumnType, nullable: bool) -> String {
-    let base = match col_type {
-        ColumnType::Simple(ty) => match ty {
-            SimpleColumnType::SmallInt => "int",
-            SimpleColumnType::Integer => "int",
-            SimpleColumnType::BigInt => "int",
-            SimpleColumnType::Real => "float",
-            SimpleColumnType::DoublePrecision => "float",
-            SimpleColumnType::Text => "str",
-            SimpleColumnType::Boolean => "bool",
-            SimpleColumnType::Date => "date",
-            SimpleColumnType::Time => "time",
-            SimpleColumnType::Timestamp => "datetime",
-            SimpleColumnType::Timestamptz => "datetime",
-            SimpleColumnType::Interval => "str",
-            SimpleColumnType::Bytea => "bytes",
-            SimpleColumnType::Uuid => "UUID",
-            SimpleColumnType::Json => "dict",
-            SimpleColumnType::Inet | SimpleColumnType::Cidr => "str",
-            SimpleColumnType::Macaddr => "str",
-            SimpleColumnType::Xml => "str",
-        },
-        ColumnType::Complex(ty) => match ty {
-            ComplexColumnType::Varchar { .. } => "str",
-            ComplexColumnType::Numeric { .. } => "Decimal",
-            ComplexColumnType::Char { .. } => "str",
-            ComplexColumnType::Custom { .. } => "str",
-            ComplexColumnType::Enum { name, .. } => {
-                return if nullable {
-                    format!("Optional[{}]", to_pascal_case(name))
-                } else {
-                    to_pascal_case(name)
-                };
-            }
-        },
-    };
-
-    if nullable {
-        format!("Optional[{}]", base)
-    } else {
-        base.to_string()
-    }
-}
-
-fn to_pascal_case(s: &str) -> String {
-    s.split('_')
-        .map(|word| {
-            let mut chars = word.chars();
-            match chars.next() {
-                None => String::new(),
-                Some(first) => first.to_uppercase().chain(chars).collect(),
-            }
-        })
-        .collect()
-}
-
-fn to_screaming_snake_case(s: &str) -> String {
-    let mut result = String::new();
-    for (i, ch) in s.chars().enumerate() {
-        if ch.is_uppercase() && i > 0 {
-            result.push('_');
-        }
-        result.push(ch.to_ascii_uppercase());
-    }
-    // Replace any non-alphanumeric with underscore
-    result
-        .chars()
-        .map(|c| {
-            if c.is_alphanumeric() || c == '_' {
-                c
-            } else {
-                '_'
-            }
-        })
-        .collect()
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use super::*;
-    use insta::assert_snapshot;
-    use rstest::rstest;
-    use vespertide_core::schema::column::NumValue;
-
-    fn col(name: &str, ty: ColumnType) -> ColumnDef {
-        ColumnDef {
-            name: name.to_string(),
-            r#type: ty,
-            nullable: false,
-            default: None,
-            comment: None,
-            primary_key: None,
-            unique: None,
-            index: None,
-            foreign_key: None,
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_basic_table() {
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "users".into(),
-            description: Some("User accounts table".into()),
-            columns: vec![
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "id".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: Some("Primary key".into()),
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "email".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: Some("User email address".into()),
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "name".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                    nullable: true,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![
-                TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                    auto_increment: true,
-                    columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                },
-                TableConstraint::Unique {
-                    name: None,
-                    columns: vec!["email".into()],
-                },
-            ],
-        };
-
-        let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
-        assert_snapshot!(result);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_table_with_enum() {
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "orders".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "status".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                        name: "order_status".into(),
-                        values: EnumValues::String(vec![
-                            "pending".into(),
-                            "shipped".into(),
-                            "delivered".into(),
-                        ]),
-                    }),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                auto_increment: false,
-                columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
-        assert_snapshot!(result);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_table_with_integer_enum() {
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "tasks".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "priority".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                        name: "priority_level".into(),
-                        values: EnumValues::Integer(vec![
-                            NumValue {
-                                name: "Low".into(),
-                                value: 0,
-                            },
-                            NumValue {
-                                name: "Medium".into(),
-                                value: 1,
-                            },
-                            NumValue {
-                                name: "High".into(),
-                                value: 2,
-                            },
-                        ]),
-                    }),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                auto_increment: false,
-                columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
-        assert_snapshot!(result);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_table_with_foreign_key() {
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "posts".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                col("user_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                col("title", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![
-                TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                    auto_increment: false,
-                    columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                },
-                TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                    name: None,
-                    columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
-                    ref_table: "users".into(),
-                    ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                    on_delete: None,
-                    on_update: None,
-                },
-            ],
-        };
-
-        let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
-        assert_snapshot!(result);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_table_with_indexes() {
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "articles".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                col("title", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
-                col(
-                    "created_at",
-                    ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Timestamptz),
-                ),
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![
-                TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                    auto_increment: false,
-                    columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                },
-                TableConstraint::Index {
-                    name: Some("idx_articles_created_at".into()),
-                    columns: vec!["created_at".into()],
-                },
-                TableConstraint::Index {
-                    name: None,
-                    columns: vec!["title".into()],
-                },
-            ],
-        };
-
-        let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
-        assert_snapshot!(result);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_table_with_default_values() {
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "settings".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "is_active".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Boolean),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: Some("true".into()),
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "count".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: Some("0".into()),
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "created_at".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Timestamptz),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: Some("now()".into()),
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                auto_increment: false,
-                columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
-        assert_snapshot!(result);
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case("hello_world", "HelloWorld")]
-    #[case("user_id", "UserId")]
-    #[case("simple", "Simple")]
-    fn test_to_pascal_case(#[case] input: &str, #[case] expected: &str) {
-        assert_eq!(to_pascal_case(input), expected);
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case("pending", "PENDING")]
-    #[case("inProgress", "IN_PROGRESS")]
-    #[case("order-status", "ORDER_STATUS")]
-    fn test_to_screaming_snake_case(#[case] input: &str, #[case] expected: &str) {
-        assert_eq!(to_screaming_snake_case(input), expected);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_all_simple_column_types() {
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "all_types".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                col("small", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::SmallInt)),
-                col("big", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::BigInt)),
-                col("real_num", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Real)),
-                col(
-                    "double_num",
-                    ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::DoublePrecision),
-                ),
-                col("text_col", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
-                col("bool_col", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Boolean)),
-                col("date_col", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Date)),
-                col("time_col", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Time)),
-                col("ts_col", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Timestamp)),
-                col(
-                    "tstz_col",
-                    ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Timestamptz),
-                ),
-                col(
-                    "interval_col",
-                    ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Interval),
-                ),
-                col("bytea_col", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Bytea)),
-                col("uuid_col", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid)),
-                col("json_col", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Json)),
-                col("inet_col", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Inet)),
-                col("cidr_col", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Cidr)),
-                col("macaddr_col", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Macaddr)),
-                col("xml_col", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Xml)),
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                auto_increment: false,
-                columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
-        // Check Python types are correct
-        assert!(result.contains("small: int"));
-        assert!(result.contains("big: int"));
-        assert!(result.contains("real_num: float"));
-        assert!(result.contains("double_num: float"));
-        assert!(result.contains("text_col: str"));
-        assert!(result.contains("bool_col: bool"));
-        assert!(result.contains("date_col: date"));
-        assert!(result.contains("time_col: time"));
-        assert!(result.contains("ts_col: datetime"));
-        assert!(result.contains("tstz_col: datetime"));
-        assert!(result.contains("interval_col: str"));
-        assert!(result.contains("bytea_col: bytes"));
-        assert!(result.contains("uuid_col: UUID"));
-        assert!(result.contains("json_col: dict"));
-        assert!(result.contains("inet_col: str"));
-        assert!(result.contains("cidr_col: str"));
-        assert!(result.contains("macaddr_col: str"));
-        assert!(result.contains("xml_col: str"));
-        assert!(result.contains("from datetime import"));
-        assert!(result.contains("date"));
-        assert!(result.contains("time"));
-        assert!(result.contains("datetime"));
-        assert!(result.contains("from uuid import UUID"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_complex_column_types() {
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "complex_types".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "varchar_col".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Varchar { length: 100 }),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "char_col".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Char { length: 10 }),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "numeric_col".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Numeric {
-                        precision: 10,
-                        scale: 2,
-                    }),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "custom_col".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Custom {
-                        custom_type: "CUSTOM_TYPE".into(),
-                    }),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                auto_increment: false,
-                columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
-        assert!(result.contains("varchar_col: str"));
-        assert!(result.contains("char_col: str"));
-        assert!(result.contains("numeric_col: Decimal"));
-        assert!(result.contains("custom_col: str"));
-        assert!(result.contains("from decimal import Decimal"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_table_with_composite_index() {
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "composite_index".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                col("tenant_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                col("name", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![
-                TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                    auto_increment: false,
-                    columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                },
-                TableConstraint::Index {
-                    name: Some("idx_tenant_name".into()),
-                    columns: vec!["tenant_id".into(), "name".into()],
-                },
-            ],
-        };
-
-        let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
-        assert!(result.contains("from sqlalchemy import Index"));
-        assert!(result.contains("Index(\"idx_tenant_name\""));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_table_with_composite_unique() {
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "composite_unique".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                col("tenant_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                col("name", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![
-                TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                    auto_increment: false,
-                    columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                },
-                TableConstraint::Unique {
-                    name: Some("uq_tenant_name".into()),
-                    columns: vec!["tenant_id".into(), "name".into()],
-                },
-            ],
-        };
-
-        let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
-        assert!(result.contains("UniqueConstraint"));
-        assert!(result.contains("uq_tenant_name"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_nullable_enum() {
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "nullable_enum".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "status".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                        name: "status_type".into(),
-                        values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into()]),
-                    }),
-                    nullable: true,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                auto_increment: false,
-                columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
-        assert!(result.contains("Optional[StatusType]"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_string_default_value() {
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "string_defaults".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "status".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: Some("'active'".into()),
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                auto_increment: false,
-                columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
-        assert!(result.contains("default=\"active\""));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_false_boolean_default() {
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "bool_defaults".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "is_deleted".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Boolean),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: Some("false".into()),
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                auto_increment: false,
-                columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
-        assert!(result.contains("default=False"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_unknown_default_as_server_default() {
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "unknown_defaults".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "code".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: Some("gen_code()".into()),
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                auto_increment: false,
-                columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
-        assert!(result.contains("sa_column_kwargs"));
-        assert!(result.contains("server_default"));
-        assert!(result.contains("gen_code()"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_table_without_description() {
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "no_desc".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
-            constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                auto_increment: false,
-                columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
-        assert!(result.contains("class NoDesc(SQLModel, table=True):"));
-        assert!(!result.contains("\"\"\""));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_to_pascal_case_empty_segment() {
-        assert_eq!(to_pascal_case("a__b"), "AB");
-        assert_eq!(to_pascal_case(""), "");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_no_sqlalchemy_imports_when_not_needed() {
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "simple".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
-            constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                auto_increment: false,
-                columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
-        // Should not have sqlalchemy imports for simple tables
-        assert!(!result.contains("from sqlalchemy import"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_composite_foreign_key_ignored() {
-        // Composite FK (multiple columns) should be ignored in fk_info
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "composite_fk".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                col("ref_id1", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                col("ref_id2", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![
-                TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                    auto_increment: false,
-                    columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                },
-                TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                    name: None,
-                    columns: vec!["ref_id1".into(), "ref_id2".into()],
-                    ref_table: "other".into(),
-                    ref_columns: vec!["id1".into(), "id2".into()],
-                    on_delete: None,
-                    on_update: None,
-                },
-            ],
-        };
-
-        let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
-        // Composite FK should not generate foreign_key for individual columns
-        assert!(!result.contains("foreign_key=\"other.id1\""));
-        assert!(!result.contains("foreign_key=\"other.id2\""));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_unnamed_composite_index() {
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "unnamed_index".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                col("col_a", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                col("col_b", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![
-                TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                    auto_increment: false,
-                    columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                },
-                TableConstraint::Index {
-                    name: None,
-                    columns: vec!["col_a".into(), "col_b".into()],
-                },
-            ],
-        };
-
-        let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
-        assert!(result.contains("Index(None, \"col_a\", \"col_b\"),"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_unnamed_composite_unique() {
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "unnamed_unique".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                col("col_a", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                col("col_b", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![
-                TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                    auto_increment: false,
-                    columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                },
-                TableConstraint::Unique {
-                    name: None,
-                    columns: vec!["col_a".into(), "col_b".into()],
-                },
-            ],
-        };
-
-        let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
-        assert!(result.contains("UniqueConstraint(\"col_a\", \"col_b\"),"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_non_function_unknown_default() {
-        // Test default value that's not a function, not a boolean, not a quoted string, not a number
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "unknown_default".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "value".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: Some("SOME_CONSTANT".into()),
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                auto_increment: false,
-                columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
-        // Non-parseable default should be treated as server_default
-        assert!(result.contains("sa_column_kwargs"));
-        assert!(result.contains("server_default"));
-        assert!(result.contains("SOME_CONSTANT"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_used_types_date() {
-        let mut used = UsedTypes::default();
-        used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Date), false);
-        assert!(used.datetime_types.contains("date"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_used_types_time() {
-        let mut used = UsedTypes::default();
-        used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Time), false);
-        assert!(used.datetime_types.contains("time"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_used_types_timestamp() {
-        let mut used = UsedTypes::default();
-        used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Timestamp), false);
-        assert!(used.datetime_types.contains("datetime"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_used_types_timestamptz() {
-        let mut used = UsedTypes::default();
-        used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Timestamptz), false);
-        assert!(used.datetime_types.contains("datetime"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_used_types_uuid() {
-        let mut used = UsedTypes::default();
-        used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid), false);
-        assert!(used.needs_uuid);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_used_types_other_simple_types_fallthrough() {
-        // Test _ => {} branch with types that don't set datetime/uuid
-        let mut used = UsedTypes::default();
-        used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer), false);
-        assert!(used.datetime_types.is_empty());
-        assert!(!used.needs_uuid);
-        assert!(!used.needs_decimal);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_used_types_numeric() {
-        let mut used = UsedTypes::default();
-        used.add_column_type(
-            &ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Numeric {
-                precision: 10,
-                scale: 2,
-            }),
-            false,
-        );
-        assert!(used.needs_decimal);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_used_types_varchar_no_decimal() {
-        let mut used = UsedTypes::default();
-        used.add_column_type(
-            &ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Varchar { length: 100 }),
-            false,
-        );
-        assert!(!used.needs_decimal);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_used_types_nullable_sets_optional() {
-        let mut used = UsedTypes::default();
-        assert!(!used.needs_optional);
-        used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer), true);
-        assert!(used.needs_optional);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_json_default_value_escapes_double_quotes() {
-        let table = TableDef {
-            name: "configs".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "data".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Json),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: Some(r#"{"hello": "world"}"#.into()),
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                auto_increment: false,
-                columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
-        assert!(
-            result.contains(r#"server_default": text("{\"hello\": \"world\"}"#),
-            "Expected escaped quotes in server_default, got: {}",
-            result
-        );
-    }
-}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlmodel/render.rs b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlmodel/render.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6a9ce007
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlmodel/render.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,502 @@
+use rayon::prelude::*;
+
+use crate::parallel_config::{
+    PYTHON_EXPORT_PAR_TABLE_MIN_LEN, SQLMODEL_EXPORT_PAR_TABLE_THRESHOLD,
+};
+use crate::utils::python::{CompositeFk, collect_composite_fks};
+use vespertide_core::schema::column::{ColumnType, ComplexColumnType, EnumValues};
+use vespertide_core::schema::constraint::TableConstraint;
+use vespertide_core::{ColumnDef, TableDef};
+
+use super::enums::{render_enum, to_pascal_case};
+use super::types::{UsedTypes, column_type_to_python};
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+struct RenderAccumulator {
+    rendered: Vec<(usize, String)>,
+    used_types: UsedTypes<'static>,
+    needs_enum: bool,
+}
+
+impl RenderAccumulator {
+    fn push(&mut self, entity: RenderedEntity) {
+        self.rendered.push((entity.index, entity.code));
+        self.used_types.merge(entity.used_types);
+        self.needs_enum |= entity.needs_enum;
+    }
+
+    fn finish(mut self) -> String {
+        self.rendered.sort_by_key(|(index, _)| *index);
+
+        let mut lines = render_imports(&self.used_types, self.needs_enum);
+        if !self.rendered.is_empty() {
+            lines.push(String::new());
+            lines.push(String::new());
+        }
+
+        let mut output = lines.join("\n");
+        for (position, (_, code)) in self.rendered.into_iter().enumerate() {
+            if position > 0 || !output.is_empty() {
+                output.push('\n');
+            }
+            output.push_str(&code);
+        }
+        output
+    }
+}
+
+struct RenderedEntity {
+    index: usize,
+    code: String,
+    used_types: UsedTypes<'static>,
+    needs_enum: bool,
+}
+
+struct TableUsage<'a> {
+    used_types: UsedTypes<'static>,
+    needs_enum: bool,
+    composite_fks: Vec<CompositeFk<'a>>,
+}
+
+/// Render all `SQLModel` models for the given schema into a single Python module.
+pub fn render_entities(schema: &[TableDef]) -> Result<String, String> {
+    let accumulator = if schema.len() < SQLMODEL_EXPORT_PAR_TABLE_THRESHOLD {
+        render_entities_sequential(schema)
+    } else {
+        let rendered = schema
+            .par_iter()
+            .enumerate()
+            .with_min_len(PYTHON_EXPORT_PAR_TABLE_MIN_LEN)
+            .map(|(index, table)| Ok::<_, String>(render_entity_without_imports(index, table)))
+            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
+
+        let mut accumulator = RenderAccumulator::default();
+        for entity in rendered {
+            accumulator.push(entity);
+        }
+        accumulator
+    };
+
+    Ok(accumulator.finish())
+}
+
+/// Render a `SQLModel` model for the given table definition.
+pub fn render_entity(table: &TableDef) -> Result<String, String> {
+    let usage = analyze_table(table);
+    let mut lines = render_imports(&usage.used_types, usage.needs_enum);
+    lines.push(String::new());
+    lines.push(String::new());
+    lines.extend(render_entity_body(table, &usage.composite_fks));
+
+    Ok(lines.join("\n"))
+}
+
+fn render_entities_sequential(schema: &[TableDef]) -> RenderAccumulator {
+    let mut accumulator = RenderAccumulator::default();
+    for (index, table) in schema.iter().enumerate() {
+        accumulator.push(render_entity_without_imports(index, table));
+    }
+    accumulator
+}
+
+fn render_entity_without_imports(index: usize, table: &TableDef) -> RenderedEntity {
+    let usage = analyze_table(table);
+    let code = render_entity_body(table, &usage.composite_fks).join("\n");
+
+    RenderedEntity {
+        index,
+        code,
+        used_types: usage.used_types,
+        needs_enum: usage.needs_enum,
+    }
+}
+
+fn analyze_table(table: &TableDef) -> TableUsage<'_> {
+    let mut used_types = UsedTypes::default();
+    for col in &table.columns {
+        used_types.add_column_type(&col.r#type, col.nullable);
+    }
+
+    let needs_enum = table.columns.iter().any(|col| {
+        matches!(
+            col.r#type,
+            ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum { .. })
+        )
+    });
+
+    if table
+        .constraints
+        .iter()
+        .any(|c| matches!(c, TableConstraint::Index { columns, .. } if columns.len() > 1))
+    {
+        used_types.needs_index = true;
+    }
+
+    if table
+        .constraints
+        .iter()
+        .any(|c| matches!(c, TableConstraint::Unique { columns, .. } if columns.len() > 1))
+    {
+        used_types.needs_unique_constraint = true;
+    }
+
+    let composite_fks = collect_composite_fks(table);
+    if !composite_fks.is_empty() {
+        used_types.needs_foreign_key_constraint = true;
+    }
+
+    if table
+        .columns
+        .iter()
+        .any(|c| c.default.as_ref().is_some_and(|d| d.to_sql().contains('(')))
+    {
+        used_types.needs_text = true;
+    }
+
+    TableUsage {
+        used_types,
+        needs_enum,
+        composite_fks,
+    }
+}
+
+fn render_imports(used_types: &UsedTypes<'_>, needs_enum: bool) -> Vec<String> {
+    let mut lines = vec!["from __future__ import annotations".into(), String::new()];
+    if needs_enum {
+        lines.push("import enum".into());
+    }
+
+    let mut datetime_imports: Vec<&str> = used_types.datetime_types.iter().copied().collect();
+    datetime_imports.sort_unstable();
+    if !datetime_imports.is_empty() {
+        lines.push(format!(
+            "from datetime import {}",
+            datetime_imports.join(", ")
+        ));
+    }
+
+    if used_types.needs_decimal {
+        lines.push("from decimal import Decimal".into());
+    }
+
+    if used_types.needs_optional {
+        lines.push("from typing import Optional".into());
+    }
+
+    if used_types.needs_uuid {
+        lines.push("from uuid import UUID".into());
+    }
+
+    lines.push(String::new());
+    lines.push("from sqlmodel import Field, SQLModel".into());
+
+    let mut sa_imports: Vec<&str> = Vec::new();
+    if used_types.needs_index {
+        sa_imports.push("Index");
+    }
+    if used_types.needs_unique_constraint {
+        sa_imports.push("UniqueConstraint");
+    }
+    if used_types.needs_foreign_key_constraint {
+        sa_imports.push("ForeignKeyConstraint");
+    }
+    if used_types.needs_text {
+        sa_imports.push("text");
+    }
+    if !sa_imports.is_empty() {
+        lines.push(format!("from sqlalchemy import {}", sa_imports.join(", ")));
+    }
+
+    lines
+}
+
+#[expect(
+    clippy::too_many_lines,
+    reason = "SQLModel entity body rendering is a linear template emitter"
+)]
+fn render_entity_body(table: &TableDef, composite_fks: &[CompositeFk<'_>]) -> Vec<String> {
+    let mut lines: Vec<String> = Vec::new();
+
+    let enums: Vec<(&str, &EnumValues)> = table
+        .columns
+        .iter()
+        .filter_map(|col| {
+            if let ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum { name, values }) = &col.r#type {
+                Some((name.as_str(), values))
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        })
+        .collect();
+
+    // Render enum classes
+    for (enum_name, values) in &enums {
+        render_enum(&mut lines, enum_name, values);
+        lines.push(String::new());
+    }
+
+    // Class definition
+    let class_name = to_pascal_case(&table.name);
+
+    // Add table description as docstring
+    lines.push(format!("class {class_name}(SQLModel, table=True):"));
+    if let Some(ref desc) = table.description {
+        lines.push(format!("    \"\"\"{}\"\"\"", desc.replace('\n', " ")));
+    }
+
+    lines.push(format!("    __tablename__ = \"{}\"", table.name));
+    lines.push(String::new());
+
+    // Collect primary key columns; lookup-only, ordering unused.
+    let pk_columns: std::collections::HashSet<String> = table
+        .constraints
+        .iter()
+        .filter_map(|c| {
+            if let TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { columns, .. } = c {
+                Some(columns.clone())
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        })
+        .flatten()
+        .collect();
+
+    // Collect unique columns (single-column unique constraints); lookup-only, ordering unused.
+    let unique_columns: std::collections::HashSet<String> = table
+        .constraints
+        .iter()
+        .filter_map(|c| {
+            if let TableConstraint::Unique { columns, .. } = c {
+                if columns.len() == 1 {
+                    Some(columns[0].clone())
+                } else {
+                    None
+                }
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        })
+        .collect();
+
+    // Collect indexed columns (single-column indexes); lookup-only, ordering unused.
+    let indexed_columns: std::collections::HashSet<String> = table
+        .constraints
+        .iter()
+        .filter_map(|c| {
+            if let TableConstraint::Index { columns, .. } = c {
+                if columns.len() == 1 {
+                    Some(columns[0].clone())
+                } else {
+                    None
+                }
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        })
+        .collect();
+
+    // Collect foreign key info; lookup-only, ordering unused.
+    let fk_info: std::collections::HashMap<String, (String, String)> = table
+        .constraints
+        .iter()
+        .filter_map(|c| {
+            if let TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                columns,
+                ref_table,
+                ref_columns,
+                ..
+            } = c
+            {
+                if columns.len() == 1 && ref_columns.len() == 1 {
+                    Some((
+                        columns[0].clone(),
+                        (ref_table.clone(), ref_columns[0].clone()),
+                    ))
+                } else {
+                    None
+                }
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        })
+        .collect();
+
+    // Render columns
+    for col in &table.columns {
+        render_column(
+            &mut lines,
+            col,
+            pk_columns.contains(&col.name),
+            unique_columns.contains(&col.name),
+            indexed_columns.contains(&col.name),
+            fk_info.get(&col.name),
+        );
+    }
+
+    // Render table args for composite indexes and unique constraints
+    let composite_indexes: Vec<_> = table
+        .constraints
+        .iter()
+        .filter_map(|c| {
+            if let TableConstraint::Index { name, columns } = c {
+                if columns.len() > 1 {
+                    Some((name.clone(), columns.clone()))
+                } else {
+                    None
+                }
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        })
+        .collect();
+
+    let composite_uniques: Vec<_> = table
+        .constraints
+        .iter()
+        .filter_map(|c| {
+            if let TableConstraint::Unique { name, columns } = c {
+                if columns.len() > 1 {
+                    Some((name.clone(), columns.clone()))
+                } else {
+                    None
+                }
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        })
+        .collect();
+
+    if !composite_indexes.is_empty() || !composite_uniques.is_empty() || !composite_fks.is_empty() {
+        lines.push(String::new());
+        lines.push("    __table_args__ = (".into());
+
+        for (name, columns) in &composite_indexes {
+            let cols_str = columns
+                .iter()
+                .map(|c| format!("\"{c}\""))
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                .join(", ");
+            if let Some(idx_name) = name {
+                lines.push(format!("        Index(\"{idx_name}\", {cols_str}),"));
+            } else {
+                lines.push(format!("        Index(None, {cols_str}),"));
+            }
+        }
+
+        for (name, columns) in &composite_uniques {
+            let cols_str = columns
+                .iter()
+                .map(|c| format!("\"{c}\""))
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                .join(", ");
+            if let Some(uq_name) = name {
+                lines.push(format!(
+                    "        UniqueConstraint({cols_str}, name=\"{uq_name}\"),"
+                ));
+            } else {
+                lines.push(format!("        UniqueConstraint({cols_str}),"));
+            }
+        }
+
+        for fk in composite_fks {
+            let local_cols = fk
+                .local_cols
+                .iter()
+                .map(|col| format!("\"{col}\""))
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                .join(", ");
+            let ref_cols = fk
+                .ref_cols
+                .iter()
+                .map(|col| format!("\"{}.{}\"", fk.ref_table, col))
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                .join(", ");
+            lines.push(format!(
+                "        ForeignKeyConstraint([{local_cols}], [{ref_cols}]),"
+            ));
+        }
+
+        lines.push("    )".into());
+    }
+
+    lines.push(String::new());
+
+    lines
+}
+
+pub(super) fn render_column(
+    lines: &mut Vec<String>,
+    col: &ColumnDef,
+    is_pk: bool,
+    is_unique: bool,
+    is_indexed: bool,
+    fk_info: Option<&(String, String)>,
+) {
+    // Add column comment
+    if let Some(ref comment) = col.comment {
+        lines.push(format!("    # {}", comment.replace('\n', " ")));
+    }
+
+    let python_type = column_type_to_python(&col.r#type, col.nullable);
+    let mut field_args: Vec<String> = Vec::new();
+
+    // Default value handling
+    if let Some(ref default) = col.default {
+        let default_str = default.to_sql();
+        // Escape double quotes for embedding in Python strings
+        let escaped = default_str.replace('"', "\\\"");
+        // For server-side defaults, use sa_column_kwargs
+        if default_str.contains('(') {
+            field_args.push(format!(
+                "sa_column_kwargs={{\"server_default\": text(\"{escaped}\")}}"
+            ));
+        } else if default_str == "true" {
+            field_args.push("default=True".into());
+        } else if default_str == "false" {
+            field_args.push("default=False".into());
+        } else if default_str.starts_with('\'') || default_str.starts_with('"') {
+            // String literal - strip quotes for Python
+            let stripped = default_str.trim_matches(|c| c == '\'' || c == '"');
+            let stripped_escaped = stripped.replace('"', "\\\"");
+            field_args.push(format!("default=\"{stripped_escaped}\""));
+        } else if default_str.parse::<f64>().is_ok() {
+            field_args.push(format!("default={default_str}"));
+        } else {
+            // Assume it's a server default
+            field_args.push(format!(
+                "sa_column_kwargs={{\"server_default\": text(\"{escaped}\")}}"
+            ));
+        }
+    } else if col.nullable {
+        field_args.push("default=None".into());
+    }
+
+    // Primary key
+    if is_pk {
+        field_args.push("primary_key=True".into());
+    }
+
+    // Foreign key
+    if let Some((ref_table, ref_col)) = fk_info {
+        field_args.push(format!("foreign_key=\"{ref_table}.{ref_col}\""));
+    }
+
+    // Unique
+    if is_unique && !is_pk {
+        field_args.push("unique=True".into());
+    }
+
+    // Index (for single-column indexes)
+    if is_indexed && !is_pk {
+        field_args.push("index=True".into());
+    }
+
+    // Build field definition
+    let field_str = if field_args.is_empty() {
+        "Field(...)".into()
+    } else {
+        format!("Field({})", field_args.join(", "))
+    };
+
+    lines.push(format!("    {}: {} = {}", col.name, python_type, field_str));
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlmodel/snapshots/vespertide_exporter__sqlmodel__tests__table_with_composite_foreign_key.snap b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlmodel/snapshots/vespertide_exporter__sqlmodel__tests__table_with_composite_foreign_key.snap
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a6760478
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlmodel/snapshots/vespertide_exporter__sqlmodel__tests__table_with_composite_foreign_key.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+---
+source: crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlmodel/mod.rs
+expression: result
+---
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+
+from sqlmodel import Field, SQLModel
+from sqlalchemy import ForeignKeyConstraint
+
+
+class LineItems(SQLModel, table=True):
+    __tablename__ = "line_items"
+
+    id: int = Field(primary_key=True)
+    order_id: int = Field(...)
+    order_version: int = Field(...)
+    sku: str = Field(...)
+
+    __table_args__ = (
+        ForeignKeyConstraint(["order_id", "order_version"], ["orders.id", "orders.version"]),
+    )
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlmodel/snapshots/vespertide_exporter__sqlmodel__tests_edge_cases__snapshot_all_simple_types.snap b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlmodel/snapshots/vespertide_exporter__sqlmodel__tests_edge_cases__snapshot_all_simple_types.snap
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e48dfd1a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlmodel/snapshots/vespertide_exporter__sqlmodel__tests_edge_cases__snapshot_all_simple_types.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+---
+source: crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlmodel/tests_edge_cases.rs
+expression: rendered
+---
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from datetime import date, datetime, time
+from typing import Optional
+from uuid import UUID
+
+from sqlmodel import Field, SQLModel
+
+
+class TypeMatrix(SQLModel, table=True):
+    __tablename__ = "type_matrix"
+
+    c_int: int = Field(...)
+    c_bigint: int = Field(...)
+    c_smallint: int = Field(...)
+    c_text: Optional[str] = Field(default=None)
+    c_bool: bool = Field(...)
+    c_real: float = Field(...)
+    c_double: float = Field(...)
+    c_date: Optional[date] = Field(default=None)
+    c_time: Optional[time] = Field(default=None)
+    c_ts: Optional[datetime] = Field(default=None)
+    c_tstz: Optional[datetime] = Field(default=None)
+    c_interval: Optional[str] = Field(default=None)
+    c_uuid: UUID = Field(...)
+    c_json: Optional[dict] = Field(default=None)
+    c_bytea: Optional[bytes] = Field(default=None)
+    c_inet: Optional[str] = Field(default=None)
+    c_cidr: Optional[str] = Field(default=None)
+    c_macaddr: Optional[str] = Field(default=None)
+    c_xml: Optional[str] = Field(default=None)
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlmodel/snapshots/vespertide_exporter__sqlmodel__tests_edge_cases__snapshot_composite_primary_key.snap b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlmodel/snapshots/vespertide_exporter__sqlmodel__tests_edge_cases__snapshot_composite_primary_key.snap
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d5f19153
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlmodel/snapshots/vespertide_exporter__sqlmodel__tests_edge_cases__snapshot_composite_primary_key.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+---
+source: crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlmodel/tests_edge_cases.rs
+expression: rendered
+---
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+
+from sqlmodel import Field, SQLModel
+
+
+class Membership(SQLModel, table=True):
+    __tablename__ = "membership"
+
+    tenant_id: int = Field(primary_key=True)
+    user_id: int = Field(primary_key=True)
+    role: str = Field(...)
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlmodel/snapshots/vespertide_exporter__sqlmodel__tests_edge_cases__snapshot_composite_unique_constraint.snap b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlmodel/snapshots/vespertide_exporter__sqlmodel__tests_edge_cases__snapshot_composite_unique_constraint.snap
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1cd895d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlmodel/snapshots/vespertide_exporter__sqlmodel__tests_edge_cases__snapshot_composite_unique_constraint.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+---
+source: crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlmodel/tests_edge_cases.rs
+expression: rendered
+---
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+
+from sqlmodel import Field, SQLModel
+from sqlalchemy import UniqueConstraint
+
+
+class AccountAliases(SQLModel, table=True):
+    __tablename__ = "account_aliases"
+
+    id: int = Field(primary_key=True)
+    tenant_id: int = Field(...)
+    slug: str = Field(...)
+
+    __table_args__ = (
+        UniqueConstraint("tenant_id", "slug", name="uq_account_aliases__tenant_slug"),
+    )
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlmodel/snapshots/vespertide_exporter__sqlmodel__tests_edge_cases__snapshot_integer_enum_all_variant_types.snap b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlmodel/snapshots/vespertide_exporter__sqlmodel__tests_edge_cases__snapshot_integer_enum_all_variant_types.snap
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1cce1fbf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlmodel/snapshots/vespertide_exporter__sqlmodel__tests_edge_cases__snapshot_integer_enum_all_variant_types.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+---
+source: crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlmodel/tests_edge_cases.rs
+expression: rendered
+---
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import enum
+
+from sqlmodel import Field, SQLModel
+
+
+class EdgeState(enum.IntEnum):
+    unknown = -1
+    not_started = 0
+    InProgress = 10
+    HTTP_500 = 500
+
+class WorkflowRuns(SQLModel, table=True):
+    __tablename__ = "workflow_runs"
+
+    id: int = Field(primary_key=True)
+    state: EdgeState = Field(...)
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlmodel/snapshots/vespertide_exporter__sqlmodel__tests_edge_cases__snapshot_reserved_word_identifiers.snap b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlmodel/snapshots/vespertide_exporter__sqlmodel__tests_edge_cases__snapshot_reserved_word_identifiers.snap
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4af0feeb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlmodel/snapshots/vespertide_exporter__sqlmodel__tests_edge_cases__snapshot_reserved_word_identifiers.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+---
+source: crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlmodel/tests_edge_cases.rs
+expression: rendered
+---
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+
+from sqlmodel import Field, SQLModel
+
+
+class Order(SQLModel, table=True):
+    __tablename__ = "order"
+
+    id: int = Field(primary_key=True)
+    user: str = Field(...)
+    select: int = Field(...)
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlmodel/snapshots/vespertide_exporter__sqlmodel__tests_edge_cases__snapshot_self_referencing_fk.snap b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlmodel/snapshots/vespertide_exporter__sqlmodel__tests_edge_cases__snapshot_self_referencing_fk.snap
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1346c990
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlmodel/snapshots/vespertide_exporter__sqlmodel__tests_edge_cases__snapshot_self_referencing_fk.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+---
+source: crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlmodel/tests_edge_cases.rs
+expression: rendered
+---
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Optional
+
+from sqlmodel import Field, SQLModel
+
+
+class Employees(SQLModel, table=True):
+    __tablename__ = "employees"
+
+    id: int = Field(primary_key=True)
+    manager_id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, foreign_key="employees.id")
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlmodel/tests.rs b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlmodel/tests.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b8a2991a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlmodel/tests.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,908 @@
+use super::enums::{to_pascal_case, to_screaming_snake_case};
+use super::render_entity;
+use super::types::UsedTypes;
+use insta::assert_snapshot;
+use rstest::rstest;
+use vespertide_core::schema::column::{
+    ColumnType, ComplexColumnType, EnumValues, NumValue, SimpleColumnType,
+};
+use vespertide_core::schema::constraint::TableConstraint;
+use vespertide_core::{ColumnDef, TableDef};
+
+fn col(name: &str, ty: ColumnType) -> ColumnDef {
+    ColumnDef {
+        name: name.to_string(),
+        r#type: ty,
+        nullable: false,
+        default: None,
+        comment: None,
+        primary_key: None,
+        unique: None,
+        index: None,
+        foreign_key: None,
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_basic_table() {
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "users".into(),
+        description: Some("User accounts table".into()),
+        columns: vec![
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "id".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: Some("Primary key".into()),
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "email".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: Some("User email address".into()),
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "name".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+                nullable: true,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![
+            TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+                auto_increment: true,
+                columns: vec!["id".into()],
+            },
+            TableConstraint::Unique {
+                name: None,
+                columns: vec!["email".into()],
+            },
+        ],
+    };
+
+    let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
+    assert_snapshot!(result);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_table_with_enum() {
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "orders".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "status".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+                    name: "order_status".into(),
+                    values: EnumValues::String(vec![
+                        "pending".into(),
+                        "shipped".into(),
+                        "delivered".into(),
+                    ]),
+                }),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+            auto_increment: false,
+            columns: vec!["id".into()],
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
+    assert_snapshot!(result);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_table_with_integer_enum() {
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "tasks".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "priority".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+                    name: "priority_level".into(),
+                    values: EnumValues::Integer(vec![
+                        NumValue {
+                            name: "Low".into(),
+                            value: 0,
+                        },
+                        NumValue {
+                            name: "Medium".into(),
+                            value: 1,
+                        },
+                        NumValue {
+                            name: "High".into(),
+                            value: 2,
+                        },
+                    ]),
+                }),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+            auto_increment: false,
+            columns: vec!["id".into()],
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
+    assert_snapshot!(result);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_table_with_foreign_key() {
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "posts".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("user_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("title", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![
+            TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+                auto_increment: false,
+                columns: vec!["id".into()],
+            },
+            TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                name: None,
+                columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
+                ref_table: "users".into(),
+                ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+                on_delete: None,
+                on_update: None,
+            },
+        ],
+    };
+
+    let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
+    assert_snapshot!(result);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_table_with_composite_foreign_key() {
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "line_items".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("order_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col(
+                "order_version",
+                ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+            ),
+            col("sku", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![
+            TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+                auto_increment: false,
+                columns: vec!["id".into()],
+            },
+            TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                name: None,
+                columns: vec!["order_id".into(), "order_version".into()],
+                ref_table: "orders".into(),
+                ref_columns: vec!["id".into(), "version".into()],
+                on_delete: None,
+                on_update: None,
+            },
+        ],
+    };
+
+    let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
+    assert_snapshot!(result);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_table_with_indexes() {
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "articles".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("title", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
+            col(
+                "created_at",
+                ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Timestamptz),
+            ),
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![
+            TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+                auto_increment: false,
+                columns: vec!["id".into()],
+            },
+            TableConstraint::Index {
+                name: Some("idx_articles_created_at".into()),
+                columns: vec!["created_at".into()],
+            },
+            TableConstraint::Index {
+                name: None,
+                columns: vec!["title".into()],
+            },
+        ],
+    };
+
+    let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
+    assert_snapshot!(result);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_table_with_default_values() {
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "settings".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "is_active".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Boolean),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: Some("true".into()),
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "count".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: Some("0".into()),
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "created_at".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Timestamptz),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: Some("now()".into()),
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+            auto_increment: false,
+            columns: vec!["id".into()],
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
+    assert_snapshot!(result);
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case("hello_world", "HelloWorld")]
+#[case("user_id", "UserId")]
+#[case("simple", "Simple")]
+fn test_to_pascal_case(#[case] input: &str, #[case] expected: &str) {
+    assert_eq!(to_pascal_case(input), expected);
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case("pending", "PENDING")]
+#[case("inProgress", "IN_PROGRESS")]
+#[case("order-status", "ORDER_STATUS")]
+fn test_to_screaming_snake_case(#[case] input: &str, #[case] expected: &str) {
+    assert_eq!(to_screaming_snake_case(input), expected);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_all_simple_column_types() {
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "all_types".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("small", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::SmallInt)),
+            col("big", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::BigInt)),
+            col("real_num", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Real)),
+            col(
+                "double_num",
+                ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::DoublePrecision),
+            ),
+            col("text_col", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
+            col("bool_col", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Boolean)),
+            col("date_col", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Date)),
+            col("time_col", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Time)),
+            col("ts_col", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Timestamp)),
+            col(
+                "tstz_col",
+                ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Timestamptz),
+            ),
+            col(
+                "interval_col",
+                ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Interval),
+            ),
+            col("bytea_col", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Bytea)),
+            col("uuid_col", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid)),
+            col("json_col", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Json)),
+            col("inet_col", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Inet)),
+            col("cidr_col", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Cidr)),
+            col("macaddr_col", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Macaddr)),
+            col("xml_col", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Xml)),
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+            auto_increment: false,
+            columns: vec!["id".into()],
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
+    // Check Python types are correct
+    assert!(result.contains("small: int"));
+    assert!(result.contains("big: int"));
+    assert!(result.contains("real_num: float"));
+    assert!(result.contains("double_num: float"));
+    assert!(result.contains("text_col: str"));
+    assert!(result.contains("bool_col: bool"));
+    assert!(result.contains("date_col: date"));
+    assert!(result.contains("time_col: time"));
+    assert!(result.contains("ts_col: datetime"));
+    assert!(result.contains("tstz_col: datetime"));
+    assert!(result.contains("interval_col: str"));
+    assert!(result.contains("bytea_col: bytes"));
+    assert!(result.contains("uuid_col: UUID"));
+    assert!(result.contains("json_col: dict"));
+    assert!(result.contains("inet_col: str"));
+    assert!(result.contains("cidr_col: str"));
+    assert!(result.contains("macaddr_col: str"));
+    assert!(result.contains("xml_col: str"));
+    assert!(result.contains("from datetime import"));
+    assert!(result.contains("date"));
+    assert!(result.contains("time"));
+    assert!(result.contains("datetime"));
+    assert!(result.contains("from uuid import UUID"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_complex_column_types() {
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "complex_types".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "varchar_col".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Varchar { length: 100 }),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "char_col".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Char { length: 10 }),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "numeric_col".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Numeric {
+                    precision: 10,
+                    scale: 2,
+                }),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "custom_col".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Custom {
+                    custom_type: "CUSTOM_TYPE".into(),
+                }),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+            auto_increment: false,
+            columns: vec!["id".into()],
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
+    assert!(result.contains("varchar_col: str"));
+    assert!(result.contains("char_col: str"));
+    assert!(result.contains("numeric_col: Decimal"));
+    assert!(result.contains("custom_col: str"));
+    assert!(result.contains("from decimal import Decimal"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_table_with_composite_index() {
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "composite_index".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("tenant_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("name", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![
+            TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+                auto_increment: false,
+                columns: vec!["id".into()],
+            },
+            TableConstraint::Index {
+                name: Some("idx_tenant_name".into()),
+                columns: vec!["tenant_id".into(), "name".into()],
+            },
+        ],
+    };
+
+    let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
+    assert!(result.contains("from sqlalchemy import Index"));
+    assert!(result.contains("Index(\"idx_tenant_name\""));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_table_with_composite_unique() {
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "composite_unique".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("tenant_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("name", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![
+            TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+                auto_increment: false,
+                columns: vec!["id".into()],
+            },
+            TableConstraint::Unique {
+                name: Some("uq_tenant_name".into()),
+                columns: vec!["tenant_id".into(), "name".into()],
+            },
+        ],
+    };
+
+    let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
+    assert!(result.contains("UniqueConstraint"));
+    assert!(result.contains("uq_tenant_name"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_nullable_enum() {
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "nullable_enum".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "status".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+                    name: "status_type".into(),
+                    values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into()]),
+                }),
+                nullable: true,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+            auto_increment: false,
+            columns: vec!["id".into()],
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
+    assert!(result.contains("Optional[StatusType]"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_string_default_value() {
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "string_defaults".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "status".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: Some("'active'".into()),
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+            auto_increment: false,
+            columns: vec!["id".into()],
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
+    assert!(result.contains("default=\"active\""));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_false_boolean_default() {
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "bool_defaults".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "is_deleted".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Boolean),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: Some("false".into()),
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+            auto_increment: false,
+            columns: vec!["id".into()],
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
+    assert!(result.contains("default=False"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_unknown_default_as_server_default() {
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "unknown_defaults".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "code".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: Some("gen_code()".into()),
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+            auto_increment: false,
+            columns: vec!["id".into()],
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
+    assert!(result.contains("sa_column_kwargs"));
+    assert!(result.contains("server_default"));
+    assert!(result.contains("gen_code()"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_table_without_description() {
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "no_desc".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
+        constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+            auto_increment: false,
+            columns: vec!["id".into()],
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
+    assert!(result.contains("class NoDesc(SQLModel, table=True):"));
+    assert!(!result.contains("\"\"\""));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_to_pascal_case_empty_segment() {
+    assert_eq!(to_pascal_case("a__b"), "AB");
+    assert_eq!(to_pascal_case(""), "");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_no_sqlalchemy_imports_when_not_needed() {
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "simple".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
+        constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+            auto_increment: false,
+            columns: vec!["id".into()],
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
+    // Should not have sqlalchemy imports for simple tables
+    assert!(!result.contains("from sqlalchemy import"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_composite_foreign_key_uses_table_args() {
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "composite_fk".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("ref_id1", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("ref_id2", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![
+            TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+                auto_increment: false,
+                columns: vec!["id".into()],
+            },
+            TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                name: None,
+                columns: vec!["ref_id1".into(), "ref_id2".into()],
+                ref_table: "other".into(),
+                ref_columns: vec!["id1".into(), "id2".into()],
+                on_delete: None,
+                on_update: None,
+            },
+        ],
+    };
+
+    let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
+    assert!(result.contains("ForeignKeyConstraint"));
+    assert!(result.contains(
+        "ForeignKeyConstraint([\"ref_id1\", \"ref_id2\"], [\"other.id1\", \"other.id2\"]),"
+    ));
+    // Composite FK should not generate foreign_key for individual columns.
+    assert!(!result.contains("foreign_key=\"other.id1\""));
+    assert!(!result.contains("foreign_key=\"other.id2\""));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_unnamed_composite_index() {
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "unnamed_index".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("col_a", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("col_b", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![
+            TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+                auto_increment: false,
+                columns: vec!["id".into()],
+            },
+            TableConstraint::Index {
+                name: None,
+                columns: vec!["col_a".into(), "col_b".into()],
+            },
+        ],
+    };
+
+    let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
+    assert!(result.contains("Index(None, \"col_a\", \"col_b\"),"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_unnamed_composite_unique() {
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "unnamed_unique".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("col_a", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("col_b", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![
+            TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+                auto_increment: false,
+                columns: vec!["id".into()],
+            },
+            TableConstraint::Unique {
+                name: None,
+                columns: vec!["col_a".into(), "col_b".into()],
+            },
+        ],
+    };
+
+    let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
+    assert!(result.contains("UniqueConstraint(\"col_a\", \"col_b\"),"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_non_function_unknown_default() {
+    // Test default value that's not a function, not a boolean, not a quoted string, not a number
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "unknown_default".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "value".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: Some("SOME_CONSTANT".into()),
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+            auto_increment: false,
+            columns: vec!["id".into()],
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
+    // Non-parseable default should be treated as server_default
+    assert!(result.contains("sa_column_kwargs"));
+    assert!(result.contains("server_default"));
+    assert!(result.contains("SOME_CONSTANT"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_used_types_date() {
+    let mut used = UsedTypes::default();
+    used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Date), false);
+    assert!(used.datetime_types.contains("date"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_used_types_time() {
+    let mut used = UsedTypes::default();
+    used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Time), false);
+    assert!(used.datetime_types.contains("time"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_used_types_timestamp() {
+    let mut used = UsedTypes::default();
+    used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Timestamp), false);
+    assert!(used.datetime_types.contains("datetime"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_used_types_timestamptz() {
+    let mut used = UsedTypes::default();
+    used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Timestamptz), false);
+    assert!(used.datetime_types.contains("datetime"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_used_types_uuid() {
+    let mut used = UsedTypes::default();
+    used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid), false);
+    assert!(used.needs_uuid);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_used_types_other_simple_types_fallthrough() {
+    // Test _ => {} branch with types that don't set datetime/uuid
+    let mut used = UsedTypes::default();
+    used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer), false);
+    assert!(used.datetime_types.is_empty());
+    assert!(!used.needs_uuid);
+    assert!(!used.needs_decimal);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_used_types_numeric() {
+    let mut used = UsedTypes::default();
+    used.add_column_type(
+        &ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Numeric {
+            precision: 10,
+            scale: 2,
+        }),
+        false,
+    );
+    assert!(used.needs_decimal);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_used_types_varchar_no_decimal() {
+    let mut used = UsedTypes::default();
+    used.add_column_type(
+        &ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Varchar { length: 100 }),
+        false,
+    );
+    assert!(!used.needs_decimal);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_used_types_nullable_sets_optional() {
+    let mut used = UsedTypes::default();
+    assert!(!used.needs_optional);
+    used.add_column_type(&ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer), true);
+    assert!(used.needs_optional);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_json_default_value_escapes_double_quotes() {
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "configs".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "data".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Json),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: Some(r#"{"hello": "world"}"#.into()),
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+            auto_increment: false,
+            columns: vec!["id".into()],
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let result = render_entity(&table).unwrap();
+    assert!(
+        result.contains(r#"server_default": text("{\"hello\": \"world\"}"#),
+        "Expected escaped quotes in server_default, got: {result}"
+    );
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlmodel/tests_edge_cases.rs b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlmodel/tests_edge_cases.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..29b1763e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlmodel/tests_edge_cases.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,192 @@
+use super::render_entity;
+use insta::assert_snapshot;
+use vespertide_core::schema::foreign_key::{ForeignKeyDef, ForeignKeySyntax};
+use vespertide_core::schema::primary_key::PrimaryKeySyntax;
+use vespertide_core::{
+    ColumnDef, ColumnType, ComplexColumnType, EnumValues, NumValue, ReferenceAction,
+    SimpleColumnType, StrOrBoolOrArray, TableDef,
+};
+
+fn simple_type(name: &str, ty: SimpleColumnType, nullable: bool) -> ColumnDef {
+    ColumnDef::new(name, ColumnType::Simple(ty), nullable)
+}
+
+fn integer_enum_column() -> ColumnDef {
+    ColumnDef::new(
+        "state",
+        ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+            name: "edge_state".into(),
+            values: EnumValues::Integer(vec![
+                NumValue {
+                    name: "unknown".into(),
+                    value: -1,
+                },
+                NumValue {
+                    name: "not_started".into(),
+                    value: 0,
+                },
+                NumValue {
+                    name: "InProgress".into(),
+                    value: 10,
+                },
+                NumValue {
+                    name: "HTTP_500".into(),
+                    value: 500,
+                },
+            ]),
+        }),
+        false,
+    )
+}
+
+fn render_snapshot(table: &TableDef) -> String {
+    let rendered = render_entity(&table.normalize().unwrap()).unwrap();
+    normalize_datetime_import(&rendered)
+}
+
+fn normalize_datetime_import(rendered: &str) -> String {
+    rendered
+        .lines()
+        .map(|line| {
+            if line.starts_with("from datetime import ") {
+                "from datetime import date, datetime, time".to_string()
+            } else {
+                line.to_string()
+            }
+        })
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+        .join("\n")
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn snapshot_self_referencing_fk() {
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "employees".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            simple_type("id", SimpleColumnType::Integer, false)
+                .primary_key(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
+            simple_type("manager_id", SimpleColumnType::Integer, true).foreign_key(
+                ForeignKeySyntax::Object(ForeignKeyDef {
+                    ref_table: "employees".into(),
+                    ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+                    on_delete: Some(ReferenceAction::SetNull),
+                    on_update: None,
+                }),
+            ),
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    };
+
+    let rendered = render_snapshot(&table);
+    assert_snapshot!(rendered);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn snapshot_all_simple_types() {
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "type_matrix".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            simple_type("c_int", SimpleColumnType::Integer, false),
+            simple_type("c_bigint", SimpleColumnType::BigInt, false),
+            simple_type("c_smallint", SimpleColumnType::SmallInt, false),
+            simple_type("c_text", SimpleColumnType::Text, true),
+            simple_type("c_bool", SimpleColumnType::Boolean, false),
+            simple_type("c_real", SimpleColumnType::Real, false),
+            simple_type("c_double", SimpleColumnType::DoublePrecision, false),
+            simple_type("c_date", SimpleColumnType::Date, true),
+            simple_type("c_time", SimpleColumnType::Time, true),
+            simple_type("c_ts", SimpleColumnType::Timestamp, true),
+            simple_type("c_tstz", SimpleColumnType::Timestamptz, true),
+            simple_type("c_interval", SimpleColumnType::Interval, true),
+            simple_type("c_uuid", SimpleColumnType::Uuid, false),
+            simple_type("c_json", SimpleColumnType::Json, true),
+            simple_type("c_bytea", SimpleColumnType::Bytea, true),
+            simple_type("c_inet", SimpleColumnType::Inet, true),
+            simple_type("c_cidr", SimpleColumnType::Cidr, true),
+            simple_type("c_macaddr", SimpleColumnType::Macaddr, true),
+            simple_type("c_xml", SimpleColumnType::Xml, true),
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    };
+
+    let rendered = render_snapshot(&table);
+    assert_snapshot!(rendered);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn snapshot_reserved_word_identifiers() {
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "order".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            simple_type("id", SimpleColumnType::Integer, false)
+                .primary_key(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
+            simple_type("user", SimpleColumnType::Text, false),
+            simple_type("select", SimpleColumnType::Integer, false),
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    };
+
+    let rendered = render_snapshot(&table);
+    assert_snapshot!(rendered);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn snapshot_composite_primary_key() {
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "membership".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            simple_type("tenant_id", SimpleColumnType::Integer, false)
+                .primary_key(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
+            simple_type("user_id", SimpleColumnType::Integer, false)
+                .primary_key(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
+            simple_type("role", SimpleColumnType::Text, false),
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    };
+
+    let rendered = render_snapshot(&table);
+    assert_snapshot!(rendered);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn snapshot_composite_unique_constraint() {
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "account_aliases".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            simple_type("id", SimpleColumnType::Integer, false)
+                .primary_key(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
+            simple_type("tenant_id", SimpleColumnType::Integer, false).unique(
+                StrOrBoolOrArray::Array(vec!["uq_account_aliases__tenant_slug".into()]),
+            ),
+            simple_type("slug", SimpleColumnType::Text, false).unique(StrOrBoolOrArray::Array(
+                vec!["uq_account_aliases__tenant_slug".into()],
+            )),
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    };
+
+    let rendered = render_snapshot(&table);
+    assert_snapshot!(rendered);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn snapshot_integer_enum_all_variant_types() {
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "workflow_runs".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            simple_type("id", SimpleColumnType::Integer, false)
+                .primary_key(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
+            integer_enum_column(),
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    };
+
+    let rendered = render_snapshot(&table);
+    assert_snapshot!(rendered);
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlmodel/types.rs b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlmodel/types.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..22a49a23
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/sqlmodel/types.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+use std::collections::BTreeSet;
+
+use super::enums::to_pascal_case;
+use vespertide_core::schema::column::{ColumnType, ComplexColumnType, SimpleColumnType};
+
+/// Track which types are actually used to generate minimal imports
+#[derive(Default)]
+#[expect(
+    clippy::struct_excessive_bools,
+    reason = "import flags are independent generated-code needs"
+)]
+pub(super) struct UsedTypes<'a> {
+    pub(super) datetime_types: BTreeSet<&'a str>,
+    pub(super) needs_optional: bool,
+    pub(super) needs_uuid: bool,
+    pub(super) needs_decimal: bool,
+    pub(super) needs_index: bool,
+    pub(super) needs_unique_constraint: bool,
+    pub(super) needs_foreign_key_constraint: bool,
+    pub(super) needs_text: bool,
+}
+
+impl UsedTypes<'_> {
+    pub(super) fn merge(&mut self, other: Self) {
+        self.datetime_types.extend(other.datetime_types);
+        self.needs_optional |= other.needs_optional;
+        self.needs_uuid |= other.needs_uuid;
+        self.needs_decimal |= other.needs_decimal;
+        self.needs_index |= other.needs_index;
+        self.needs_unique_constraint |= other.needs_unique_constraint;
+        self.needs_foreign_key_constraint |= other.needs_foreign_key_constraint;
+        self.needs_text |= other.needs_text;
+    }
+
+    pub(super) fn add_column_type(&mut self, col_type: &ColumnType, nullable: bool) {
+        if nullable {
+            self.needs_optional = true;
+        }
+
+        match col_type {
+            ColumnType::Simple(ty) => match ty {
+                SimpleColumnType::Date => {
+                    self.datetime_types.insert("date");
+                }
+                SimpleColumnType::Time => {
+                    self.datetime_types.insert("time");
+                }
+                SimpleColumnType::Timestamp | SimpleColumnType::Timestamptz => {
+                    self.datetime_types.insert("datetime");
+                }
+                SimpleColumnType::Uuid => {
+                    self.needs_uuid = true;
+                }
+                _ => {}
+            },
+            ColumnType::Complex(ty) => {
+                if let ComplexColumnType::Numeric { .. } = ty {
+                    self.needs_decimal = true;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub(super) fn column_type_to_python(col_type: &ColumnType, nullable: bool) -> String {
+    let base = match col_type {
+        ColumnType::Simple(ty) => match ty {
+            SimpleColumnType::SmallInt | SimpleColumnType::Integer | SimpleColumnType::BigInt => {
+                "int"
+            }
+            SimpleColumnType::Real | SimpleColumnType::DoublePrecision => "float",
+            SimpleColumnType::Text
+            | SimpleColumnType::Interval
+            | SimpleColumnType::Inet
+            | SimpleColumnType::Cidr
+            | SimpleColumnType::Macaddr
+            | SimpleColumnType::Xml => "str",
+            SimpleColumnType::Boolean => "bool",
+            SimpleColumnType::Date => "date",
+            SimpleColumnType::Time => "time",
+            SimpleColumnType::Timestamp | SimpleColumnType::Timestamptz => "datetime",
+            SimpleColumnType::Bytea => "bytes",
+            SimpleColumnType::Uuid => "UUID",
+            SimpleColumnType::Json => "dict",
+            _ => unreachable!(
+                "SimpleColumnType is #[non_exhaustive]; all variants are matched above"
+            ),
+        },
+        ColumnType::Complex(ty) => match ty {
+            ComplexColumnType::Numeric { .. } => "Decimal",
+            ComplexColumnType::Varchar { .. }
+            | ComplexColumnType::Char { .. }
+            | ComplexColumnType::Custom { .. } => "str",
+            ComplexColumnType::Enum { name, .. } => {
+                return if nullable {
+                    format!("Optional[{}]", to_pascal_case(name))
+                } else {
+                    to_pascal_case(name)
+                };
+            }
+            _ => unreachable!(
+                "ComplexColumnType is #[non_exhaustive]; all variants are matched above"
+            ),
+        },
+    };
+
+    if nullable {
+        format!("Optional[{base}]")
+    } else {
+        base.to_string()
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/utils/mod.rs b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/utils/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..58d01185
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/utils/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+//! Language-grouped utility helpers shared across ORM exporters.
+//!
+//! Each submodule groups helpers used by exporters targeting a single host
+//! language. This layout scales cleanly as new languages are added (e.g.
+//! `rust` for Diesel, `typescript` for Drizzle, `java` for full Hibernate),
+//! without polluting the crate root with a flat list of `*_common.rs` files.
+//!
+//! Cross-language helpers (case conversion, naming sanitization that is
+//! language-agnostic) belong in `crate::utils::common` once they exist;
+//! for now keep them in their language submodule until a second user appears.
+
+pub(crate) mod python;
+// Add future language helpers as siblings, e.g.
+// pub(crate) mod rust;
+// pub(crate) mod typescript;
+// pub(crate) mod java;
+// pub(crate) mod common;
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/utils/python.rs b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/utils/python.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..72922c9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-exporter/src/utils/python.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+use vespertide_core::TableDef;
+use vespertide_core::schema::constraint::TableConstraint;
+
+pub(crate) struct CompositeFk<'a> {
+    pub local_cols: Vec<&'a str>,
+    pub ref_table: &'a str,
+    pub ref_cols: Vec<&'a str>,
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn collect_composite_fks(table: &TableDef) -> Vec<CompositeFk<'_>> {
+    table
+        .constraints
+        .iter()
+        .filter_map(|constraint| match constraint {
+            TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                columns,
+                ref_table,
+                ref_columns,
+                ..
+            } if columns.len() > 1 && columns.len() == ref_columns.len() => Some(CompositeFk {
+                local_cols: columns.iter().map(String::as_str).collect(),
+                ref_table: ref_table.as_str(),
+                ref_cols: ref_columns.iter().map(String::as_str).collect(),
+            }),
+            _ => None,
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-exporter/tests/codegen_determinism.rs b/crates/vespertide-exporter/tests/codegen_determinism.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8492e5df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-exporter/tests/codegen_determinism.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+use proptest::prelude::*;
+use rayon::ThreadPoolBuilder;
+use vespertide_core::{ColumnDef, ColumnType, SimpleColumnType, TableDef};
+
+proptest! {
+    #![proptest_config(ProptestConfig { cases: 1000, max_shrink_iters: 5000, ..ProptestConfig::default() })]
+
+    #[test]
+    fn python_codegen_is_deterministic(table in arb_table_def()) {
+        let Ok(table) = table.normalize() else {
+            return Ok(());
+        };
+
+        for _ in 0..3 {
+            let a1 = vespertide_exporter::sqlalchemy::render_entity(&table)
+                .map_err(TestCaseError::fail)?;
+            let a2 = vespertide_exporter::sqlalchemy::render_entity(&table)
+                .map_err(TestCaseError::fail)?;
+            prop_assert_eq!(a1, a2, "sqlalchemy non-deterministic");
+
+            let m1 = vespertide_exporter::sqlmodel::render_entity(&table)
+                .map_err(TestCaseError::fail)?;
+            let m2 = vespertide_exporter::sqlmodel::render_entity(&table)
+                .map_err(TestCaseError::fail)?;
+            prop_assert_eq!(m1, m2, "sqlmodel non-deterministic");
+
+            let s1 = vespertide_exporter::seaorm::render_entity(&table);
+            let s2 = vespertide_exporter::seaorm::render_entity(&table);
+            prop_assert_eq!(s1, s2, "seaorm non-deterministic");
+
+            let j1 = vespertide_exporter::jpa::render_entity(&table)
+                .map_err(TestCaseError::fail)?;
+            let j2 = vespertide_exporter::jpa::render_entity(&table)
+                .map_err(TestCaseError::fail)?;
+            prop_assert_eq!(j1, j2, "jpa non-deterministic");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn sqlmodel_parallel_render_entities_is_thread_count_deterministic() {
+    let schema = wide_schema(200);
+    let one_thread = ThreadPoolBuilder::new()
+        .num_threads(1)
+        .build()
+        .expect("build one-thread rayon pool");
+    let eight_threads = ThreadPoolBuilder::new()
+        .num_threads(8)
+        .build()
+        .expect("build eight-thread rayon pool");
+
+    for _ in 0..100 {
+        let single = one_thread
+            .install(|| vespertide_exporter::sqlmodel::render_entities(&schema))
+            .expect("render sqlmodel entities with one rayon thread");
+        let parallel = eight_threads
+            .install(|| vespertide_exporter::sqlmodel::render_entities(&schema))
+            .expect("render sqlmodel entities with eight rayon threads");
+
+        assert_eq!(single, parallel);
+    }
+}
+
+fn wide_schema(table_count: usize) -> Vec<TableDef> {
+    (0..table_count)
+        .map(|index| TableDef {
+            name: format!("table_{index:03}"),
+            description: Some(format!("Table {index}")),
+            columns: vec![
+                ColumnDef {
+                    name: "id".into(),
+                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+                    nullable: false,
+                    default: None,
+                    comment: None,
+                    primary_key: None,
+                    unique: None,
+                    index: None,
+                    foreign_key: None,
+                },
+                ColumnDef {
+                    name: "name".into(),
+                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+                    nullable: false,
+                    default: None,
+                    comment: Some(format!("Name for table {index}")),
+                    primary_key: None,
+                    unique: None,
+                    index: None,
+                    foreign_key: None,
+                },
+                ColumnDef {
+                    name: "created_at".into(),
+                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Timestamptz),
+                    nullable: false,
+                    default: None,
+                    comment: None,
+                    primary_key: None,
+                    unique: None,
+                    index: None,
+                    foreign_key: None,
+                },
+            ],
+            constraints: Vec::new(),
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
+fn arb_table_def() -> impl Strategy<Value = TableDef> {
+    (
+        arb_safe_ident(),
+        prop::collection::vec((arb_safe_ident(), arb_column_type(), any::<bool>()), 0..=8)
+            .prop_filter("unique column names", |columns| {
+                let mut names = std::collections::BTreeSet::new();
+                columns.iter().all(|(name, _, _)| names.insert(name))
+            }),
+    )
+        .prop_map(|(name, columns)| TableDef {
+            name,
+            description: None,
+            columns: columns
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|(name, r#type, nullable)| ColumnDef {
+                    name,
+                    r#type,
+                    nullable,
+                    default: None,
+                    comment: None,
+                    primary_key: None,
+                    unique: None,
+                    index: None,
+                    foreign_key: None,
+                })
+                .collect(),
+            constraints: Vec::new(),
+        })
+}
+
+fn arb_column_type() -> impl Strategy<Value = ColumnType> {
+    prop_oneof![
+        Just(SimpleColumnType::SmallInt),
+        Just(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+        Just(SimpleColumnType::BigInt),
+        Just(SimpleColumnType::Real),
+        Just(SimpleColumnType::DoublePrecision),
+        Just(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+        Just(SimpleColumnType::Boolean),
+        Just(SimpleColumnType::Date),
+        Just(SimpleColumnType::Time),
+        Just(SimpleColumnType::Timestamp),
+        Just(SimpleColumnType::Timestamptz),
+        Just(SimpleColumnType::Interval),
+        Just(SimpleColumnType::Bytea),
+        Just(SimpleColumnType::Uuid),
+        Just(SimpleColumnType::Json),
+        Just(SimpleColumnType::Inet),
+        Just(SimpleColumnType::Cidr),
+        Just(SimpleColumnType::Macaddr),
+        Just(SimpleColumnType::Xml),
+    ]
+    .prop_map(ColumnType::Simple)
+}
+
+fn arb_safe_ident() -> impl Strategy<Value = String> {
+    (
+        prop::char::range('a', 'z'),
+        prop::collection::vec(
+            prop_oneof![
+                prop::char::range('a', 'z'),
+                prop::char::range('0', '9'),
+                Just('_'),
+            ],
+            0..=20,
+        ),
+    )
+        .prop_map(|(first, rest)| {
+            let mut ident = String::with_capacity(rest.len() + 1);
+            ident.push(first);
+            ident.extend(rest);
+            ident
+        })
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-exporter/tests/jpa_parallel.rs b/crates/vespertide-exporter/tests/jpa_parallel.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cdffa211
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-exporter/tests/jpa_parallel.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+use vespertide_core::{ColumnDef, ColumnType, SimpleColumnType, TableDef};
+
+#[test]
+fn jpa_parallel_render_matches_sequential_order_and_content() {
+    let schema = wide_schema(64);
+
+    let sequential = schema
+        .iter()
+        .map(vespertide_exporter::jpa::render_entity)
+        .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()
+        .unwrap();
+
+    let parallel = vespertide_exporter::jpa::render_entities(&schema).unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(parallel, sequential);
+}
+
+fn wide_schema(count: usize) -> Vec<TableDef> {
+    (0..count)
+        .map(|idx| TableDef {
+            name: format!("parallel_jpa_table_{idx}"),
+            description: None,
+            columns: vec![
+                column("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer), false),
+                column(
+                    "created_on",
+                    ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Date),
+                    false,
+                ),
+                column(
+                    "created_at",
+                    ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Timestamptz),
+                    false,
+                ),
+                column(
+                    "external_id",
+                    ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid),
+                    false,
+                ),
+            ],
+            constraints: Vec::new(),
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
+fn column(name: &str, r#type: ColumnType, nullable: bool) -> ColumnDef {
+    ColumnDef {
+        name: name.into(),
+        r#type,
+        nullable,
+        default: None,
+        comment: None,
+        primary_key: None,
+        unique: None,
+        index: None,
+        foreign_key: None,
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-exporter/tests/seaorm_parallel.rs b/crates/vespertide-exporter/tests/seaorm_parallel.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a8289fd0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-exporter/tests/seaorm_parallel.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+use rayon::ThreadPoolBuilder;
+use vespertide_core::{ColumnDef, ColumnType, SimpleColumnType, TableDef};
+
+#[test]
+fn seaorm_export_byte_identical_across_thread_counts() {
+    let schema = hundred_table_fixture();
+
+    let single_thread = ThreadPoolBuilder::new()
+        .num_threads(1)
+        .build()
+        .expect("build single-thread rayon pool")
+        .install(|| vespertide_exporter::seaorm::export(&schema))
+        .expect("single-thread SeaORM export");
+
+    let four_threads = ThreadPoolBuilder::new()
+        .num_threads(4)
+        .build()
+        .expect("build four-thread rayon pool")
+        .install(|| vespertide_exporter::seaorm::export(&schema))
+        .expect("four-thread SeaORM export");
+
+    assert_eq!(single_thread, four_threads);
+}
+
+fn hundred_table_fixture() -> Vec<TableDef> {
+    (0..100)
+        .map(|idx| TableDef {
+            name: format!("table_{idx}"),
+            description: None,
+            columns: vec![
+                ColumnDef {
+                    name: "id".into(),
+                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+                    nullable: false,
+                    default: None,
+                    comment: None,
+                    primary_key: None,
+                    unique: None,
+                    index: None,
+                    foreign_key: None,
+                },
+                ColumnDef {
+                    name: "name".into(),
+                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+                    nullable: false,
+                    default: None,
+                    comment: None,
+                    primary_key: None,
+                    unique: None,
+                    index: None,
+                    foreign_key: None,
+                },
+            ],
+            constraints: Vec::new(),
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-exporter/tests/seaorm_relations_parallel.rs b/crates/vespertide-exporter/tests/seaorm_relations_parallel.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2b75bfa8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-exporter/tests/seaorm_relations_parallel.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+use rayon::ThreadPoolBuilder;
+use vespertide_core::{ColumnDef, ColumnType, SimpleColumnType, TableConstraint, TableDef};
+
+#[test]
+fn seaorm_fk_relation_resolution_matches_sequential_and_parallel_schema_sizes() {
+    let parallel_schema = hundred_fk_table_fixture();
+    let sequential_schema = parallel_schema[..5].to_vec();
+
+    let sequential = vespertide_exporter::seaorm::render_entity_with_schema(
+        &sequential_schema[0],
+        &sequential_schema,
+    );
+    let parallel = vespertide_exporter::seaorm::render_entity_with_schema(
+        &parallel_schema[0],
+        &parallel_schema,
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(sequential, parallel);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn seaorm_fk_heavy_export_byte_identical_across_thread_counts() {
+    let schema = hundred_fk_table_fixture();
+
+    let single_thread = ThreadPoolBuilder::new()
+        .num_threads(1)
+        .build()
+        .expect("build single-thread rayon pool")
+        .install(|| vespertide_exporter::seaorm::export(&schema))
+        .expect("single-thread SeaORM export");
+
+    let four_threads = ThreadPoolBuilder::new()
+        .num_threads(4)
+        .build()
+        .expect("build four-thread rayon pool")
+        .install(|| vespertide_exporter::seaorm::export(&schema))
+        .expect("four-thread SeaORM export");
+
+    assert_eq!(single_thread, four_threads);
+}
+
+fn hundred_fk_table_fixture() -> Vec<TableDef> {
+    (0..100)
+        .map(|idx| {
+            let refs = relation_targets_for(idx);
+            fk_table(idx, &refs)
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
+fn relation_targets_for(idx: usize) -> [usize; 3] {
+    match idx {
+        1..=3 => [4, 2, 3],
+        _ => [1, 2, 3],
+    }
+}
+
+fn fk_table(idx: usize, refs: &[usize; 3]) -> TableDef {
+    let mut columns = vec![int_col("id")];
+    let mut constraints = vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+        auto_increment: false,
+        columns: vec!["id".into()],
+    }];
+
+    for (fk_idx, target) in refs.iter().enumerate() {
+        let column = if (1..=3).contains(&idx) && fk_idx == 0 {
+            "id".to_string()
+        } else {
+            format!("table_{target}_id")
+        };
+
+        if column != "id" && !columns.iter().any(|existing| existing.name == column) {
+            columns.push(int_col(&column));
+        }
+
+        constraints.push(TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+            name: None,
+            columns: vec![column],
+            ref_table: format!("table_{target}"),
+            ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+            on_delete: None,
+            on_update: None,
+        });
+    }
+
+    TableDef {
+        name: format!("table_{idx}"),
+        description: None,
+        columns,
+        constraints,
+    }
+}
+
+fn int_col(name: &str) -> ColumnDef {
+    ColumnDef {
+        name: name.into(),
+        r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+        nullable: false,
+        default: None,
+        comment: None,
+        primary_key: None,
+        unique: None,
+        index: None,
+        foreign_key: None,
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-exporter/tests/sqlalchemy_parallel.rs b/crates/vespertide-exporter/tests/sqlalchemy_parallel.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f5f61892
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-exporter/tests/sqlalchemy_parallel.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+use vespertide_core::schema::primary_key::PrimaryKeySyntax;
+use vespertide_core::{ColumnDef, ColumnType, ComplexColumnType, SimpleColumnType, TableDef};
+
+#[test]
+fn sqlalchemy_export_byte_identical() {
+    let schema = make_100_table_schema();
+
+    let a = vespertide_exporter::sqlalchemy::export(&schema).expect("first export succeeds");
+    let b = vespertide_exporter::sqlalchemy::export(&schema).expect("second export succeeds");
+
+    assert_eq!(a, b);
+}
+
+fn make_100_table_schema() -> Vec<TableDef> {
+    (0..100)
+        .map(|i| {
+            TableDef {
+                name: format!("table_{i}"),
+                description: None,
+                columns: vec![
+                    ColumnDef::new("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer), false)
+                        .primary_key(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
+                    ColumnDef::new(
+                        "name",
+                        ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Varchar { length: 191 }),
+                        false,
+                    ),
+                    ColumnDef::new(
+                        "created_at",
+                        ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Timestamptz),
+                        false,
+                    )
+                    .default("NOW()".into()),
+                    ColumnDef::new("metadata", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Json), true),
+                ],
+                constraints: Vec::new(),
+            }
+            .normalize()
+            .expect("generated table normalizes")
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-exporter/tests/sqlmodel_parallel.rs b/crates/vespertide-exporter/tests/sqlmodel_parallel.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3e905bf6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-exporter/tests/sqlmodel_parallel.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+use vespertide_core::schema::primary_key::PrimaryKeySyntax;
+use vespertide_core::{ColumnDef, ColumnType, SimpleColumnType, StrOrBoolOrArray, TableDef};
+
+#[test]
+fn sqlmodel_schema_rendering_is_byte_equal_across_thread_counts() {
+    let schema = large_schema();
+
+    let one_thread = rayon::ThreadPoolBuilder::new()
+        .num_threads(1)
+        .build()
+        .expect("build one-thread pool")
+        .install(|| vespertide_exporter::sqlmodel::render_entities(&schema))
+        .expect("render with one thread");
+
+    let four_threads = rayon::ThreadPoolBuilder::new()
+        .num_threads(4)
+        .build()
+        .expect("build four-thread pool")
+        .install(|| vespertide_exporter::sqlmodel::render_entities(&schema))
+        .expect("render with four threads");
+
+    assert_eq!(one_thread.as_bytes(), four_threads.as_bytes());
+}
+
+fn large_schema() -> Vec<TableDef> {
+    (0..60)
+        .map(|idx| TableDef {
+            name: format!("table_{idx}"),
+            description: Some(format!("Synthetic table {idx}")),
+            columns: vec![
+                ColumnDef {
+                    name: "id".into(),
+                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+                    nullable: false,
+                    default: None,
+                    comment: None,
+                    primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
+                    unique: None,
+                    index: None,
+                    foreign_key: None,
+                },
+                ColumnDef {
+                    name: "created_at".into(),
+                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Timestamptz),
+                    nullable: false,
+                    default: Some("NOW()".into()),
+                    comment: None,
+                    primary_key: None,
+                    unique: None,
+                    index: None,
+                    foreign_key: None,
+                },
+                ColumnDef {
+                    name: "external_id".into(),
+                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid),
+                    nullable: true,
+                    default: None,
+                    comment: None,
+                    primary_key: None,
+                    unique: None,
+                    index: Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true)),
+                    foreign_key: None,
+                },
+            ],
+            constraints: Vec::new(),
+        })
+        .map(|table| table.normalize())
+        .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()
+        .expect("normalize schema")
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-loader/Cargo.toml b/crates/vespertide-loader/Cargo.toml
index 51d5abd6..fba80ec3 100644
--- a/crates/vespertide-loader/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/vespertide-loader/Cargo.toml
@@ -7,8 +7,12 @@ repository.workspace = true
 homepage.workspace = true
 documentation.workspace = true
 description = "Loads migrations and models from filesystem"
+keywords = ["database", "migration", "schema", "orm", "sql"]
+categories = ["database"]
+readme = "../../README.md"
 
 [dependencies]
+rayon = { workspace = true }
 vespertide-core = { workspace = true }
 vespertide-config = { workspace = true }
 vespertide-planner = { workspace = true }
@@ -20,3 +24,6 @@ serde_yaml = "0.9"
 tempfile = "3"
 rstest = "0.26"
 serial_test = "3.4"
+
+[lints]
+workspace = true
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-loader/src/config.rs b/crates/vespertide-loader/src/config.rs
index 62f9a914..f3e27789 100644
--- a/crates/vespertide-loader/src/config.rs
+++ b/crates/vespertide-loader/src/config.rs
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ pub fn load_config() -> Result<VespertideConfig> {
 
 /// Load config from a specific path.
 pub fn load_config_from_path(path: PathBuf) -> Result<VespertideConfig> {
+    let path = path.into_boxed_path();
     if !path.exists() {
         anyhow::bail!("vespertide.json not found at: {}", path.display());
     }
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-loader/src/lib.rs b/crates/vespertide-loader/src/lib.rs
index b99ffaa9..661ad7f9 100644
--- a/crates/vespertide-loader/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/vespertide-loader/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,17 @@
+//! Filesystem loading of vespertide models and migrations.
+//!
+//! Supports both JSON and YAML model/migration files. Used by both the CLI
+//! at runtime and the `vespertide_migration!` macro at compile time.
+
+// Test-only env mutation in `migrations.rs` / `models.rs` uses
+// `std::env::set_var` / `remove_var`, which became `unsafe` in Rust 2024.
+// All sites are serialized via `serial_test::serial`, so allow unsafe in tests only.
+#![cfg_attr(test, allow(unsafe_code))]
+
 pub mod config;
 pub mod migrations;
 pub mod models;
+mod parallel_config;
 
 pub use config::{load_config, load_config_from_path, load_config_or_default};
 pub use migrations::{load_migrations, load_migrations_at_compile_time, load_migrations_from_dir};
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-loader/src/migrations.rs b/crates/vespertide-loader/src/migrations.rs
index 1fa928ce..0937a950 100644
--- a/crates/vespertide-loader/src/migrations.rs
+++ b/crates/vespertide-loader/src/migrations.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,15 @@
 use std::env;
 use std::fs;
-use std::path::PathBuf;
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 
 use anyhow::{Context, Result};
+use rayon::prelude::*;
 use vespertide_config::VespertideConfig;
 use vespertide_core::MigrationPlan;
 use vespertide_planner::validate_migration_plan;
 
+use crate::parallel_config::{LOAD_FILES_PAR_MIN_LEN, LOAD_FILES_PAR_THRESHOLD};
+
 /// Load all migration plans from the migrations directory, sorted by version.
 pub fn load_migrations(config: &VespertideConfig) -> Result<Vec<MigrationPlan>> {
     let migrations_dir = config.migrations_dir();
@@ -14,33 +17,20 @@ pub fn load_migrations(config: &VespertideConfig) -> Result<Vec<MigrationPlan>>
         return Ok(Vec::new());
     }
 
-    let mut plans = Vec::new();
-    let entries = fs::read_dir(migrations_dir).context("read migrations directory")?;
+    let paths = collect_migration_paths(migrations_dir)?;
+    let results: Vec<Result<MigrationPlan>> = if paths.len() < LOAD_FILES_PAR_THRESHOLD {
+        paths.iter().map(|path| load_migration_file(path)).collect()
+    } else {
+        paths
+            .par_iter()
+            .with_min_len(LOAD_FILES_PAR_MIN_LEN)
+            .map(|path| load_migration_file(path))
+            .collect()
+    };
 
-    for entry in entries {
-        let entry = entry.context("read directory entry")?;
-        let path = entry.path();
-        if path.is_file() {
-            let ext = path.extension().and_then(|s| s.to_str());
-            if ext == Some("json") || ext == Some("yaml") || ext == Some("yml") {
-                let content = fs::read_to_string(&path)
-                    .with_context(|| format!("read migration file: {}", path.display()))?;
-
-                let plan: MigrationPlan = if ext == Some("json") {
-                    serde_json::from_str(&content)
-                        .with_context(|| format!("parse migration: {}", path.display()))?
-                } else {
-                    serde_yaml::from_str(&content)
-                        .with_context(|| format!("parse migration: {}", path.display()))?
-                };
-
-                // Validate the migration plan
-                validate_migration_plan(&plan)
-                    .with_context(|| format!("validate migration: {}", path.display()))?;
-
-                plans.push(plan);
-            }
-        }
+    let mut plans = Vec::with_capacity(results.len());
+    for result in results {
+        plans.push(result?);
     }
 
     // Sort by version number
@@ -63,7 +53,7 @@ pub fn load_migrations_from_dir(
 
     // Read vespertide.json or use defaults
     let config = crate::config::load_config_or_default(Some(project_root.clone()))
-        .map_err(|e| format!("Failed to load config: {}", e))?;
+        .map_err(|e| format!("Failed to load config: {e}"))?;
 
     // Read migrations directory
     let migrations_dir = project_root.join(config.migrations_dir());
@@ -71,32 +61,23 @@ pub fn load_migrations_from_dir(
         return Ok(Vec::new());
     }
 
-    let mut plans = Vec::new();
-    let entries = fs::read_dir(&migrations_dir)
-        .map_err(|e| format!("Failed to read migrations directory: {}", e))?;
+    let paths = collect_migration_paths_internal(&migrations_dir)?;
+    let results: Vec<Result<MigrationPlan, String>> = if paths.len() < LOAD_FILES_PAR_THRESHOLD {
+        paths
+            .iter()
+            .map(|path| load_migration_file_internal(path))
+            .collect()
+    } else {
+        paths
+            .par_iter()
+            .with_min_len(LOAD_FILES_PAR_MIN_LEN)
+            .map(|path| load_migration_file_internal(path))
+            .collect()
+    };
 
-    for entry in entries {
-        let entry = entry.map_err(|e| format!("Failed to read directory entry: {}", e))?;
-        let path = entry.path();
-        if path.is_file() {
-            let ext = path.extension().and_then(|s| s.to_str());
-            if ext == Some("json") || ext == Some("yaml") || ext == Some("yml") {
-                let content = fs::read_to_string(&path)
-                    .context(format!("Failed to read migration file {}", path.display()))?;
-
-                let plan: MigrationPlan = if ext == Some("json") {
-                    serde_json::from_str(&content).map_err(|e| {
-                        format!("Failed to parse JSON migration {}: {}", path.display(), e)
-                    })?
-                } else {
-                    serde_yaml::from_str(&content).map_err(|e| {
-                        format!("Failed to parse YAML migration {}: {}", path.display(), e)
-                    })?
-                };
-
-                plans.push(plan);
-            }
-        }
+    let mut plans = Vec::with_capacity(results.len());
+    for result in results {
+        plans.push(result.map_err(|e| -> Box<dyn std::error::Error> { e.into() })?);
     }
 
     // Sort by version
@@ -104,6 +85,82 @@ pub fn load_migrations_from_dir(
     Ok(plans)
 }
 
+fn collect_migration_paths(dir: &Path) -> Result<Vec<PathBuf>> {
+    let entries = fs::read_dir(dir).context("read migrations directory")?;
+    let mut paths = Vec::new();
+
+    for entry in entries {
+        let entry = entry.context("read directory entry")?;
+        let path = entry.path();
+        if path.is_file() && has_migration_extension(&path) {
+            paths.push(path);
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(paths)
+}
+
+fn collect_migration_paths_internal(dir: &Path) -> Result<Vec<PathBuf>, String> {
+    let entries =
+        fs::read_dir(dir).map_err(|e| format!("Failed to read migrations directory: {e}"))?;
+    let mut paths = Vec::new();
+
+    for entry in entries {
+        let entry = entry.map_err(|e| format!("Failed to read directory entry: {e}"))?;
+        let path = entry.path();
+        if path.is_file() && has_migration_extension(&path) {
+            paths.push(path);
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(paths)
+}
+
+fn has_migration_extension(path: &Path) -> bool {
+    matches!(
+        path.extension().and_then(|s| s.to_str()),
+        Some("json" | "yaml" | "yml")
+    )
+}
+
+fn load_migration_file(path: &Path) -> Result<MigrationPlan> {
+    let ext = path.extension().and_then(|s| s.to_str());
+    let content = fs::read_to_string(path)
+        .with_context(|| format!("read migration file: {}", path.display()))?;
+
+    let plan: MigrationPlan = if ext == Some("json") {
+        serde_json::from_str(&content)
+            .with_context(|| format!("parse migration: {}", path.display()))?
+    } else {
+        serde_yaml::from_str(&content)
+            .with_context(|| format!("parse migration: {}", path.display()))?
+    };
+
+    validate_migration_plan(&plan)
+        .with_context(|| format!("validate migration: {}", path.display()))?;
+
+    Ok(plan)
+}
+
+fn load_migration_file_internal(path: &Path) -> Result<MigrationPlan, String> {
+    let ext = path.extension().and_then(|s| s.to_str());
+    let content = fs::read_to_string(path)
+        .map_err(|e| format!("Failed to read migration file {}: {}", path.display(), e))?;
+
+    let plan: MigrationPlan = if ext == Some("json") {
+        serde_json::from_str(&content)
+            .map_err(|e| format!("Failed to parse JSON migration {}: {}", path.display(), e))?
+    } else {
+        serde_yaml::from_str(&content)
+            .map_err(|e| format!("Failed to parse YAML migration {}: {}", path.display(), e))?
+    };
+
+    validate_migration_plan(&plan)
+        .map_err(|e| format!("Failed to validate migration {}: {}", path.display(), e))?;
+
+    Ok(plan)
+}
+
 /// Load migrations at compile time (for macro use).
 pub fn load_migrations_at_compile_time() -> Result<Vec<MigrationPlan>, Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
     load_migrations_from_dir(None)
@@ -258,7 +315,7 @@ mod tests {
         let migrations_dir = temp_dir.path().join("migrations");
         fs::create_dir_all(&migrations_dir).unwrap();
 
-        let migration_content = r#"---
+        let migration_content = r"---
 version: 1
 actions:
   - type: create_table
@@ -268,7 +325,7 @@ actions:
         type: integer
         nullable: false
     constraints: []
-"#;
+";
 
         fs::write(migrations_dir.join("0001_test.yaml"), migration_content).unwrap();
 
@@ -285,7 +342,7 @@ actions:
         let migrations_dir = temp_dir.path().join("migrations");
         fs::create_dir_all(&migrations_dir).unwrap();
 
-        let migration_content = r#"---
+        let migration_content = r"---
 version: 1
 actions:
   - type: create_table
@@ -295,7 +352,7 @@ actions:
         type: integer
         nullable: false
     constraints: []
-"#;
+";
 
         fs::write(migrations_dir.join("0001_test.yml"), migration_content).unwrap();
 
@@ -314,7 +371,7 @@ actions:
         write_config(temp_dir.path());
         fs::create_dir_all("migrations").unwrap();
 
-        let migration_content = r#"---
+        let migration_content = r"---
 version: 1
 actions:
   - type: create_table
@@ -324,7 +381,7 @@ actions:
         type: integer
         nullable: false
     constraints: []
-"#;
+";
         fs::write("migrations/0001_test.yaml", migration_content).unwrap();
 
         let plans = load_migrations(&VespertideConfig::default()).unwrap();
@@ -353,11 +410,11 @@ actions:
         let migrations_dir = temp_dir.path().join("migrations");
         fs::create_dir_all(&migrations_dir).unwrap();
 
-        let invalid_yaml = r#"---
+        let invalid_yaml = r"---
 version: 1
 actions:
   - invalid: [syntax
-"#;
+";
         fs::write(migrations_dir.join("0001_invalid.yaml"), invalid_yaml).unwrap();
 
         let result = load_migrations_from_dir(Some(temp_dir.path().to_path_buf()));
@@ -366,6 +423,38 @@ actions:
         assert!(err_msg.contains("Failed to parse YAML migration"));
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn test_load_migrations_from_dir_rejects_invalid_plan_with_file_path() {
+        let temp_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+        let migrations_dir = temp_dir.path().join("migrations");
+        fs::create_dir_all(&migrations_dir).unwrap();
+
+        let migration_path = migrations_dir.join("0001_invalid_plan.json");
+        let invalid_plan = r#"{
+            "version": 1,
+            "actions": [
+                {
+                    "type": "add_column",
+                    "table": "nonexistent",
+                    "column": {
+                        "name": "required_value",
+                        "type": "integer",
+                        "nullable": false
+                    }
+                }
+            ]
+        }"#;
+        fs::write(&migration_path, invalid_plan).unwrap();
+
+        let result = load_migrations_from_dir(Some(temp_dir.path().to_path_buf()));
+        assert!(result.is_err());
+        let err_msg = result.unwrap_err().to_string();
+        assert!(
+            err_msg.contains(&migration_path.display().to_string()),
+            "error did not include file path {migration_path:?}: {err_msg}"
+        );
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn test_load_migrations_from_dir_with_unreadable_file() {
         // Note: Testing file read errors (line 85) is extremely difficult in unit tests
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-loader/src/models.rs b/crates/vespertide-loader/src/models.rs
index d1421742..3e858f54 100644
--- a/crates/vespertide-loader/src/models.rs
+++ b/crates/vespertide-loader/src/models.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,14 @@
 use std::fs;
-use std::path::Path;
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 
 use anyhow::{Context, Result};
+use rayon::prelude::*;
 use vespertide_config::VespertideConfig;
 use vespertide_core::TableDef;
 use vespertide_planner::validate_schema;
 
+use crate::parallel_config::{LOAD_FILES_PAR_MIN_LEN, LOAD_FILES_PAR_THRESHOLD};
+
 /// Load all model definitions from the models directory (recursively).
 pub fn load_models(config: &VespertideConfig) -> Result<Vec<TableDef>> {
     let models_dir = config.models_dir();
@@ -28,7 +31,7 @@ pub fn load_models(config: &VespertideConfig) -> Result<Vec<TableDef>> {
             .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
 
         validate_schema(&normalized_tables)
-            .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("schema validation failed: {}", e))?;
+            .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("schema validation failed: {e}"))?;
     }
 
     Ok(tables)
@@ -36,39 +39,68 @@ pub fn load_models(config: &VespertideConfig) -> Result<Vec<TableDef>> {
 
 /// Recursively walk directory and load model files.
 fn load_models_recursive(dir: &Path, tables: &mut Vec<TableDef>) -> Result<()> {
+    let paths = collect_model_paths(dir)?;
+    let results: Vec<Result<TableDef>> = if paths.len() < LOAD_FILES_PAR_THRESHOLD {
+        paths.iter().map(|path| load_model_file(path)).collect()
+    } else {
+        paths
+            .par_iter()
+            .with_min_len(LOAD_FILES_PAR_MIN_LEN)
+            .map(|path| load_model_file(path))
+            .collect()
+    };
+
+    for result in results {
+        tables.push(result?);
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn collect_model_paths(dir: &Path) -> Result<Vec<PathBuf>> {
     let entries =
         fs::read_dir(dir).with_context(|| format!("read models directory: {}", dir.display()))?;
+    let mut paths = Vec::new();
 
     for entry in entries {
         let entry = entry.context("read directory entry")?;
         let path = entry.path();
 
         if path.is_dir() {
-            // Recursively process subdirectories
-            load_models_recursive(&path, tables)?;
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        if path.is_file() {
-            let ext = path.extension().and_then(|s| s.to_str());
-            if matches!(ext, Some("json") | Some("yaml") | Some("yml")) {
-                let content = fs::read_to_string(&path)
-                    .with_context(|| format!("read model file: {}", path.display()))?;
-
-                let table: TableDef = if ext == Some("json") {
-                    serde_json::from_str(&content)
-                        .with_context(|| format!("parse JSON model: {}", path.display()))?
-                } else {
-                    serde_yaml::from_str(&content)
-                        .with_context(|| format!("parse YAML model: {}", path.display()))?
-                };
-
-                tables.push(table);
-            }
+            paths.extend(collect_model_paths(&path)?);
+        } else if path.is_file() && has_model_extension(&path) {
+            paths.push(path);
         }
     }
 
-    Ok(())
+    Ok(paths)
+}
+
+fn has_model_extension(path: &Path) -> bool {
+    matches!(
+        path.extension().and_then(|s| s.to_str()),
+        Some("json" | "yaml" | "yml")
+    )
+}
+
+fn load_model_file(path: &Path) -> Result<TableDef> {
+    let ext = path.extension().and_then(|s| s.to_str());
+    let content =
+        fs::read_to_string(path).with_context(|| format!("read model file: {}", path.display()))?;
+
+    let table: TableDef = if ext == Some("json") {
+        serde_json::from_str(&content)
+            .with_context(|| format!("parse JSON model: {}", path.display()))?
+    } else {
+        serde_yaml::from_str(&content)
+            .with_context(|| format!("parse YAML model: {}", path.display()))?
+    };
+
+    table
+        .validate_unique_column_names()
+        .with_context(|| format!("validate model: {}", path.display()))?;
+
+    Ok(table)
 }
 
 /// Load models from a specific directory (for compile-time use in macros).
@@ -89,7 +121,7 @@ pub fn load_models_from_dir(
 
     // Read vespertide.json or use defaults
     let config = crate::config::load_config_or_default(Some(project_root.clone()))
-        .map_err(|e| format!("Failed to load config: {}", e))?;
+        .map_err(|e| format!("Failed to load config: {e}"))?;
 
     // Read models directory
     let models_dir = project_root.join(config.models_dir());
@@ -99,19 +131,9 @@ pub fn load_models_from_dir(
 
     let mut tables = Vec::new();
     load_models_recursive_internal(&models_dir, &mut tables)
-        .map_err(|e| format!("Failed to load models: {}", e))?;
-
-    // Normalize tables
-    let normalized_tables: Vec<TableDef> = tables
-        .into_iter()
-        .map(|t| {
-            t.normalize()
-                .map_err(|e| format!("Failed to normalize table '{}': {}", t.name, e))
-        })
-        .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()
-        .map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
-
-    Ok(normalized_tables)
+        .map_err(|e| format!("Failed to load models: {e}"))?;
+
+    Ok(tables)
 }
 
 /// Internal recursive function for loading models (used by both runtime and compile-time).
@@ -119,43 +141,66 @@ fn load_models_recursive_internal(
     dir: &Path,
     tables: &mut Vec<TableDef>,
 ) -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
-    use std::fs;
+    let paths = collect_model_paths_internal(dir)?;
+    let results: Vec<Result<TableDef, String>> = if paths.len() < LOAD_FILES_PAR_THRESHOLD {
+        paths
+            .iter()
+            .map(|path| load_normalized_model_file_internal(path))
+            .collect()
+    } else {
+        paths
+            .par_iter()
+            .with_min_len(LOAD_FILES_PAR_MIN_LEN)
+            .map(|path| load_normalized_model_file_internal(path))
+            .collect()
+    };
+
+    for result in results {
+        tables.push(result.map_err(|e| -> Box<dyn std::error::Error> { e.into() })?);
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
 
+fn collect_model_paths_internal(dir: &Path) -> Result<Vec<PathBuf>, String> {
     let entries = fs::read_dir(dir)
         .map_err(|e| format!("Failed to read models directory {}: {}", dir.display(), e))?;
+    let mut paths = Vec::new();
 
     for entry in entries {
-        let entry = entry.map_err(|e| format!("Failed to read directory entry: {}", e))?;
+        let entry = entry.map_err(|e| format!("Failed to read directory entry: {e}"))?;
         let path = entry.path();
 
         if path.is_dir() {
-            // Recursively process subdirectories
-            load_models_recursive_internal(&path, tables)?;
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        if path.is_file() {
-            let ext = path.extension().and_then(|s| s.to_str());
-            if matches!(ext, Some("json") | Some("yaml") | Some("yml")) {
-                let content = fs::read_to_string(&path)
-                    .map_err(|e| format!("Failed to read model file {}: {}", path.display(), e))?;
-
-                let table: TableDef = if ext == Some("json") {
-                    serde_json::from_str(&content).map_err(|e| {
-                        format!("Failed to parse JSON model {}: {}", path.display(), e)
-                    })?
-                } else {
-                    serde_yaml::from_str(&content).map_err(|e| {
-                        format!("Failed to parse YAML model {}: {}", path.display(), e)
-                    })?
-                };
-
-                tables.push(table);
-            }
+            paths.extend(collect_model_paths_internal(&path)?);
+        } else if path.is_file() && has_model_extension(&path) {
+            paths.push(path);
         }
     }
 
-    Ok(())
+    Ok(paths)
+}
+
+fn load_normalized_model_file_internal(path: &Path) -> Result<TableDef, String> {
+    let ext = path.extension().and_then(|s| s.to_str());
+    let content = fs::read_to_string(path)
+        .map_err(|e| format!("Failed to read model file {}: {}", path.display(), e))?;
+
+    let table: TableDef = if ext == Some("json") {
+        serde_json::from_str(&content)
+            .map_err(|e| format!("Failed to parse JSON model {}: {}", path.display(), e))?
+    } else {
+        serde_yaml::from_str(&content)
+            .map_err(|e| format!("Failed to parse YAML model {}: {}", path.display(), e))?
+    };
+
+    table
+        .validate_unique_column_names()
+        .map_err(|e| format!("Failed to validate model {}: {}", path.display(), e))?;
+
+    table
+        .normalize()
+        .map_err(|e| format!("Failed to normalize table '{}': {}", table.name, e))
 }
 
 /// Load models at compile time (for macro use).
@@ -525,7 +570,7 @@ mod tests {
         let models_dir = temp_dir.path().join("models");
         fs::create_dir_all(&models_dir).unwrap();
 
-        fs::write(models_dir.join("invalid.yaml"), r#"invalid: [yaml"#).unwrap();
+        fs::write(models_dir.join("invalid.yaml"), r"invalid: [yaml").unwrap();
 
         let result = load_models_from_dir(Some(temp_dir.path().to_path_buf()));
         assert!(result.is_err());
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-loader/src/parallel_config.rs b/crates/vespertide-loader/src/parallel_config.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9509a0cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-loader/src/parallel_config.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+//! Empirically tuned Rayon thresholds.
+//!
+//! See `docs/PARALLELIZATION.md` for the Wave 6 measurement notes.
+//!
+//! Loader work is IO-bound; Wave 6 kept the Wave 1 threshold unchanged.
+
+pub(crate) const LOAD_FILES_PAR_THRESHOLD: usize = 20;
+pub(crate) const LOAD_FILES_PAR_MIN_LEN: usize = 4;
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-loader/tests/parallel_load.rs b/crates/vespertide-loader/tests/parallel_load.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fe3ac016
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-loader/tests/parallel_load.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+use std::fs;
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+
+use rayon::{ThreadPool, ThreadPoolBuilder};
+use serial_test::serial;
+use tempfile::TempDir;
+use vespertide_config::VespertideConfig;
+use vespertide_loader::{
+    load_migrations, load_migrations_from_dir, load_models, load_models_from_dir,
+};
+
+const FIXTURE_COUNT: usize = 30;
+
+struct CwdGuard {
+    original: PathBuf,
+}
+
+impl CwdGuard {
+    fn new(dir: &Path) -> Self {
+        let original = std::env::current_dir().unwrap();
+        std::env::set_current_dir(dir).unwrap();
+        Self { original }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Drop for CwdGuard {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        let _ = std::env::set_current_dir(&self.original);
+    }
+}
+
+fn create_project() -> TempDir {
+    let temp_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+    let config = serde_json::to_string_pretty(&VespertideConfig::default()).unwrap();
+    fs::write(temp_dir.path().join("vespertide.json"), config).unwrap();
+    temp_dir
+}
+
+fn write_model(path: &Path, index: usize) {
+    let column_count = index % 20 + 1;
+    let mut columns = vec![
+        r#"{"name":"id","type":"integer","nullable":false,"primary_key":{"auto_increment":true}}"#
+            .to_string(),
+    ];
+    columns.extend((0..column_count).map(|col| {
+        format!(r#"{{"name":"col_{col:02}","type":"integer","nullable":false,"default":{col}}}"#)
+    }));
+
+    let content = format!(
+        r#"{{"$schema":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/dev-five-git/vespertide/refs/heads/main/schemas/model.schema.json","name":"table_{index:03}","columns":[{}]}}"#,
+        columns.join(",")
+    );
+    fs::write(path, content).unwrap();
+}
+
+fn write_models(project_root: &Path) {
+    let models_dir = project_root.join("models");
+    fs::create_dir_all(&models_dir).unwrap();
+    for index in (0..FIXTURE_COUNT).rev() {
+        write_model(&models_dir.join(format!("table_{index:03}.json")), index);
+    }
+}
+
+fn write_migrations(project_root: &Path) {
+    let migrations_dir = project_root.join("migrations");
+    fs::create_dir_all(&migrations_dir).unwrap();
+    for index in (1..=FIXTURE_COUNT).rev() {
+        fs::write(
+            migrations_dir.join(format!("{index:04}_migration.json")),
+            format!(r#"{{"version":{index},"actions":[]}}"#),
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+    }
+}
+
+fn thread_pool(thread_count: usize) -> ThreadPool {
+    ThreadPoolBuilder::new()
+        .num_threads(thread_count)
+        .build()
+        .expect("rayon thread pool should build")
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[serial]
+fn load_models_parallel_matches_single_threaded_result() {
+    let temp_dir = create_project();
+    write_models(temp_dir.path());
+    let _cwd = CwdGuard::new(temp_dir.path());
+    let one_thread = thread_pool(1);
+    let eight_threads = thread_pool(8);
+
+    let single = one_thread.install(|| load_models(&VespertideConfig::default()).unwrap());
+    let parallel = eight_threads.install(|| load_models(&VespertideConfig::default()).unwrap());
+
+    assert_eq!(single, parallel);
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[serial]
+fn load_models_from_dir_parallel_matches_single_threaded_result() {
+    let temp_dir = create_project();
+    write_models(temp_dir.path());
+    let root = temp_dir.path().to_path_buf();
+    let one_thread = thread_pool(1);
+    let eight_threads = thread_pool(8);
+
+    let single = one_thread.install(|| load_models_from_dir(Some(root.clone())).unwrap());
+    let parallel = eight_threads.install(|| load_models_from_dir(Some(root)).unwrap());
+
+    assert_eq!(single, parallel);
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[serial]
+fn load_models_reports_earliest_invalid_file_by_path() {
+    let temp_dir = create_project();
+    write_models(temp_dir.path());
+    fs::write(temp_dir.path().join("models/table_010.json"), "{").unwrap();
+    let _cwd = CwdGuard::new(temp_dir.path());
+    let one_thread = thread_pool(1);
+    let eight_threads = thread_pool(8);
+
+    let single = one_thread.install(|| load_models(&VespertideConfig::default()).unwrap_err());
+    let parallel = eight_threads.install(|| load_models(&VespertideConfig::default()).unwrap_err());
+
+    assert_eq!(single.to_string(), parallel.to_string());
+    assert!(single.to_string().contains("table_010.json"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[serial]
+fn load_migrations_parallel_matches_single_threaded_result() {
+    let temp_dir = create_project();
+    write_migrations(temp_dir.path());
+    let _cwd = CwdGuard::new(temp_dir.path());
+    let one_thread = thread_pool(1);
+    let eight_threads = thread_pool(8);
+
+    let single = one_thread.install(|| load_migrations(&VespertideConfig::default()).unwrap());
+    let parallel = eight_threads.install(|| load_migrations(&VespertideConfig::default()).unwrap());
+
+    assert_eq!(single, parallel);
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[serial]
+fn load_migrations_from_dir_parallel_matches_single_threaded_result() {
+    let temp_dir = create_project();
+    write_migrations(temp_dir.path());
+    let root = temp_dir.path().to_path_buf();
+    let one_thread = thread_pool(1);
+    let eight_threads = thread_pool(8);
+
+    let single = one_thread.install(|| load_migrations_from_dir(Some(root.clone())).unwrap());
+    let parallel = eight_threads.install(|| load_migrations_from_dir(Some(root)).unwrap());
+
+    assert_eq!(single, parallel);
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[serial]
+fn load_migrations_reports_earliest_invalid_file_by_path() {
+    let temp_dir = create_project();
+    write_migrations(temp_dir.path());
+    fs::write(temp_dir.path().join("migrations/0010_migration.json"), "{").unwrap();
+    let _cwd = CwdGuard::new(temp_dir.path());
+    let one_thread = thread_pool(1);
+    let eight_threads = thread_pool(8);
+
+    let single = one_thread.install(|| load_migrations(&VespertideConfig::default()).unwrap_err());
+    let parallel =
+        eight_threads.install(|| load_migrations(&VespertideConfig::default()).unwrap_err());
+
+    assert_eq!(single.to_string(), parallel.to_string());
+    assert!(single.to_string().contains("0010_migration.json"));
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-lsp/Cargo.toml b/crates/vespertide-lsp/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6f658d47
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-lsp/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+[package]
+name = "vespertide-lsp"
+version = "0.1.61"
+edition.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+repository.workspace = true
+homepage.workspace = true
+documentation.workspace = true
+description = "Language Server Protocol implementation for Vespertide schema files"
+keywords = ["lsp", "vespertide", "schema", "database"]
+categories = ["development-tools"]
+readme = "../../README.md"
+
+[lints]
+workspace = true
+
+[[bin]]
+name = "vespertide-lsp"
+path = "src/main.rs"
+
+[dependencies]
+# LSP framework - tower-lsp-server (community fork; tower-lsp 0.20 is abandoned)
+tower-lsp-server = "=0.23.0"
+
+# Async runtime
+tokio = { version = "1", features = ["full"] }
+
+# Tree-sitter parsers (used from Wave 2+)
+tree-sitter = "0.26"
+tree-sitter-json = "0.24"
+tree-sitter-yaml = "0.7"
+
+# UTF-16 <-> byte offset position mapping
+lsp-textdocument = "0.5"
+# lsp-textdocument's public API takes lsp_types (0.97) directly, not
+# tower-lsp-server's re-exported ls_types. We need the concrete type when
+# constructing TextDocumentContentChangeEvent for full-sync updates.
+lsp-types = "0.97"
+
+# Concurrent document store (justified: hot per-key path; all other maps use BTreeMap).
+dashmap = "6"
+
+# Serialization
+serde = { version = "1", features = ["derive"] }
+serde_json = "1"
+serde_yaml = "0.9"
+
+# Logging
+tracing = "0.1"
+tracing-subscriber = { version = "0.3", features = ["env-filter"] }
+
+# Vespertide workspace members
+vespertide-core = { workspace = true }
+vespertide-config = { workspace = true }
+vespertide-planner = { workspace = true }
+vespertide-loader = { workspace = true }
+
+[dev-dependencies]
+insta = { version = "1.47", features = ["json", "yaml"] }
+proptest = "1"
+rstest = "0.26"
+tempfile = "3"
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/backend/handler_file_features.rs b/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/backend/handler_file_features.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e40d8dc8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/backend/handler_file_features.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+//! Body of the file-local LSP handlers (`document_symbol`,
+//! `folding_range`, `document_highlight`, `selection_range`), lifted
+//! out of `backend::mod` to keep that file under the workspace line
+//! policy.
+
+#![allow(clippy::unused_async, deprecated)]
+
+use tower_lsp_server::jsonrpc::Result;
+use tower_lsp_server::ls_types::{
+    DocumentHighlight, DocumentHighlightKind, DocumentHighlightParams, DocumentSymbol,
+    DocumentSymbolParams, DocumentSymbolResponse, FoldingRange, FoldingRangeParams, Range,
+    SelectionRange, SelectionRangeParams, SymbolKind as LspSymbolKind,
+};
+
+use super::helpers::byte_to_ls_position;
+use super::Backend;
+
+pub(super) async fn document_symbol_impl(
+    backend: &Backend,
+    params: DocumentSymbolParams,
+) -> Result<Option<DocumentSymbolResponse>> {
+    let uri = params.text_document.uri;
+    let symbols = backend.store.docs_iter_for_uri(&uri, |state| {
+        let text = state.text();
+        let domain = crate::file_features::compute_document_symbols(text, state.tree.as_ref());
+        domain
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|s| domain_doc_sym_to_lsp(s, &state.doc))
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+    });
+    Ok(symbols.map(DocumentSymbolResponse::Nested))
+}
+
+pub(super) async fn folding_range_impl(
+    backend: &Backend,
+    params: FoldingRangeParams,
+) -> Result<Option<Vec<FoldingRange>>> {
+    let uri = params.text_document.uri;
+    let folds = backend.store.docs_iter_for_uri(&uri, |state| {
+        let text = state.text();
+        let domain = crate::file_features::compute_folding_ranges(text, state.tree.as_ref());
+        domain
+            .into_iter()
+            .filter_map(|f| {
+                let start = byte_to_ls_position(&state.doc, f.byte_range.start);
+                let end = byte_to_ls_position(&state.doc, f.byte_range.end);
+                if start.line == end.line {
+                    return None;
+                }
+                Some(FoldingRange {
+                    start_line: start.line,
+                    start_character: None,
+                    end_line: end.line,
+                    end_character: None,
+                    kind: None,
+                    collapsed_text: None,
+                })
+            })
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+    });
+    let folds = folds.unwrap_or_default();
+    if folds.is_empty() {
+        Ok(None)
+    } else {
+        Ok(Some(folds))
+    }
+}
+
+pub(super) async fn document_highlight_impl(
+    backend: &Backend,
+    params: DocumentHighlightParams,
+) -> Result<Option<Vec<DocumentHighlight>>> {
+    let uri = params.text_document_position_params.text_document.uri;
+    let pos_ls = params.text_document_position_params.position;
+    let pos_lsp = crate::position::ls_to_lsp_position(pos_ls);
+    let hits = backend.store.docs_iter_for_uri(&uri, |state| {
+        let text = state.text();
+        let byte = crate::position::lsp_position_to_byte(&state.doc, pos_lsp);
+        crate::file_features::compute_document_highlight(text, state.tree.as_ref(), byte)
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|h| DocumentHighlight {
+                range: Range {
+                    start: byte_to_ls_position(&state.doc, h.byte_range.start),
+                    end: byte_to_ls_position(&state.doc, h.byte_range.end),
+                },
+                kind: Some(match h.kind {
+                    crate::file_features::DomainDocumentHighlightKind::Read => {
+                        DocumentHighlightKind::READ
+                    }
+                    crate::file_features::DomainDocumentHighlightKind::Reference => {
+                        DocumentHighlightKind::TEXT
+                    }
+                }),
+            })
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+    });
+    let hits = hits.unwrap_or_default();
+    if hits.is_empty() {
+        Ok(None)
+    } else {
+        Ok(Some(hits))
+    }
+}
+
+pub(super) async fn selection_range_impl(
+    backend: &Backend,
+    params: SelectionRangeParams,
+) -> Result<Option<Vec<SelectionRange>>> {
+    let uri = params.text_document.uri;
+    let positions = params.positions;
+    let ranges = backend.store.docs_iter_for_uri(&uri, |state| {
+        positions
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|pos_ls| {
+                let pos_lsp = crate::position::ls_to_lsp_position(pos_ls);
+                let byte = crate::position::lsp_position_to_byte(&state.doc, pos_lsp);
+                let chain = crate::file_features::compute_selection_ranges(
+                    state.text(),
+                    state.tree.as_ref(),
+                    byte,
+                );
+                let mut acc: Option<Box<SelectionRange>> = None;
+                for entry in chain.into_iter().rev() {
+                    let lsp_range = Range {
+                        start: byte_to_ls_position(&state.doc, entry.byte_range.start),
+                        end: byte_to_ls_position(&state.doc, entry.byte_range.end),
+                    };
+                    acc = Some(Box::new(SelectionRange {
+                        range: lsp_range,
+                        parent: acc,
+                    }));
+                }
+                match acc {
+                    Some(boxed) => *boxed,
+                    None => SelectionRange {
+                        range: Range {
+                            start: byte_to_ls_position(&state.doc, byte),
+                            end: byte_to_ls_position(&state.doc, byte),
+                        },
+                        parent: None,
+                    },
+                }
+            })
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+    });
+    Ok(ranges)
+}
+
+fn domain_doc_sym_to_lsp(
+    sym: crate::file_features::DomainDocumentSymbol,
+    doc: &lsp_textdocument::FullTextDocument,
+) -> DocumentSymbol {
+    let range = Range {
+        start: byte_to_ls_position(doc, sym.byte_range.start),
+        end: byte_to_ls_position(doc, sym.byte_range.end),
+    };
+    let selection_range = Range {
+        start: byte_to_ls_position(doc, sym.selection_byte_range.start),
+        end: byte_to_ls_position(doc, sym.selection_byte_range.end),
+    };
+    let kind = match sym.kind {
+        crate::file_features::DomainDocumentSymbolKind::Table => LspSymbolKind::CLASS,
+        crate::file_features::DomainDocumentSymbolKind::Column => LspSymbolKind::FIELD,
+    };
+    let children = if sym.children.is_empty() {
+        None
+    } else {
+        Some(
+            sym.children
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|c| domain_doc_sym_to_lsp(c, doc))
+                .collect(),
+        )
+    };
+    DocumentSymbol {
+        name: sym.name,
+        detail: None,
+        kind,
+        tags: None,
+        deprecated: None,
+        range,
+        selection_range,
+        children,
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/backend/handler_rename.rs b/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/backend/handler_rename.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fe3061ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/backend/handler_rename.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+//! Body of the `prepare_rename` / `rename` LSP handlers, lifted out of
+//! `backend::mod` to keep the latter under the 1000-line per-file
+//! policy. Each function takes `&Backend` so it can read the shared
+//! state (store, index, workspace tables) without exposing fields.
+//!
+//! `async` is preserved on both helpers — the LSP trait expects an
+//! `async fn`, and these wrappers must be `.await`-able from the trait
+//! impl block in `mod.rs`. Clippy's `unused_async` lint fires here
+//! because the bodies themselves don't `.await`, but removing `async`
+//! would break the trait signature mirror. Allow the lint locally.
+#![allow(clippy::unused_async)]
+
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+
+use tower_lsp_server::jsonrpc::Result;
+use tower_lsp_server::ls_types::{
+    PrepareRenameResponse, Range, Position, RenameParams, TextDocumentPositionParams,
+    WorkspaceEdit,
+};
+
+use super::helpers::{byte_to_ls_position, domain_edits_to_lsp};
+use super::Backend;
+use crate::parser::DocumentFormat;
+
+pub(super) async fn prepare_rename_impl(
+    backend: &Backend,
+    params: TextDocumentPositionParams,
+) -> Result<Option<PrepareRenameResponse>> {
+    let uri = params.text_document.uri;
+    let pos_ls = params.position;
+    let pos_lsp = crate::position::ls_to_lsp_position(pos_ls);
+    let Some(format) = DocumentFormat::from_uri(&uri) else {
+        return Ok(None);
+    };
+
+    let domain = backend.store.docs_iter_for_uri(&uri, |state| {
+        let text = state.text();
+        let byte = crate::position::lsp_position_to_byte(&state.doc, pos_lsp);
+        crate::rename::prepare(text, format, state.tree.as_ref(), &uri, byte)
+    });
+    let Some(Some(domain)) = domain else {
+        tracing::debug!(
+            target: "vespertide_lsp::handler",
+            uri = %uri.as_str(),
+            "prepare_rename: position is not renameable"
+        );
+        return Ok(None);
+    };
+
+    let range = backend
+        .store
+        .docs_iter_for_uri(&uri, |state| Range {
+            start: byte_to_ls_position(&state.doc, domain.byte_range.start),
+            end: byte_to_ls_position(&state.doc, domain.byte_range.end),
+        })
+        .unwrap_or(Range {
+            start: Position {
+                line: 0,
+                character: 0,
+            },
+            end: Position {
+                line: 0,
+                character: 0,
+            },
+        });
+
+    tracing::info!(
+        target: "vespertide_lsp::handler",
+        uri = %uri.as_str(),
+        placeholder = %domain.placeholder,
+        "prepare_rename"
+    );
+
+    Ok(Some(PrepareRenameResponse::RangeWithPlaceholder {
+        range,
+        placeholder: domain.placeholder,
+    }))
+}
+
+pub(super) async fn rename_impl(
+    backend: &Backend,
+    params: RenameParams,
+) -> Result<Option<WorkspaceEdit>> {
+    let uri = params.text_document_position.text_document.uri;
+    let pos_ls = params.text_document_position.position;
+    let pos_lsp = crate::position::ls_to_lsp_position(pos_ls);
+    let new_name = params.new_name;
+    let Some(format) = DocumentFormat::from_uri(&uri) else {
+        return Ok(None);
+    };
+
+    let domain = backend.store.docs_iter_for_uri(&uri, |state| {
+        let text = state.text();
+        let byte = crate::position::lsp_position_to_byte(&state.doc, pos_lsp);
+        crate::rename::compute(
+            text,
+            format,
+            state.tree.as_ref(),
+            &uri,
+            backend.index.as_ref(),
+            backend.store.as_ref(),
+            Some(backend.workspace_tables.as_ref()),
+            byte,
+            &new_name,
+        )
+    });
+    let Some(Some(domain)) = domain else {
+        return Ok(None);
+    };
+
+    tracing::info!(
+        target: "vespertide_lsp::handler",
+        uri = %uri.as_str(),
+        new_name = %new_name,
+        files = domain.edits.len(),
+        total_edits = domain.edits.values().map(Vec::len).sum::<usize>(),
+        "rename"
+    );
+
+    let mut changes = HashMap::new();
+    for (target_uri, domain_edits) in domain.edits {
+        let Some(text_edits) = domain_edits_to_lsp(&target_uri, &domain_edits, backend) else {
+            continue;
+        };
+        changes.insert(target_uri, text_edits);
+    }
+
+    if changes.is_empty() {
+        return Ok(None);
+    }
+    Ok(Some(WorkspaceEdit {
+        changes: Some(changes),
+        ..WorkspaceEdit::default()
+    }))
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/backend/helpers.rs b/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/backend/helpers.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..24350ce7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/backend/helpers.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,231 @@
+//! Standalone helpers extracted from `backend::mod` to keep the
+//! per-file line count under the workspace's 1000-line policy. None
+//! of these functions touch private internals of [`Backend`] — they
+//! either take primitives or accept a `&Backend` and use its
+//! `pub(super)` surface.
+
+#![allow(deprecated)]
+
+use tower_lsp_server::ls_types::{
+    CompletionItem, CompletionItemKind as LspCompletionItemKind, CompletionTextEdit, Diagnostic,
+    DiagnosticSeverity, InsertTextFormat, Location, Range, SymbolInformation,
+    SymbolKind as LspSymbolKind, TextEdit, Uri,
+};
+
+use super::Backend;
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub(super) struct DiagnosticSeverityCounts {
+    pub errors: usize,
+    pub warnings: usize,
+}
+
+pub(super) fn diagnostic_severity_counts(
+    diagnostics: &[Diagnostic],
+) -> DiagnosticSeverityCounts {
+    let mut counts = DiagnosticSeverityCounts::default();
+    for diag in diagnostics {
+        match diag.severity {
+            Some(DiagnosticSeverity::ERROR) => counts.errors += 1,
+            Some(DiagnosticSeverity::WARNING) => counts.warnings += 1,
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+    counts
+}
+
+/// Translate a [`crate::completion::DomainCompletion`] into the LSP wire
+/// shape. When the domain layer supplies a byte range to replace, we lower
+/// it to a `TextEdit` so the client wipes the existing string (quotes and
+/// all) before inserting the snippet — that is what makes typing `varchar`
+/// inside `""` collapse the quotes and unfold into a `{...}` object literal.
+pub(super) fn domain_to_lsp(
+    item: crate::completion::DomainCompletion,
+    doc: &lsp_textdocument::FullTextDocument,
+) -> CompletionItem {
+    let kind = Some(match item.kind {
+        crate::completion::CompletionItemKind::Value => LspCompletionItemKind::VALUE,
+        crate::completion::CompletionItemKind::Property => LspCompletionItemKind::PROPERTY,
+        crate::completion::CompletionItemKind::Reference => LspCompletionItemKind::REFERENCE,
+        crate::completion::CompletionItemKind::Snippet => LspCompletionItemKind::SNIPPET,
+    });
+
+    let text_edit = item.replace_range_bytes.as_ref().map(|range| {
+        let start = byte_to_ls_position(doc, range.start);
+        let end = byte_to_ls_position(doc, range.end);
+        let new_text = item
+            .insert_text
+            .clone()
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| item.label.clone());
+        CompletionTextEdit::Edit(TextEdit {
+            range: Range { start, end },
+            new_text,
+        })
+    });
+
+    let insert_text_format = item.insert_text.as_ref().map(|_| InsertTextFormat::SNIPPET);
+    // Per LSP spec: when text_edit is set, the client ignores insert_text.
+    // Suppress it so the two never disagree.
+    let insert_text = if text_edit.is_some() {
+        None
+    } else {
+        item.insert_text
+    };
+    let sort_text = Some(format!("{:03}{}", item.sort_priority, item.label));
+
+    CompletionItem {
+        label: item.label,
+        kind,
+        detail: item.detail,
+        text_edit,
+        insert_text_format,
+        insert_text,
+        sort_text,
+        ..CompletionItem::default()
+    }
+}
+
+pub(super) fn byte_to_ls_position(
+    doc: &lsp_textdocument::FullTextDocument,
+    byte_offset: usize,
+) -> tower_lsp_server::ls_types::Position {
+    crate::position::lsp_to_ls_position(crate::position::byte_to_lsp_position(doc, byte_offset))
+}
+
+/// Best-effort filesystem path normalization for workspace dedup.
+///
+/// 1. `std::fs::canonicalize` when the file exists — that is the most
+///    reliable cross-tool match (resolves symlinks + UNC + casing).
+/// 2. Fallback to forward-slash + lowercase rewrite so Windows files that
+///    differ only in drive-letter case still compare equal.
+pub(super) fn normalize_path(path: &std::path::Path) -> std::path::PathBuf {
+    if let Ok(canonical) = std::fs::canonicalize(path) {
+        return canonical;
+    }
+    let lossy = path.to_string_lossy().replace('\\', "/");
+    if cfg!(windows) {
+        std::path::PathBuf::from(lossy.to_lowercase())
+    } else {
+        std::path::PathBuf::from(lossy)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Lower a domain symbol into LSP `SymbolInformation`, resolving the byte
+/// range via either the open document or the on-disk file.
+#[allow(deprecated)]
+pub(super) fn symbol_to_lsp(symbol: &crate::symbols::DomainSymbol, backend: &Backend) -> Option<SymbolInformation> {
+    let range = backend.store.docs_iter_for_uri(&symbol.uri, |state| Range {
+        start: byte_to_ls_position(&state.doc, symbol.byte_range.start),
+        end: byte_to_ls_position(&state.doc, symbol.byte_range.end),
+    });
+    let range = if let Some(r) = range {
+        r
+    } else {
+        // Disk-only file — read it once to get a UTF-16-aware doc.
+        let path = crate::position::uri_to_path(&symbol.uri)?;
+        let text = std::fs::read_to_string(&path).ok()?;
+        let language_id = match path.extension().and_then(|e| e.to_str()) {
+            Some("yaml" | "yml") => "yaml",
+            _ => "json",
+        };
+        let doc = lsp_textdocument::FullTextDocument::new(language_id.to_string(), 1, text);
+        Range {
+            start: byte_to_ls_position(&doc, symbol.byte_range.start),
+            end: byte_to_ls_position(&doc, symbol.byte_range.end),
+        }
+    };
+
+    Some(SymbolInformation {
+        name: symbol.name.clone(),
+        kind: match symbol.kind {
+            crate::symbols::SymbolKind::Table => LspSymbolKind::CLASS,
+            crate::symbols::SymbolKind::Column => LspSymbolKind::FIELD,
+        },
+        location: Location {
+            uri: symbol.uri.clone(),
+            range,
+        },
+        container_name: symbol.container.clone(),
+        tags: None,
+        deprecated: None,
+    })
+}
+
+/// Convert a list of [`crate::rename::DomainTextEdit`] into LSP `TextEdit`s
+/// for `target_uri`. Mirrors the open-vs-disk fallback used by references.
+pub(super) fn domain_edits_to_lsp(
+    target_uri: &Uri,
+    domain_edits: &[crate::rename::DomainTextEdit],
+    backend: &Backend,
+) -> Option<Vec<TextEdit>> {
+    let to_lsp = |doc: &lsp_textdocument::FullTextDocument| {
+        domain_edits
+            .iter()
+            .map(|edit| TextEdit {
+                range: Range {
+                    start: byte_to_ls_position(doc, edit.byte_range.start),
+                    end: byte_to_ls_position(doc, edit.byte_range.end),
+                },
+                new_text: edit.new_text.clone(),
+            })
+            .collect()
+    };
+
+    if let Some(edits) = backend
+        .store
+        .docs_iter_for_uri(target_uri, |state| to_lsp(&state.doc))
+    {
+        return Some(edits);
+    }
+
+    let path = crate::position::uri_to_path(target_uri)?;
+    let text = std::fs::read_to_string(&path).ok()?;
+    let language_id = match path.extension().and_then(|e| e.to_str()) {
+        Some("yaml" | "yml") => "yaml",
+        _ => "json",
+    };
+    let doc = lsp_textdocument::FullTextDocument::new(language_id.to_string(), 1, text);
+    Some(to_lsp(&doc))
+}
+
+/// Convert a [`crate::references::DomainReference`] into an LSP [`Location`].
+///
+/// When the target URI is an open document we use its `FullTextDocument`
+/// for accurate UTF-16 offset conversion. For disk-only files we read the
+/// source and build a transient document. Returns `None` only when both
+/// fail.
+pub(super) fn domain_reference_to_location(
+    reference: &crate::references::DomainReference,
+    backend: &Backend,
+) -> Option<Location> {
+    if let Some(range) = backend
+        .store
+        .docs_iter_for_uri(&reference.uri, |state| {
+            Range {
+                start: byte_to_ls_position(&state.doc, reference.byte_range.start),
+                end: byte_to_ls_position(&state.doc, reference.byte_range.end),
+            }
+        })
+    {
+        return Some(Location {
+            uri: reference.uri.clone(),
+            range,
+        });
+    }
+
+    // Disk-only file — read source on demand.
+    let path = crate::position::uri_to_path(&reference.uri)?;
+    let text = std::fs::read_to_string(&path).ok()?;
+    let language_id = match path.extension().and_then(|e| e.to_str()) {
+        Some("yaml" | "yml") => "yaml",
+        _ => "json",
+    };
+    let doc = lsp_textdocument::FullTextDocument::new(language_id.to_string(), 1, text);
+    Some(Location {
+        uri: reference.uri.clone(),
+        range: Range {
+            start: byte_to_ls_position(&doc, reference.byte_range.start),
+            end: byte_to_ls_position(&doc, reference.byte_range.end),
+        },
+    })
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/backend/mod.rs b/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/backend/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9b0d87ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/backend/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,982 @@
+//! LSP backend.
+//!
+//! Holds the [`Client`] handle, a shared [`DocumentStore`], and a
+//! [`WorkspaceIndex`]; implements [`LanguageServer`] from tower-lsp-server.
+//!
+//! Wave 1 handled only the lifecycle requests (`initialize`, `initialized`,
+//! `shutdown`). Wave 2 (T2 + T3) introduced the document data layer and
+//! cross-file index. Wave 3 wires diagnostics publication on open/change/close.
+//!
+//! Note: tower-lsp-server re-exports the upstream `lsp-types` crate under
+//! the name `ls_types` (NOT `lsp_types`). Using `lsp_types::` directly
+//! would fail to resolve.
+
+use std::collections::BTreeSet;
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+use std::str::FromStr;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use tower_lsp_server::jsonrpc::Result;
+use tower_lsp_server::ls_types::{
+    CodeAction, CodeActionKind as LspCodeActionKind, CodeActionOptions, CodeActionOrCommand,
+    CodeActionParams, CodeActionProviderCapability, CodeActionResponse, CompletionOptions,
+    CompletionParams, CompletionResponse, Diagnostic, DiagnosticSeverity,
+    DidChangeTextDocumentParams, DidChangeWatchedFilesParams, DidCloseTextDocumentParams,
+    DidOpenTextDocumentParams, DidSaveTextDocumentParams, DocumentFormattingParams,
+    DocumentHighlight, DocumentHighlightParams, DocumentSymbolParams,
+    DocumentSymbolResponse, FoldingRange,
+    FoldingRangeParams, GotoDefinitionParams, GotoDefinitionResponse, Hover, HoverContents,
+    HoverParams, HoverProviderCapability, InitializeParams, InitializeResult, InitializedParams,
+    InlayHint, InlayHintKind as LspInlayHintKind, InlayHintLabel, InlayHintOptions,
+    InlayHintParams, InlayHintServerCapabilities, Location, MarkupContent, MarkupKind,
+    MessageType, NumberOrString, OneOf, Position, PrepareRenameResponse, Range, ReferenceParams,
+    RenameOptions, RenameParams, SelectionRange, SelectionRangeParams,
+    SelectionRangeProviderCapability, SemanticTokensFullOptions, SemanticTokensOptions,
+    SemanticTokensParams, SemanticTokensRangeParams, SemanticTokensRangeResult,
+    SemanticTokensResult, SemanticTokensServerCapabilities, ServerCapabilities, ServerInfo,
+    SymbolInformation, TextDocumentPositionParams, TextDocumentSyncCapability,
+    TextDocumentSyncKind, TextDocumentSyncOptions, TextDocumentSyncSaveOptions, TextEdit, Uri,
+    WorkDoneProgressOptions, WorkspaceEdit, WorkspaceSymbolParams, WorkspaceSymbolResponse,
+};
+use tower_lsp_server::{Client, LanguageServer};
+
+use crate::diagnostics::{self, mapper};
+use crate::parser::DocumentFormat;
+use crate::store::DocumentStore;
+use crate::workspace_index::WorkspaceIndex;
+use crate::workspace_tables::WorkspaceTables;
+
+/// Vespertide language server backend.
+///
+/// Owns the [`Client`] handle used to push notifications (log messages,
+/// diagnostics) back to the editor, plus a shared [`DocumentStore`] that
+/// holds parsed state for every open document and a [`WorkspaceIndex`]
+/// mapping table names to URIs.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Backend {
+    /// LSP client handle for sending notifications to the editor.
+    pub client: Client,
+    /// Shared document store; mutated by the notification handlers.
+    pub store: Arc<DocumentStore>,
+    /// Cross-file table-name → URI index; kept in sync with `store`.
+    pub index: Arc<WorkspaceIndex>,
+    /// Disk-discovered model tables loaded from the workspace root.
+    pub workspace_tables: Arc<WorkspaceTables>,
+}
+
+impl Backend {
+    /// Construct a new backend bound to the given LSP [`Client`].
+    ///
+    /// Designed to be passed directly to `LspService::new(Backend::new)`.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn new(client: Client) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            client,
+            store: Arc::new(DocumentStore::new()),
+            index: Arc::new(WorkspaceIndex::new()),
+            workspace_tables: Arc::new(WorkspaceTables::new()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Reindex a document after open/change. No-op if the document was just
+    /// closed or never parsed (tree is `None`).
+    fn reindex(&self, uri: &Uri) {
+        self.store.with_doc(uri, |text, tree| {
+            if let Some(tree) = tree {
+                self.index.upsert(uri, text, tree);
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    /// Compute and publish diagnostics for a document.
+    ///
+    /// V1 publishes immediately on full-sync events. A 100ms debounce can be
+    /// added later if clients report noisy updates during rapid editing.
+    async fn publish(&self, uri: Uri) {
+        let diagnostics = self.compute_lsp_diagnostics(&uri);
+        let counts = diagnostic_severity_counts(&diagnostics);
+        tracing::info!(
+            target: "vespertide_lsp::diagnostics",
+            uri = %uri.as_str(),
+            total = diagnostics.len(),
+            errors = counts.errors,
+            warnings = counts.warnings,
+            "publishing diagnostics"
+        );
+        self.client
+            .publish_diagnostics(uri, diagnostics, None)
+            .await;
+    }
+
+    async fn publish_related(&self, changed_uri: &Uri) {
+        let other_uris: Vec<Uri> = self
+            .store
+            .open_uris()
+            .into_iter()
+            .filter(|uri| uri != changed_uri)
+            .collect();
+
+        for uri in other_uris {
+            self.publish(uri).await;
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn collect_workspace_tables(&self) -> Vec<diagnostics::WorkspaceTable> {
+        let mut workspace = Vec::new();
+        // Dedup by NORMALIZED FILESYSTEM PATH so a file that is both open
+        // in the editor and present on disk is registered only once.
+        //
+        // URI-level dedup is not enough: Zed and our own `path_to_uri`
+        // helper can emit slightly different strings (drive-letter case
+        // on Windows, %20 vs space, trailing slashes) for the same file.
+        // Two registrations of the same file would make the planner report
+        // a spurious `DuplicateTableName`.
+        let mut seen_paths: BTreeSet<PathBuf> = BTreeSet::new();
+
+        self.store.for_each(|uri, state| {
+            let text = state.text();
+            let Some(tree) = state.tree.clone() else {
+                return;
+            };
+            let parsed = match state.format {
+                DocumentFormat::Json => {
+                    serde_json::from_str::<vespertide_core::TableDef>(text).ok()
+                }
+                DocumentFormat::Yaml => {
+                    serde_yaml::from_str::<vespertide_core::TableDef>(text).ok()
+                }
+            };
+            let Some(table) = parsed else {
+                return;
+            };
+            let Ok(table) = table.normalize() else {
+                return;
+            };
+
+            if let Some(path) = crate::position::uri_to_path(uri) {
+                seen_paths.insert(normalize_path(&path));
+            }
+            workspace.push(diagnostics::WorkspaceTable {
+                uri: uri.clone(),
+                table,
+                source: text.to_string(),
+                tree: Some(tree),
+            });
+        });
+
+        for (name, table) in self.workspace_tables.all() {
+            let Some(disk_path) = self.workspace_tables.model_path(&name) else {
+                continue;
+            };
+            if !seen_paths.insert(normalize_path(&disk_path)) {
+                // Same physical file is already in the workspace as an open document.
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            let disk_uri = Self::path_to_uri(&disk_path)
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| Self::fallback_disk_uri(&name));
+            workspace.push(diagnostics::WorkspaceTable {
+                uri: disk_uri,
+                table,
+                source: String::new(),
+                tree: None,
+            });
+        }
+
+        workspace
+    }
+
+    fn path_to_uri(path: &Path) -> Option<Uri> {
+        let mut path_text = path.to_string_lossy().replace('\\', "/");
+        if !path_text.starts_with('/') {
+            path_text = format!("/{path_text}");
+        }
+        Uri::from_str(&format!("file://{path_text}")).ok()
+    }
+
+    fn fallback_disk_uri(table_name: &str) -> Uri {
+        Uri::from_str(&format!("file:///__disk__/{table_name}.json"))
+            .expect("synthetic disk model URI should parse")
+    }
+
+    fn compute_lsp_diagnostics(&self, uri: &Uri) -> Vec<Diagnostic> {
+        let Some(format) = DocumentFormat::from_uri(uri) else {
+            return Vec::new();
+        };
+
+        let workspace = self.collect_workspace_tables();
+
+        let mut diagnostics: Vec<Diagnostic> = self
+            .store
+            .docs_iter_for_uri(uri, |state| {
+                let domain = diagnostics::compute_workspace(
+                    state.text(),
+                    format,
+                    state.tree.as_ref(),
+                    &workspace,
+                    uri,
+                );
+                domain
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|diag| mapper::to_lsp(diag, &state.doc))
+                    .collect()
+            })
+            .unwrap_or_default();
+
+        if let Some(root) = Self::workspace_root_for(uri) {
+            for drift in crate::drift::compute(&root, self.index.as_ref(), self.store.as_ref()) {
+                if drift.uri == *uri {
+                    diagnostics.push(Self::drift_diagnostic(&drift.summary));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        diagnostics
+    }
+
+    fn drift_diagnostic(summary: &str) -> Diagnostic {
+        Diagnostic {
+            range: Range {
+                start: Position {
+                    line: 0,
+                    character: 0,
+                },
+                end: Position {
+                    line: 0,
+                    character: 0,
+                },
+            },
+            severity: Some(DiagnosticSeverity::INFORMATION),
+            code: Some(NumberOrString::String("drift".to_string())),
+            code_description: None,
+            source: Some("vespertide-lsp".to_string()),
+            message: format!("Model drift detected — {summary}"),
+            related_information: None,
+            tags: None,
+            data: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn workspace_root_for(uri: &Uri) -> Option<PathBuf> {
+        let path = crate::position::uri_to_path(uri)?;
+        let mut current = path.parent();
+        while let Some(dir) = current {
+            if dir.join("vespertide.json").exists() {
+                return Some(dir.to_path_buf());
+            }
+            current = dir.parent();
+        }
+        None
+    }
+
+    fn refresh_workspace_tables_for_uri(&self, uri: &Uri) {
+        if let Some(root) = Self::workspace_root_for(uri) {
+            self.workspace_tables.refresh(&root);
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn refresh_workspace_tables_from_initialize(&self, params: &InitializeParams) {
+        if let Some(root_uri) = initialize_root_uri(params) {
+            if let Some(root) = crate::position::uri_to_path(root_uri) {
+                self.workspace_tables.refresh(&root);
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+
+        let Some(folders) = params.workspace_folders.as_ref() else {
+            return;
+        };
+        for folder in folders {
+            if let Some(root) = crate::position::uri_to_path(&folder.uri)
+                && self.workspace_tables.refresh(&root)
+            {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[allow(deprecated)]
+fn initialize_root_uri(params: &InitializeParams) -> Option<&Uri> {
+    // `root_uri` is deprecated in newer LSP versions, but several editors still
+    // send it without `workspace_folders`. Keep it as the first fallback for
+    // workspace discovery while isolating the compatibility warning here.
+    params.root_uri.as_ref()
+}
+
+impl LanguageServer for Backend {
+    async fn initialize(&self, params: InitializeParams) -> Result<InitializeResult> {
+        let root = params
+            .workspace_folders
+            .as_ref()
+            .and_then(|f| f.first().map(|folder| folder.uri.as_str().to_string()))
+            .or_else(|| initialize_root_uri(&params).map(|uri| uri.as_str().to_string()));
+        tracing::info!(
+            target: "vespertide_lsp::handler",
+            root = root.as_deref().unwrap_or("<none>"),
+            client = ?params.client_info.as_ref().map(|c| c.name.as_str()),
+            "initialize"
+        );
+
+        self.refresh_workspace_tables_from_initialize(&params);
+        let discovered = self.workspace_tables.names();
+        tracing::info!(
+            target: "vespertide_lsp::handler",
+            disk_table_count = discovered.len(),
+            disk_tables = ?discovered,
+            "workspace tables discovered"
+        );
+
+        Ok(InitializeResult {
+            capabilities: ServerCapabilities {
+                text_document_sync: Some(TextDocumentSyncCapability::Options(
+                    TextDocumentSyncOptions {
+                        open_close: Some(true),
+                        change: Some(TextDocumentSyncKind::FULL),
+                        will_save: None,
+                        will_save_wait_until: None,
+                        save: Some(TextDocumentSyncSaveOptions::Supported(true)),
+                    },
+                )),
+                hover_provider: Some(HoverProviderCapability::Simple(true)),
+                definition_provider: Some(OneOf::Left(true)),
+                references_provider: Some(OneOf::Left(true)),
+                rename_provider: Some(OneOf::Right(RenameOptions {
+                    prepare_provider: Some(true),
+                    work_done_progress_options: WorkDoneProgressOptions::default(),
+                })),
+                code_action_provider: Some(CodeActionProviderCapability::Options(
+                    CodeActionOptions {
+                        code_action_kinds: Some(vec![LspCodeActionKind::REFACTOR]),
+                        resolve_provider: Some(false),
+                        work_done_progress_options: WorkDoneProgressOptions::default(),
+                    },
+                )),
+                workspace_symbol_provider: Some(OneOf::Left(true)),
+                inlay_hint_provider: Some(
+                    tower_lsp_server::ls_types::OneOf::Right(
+                        InlayHintServerCapabilities::Options(InlayHintOptions {
+                            work_done_progress_options: WorkDoneProgressOptions::default(),
+                            resolve_provider: Some(false),
+                        }),
+                    ),
+                ),
+                semantic_tokens_provider: Some(
+                    SemanticTokensServerCapabilities::SemanticTokensOptions(
+                        SemanticTokensOptions {
+                            work_done_progress_options: WorkDoneProgressOptions::default(),
+                            legend: crate::semantic_tokens::legend(),
+                            range: Some(true),
+                            full: Some(SemanticTokensFullOptions::Bool(true)),
+                        },
+                    ),
+                ),
+                document_symbol_provider: Some(OneOf::Left(true)),
+                document_highlight_provider: Some(OneOf::Left(true)),
+                folding_range_provider: Some(
+                    tower_lsp_server::ls_types::FoldingRangeProviderCapability::Simple(true),
+                ),
+                selection_range_provider: Some(SelectionRangeProviderCapability::Simple(true)),
+                completion_provider: Some(CompletionOptions {
+                    // `"` triggers key/value strings, `:` value position,
+                    // `,` opens a new pair, `{` and `[` open new objects.
+                    trigger_characters: Some(vec![
+                        "\"".to_string(),
+                        ":".to_string(),
+                        ",".to_string(),
+                        "{".to_string(),
+                        "[".to_string(),
+                    ]),
+                    ..CompletionOptions::default()
+                }),
+                document_formatting_provider: Some(OneOf::Left(true)),
+                ..ServerCapabilities::default()
+            },
+            server_info: Some(ServerInfo {
+                name: "vespertide-lsp".to_string(),
+                version: Some(env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION").to_string()),
+            }),
+            // tower-lsp-server 0.23 exposes an explicit offset_encoding field;
+            // leaving it `None` keeps the default (UTF-16) negotiated by the client.
+            offset_encoding: None,
+        })
+    }
+
+    async fn initialized(&self, _params: InitializedParams) {
+        tracing::info!(target: "vespertide_lsp::handler", "initialized");
+        let log_path = std::env::var_os("VESPERTIDE_LSP_LOG")
+            .map_or_else(|| std::env::temp_dir().join("vespertide-lsp.log"), std::path::PathBuf::from);
+        let message = format!(
+            "vespertide-lsp v{} initialized. File log: {}",
+            env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION"),
+            log_path.display()
+        );
+        self.client.log_message(MessageType::INFO, &message).await;
+
+        // Ask the client to watch model + migration files. Clients that
+        // don't support dynamic registration (older Zed builds, basic
+        // LSP clients) simply ignore this — they'll still work via the
+        // editor's own save / change notifications.
+        let registration = crate::watched_files::build_registration();
+        if let Err(err) = self.client.register_capability(vec![registration]).await {
+            tracing::warn!(
+                target: "vespertide_lsp::handler",
+                error = %err,
+                "client refused workspace/didChangeWatchedFiles registration; relying on editor save events"
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    async fn shutdown(&self) -> Result<()> {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    async fn completion(&self, params: CompletionParams) -> Result<Option<CompletionResponse>> {
+        let uri = &params.text_document_position.text_document.uri;
+        let pos_ls = params.text_document_position.position;
+        let pos_lsp = crate::position::ls_to_lsp_position(pos_ls);
+        let Some(format) = DocumentFormat::from_uri(uri) else {
+            tracing::debug!(
+                target: "vespertide_lsp::handler",
+                uri = %uri.as_str(),
+                "completion: unsupported document format"
+            );
+            return Ok(None);
+        };
+
+        let items = self.store.docs_iter_for_uri(uri, |state| {
+            let text = state.text();
+            let byte = crate::position::lsp_position_to_byte(&state.doc, pos_lsp);
+            crate::completion::compute_with_workspace_tables(
+                text,
+                format,
+                state.tree.as_ref(),
+                self.index.as_ref(),
+                self.store.as_ref(),
+                self.workspace_tables.as_ref(),
+                byte,
+            )
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|item| domain_to_lsp(item, &state.doc))
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+        });
+
+        let count = items.as_ref().map_or(0, Vec::len);
+        tracing::info!(
+            target: "vespertide_lsp::handler",
+            uri = %uri.as_str(),
+            line = pos_lsp.line,
+            character = pos_lsp.character,
+            items = count,
+            "completion"
+        );
+
+        Ok(items.map(CompletionResponse::Array))
+    }
+
+    async fn hover(&self, params: HoverParams) -> Result<Option<Hover>> {
+        let uri = &params.text_document_position_params.text_document.uri;
+        let pos_ls = params.text_document_position_params.position;
+        let pos_lsp = crate::position::ls_to_lsp_position(pos_ls);
+        let Some(format) = DocumentFormat::from_uri(uri) else {
+            return Ok(None);
+        };
+
+        let result = self.store.docs_iter_for_uri(uri, |state| {
+            let text = state.text();
+            let byte = crate::position::lsp_position_to_byte(&state.doc, pos_lsp);
+            let domain = crate::hover::compute_with_workspace_tables(
+                text,
+                format,
+                state.tree.as_ref(),
+                self.index.as_ref(),
+                self.store.as_ref(),
+                Some(self.workspace_tables.as_ref()),
+                byte,
+            )?;
+            let start = crate::position::byte_to_lsp_position(&state.doc, domain.byte_range.start);
+            let end = crate::position::byte_to_lsp_position(&state.doc, domain.byte_range.end);
+            Some(Hover {
+                contents: HoverContents::Markup(MarkupContent {
+                    kind: MarkupKind::Markdown,
+                    value: domain.markdown,
+                }),
+                range: Some(Range {
+                    start: Position {
+                        line: start.line,
+                        character: start.character,
+                    },
+                    end: Position {
+                        line: end.line,
+                        character: end.character,
+                    },
+                }),
+            })
+        });
+        Ok(result.flatten())
+    }
+
+    async fn goto_definition(
+        &self,
+        params: GotoDefinitionParams,
+    ) -> Result<Option<GotoDefinitionResponse>> {
+        let uri = params.text_document_position_params.text_document.uri;
+        let pos_ls = params.text_document_position_params.position;
+        let pos_lsp = crate::position::ls_to_lsp_position(pos_ls);
+        let Some(format) = DocumentFormat::from_uri(&uri) else {
+            return Ok(None);
+        };
+
+        let domain = self
+            .store
+            .docs_iter_for_uri(&uri, |state| {
+                let text = state.text();
+                let byte = crate::position::lsp_position_to_byte(&state.doc, pos_lsp);
+                crate::definition::compute_with_workspace_tables(
+                    text,
+                    format,
+                    state.tree.as_ref(),
+                    self.index.as_ref(),
+                    self.store.as_ref(),
+                    Some(self.workspace_tables.as_ref()),
+                    byte,
+                )
+            })
+            .flatten();
+
+        let Some(domain) = domain else {
+            tracing::info!(
+                target: "vespertide_lsp::handler",
+                uri = %uri.as_str(),
+                line = pos_lsp.line,
+                character = pos_lsp.character,
+                "goto_definition: no target"
+            );
+            return Ok(None);
+        };
+        tracing::info!(
+            target: "vespertide_lsp::handler",
+            from_uri = %uri.as_str(),
+            target_uri = %domain.uri.as_str(),
+            line = pos_lsp.line,
+            character = pos_lsp.character,
+            "goto_definition: resolved"
+        );
+
+        let target_range = self
+            .store
+            .docs_iter_for_uri(&domain.uri, |state| {
+                let start =
+                    crate::position::byte_to_lsp_position(&state.doc, domain.byte_range.start);
+                let end = crate::position::byte_to_lsp_position(&state.doc, domain.byte_range.end);
+                Range {
+                    start: Position {
+                        line: start.line,
+                        character: start.character,
+                    },
+                    end: Position {
+                        line: end.line,
+                        character: end.character,
+                    },
+                }
+            })
+            .unwrap_or(Range {
+                start: Position {
+                    line: 0,
+                    character: 0,
+                },
+                end: Position {
+                    line: 0,
+                    character: 0,
+                },
+            });
+
+        Ok(Some(GotoDefinitionResponse::Scalar(Location {
+            uri: domain.uri,
+            range: target_range,
+        })))
+    }
+
+    async fn references(&self, params: ReferenceParams) -> Result<Option<Vec<Location>>> {
+        let uri = params.text_document_position.text_document.uri;
+        let pos_ls = params.text_document_position.position;
+        let pos_lsp = crate::position::ls_to_lsp_position(pos_ls);
+        let include_declaration = params.context.include_declaration;
+        let Some(format) = DocumentFormat::from_uri(&uri) else {
+            return Ok(None);
+        };
+
+        let domain_refs = self.store.docs_iter_for_uri(&uri, |state| {
+            let text = state.text();
+            let byte = crate::position::lsp_position_to_byte(&state.doc, pos_lsp);
+            crate::references::compute(
+                text,
+                format,
+                state.tree.as_ref(),
+                &uri,
+                self.index.as_ref(),
+                self.store.as_ref(),
+                Some(self.workspace_tables.as_ref()),
+                byte,
+                include_declaration,
+            )
+        });
+        let Some(domain_refs) = domain_refs else {
+            return Ok(None);
+        };
+
+        tracing::info!(
+            target: "vespertide_lsp::handler",
+            uri = %uri.as_str(),
+            line = pos_lsp.line,
+            character = pos_lsp.character,
+            include_declaration,
+            count = domain_refs.len(),
+            "references"
+        );
+
+        let locations = domain_refs
+            .into_iter()
+            .filter_map(|reference| domain_reference_to_location(&reference, self))
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+        if locations.is_empty() {
+            Ok(None)
+        } else {
+            Ok(Some(locations))
+        }
+    }
+
+    async fn code_action(
+        &self,
+        params: CodeActionParams,
+    ) -> Result<Option<CodeActionResponse>> {
+        let uri = params.text_document.uri;
+        let range_ls = params.range;
+        let range_lsp = crate::position::ls_to_lsp_range(range_ls);
+        let Some(format) = DocumentFormat::from_uri(&uri) else {
+            return Ok(None);
+        };
+
+        let domain_actions = self.store.docs_iter_for_uri(&uri, |state| {
+            let text = state.text();
+            let start = crate::position::lsp_position_to_byte(&state.doc, range_lsp.start);
+            let end = crate::position::lsp_position_to_byte(&state.doc, range_lsp.end);
+            crate::code_actions::compute(text, format, state.tree.as_ref(), start..end)
+        });
+        let Some(domain_actions) = domain_actions else {
+            return Ok(None);
+        };
+
+        tracing::info!(
+            target: "vespertide_lsp::handler",
+            uri = %uri.as_str(),
+            actions = domain_actions.len(),
+            "code_action"
+        );
+
+        let actions: Vec<CodeActionOrCommand> = domain_actions
+            .into_iter()
+            .filter_map(|action| {
+                let text_edits = domain_edits_to_lsp(&uri, &action.edits, self)?;
+                let mut changes = std::collections::HashMap::new();
+                changes.insert(uri.clone(), text_edits);
+                Some(CodeActionOrCommand::CodeAction(CodeAction {
+                    title: action.title,
+                    kind: Some(LspCodeActionKind::REFACTOR),
+                    edit: Some(WorkspaceEdit {
+                        changes: Some(changes),
+                        ..WorkspaceEdit::default()
+                    }),
+                    ..CodeAction::default()
+                }))
+            })
+            .collect();
+
+        if actions.is_empty() {
+            Ok(None)
+        } else {
+            Ok(Some(actions))
+        }
+    }
+
+    async fn inlay_hint(&self, params: InlayHintParams) -> Result<Option<Vec<InlayHint>>> {
+        let uri = params.text_document.uri;
+        let range_ls = params.range;
+        let range_lsp = crate::position::ls_to_lsp_range(range_ls);
+        let Some(_format) = DocumentFormat::from_uri(&uri) else {
+            return Ok(None);
+        };
+
+        let hints = self.store.docs_iter_for_uri(&uri, |state| {
+            let text = state.text();
+            let start = crate::position::lsp_position_to_byte(&state.doc, range_lsp.start);
+            let end = crate::position::lsp_position_to_byte(&state.doc, range_lsp.end);
+            let domain =
+                crate::inlay_hints::compute(text, state.tree.as_ref(), start..end);
+            domain
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|hint| InlayHint {
+                    position: byte_to_ls_position(&state.doc, hint.byte_offset),
+                    label: InlayHintLabel::String(hint.label),
+                    kind: Some(LspInlayHintKind::TYPE),
+                    text_edits: None,
+                    tooltip: None,
+                    padding_left: Some(false),
+                    padding_right: Some(false),
+                    data: None,
+                })
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+        });
+
+        let Some(hints) = hints else {
+            return Ok(None);
+        };
+
+        tracing::debug!(
+            target: "vespertide_lsp::handler",
+            uri = %uri.as_str(),
+            count = hints.len(),
+            "inlay_hint"
+        );
+
+        if hints.is_empty() {
+            Ok(None)
+        } else {
+            Ok(Some(hints))
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    async fn symbol(
+        &self,
+        params: WorkspaceSymbolParams,
+    ) -> Result<Option<WorkspaceSymbolResponse>> {
+        let query = params.query;
+        let domain = crate::symbols::compute(
+            &query,
+            self.store.as_ref(),
+            Some(self.workspace_tables.as_ref()),
+        );
+
+        tracing::info!(
+            target: "vespertide_lsp::handler",
+            query = %query,
+            results = domain.len(),
+            "workspace symbol"
+        );
+
+        let lsp_symbols: Vec<SymbolInformation> = domain
+            .into_iter()
+            .filter_map(|sym| symbol_to_lsp(&sym, self))
+            .collect();
+        if lsp_symbols.is_empty() {
+            Ok(None)
+        } else {
+            Ok(Some(WorkspaceSymbolResponse::Flat(lsp_symbols)))
+        }
+    }
+
+    async fn prepare_rename(
+        &self,
+        params: TextDocumentPositionParams,
+    ) -> Result<Option<PrepareRenameResponse>> {
+        handler_rename::prepare_rename_impl(self, params).await
+    }
+
+    async fn rename(&self, params: RenameParams) -> Result<Option<WorkspaceEdit>> {
+        handler_rename::rename_impl(self, params).await
+    }
+
+    async fn semantic_tokens_full(
+        &self,
+        params: SemanticTokensParams,
+    ) -> Result<Option<SemanticTokensResult>> {
+        Ok(crate::semantic_tokens::handler::compute_full(
+            self.store.as_ref(),
+            &params,
+        ))
+    }
+
+    async fn semantic_tokens_range(
+        &self,
+        params: SemanticTokensRangeParams,
+    ) -> Result<Option<SemanticTokensRangeResult>> {
+        Ok(crate::semantic_tokens::handler::compute_range(
+            self.store.as_ref(),
+            &params,
+        ))
+    }
+
+    async fn did_change_watched_files(&self, params: DidChangeWatchedFilesParams) {
+        let Some(root) = self.workspace_tables.root() else {
+            return;
+        };
+        let models_dir = root.join("models");
+        let migrations_dir = root.join("migrations");
+
+        let mut touched = false;
+        for event in &params.changes {
+            let Some(path) = crate::position::uri_to_path(&event.uri) else {
+                continue;
+            };
+            if crate::watched_files::should_refresh_for(
+                &root,
+                &models_dir,
+                &migrations_dir,
+                &path,
+            ) {
+                touched = true;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        if !touched {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        self.workspace_tables.refresh(&root);
+        tracing::info!(
+            target: "vespertide_lsp::handler",
+            changes = params.changes.len(),
+            "did_change_watched_files: refreshed workspace_tables"
+        );
+        for uri in self.store.open_uris() {
+            self.publish(uri).await;
+        }
+    }
+
+    async fn document_symbol(
+        &self,
+        params: DocumentSymbolParams,
+    ) -> Result<Option<DocumentSymbolResponse>> {
+        handler_file_features::document_symbol_impl(self, params).await
+    }
+
+    async fn folding_range(
+        &self,
+        params: FoldingRangeParams,
+    ) -> Result<Option<Vec<FoldingRange>>> {
+        handler_file_features::folding_range_impl(self, params).await
+    }
+
+    async fn document_highlight(
+        &self,
+        params: DocumentHighlightParams,
+    ) -> Result<Option<Vec<DocumentHighlight>>> {
+        handler_file_features::document_highlight_impl(self, params).await
+    }
+
+    async fn selection_range(
+        &self,
+        params: SelectionRangeParams,
+    ) -> Result<Option<Vec<SelectionRange>>> {
+        handler_file_features::selection_range_impl(self, params).await
+    }
+
+    async fn formatting(&self, params: DocumentFormattingParams) -> Result<Option<Vec<TextEdit>>> {
+        let uri = &params.text_document.uri;
+        let Some(format) = DocumentFormat::from_uri(uri) else {
+            return Ok(None);
+        };
+
+        let result = self.store.docs_iter_for_uri(uri, |state| {
+            let original = state.text();
+            let formatted = crate::formatting::format_text(original, format)?;
+            if formatted == original {
+                return Some(Vec::new());
+            }
+
+            let end = crate::position::byte_to_lsp_position(&state.doc, original.len());
+            Some(vec![TextEdit {
+                range: Range {
+                    start: Position {
+                        line: 0,
+                        character: 0,
+                    },
+                    end: Position {
+                        line: end.line,
+                        character: end.character,
+                    },
+                },
+                new_text: formatted,
+            }])
+        });
+
+        Ok(result.flatten())
+    }
+
+    async fn did_open(&self, params: DidOpenTextDocumentParams) {
+        let td = params.text_document;
+        let uri = td.uri.clone();
+        tracing::info!(
+            target: "vespertide_lsp::handler",
+            uri = %uri.as_str(),
+            language = %td.language_id,
+            version = td.version,
+            bytes = td.text.len(),
+            "did_open"
+        );
+        self.store
+            .open(uri.clone(), td.language_id, td.version, td.text);
+        self.reindex(&uri);
+        self.refresh_workspace_tables_for_uri(&uri);
+        self.publish(uri.clone()).await;
+        self.publish_related(&uri).await;
+    }
+
+    async fn did_change(&self, params: DidChangeTextDocumentParams) {
+        let td = params.text_document;
+        // V1 = FULL sync: changes[0].text is the entire new content.
+        if let Some(change) = params.content_changes.into_iter().next() {
+            let uri = td.uri;
+            tracing::debug!(
+                target: "vespertide_lsp::handler",
+                uri = %uri.as_str(),
+                version = td.version,
+                bytes = change.text.len(),
+                "did_change"
+            );
+            self.store.update_full(&uri, change.text, td.version);
+            self.reindex(&uri);
+            self.refresh_workspace_tables_for_uri(&uri);
+            self.publish(uri.clone()).await;
+            self.publish_related(&uri).await;
+        }
+    }
+
+    async fn did_save(&self, params: DidSaveTextDocumentParams) {
+        let uri = params.text_document.uri;
+        tracing::info!(
+            target: "vespertide_lsp::handler",
+            uri = %uri.as_str(),
+            "did_save"
+        );
+        self.refresh_workspace_tables_for_uri(&uri);
+        self.publish(uri.clone()).await;
+        self.publish_related(&uri).await;
+    }
+
+    async fn did_close(&self, params: DidCloseTextDocumentParams) {
+        let uri = params.text_document.uri;
+        tracing::info!(
+            target: "vespertide_lsp::handler",
+            uri = %uri.as_str(),
+            "did_close"
+        );
+        self.store.close(&uri);
+        self.index.remove(&uri);
+        self.refresh_workspace_tables_for_uri(&uri);
+        self.client
+            .publish_diagnostics(uri.clone(), Vec::new(), None)
+            .await;
+        self.publish_related(&uri).await;
+    }
+}
+
+mod handler_file_features;
+mod handler_rename;
+mod helpers;
+use helpers::{
+    byte_to_ls_position, diagnostic_severity_counts, domain_edits_to_lsp,
+    domain_reference_to_location, domain_to_lsp, normalize_path, symbol_to_lsp,
+};
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/code_actions.rs b/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/code_actions.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d4653667
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/code_actions.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,596 @@
+//! Code actions — quick refactors for the column under the cursor.
+//!
+//! V1 surface area:
+//! * Toggle `primary_key`, `unique`, `index` on a column (add when absent,
+//!   remove when present).
+//! * Toggle nullability (`nullable: true` ↔ `nullable: false`).
+//!
+//! All edits are produced as JSON-aware byte-level [`DomainTextEdit`]s. JSON
+//! is the format we drive most often and where the structural rules are
+//! tightest — YAML support can grow from the same data model later.
+//!
+//! Returned [`DomainCodeAction`]s carry the title (what the editor lists)
+//! and a small set of edits scoped to the file the cursor is in. Workspace
+//! edits are out of scope here; rename / references handle those.
+
+use std::ops::Range;
+
+use crate::parser::DocumentFormat;
+use crate::rename::DomainTextEdit;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct DomainCodeAction {
+    pub title: String,
+    pub kind: CodeActionKind,
+    pub edits: Vec<DomainTextEdit>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum CodeActionKind {
+    /// `refactor.rewrite` family — for boolean flag toggles.
+    Refactor,
+}
+
+/// Compute available code actions for the byte range under the cursor.
+#[must_use]
+pub fn compute(
+    source: &str,
+    format: DocumentFormat,
+    tree: Option<&tree_sitter::Tree>,
+    byte_range: Range<usize>,
+) -> Vec<DomainCodeAction> {
+    // YAML structural edits are non-trivial (indent-aware). V1 only emits
+    // actions for JSON — YAML can grow from the same data model later.
+    if format != DocumentFormat::Json {
+        return Vec::new();
+    }
+    let Some(tree) = tree else {
+        return Vec::new();
+    };
+    let source_bytes = source.as_bytes();
+    let Some(column) = enclosing_column_object(tree.root_node(), source_bytes, byte_range.start)
+    else {
+        return Vec::new();
+    };
+    let mut actions = Vec::new();
+    actions.extend(flag_toggles(column, source_bytes));
+    actions.extend(type_conversions(column, source_bytes));
+    actions.extend(enum_extraction(column, source_bytes));
+    actions.extend(fk_skeleton(column, source_bytes));
+    actions
+}
+
+fn flag_toggles(column: tree_sitter::Node<'_>, source: &[u8]) -> Vec<DomainCodeAction> {
+    let mut actions = Vec::new();
+    for (flag, on_title, off_title) in [
+        ("primary_key", "Mark column as primary key", "Unmark primary key"),
+        ("unique", "Mark column as unique", "Remove unique"),
+        ("index", "Add index to column", "Remove index"),
+    ] {
+        actions.extend(toggle_bool_flag(column, source, flag, on_title, off_title));
+    }
+    actions.extend(toggle_nullable(column, source));
+    actions
+}
+
+/// Convert a simple string column type (`"text"`, `"integer"`) into its
+/// parametric complex form (`{kind: varchar, length: 255}`,
+/// `{kind: numeric, precision: 10, scale: 2}`). Only fires when the
+/// existing type is a plain string — complex object types are already
+/// parametrised, so offering the conversion again would just clobber
+/// the user's `length` / `precision`.
+fn type_conversions(column: tree_sitter::Node<'_>, source: &[u8]) -> Vec<DomainCodeAction> {
+    let Some(type_pair) = find_pair(column, source, "type") else {
+        return Vec::new();
+    };
+    let Some(type_value) = type_pair.named_child(1) else {
+        return Vec::new();
+    };
+    // Only operate on a simple string type; object types are already
+    // parametric.
+    if type_value.kind() != "string" {
+        return Vec::new();
+    }
+    let Some(text) = std::str::from_utf8(&source[type_value.byte_range()]).ok() else {
+        return Vec::new();
+    };
+    let kind = strip_quotes(text);
+    let mut out = Vec::new();
+    match kind {
+        // Variable-width strings: offer varchar(255).
+        "text" | "varchar" | "char" => {
+            out.push(replace_type_action(
+                "Convert to varchar(255)",
+                type_value,
+                r#"{"kind":"varchar","length":255}"#,
+            ));
+        }
+        // Whole-number numeric types: offer numeric(10,2) — typical money-ish default.
+        "integer" | "big_int" | "small_int" | "real" | "double_precision" => {
+            out.push(replace_type_action(
+                "Convert to numeric(10,2)",
+                type_value,
+                r#"{"kind":"numeric","precision":10,"scale":2}"#,
+            ));
+        }
+        _ => {}
+    }
+    out
+}
+
+fn replace_type_action(
+    title: &str,
+    type_value: tree_sitter::Node<'_>,
+    new_value: &str,
+) -> DomainCodeAction {
+    DomainCodeAction {
+        title: title.to_string(),
+        kind: CodeActionKind::Refactor,
+        edits: vec![DomainTextEdit {
+            byte_range: type_value.byte_range(),
+            new_text: new_value.to_string(),
+        }],
+    }
+}
+
+/// Promote a column's `default: "'literal'"` into a full enum type
+/// definition. V1 is single-column: we synthesise an enum whose only
+/// value is the existing default. The user can extend `values` after.
+///
+/// Skipped when:
+///   * cursor's column has no `default` pair,
+///   * default isn't a SQL string literal of the form `'…'`,
+///   * column type isn't a simple string (we'd be clobbering object type).
+fn enum_extraction(column: tree_sitter::Node<'_>, source: &[u8]) -> Vec<DomainCodeAction> {
+    let Some(default_pair) = find_pair(column, source, "default") else {
+        return Vec::new();
+    };
+    let Some(default_value) = default_pair.named_child(1) else {
+        return Vec::new();
+    };
+    if default_value.kind() != "string" {
+        return Vec::new();
+    }
+    let Some(raw) = std::str::from_utf8(&source[default_value.byte_range()]).ok() else {
+        return Vec::new();
+    };
+    let default_text = strip_quotes(raw);
+    // Look for `'literal'` pattern — SQL single-quote literal inside JSON string.
+    let inner = default_text
+        .strip_prefix('\'')
+        .and_then(|s| s.strip_suffix('\''))
+        .filter(|s| !s.is_empty());
+    let Some(inner) = inner else {
+        return Vec::new();
+    };
+
+    // Type must currently be a simple string; otherwise the user has
+    // already shaped it (varchar / numeric / existing enum).
+    let Some(type_pair) = find_pair(column, source, "type") else {
+        return Vec::new();
+    };
+    let Some(type_value) = type_pair.named_child(1) else {
+        return Vec::new();
+    };
+    if type_value.kind() != "string" {
+        return Vec::new();
+    }
+
+    let column_name = find_pair(column, source, "name")
+        .and_then(|p| p.named_child(1))
+        .and_then(|v| std::str::from_utf8(&source[v.byte_range()]).ok())
+        .map_or("status", strip_quotes)
+        .to_string();
+
+    let enum_name = format!("{column_name}_kind");
+    let new_type = format!(
+        r#"{{"kind":"enum","name":"{enum_name}","values":["{inner}"]}}"#
+    );
+    vec![DomainCodeAction {
+        title: format!("Extract default into enum `{enum_name}`"),
+        kind: CodeActionKind::Refactor,
+        edits: vec![DomainTextEdit {
+            byte_range: type_value.byte_range(),
+            new_text: new_type,
+        }],
+    }]
+}
+
+/// Insert a `foreign_key` skeleton when the column doesn't yet have one.
+/// Reuses [`insert_pair_edit`] so we share the comma-aware insertion
+/// behaviour with the boolean-flag toggles.
+fn fk_skeleton(column: tree_sitter::Node<'_>, source: &[u8]) -> Vec<DomainCodeAction> {
+    if find_pair(column, source, "foreign_key").is_some() {
+        return Vec::new();
+    }
+    let Some(edit) = insert_pair_edit(
+        column,
+        source,
+        "foreign_key",
+        r#"{"ref_table":"","ref_columns":["id"],"on_delete":"cascade"}"#,
+    ) else {
+        return Vec::new();
+    };
+    vec![DomainCodeAction {
+        title: "Add foreign_key skeleton".to_string(),
+        kind: CodeActionKind::Refactor,
+        edits: vec![edit],
+    }]
+}
+
+fn toggle_bool_flag(
+    column: tree_sitter::Node<'_>,
+    source: &[u8],
+    flag: &str,
+    title_when_adding: &str,
+    title_when_removing: &str,
+) -> Option<DomainCodeAction> {
+    if let Some(pair) = find_pair(column, source, flag) {
+        let value = pair.named_child(1)?;
+        let value_text = std::str::from_utf8(&source[value.byte_range()]).ok()?;
+        if value_text.trim() == "true" {
+            return Some(DomainCodeAction {
+                title: title_when_removing.to_string(),
+                kind: CodeActionKind::Refactor,
+                edits: vec![remove_pair_edit(column, pair, source)?],
+            });
+        }
+        // Field exists but is `false` / something else — flip to true.
+        return Some(DomainCodeAction {
+            title: title_when_adding.to_string(),
+            kind: CodeActionKind::Refactor,
+            edits: vec![DomainTextEdit {
+                byte_range: value.byte_range(),
+                new_text: "true".to_string(),
+            }],
+        });
+    }
+
+    // Flag absent → insert it.
+    Some(DomainCodeAction {
+        title: title_when_adding.to_string(),
+        kind: CodeActionKind::Refactor,
+        edits: vec![insert_pair_edit(column, source, flag, "true")?],
+    })
+}
+
+fn toggle_nullable(column: tree_sitter::Node<'_>, source: &[u8]) -> Option<DomainCodeAction> {
+    let pair = find_pair(column, source, "nullable");
+    if let Some(pair) = pair {
+        let value = pair.named_child(1)?;
+        let value_text = std::str::from_utf8(&source[value.byte_range()]).ok()?;
+        let (next_value, title) = match value_text.trim() {
+            "true" => ("false", "Make column NOT NULL"),
+            "false" => ("true", "Allow NULL"),
+            _ => return None,
+        };
+        return Some(DomainCodeAction {
+            title: title.to_string(),
+            kind: CodeActionKind::Refactor,
+            edits: vec![DomainTextEdit {
+                byte_range: value.byte_range(),
+                new_text: next_value.to_string(),
+            }],
+        });
+    }
+
+    // Absent → assume the caller wants a non-nullable column (most common).
+    Some(DomainCodeAction {
+        title: "Make column NOT NULL".to_string(),
+        kind: CodeActionKind::Refactor,
+        edits: vec![insert_pair_edit(column, source, "nullable", "false")?],
+    })
+}
+
+fn enclosing_column_object<'tree>(
+    root: tree_sitter::Node<'tree>,
+    source: &[u8],
+    byte_offset: usize,
+) -> Option<tree_sitter::Node<'tree>> {
+    let mut current = root;
+    'outer: loop {
+        let mut cursor = current.walk();
+        for child in current.children(&mut cursor) {
+            if child.byte_range().contains(&byte_offset) {
+                current = child;
+                continue 'outer;
+            }
+        }
+        break;
+    }
+    // Walk back up to the smallest enclosing JSON object whose ancestor is
+    // a `columns` array.
+    let mut node = Some(current);
+    while let Some(candidate) = node {
+        if candidate.kind() == "object" && is_inside_columns_array(candidate, source) {
+            return Some(candidate);
+        }
+        node = candidate.parent();
+    }
+    None
+}
+
+fn is_inside_columns_array(node: tree_sitter::Node<'_>, source: &[u8]) -> bool {
+    let mut current = node.parent();
+    while let Some(candidate) = current {
+        if candidate.kind() == "pair"
+            && let Some(key) = candidate.named_child(0)
+            && let Ok(text) = std::str::from_utf8(&source[key.byte_range()])
+            && strip_quotes(text) == "columns"
+        {
+            return true;
+        }
+        current = candidate.parent();
+    }
+    false
+}
+
+fn find_pair<'tree>(
+    object: tree_sitter::Node<'tree>,
+    source: &[u8],
+    target_key: &str,
+) -> Option<tree_sitter::Node<'tree>> {
+    let mut cursor = object.walk();
+    object.children(&mut cursor).find(|&child| {
+        child.kind() == "pair"
+            && child
+                .named_child(0)
+                .and_then(|key| std::str::from_utf8(&source[key.byte_range()]).ok())
+                .map(strip_quotes)
+                == Some(target_key)
+    })
+}
+
+fn insert_pair_edit(
+    column: tree_sitter::Node<'_>,
+    source: &[u8],
+    new_key: &str,
+    new_value: &str,
+) -> Option<DomainTextEdit> {
+    let object_text = std::str::from_utf8(&source[column.byte_range()]).ok()?;
+    let close_idx = object_text.rfind('}')?;
+    let absolute_close = column.start_byte() + close_idx;
+
+    // Inspect what comes immediately before the closing brace so we know
+    // whether to emit a leading comma.
+    let trimmed = object_text[..close_idx].trim_end();
+    let needs_comma = trimmed.ends_with(|c: char| c != '{' && c != ',');
+    let insertion = if needs_comma {
+        format!(",\"{new_key}\":{new_value}")
+    } else {
+        format!("\"{new_key}\":{new_value}")
+    };
+
+    Some(DomainTextEdit {
+        byte_range: absolute_close..absolute_close,
+        new_text: insertion,
+    })
+}
+
+fn remove_pair_edit(
+    column: tree_sitter::Node<'_>,
+    pair: tree_sitter::Node<'_>,
+    source: &[u8],
+) -> Option<DomainTextEdit> {
+    // Decide which neighbouring comma to consume so the resulting JSON has
+    // no `,,` or trailing `,}`.
+    let object_text = std::str::from_utf8(&source[column.byte_range()]).ok()?;
+    let object_start = column.start_byte();
+    let pair_start = pair.start_byte() - object_start;
+    let pair_end = pair.end_byte() - object_start;
+
+    let before = &object_text[..pair_start];
+    let after = &object_text[pair_end..];
+
+    let trim_before = before.trim_end_matches(|c: char| c.is_whitespace());
+    let trim_after = after.trim_start_matches(|c: char| c.is_whitespace());
+
+    let removed_start;
+    let removed_end;
+    if trim_before.ends_with(',') {
+        // Eat the leading comma + any whitespace between it and the pair.
+        let comma_offset = trim_before.len() - 1;
+        removed_start = object_start + comma_offset;
+        removed_end = object_start + pair_end;
+    } else if trim_after.starts_with(',') {
+        // The pair is at the front; eat the comma that follows it.
+        let comma_offset = pair_end + (after.len() - trim_after.len()) + 1;
+        removed_start = object_start + pair_start;
+        removed_end = object_start + comma_offset;
+    } else {
+        // Single pair object — just drop it.
+        removed_start = object_start + pair_start;
+        removed_end = object_start + pair_end;
+    }
+
+    Some(DomainTextEdit {
+        byte_range: removed_start..removed_end,
+        new_text: String::new(),
+    })
+}
+
+fn strip_quotes(text: &str) -> &str {
+    text.trim()
+        .trim_start_matches('"')
+        .trim_end_matches('"')
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::parser::{DocumentFormat, ParserPool};
+
+    fn parse(src: &str) -> tree_sitter::Tree {
+        ParserPool::new().parse(src, DocumentFormat::Json).unwrap()
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn add_primary_key_when_absent() {
+        let src = r#"{"name":"u","columns":[{"name":"id","type":"integer"}]}"#;
+        let tree = parse(src);
+        let cursor = src.find(r#""name":"id""#).unwrap() + 2;
+        let actions = compute(src, DocumentFormat::Json, Some(&tree), cursor..cursor);
+
+        let action = actions
+            .iter()
+            .find(|a| a.title == "Mark column as primary key")
+            .expect("primary_key add action missing");
+        assert_eq!(action.edits.len(), 1);
+        let edit = &action.edits[0];
+        assert_eq!(edit.new_text, r#","primary_key":true"#);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn remove_primary_key_when_present() {
+        let src = r#"{"name":"u","columns":[{"name":"id","type":"integer","primary_key":true}]}"#;
+        let tree = parse(src);
+        let cursor = src.find(r#""name":"id""#).unwrap() + 2;
+        let actions = compute(src, DocumentFormat::Json, Some(&tree), cursor..cursor);
+
+        let action = actions
+            .iter()
+            .find(|a| a.title == "Unmark primary key")
+            .expect("primary_key remove action missing");
+        let edit = &action.edits[0];
+        // Confirm the edit produces a valid object when applied.
+        let mut after = String::from(&src[..edit.byte_range.start]);
+        after.push_str(&edit.new_text);
+        after.push_str(&src[edit.byte_range.end..]);
+        assert!(serde_json::from_str::<serde_json::Value>(&after).is_ok());
+        assert!(!after.contains("primary_key"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn toggle_nullable_flips_value() {
+        let src = r#"{"name":"u","columns":[{"name":"id","type":"integer","nullable":false}]}"#;
+        let tree = parse(src);
+        let cursor = src.find(r#""name":"id""#).unwrap() + 2;
+        let actions = compute(src, DocumentFormat::Json, Some(&tree), cursor..cursor);
+
+        let action = actions
+            .iter()
+            .find(|a| a.title == "Allow NULL")
+            .expect("nullable toggle missing");
+        let edit = &action.edits[0];
+        assert_eq!(edit.new_text, "true");
+        // Sanity check the byte_range covers `false` only.
+        assert_eq!(&src[edit.byte_range.clone()], "false");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn cursor_outside_column_returns_no_actions() {
+        let src = r#"{"name":"u","columns":[{"name":"id","type":"integer"}]}"#;
+        let tree = parse(src);
+        // Position cursor inside the table-level `name` value — NOT a column.
+        let cursor = src.find(r#""name":"u""#).unwrap() + 9;
+        let actions = compute(src, DocumentFormat::Json, Some(&tree), cursor..cursor);
+        assert!(
+            actions.is_empty(),
+            "no actions expected outside a column, got: {actions:?}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn text_column_offers_varchar_conversion() {
+        let src = r#"{"name":"u","columns":[{"name":"title","type":"text"}]}"#;
+        let tree = parse(src);
+        let cursor = src.find(r#""title""#).unwrap() + 2;
+        let actions = compute(src, DocumentFormat::Json, Some(&tree), cursor..cursor);
+        let convert = actions
+            .iter()
+            .find(|a| a.title == "Convert to varchar(255)")
+            .expect("text → varchar action");
+        let edit = &convert.edits[0];
+        let mut after = String::from(&src[..edit.byte_range.start]);
+        after.push_str(&edit.new_text);
+        after.push_str(&src[edit.byte_range.end..]);
+        assert!(after.contains(r#""kind":"varchar""#));
+        serde_json::from_str::<serde_json::Value>(&after).expect("valid JSON");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn integer_column_offers_numeric_conversion() {
+        let src = r#"{"name":"u","columns":[{"name":"amount","type":"integer"}]}"#;
+        let tree = parse(src);
+        let cursor = src.find(r#""amount""#).unwrap() + 2;
+        let actions = compute(src, DocumentFormat::Json, Some(&tree), cursor..cursor);
+        let convert = actions
+            .iter()
+            .find(|a| a.title == "Convert to numeric(10,2)")
+            .expect("integer → numeric action");
+        let edit = &convert.edits[0];
+        assert!(edit.new_text.contains(r#""kind":"numeric""#));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn complex_type_already_does_not_offer_conversion() {
+        let src = r#"{"name":"u","columns":[{"name":"t","type":{"kind":"varchar","length":100}}]}"#;
+        let tree = parse(src);
+        let cursor = src.find(r#""t""#).unwrap() + 1;
+        let actions = compute(src, DocumentFormat::Json, Some(&tree), cursor..cursor);
+        assert!(actions.iter().all(|a| !a.title.starts_with("Convert to")));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn extract_default_to_enum_offered_when_default_is_sql_literal() {
+        let src = r#"{"name":"u","columns":[{"name":"status","type":"text","default":"'pending'"}]}"#;
+        let tree = parse(src);
+        let cursor = src.find(r#""status""#).unwrap() + 2;
+        let actions = compute(src, DocumentFormat::Json, Some(&tree), cursor..cursor);
+        let extract = actions
+            .iter()
+            .find(|a| a.title.starts_with("Extract default into enum"))
+            .expect("enum extraction action");
+        let edit = &extract.edits[0];
+        assert!(edit.new_text.contains(r#""kind":"enum""#));
+        assert!(edit.new_text.contains(r#""pending""#));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn extract_default_to_enum_skipped_when_default_is_bare() {
+        let src = r#"{"name":"u","columns":[{"name":"x","type":"integer","default":0}]}"#;
+        let tree = parse(src);
+        let cursor = src.find(r#""x""#).unwrap() + 1;
+        let actions = compute(src, DocumentFormat::Json, Some(&tree), cursor..cursor);
+        assert!(actions
+            .iter()
+            .all(|a| !a.title.starts_with("Extract default")));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn add_foreign_key_skeleton_offered_when_absent() {
+        let src = r#"{"name":"u","columns":[{"name":"author_id","type":"integer"}]}"#;
+        let tree = parse(src);
+        let cursor = src.find(r#""author_id""#).unwrap() + 2;
+        let actions = compute(src, DocumentFormat::Json, Some(&tree), cursor..cursor);
+        let fk = actions
+            .iter()
+            .find(|a| a.title == "Add foreign_key skeleton")
+            .expect("foreign_key skeleton action");
+        let edit = &fk.edits[0];
+        let mut after = String::from(&src[..edit.byte_range.start]);
+        after.push_str(&edit.new_text);
+        after.push_str(&src[edit.byte_range.end..]);
+        assert!(after.contains(r#""foreign_key""#));
+        serde_json::from_str::<serde_json::Value>(&after).expect("valid JSON");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn add_foreign_key_skeleton_skipped_when_already_present() {
+        let src = r#"{"name":"u","columns":[{"name":"author_id","type":"integer","foreign_key":{"ref_table":"user","ref_columns":["id"]}}]}"#;
+        let tree = parse(src);
+        let cursor = src.find(r#""author_id""#).unwrap() + 2;
+        let actions = compute(src, DocumentFormat::Json, Some(&tree), cursor..cursor);
+        assert!(actions.iter().all(|a| a.title != "Add foreign_key skeleton"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn yaml_returns_no_actions_in_v1() {
+        let src = "name: u\ncolumns:\n  - name: id\n    type: integer\n";
+        let pool = ParserPool::new();
+        let tree = pool.parse(src, DocumentFormat::Yaml).unwrap();
+        let cursor = src.find("name: id").unwrap();
+        let actions = compute(src, DocumentFormat::Yaml, Some(&tree), cursor..cursor);
+        assert!(actions.is_empty(), "YAML actions are out of scope in V1");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/completion/context.rs b/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/completion/context.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d40850e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/completion/context.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,488 @@
+//! Completion context detection via tree-sitter node ancestry.
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub(super) enum Context {
+    // ------------------- VALUE positions -------------------
+    /// Cursor is inside the string literal of a `type` value. Simple types
+    /// insert as-is; complex types overwrite the entire `string_byte_range`
+    /// (quotes included) with an object literal.
+    ColumnTypeInString {
+        string_byte_range: std::ops::Range<usize>,
+    },
+    /// Cursor is at the bare value slot of `type`: both simple strings and
+    /// complex object snippets are valid.
+    ColumnTypeValue,
+    Nullable,
+    PrimaryKey,
+    Unique,
+    OnDeleteAction,
+    OnUpdateAction,
+    RefTable,
+    RefColumns { ref_table: String },
+    /// Cursor is on the value of `kind` inside a complex `type` object
+    /// (`varchar` / `char` / `numeric` / `enum` / `custom`). When the
+    /// cursor sits inside a `"..."` literal, the suggested label replaces
+    /// the whole literal so partial typing is cleaned up.
+    TypeKind {
+        string_byte_range: Option<std::ops::Range<usize>>,
+    },
+    /// Cursor is at a column's `default` value. The candidate set depends on
+    /// the sibling `type`: enum gets its `values` quoted, timestamp gets
+    /// `now()`/`CURRENT_TIMESTAMP`, uuid gets `gen_random_uuid()`, etc.
+    DefaultValue {
+        /// Either a simple type name (`"integer"`, `"timestamp"`, ...) or the
+        /// `kind` of a complex `type` object (`"varchar"`, `"enum"`, ...).
+        type_kind: Option<String>,
+        /// String enum members or stringified integer enum names. Empty
+        /// unless the sibling `type.kind == "enum"`.
+        enum_values: Vec<String>,
+        /// When the cursor sits inside a `"..."` literal, this is the byte
+        /// range of that string (quotes included). Completions use it as
+        /// the `TextEdit` range so accepting a suggestion wipes the
+        /// existing literal instead of appending to it.
+        string_byte_range: Option<std::ops::Range<usize>>,
+    },
+
+    // ------------------- KEY positions ---------------------
+    /// New key inside the top-level table object.
+    TableTopLevelKey,
+    /// New key inside a column object (`columns[N]`).
+    ColumnObjectKey,
+    /// New key inside a `foreign_key` object.
+    ForeignKeyObjectKey,
+    /// New key inside a complex `type` object (varchar/numeric/enum/...).
+    TypeObjectKey,
+
+    None,
+}
+
+pub(super) fn detect(tree: &tree_sitter::Tree, source: &str, byte_offset: usize) -> Context {
+    let Some(node) = node_at_byte(tree, byte_offset) else {
+        return Context::None;
+    };
+
+    // KEY position completions take priority over VALUE position logic so
+    // that typing `"` at an object boundary offers the right key set.
+    if let Some(ctx) = classify_key_context(node, source) {
+        return ctx;
+    }
+
+    let path = collect_key_path(node, source);
+    classify_path(&path, node, source)
+}
+
+fn classify_path(path: &[String], cursor_node: tree_sitter::Node<'_>, source: &str) -> Context {
+    let last = path.last().map(String::as_str);
+    let has = |key: &str| path.iter().any(|part| part == key);
+
+    match last {
+        Some("type") if has("columns") => {
+            if let Some(range) = enclosing_string_range(cursor_node) {
+                Context::ColumnTypeInString {
+                    string_byte_range: range,
+                }
+            } else {
+                Context::ColumnTypeValue
+            }
+        }
+        Some("nullable") if has("columns") => Context::Nullable,
+        Some("primary_key") if has("columns") => Context::PrimaryKey,
+        Some("unique") if has("columns") => Context::Unique,
+        // `kind` is only meaningful inside `columns[*].type` — guard on
+        // both keys so an arbitrary nested `kind` (e.g. inside someone's
+        // custom JSON) does not accidentally match.
+        Some("kind") if has("columns") && has("type") => Context::TypeKind {
+            string_byte_range: enclosing_string_range(cursor_node),
+        },
+        Some("on_delete") => Context::OnDeleteAction,
+        Some("on_update") => Context::OnUpdateAction,
+        Some("ref_table") => Context::RefTable,
+        Some("ref_columns") => Context::RefColumns {
+            ref_table: sibling_ref_table(cursor_node, source).unwrap_or_default(),
+        },
+        Some("default") if has("columns") => {
+            let (type_kind, enum_values) = analyze_sibling_type(cursor_node, source);
+            Context::DefaultValue {
+                type_kind,
+                enum_values,
+                string_byte_range: enclosing_string_range(cursor_node),
+            }
+        }
+        _ => Context::None,
+    }
+}
+
+/// Walk to the enclosing column object and inspect its `type` sibling.
+/// Returns `(type_kind, enum_values)` where `type_kind` is either the simple
+/// type name (`"integer"`) or the complex object's `kind` (`"varchar"` /
+/// `"enum"`), and `enum_values` is the value list when `kind == "enum"`.
+fn analyze_sibling_type(
+    cursor: tree_sitter::Node<'_>,
+    source: &str,
+) -> (Option<String>, Vec<String>) {
+    let Some(column_object) = enclosing_column_object(cursor) else {
+        return (None, Vec::new());
+    };
+    let Some(type_pair) = find_pair_with_key(column_object, source, "type") else {
+        return (None, Vec::new());
+    };
+    let Some(type_value) = type_pair.named_child(1) else {
+        return (None, Vec::new());
+    };
+    let effective = unwrap_flow_node(type_value);
+
+    match effective.kind() {
+        "string"
+        | "double_quote_scalar"
+        | "single_quote_scalar"
+        | "string_scalar"
+        | "plain_scalar" => {
+            let raw = source.get(effective.byte_range()).unwrap_or("");
+            (Some(strip_quotes(raw).to_string()), Vec::new())
+        }
+        "object" | "block_mapping" | "flow_mapping" => {
+            let kind = find_pair_with_key(effective, source, "kind")
+                .and_then(|pair| pair.named_child(1))
+                .map(unwrap_flow_node)
+                .and_then(|node| source.get(node.byte_range()))
+                .map(|raw| strip_quotes(raw).to_string());
+
+            let enum_values = if kind.as_deref() == Some("enum") {
+                collect_enum_values(effective, source)
+            } else {
+                Vec::new()
+            };
+            (kind, enum_values)
+        }
+        _ => (None, Vec::new()),
+    }
+}
+
+/// tree-sitter-yaml wraps scalars in `flow_node` (inline values) and
+/// multi-line mappings/sequences in `block_node`. Both are pure wrappers
+/// over their first named child — peel them so downstream `match`es see
+/// the real kind. We loop to handle the (rare) double-wrapping case.
+/// JSON's grammar has no such wrapper, so this is a no-op there.
+fn unwrap_flow_node(node: tree_sitter::Node<'_>) -> tree_sitter::Node<'_> {
+    let mut current = node;
+    while matches!(current.kind(), "flow_node" | "block_node") {
+        let Some(inner) = current.named_child(0) else {
+            break;
+        };
+        if inner.id() == current.id() {
+            break;
+        }
+        current = inner;
+    }
+    current
+}
+
+/// Walk up to the smallest enclosing object that lives inside a `columns`
+/// array — i.e. the column object the cursor belongs to.
+fn enclosing_column_object(node: tree_sitter::Node<'_>) -> Option<tree_sitter::Node<'_>> {
+    let mut current = Some(node);
+    while let Some(candidate) = current {
+        if matches!(candidate.kind(), "object" | "block_mapping" | "flow_mapping") {
+            return Some(candidate);
+        }
+        current = candidate.parent();
+    }
+    None
+}
+
+fn find_pair_with_key<'tree>(
+    object: tree_sitter::Node<'tree>,
+    source: &str,
+    target_key: &str,
+) -> Option<tree_sitter::Node<'tree>> {
+    let mut cursor = object.walk();
+    object
+        .children(&mut cursor)
+        .find(|&child| is_pair(child) && key_text(child, source) == Some(target_key))
+}
+
+fn collect_enum_values(type_object: tree_sitter::Node<'_>, source: &str) -> Vec<String> {
+    let Some(values_pair) = find_pair_with_key(type_object, source, "values") else {
+        return Vec::new();
+    };
+    let Some(values_array_raw) = values_pair.named_child(1) else {
+        return Vec::new();
+    };
+    let values_array = unwrap_flow_node(values_array_raw);
+    if !matches!(
+        values_array.kind(),
+        "array" | "block_sequence" | "flow_sequence"
+    ) {
+        return Vec::new();
+    }
+
+    let mut out = Vec::new();
+    let mut cursor = values_array.walk();
+    for raw_child in values_array.children(&mut cursor) {
+        let child = unwrap_flow_node(raw_child);
+        match child.kind() {
+            "string"
+            | "double_quote_scalar"
+            | "single_quote_scalar"
+            | "string_scalar"
+            | "plain_scalar" => {
+                if let Some(raw) = source.get(child.byte_range()) {
+                    out.push(strip_quotes(raw).to_string());
+                }
+            }
+            // Integer-enum members are objects of the form `{name: "...", value: N}`.
+            "object" | "block_mapping" | "flow_mapping" => {
+                if let Some(name_pair) = find_pair_with_key(child, source, "name")
+                    && let Some(name_value_raw) = name_pair.named_child(1)
+                {
+                    let name_value = unwrap_flow_node(name_value_raw);
+                    if let Some(raw) = source.get(name_value.byte_range()) {
+                        out.push(strip_quotes(raw).to_string());
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            // YAML block sequence items show up as `block_sequence_item` →
+            // `flow_node` or `block_mapping`; recurse one level so they are
+            // not silently skipped.
+            "block_sequence_item" => {
+                let mut inner_cursor = child.walk();
+                for inner in child.children(&mut inner_cursor) {
+                    let inner = unwrap_flow_node(inner);
+                    if let Some(raw) = source.get(inner.byte_range())
+                        && matches!(
+                            inner.kind(),
+                            "string"
+                                | "double_quote_scalar"
+                                | "single_quote_scalar"
+                                | "string_scalar"
+                                | "plain_scalar"
+                        )
+                    {
+                        out.push(strip_quotes(raw).to_string());
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+    out
+}
+
+/// Decide whether the cursor sits at a place where a new object key would
+/// be typed, and if so which set of keys is appropriate.
+fn classify_key_context(cursor: tree_sitter::Node<'_>, source: &str) -> Option<Context> {
+    if !is_at_pair_key_position(cursor) {
+        return None;
+    }
+
+    let path = enclosing_object_parent_path(cursor, source);
+    Some(match path.last().map(String::as_str) {
+        Some("foreign_key") => Context::ForeignKeyObjectKey,
+        Some("type") => Context::TypeObjectKey,
+        Some("columns") => Context::ColumnObjectKey,
+        None => Context::TableTopLevelKey,
+        // Unknown nested object (e.g. inside enum values, table-level
+        // constraints) — fall through to value-based classification.
+        _ => return None,
+    })
+}
+
+/// True when the cursor sits inside a pair's KEY string, or directly inside
+/// an object body between pairs (where a new key would be typed).
+fn is_at_pair_key_position(cursor: tree_sitter::Node<'_>) -> bool {
+    let cursor_start = cursor.start_byte();
+    let cursor_end = cursor.end_byte();
+
+    let mut current = Some(cursor);
+    while let Some(candidate) = current {
+        if is_pair(candidate) {
+            if let Some(key) = candidate.named_child(0) {
+                let range = key.byte_range();
+                return cursor_start >= range.start && cursor_end <= range.end;
+            }
+            return false;
+        }
+        if matches!(
+            candidate.kind(),
+            "object" | "block_mapping" | "flow_mapping"
+        ) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        current = candidate.parent();
+    }
+    false
+}
+
+/// Walk upward from the cursor, find the smallest enclosing object, and
+/// return the ancestor pair-key path ABOVE that object (excluding any pair
+/// that the cursor itself is the key of).
+fn enclosing_object_parent_path(cursor: tree_sitter::Node<'_>, source: &str) -> Vec<String> {
+    let object = {
+        let mut current = Some(cursor);
+        loop {
+            match current {
+                Some(node)
+                    if matches!(node.kind(), "object" | "block_mapping" | "flow_mapping") =>
+                {
+                    break Some(node);
+                }
+                Some(node) => current = node.parent(),
+                None => break None,
+            }
+        }
+    };
+    let Some(object) = object else {
+        return Vec::new();
+    };
+
+    let mut path = Vec::new();
+    let mut current = object.parent();
+    while let Some(candidate) = current {
+        if is_pair(candidate)
+            && let Some(key) = key_text(candidate, source)
+        {
+            path.push(key.to_string());
+        }
+        current = candidate.parent();
+    }
+    path.reverse();
+    path
+}
+
+/// Walk upward from the cursor and return the byte range of the enclosing
+/// JSON/YAML string literal (quotes included for quoted variants), or `None`
+/// if the cursor is not inside a string. Stops at the first container
+/// boundary so nested object values never count as "in string".
+fn enclosing_string_range(node: tree_sitter::Node<'_>) -> Option<std::ops::Range<usize>> {
+    let mut current = Some(node);
+    while let Some(candidate) = current {
+        match candidate.kind() {
+            // `string_content` is the inner span without quotes — climb one
+            // more level so we capture the surrounding quotes too.
+            "string_content" => {
+                if let Some(parent) = candidate.parent()
+                    && parent.kind() == "string"
+                {
+                    return Some(parent.byte_range());
+                }
+                return Some(candidate.byte_range());
+            }
+            // All other scalar variants are returned as-is. Quoted JSON/YAML
+            // scalars (`string`, `double_quote_scalar`, `single_quote_scalar`)
+            // already include their delimiters; unquoted YAML scalars
+            // (`string_scalar`, `plain_scalar`) have no quotes to begin with
+            // but should still be replaced wholesale when expanding into an
+            // object literal.
+            "string"
+            | "double_quote_scalar"
+            | "single_quote_scalar"
+            | "string_scalar"
+            | "plain_scalar" => {
+                return Some(candidate.byte_range());
+            }
+            "pair" | "block_mapping_pair" | "object" | "array" | "block_mapping"
+            | "block_sequence" | "flow_mapping" | "flow_sequence" => {
+                return None;
+            }
+            _ => {}
+        }
+        current = candidate.parent();
+    }
+    None
+}
+
+fn collect_key_path(node: tree_sitter::Node<'_>, source: &str) -> Vec<String> {
+    let mut path = Vec::new();
+    let mut current = Some(node);
+
+    while let Some(candidate) = current {
+        if is_pair(candidate)
+            && let Some(key) = key_text(candidate, source)
+        {
+            path.push(key.to_string());
+        }
+        current = candidate.parent();
+    }
+
+    path.reverse();
+    path
+}
+
+fn sibling_ref_table(node: tree_sitter::Node<'_>, source: &str) -> Option<String> {
+    let ref_columns_pair = enclosing_pair_with_key(node, source, "ref_columns")?;
+    let parent = ref_columns_pair.parent()?;
+    direct_child_value(parent, source, "ref_table").map(ToString::to_string)
+}
+
+fn enclosing_pair_with_key<'tree>(
+    node: tree_sitter::Node<'tree>,
+    source: &str,
+    expected: &str,
+) -> Option<tree_sitter::Node<'tree>> {
+    let mut current = Some(node);
+
+    while let Some(candidate) = current {
+        if is_pair(candidate) && key_text(candidate, source) == Some(expected) {
+            return Some(candidate);
+        }
+        current = candidate.parent();
+    }
+
+    None
+}
+
+fn direct_child_value<'source>(
+    node: tree_sitter::Node<'_>,
+    source: &'source str,
+    expected_key: &str,
+) -> Option<&'source str> {
+    let mut cursor = node.walk();
+    for child in node.children(&mut cursor) {
+        if is_pair(child) && key_text(child, source) == Some(expected_key) {
+            return value_text(child, source);
+        }
+    }
+
+    None
+}
+
+fn key_text<'source>(
+    pair_node: tree_sitter::Node<'_>,
+    source: &'source str,
+) -> Option<&'source str> {
+    let key = pair_node.named_child(0)?;
+    source.get(key.byte_range()).map(strip_quotes)
+}
+
+fn value_text<'source>(
+    pair_node: tree_sitter::Node<'_>,
+    source: &'source str,
+) -> Option<&'source str> {
+    let value = pair_node.named_child(1)?;
+    source.get(value.byte_range()).map(strip_quotes)
+}
+
+fn node_at_byte(tree: &tree_sitter::Tree, byte_offset: usize) -> Option<tree_sitter::Node<'_>> {
+    let root = tree.root_node();
+    if root.end_byte() == 0 {
+        return Some(root);
+    }
+
+    let start = byte_offset
+        .saturating_sub(1)
+        .min(root.end_byte().saturating_sub(1));
+    let end = byte_offset.min(root.end_byte());
+    root.descendant_for_byte_range(start, end).or(Some(root))
+}
+
+fn is_pair(node: tree_sitter::Node<'_>) -> bool {
+    matches!(node.kind(), "pair" | "block_mapping_pair")
+}
+
+fn strip_quotes(text: &str) -> &str {
+    text.trim()
+        .trim_start_matches('"')
+        .trim_end_matches('"')
+        .trim_start_matches('\'')
+        .trim_end_matches('\'')
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/completion/mod.rs b/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/completion/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3749d8b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/completion/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,640 @@
+//! Completion provider — pure domain layer (no LSP protocol types).
+
+mod context;
+mod values;
+
+use crate::parser::DocumentFormat;
+use crate::store::DocumentStore;
+use crate::workspace_index::WorkspaceIndex;
+use crate::workspace_tables::WorkspaceTables;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Default)]
+pub struct DomainCompletion {
+    pub label: String,
+    pub kind: CompletionItemKind,
+    /// Markdown documentation, if any.
+    pub detail: Option<String>,
+    /// Text to insert; may differ from the label for snippets.
+    pub insert_text: Option<String>,
+    /// Sort priority (smaller = higher). Mirrors the sqls pattern.
+    pub sort_priority: u8,
+    /// Optional UTF-8 byte range to replace. When set, the LSP layer
+    /// converts this to a `TextEdit` that overwrites the range (including
+    /// surrounding quotes) with `insert_text`. Used to expand `"varchar"`
+    /// inside a string into a full `{kind: "varchar", ...}` object.
+    pub replace_range_bytes: Option<std::ops::Range<usize>>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Default)]
+pub enum CompletionItemKind {
+    /// Enum value, boolean literal, or other scalar value.
+    #[default]
+    Value,
+    /// Object key.
+    Property,
+    /// Workspace reference, such as a table or column.
+    Reference,
+    /// Multi-field template.
+    Snippet,
+}
+
+/// Compute completions at a byte offset. Returns an empty list when no context matches.
+#[must_use]
+pub fn compute(
+    text: &str,
+    _format: DocumentFormat,
+    tree: Option<&tree_sitter::Tree>,
+    index: &WorkspaceIndex,
+    docs: &DocumentStore,
+    byte_offset: usize,
+) -> Vec<DomainCompletion> {
+    compute_inner(text, tree, index, docs, None, byte_offset)
+}
+
+/// Compute completions with disk-discovered workspace tables included.
+#[must_use]
+pub fn compute_with_workspace_tables(
+    text: &str,
+    _format: DocumentFormat,
+    tree: Option<&tree_sitter::Tree>,
+    index: &WorkspaceIndex,
+    docs: &DocumentStore,
+    disk_tables: &WorkspaceTables,
+    byte_offset: usize,
+) -> Vec<DomainCompletion> {
+    compute_inner(text, tree, index, docs, Some(disk_tables), byte_offset)
+}
+
+fn compute_inner(
+    text: &str,
+    tree: Option<&tree_sitter::Tree>,
+    index: &WorkspaceIndex,
+    docs: &DocumentStore,
+    disk_tables: Option<&WorkspaceTables>,
+    byte_offset: usize,
+) -> Vec<DomainCompletion> {
+    let Some(tree) = tree else {
+        tracing::debug!(
+            target: "vespertide_lsp::completion",
+            byte_offset,
+            "no tree — returning empty completion list"
+        );
+        return Vec::new();
+    };
+
+    let ctx = context::detect(tree, text, byte_offset);
+    tracing::debug!(
+        target: "vespertide_lsp::completion",
+        byte_offset,
+        context = ?ctx,
+        "completion context detected"
+    );
+    match ctx {
+        context::Context::ColumnTypeInString { string_byte_range } => {
+            values::column_types_in_string(string_byte_range)
+        }
+        context::Context::ColumnTypeValue => values::column_types_full(),
+        context::Context::OnDeleteAction | context::Context::OnUpdateAction => {
+            values::reference_actions()
+        }
+        context::Context::Nullable | context::Context::PrimaryKey | context::Context::Unique => {
+            values::booleans()
+        }
+        context::Context::RefTable => values::tables_in_workspace(index, disk_tables),
+        context::Context::RefColumns { ref_table } => {
+            values::columns_of(ref_table.as_str(), index, docs, disk_tables)
+        }
+        context::Context::TypeKind { string_byte_range } => {
+            values::type_kind_values(string_byte_range.as_ref())
+        }
+        context::Context::DefaultValue {
+            type_kind,
+            enum_values,
+            string_byte_range,
+        } => values::default_values(
+            type_kind.as_deref(),
+            &enum_values,
+            string_byte_range.as_ref(),
+        ),
+        context::Context::TableTopLevelKey => values::table_top_level_keys(),
+        context::Context::ColumnObjectKey => values::column_object_keys(),
+        context::Context::ForeignKeyObjectKey => values::foreign_key_object_keys(),
+        context::Context::TypeObjectKey => values::type_object_keys(),
+        context::Context::None => Vec::new(),
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::parser::ParserPool;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn completion_in_column_type_string_offers_simple_and_replacing_object_snippets() {
+        let pool = ParserPool::new();
+        let idx = WorkspaceIndex::new();
+        let docs = DocumentStore::new();
+        let src = r#"{"name":"u","columns":[{"name":"id","type":"i","nullable":false}]}"#;
+        let tree = pool.parse(src, DocumentFormat::Json);
+        let cursor_pos = src.find(r#""type":"i""#).unwrap() + 9;
+        let items = compute(
+            src,
+            DocumentFormat::Json,
+            tree.as_ref(),
+            &idx,
+            &docs,
+            cursor_pos,
+        );
+
+        // Simple scalar types still insert in-place (no replacement metadata).
+        let integer = items
+            .iter()
+            .find(|i| i.label == "integer")
+            .expect("integer suggestion");
+        assert!(
+            integer.replace_range_bytes.is_none(),
+            "simple types insert at cursor, no range replacement"
+        );
+
+        // Object snippets ARE offered, but each carries a `replace_range_bytes`
+        // covering the entire enclosing `"i"` literal (quotes included), so
+        // accepting the suggestion collapses the quotes into a `{...}` object.
+        let string_start = src.find(r#""i""#).unwrap();
+        let string_end = string_start + r#""i""#.len();
+        for snippet_label in ["varchar(N)", "char(N)", "numeric(P,S)", "enum"] {
+            let snippet = items
+                .iter()
+                .find(|i| i.label == snippet_label)
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("missing snippet `{snippet_label}`"));
+            let range = snippet
+                .replace_range_bytes
+                .as_ref()
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("`{snippet_label}` should carry replace range"));
+            assert_eq!(
+                range.start, string_start,
+                "{snippet_label} replace_range.start must align with opening quote"
+            );
+            assert_eq!(
+                range.end, string_end,
+                "{snippet_label} replace_range.end must align with closing quote"
+            );
+            assert!(
+                snippet
+                    .insert_text
+                    .as_ref()
+                    .is_some_and(|t| t.starts_with('{')),
+                "{snippet_label} insert_text must be an object literal"
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn completion_in_bare_column_type_offers_object_snippets() {
+        let pool = ParserPool::new();
+        let idx = WorkspaceIndex::new();
+        let docs = DocumentStore::new();
+        // Cursor sits at the bare value slot (no surrounding quotes).
+        let src = r#"{"name":"u","columns":[{"name":"id","type":,"nullable":false}]}"#;
+        let tree = pool.parse(src, DocumentFormat::Json);
+        let pos = src.find(r#""type":"#).unwrap() + 7;
+        let items = compute(src, DocumentFormat::Json, tree.as_ref(), &idx, &docs, pos);
+
+        assert!(items.iter().any(|item| item.label == "varchar(N)"));
+        assert!(items.iter().any(|item| item.label == "integer"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn completion_in_column_object_key_offers_column_keys() {
+        let pool = ParserPool::new();
+        let idx = WorkspaceIndex::new();
+        let docs = DocumentStore::new();
+        // Cursor sits inside an empty key string in a column object.
+        let src = r#"{"name":"u","columns":[{"name":"id","type":"uuid",""}]}"#;
+        let tree = pool.parse(src, DocumentFormat::Json);
+        // The empty key is the second `""` (between the comma and `}`).
+        let pos = src.rfind(r#""""#).unwrap() + 1;
+        let items = compute(src, DocumentFormat::Json, tree.as_ref(), &idx, &docs, pos);
+
+        let labels: Vec<_> = items.iter().map(|i| i.label.as_str()).collect();
+        for expected in [
+            "nullable",
+            "primary_key",
+            "unique",
+            "index",
+            "default",
+            "foreign_key",
+            "comment",
+        ] {
+            assert!(
+                labels.contains(&expected),
+                "should suggest `{expected}` key, got: {labels:?}"
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn completion_in_table_top_level_key_offers_top_keys() {
+        let pool = ParserPool::new();
+        let idx = WorkspaceIndex::new();
+        let docs = DocumentStore::new();
+        let src = r#"{"name":"u",""}"#;
+        let tree = pool.parse(src, DocumentFormat::Json);
+        let pos = src.rfind(r#""""#).unwrap() + 1;
+        let items = compute(src, DocumentFormat::Json, tree.as_ref(), &idx, &docs, pos);
+
+        let labels: Vec<_> = items.iter().map(|i| i.label.as_str()).collect();
+        for expected in ["columns", "constraints", "$schema"] {
+            assert!(
+                labels.contains(&expected),
+                "should suggest `{expected}` key, got: {labels:?}"
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn completion_in_foreign_key_object_offers_fk_keys() {
+        let pool = ParserPool::new();
+        let idx = WorkspaceIndex::new();
+        let docs = DocumentStore::new();
+        let src = r#"{"name":"p","columns":[{"name":"a","type":"integer","foreign_key":{""}}]}"#;
+        let tree = pool.parse(src, DocumentFormat::Json);
+        let pos = src.rfind(r#""""#).unwrap() + 1;
+        let items = compute(src, DocumentFormat::Json, tree.as_ref(), &idx, &docs, pos);
+
+        let labels: Vec<_> = items.iter().map(|i| i.label.as_str()).collect();
+        for expected in ["ref_table", "ref_columns", "on_delete", "on_update"] {
+            assert!(
+                labels.contains(&expected),
+                "should suggest `{expected}` key, got: {labels:?}"
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn completion_in_type_object_offers_type_keys() {
+        let pool = ParserPool::new();
+        let idx = WorkspaceIndex::new();
+        let docs = DocumentStore::new();
+        let src = r#"{"name":"u","columns":[{"name":"c","type":{""}}]}"#;
+        let tree = pool.parse(src, DocumentFormat::Json);
+        let pos = src.rfind(r#""""#).unwrap() + 1;
+        let items = compute(src, DocumentFormat::Json, tree.as_ref(), &idx, &docs, pos);
+
+        let labels: Vec<_> = items.iter().map(|i| i.label.as_str()).collect();
+        for expected in ["kind", "length", "precision", "scale", "values"] {
+            assert!(
+                labels.contains(&expected),
+                "should suggest `{expected}` key, got: {labels:?}"
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn completion_for_kind_value_in_string_offers_complex_kinds() {
+        let pool = ParserPool::new();
+        let idx = WorkspaceIndex::new();
+        let docs = DocumentStore::new();
+        // Cursor inside `"kind": "<here>"` of a complex type object.
+        let src = r#"{"name":"u","columns":[{"name":"x","type":{"kind":""}}]}"#;
+        let tree = pool.parse(src, DocumentFormat::Json);
+        let pos = src.find(r#""kind":"""#).unwrap() + 8;
+        let items = compute(src, DocumentFormat::Json, tree.as_ref(), &idx, &docs, pos);
+
+        let labels: Vec<_> = items.iter().map(|i| i.label.as_str()).collect();
+        for expected in ["varchar", "char", "numeric", "enum", "custom"] {
+            assert!(
+                labels.contains(&expected),
+                "kind completion missing `{expected}`, got: {labels:?}"
+            );
+        }
+        // Replace range must cover the INNER content only (no quotes) so
+        // VS Code's prefix-filter does not reject candidates whose label
+        // starts with `v` against a `"` prefix. Insert text is the raw
+        // identifier — quotes are already in place from the user's typing.
+        let varchar = items.iter().find(|i| i.label == "varchar").unwrap();
+        let range = varchar
+            .replace_range_bytes
+            .as_ref()
+            .expect("kind completion must carry an inner-content replace range");
+        let snippet = &src[range.clone()];
+        assert!(
+            !snippet.contains('"'),
+            "replace range MUST NOT include surrounding quotes, got: {snippet:?}"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            varchar.insert_text.as_deref(),
+            Some("varchar"),
+            "in-string insert text must be the bare identifier"
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// Regression — VS Code rejects completion items whose `range` starts
+    /// at `"` because the implicit prefix becomes `"` and the label
+    /// `varchar` does not match `"` as a prefix. Make sure partial
+    /// typing (`"v"`) accepts cleanly with inner-only replacement.
+    #[test]
+    fn completion_for_kind_value_inner_range_covers_partial_typing() {
+        let pool = ParserPool::new();
+        let idx = WorkspaceIndex::new();
+        let docs = DocumentStore::new();
+        let src = r#"{"name":"u","columns":[{"name":"x","type":{"kind":"v"}}]}"#;
+        let tree = pool.parse(src, DocumentFormat::Json);
+        let pos = src.find(r#""kind":"v""#).unwrap() + 9; // inside, after `v`
+        let items = compute(src, DocumentFormat::Json, tree.as_ref(), &idx, &docs, pos);
+
+        let varchar = items.iter().find(|i| i.label == "varchar").unwrap();
+        let range = varchar.replace_range_bytes.as_ref().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            &src[range.clone()],
+            "v",
+            "must replace ONLY the partial `v`, leaving quotes intact"
+        );
+
+        // Apply the edit and confirm the result is valid JSON.
+        let mut after = String::from(&src[..range.start]);
+        after.push_str(varchar.insert_text.as_deref().unwrap());
+        after.push_str(&src[range.end..]);
+        assert!(after.contains(r#""kind":"varchar""#), "got: {after}");
+        serde_json::from_str::<serde_json::Value>(&after).expect("must parse as JSON");
+    }
+
+    /// At a bare value slot (`"kind":` followed immediately by EOF/value)
+    /// we still emit JSON-quoted insert text and no replacement range.
+    #[test]
+    fn completion_for_kind_value_bare_slot_emits_quoted_insert() {
+        let pool = ParserPool::new();
+        let idx = WorkspaceIndex::new();
+        let docs = DocumentStore::new();
+        let src = r#"{"name":"u","columns":[{"name":"x","type":{"kind":}}]}"#;
+        let tree = pool.parse(src, DocumentFormat::Json);
+        let pos = src.find(r#""kind":"#).unwrap() + 7;
+        let items = compute(src, DocumentFormat::Json, tree.as_ref(), &idx, &docs, pos);
+
+        let varchar = items.iter().find(|i| i.label == "varchar").unwrap();
+        assert!(varchar.replace_range_bytes.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(varchar.insert_text.as_deref(), Some("\"varchar\""));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn completion_for_kind_outside_a_columns_array_returns_no_kind_suggestions() {
+        let pool = ParserPool::new();
+        let idx = WorkspaceIndex::new();
+        let docs = DocumentStore::new();
+        // `kind` appears at the top level (NOT inside columns/type) — must
+        // not surface the complex-type kinds.
+        let src = r#"{"name":"u","kind":"","columns":[]}"#;
+        let tree = pool.parse(src, DocumentFormat::Json);
+        let pos = src.find(r#""kind":"""#).unwrap() + 8;
+        let items = compute(src, DocumentFormat::Json, tree.as_ref(), &idx, &docs, pos);
+
+        assert!(
+            items.iter().all(|i| i.label != "varchar"),
+            "top-level `kind` must not get type-kind completions"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn default_completion_falls_back_when_type_cannot_be_resolved() {
+        let pool = ParserPool::new();
+        let idx = WorkspaceIndex::new();
+        let docs = DocumentStore::new();
+        // No `type` field on the column at all — analyze_sibling_type fails.
+        let src = r#"{"name":"u","columns":[{"name":"x","default":""}]}"#;
+        let tree = pool.parse(src, DocumentFormat::Json);
+        let pos = src.find(r#""default":"""#).unwrap() + 11;
+        let items = compute(src, DocumentFormat::Json, tree.as_ref(), &idx, &docs, pos);
+
+        let labels: Vec<_> = items.iter().map(|i| i.label.as_str()).collect();
+        assert!(labels.contains(&"null"));
+        // Generic fallback always includes a handful of common literals so
+        // the client never sees an empty / single-item list (which some
+        // editors silently auto-accept).
+        assert!(labels.len() > 1, "should offer >1 fallback item, got: {labels:?}");
+        assert!(labels.contains(&"0"));
+        assert!(labels.contains(&"true"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn default_completion_for_timestamp_offers_now() {
+        let pool = ParserPool::new();
+        let idx = WorkspaceIndex::new();
+        let docs = DocumentStore::new();
+        let src = r#"{"name":"u","columns":[{"name":"c","type":"timestamp","default":""}]}"#;
+        let tree = pool.parse(src, DocumentFormat::Json);
+        let pos = src.find(r#""default":"""#).unwrap() + 11;
+        let items = compute(src, DocumentFormat::Json, tree.as_ref(), &idx, &docs, pos);
+
+        let labels: Vec<_> = items.iter().map(|i| i.label.as_str()).collect();
+        for expected in ["now()", "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP"] {
+            assert!(
+                labels.contains(&expected),
+                "should suggest `{expected}` for timestamp default, got: {labels:?}"
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn default_completion_for_uuid_offers_gen_random_uuid() {
+        let pool = ParserPool::new();
+        let idx = WorkspaceIndex::new();
+        let docs = DocumentStore::new();
+        let src = r#"{"name":"u","columns":[{"name":"id","type":"uuid","default":""}]}"#;
+        let tree = pool.parse(src, DocumentFormat::Json);
+        let pos = src.find(r#""default":"""#).unwrap() + 11;
+        let items = compute(src, DocumentFormat::Json, tree.as_ref(), &idx, &docs, pos);
+
+        assert!(
+            items.iter().any(|i| i.label == "gen_random_uuid()"),
+            "should suggest gen_random_uuid() for uuid default"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn default_completion_for_boolean_offers_true_false() {
+        let pool = ParserPool::new();
+        let idx = WorkspaceIndex::new();
+        let docs = DocumentStore::new();
+        let src = r#"{"name":"u","columns":[{"name":"active","type":"boolean","default":}]}"#;
+        let tree = pool.parse(src, DocumentFormat::Json);
+        let pos = src.find(r#""default":"#).unwrap() + 10;
+        let items = compute(src, DocumentFormat::Json, tree.as_ref(), &idx, &docs, pos);
+
+        let labels: Vec<_> = items.iter().map(|i| i.label.as_str()).collect();
+        assert!(labels.contains(&"true"));
+        assert!(labels.contains(&"false"));
+        assert!(labels.contains(&"null"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn default_completion_inside_existing_string_replaces_inner_content() {
+        let pool = ParserPool::new();
+        let idx = WorkspaceIndex::new();
+        let docs = DocumentStore::new();
+        // Cursor at start of `"old_value"`. We replace the INNER content
+        // only — the surrounding quotes stay in place. This is what
+        // lets VS Code's prefix-filter accept items whose label doesn't
+        // begin with a quote (e.g. `now()`).
+        let src = r#"{"name":"u","columns":[{"name":"created_at","type":"timestamp","default":"old_value"}]}"#;
+        let tree = pool.parse(src, DocumentFormat::Json);
+        let literal_start = src.find(r#""old_value""#).unwrap();
+        let cursor_pos = literal_start + 1; // just past the opening quote
+        let items = compute(
+            src,
+            DocumentFormat::Json,
+            tree.as_ref(),
+            &idx,
+            &docs,
+            cursor_pos,
+        );
+
+        let now = items
+            .iter()
+            .find(|i| i.label == "now()")
+            .expect("now() should be offered");
+        let range = now
+            .replace_range_bytes
+            .as_ref()
+            .expect("must replace, not insert");
+        // Replace exactly `old_value` (quotes preserved).
+        assert_eq!(&src[range.clone()], "old_value");
+        assert_eq!(
+            now.insert_text.as_deref(),
+            Some("now()"),
+            "in-string insert text must be the raw expression — outer quotes already exist"
+        );
+
+        // Apply the edit and confirm the result is `"now()"` in valid JSON.
+        let mut after = String::from(&src[..range.start]);
+        after.push_str(now.insert_text.as_deref().unwrap());
+        after.push_str(&src[range.end..]);
+        assert!(after.contains(r#""default":"now()""#), "got: {after}");
+        serde_json::from_str::<serde_json::Value>(&after).expect("must parse as JSON");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn default_completion_for_json_literal_replaces_inner_content() {
+        let pool = ParserPool::new();
+        let idx = WorkspaceIndex::new();
+        let docs = DocumentStore::new();
+        // Boolean default. Cursor inside `"true"` literal. We now replace
+        // the INNER content (so VS Code's filter passes) — `vespertide-core`
+        // accepts `"default": "false"` and `"default": false` identically
+        // because `DefaultValue::String("false").to_sql()` returns `false`.
+        let src = r#"{"name":"u","columns":[{"name":"active","type":"boolean","default":"true"}]}"#;
+        let tree = pool.parse(src, DocumentFormat::Json);
+        let cursor_pos = src.find(r#""true""#).unwrap() + 1;
+        let items = compute(src, DocumentFormat::Json, tree.as_ref(), &idx, &docs, cursor_pos);
+
+        let false_item = items.iter().find(|i| i.label == "false").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            false_item.insert_text.as_deref(),
+            Some("false"),
+            "in-string insert text is the raw literal"
+        );
+        let range = false_item.replace_range_bytes.as_ref().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            &src[range.clone()],
+            "true",
+            "replace only the inner content `true`, leaving quotes in place"
+        );
+
+        // Applying the edit should produce `"default":"false"` — still valid
+        // JSON, still a valid Vespertide boolean default.
+        let mut after = String::from(&src[..range.start]);
+        after.push_str(false_item.insert_text.as_deref().unwrap());
+        after.push_str(&src[range.end..]);
+        assert!(after.contains(r#""default":"false""#), "got: {after}");
+        serde_json::from_str::<serde_json::Value>(&after).expect("must parse as JSON");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn default_completion_for_enum_value_uses_inner_range_for_vscode_filter() {
+        let pool = ParserPool::new();
+        let idx = WorkspaceIndex::new();
+        let docs = DocumentStore::new();
+        // Regression — enum default completions used to use an outer range
+        // (covering the surrounding quotes). VS Code's prefix filter then
+        // rejected items because labels like `'active'` do not start with
+        // `"`. We now emit an inner-content range so the user sees the
+        // candidates and accepting one cleanly fills `"'active'"`.
+        let src = r#"{"name":"u","columns":[{"name":"status","type":{"kind":"enum","name":"st","values":["active","banned"]},"default":""}]}"#;
+        let tree = pool.parse(src, DocumentFormat::Json);
+        let pos = src.find(r#""default":"""#).unwrap() + 11;
+        let items = compute(src, DocumentFormat::Json, tree.as_ref(), &idx, &docs, pos);
+
+        let active = items
+            .iter()
+            .find(|i| i.label == "'active'")
+            .expect("enum value must be offered for enum default");
+        let range = active
+            .replace_range_bytes
+            .as_ref()
+            .expect("must carry a replace range");
+        let snippet = &src[range.clone()];
+        assert!(
+            !snippet.contains('"'),
+            "replace range MUST NOT span the surrounding JSON quotes, got: {snippet:?}"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            active.insert_text.as_deref(),
+            Some("'active'"),
+            "in-string insert is the raw SQL literal"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn default_completion_for_string_enum_offers_only_its_values() {
+        let pool = ParserPool::new();
+        let idx = WorkspaceIndex::new();
+        let docs = DocumentStore::new();
+        let src = r#"{"name":"u","columns":[{"name":"status","type":{"kind":"enum","name":"user_status","values":["active","banned"]},"default":""}]}"#;
+        let tree = pool.parse(src, DocumentFormat::Json);
+        let pos = src.find(r#""default":"""#).unwrap() + 11;
+        let items = compute(src, DocumentFormat::Json, tree.as_ref(), &idx, &docs, pos);
+
+        let labels: Vec<_> = items.iter().map(|i| i.label.as_str()).collect();
+        assert!(
+            labels.contains(&"'active'"),
+            "must surface enum value 'active', got {labels:?}"
+        );
+        assert!(
+            labels.contains(&"'banned'"),
+            "must surface enum value 'banned', got {labels:?}"
+        );
+        // Should NOT leak timestamp/uuid defaults for an enum column.
+        assert!(!labels.contains(&"now()"), "no timestamp helpers");
+        assert!(
+            !labels.contains(&"gen_random_uuid()"),
+            "no uuid helpers"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn default_completion_for_int_enum_offers_member_names() {
+        let pool = ParserPool::new();
+        let idx = WorkspaceIndex::new();
+        let docs = DocumentStore::new();
+        let src = r#"{"name":"u","columns":[{"name":"priority","type":{"kind":"enum","name":"priority_level","values":[{"name":"low","value":0},{"name":"high","value":10}]},"default":""}]}"#;
+        let tree = pool.parse(src, DocumentFormat::Json);
+        let pos = src.find(r#""default":"""#).unwrap() + 11;
+        let items = compute(src, DocumentFormat::Json, tree.as_ref(), &idx, &docs, pos);
+
+        let labels: Vec<_> = items.iter().map(|i| i.label.as_str()).collect();
+        assert!(labels.contains(&"'low'"), "int-enum names too, got {labels:?}");
+        assert!(labels.contains(&"'high'"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn completion_for_nullable_returns_booleans() {
+        let pool = ParserPool::new();
+        let idx = WorkspaceIndex::new();
+        let docs = DocumentStore::new();
+        let src = r#"{"name":"u","columns":[{"name":"id","type":"integer","nullable":}]}"#;
+        let tree = pool.parse(src, DocumentFormat::Json);
+        let pos = src.find("nullable\":").unwrap() + 10;
+        let items = compute(src, DocumentFormat::Json, tree.as_ref(), &idx, &docs, pos);
+
+        assert!(items.iter().any(|item| item.label == "true"));
+        assert!(items.iter().any(|item| item.label == "false"));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/completion/values.rs b/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/completion/values.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b27f489a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/completion/values.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,566 @@
+//! Concrete completion values: schema literals and cross-file table lookups.
+
+use std::collections::BTreeSet;
+
+use super::{CompletionItemKind, DomainCompletion};
+use crate::store::DocumentStore;
+use crate::workspace_index::WorkspaceIndex;
+use crate::workspace_tables::WorkspaceTables;
+
+const COLUMN_TYPES: &[&str] = &[
+    "small_int",
+    "integer",
+    "big_int",
+    "real",
+    "double_precision",
+    "text",
+    "boolean",
+    "date",
+    "time",
+    "timestamp",
+    "timestamptz",
+    "interval",
+    "bytea",
+    "uuid",
+    "json",
+    "inet",
+    "cidr",
+    "macaddr",
+    "xml",
+];
+
+const REFERENCE_ACTIONS: &[&str] = &[
+    "cascade",
+    "restrict",
+    "set_null",
+    "set_default",
+    "no_action",
+];
+
+/// Top-level keys of a Vespertide model file. Ordered by typical write
+/// order so completion ranking matches the schema layout.
+const TABLE_TOP_LEVEL_KEYS: &[(&str, &str)] = &[
+    ("$schema", "JSON Schema reference for IDE validation"),
+    ("name", "Table name"),
+    ("columns", "Column definitions"),
+    ("constraints", "Table-level constraints (CHECK, etc.)"),
+    ("indexes", "Composite indexes"),
+    ("comment", "Optional table comment"),
+];
+
+/// Keys inside a `columns[N]` object.
+const COLUMN_OBJECT_KEYS: &[(&str, &str)] = &[
+    ("name", "Column name"),
+    ("type", "Column type (string or {kind: ...} object)"),
+    ("nullable", "Whether NULL is allowed"),
+    ("default", "Default value expression"),
+    ("primary_key", "Mark as primary key (composite if used on >1 column)"),
+    ("unique", "Add a UNIQUE constraint"),
+    ("index", "Add an index"),
+    ("foreign_key", "Foreign-key reference"),
+    ("comment", "Optional column comment"),
+];
+
+/// Keys inside a `foreign_key` object.
+const FOREIGN_KEY_OBJECT_KEYS: &[(&str, &str)] = &[
+    ("ref_table", "Referenced table name"),
+    ("ref_columns", "Referenced column list"),
+    ("on_delete", "ON DELETE action"),
+    ("on_update", "ON UPDATE action"),
+    ("name", "Optional constraint name"),
+];
+
+/// Keys inside a complex `type` object (varchar/numeric/enum/custom).
+const TYPE_OBJECT_KEYS: &[(&str, &str)] = &[
+    ("kind", "Type kind: varchar, char, numeric, enum, custom"),
+    ("length", "Length (varchar/char)"),
+    ("precision", "Precision (numeric)"),
+    ("scale", "Scale (numeric)"),
+    ("name", "Enum type name"),
+    ("values", "Enum values"),
+    ("custom_type", "Raw SQL type (kind=custom)"),
+];
+
+/// Scalar `type` completions valid inside a JSON/YAML string literal —
+/// no replacement metadata, the client just inserts at the cursor.
+pub(super) fn column_types_simple() -> Vec<DomainCompletion> {
+    COLUMN_TYPES
+        .iter()
+        .map(|column_type| value(column_type, format!("Column type: {column_type}")))
+        .collect()
+}
+
+/// Full `type` completions for a string-literal slot. Simple types insert
+/// in place; complex object kinds (varchar/char/numeric/enum) replace the
+/// **entire** string node — quotes and current content — with a full
+/// object literal so the JSON parses cleanly.
+pub(super) fn column_types_in_string(
+    string_byte_range: std::ops::Range<usize>,
+) -> Vec<DomainCompletion> {
+    let mut completions = column_types_simple();
+    completions.extend(complex_type_snippets(Some(&string_byte_range)));
+    completions
+}
+
+/// Full `type` completions for a bare value slot (no surrounding quotes).
+/// Both simple strings and complex object snippets are valid.
+pub(super) fn column_types_full() -> Vec<DomainCompletion> {
+    let mut completions = COLUMN_TYPES
+        .iter()
+        .map(|column_type| {
+            value_with_insert(
+                column_type,
+                format!("Column type: {column_type}"),
+                format!("\"{column_type}\""),
+            )
+        })
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+    completions.extend(complex_type_snippets(None));
+    completions
+}
+
+fn complex_type_snippets(
+    replace_range: Option<&std::ops::Range<usize>>,
+) -> Vec<DomainCompletion> {
+    [
+        (
+            "varchar(N)",
+            "Variable-length string",
+            r#"{"kind":"varchar","length":${1:255}}"#,
+        ),
+        (
+            "char(N)",
+            "Fixed-length string",
+            r#"{"kind":"char","length":${1:2}}"#,
+        ),
+        (
+            "numeric(P,S)",
+            "Fixed-precision decimal",
+            r#"{"kind":"numeric","precision":${1:10},"scale":${2:2}}"#,
+        ),
+        (
+            "enum",
+            "Native string enum",
+            r#"{"kind":"enum","name":"${1:status}","values":["${2:active}","${3:inactive}"]}"#,
+        ),
+    ]
+    .into_iter()
+    .map(|(label, detail, insert_text)| DomainCompletion {
+        label: label.to_string(),
+        kind: CompletionItemKind::Snippet,
+        detail: Some(detail.to_string()),
+        insert_text: Some(insert_text.to_string()),
+        sort_priority: 2,
+        replace_range_bytes: replace_range.cloned(),
+    })
+    .collect()
+}
+
+/// `kind` candidates for a complex `type` object. When the cursor sits
+/// inside a string literal, accepting a suggestion replaces just the
+/// inner content so partial typing (e.g. `var`) is wiped while the
+/// surrounding quotes stay intact. In a bare value slot the suggestion
+/// inserts the full JSON-quoted form.
+///
+/// Critically the INNER range (without quotes) is used as the replace
+/// range. Outer-quote ranges would force the LSP client to filter
+/// completions against the leading `"`, which VS Code (correctly) rejects
+/// because `varchar` does not match a `"` prefix — that is why this
+/// completion appeared "broken" in VS Code but worked in Zed (Zed is
+/// more lenient about filter prefixes).
+pub(super) fn type_kind_values(
+    string_byte_range: Option<&std::ops::Range<usize>>,
+) -> Vec<DomainCompletion> {
+    const KINDS: &[(&str, &str)] = &[
+        ("varchar", "Variable-length string"),
+        ("char", "Fixed-length string"),
+        ("numeric", "Fixed-precision decimal"),
+        ("enum", "Native enum"),
+        ("custom", "Raw SQL type"),
+    ];
+
+    let inner_range = string_byte_range.map(outer_to_inner_range);
+    let in_string = string_byte_range.is_some();
+
+    KINDS
+        .iter()
+        .enumerate()
+        .map(|(idx, (kind, detail))| {
+            // Inside a string literal: replace only the contents
+            // (`"v"` → `"varchar"`). Outside: emit a JSON-quoted literal
+            // so the value slot becomes syntactically valid.
+            let insert_text = if in_string {
+                (*kind).to_string()
+            } else {
+                format!("\"{kind}\"")
+            };
+            DomainCompletion {
+                label: (*kind).to_string(),
+                kind: CompletionItemKind::Value,
+                detail: Some((*detail).to_string()),
+                insert_text: Some(insert_text),
+                sort_priority: u8::try_from(idx + 1).unwrap_or(u8::MAX),
+                replace_range_bytes: inner_range.clone(),
+            }
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
+/// Strip one byte from each side of a JSON/YAML quoted scalar range so
+/// the result covers only the text content. Falls back to the original
+/// range when the literal is too short to have quotes (defensive).
+fn outer_to_inner_range(range: &std::ops::Range<usize>) -> std::ops::Range<usize> {
+    if range.end.saturating_sub(range.start) >= 2 {
+        (range.start + 1)..(range.end - 1)
+    } else {
+        range.clone()
+    }
+}
+
+pub(super) fn reference_actions() -> Vec<DomainCompletion> {
+    REFERENCE_ACTIONS
+        .iter()
+        .map(|action| value(action, format!("Reference action: {action}")))
+        .collect()
+}
+
+/// Default-value variants the LSP knows how to format.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+enum DefaultKind {
+    /// Bare JSON literal (`null`, `true`, `false`, `0`, `1`, `-1`).
+    /// Inside a quoted slot we still want the literal — quotes get wiped.
+    JsonLiteral,
+    /// SQL expression that must live inside a JSON string
+    /// (`now()`, `gen_random_uuid()`, `'active'`, `''`).
+    SqlExpression,
+    /// Same as [`SqlExpression`] but carries snippet placeholders such as
+    /// `'${1:value}'`. Emitted as `InsertTextFormat::SNIPPET`.
+    SqlSnippet,
+}
+
+struct DefaultCandidate {
+    /// Label shown in the popup, in canonical SQL form (without JSON quotes).
+    label: &'static str,
+    detail: &'static str,
+    kind: DefaultKind,
+}
+
+/// Candidate values for `default`, tuned to the sibling `type`.
+///
+/// When the cursor is inside an existing `"..."` literal, every candidate
+/// REPLACES that whole string node (quotes included) so the user never sees
+/// the suggestion appended to leftover text.
+pub(super) fn default_values(
+    type_kind: Option<&str>,
+    enum_values: &[String],
+    string_byte_range: Option<&std::ops::Range<usize>>,
+) -> Vec<DomainCompletion> {
+    let mut candidates = type_candidates(type_kind, enum_values);
+    // `null` is always valid as a SQL default.
+    candidates.push(DefaultCandidate {
+        label: "null",
+        detail: "SQL NULL",
+        kind: DefaultKind::JsonLiteral,
+    });
+
+    candidates
+        .into_iter()
+        .enumerate()
+        .map(|(idx, candidate)| {
+            let sort_priority = u8::try_from(idx + 1).unwrap_or(u8::MAX);
+            build_default_completion(&candidate, string_byte_range, sort_priority)
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
+fn type_candidates(
+    type_kind: Option<&str>,
+    enum_values: &[String],
+) -> Vec<DefaultCandidate> {
+    match type_kind {
+        Some("enum") => enum_candidates(enum_values),
+        Some("timestamp" | "timestamptz") => vec![
+            sql_expr("now()", "Postgres: current timestamp"),
+            sql_expr("CURRENT_TIMESTAMP", "ANSI SQL: current timestamp"),
+            sql_expr("CURRENT_DATE", "ANSI SQL: current date"),
+            sql_expr("CURRENT_TIME", "ANSI SQL: current time"),
+        ],
+        Some("date") => vec![sql_expr("CURRENT_DATE", "Current date")],
+        Some("time") => vec![sql_expr("CURRENT_TIME", "Current time (no date)")],
+        Some("uuid") => vec![
+            sql_expr("gen_random_uuid()", "Postgres 13+ built-in"),
+            sql_expr("uuid_generate_v4()", "Postgres uuid-ossp extension"),
+        ],
+        Some("boolean") => vec![
+            json_literal("true", "Boolean true"),
+            json_literal("false", "Boolean false"),
+        ],
+        Some("text" | "varchar" | "char") => vec![
+            sql_expr("''", "Empty string literal"),
+            DefaultCandidate {
+                label: "'${1:value}'",
+                detail: "Custom string literal",
+                kind: DefaultKind::SqlSnippet,
+            },
+        ],
+        Some("integer" | "big_int" | "small_int" | "numeric" | "real" | "double_precision") => {
+            vec![
+                json_literal("0", "Zero"),
+                json_literal("1", "One"),
+                json_literal("-1", "Negative one"),
+            ]
+        }
+        Some("json" | "jsonb") => vec![
+            sql_expr("'{}'", "Empty JSON object"),
+            sql_expr("'[]'", "Empty JSON array"),
+        ],
+        // Unknown / partial type — surface a generous fallback so the
+        // user always sees SOMETHING. Once the `type` value firms up the
+        // list narrows to type-appropriate candidates only.
+        _ => generic_default_fallback(),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Catch-all default candidates for columns whose `type` could not be
+/// statically resolved (typing in progress, custom type, etc.).
+fn generic_default_fallback() -> Vec<DefaultCandidate> {
+    vec![
+        json_literal("0", "Zero"),
+        json_literal("true", "Boolean true"),
+        json_literal("false", "Boolean false"),
+        sql_expr("''", "Empty string literal"),
+        sql_expr("now()", "Current timestamp"),
+        sql_expr("CURRENT_TIMESTAMP", "ANSI SQL: current timestamp"),
+        sql_expr("gen_random_uuid()", "Random UUID v4"),
+    ]
+}
+
+fn enum_candidates(enum_values: &[String]) -> Vec<DefaultCandidate> {
+    // Leak each formatted label so its lifetime matches the `'static`
+    // candidate descriptors. Completion is requested rarely enough that the
+    // allocation is fine; the cost is paid once per enum.
+    enum_values
+        .iter()
+        .map(|name| {
+            let label: &'static str = Box::leak(format!("'{name}'").into_boxed_str());
+            let detail: &'static str =
+                Box::leak(format!("Enum value: {name}").into_boxed_str());
+            DefaultCandidate {
+                label,
+                detail,
+                kind: DefaultKind::SqlExpression,
+            }
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
+fn sql_expr(literal: &'static str, detail: &'static str) -> DefaultCandidate {
+    DefaultCandidate {
+        label: literal,
+        detail,
+        kind: DefaultKind::SqlExpression,
+    }
+}
+
+fn json_literal(literal: &'static str, detail: &'static str) -> DefaultCandidate {
+    DefaultCandidate {
+        label: literal,
+        detail,
+        kind: DefaultKind::JsonLiteral,
+    }
+}
+
+/// Translate a [`DefaultCandidate`] into the final [`DomainCompletion`].
+///
+/// * When `string_byte_range` is `Some(range)` — the cursor sits inside a
+///   `"..."` literal — only the INNER content is replaced. Surrounding
+///   quotes stay in place; the inserted text fills them. This keeps VS
+///   Code's prefix-filter happy (it rejects labels that do not match
+///   against a leading `"` when the textEdit range starts on the quote).
+/// * When `string_byte_range` is `None` — bare value slot — the completion
+///   inserts at the cursor with an appropriately quoted form so the JSON
+///   value is syntactically complete.
+fn build_default_completion(
+    candidate: &DefaultCandidate,
+    string_byte_range: Option<&std::ops::Range<usize>>,
+    sort_priority: u8,
+) -> DomainCompletion {
+    let in_string = string_byte_range.is_some();
+    // Two cases:
+    //   * Inside a string — the surrounding quotes already exist, so
+    //     insert the raw text (`'active'`, `now()`, `null`). The user's
+    //     `default` ends up as a JSON string wrapping a SQL expression /
+    //     literal, which is exactly the schema's convention.
+    //   * Bare value slot — JSON literals stay bare (`null`/`true`/`0`);
+    //     SQL expressions get JSON-quoted so the slot remains valid.
+    let insert_text = if in_string {
+        candidate.label.to_string()
+    } else {
+        match candidate.kind {
+            DefaultKind::JsonLiteral => candidate.label.to_string(),
+            DefaultKind::SqlExpression | DefaultKind::SqlSnippet => {
+                format!("\"{}\"", candidate.label)
+            }
+        }
+    };
+    let kind = match candidate.kind {
+        DefaultKind::SqlSnippet => CompletionItemKind::Snippet,
+        _ => CompletionItemKind::Value,
+    };
+
+    DomainCompletion {
+        label: candidate.label.to_string(),
+        kind,
+        detail: Some(candidate.detail.to_string()),
+        insert_text: Some(insert_text),
+        sort_priority,
+        // Inner-only range avoids VS Code's prefix-filter rejecting items
+        // whose label does not start with `"`.
+        replace_range_bytes: string_byte_range.map(outer_to_inner_range),
+    }
+}
+
+pub(super) fn table_top_level_keys() -> Vec<DomainCompletion> {
+    object_keys(TABLE_TOP_LEVEL_KEYS)
+}
+
+pub(super) fn column_object_keys() -> Vec<DomainCompletion> {
+    object_keys(COLUMN_OBJECT_KEYS)
+}
+
+pub(super) fn foreign_key_object_keys() -> Vec<DomainCompletion> {
+    object_keys(FOREIGN_KEY_OBJECT_KEYS)
+}
+
+pub(super) fn type_object_keys() -> Vec<DomainCompletion> {
+    object_keys(TYPE_OBJECT_KEYS)
+}
+
+fn object_keys(entries: &[(&str, &str)]) -> Vec<DomainCompletion> {
+    entries
+        .iter()
+        .enumerate()
+        .map(|(idx, (label, detail))| DomainCompletion {
+            label: (*label).to_string(),
+            kind: CompletionItemKind::Property,
+            detail: Some((*detail).to_string()),
+            // Preserve the curated order via sort_priority.
+            sort_priority: u8::try_from(idx + 1).unwrap_or(u8::MAX),
+            ..DomainCompletion::default()
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
+pub(super) fn booleans() -> Vec<DomainCompletion> {
+    ["true", "false"]
+        .into_iter()
+        .map(|label| DomainCompletion {
+            label: label.to_string(),
+            kind: CompletionItemKind::Value,
+            sort_priority: 1,
+            ..DomainCompletion::default()
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
+pub(super) fn tables_in_workspace(
+    index: &WorkspaceIndex,
+    disk_tables: Option<&WorkspaceTables>,
+) -> Vec<DomainCompletion> {
+    let mut seen = BTreeSet::new();
+    let mut out = Vec::new();
+
+    for name in index.tables() {
+        seen.insert(name.clone());
+        out.push(table_completion(name));
+    }
+
+    if let Some(disk_tables) = disk_tables {
+        for name in disk_tables.names() {
+            if seen.insert(name.clone()) {
+                out.push(table_completion(name));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    out
+}
+
+pub(super) fn columns_of(
+    table_name: &str,
+    index: &WorkspaceIndex,
+    docs: &DocumentStore,
+    disk_tables: Option<&WorkspaceTables>,
+) -> Vec<DomainCompletion> {
+    if let Some(loc) = index.lookup(table_name) {
+        let open_columns = docs
+            .with_doc(&loc.uri, |text, _tree| {
+                parse_table(text)
+                    .map_or_else(Vec::new, |table| column_completions(table_name, &table))
+            })
+            .unwrap_or_default();
+
+        if !open_columns.is_empty() {
+            return open_columns;
+        }
+    }
+
+    disk_tables
+        .and_then(|tables| tables.get(table_name))
+        .map_or_else(Vec::new, |table| column_completions(table_name, &table))
+}
+
+fn table_completion(name: String) -> DomainCompletion {
+    DomainCompletion {
+        detail: Some(format!("Table: {name}")),
+        label: name,
+        kind: CompletionItemKind::Reference,
+        sort_priority: 1,
+        ..DomainCompletion::default()
+    }
+}
+
+fn column_completions(
+    table_name: &str,
+    table: &vespertide_core::TableDef,
+) -> Vec<DomainCompletion> {
+    table
+        .columns
+        .iter()
+        .map(|column| DomainCompletion {
+            label: column.name.as_str().to_string(),
+            kind: CompletionItemKind::Reference,
+            detail: Some(format!("Column in {table_name}")),
+            sort_priority: 1,
+            ..DomainCompletion::default()
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
+fn value(label: &str, detail: String) -> DomainCompletion {
+    DomainCompletion {
+        label: label.to_string(),
+        kind: CompletionItemKind::Value,
+        detail: Some(detail),
+        sort_priority: 1,
+        ..DomainCompletion::default()
+    }
+}
+
+fn value_with_insert(label: &str, detail: String, insert_text: String) -> DomainCompletion {
+    DomainCompletion {
+        label: label.to_string(),
+        kind: CompletionItemKind::Value,
+        detail: Some(detail),
+        insert_text: Some(insert_text),
+        sort_priority: 1,
+        ..DomainCompletion::default()
+    }
+}
+
+fn parse_table(text: &str) -> Option<vespertide_core::TableDef> {
+    serde_json::from_str(text)
+        .ok()
+        .or_else(|| serde_yaml::from_str(text).ok())
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/definition/foreign_key.rs b/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/definition/foreign_key.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fa926741
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/definition/foreign_key.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,341 @@
+//! Foreign-key go-to-definition for `ref_table` and `ref_columns` values.
+//!
+//! Behaviour matrix:
+//! | Cursor sits in                          | Resolves to                                |
+//! |-----------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------|
+//! | `ref_table: "<X>"`                       | top-level `name` of table X                |
+//! | `ref_columns: ["<Y>", ...]` (any entry)  | column named Y inside the FK's target table|
+//!
+//! The target file may be open in the editor or sit only on disk — both
+//! resolve. For disk-only targets we point at byte `0..0` because parsing
+//! the file lives outside this module; the client opens it and the user
+//! sees the document.
+
+use std::ops::Range;
+use std::path::Path;
+use std::str::FromStr;
+
+use tower_lsp_server::ls_types::Uri;
+
+use crate::store::DocumentStore;
+use crate::workspace_index::WorkspaceIndex;
+use crate::workspace_tables::WorkspaceTables;
+
+use super::DomainLocation;
+
+/// Strategy that locates the precise byte range inside the target file.
+enum TargetLookup<'a> {
+    /// Top-level `name` value of the table.
+    TableName,
+    /// A specific column inside the `columns` array.
+    Column(&'a str),
+}
+
+pub(super) fn try_definition(
+    node: tree_sitter::Node<'_>,
+    source: &str,
+    index: &WorkspaceIndex,
+    docs: &DocumentStore,
+    disk_tables: Option<&WorkspaceTables>,
+) -> Option<DomainLocation> {
+    if let Some(loc) = try_ref_table_definition(node, source, index, docs, disk_tables) {
+        return Some(loc);
+    }
+    try_ref_columns_definition(node, source, index, docs, disk_tables)
+}
+
+fn try_ref_table_definition(
+    node: tree_sitter::Node<'_>,
+    source: &str,
+    index: &WorkspaceIndex,
+    docs: &DocumentStore,
+    disk_tables: Option<&WorkspaceTables>,
+) -> Option<DomainLocation> {
+    let pair = enclosing_pair_with_key(node, source, "ref_table")?;
+    let value = pair.named_child(1)?;
+    let target_name = strip_quotes(&source[value.byte_range()]).to_string();
+
+    resolve_target(&target_name, &TargetLookup::TableName, index, docs, disk_tables)
+}
+
+fn try_ref_columns_definition(
+    node: tree_sitter::Node<'_>,
+    source: &str,
+    index: &WorkspaceIndex,
+    docs: &DocumentStore,
+    disk_tables: Option<&WorkspaceTables>,
+) -> Option<DomainLocation> {
+    // Locate the enclosing `ref_columns` pair. Skipping ancestry-by-kind
+    // would be fragile across YAML (where inline `[x]` parses as a
+    // `flow_node`, not a `flow_sequence`) — finding the pair directly is
+    // grammar-agnostic.
+    let string_node = enclosing_string(node)?;
+    let ref_columns_pair = enclosing_pair_with_key(string_node, source, "ref_columns")?;
+    let ref_columns_value = ref_columns_pair.named_child(1)?;
+    // Ensure the cursor sits in the VALUE side of the pair, not the key.
+    if !ref_columns_value
+        .byte_range()
+        .contains(&string_node.start_byte())
+    {
+        return None;
+    }
+
+    let column_name = strip_quotes(&source[string_node.byte_range()]).to_string();
+    let fk_object_raw = ref_columns_pair.parent()?;
+    let fk_object = skip_yaml_wrappers(fk_object_raw)?;
+    let ref_table_value = direct_child_value(fk_object, source, "ref_table")?;
+    let target_table = strip_quotes(ref_table_value).to_string();
+
+    resolve_target(
+        &target_table,
+        &TargetLookup::Column(&column_name),
+        index,
+        docs,
+        disk_tables,
+    )
+}
+
+fn resolve_target(
+    table_name: &str,
+    lookup: &TargetLookup<'_>,
+    index: &WorkspaceIndex,
+    docs: &DocumentStore,
+    disk_tables: Option<&WorkspaceTables>,
+) -> Option<DomainLocation> {
+    // Prefer the open document (may carry unsaved edits with accurate ranges).
+    if let Some(loc) = index.lookup(table_name) {
+        let byte_range = docs
+            .with_doc(&loc.uri, |text, tree| {
+                let tree = tree?;
+                match lookup {
+                    TargetLookup::TableName => find_top_level_name_range(tree, text),
+                    TargetLookup::Column(column) => find_column_name_range(tree, text, column),
+                }
+            })
+            .flatten()
+            .unwrap_or(0..0);
+        return Some(DomainLocation {
+            uri: loc.uri,
+            byte_range,
+        });
+    }
+
+    // Fall back to the on-disk model so closed files still navigate.
+    let path = disk_tables?.model_path(table_name)?;
+    let uri = path_to_file_uri(&path)?;
+    Some(DomainLocation {
+        uri,
+        byte_range: 0..0,
+    })
+}
+
+/// Skip past tree-sitter-yaml's pure wrapper nodes (`flow_node`,
+/// `block_node`). Returns the first ancestor that has a meaningful kind.
+fn skip_yaml_wrappers(node: tree_sitter::Node<'_>) -> Option<tree_sitter::Node<'_>> {
+    let mut current = node;
+    while matches!(current.kind(), "flow_node" | "block_node") {
+        current = current.parent()?;
+    }
+    Some(current)
+}
+
+fn enclosing_string(node: tree_sitter::Node<'_>) -> Option<tree_sitter::Node<'_>> {
+    let mut current = Some(node);
+    while let Some(candidate) = current {
+        match candidate.kind() {
+            "string"
+            | "double_quote_scalar"
+            | "single_quote_scalar"
+            | "string_scalar"
+            | "plain_scalar" => return Some(candidate),
+            // String_content is the inner span without quotes; climb to the
+            // surrounding `string` node so the parent is the JSON array.
+            "string_content" => return candidate.parent(),
+            "array" | "object" | "pair" | "block_mapping_pair" | "block_mapping"
+            | "block_sequence" | "flow_mapping" | "flow_sequence" => return None,
+            _ => {}
+        }
+        current = candidate.parent();
+    }
+    None
+}
+
+fn enclosing_pair_with_key<'tree>(
+    node: tree_sitter::Node<'tree>,
+    source: &str,
+    expected_key: &str,
+) -> Option<tree_sitter::Node<'tree>> {
+    let mut current = Some(node);
+    while let Some(candidate) = current {
+        if is_pair(candidate) && pair_key_is(candidate, source, expected_key) {
+            return Some(candidate);
+        }
+        current = candidate.parent();
+    }
+    None
+}
+
+fn pair_key_is(pair: tree_sitter::Node<'_>, source: &str, expected: &str) -> bool {
+    pair.named_child(0)
+        .is_some_and(|key| strip_quotes(&source[key.byte_range()]) == expected)
+}
+
+fn direct_child_value<'a>(
+    object: tree_sitter::Node<'_>,
+    source: &'a str,
+    target_key: &str,
+) -> Option<&'a str> {
+    let mut cursor = object.walk();
+    for child in object.children(&mut cursor) {
+        if is_pair(child) && pair_key_is(child, source, target_key) {
+            let value = child.named_child(1)?;
+            return Some(&source[value.byte_range()]);
+        }
+    }
+    None
+}
+
+fn find_column_name_range(
+    tree: &tree_sitter::Tree,
+    text: &str,
+    column_name: &str,
+) -> Option<Range<usize>> {
+    let columns_value = find_columns_array(tree.root_node(), text.as_bytes())?;
+    walk_for_named_column(columns_value, text.as_bytes(), column_name)
+}
+
+fn find_columns_array<'tree>(
+    node: tree_sitter::Node<'tree>,
+    source: &[u8],
+) -> Option<tree_sitter::Node<'tree>> {
+    let mut cursor = node.walk();
+    for child in node.children(&mut cursor) {
+        if is_pair(child) && key_is(child, source, "columns") {
+            return child.named_child(1);
+        }
+        if let Some(found) = find_columns_array(child, source) {
+            return Some(found);
+        }
+    }
+    None
+}
+
+fn walk_for_named_column(
+    node: tree_sitter::Node<'_>,
+    source: &[u8],
+    column_name: &str,
+) -> Option<Range<usize>> {
+    let mut cursor = node.walk();
+    for child in node.children(&mut cursor) {
+        if is_mapping(child)
+            && let Some(name_pair) = direct_named_child_pair(child, source, "name")
+            && let Some(name_value) = name_pair.named_child(1)
+        {
+            let raw = std::str::from_utf8(&source[name_value.byte_range()]).unwrap_or("");
+            if strip_quotes(raw) == column_name {
+                // Highlight the column's `name` value range — that's where
+                // the user expects the cursor to land.
+                return Some(name_value.byte_range());
+            }
+        }
+        if let Some(range) = walk_for_named_column(child, source, column_name) {
+            return Some(range);
+        }
+    }
+    None
+}
+
+fn direct_named_child_pair<'tree>(
+    object: tree_sitter::Node<'tree>,
+    source: &[u8],
+    target_key: &str,
+) -> Option<tree_sitter::Node<'tree>> {
+    let mut cursor = object.walk();
+    object
+        .children(&mut cursor)
+        .find(|&child| is_pair(child) && key_is(child, source, target_key))
+}
+
+fn path_to_file_uri(path: &Path) -> Option<Uri> {
+    let path_str = path.to_str()?;
+    // Normalize to forward slashes for the URI; on Windows the drive letter
+    // gets a leading slash so `C:\a\b` becomes `file:///C:/a/b`.
+    let normalized = path_str.replace('\\', "/");
+    let url = if normalized.starts_with('/') {
+        format!("file://{normalized}")
+    } else {
+        format!("file:///{normalized}")
+    };
+    Uri::from_str(&url).ok()
+}
+
+fn find_top_level_name_range(tree: &tree_sitter::Tree, text: &str) -> Option<Range<usize>> {
+    let root = tree.root_node();
+    let mapping = first_mapping(root)?;
+    find_direct_name_range(mapping, text.as_bytes())
+        .or_else(|| walk_for_name(root, text.as_bytes()))
+}
+
+fn first_mapping(node: tree_sitter::Node<'_>) -> Option<tree_sitter::Node<'_>> {
+    if is_mapping(node) {
+        return Some(node);
+    }
+
+    let mut cursor = node.walk();
+    for child in node.children(&mut cursor) {
+        if let Some(found) = first_mapping(child) {
+            return Some(found);
+        }
+    }
+    None
+}
+
+fn find_direct_name_range(node: tree_sitter::Node<'_>, source: &[u8]) -> Option<Range<usize>> {
+    let mut cursor = node.walk();
+    for child in node.children(&mut cursor) {
+        if is_pair(child) && key_is(child, source, "name") {
+            let value = child.named_child(1)?;
+            return Some(value.byte_range());
+        }
+    }
+    None
+}
+
+fn walk_for_name(node: tree_sitter::Node<'_>, source: &[u8]) -> Option<Range<usize>> {
+    let mut cursor = node.walk();
+    for child in node.children(&mut cursor) {
+        if is_pair(child) && key_is(child, source, "name") {
+            let value = child.named_child(1)?;
+            return Some(value.byte_range());
+        }
+        if let Some(found) = walk_for_name(child, source) {
+            return Some(found);
+        }
+    }
+    None
+}
+
+fn key_is(node: tree_sitter::Node<'_>, source: &[u8], expected: &str) -> bool {
+    let Some(key) = node.named_child(0) else {
+        return false;
+    };
+    let text = &source[key.byte_range()];
+    let key_str = std::str::from_utf8(text).unwrap_or("");
+    strip_quotes(key_str) == expected
+}
+
+fn is_mapping(node: tree_sitter::Node<'_>) -> bool {
+    matches!(node.kind(), "object" | "block_mapping")
+}
+
+fn is_pair(node: tree_sitter::Node<'_>) -> bool {
+    matches!(node.kind(), "pair" | "block_mapping_pair")
+}
+
+fn strip_quotes(s: &str) -> &str {
+    s.trim()
+        .trim_start_matches('"')
+        .trim_end_matches('"')
+        .trim_start_matches('\'')
+        .trim_end_matches('\'')
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/definition/mod.rs b/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/definition/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5e4cac33
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/definition/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,271 @@
+//! Go-to-definition — pure domain layer.
+
+mod foreign_key;
+
+use std::ops::Range;
+
+use tower_lsp_server::ls_types::Uri;
+
+use crate::parser::DocumentFormat;
+use crate::store::DocumentStore;
+use crate::workspace_index::WorkspaceIndex;
+use crate::workspace_tables::WorkspaceTables;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct DomainLocation {
+    pub uri: Uri,
+    pub byte_range: Range<usize>,
+}
+
+/// Compute definition target at byte offset. Cross-file references are resolved
+/// through [`WorkspaceIndex`].
+#[must_use]
+pub fn compute(
+    source: &str,
+    format: DocumentFormat,
+    tree: Option<&tree_sitter::Tree>,
+    index: &WorkspaceIndex,
+    docs: &DocumentStore,
+    byte_offset: usize,
+) -> Option<DomainLocation> {
+    compute_with_workspace_tables(source, format, tree, index, docs, None, byte_offset)
+}
+
+/// Compute definition target including disk-discovered tables. Falls back to
+/// the on-disk model file when the referenced table is not currently open.
+#[must_use]
+pub fn compute_with_workspace_tables(
+    source: &str,
+    format: DocumentFormat,
+    tree: Option<&tree_sitter::Tree>,
+    index: &WorkspaceIndex,
+    docs: &DocumentStore,
+    disk_tables: Option<&WorkspaceTables>,
+    byte_offset: usize,
+) -> Option<DomainLocation> {
+    let _ = format;
+    let tree = tree?;
+    let node = node_at_byte(tree, byte_offset)?;
+    foreign_key::try_definition(node, source, index, docs, disk_tables)
+}
+
+fn node_at_byte(tree: &tree_sitter::Tree, byte_offset: usize) -> Option<tree_sitter::Node<'_>> {
+    let root = tree.root_node();
+    let mut current = root;
+    'outer: loop {
+        let mut cursor = current.walk();
+        for child in current.children(&mut cursor) {
+            if child.byte_range().contains(&byte_offset) {
+                current = child;
+                continue 'outer;
+            }
+        }
+        return Some(current);
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::parser::{DocumentFormat, ParserPool};
+    use crate::store::DocumentStore;
+    use crate::workspace_index::WorkspaceIndex;
+    use std::str::FromStr;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn cross_file_go_to_def() {
+        let pool = ParserPool::new();
+        let idx = WorkspaceIndex::new();
+        let docs = DocumentStore::new();
+
+        let user_uri = Uri::from_str("file:///user.json").unwrap();
+        let user_src = r#"{"name":"user","columns":[{"name":"id","type":"integer","nullable":false,"primary_key":true}]}"#;
+        let user_tree = pool.parse(user_src, DocumentFormat::Json).unwrap();
+        idx.upsert(&user_uri, user_src, &user_tree);
+        docs.open(
+            user_uri.clone(),
+            "json".to_string(),
+            1,
+            user_src.to_string(),
+        );
+
+        let post_src = r#"{"name":"post","columns":[{"name":"author_id","type":"integer","nullable":false,"foreign_key":{"ref_table":"user","ref_columns":["id"]}}]}"#;
+        let post_tree = pool.parse(post_src, DocumentFormat::Json);
+
+        let pos = post_src.find(r#""ref_table":"user""#).unwrap() + 14;
+        let location = compute(
+            post_src,
+            DocumentFormat::Json,
+            post_tree.as_ref(),
+            &idx,
+            &docs,
+            pos,
+        );
+        assert!(location.is_some(), "definition should resolve to user.json");
+        assert_eq!(location.unwrap().uri, user_uri);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn unknown_ref_table_returns_none() {
+        let pool = ParserPool::new();
+        let idx = WorkspaceIndex::new();
+        let docs = DocumentStore::new();
+        let src = r#"{"name":"x","columns":[{"name":"a","type":"integer","nullable":false,"foreign_key":{"ref_table":"nonexistent","ref_columns":["id"]}}]}"#;
+        let tree = pool.parse(src, DocumentFormat::Json);
+        let pos = src.find("nonexistent").unwrap() + 2;
+        let location = compute(src, DocumentFormat::Json, tree.as_ref(), &idx, &docs, pos);
+        assert!(location.is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn cross_file_ref_columns_resolves_to_target_column() {
+        let pool = ParserPool::new();
+        let idx = WorkspaceIndex::new();
+        let docs = DocumentStore::new();
+
+        let user_uri = Uri::from_str("file:///user.json").unwrap();
+        let user_src = r#"{"name":"user","columns":[{"name":"id","type":"integer","nullable":false,"primary_key":true},{"name":"email","type":"text","nullable":false}]}"#;
+        let user_tree = pool.parse(user_src, DocumentFormat::Json).unwrap();
+        idx.upsert(&user_uri, user_src, &user_tree);
+        docs.open(
+            user_uri.clone(),
+            "json".to_string(),
+            1,
+            user_src.to_string(),
+        );
+
+        let post_src = r#"{"name":"post","columns":[{"name":"author_email","type":"text","foreign_key":{"ref_table":"user","ref_columns":["email"]}}]}"#;
+        let post_tree = pool.parse(post_src, DocumentFormat::Json);
+        // Cursor INSIDE the `"email"` element of ref_columns.
+        let pos = post_src.find(r#""email""#).unwrap() + 3;
+
+        let location = compute(post_src, DocumentFormat::Json, post_tree.as_ref(), &idx, &docs, pos)
+            .expect("ref_columns entry should resolve to its target column");
+        assert_eq!(location.uri, user_uri);
+        // Range should pinpoint the user.email column's `name` value, not 0..0.
+        let snippet = &user_src[location.byte_range.clone()];
+        assert!(
+            snippet.contains("email"),
+            "expected target range to highlight the `email` column, got: {snippet}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn yaml_cross_file_ref_table_resolves_to_target_name() {
+        let pool = ParserPool::new();
+        let idx = WorkspaceIndex::new();
+        let docs = DocumentStore::new();
+
+        let user_uri = Uri::from_str("file:///user.yaml").unwrap();
+        let user_src = "name: user\ncolumns:\n  - name: id\n    type: integer\n    primary_key: true\n";
+        let user_tree = pool.parse(user_src, DocumentFormat::Yaml).unwrap();
+        idx.upsert(&user_uri, user_src, &user_tree);
+        docs.open(user_uri.clone(), "yaml".to_string(), 1, user_src.to_string());
+
+        let post_src = "name: post\ncolumns:\n  - name: author_id\n    type: integer\n    foreign_key:\n      ref_table: user\n      ref_columns: [id]\n";
+        let post_tree = pool.parse(post_src, DocumentFormat::Yaml);
+        let pos = post_src.find("ref_table: user").unwrap() + 12;
+
+        let location = compute(
+            post_src,
+            DocumentFormat::Yaml,
+            post_tree.as_ref(),
+            &idx,
+            &docs,
+            pos,
+        )
+        .expect("YAML ref_table should resolve to user.yaml");
+        assert_eq!(location.uri, user_uri);
+        let snippet = &user_src[location.byte_range.clone()];
+        assert!(
+            snippet.contains("user"),
+            "target range should land on top-level `user` name, got: {snippet}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn yaml_cross_file_ref_columns_resolves_to_target_column() {
+        let pool = ParserPool::new();
+        let idx = WorkspaceIndex::new();
+        let docs = DocumentStore::new();
+
+        let user_uri = Uri::from_str("file:///user.yaml").unwrap();
+        let user_src = "name: user\ncolumns:\n  - name: id\n    type: integer\n    primary_key: true\n  - name: email\n    type: text\n";
+        let user_tree = pool.parse(user_src, DocumentFormat::Yaml).unwrap();
+        idx.upsert(&user_uri, user_src, &user_tree);
+        docs.open(user_uri.clone(), "yaml".to_string(), 1, user_src.to_string());
+
+        let post_src = "name: post\ncolumns:\n  - name: author_email\n    type: text\n    foreign_key:\n      ref_table: user\n      ref_columns: [email]\n";
+        let post_tree = pool.parse(post_src, DocumentFormat::Yaml);
+        let pos = post_src.find("[email]").unwrap() + 2;
+
+        let location = compute(
+            post_src,
+            DocumentFormat::Yaml,
+            post_tree.as_ref(),
+            &idx,
+            &docs,
+            pos,
+        )
+        .expect("YAML ref_columns entry should resolve to user.email");
+        assert_eq!(location.uri, user_uri);
+        let snippet = &user_src[location.byte_range.clone()];
+        assert!(
+            snippet.contains("email"),
+            "target range should highlight user.email column name, got: {snippet}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn ref_table_falls_back_to_disk_when_target_file_is_closed() {
+        use std::fs;
+        use tempfile::tempdir;
+
+        use crate::workspace_tables::WorkspaceTables;
+
+        let tmp = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let models_dir = tmp.path().join("models");
+        fs::create_dir_all(&models_dir).unwrap();
+        fs::write(
+            tmp.path().join("vespertide.json"),
+            r#"{"modelsDir":"models","migrationsDir":"migrations","tableNamingCase":"snake","columnNamingCase":"snake","modelFormat":"json"}"#,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        fs::write(
+            models_dir.join("user.json"),
+            r#"{"name":"user","columns":[{"name":"id","type":"integer","nullable":false,"primary_key":true}]}"#,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+        let disk = WorkspaceTables::new();
+        assert!(disk.refresh(tmp.path()));
+
+        let pool = ParserPool::new();
+        let idx = WorkspaceIndex::new();
+        let docs = DocumentStore::new();
+        let post_src = r#"{"name":"post","columns":[{"name":"author_id","type":"integer","foreign_key":{"ref_table":"user","ref_columns":["id"]}}]}"#;
+        let post_tree = pool.parse(post_src, DocumentFormat::Json);
+        // Cursor inside `"user"` value of ref_table.
+        let pos = post_src.find(r#""ref_table":"user""#).unwrap() + 14;
+
+        let location = super::compute_with_workspace_tables(
+            post_src,
+            DocumentFormat::Json,
+            post_tree.as_ref(),
+            &idx,
+            &docs,
+            Some(&disk),
+            pos,
+        )
+        .expect("disk-only target should still resolve");
+        let uri_str = location.uri.to_string();
+        assert!(
+            uri_str.starts_with("file://"),
+            "uri should be a file URI, got: {uri_str}"
+        );
+        assert!(
+            uri_str.contains("user.json"),
+            "uri should point at the disk file, got: {uri_str}"
+        );
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/diagnostics/locator.rs b/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/diagnostics/locator.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..13fd102c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/diagnostics/locator.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,409 @@
+//! Locate planner validation errors in source text.
+
+use std::ops::Range;
+
+use vespertide_planner::PlannerError;
+
+/// Specific column field a diagnostic should attach to. The locator narrows
+/// the highlighted range from the whole column object down to this child
+/// pair so the squiggle lands on the *responsible* line.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub(super) enum ErrorField {
+    /// The column's `type` value (string or object).
+    Type,
+    /// The column's `default` value.
+    Default,
+    /// `foreign_key.ref_table`.
+    ForeignKeyRefTable,
+    /// `foreign_key.ref_columns`.
+    ForeignKeyRefColumns,
+}
+
+/// Structured location extracted from a planner error.
+pub(super) struct ErrorLocation {
+    /// Table responsible for the diagnostic.
+    pub table: String,
+    /// Column responsible for the diagnostic, when the planner provides one.
+    pub column: Option<String>,
+    /// Constraint or index responsible for the diagnostic, when available.
+    pub constraint: Option<String>,
+    /// More precise location inside the column object.
+    pub field: Option<ErrorField>,
+}
+
+impl ErrorLocation {
+    /// Extract the table/column/constraint tuple carried by a planner error.
+    pub fn from_planner_error(err: &PlannerError) -> Option<Self> {
+        use PlannerError::{
+            ColumnExists, ColumnNotFound, ConstraintColumnNotFound, DuplicateEnumValue,
+            DuplicateEnumVariantName, DuplicateTableName, EmptyConstraintColumns,
+            ForeignKeyColumnNotFound, ForeignKeyTableNotFound, IndexColumnNotFound, IndexNotFound,
+            InvalidAutoIncrement, InvalidEnumDefault, MissingFillWith, MissingPrimaryKey,
+            TableExists, TableNotFound, TableValidation,
+        };
+
+        match err {
+            TableExists(table)
+            | TableNotFound(table)
+            | DuplicateTableName(table)
+            | MissingPrimaryKey(table) => Some(Self::table(table)),
+            TableValidation(_) => None,
+            ColumnExists(table, column)
+            | ColumnNotFound(table, column)
+            | MissingFillWith(table, column)
+            | DuplicateEnumVariantName(_, table, column, _)
+            | DuplicateEnumValue(_, table, column, _) => Some(Self::column(table, column)),
+            InvalidAutoIncrement(table, column, _) => {
+                Some(Self::column_field(table, column, ErrorField::Type))
+            }
+            ForeignKeyTableNotFound(table, column, _) => Some(Self::column_field(
+                table,
+                column,
+                ErrorField::ForeignKeyRefTable,
+            )),
+            ForeignKeyColumnNotFound(table, column, _, _) => Some(Self::column_field(
+                table,
+                column,
+                ErrorField::ForeignKeyRefColumns,
+            )),
+            IndexNotFound(table, index) | EmptyConstraintColumns(table, index) => {
+                Some(Self::constraint(table, index))
+            }
+            IndexColumnNotFound(table, index, column)
+            | ConstraintColumnNotFound(table, index, column) => Some(Self {
+                table: table.clone(),
+                column: Some(column.clone()),
+                constraint: Some(index.clone()),
+                field: None,
+            }),
+            InvalidEnumDefault(err) => Some(Self::column_field(
+                &err.table_name,
+                &err.column_name,
+                ErrorField::Default,
+            )),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn table(table: &str) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            table: table.to_string(),
+            column: None,
+            constraint: None,
+            field: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn column(table: &str, column: &str) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            table: table.to_string(),
+            column: Some(column.to_string()),
+            constraint: None,
+            field: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn column_field(table: &str, column: &str, field: ErrorField) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            table: table.to_string(),
+            column: Some(column.to_string()),
+            constraint: None,
+            field: Some(field),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn constraint(table: &str, constraint: &str) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            table: table.to_string(),
+            column: None,
+            constraint: Some(constraint.to_string()),
+            field: None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Find the source range for a named column object.
+///
+/// Falls back to the table's top-level `name` value, then `0..1`.
+pub(super) fn locate_column(
+    tree: Option<&tree_sitter::Tree>,
+    source: &str,
+    column_name: &str,
+) -> Range<usize> {
+    let Some(tree) = tree else {
+        return 0..1;
+    };
+
+    locate_named_object(tree, source, "columns", column_name)
+        .or_else(|| locate_top_name(Some(tree), source))
+        .unwrap_or(0..1)
+}
+
+/// Find the source range for a specific FIELD of a named column. Falls back
+/// to the column object, then the table's top-level `name`, then `0..1`.
+pub(super) fn locate_column_field(
+    tree: Option<&tree_sitter::Tree>,
+    source: &str,
+    column_name: &str,
+    field: ErrorField,
+) -> Range<usize> {
+    let Some(tree) = tree else {
+        return 0..1;
+    };
+
+    locate_field_in_column(tree, source, column_name, field)
+        .or_else(|| locate_named_object(tree, source, "columns", column_name))
+        .or_else(|| locate_top_name(Some(tree), source))
+        .unwrap_or(0..1)
+}
+
+fn locate_field_in_column(
+    tree: &tree_sitter::Tree,
+    source: &str,
+    column_name: &str,
+    field: ErrorField,
+) -> Option<Range<usize>> {
+    let column = find_named_mapping(tree.root_node(), source.as_bytes(), "columns", column_name)?;
+
+    match field {
+        ErrorField::Type => find_child_pair(column, source.as_bytes(), "type")
+            .map(|pair| pair.byte_range()),
+        ErrorField::Default => find_child_pair(column, source.as_bytes(), "default")
+            .map(|pair| pair.byte_range()),
+        ErrorField::ForeignKeyRefTable | ErrorField::ForeignKeyRefColumns => {
+            let fk_pair = find_child_pair(column, source.as_bytes(), "foreign_key")?;
+            let fk_value = fk_pair.named_child(1)?;
+            let sub_key = match field {
+                ErrorField::ForeignKeyRefTable => "ref_table",
+                ErrorField::ForeignKeyRefColumns => "ref_columns",
+                _ => unreachable!(),
+            };
+            find_child_pair(fk_value, source.as_bytes(), sub_key)
+                .map(|pair| pair.byte_range())
+                // If the sub-field is missing, fall back to the whole fk pair.
+                .or(Some(fk_pair.byte_range()))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn find_named_mapping<'tree>(
+    root: tree_sitter::Node<'tree>,
+    source: &[u8],
+    collection_key: &str,
+    target_name: &str,
+) -> Option<tree_sitter::Node<'tree>> {
+    let collection = find_value_for_key(root, source, collection_key)?;
+    find_named_mapping_in(collection, source, target_name)
+}
+
+fn find_named_mapping_in<'tree>(
+    node: tree_sitter::Node<'tree>,
+    source: &[u8],
+    target_name: &str,
+) -> Option<tree_sitter::Node<'tree>> {
+    let mut cursor = node.walk();
+    for child in node.children(&mut cursor) {
+        if is_mapping(child) && mapping_has_name(child, source, target_name) {
+            return Some(child);
+        }
+        if let Some(found) = find_named_mapping_in(child, source, target_name) {
+            return Some(found);
+        }
+    }
+    None
+}
+
+fn find_child_pair<'tree>(
+    node: tree_sitter::Node<'tree>,
+    source: &[u8],
+    target_key: &str,
+) -> Option<tree_sitter::Node<'tree>> {
+    let mut cursor = node.walk();
+    node.children(&mut cursor)
+        .find(|&child| is_pair(child) && pair_key_matches(child, source, target_key))
+}
+
+/// Find the source range for a named constraint object.
+///
+/// Falls back to the table's top-level `name` value, then `0..1`.
+pub(super) fn locate_constraint(
+    tree: Option<&tree_sitter::Tree>,
+    source: &str,
+    constraint_name: &str,
+) -> Range<usize> {
+    let Some(tree) = tree else {
+        return 0..1;
+    };
+
+    locate_named_object(tree, source, "constraints", constraint_name)
+        .or_else(|| locate_top_name(Some(tree), source))
+        .unwrap_or(0..1)
+}
+
+/// Find the source range for the TABLE-LEVEL `name` value.
+///
+/// Locates the outermost mapping in the document and returns the byte range
+/// of its direct `name` pair value. Crucially, this does NOT recurse into
+/// nested objects — when JSON puts `columns` before `name`, a naive walk
+/// would land on the first column's `name` field, producing wildly wrong
+/// diagnostic positions like the "duplicate table name" warning showing up
+/// on a column's name.
+pub(super) fn locate_top_name(
+    tree: Option<&tree_sitter::Tree>,
+    source: &str,
+) -> Option<Range<usize>> {
+    let tree = tree?;
+    let source_bytes = source.as_bytes();
+    let mapping = find_outer_mapping(tree.root_node())?;
+    direct_name_value_range(mapping, source_bytes)
+}
+
+fn find_outer_mapping(node: tree_sitter::Node<'_>) -> Option<tree_sitter::Node<'_>> {
+    if matches!(node.kind(), "object" | "block_mapping" | "flow_mapping") {
+        return Some(node);
+    }
+    let mut cursor = node.walk();
+    for child in node.children(&mut cursor) {
+        if let Some(found) = find_outer_mapping(child) {
+            return Some(found);
+        }
+    }
+    None
+}
+
+fn direct_name_value_range(
+    mapping: tree_sitter::Node<'_>,
+    source: &[u8],
+) -> Option<Range<usize>> {
+    let mut cursor = mapping.walk();
+    for child in mapping.children(&mut cursor) {
+        if is_pair(child)
+            && pair_key_matches(child, source, "name")
+            && let Some(value) = child.named_child(1)
+        {
+            return Some(value.byte_range());
+        }
+    }
+    None
+}
+
+fn locate_named_object(
+    tree: &tree_sitter::Tree,
+    source: &str,
+    collection_key: &str,
+    target_name: &str,
+) -> Option<Range<usize>> {
+    let collection = find_value_for_key(tree.root_node(), source.as_bytes(), collection_key)?;
+    walk_for_named_mapping(collection, source.as_bytes(), target_name)
+}
+
+fn find_value_for_key<'tree>(
+    node: tree_sitter::Node<'tree>,
+    source: &[u8],
+    target_key: &str,
+) -> Option<tree_sitter::Node<'tree>> {
+    let mut cursor = node.walk();
+    for child in node.children(&mut cursor) {
+        if is_pair(child)
+            && pair_key_matches(child, source, target_key)
+            && let Some(value) = child.named_child(1)
+        {
+            return Some(value);
+        }
+        if let Some(value) = find_value_for_key(child, source, target_key) {
+            return Some(value);
+        }
+    }
+    None
+}
+
+fn walk_for_named_mapping(
+    node: tree_sitter::Node<'_>,
+    source: &[u8],
+    target_name: &str,
+) -> Option<Range<usize>> {
+    let mut cursor = node.walk();
+    for child in node.children(&mut cursor) {
+        if is_mapping(child) && mapping_has_name(child, source, target_name) {
+            return Some(child.byte_range());
+        }
+        if let Some(range) = walk_for_named_mapping(child, source, target_name) {
+            return Some(range);
+        }
+    }
+    None
+}
+
+fn mapping_has_name(node: tree_sitter::Node<'_>, source: &[u8], target_name: &str) -> bool {
+    let mut cursor = node.walk();
+    for child in node.children(&mut cursor) {
+        if !is_pair(child) || !pair_key_matches(child, source, "name") {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let Some(value) = child.named_child(1) else {
+            continue;
+        };
+        if node_text(value, source).is_some_and(|text| strip_quotes(text) == target_name) {
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+    false
+}
+
+fn is_mapping(node: tree_sitter::Node<'_>) -> bool {
+    matches!(node.kind(), "object" | "block_mapping")
+}
+
+fn is_pair(node: tree_sitter::Node<'_>) -> bool {
+    matches!(node.kind(), "pair" | "block_mapping_pair")
+}
+
+fn pair_key_matches(node: tree_sitter::Node<'_>, source: &[u8], expected: &str) -> bool {
+    let Some(key) = node.named_child(0) else {
+        return false;
+    };
+    node_text(key, source).is_some_and(|text| strip_quotes(text) == expected)
+}
+
+fn node_text<'a>(node: tree_sitter::Node<'_>, source: &'a [u8]) -> Option<&'a str> {
+    std::str::from_utf8(&source[node.byte_range()]).ok()
+}
+
+fn strip_quotes(s: &str) -> &str {
+    let trimmed = s.trim();
+    trimmed
+        .strip_prefix('"')
+        .and_then(|without_prefix| without_prefix.strip_suffix('"'))
+        .or_else(|| {
+            trimmed
+                .strip_prefix('\'')
+                .and_then(|without_prefix| without_prefix.strip_suffix('\''))
+        })
+        .unwrap_or(trimmed)
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::parser::{DocumentFormat, ParserPool};
+
+    #[test]
+    fn locate_column_finds_target_byte_range() {
+        let pool = ParserPool::new();
+        let src = r#"{"name":"user","columns":[{"name":"id","type":"integer"},{"name":"email","type":"text"}]}"#;
+        let tree = pool.parse(src, DocumentFormat::Json).unwrap();
+        let range = locate_column(Some(&tree), src, "email");
+        let snippet = &src[range];
+
+        assert!(snippet.contains(r#""email""#), "got: {snippet}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn locate_column_fallback_to_top_name() {
+        let pool = ParserPool::new();
+        let src = r#"{"name":"user","columns":[]}"#;
+        let tree = pool.parse(src, DocumentFormat::Json).unwrap();
+        let range = locate_column(Some(&tree), src, "nonexistent");
+
+        assert!(src[range].contains("user"));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/diagnostics/mapper.rs b/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/diagnostics/mapper.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a23fc3d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/diagnostics/mapper.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+//! Map `DomainDiagnostic` → `tower_lsp_server::ls_types::Diagnostic`.
+
+use lsp_textdocument::FullTextDocument;
+use tower_lsp_server::ls_types::{Diagnostic, DiagnosticSeverity, NumberOrString};
+
+use super::{DomainDiagnostic, Severity};
+use crate::position::byte_to_lsp_position;
+
+#[must_use]
+pub fn to_lsp(domain: &DomainDiagnostic, doc: &FullTextDocument) -> Diagnostic {
+    let start = byte_to_lsp_position(doc, domain.byte_range.start);
+    let end = byte_to_lsp_position(doc, domain.byte_range.end);
+
+    Diagnostic {
+        range: tower_lsp_server::ls_types::Range {
+            start: tower_lsp_server::ls_types::Position {
+                line: start.line,
+                character: start.character,
+            },
+            end: tower_lsp_server::ls_types::Position {
+                line: end.line,
+                character: end.character,
+            },
+        },
+        severity: Some(match domain.severity {
+            Severity::Error => DiagnosticSeverity::ERROR,
+            Severity::Warning => DiagnosticSeverity::WARNING,
+            Severity::Information => DiagnosticSeverity::INFORMATION,
+            Severity::Hint => DiagnosticSeverity::HINT,
+        }),
+        code: Some(NumberOrString::String(domain.code.clone())),
+        code_description: None,
+        source: Some("vespertide-lsp".to_string()),
+        message: domain.message.clone(),
+        related_information: None,
+        tags: None,
+        data: None,
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/diagnostics/mod.rs b/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/diagnostics/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5a5a881e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/diagnostics/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,491 @@
+//! Diagnostics — pure domain layer.
+//!
+//! `DomainDiagnostic` has zero LSP types. The backend (or external callers)
+//! translate to `tower_lsp_server::ls_types::Diagnostic` via `mapper`.
+//!
+//! Validation tiers:
+//! 1. Tree-sitter syntax errors → `Severity::Error`
+//! 2. serde parse failure → `Severity::Error`
+//! 3. `vespertide_planner::validate_schema` (per-table) → `Severity::Error` / `Severity::Warning`
+//! 4. (future, drift detection) → `Severity::Information`
+
+use std::ops::Range;
+
+use crate::parser::DocumentFormat;
+use crate::workspace_index::WorkspaceIndex;
+
+pub mod locator;
+pub mod mapper;
+pub mod validation;
+
+pub use validation::WorkspaceTable;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct DomainDiagnostic {
+    /// Byte range in source text [start, end).
+    pub byte_range: Range<usize>,
+    pub severity: Severity,
+    pub message: String,
+    /// Stable diagnostic code (e.g., "syntax-error", "fk-missing", "validate-schema").
+    pub code: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum Severity {
+    Error,
+    Warning,
+    Information,
+    Hint,
+}
+
+/// Compute diagnostics for a document. Pure function — no I/O, no LSP types.
+#[must_use]
+pub fn compute(
+    text: &str,
+    format: DocumentFormat,
+    tree: Option<&tree_sitter::Tree>,
+    _index: &WorkspaceIndex,
+) -> Vec<DomainDiagnostic> {
+    let mut diagnostics = Vec::new();
+
+    // Tier 1: syntax errors from tree-sitter.
+    if let Some(tree) = tree {
+        validation::collect_syntax_errors(tree, &mut diagnostics);
+        // Tier 1.5a: precise unknown-type detection BEFORE serde, because
+        // serde's untagged-enum errors report a misleading byte position.
+        validation::collect_unknown_column_types(tree, text, &mut diagnostics);
+        // Tier 1.5b: precise complex-type detection (missing kind, missing
+        // required fields, duplicate enum values).
+        validation::collect_complex_type_violations(tree, text, &mut diagnostics);
+        // Tier 1.5c: duplicate column-name detection — surface on the
+        // SECOND offending column object, not on the table.
+        validation::collect_duplicate_column_names(tree, text, &mut diagnostics);
+    }
+
+    let had_typed_pre_check = had_typed_pre_check(&diagnostics);
+
+    // Tier 2: serde parse.
+    let parsed = if had_typed_pre_check {
+        None
+    } else {
+        match format {
+            DocumentFormat::Json => validation::try_parse_json(text, &mut diagnostics),
+            DocumentFormat::Yaml => validation::try_parse_yaml(text, &mut diagnostics),
+        }
+    };
+
+    // Tier 3: planner validation (only if serde succeeded).
+    if let Some(table) = parsed {
+        validation::validate_table(&table, &mut diagnostics);
+    }
+
+    diagnostics
+}
+
+/// True when at least one tree-sitter-level pre-pass already pinpointed a
+/// type-shape error. Used to suppress redundant (and mis-positioned) serde
+/// diagnostics for the same root cause.
+fn had_typed_pre_check(diagnostics: &[DomainDiagnostic]) -> bool {
+    diagnostics
+        .iter()
+        .any(|d| matches!(d.code.as_str(), "unknown-type" | "complex-type" | "duplicate-column"))
+}
+
+/// Compute diagnostics with workspace context for cross-file validation.
+#[must_use]
+pub fn compute_workspace(
+    text: &str,
+    format: DocumentFormat,
+    tree: Option<&tree_sitter::Tree>,
+    workspace: &[WorkspaceTable],
+    current_uri: &tower_lsp_server::ls_types::Uri,
+) -> Vec<DomainDiagnostic> {
+    let mut diagnostics = Vec::new();
+
+    if let Some(tree) = tree {
+        validation::collect_syntax_errors(tree, &mut diagnostics);
+        validation::collect_unknown_column_types(tree, text, &mut diagnostics);
+        validation::collect_complex_type_violations(tree, text, &mut diagnostics);
+        validation::collect_duplicate_column_names(tree, text, &mut diagnostics);
+    }
+
+    let had_typed = had_typed_pre_check(&diagnostics);
+
+    let parsed = if had_typed {
+        None
+    } else {
+        match format {
+            DocumentFormat::Json => validation::try_parse_json(text, &mut diagnostics),
+            DocumentFormat::Yaml => validation::try_parse_yaml(text, &mut diagnostics),
+        }
+    };
+
+    if parsed.is_some() {
+        // Filename/table-name consistency check — warning-level so the user
+        // can still ship, but visible enough not to be missed.
+        if let Some(entry) = workspace.iter().find(|t| t.uri == *current_uri) {
+            validation::check_filename_table_name_mismatch(
+                text,
+                current_uri,
+                tree,
+                entry.table.name.as_str(),
+                &mut diagnostics,
+            );
+        }
+        validation::validate_workspace(workspace, current_uri, &mut diagnostics);
+    }
+
+    diagnostics
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::parser::{DocumentFormat, ParserPool};
+
+    #[test]
+    fn valid_table_no_diagnostics() {
+        let pool = ParserPool::new();
+        let idx = WorkspaceIndex::new();
+        let src = r#"{
+            "name": "user",
+            "columns": [
+                { "name": "id", "type": "integer", "nullable": false, "primary_key": true }
+            ]
+        }"#;
+        let tree = pool.parse(src, DocumentFormat::Json);
+        let diags = compute(src, DocumentFormat::Json, tree.as_ref(), &idx);
+        assert!(diags.is_empty(), "expected zero diagnostics, got {diags:?}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn truncated_json_produces_syntax_error() {
+        let pool = ParserPool::new();
+        let idx = WorkspaceIndex::new();
+        let src = r#"{"name": "user","#;
+        let tree = pool.parse(src, DocumentFormat::Json);
+        let diags = compute(src, DocumentFormat::Json, tree.as_ref(), &idx);
+        assert!(!diags.is_empty());
+        assert!(
+            diags
+                .iter()
+                .any(|d| d.code == "syntax-error" || d.code == "parse-error")
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn unknown_column_type_highlights_type_pair_not_braces() {
+        let pool = ParserPool::new();
+        let idx = WorkspaceIndex::new();
+        let src = r#"{"name":"u","columns":[{"name":"id","type":"wrong","nullable":false,"primary_key":true}]}"#;
+        let tree = pool.parse(src, DocumentFormat::Json);
+        let diags = compute(src, DocumentFormat::Json, tree.as_ref(), &idx);
+
+        let err = diags
+            .iter()
+            .find(|d| d.code == "unknown-type")
+            .expect("expected an unknown-type diagnostic");
+        let snippet = &src[err.byte_range.clone()];
+
+        assert!(
+            snippet.starts_with(r#""type""#),
+            "diagnostic should start at the `type` key, got: {snippet}"
+        );
+        assert!(
+            snippet.contains("wrong"),
+            "diagnostic should cover the bad value `wrong`, got: {snippet}"
+        );
+        assert!(
+            !snippet.ends_with('}'),
+            "diagnostic must NOT bleed onto the column's closing brace"
+        );
+        // And the redundant serde parse-error must be suppressed.
+        assert!(
+            !diags.iter().any(|d| d.code == "parse-error"),
+            "parse-error should be suppressed when unknown-type fired"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn known_simple_types_produce_no_unknown_type_diagnostic() {
+        let pool = ParserPool::new();
+        let idx = WorkspaceIndex::new();
+        let src = r#"{"name":"u","columns":[{"name":"id","type":"integer","nullable":false,"primary_key":true}]}"#;
+        let tree = pool.parse(src, DocumentFormat::Json);
+        let diags = compute(src, DocumentFormat::Json, tree.as_ref(), &idx);
+        assert!(diags.iter().all(|d| d.code != "unknown-type"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn yaml_unknown_column_type_highlights_type_pair() {
+        let pool = ParserPool::new();
+        let idx = WorkspaceIndex::new();
+        let src = "name: u\ncolumns:\n  - name: id\n    type: wrong\n    nullable: false\n    primary_key: true\n";
+        let tree = pool.parse(src, DocumentFormat::Yaml);
+        let diags = compute(src, DocumentFormat::Yaml, tree.as_ref(), &idx);
+
+        let err = diags
+            .iter()
+            .find(|d| d.code == "unknown-type")
+            .expect("YAML unknown-type diagnostic missing");
+        let snippet = &src[err.byte_range.clone()];
+        assert!(
+            snippet.contains("type:"),
+            "snippet should cover the YAML `type:` pair, got: {snippet:?}"
+        );
+        assert!(
+            snippet.contains("wrong"),
+            "snippet should include the bad value, got: {snippet:?}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn yaml_valid_simple_type_produces_no_unknown_type_diagnostic() {
+        let pool = ParserPool::new();
+        let idx = WorkspaceIndex::new();
+        let src = "name: u\ncolumns:\n  - name: id\n    type: uuid\n    nullable: false\n    primary_key: true\n";
+        let tree = pool.parse(src, DocumentFormat::Yaml);
+        let diags = compute(src, DocumentFormat::Yaml, tree.as_ref(), &idx);
+        assert!(diags.iter().all(|d| d.code != "unknown-type"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn yaml_complex_type_object_skips_unknown_type_check() {
+        // varchar lives in an object, not a string. The pre-pass must skip it.
+        let pool = ParserPool::new();
+        let idx = WorkspaceIndex::new();
+        let src = "name: u\ncolumns:\n  - name: title\n    type: {kind: varchar, length: 200}\n    nullable: false\n";
+        let tree = pool.parse(src, DocumentFormat::Yaml);
+        let diags = compute(src, DocumentFormat::Yaml, tree.as_ref(), &idx);
+        assert!(
+            diags.iter().all(|d| d.code != "unknown-type"),
+            "object type values must not trigger unknown-type, got: {diags:?}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn enum_without_values_field_emits_complex_type_error() {
+        let pool = ParserPool::new();
+        let idx = WorkspaceIndex::new();
+        let src = r#"{"name":"u","columns":[{"name":"status","type":{"kind":"enum","name":"s"},"nullable":false}]}"#;
+        let tree = pool.parse(src, DocumentFormat::Json);
+        let diags = compute(src, DocumentFormat::Json, tree.as_ref(), &idx);
+
+        let err = diags
+            .iter()
+            .find(|d| d.code == "complex-type")
+            .expect("expected complex-type diagnostic");
+        assert!(
+            err.message.contains("values"),
+            "message should mention missing `values`, got: {}",
+            err.message
+        );
+        // No redundant serde parse-error.
+        assert!(diags.iter().all(|d| d.code != "parse-error"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn enum_with_empty_values_array_is_flagged() {
+        let pool = ParserPool::new();
+        let idx = WorkspaceIndex::new();
+        let src = r#"{"name":"u","columns":[{"name":"s","type":{"kind":"enum","name":"st","values":[]}}]}"#;
+        let tree = pool.parse(src, DocumentFormat::Json);
+        let diags = compute(src, DocumentFormat::Json, tree.as_ref(), &idx);
+
+        let err = diags
+            .iter()
+            .find(|d| d.code == "complex-type")
+            .expect("empty `values` should be flagged");
+        assert!(
+            err.message.contains("non-empty"),
+            "got: {}",
+            err.message
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn enum_string_duplicate_value_is_flagged_on_the_offending_element() {
+        let pool = ParserPool::new();
+        let idx = WorkspaceIndex::new();
+        let src = r#"{"name":"u","columns":[{"name":"s","type":{"kind":"enum","name":"st","values":["active","banned","active"]}}]}"#;
+        let tree = pool.parse(src, DocumentFormat::Json);
+        let diags = compute(src, DocumentFormat::Json, tree.as_ref(), &idx);
+
+        let err = diags
+            .iter()
+            .find(|d| d.code == "complex-type" && d.message.contains("Duplicate enum value"))
+            .expect("duplicate enum string value should be flagged");
+        // Range must point at the SECOND `"active"`, not the whole column.
+        let snippet = &src[err.byte_range.clone()];
+        assert_eq!(
+            snippet, r#""active""#,
+            "diagnostic should land on the duplicate element, got: {snippet}"
+        );
+        // The second occurrence is later in the file.
+        let first = src.find(r#""active""#).unwrap();
+        assert!(err.byte_range.start > first);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn varchar_without_length_field_is_flagged() {
+        let pool = ParserPool::new();
+        let idx = WorkspaceIndex::new();
+        let src = r#"{"name":"u","columns":[{"name":"title","type":{"kind":"varchar"}}]}"#;
+        let tree = pool.parse(src, DocumentFormat::Json);
+        let diags = compute(src, DocumentFormat::Json, tree.as_ref(), &idx);
+
+        let err = diags
+            .iter()
+            .find(|d| d.code == "complex-type")
+            .expect("varchar without length should be flagged");
+        assert!(err.message.contains("length"), "got: {}", err.message);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn numeric_missing_precision_and_scale_is_flagged() {
+        let pool = ParserPool::new();
+        let idx = WorkspaceIndex::new();
+        let src = r#"{"name":"u","columns":[{"name":"amount","type":{"kind":"numeric"}}]}"#;
+        let tree = pool.parse(src, DocumentFormat::Json);
+        let diags = compute(src, DocumentFormat::Json, tree.as_ref(), &idx);
+
+        let err = diags
+            .iter()
+            .find(|d| d.code == "complex-type")
+            .expect("numeric without precision/scale should be flagged");
+        assert!(err.message.contains("precision"));
+        assert!(err.message.contains("scale"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn unknown_complex_kind_is_flagged_on_kind_pair() {
+        let pool = ParserPool::new();
+        let idx = WorkspaceIndex::new();
+        let src = r#"{"name":"u","columns":[{"name":"x","type":{"kind":"nope"}}]}"#;
+        let tree = pool.parse(src, DocumentFormat::Json);
+        let diags = compute(src, DocumentFormat::Json, tree.as_ref(), &idx);
+
+        let err = diags
+            .iter()
+            .find(|d| d.code == "complex-type" && d.message.contains("Unknown type kind"))
+            .expect("unknown kind should be flagged");
+        let snippet = &src[err.byte_range.clone()];
+        assert!(
+            snippet.starts_with("\"kind\""),
+            "diagnostic should land on the `kind` pair, got: {snippet}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn integer_enum_duplicate_numeric_value_is_flagged() {
+        let pool = ParserPool::new();
+        let idx = WorkspaceIndex::new();
+        let src = r#"{"name":"u","columns":[{"name":"p","type":{"kind":"enum","name":"pl","values":[{"name":"low","value":0},{"name":"high","value":0}]}}]}"#;
+        let tree = pool.parse(src, DocumentFormat::Json);
+        let diags = compute(src, DocumentFormat::Json, tree.as_ref(), &idx);
+
+        let err = diags
+            .iter()
+            .find(|d| d.code == "complex-type" && d.message.contains("Duplicate enum numeric value"))
+            .expect("duplicate integer enum value should be flagged");
+        let snippet = &src[err.byte_range.clone()];
+        assert_eq!(snippet, "0", "diagnostic should land on the duplicate `0`");
+    }
+
+    /// Regression — integer-enum members `{"name": "low", "value": 0}`
+    /// inside `type.values` MUST NOT be treated as columns. A recursive
+    /// descent over the `columns` array would otherwise see their `name`
+    /// fields and either flag false duplicates or land table-level
+    /// diagnostics on enum members.
+    #[test]
+    fn enum_integer_member_name_is_not_treated_as_column() {
+        let pool = ParserPool::new();
+        let idx = WorkspaceIndex::new();
+        // `priority.value` enum has a member literally called `id`, the
+        // same as the first column's name. This MUST NOT trigger a
+        // duplicate-column diagnostic.
+        let src = r#"{
+            "name": "u",
+            "columns": [
+                {"name": "id", "type": "integer", "nullable": false, "primary_key": true},
+                {
+                    "name": "priority",
+                    "type": {
+                        "kind": "enum",
+                        "name": "pl",
+                        "values": [
+                            {"name": "id", "value": 0},
+                            {"name": "high", "value": 10}
+                        ]
+                    },
+                    "nullable": false
+                }
+            ]
+        }"#;
+        let tree = pool.parse(src, DocumentFormat::Json);
+        let diags = compute(src, DocumentFormat::Json, tree.as_ref(), &idx);
+        assert!(
+            diags.iter().all(|d| d.code != "duplicate-column"),
+            "enum member name `id` must not collide with column name `id`, got: {diags:#?}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn duplicate_column_name_pinpoints_the_second_occurrence() {
+        let pool = ParserPool::new();
+        let idx = WorkspaceIndex::new();
+        let src = r#"{"name":"u","columns":[{"name":"id","type":"integer","nullable":false,"primary_key":true},{"name":"id","type":"text","nullable":true}]}"#;
+        let tree = pool.parse(src, DocumentFormat::Json);
+        let diags = compute(src, DocumentFormat::Json, tree.as_ref(), &idx);
+
+        let dup = diags
+            .iter()
+            .find(|d| d.code == "duplicate-column")
+            .expect("expected duplicate-column diagnostic");
+        let first = src.find(r#""name":"id""#).unwrap();
+        // Diagnostic should land on the SECOND `"id"`, not the first.
+        assert!(dup.byte_range.start > first + 5);
+        let snippet = &src[dup.byte_range.clone()];
+        assert_eq!(snippet, r#""id""#, "diagnostic should highlight the duplicate `id`");
+
+        // And no `validate-schema` "duplicate table name" surfaces here —
+        // this is a column-level issue, not a workspace duplication.
+        assert!(diags.iter().all(|d| !d.message.contains("duplicate table name")));
+    }
+
+    /// Regression — when `columns` precedes `name` at the top level, the
+    /// locator used to walk into the first column and land "table" errors
+    /// on a column's `name`, e.g. "duplicate table name: article" showing
+    /// up on `id`. Make sure `locate_top_name` returns the OUTER `name`.
+    #[test]
+    fn locate_top_name_is_not_confused_when_columns_precede_name() {
+        use crate::diagnostics::locator;
+        let pool = ParserPool::new();
+        let src = r#"{
+            "columns": [
+                {"name": "id", "type": "integer"}
+            ],
+            "name": "article"
+        }"#;
+        let tree = pool.parse(src, DocumentFormat::Json).unwrap();
+        let range = locator::locate_top_name(Some(&tree), src).expect("range");
+        let snippet = &src[range];
+        assert!(
+            snippet.contains("article"),
+            "expected table-level name `article`, got: {snippet}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn missing_columns_field_produces_validation_error() {
+        let pool = ParserPool::new();
+        let idx = WorkspaceIndex::new();
+        // Valid JSON syntax but missing required `columns`.
+        let src = r#"{"name": "user"}"#;
+        let tree = pool.parse(src, DocumentFormat::Json);
+        let diags = compute(src, DocumentFormat::Json, tree.as_ref(), &idx);
+        // Either serde rejects (parse-error) or validate_schema rejects. Both
+        // are acceptable as long as we emit something.
+        assert!(!diags.is_empty());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/diagnostics/validation.rs b/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/diagnostics/validation.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..aeef9e00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/diagnostics/validation.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,861 @@
+//! Validation routines: syntax → parse → planner.
+
+use tower_lsp_server::ls_types::Uri;
+use vespertide_core::TableDef;
+
+use super::{DomainDiagnostic, Severity};
+
+/// Simple column type names recognized as string literals. Mirrors
+/// `vespertide_core::SimpleColumnType`. Kept here so we can flag unknown
+/// strings BEFORE serde fails — serde's error position is unreliable inside
+/// untagged enums and tends to point at the wrong byte (often the column's
+/// closing brace).
+const KNOWN_SIMPLE_TYPES: &[&str] = &[
+    "small_int",
+    "integer",
+    "big_int",
+    "real",
+    "double_precision",
+    "text",
+    "boolean",
+    "date",
+    "time",
+    "timestamp",
+    "timestamptz",
+    "interval",
+    "bytea",
+    "uuid",
+    "json",
+    "jsonb",
+    "inet",
+    "cidr",
+    "macaddr",
+    "xml",
+];
+
+/// Parsed table plus source context for workspace-wide validation.
+pub struct WorkspaceTable {
+    /// URI that owns this table definition.
+    pub uri: Uri,
+    /// Normalized table definition used by planner validation.
+    pub table: TableDef,
+    /// Raw document text used for byte-range location.
+    pub source: String,
+    /// Parsed tree-sitter tree for source range lookup.
+    pub tree: Option<tree_sitter::Tree>,
+}
+
+pub(super) fn collect_syntax_errors(tree: &tree_sitter::Tree, out: &mut Vec<DomainDiagnostic>) {
+    let root = tree.root_node();
+    if root.has_error() {
+        walk_for_errors(root, out);
+    }
+}
+
+/// Tree-sitter-based pre-pass that flags unknown column types with a
+/// precise byte range pointing at the offending `type` value. Runs before
+/// serde so users see the squiggle on the right line even when serde's
+/// untagged-enum error reports a misleading position.
+pub(super) fn collect_unknown_column_types(
+    tree: &tree_sitter::Tree,
+    source: &str,
+    out: &mut Vec<DomainDiagnostic>,
+) {
+    let source_bytes = source.as_bytes();
+    let Some(columns) = find_value_for_key(tree.root_node(), source_bytes, "columns") else {
+        return;
+    };
+
+    walk_column_objects(columns, source_bytes, out);
+}
+
+fn walk_column_objects(
+    node: tree_sitter::Node<'_>,
+    source: &[u8],
+    out: &mut Vec<DomainDiagnostic>,
+) {
+    let mut cursor = node.walk();
+    for child in node.children(&mut cursor) {
+        if matches!(child.kind(), "object" | "block_mapping") {
+            inspect_column_type(child, source, out);
+        }
+        walk_column_objects(child, source, out);
+    }
+}
+
+fn inspect_column_type(
+    column: tree_sitter::Node<'_>,
+    source: &[u8],
+    out: &mut Vec<DomainDiagnostic>,
+) {
+    let Some(type_pair) = find_pair_with_key(column, source, "type") else {
+        return;
+    };
+    let Some(type_value_raw) = type_pair.named_child(1) else {
+        return;
+    };
+    // tree-sitter-yaml wraps every value in a `flow_node` / `block_node`.
+    // Peel those wrappers so we see the real scalar or mapping underneath.
+    let type_value = unwrap_yaml_node(type_value_raw);
+
+    // Object form (`{kind: ...}`) is checked by serde + planner — skip here.
+    if matches!(
+        type_value.kind(),
+        "object" | "block_mapping" | "flow_mapping"
+    ) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    let Some(text) = source.get(type_value.byte_range()) else {
+        return;
+    };
+    let Ok(text) = std::str::from_utf8(text) else {
+        return;
+    };
+    let stripped = strip_quotes_str(text);
+
+    // Skip empty placeholder while the user is typing.
+    if stripped.is_empty() {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if KNOWN_SIMPLE_TYPES.contains(&stripped) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    out.push(DomainDiagnostic {
+        byte_range: type_pair.byte_range(),
+        severity: Severity::Error,
+        message: format!(
+            "Unknown column type `{stripped}`. Expected one of: {} \
+             — or a complex type object such as {{\"kind\":\"varchar\",\"length\":255}}",
+            KNOWN_SIMPLE_TYPES.join(", ")
+        ),
+        code: "unknown-type".to_string(),
+    });
+}
+
+/// Peel YAML's `flow_node` / `block_node` wrappers (no-op on JSON).
+fn unwrap_yaml_node(node: tree_sitter::Node<'_>) -> tree_sitter::Node<'_> {
+    let mut current = node;
+    while matches!(current.kind(), "flow_node" | "block_node") {
+        let Some(inner) = current.named_child(0) else {
+            break;
+        };
+        if inner.id() == current.id() {
+            break;
+        }
+        current = inner;
+    }
+    current
+}
+
+/// Tree-sitter-based pre-pass that flags two columns sharing a `name`.
+/// Pinpoints the SECOND (and later) occurrence so the user sees the
+/// squiggle on the offending column, not on the table.
+///
+/// Critically, we visit ONLY the direct elements of the `columns` array.
+/// A naive recursive walk would dive into nested objects (e.g. integer
+/// enum members like `{"name":"low","value":0}` inside `type.values`) and
+/// mistakenly compare their `name` against the column names.
+pub(super) fn collect_duplicate_column_names(
+    tree: &tree_sitter::Tree,
+    source: &str,
+    out: &mut Vec<DomainDiagnostic>,
+) {
+    let source_bytes = source.as_bytes();
+    let Some(columns_raw) = find_value_for_key(tree.root_node(), source_bytes, "columns") else {
+        return;
+    };
+
+    let mut seen: std::collections::BTreeSet<String> = std::collections::BTreeSet::new();
+    for column in direct_column_objects(columns_raw) {
+        inspect_column_name(column, source_bytes, &mut seen, out);
+    }
+}
+
+/// Resolve `columns: [...]` value to the direct list of column mapping
+/// nodes — peeling through tree-sitter-yaml's wrappers and skipping
+/// punctuation / comments.
+fn direct_column_objects(columns_value: tree_sitter::Node<'_>) -> Vec<tree_sitter::Node<'_>> {
+    let array = unwrap_yaml_node(columns_value);
+    if !matches!(
+        array.kind(),
+        "array" | "block_sequence" | "flow_sequence"
+    ) {
+        return Vec::new();
+    }
+
+    let mut out = Vec::new();
+    let mut cursor = array.walk();
+    for raw_child in array.children(&mut cursor) {
+        let child = unwrap_yaml_node(raw_child);
+        match child.kind() {
+            "object" | "block_mapping" | "flow_mapping" => out.push(child),
+            // YAML block sequence items wrap each element in
+            // `block_sequence_item` → mapping. Recurse exactly one level.
+            "block_sequence_item" => {
+                let mut inner_cursor = child.walk();
+                for inner in child.children(&mut inner_cursor) {
+                    let inner = unwrap_yaml_node(inner);
+                    if matches!(
+                        inner.kind(),
+                        "object" | "block_mapping" | "flow_mapping"
+                    ) {
+                        out.push(inner);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+    out
+}
+
+fn inspect_column_name(
+    column: tree_sitter::Node<'_>,
+    source: &[u8],
+    seen: &mut std::collections::BTreeSet<String>,
+    out: &mut Vec<DomainDiagnostic>,
+) {
+    let Some(name_pair) = find_pair_with_key(column, source, "name") else {
+        return;
+    };
+    let Some(name_value_raw) = name_pair.named_child(1) else {
+        return;
+    };
+    let name_value = unwrap_yaml_node(name_value_raw);
+    let Some(text) = source.get(name_value.byte_range()) else {
+        return;
+    };
+    let Ok(text) = std::str::from_utf8(text) else {
+        return;
+    };
+    let name = strip_quotes_str(text).to_string();
+    if name.is_empty() {
+        return;
+    }
+    if !seen.insert(name.clone()) {
+        out.push(DomainDiagnostic {
+            byte_range: name_value.byte_range(),
+            severity: Severity::Error,
+            message: format!("Duplicate column name `{name}` in this table"),
+            code: "duplicate-column".to_string(),
+        });
+    }
+}
+
+/// Tree-sitter-based pre-pass for COMPLEX (object-form) column types.
+///
+/// Catches things serde either silently allows or reports at a misleading
+/// byte position:
+///   * `kind` is missing / empty / unknown.
+///   * `varchar` / `char` without `length`.
+///   * `numeric` without `precision` or `scale`.
+///   * `enum` without `name`, without `values`, with an empty `values`, or
+///     with duplicate string variants / duplicate integer variant names.
+///   * `custom` without `custom_type`.
+///
+/// Each diagnostic gets a precise byte range covering the offending pair so
+/// the squiggle lands on the right line.
+pub(super) fn collect_complex_type_violations(
+    tree: &tree_sitter::Tree,
+    source: &str,
+    out: &mut Vec<DomainDiagnostic>,
+) {
+    let source_bytes = source.as_bytes();
+    let Some(columns) = find_value_for_key(tree.root_node(), source_bytes, "columns") else {
+        return;
+    };
+    walk_columns_for_complex_type(columns, source_bytes, out);
+}
+
+fn walk_columns_for_complex_type(
+    node: tree_sitter::Node<'_>,
+    source: &[u8],
+    out: &mut Vec<DomainDiagnostic>,
+) {
+    let mut cursor = node.walk();
+    for child in node.children(&mut cursor) {
+        if matches!(child.kind(), "object" | "block_mapping") {
+            inspect_complex_type(child, source, out);
+        }
+        walk_columns_for_complex_type(child, source, out);
+    }
+}
+
+fn inspect_complex_type(
+    column: tree_sitter::Node<'_>,
+    source: &[u8],
+    out: &mut Vec<DomainDiagnostic>,
+) {
+    let Some(type_pair) = find_pair_with_key(column, source, "type") else {
+        return;
+    };
+    let Some(type_value_raw) = type_pair.named_child(1) else {
+        return;
+    };
+    let type_value = unwrap_yaml_node(type_value_raw);
+    if !matches!(
+        type_value.kind(),
+        "object" | "block_mapping" | "flow_mapping"
+    ) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // `kind` is mandatory.
+    let Some(kind_pair) = find_pair_with_key(type_value, source, "kind") else {
+        push_complex(
+            out,
+            type_pair.byte_range(),
+            "Type object requires a `kind` field (varchar, char, numeric, enum, custom)",
+        );
+        return;
+    };
+    let kind = match scalar_text(kind_pair, source) {
+        Some(text) if !text.is_empty() => text.to_string(),
+        _ => {
+            push_complex(out, kind_pair.byte_range(), "`kind` must be a non-empty string");
+            return;
+        }
+    };
+
+    match kind.as_str() {
+        "varchar" | "char" => check_length_required(type_value, type_pair, &kind, source, out),
+        "numeric" => check_numeric_precision_scale(type_value, type_pair, source, out),
+        "enum" => check_enum_shape(type_value, type_pair, source, out),
+        "custom" => check_custom_type(type_value, type_pair, source, out),
+        other => {
+            push_complex(
+                out,
+                kind_pair.byte_range(),
+                &format!(
+                    "Unknown type kind `{other}`. Expected: varchar, char, numeric, enum, custom"
+                ),
+            );
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn check_length_required(
+    type_value: tree_sitter::Node<'_>,
+    type_pair: tree_sitter::Node<'_>,
+    kind: &str,
+    source: &[u8],
+    out: &mut Vec<DomainDiagnostic>,
+) {
+    if find_pair_with_key(type_value, source, "length").is_none() {
+        push_complex(
+            out,
+            type_pair.byte_range(),
+            &format!("`{kind}` type requires a `length` field"),
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+fn check_numeric_precision_scale(
+    type_value: tree_sitter::Node<'_>,
+    type_pair: tree_sitter::Node<'_>,
+    source: &[u8],
+    out: &mut Vec<DomainDiagnostic>,
+) {
+    let mut missing = Vec::new();
+    if find_pair_with_key(type_value, source, "precision").is_none() {
+        missing.push("precision");
+    }
+    if find_pair_with_key(type_value, source, "scale").is_none() {
+        missing.push("scale");
+    }
+    if !missing.is_empty() {
+        push_complex(
+            out,
+            type_pair.byte_range(),
+            &format!(
+                "`numeric` type requires {} field{}",
+                missing.join(" and "),
+                if missing.len() > 1 { "s" } else { "" }
+            ),
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+fn check_enum_shape(
+    type_value: tree_sitter::Node<'_>,
+    type_pair: tree_sitter::Node<'_>,
+    source: &[u8],
+    out: &mut Vec<DomainDiagnostic>,
+) {
+    let name_pair = find_pair_with_key(type_value, source, "name");
+    let values_pair = find_pair_with_key(type_value, source, "values");
+
+    let mut missing = Vec::new();
+    if name_pair.is_none() {
+        missing.push("name");
+    }
+    if values_pair.is_none() {
+        missing.push("values");
+    }
+    if !missing.is_empty() {
+        push_complex(
+            out,
+            type_pair.byte_range(),
+            &format!(
+                "`enum` type requires field{}: {}",
+                if missing.len() > 1 { "s" } else { "" },
+                missing.join(", ")
+            ),
+        );
+        return;
+    }
+
+    let values_pair = values_pair.unwrap();
+    let Some(values_value_raw) = values_pair.named_child(1) else {
+        return;
+    };
+    let values_value = unwrap_yaml_node(values_value_raw);
+    if !matches!(
+        values_value.kind(),
+        "array" | "block_sequence" | "flow_sequence"
+    ) {
+        push_complex(
+            out,
+            values_pair.byte_range(),
+            "`values` must be a non-empty array",
+        );
+        return;
+    }
+
+    let elements = collect_enum_value_descriptors(values_value, source);
+    if elements.is_empty() {
+        push_complex(
+            out,
+            values_pair.byte_range(),
+            "`enum` requires a non-empty `values` array",
+        );
+        return;
+    }
+
+    check_duplicate_enum_values(&elements, out);
+}
+
+fn check_custom_type(
+    type_value: tree_sitter::Node<'_>,
+    type_pair: tree_sitter::Node<'_>,
+    source: &[u8],
+    out: &mut Vec<DomainDiagnostic>,
+) {
+    if find_pair_with_key(type_value, source, "custom_type").is_none() {
+        push_complex(
+            out,
+            type_pair.byte_range(),
+            "`custom` type requires a `custom_type` SQL string",
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+struct EnumValueDescriptor {
+    name: String,
+    byte_range: std::ops::Range<usize>,
+    /// Optional explicit integer value (for integer enums).
+    integer_value: Option<String>,
+    integer_value_range: std::ops::Range<usize>,
+}
+
+fn collect_enum_value_descriptors(
+    array: tree_sitter::Node<'_>,
+    source: &[u8],
+) -> Vec<EnumValueDescriptor> {
+    let mut out = Vec::new();
+    let mut cursor = array.walk();
+    for raw_child in array.children(&mut cursor) {
+        let child = unwrap_yaml_node(raw_child);
+        match child.kind() {
+            "string" | "double_quote_scalar" | "single_quote_scalar" | "string_scalar"
+            | "plain_scalar" => {
+                if let Some(name) = scalar_string(child, source) {
+                    out.push(EnumValueDescriptor {
+                        name,
+                        byte_range: child.byte_range(),
+                        integer_value: None,
+                        integer_value_range: 0..0,
+                    });
+                }
+            }
+            "object" | "block_mapping" | "flow_mapping" => {
+                let name_pair = find_pair_with_key(child, source, "name");
+                let value_pair = find_pair_with_key(child, source, "value");
+                let Some(name_pair) = name_pair else {
+                    continue;
+                };
+                let Some(name_value_raw) = name_pair.named_child(1) else {
+                    continue;
+                };
+                let name_value = unwrap_yaml_node(name_value_raw);
+                let Some(name) = scalar_string(name_value, source) else {
+                    continue;
+                };
+                let (integer_value, integer_range) = match value_pair {
+                    Some(pair) => {
+                        let v = pair
+                            .named_child(1)
+                            .map(unwrap_yaml_node);
+                        match v {
+                            Some(node) => (
+                                scalar_string(node, source),
+                                node.byte_range(),
+                            ),
+                            None => (None, 0..0),
+                        }
+                    }
+                    None => (None, 0..0),
+                };
+                out.push(EnumValueDescriptor {
+                    name,
+                    byte_range: child.byte_range(),
+                    integer_value,
+                    integer_value_range: integer_range,
+                });
+            }
+            // YAML block_sequence_item wraps the actual element.
+            "block_sequence_item" => {
+                let mut inner_cursor = child.walk();
+                for inner in child.children(&mut inner_cursor) {
+                    let inner = unwrap_yaml_node(inner);
+                    match inner.kind() {
+                        "string" | "double_quote_scalar" | "single_quote_scalar"
+                        | "string_scalar" | "plain_scalar" => {
+                            if let Some(name) = scalar_string(inner, source) {
+                                out.push(EnumValueDescriptor {
+                                    name,
+                                    byte_range: inner.byte_range(),
+                                    integer_value: None,
+                                    integer_value_range: 0..0,
+                                });
+                            }
+                        }
+                        _ => {}
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+    out
+}
+
+fn check_duplicate_enum_values(
+    descriptors: &[EnumValueDescriptor],
+    out: &mut Vec<DomainDiagnostic>,
+) {
+    let mut seen_names: std::collections::BTreeMap<&str, std::ops::Range<usize>> =
+        std::collections::BTreeMap::new();
+    for descriptor in descriptors {
+        if let Some(_prev) = seen_names.insert(descriptor.name.as_str(), descriptor.byte_range.clone())
+        {
+            push_complex(
+                out,
+                descriptor.byte_range.clone(),
+                &format!("Duplicate enum value `{}`", descriptor.name),
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Integer enums: also catch duplicate numeric values.
+    let mut seen_values: std::collections::BTreeMap<String, std::ops::Range<usize>> =
+        std::collections::BTreeMap::new();
+    for descriptor in descriptors {
+        let Some(value) = &descriptor.integer_value else {
+            continue;
+        };
+        if seen_values
+            .insert(value.clone(), descriptor.integer_value_range.clone())
+            .is_some()
+        {
+            push_complex(
+                out,
+                descriptor.integer_value_range.clone(),
+                &format!("Duplicate enum numeric value `{value}`"),
+            );
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn push_complex(out: &mut Vec<DomainDiagnostic>, byte_range: std::ops::Range<usize>, message: &str) {
+    out.push(DomainDiagnostic {
+        byte_range,
+        severity: Severity::Error,
+        message: message.to_string(),
+        code: "complex-type".to_string(),
+    });
+}
+
+fn scalar_text<'a>(
+    pair: tree_sitter::Node<'_>,
+    source: &'a [u8],
+) -> Option<&'a str> {
+    let value_raw = pair.named_child(1)?;
+    let value = unwrap_yaml_node(value_raw);
+    let text = std::str::from_utf8(&source[value.byte_range()]).ok()?;
+    Some(strip_quotes_str(text))
+}
+
+fn scalar_string(node: tree_sitter::Node<'_>, source: &[u8]) -> Option<String> {
+    let text = std::str::from_utf8(&source[node.byte_range()]).ok()?;
+    Some(strip_quotes_str(text).to_string())
+}
+
+fn find_value_for_key<'tree>(
+    node: tree_sitter::Node<'tree>,
+    source: &[u8],
+    target_key: &str,
+) -> Option<tree_sitter::Node<'tree>> {
+    let mut cursor = node.walk();
+    for child in node.children(&mut cursor) {
+        if is_pair_node(child)
+            && pair_key_text(child, source).is_some_and(|k| k == target_key)
+            && let Some(value) = child.named_child(1)
+        {
+            return Some(value);
+        }
+        if let Some(found) = find_value_for_key(child, source, target_key) {
+            return Some(found);
+        }
+    }
+    None
+}
+
+fn find_pair_with_key<'tree>(
+    object: tree_sitter::Node<'tree>,
+    source: &[u8],
+    target_key: &str,
+) -> Option<tree_sitter::Node<'tree>> {
+    let mut cursor = object.walk();
+    object.children(&mut cursor).find(|&child| {
+        is_pair_node(child) && pair_key_text(child, source).is_some_and(|k| k == target_key)
+    })
+}
+
+fn is_pair_node(node: tree_sitter::Node<'_>) -> bool {
+    matches!(node.kind(), "pair" | "block_mapping_pair")
+}
+
+fn pair_key_text<'a>(pair: tree_sitter::Node<'_>, source: &'a [u8]) -> Option<&'a str> {
+    let key = pair.named_child(0)?;
+    let text = std::str::from_utf8(&source[key.byte_range()]).ok()?;
+    Some(strip_quotes_str(text))
+}
+
+fn strip_quotes_str(s: &str) -> &str {
+    let trimmed = s.trim();
+    trimmed
+        .strip_prefix('"')
+        .and_then(|w| w.strip_suffix('"'))
+        .or_else(|| trimmed.strip_prefix('\'').and_then(|w| w.strip_suffix('\'')))
+        .unwrap_or(trimmed)
+}
+
+fn walk_for_errors(node: tree_sitter::Node<'_>, out: &mut Vec<DomainDiagnostic>) {
+    if node.is_error() || node.is_missing() {
+        out.push(DomainDiagnostic {
+            byte_range: node.byte_range(),
+            severity: Severity::Error,
+            message: if node.is_missing() {
+                format!("Missing {}", node.kind())
+            } else {
+                "Syntax error".to_string()
+            },
+            code: "syntax-error".to_string(),
+        });
+        return;
+    }
+
+    let mut cursor = node.walk();
+    for child in node.children(&mut cursor) {
+        walk_for_errors(child, out);
+    }
+}
+
+pub(super) fn try_parse_json(text: &str, out: &mut Vec<DomainDiagnostic>) -> Option<TableDef> {
+    match serde_json::from_str::<TableDef>(text) {
+        Ok(table) => normalize_table(&table, out),
+        Err(e) => {
+            let byte = byte_offset_for_line_col(text, e.line(), e.column());
+            out.push(DomainDiagnostic {
+                byte_range: byte..(byte + 1).min(text.len()),
+                severity: Severity::Error,
+                message: format!("JSON parse error: {e}"),
+                code: "parse-error".to_string(),
+            });
+            None
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub(super) fn try_parse_yaml(text: &str, out: &mut Vec<DomainDiagnostic>) -> Option<TableDef> {
+    match serde_yaml::from_str::<TableDef>(text) {
+        Ok(table) => normalize_table(&table, out),
+        Err(e) => {
+            let byte = e.location().map_or(0, |loc| loc.index().min(text.len()));
+            out.push(DomainDiagnostic {
+                byte_range: byte..(byte + 1).min(text.len()),
+                severity: Severity::Error,
+                message: format!("YAML parse error: {e}"),
+                code: "parse-error".to_string(),
+            });
+            None
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Run `TableDef::normalize()` so inline constraints participate in planner validation.
+fn normalize_table(table: &TableDef, out: &mut Vec<DomainDiagnostic>) -> Option<TableDef> {
+    match table.normalize() {
+        Ok(table) => Some(table),
+        Err(e) => {
+            out.push(DomainDiagnostic {
+                byte_range: 0..1,
+                severity: Severity::Error,
+                message: e.to_string(),
+                code: "validate-schema".to_string(),
+            });
+            None
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub(super) fn validate_table(table: &TableDef, out: &mut Vec<DomainDiagnostic>) {
+    // Single-table validation. `vespertide_planner::validate_schema` expects
+    // `&[TableDef]`; for LSP per-file diagnostics, run on a singleton slice.
+    if let Err(e) = vespertide_planner::validate_schema(std::slice::from_ref(table)) {
+        out.push(DomainDiagnostic {
+            byte_range: 0..1,
+            severity: Severity::Error,
+            message: e.to_string(),
+            code: "validate-schema".to_string(),
+        });
+    }
+}
+
+/// Compare the file's basename to its declared table `name` and surface a
+/// warning when they diverge. This catches accidental renames where the
+/// user changes `"name"` but forgets to rename the file (or vice versa).
+///
+/// Path → basename rules (longest extension wins):
+///   `foo.vespertide.json` → `foo`
+///   `foo.vespertide.yaml` → `foo`
+///   `foo.vespertide.yml`  → `foo`
+///   `foo.json` / `foo.yaml` / `foo.yml` → `foo`
+pub(super) fn check_filename_table_name_mismatch(
+    text: &str,
+    uri: &Uri,
+    tree: Option<&tree_sitter::Tree>,
+    table_name: &str,
+    out: &mut Vec<DomainDiagnostic>,
+) {
+    let Some(file_basename) = file_basename_of(uri) else {
+        return;
+    };
+    if file_basename == table_name {
+        return;
+    }
+    let byte_range = super::locator::locate_top_name(tree, text).unwrap_or(0..1);
+    out.push(DomainDiagnostic {
+        byte_range,
+        severity: Severity::Warning,
+        message: format!(
+            "Table name `{table_name}` does not match file basename `{file_basename}`. \
+             Rename one to keep them in sync."
+        ),
+        code: "filename-mismatch".to_string(),
+    });
+}
+
+fn file_basename_of(uri: &Uri) -> Option<String> {
+    let path = crate::position::uri_to_path(uri)?;
+    let file_name = path.file_name()?.to_str()?;
+    let stripped = file_name
+        .strip_suffix(".vespertide.json")
+        .or_else(|| file_name.strip_suffix(".vespertide.yaml"))
+        .or_else(|| file_name.strip_suffix(".vespertide.yml"))
+        .or_else(|| file_name.strip_suffix(".json"))
+        .or_else(|| file_name.strip_suffix(".yaml"))
+        .or_else(|| file_name.strip_suffix(".yml"))
+        .unwrap_or(file_name);
+    Some(stripped.to_string())
+}
+
+pub(super) fn validate_workspace(
+    workspace: &[WorkspaceTable],
+    current_uri: &Uri,
+    out: &mut Vec<DomainDiagnostic>,
+) {
+    let tables: Vec<TableDef> = workspace.iter().map(|entry| entry.table.clone()).collect();
+    let Err(err) = vespertide_planner::validate_schema(&tables) else {
+        return;
+    };
+
+    let Some(location) = super::locator::ErrorLocation::from_planner_error(&err) else {
+        push_validate_error(out, 0..1, err.to_string());
+        return;
+    };
+
+    let Some(target) = workspace
+        .iter()
+        .find(|entry| entry.table.name.as_str() == location.table.as_str())
+    else {
+        push_validate_error(out, 0..1, err.to_string());
+        return;
+    };
+
+    if target.uri != *current_uri {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    let byte_range = if let Some(column) = &location.column {
+        if let Some(field) = location.field {
+            super::locator::locate_column_field(
+                target.tree.as_ref(),
+                &target.source,
+                column,
+                field,
+            )
+        } else {
+            super::locator::locate_column(target.tree.as_ref(), &target.source, column)
+        }
+    } else if let Some(constraint) = &location.constraint {
+        super::locator::locate_constraint(target.tree.as_ref(), &target.source, constraint)
+    } else {
+        super::locator::locate_top_name(target.tree.as_ref(), &target.source).unwrap_or(0..1)
+    };
+
+    push_validate_error(out, byte_range, err.to_string());
+}
+
+fn push_validate_error(
+    out: &mut Vec<DomainDiagnostic>,
+    byte_range: std::ops::Range<usize>,
+    message: String,
+) {
+    out.push(DomainDiagnostic {
+        byte_range,
+        severity: Severity::Error,
+        message,
+        code: "validate-schema".to_string(),
+    });
+}
+
+fn byte_offset_for_line_col(text: &str, line: usize, col: usize) -> usize {
+    // serde_json line/column values are 1-indexed.
+    let line_zero = line.saturating_sub(1);
+    let col_zero = col.saturating_sub(1);
+    let mut byte = 0;
+
+    for (idx, line_text) in text.split_inclusive('\n').enumerate() {
+        if idx == line_zero {
+            return byte + col_zero.min(line_text.len().saturating_sub(1));
+        }
+        byte += line_text.len();
+    }
+
+    byte.min(text.len())
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/document.rs b/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/document.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..306239ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/document.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+//! Per-document state: text + parsed tree + format metadata.
+//!
+//! Uses `lsp-textdocument`'s [`FullTextDocument`] for UTF-16 ↔ byte offset
+//! mapping (justified: rust-analyzer / nushell switched away from `ropey`
+//! because its UTF-8 implementation had real-world bugs).
+
+use lsp_textdocument::FullTextDocument;
+use tree_sitter::Tree;
+
+use crate::parser::{DocumentFormat, ParserPool};
+
+/// In-memory representation of a single open document.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct DocumentState {
+    /// UTF-16-aware text buffer (handles LSP position math).
+    pub doc: FullTextDocument,
+    /// Latest tree-sitter parse. `None` if parsing failed catastrophically
+    /// (grammar returns `None`); syntax errors still yield `Some(tree)` with
+    /// error nodes.
+    pub tree: Option<Tree>,
+    /// Document format, derived from URI extension at open time.
+    pub format: DocumentFormat,
+}
+
+impl DocumentState {
+    /// Build state from an initial full text payload (from `textDocument/didOpen`).
+    pub fn new(
+        language_id: String,
+        version: i32,
+        text: String,
+        format: DocumentFormat,
+        parser_pool: &ParserPool,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let tree = parser_pool.parse(&text, format);
+        let doc = FullTextDocument::new(language_id, version, text);
+        Self { doc, tree, format }
+    }
+
+    /// Replace text content (full sync). V1 always reparses from scratch.
+    ///
+    /// Note: `lsp-textdocument`'s API takes the upstream `lsp_types`
+    /// 0.97 change-event type, which is distinct from
+    /// `tower_lsp_server::ls_types::TextDocumentContentChangeEvent`.
+    /// The two layers stay decoupled — handlers translate at the seam.
+    pub fn update_full(&mut self, text: String, version: i32, parser_pool: &ParserPool) {
+        let changes = [lsp_types::TextDocumentContentChangeEvent {
+            range: None,
+            range_length: None,
+            text,
+        }];
+        self.doc.update(&changes, version);
+        self.tree = parser_pool.parse(self.doc.get_content(None), self.format);
+    }
+
+    /// Current text content.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn text(&self) -> &str {
+        self.doc.get_content(None)
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn new_document_parses_tree() {
+        let pool = ParserPool::new();
+        let state = DocumentState::new(
+            "json".to_string(),
+            1,
+            r#"{"name": "user"}"#.to_string(),
+            DocumentFormat::Json,
+            &pool,
+        );
+        assert!(state.tree.is_some());
+        assert!(!state.tree.as_ref().unwrap().root_node().has_error());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn update_full_replaces_content() {
+        let pool = ParserPool::new();
+        let mut state = DocumentState::new(
+            "json".to_string(),
+            1,
+            r#"{"name": "user"}"#.to_string(),
+            DocumentFormat::Json,
+            &pool,
+        );
+        state.update_full(r#"{"name": "post"}"#.to_string(), 2, &pool);
+        assert!(state.text().contains("post"));
+        assert!(state.tree.is_some());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn cjk_round_trip_preserved() {
+        let pool = ParserPool::new();
+        let text = r#"{"name": "도서", "comment": "中文 🚀"}"#;
+        let state = DocumentState::new(
+            "json".to_string(),
+            1,
+            text.to_string(),
+            DocumentFormat::Json,
+            &pool,
+        );
+        assert_eq!(state.text(), text);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/drift/mod.rs b/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/drift/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..567b8191
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/drift/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+//! Drift detection — KILLER FEATURE.
+//!
+//! Compares current model files against the schema reconstructed from applied
+//! migrations. Surfaces drift as workspace-level diagnostics so users can
+//! generate a migration before forgetting.
+//!
+//! No live DB connection required — pure file-based comparison. This is the
+//! feature no competitor (Prisma/sqls/postgres-lsp) provides.
+
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+use std::str::FromStr;
+
+use tower_lsp_server::ls_types::Uri;
+use vespertide_config::VespertideConfig;
+use vespertide_core::MigrationAction;
+
+use crate::store::DocumentStore;
+use crate::workspace_index::WorkspaceIndex;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct DomainDrift {
+    /// URI of the model file with drift.
+    pub uri: Uri,
+    /// Number of pending actions for this table.
+    pub pending_count: usize,
+    /// Brief summary of changes.
+    pub summary: String,
+}
+
+/// Compute drift across the entire workspace.
+///
+/// Returns an empty vector when `vespertide.json` is not found or any loader /
+/// planner step fails. Drift diagnostics are best-effort and must never block
+/// normal LSP feedback.
+pub fn compute(
+    workspace_root: &Path,
+    index: &WorkspaceIndex,
+    docs: &DocumentStore,
+) -> Vec<DomainDrift> {
+    let _ = docs;
+
+    let Some((project_root, config)) = find_and_load_config(workspace_root) else {
+        return Vec::new();
+    };
+
+    let Ok(current_models) = vespertide_loader::load_models_from_dir(Some(project_root.clone()))
+    else {
+        return Vec::new();
+    };
+    let Ok(applied_plans) = vespertide_loader::load_migrations_from_dir(Some(project_root.clone()))
+    else {
+        return Vec::new();
+    };
+
+    let Ok(baseline) = vespertide_planner::schema_from_plans(&applied_plans) else {
+        return Vec::new();
+    };
+    let Ok(plan) = vespertide_planner::diff_schemas(&baseline, &current_models) else {
+        return Vec::new();
+    };
+
+    if plan.actions.is_empty() {
+        return Vec::new();
+    }
+
+    let mut by_table: BTreeMap<String, Vec<String>> = BTreeMap::new();
+    for action in &plan.actions {
+        let Some(table_name) = action.table_name() else {
+            continue;
+        };
+        by_table
+            .entry(table_name.to_string())
+            .or_default()
+            .push(action_summary(action));
+    }
+
+    let models_dir = resolve_models_dir(&project_root, &config);
+    by_table
+        .into_iter()
+        .filter_map(|(name, summaries)| {
+            let uri = index
+                .lookup(&name)
+                .map(|loc| loc.uri)
+                .or_else(|| guess_uri(&models_dir, &name))?;
+            let pending_count = summaries.len();
+            Some(DomainDrift {
+                uri,
+                pending_count,
+                summary: format!(
+                    "{pending_count} pending change(s): {}",
+                    summaries.join(", ")
+                ),
+            })
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
+fn find_and_load_config(start: &Path) -> Option<(PathBuf, VespertideConfig)> {
+    let mut current = if start.is_file() {
+        start.parent()
+    } else {
+        Some(start)
+    };
+
+    while let Some(dir) = current {
+        let candidate = dir.join("vespertide.json");
+        if candidate.exists() {
+            let config = vespertide_loader::load_config_from_path(candidate).ok()?;
+            return Some((dir.to_path_buf(), config));
+        }
+        current = dir.parent();
+    }
+
+    None
+}
+
+fn resolve_models_dir(root: &Path, config: &VespertideConfig) -> PathBuf {
+    root.join(config.models_dir())
+}
+
+fn guess_uri(models_dir: &Path, table_name: &str) -> Option<Uri> {
+    for ext in ["json", "yaml", "yml"] {
+        let path = models_dir.join(format!("{table_name}.{ext}"));
+        if path.exists() {
+            return path_to_uri(&path);
+        }
+    }
+    None
+}
+
+fn path_to_uri(path: &Path) -> Option<Uri> {
+    let mut path_text = path.to_string_lossy().replace('\\', "/");
+    if !path_text.starts_with('/') {
+        path_text = format!("/{path_text}");
+    }
+    Uri::from_str(&format!("file://{path_text}")).ok()
+}
+
+fn action_summary(action: &MigrationAction) -> String {
+    match action {
+        MigrationAction::CreateTable { .. } => "CreateTable".to_string(),
+        MigrationAction::DeleteTable { .. } => "DeleteTable".to_string(),
+        MigrationAction::AddColumn { column, .. } => format!("AddColumn({})", column.name),
+        MigrationAction::RenameColumn { from, to, .. } => format!("RenameColumn({from}→{to})"),
+        MigrationAction::DeleteColumn { column, .. } => format!("DeleteColumn({column})"),
+        MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType { column, .. } => {
+            format!("ModifyColumnType({column})")
+        }
+        MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable { column, .. } => {
+            format!("ModifyColumnNullable({column})")
+        }
+        MigrationAction::ModifyColumnDefault { column, .. } => {
+            format!("ModifyColumnDefault({column})")
+        }
+        MigrationAction::ModifyColumnComment { column, .. } => {
+            format!("ModifyColumnComment({column})")
+        }
+        MigrationAction::AddConstraint { .. } => "AddConstraint".to_string(),
+        MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint { .. } => "RemoveConstraint".to_string(),
+        MigrationAction::ReplaceConstraint { .. } => "ReplaceConstraint".to_string(),
+        MigrationAction::RenameTable { .. } => "RenameTable".to_string(),
+        MigrationAction::RawSql { .. } => "RawSql".to_string(),
+        _ => "Unknown".to_string(),
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use tempfile::tempdir;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn no_config_returns_empty() {
+        let tmp = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let idx = WorkspaceIndex::new();
+        let docs = DocumentStore::new();
+        let drifts = compute(tmp.path(), &idx, &docs);
+
+        assert!(drifts.is_empty());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/file_features.rs b/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/file_features.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bc4aa72d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/file_features.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,510 @@
+//! Lightweight per-file LSP capabilities — document outline, folding,
+//! same-document symbol highlight, and selection-range expansion.
+//! Each of these would be a tiny module on its own; we group them
+//! here because they share the same tree-sitter walk patterns and
+//! none has enough surface area to deserve its own directory.
+
+use std::ops::Range;
+
+// =====================================================================
+// Domain types
+// =====================================================================
+
+/// File-level outline entry. Tables nest their columns as `children`.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct DomainDocumentSymbol {
+    pub name: String,
+    pub kind: DomainDocumentSymbolKind,
+    /// Byte range covering the entire object (table mapping or column
+    /// object) — used as the LSP `range`.
+    pub byte_range: Range<usize>,
+    /// Byte range of the identifier itself — used as `selectionRange`.
+    pub selection_byte_range: Range<usize>,
+    pub children: Vec<DomainDocumentSymbol>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum DomainDocumentSymbolKind {
+    Table,
+    Column,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct DomainFoldingRange {
+    /// Byte range of the foldable region. The handler converts to LSP
+    /// `startLine`/`endLine` (LSP folds entire lines, not byte spans).
+    pub byte_range: Range<usize>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct DomainDocumentHighlight {
+    pub byte_range: Range<usize>,
+    pub kind: DomainDocumentHighlightKind,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum DomainDocumentHighlightKind {
+    /// The position where the user's cursor sits.
+    Read,
+    /// Other positions referencing the same symbol.
+    Reference,
+}
+
+/// LSP `selectionRange` is a linked list — each entry has an optional
+/// `parent` pointing at the next broader range. We return the chain as
+/// a `Vec` (innermost first); the handler reconstructs the linked list.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct DomainSelectionRange {
+    pub byte_range: Range<usize>,
+}
+
+// =====================================================================
+// documentSymbol
+// =====================================================================
+
+#[must_use]
+pub fn compute_document_symbols(
+    source: &str,
+    tree: Option<&tree_sitter::Tree>,
+) -> Vec<DomainDocumentSymbol> {
+    let Some(tree) = tree else {
+        return Vec::new();
+    };
+    let source_bytes = source.as_bytes();
+    let Some(outer) = find_outer_mapping(tree.root_node()) else {
+        return Vec::new();
+    };
+
+    // Table name → top-level identifier
+    let Some((table_name, table_name_range)) = direct_string_value(outer, source_bytes, "name")
+    else {
+        return Vec::new();
+    };
+
+    // Columns → children
+    let mut children = Vec::new();
+    if let Some(columns_pair) = find_pair_with_key(outer, source_bytes, "columns")
+        && let Some(columns_value_raw) = columns_pair.named_child(1)
+    {
+        let columns_value = unwrap_yaml(columns_value_raw);
+        if matches!(
+            columns_value.kind(),
+            "array" | "block_sequence" | "flow_sequence"
+        ) {
+                for column in direct_column_objects(columns_value) {
+                    if let Some((col_name, col_name_range)) =
+                        direct_string_value(column, source_bytes, "name")
+                    {
+                        children.push(DomainDocumentSymbol {
+                            name: col_name,
+                            kind: DomainDocumentSymbolKind::Column,
+                            byte_range: column.byte_range(),
+                            selection_byte_range: col_name_range,
+                            children: Vec::new(),
+                        });
+                    }
+                }
+        }
+    }
+
+    vec![DomainDocumentSymbol {
+        name: table_name,
+        kind: DomainDocumentSymbolKind::Table,
+        byte_range: outer.byte_range(),
+        selection_byte_range: table_name_range,
+        children,
+    }]
+}
+
+// =====================================================================
+// foldingRange
+// =====================================================================
+
+#[must_use]
+pub fn compute_folding_ranges(
+    source: &str,
+    tree: Option<&tree_sitter::Tree>,
+) -> Vec<DomainFoldingRange> {
+    let _ = source;
+    let Some(tree) = tree else {
+        return Vec::new();
+    };
+    let mut out = Vec::new();
+    collect_foldable(tree.root_node(), &mut out);
+    out
+}
+
+fn collect_foldable(node: tree_sitter::Node<'_>, out: &mut Vec<DomainFoldingRange>) {
+    // Both JSON containers and YAML block structures fold by line.
+    if matches!(
+        node.kind(),
+        "object"
+            | "array"
+            | "block_mapping"
+            | "block_sequence"
+            | "flow_mapping"
+            | "flow_sequence"
+    ) {
+        let r = node.byte_range();
+        // Don't bother emitting a fold marker for empty / one-line spans.
+        if r.end > r.start {
+            out.push(DomainFoldingRange { byte_range: r });
+        }
+    }
+    let mut cursor = node.walk();
+    for child in node.children(&mut cursor) {
+        collect_foldable(child, out);
+    }
+}
+
+// =====================================================================
+// documentHighlight
+// =====================================================================
+
+/// Find every occurrence of the symbol at `cursor_byte` *within this
+/// document*. Returns `Read` for the cursor's position and `Reference`
+/// for the rest. Returns empty when the cursor isn't on a renameable
+/// identifier (re-uses the `references::resolve_symbol` decision).
+#[must_use]
+pub fn compute_document_highlight(
+    source: &str,
+    tree: Option<&tree_sitter::Tree>,
+    cursor_byte: usize,
+) -> Vec<DomainDocumentHighlight> {
+    let Some(tree) = tree else {
+        return Vec::new();
+    };
+    let Some(node) = node_at_byte(tree, cursor_byte) else {
+        return Vec::new();
+    };
+    let Some(string_node) = enclosing_string(node) else {
+        return Vec::new();
+    };
+    let source_bytes = source.as_bytes();
+    let target = inner_string_range_text(string_node, source_bytes);
+    let Some((target, target_range)) = target else {
+        return Vec::new();
+    };
+
+    // Scan every string in the tree for matches.
+    let mut out = Vec::new();
+    collect_matching_strings(
+        tree.root_node(),
+        source_bytes,
+        target.as_str(),
+        target_range.clone(),
+        &mut out,
+    );
+    out
+}
+
+fn collect_matching_strings(
+    node: tree_sitter::Node<'_>,
+    source: &[u8],
+    target: &str,
+    cursor_range: Range<usize>,
+    out: &mut Vec<DomainDocumentHighlight>,
+) {
+    if matches!(
+        node.kind(),
+        "string"
+            | "double_quote_scalar"
+            | "single_quote_scalar"
+            | "string_scalar"
+            | "plain_scalar"
+    ) && let Some((text, range)) = inner_string_range_text(node, source)
+        && text == target
+    {
+        let kind = if range == cursor_range {
+            DomainDocumentHighlightKind::Read
+        } else {
+            DomainDocumentHighlightKind::Reference
+        };
+        out.push(DomainDocumentHighlight {
+            byte_range: range,
+            kind,
+        });
+        // Strings don't have meaningful children for our purposes.
+        return;
+    }
+    let mut cursor = node.walk();
+    for child in node.children(&mut cursor) {
+        collect_matching_strings(child, source, target, cursor_range.clone(), out);
+    }
+}
+
+// =====================================================================
+// selectionRange
+// =====================================================================
+
+/// Build the ancestor chain at `cursor_byte` (innermost-first). Each
+/// entry is the byte range of an outer node. Duplicate ranges are
+/// collapsed so the LSP client doesn't show the same selection twice.
+#[must_use]
+pub fn compute_selection_ranges(
+    source: &str,
+    tree: Option<&tree_sitter::Tree>,
+    cursor_byte: usize,
+) -> Vec<DomainSelectionRange> {
+    let _ = source;
+    let Some(tree) = tree else {
+        return Vec::new();
+    };
+    let Some(start) = node_at_byte(tree, cursor_byte) else {
+        return Vec::new();
+    };
+
+    let mut chain = Vec::new();
+    let mut current = Some(start);
+    let mut last_range: Option<Range<usize>> = None;
+    while let Some(node) = current {
+        let r = node.byte_range();
+        if last_range.as_ref() != Some(&r) && r.end > r.start {
+            chain.push(DomainSelectionRange {
+                byte_range: r.clone(),
+            });
+            last_range = Some(r);
+        }
+        current = node.parent();
+    }
+    chain
+}
+
+// =====================================================================
+// Shared helpers
+// =====================================================================
+
+fn find_outer_mapping(node: tree_sitter::Node<'_>) -> Option<tree_sitter::Node<'_>> {
+    if matches!(node.kind(), "object" | "block_mapping" | "flow_mapping") {
+        return Some(node);
+    }
+    let mut cursor = node.walk();
+    for child in node.children(&mut cursor) {
+        if let Some(found) = find_outer_mapping(child) {
+            return Some(found);
+        }
+    }
+    None
+}
+
+fn find_pair_with_key<'tree>(
+    mapping: tree_sitter::Node<'tree>,
+    source: &[u8],
+    target_key: &str,
+) -> Option<tree_sitter::Node<'tree>> {
+    let mut cursor = mapping.walk();
+    mapping.children(&mut cursor).find(|&child| {
+        matches!(child.kind(), "pair" | "block_mapping_pair")
+            && child
+                .named_child(0)
+                .and_then(|key| std::str::from_utf8(&source[key.byte_range()]).ok())
+                .map(strip_quotes)
+                == Some(target_key)
+    })
+}
+
+fn direct_string_value(
+    mapping: tree_sitter::Node<'_>,
+    source: &[u8],
+    target_key: &str,
+) -> Option<(String, Range<usize>)> {
+    let pair = find_pair_with_key(mapping, source, target_key)?;
+    let value = unwrap_yaml(pair.named_child(1)?);
+    let (text, range) = inner_string_range_text(value, source)?;
+    Some((text, range))
+}
+
+fn inner_string_range_text(
+    node: tree_sitter::Node<'_>,
+    source: &[u8],
+) -> Option<(String, Range<usize>)> {
+    let range = match node.kind() {
+        "string" => node
+            .named_child(0)
+            .map_or_else(|| trim_one_byte(&node.byte_range()), |inner| inner.byte_range()),
+        "double_quote_scalar" | "single_quote_scalar" => trim_one_byte(&node.byte_range()),
+        "plain_scalar" | "string_scalar" => node.byte_range(),
+        _ => return None,
+    };
+    let text = std::str::from_utf8(source.get(range.clone())?).ok()?.to_string();
+    Some((text, range))
+}
+
+fn direct_column_objects(columns_value: tree_sitter::Node<'_>) -> Vec<tree_sitter::Node<'_>> {
+    let array = unwrap_yaml(columns_value);
+    if !matches!(
+        array.kind(),
+        "array" | "block_sequence" | "flow_sequence"
+    ) {
+        return Vec::new();
+    }
+    let mut out = Vec::new();
+    let mut cursor = array.walk();
+    for raw_child in array.children(&mut cursor) {
+        let child = unwrap_yaml(raw_child);
+        match child.kind() {
+            "object" | "block_mapping" | "flow_mapping" => out.push(child),
+            "block_sequence_item" => {
+                let mut inner_cursor = child.walk();
+                for inner in child.children(&mut inner_cursor) {
+                    let inner = unwrap_yaml(inner);
+                    if matches!(
+                        inner.kind(),
+                        "object" | "block_mapping" | "flow_mapping"
+                    ) {
+                        out.push(inner);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+    out
+}
+
+fn enclosing_string(node: tree_sitter::Node<'_>) -> Option<tree_sitter::Node<'_>> {
+    let mut current = Some(node);
+    while let Some(candidate) = current {
+        match candidate.kind() {
+            "string"
+            | "double_quote_scalar"
+            | "single_quote_scalar"
+            | "string_scalar"
+            | "plain_scalar" => return Some(candidate),
+            "string_content" => return candidate.parent(),
+            "array" | "object" | "pair" | "block_mapping_pair" | "block_mapping"
+            | "block_sequence" | "flow_mapping" | "flow_sequence" => return None,
+            _ => {}
+        }
+        current = candidate.parent();
+    }
+    None
+}
+
+fn unwrap_yaml(node: tree_sitter::Node<'_>) -> tree_sitter::Node<'_> {
+    let mut current = node;
+    while matches!(current.kind(), "flow_node" | "block_node") {
+        let Some(inner) = current.named_child(0) else {
+            break;
+        };
+        if inner.id() == current.id() {
+            break;
+        }
+        current = inner;
+    }
+    current
+}
+
+fn node_at_byte(tree: &tree_sitter::Tree, byte_offset: usize) -> Option<tree_sitter::Node<'_>> {
+    let root = tree.root_node();
+    let mut current = root;
+    'outer: loop {
+        let mut cursor = current.walk();
+        for child in current.children(&mut cursor) {
+            if child.byte_range().contains(&byte_offset) {
+                current = child;
+                continue 'outer;
+            }
+        }
+        return Some(current);
+    }
+}
+
+fn trim_one_byte(range: &Range<usize>) -> Range<usize> {
+    if range.end.saturating_sub(range.start) >= 2 {
+        (range.start + 1)..(range.end - 1)
+    } else {
+        range.clone()
+    }
+}
+
+fn strip_quotes(s: &str) -> &str {
+    s.trim()
+        .trim_start_matches('"')
+        .trim_end_matches('"')
+        .trim_start_matches('\'')
+        .trim_end_matches('\'')
+}
+
+// =====================================================================
+// Tests
+// =====================================================================
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::parser::{DocumentFormat, ParserPool};
+
+    fn parse_json(src: &str) -> tree_sitter::Tree {
+        ParserPool::new().parse(src, DocumentFormat::Json).unwrap()
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn document_symbol_returns_table_with_column_children() {
+        let src = r#"{"name":"user","columns":[{"name":"id","type":"integer"},{"name":"email","type":"text"}]}"#;
+        let tree = parse_json(src);
+        let syms = compute_document_symbols(src, Some(&tree));
+        assert_eq!(syms.len(), 1);
+        let table = &syms[0];
+        assert_eq!(table.name, "user");
+        assert_eq!(table.kind, DomainDocumentSymbolKind::Table);
+        assert_eq!(table.children.len(), 2);
+        let names: Vec<_> = table.children.iter().map(|c| c.name.as_str()).collect();
+        assert_eq!(names, vec!["id", "email"]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn folding_ranges_cover_columns_array_and_every_object() {
+        let src = r#"{
+            "name":"u",
+            "columns":[
+                {"name":"id","type":"integer"},
+                {"name":"e","type":"text"}
+            ]
+        }"#;
+        let tree = parse_json(src);
+        let ranges = compute_folding_ranges(src, Some(&tree));
+        // At minimum: top-level object + columns array + each column.
+        assert!(ranges.len() >= 4, "got: {ranges:?}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn document_highlight_finds_same_symbol_in_file() {
+        let src = r#"{"name":"u","columns":[{"name":"email","type":"text"},{"name":"author_email","foreign_key":{"ref_columns":["email"]}}]}"#;
+        let tree = parse_json(src);
+        let cursor = src.find(r#""email""#).unwrap() + 1; // inside first "email"
+        let hits = compute_document_highlight(src, Some(&tree), cursor);
+        assert!(hits.len() >= 2, "should find both occurrences: {hits:?}");
+        let _ = cursor; // exact byte comparison not portable across grammars
+        assert!(hits.iter().any(|h| h.kind == DomainDocumentHighlightKind::Read));
+        assert!(hits.iter().any(|h| h.kind == DomainDocumentHighlightKind::Reference));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn selection_ranges_build_ancestor_chain() {
+        let src = r#"{"name":"u","columns":[{"name":"id","type":"integer"}]}"#;
+        let tree = parse_json(src);
+        let cursor = src.find(r#""id""#).unwrap() + 1;
+        let chain = compute_selection_ranges(src, Some(&tree), cursor);
+        assert!(chain.len() >= 3, "expected token → pair → object → ..., got: {chain:?}");
+        // Strictly expanding ranges.
+        for win in chain.windows(2) {
+            assert!(
+                win[0].byte_range.start >= win[1].byte_range.start
+                    && win[0].byte_range.end <= win[1].byte_range.end,
+                "non-expanding chain: {chain:?}"
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn yaml_document_symbol_works_too() {
+        let pool = ParserPool::new();
+        let src = "name: post\ncolumns:\n  - name: id\n    type: integer\n  - name: author_id\n    type: integer\n";
+        let tree = pool.parse(src, DocumentFormat::Yaml).unwrap();
+        let syms = compute_document_symbols(src, Some(&tree));
+        assert_eq!(syms.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(syms[0].name, "post");
+        assert_eq!(syms[0].children.len(), 2);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/formatting/mod.rs b/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/formatting/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3d9a0a19
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/formatting/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+//! Formatting provider — pretty-print JSON and YAML model files.
+
+use crate::parser::DocumentFormat;
+
+/// Pretty-print the document.
+///
+/// Returns `None` when parsing fails. Formatting is semantic-preserving for
+/// the supported serde data model.
+pub fn format_text(text: &str, format: DocumentFormat) -> Option<String> {
+    match format {
+        DocumentFormat::Json => format_json(text),
+        DocumentFormat::Yaml => format_yaml(text),
+    }
+}
+
+fn format_json(text: &str) -> Option<String> {
+    let value: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_str(text).ok()?;
+    let mut buf = Vec::new();
+    let formatter = serde_json::ser::PrettyFormatter::with_indent(b"  ");
+    let mut serializer = serde_json::Serializer::with_formatter(&mut buf, formatter);
+    serde::Serialize::serialize(&value, &mut serializer).ok()?;
+    let mut out = String::from_utf8(buf).ok()?;
+    ensure_trailing_newline(&mut out);
+    Some(out)
+}
+
+fn format_yaml(text: &str) -> Option<String> {
+    let value: serde_yaml::Value = serde_yaml::from_str(text).ok()?;
+    let mut out = serde_yaml::to_string(&value).ok()?;
+    ensure_trailing_newline(&mut out);
+    Some(out)
+}
+
+fn ensure_trailing_newline(text: &mut String) {
+    if !text.ends_with('\n') {
+        text.push('\n');
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn json_pretty_indents_2_spaces() {
+        let text = r#"{"name":"user","columns":[{"name":"id","type":"integer"}]}"#;
+        let pretty = format_json(text).unwrap();
+
+        assert!(pretty.contains("  "));
+        assert!(pretty.ends_with('\n'));
+
+        let original: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_str(text).unwrap();
+        let formatted: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_str(&pretty).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(original, formatted);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn yaml_round_trip_preserved() {
+        let text = "name: user\ncolumns: []\n";
+        let pretty = format_yaml(text).unwrap();
+
+        let original: serde_yaml::Value = serde_yaml::from_str(text).unwrap();
+        let formatted: serde_yaml::Value = serde_yaml::from_str(&pretty).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(original, formatted);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn invalid_json_returns_none() {
+        assert!(format_json("{not json}").is_none());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/hover/column.rs b/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/hover/column.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4d7e6663
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/hover/column.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+//! Column hover: markdown showing name, type, nullable, default, constraints.
+
+use std::fmt::Write as _;
+use std::ops::Range;
+
+use super::DomainHover;
+
+pub(super) fn try_hover(node: tree_sitter::Node<'_>, source: &str) -> Option<DomainHover> {
+    let mut cur = Some(node);
+    while let Some(candidate) = cur {
+        if is_mapping(candidate)
+            && is_inside_columns(candidate, source)
+            && let Some(markdown) = column_object_markdown(candidate, source)
+        {
+            return Some(DomainHover {
+                markdown,
+                byte_range: highlight_range(node, candidate),
+            });
+        }
+        cur = candidate.parent();
+    }
+    None
+}
+
+fn column_object_markdown(obj: tree_sitter::Node<'_>, source: &str) -> Option<String> {
+    let mut name: Option<String> = None;
+    let mut type_str: Option<String> = None;
+    let mut nullable: Option<bool> = None;
+    let mut default: Option<String> = None;
+    let mut constraints = Vec::new();
+
+    let mut cursor = obj.walk();
+    for child in obj.children(&mut cursor) {
+        if !is_pair(child) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let Some(key) = child.named_child(0) else {
+            continue;
+        };
+        let Some(value) = child.named_child(1) else {
+            continue;
+        };
+
+        let key_text = strip_quotes(&source[key.byte_range()]);
+        let value_text = source[value.byte_range()].trim();
+        match key_text {
+            "name" => name = Some(strip_quotes(value_text).to_string()),
+            "type" => type_str = Some(display_value(value_text).to_string()),
+            "nullable" => nullable = Some(value_text == "true"),
+            "default" => default = Some(display_value(value_text).to_string()),
+            "primary_key" if constraint_is_enabled(value_text) => constraints.push("PK"),
+            "unique" if constraint_is_enabled(value_text) => constraints.push("UNIQUE"),
+            "index" if constraint_is_enabled(value_text) => constraints.push("INDEX"),
+            "foreign_key" if constraint_is_enabled(value_text) => constraints.push("FK"),
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+
+    let name = name?;
+    let type_str = type_str?;
+    let mut markdown = format!("**{name}**: `{}`", type_str.trim());
+    if let Some(nullable) = nullable {
+        let _ = write!(markdown, "  \nnullable: `{nullable}`");
+    }
+    if let Some(default) = default {
+        let _ = write!(markdown, "  \ndefault: `{}`", default.trim());
+    }
+    if !constraints.is_empty() {
+        let _ = write!(markdown, "  \nconstraints: {}", constraints.join(", "));
+    }
+    Some(markdown)
+}
+
+fn is_inside_columns(node: tree_sitter::Node<'_>, source: &str) -> bool {
+    let mut cur = node.parent();
+    while let Some(candidate) = cur {
+        if is_pair(candidate)
+            && let Some(key) = candidate.named_child(0)
+            && strip_quotes(&source[key.byte_range()]) == "columns"
+        {
+            return true;
+        }
+        cur = candidate.parent();
+    }
+    false
+}
+
+fn highlight_range(node: tree_sitter::Node<'_>, fallback: tree_sitter::Node<'_>) -> Range<usize> {
+    let range = node.byte_range();
+    if range.is_empty() {
+        fallback.byte_range()
+    } else {
+        range
+    }
+}
+
+fn is_mapping(node: tree_sitter::Node<'_>) -> bool {
+    matches!(node.kind(), "object" | "block_mapping")
+}
+
+fn is_pair(node: tree_sitter::Node<'_>) -> bool {
+    matches!(node.kind(), "pair" | "block_mapping_pair")
+}
+
+fn constraint_is_enabled(value: &str) -> bool {
+    !matches!(value.trim(), "false" | "null" | "[]" | "{}")
+}
+
+fn display_value(value: &str) -> &str {
+    strip_quotes(value.trim())
+}
+
+fn strip_quotes(s: &str) -> &str {
+    s.trim()
+        .trim_start_matches('"')
+        .trim_end_matches('"')
+        .trim_start_matches('\'')
+        .trim_end_matches('\'')
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/hover/foreign_key.rs b/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/hover/foreign_key.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3fd5a148
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/hover/foreign_key.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+//! Foreign-key hover: preview target table columns for `ref_table` values.
+
+use crate::store::DocumentStore;
+use crate::workspace_index::WorkspaceIndex;
+use crate::workspace_tables::WorkspaceTables;
+
+use super::DomainHover;
+
+pub(super) fn try_hover(
+    node: tree_sitter::Node<'_>,
+    source: &str,
+    index: &WorkspaceIndex,
+    docs: &DocumentStore,
+    disk_tables: Option<&WorkspaceTables>,
+) -> Option<DomainHover> {
+    let pair = ref_table_pair(node, source)?;
+    let value = pair.named_child(1)?;
+    let target_name = strip_quotes(&source[value.byte_range()]).to_string();
+
+    // Prefer an OPEN document (carries the user's current unsaved edits).
+    if let Some(loc) = index.lookup(&target_name) {
+        let preview = docs
+            .with_doc(&loc.uri, |text, _tree| extract_column_summary(text))
+            .unwrap_or_default();
+        let detail = if preview.is_empty() {
+            "_columns unavailable_".to_string()
+        } else {
+            preview
+        };
+        return Some(DomainHover {
+            markdown: format!("**Target table**: `{target_name}`\n\n{detail}"),
+            byte_range: value.byte_range(),
+        });
+    }
+
+    // Fall back to on-disk discovery so closed model files still preview.
+    if let Some(disk) = disk_tables
+        && let Some(table) = disk.get(&target_name)
+    {
+        let preview = column_summary(&table);
+        return Some(DomainHover {
+            markdown: format!("**Target table**: `{target_name}` _(on disk)_\n\n{preview}"),
+            byte_range: value.byte_range(),
+        });
+    }
+
+    Some(DomainHover {
+        markdown: format!(
+            "**Target table**: `{target_name}`\n\n⚠ table not found in workspace"
+        ),
+        byte_range: value.byte_range(),
+    })
+}
+
+fn ref_table_pair<'tree>(
+    node: tree_sitter::Node<'tree>,
+    source: &str,
+) -> Option<tree_sitter::Node<'tree>> {
+    let mut cur = Some(node);
+    while let Some(candidate) = cur {
+        if is_pair(candidate)
+            && let Some(key) = candidate.named_child(0)
+            && strip_quotes(&source[key.byte_range()]) == "ref_table"
+        {
+            return Some(candidate);
+        }
+        cur = candidate.parent();
+    }
+    None
+}
+
+fn extract_column_summary(text: &str) -> String {
+    match serde_json::from_str::<vespertide_core::TableDef>(text) {
+        Ok(table) => column_summary(&table),
+        Err(_) => match serde_yaml::from_str::<vespertide_core::TableDef>(text) {
+            Ok(table) => column_summary(&table),
+            Err(_) => String::new(),
+        },
+    }
+}
+
+fn column_summary(table: &vespertide_core::TableDef) -> String {
+    let columns = table
+        .columns
+        .iter()
+        .map(|column| column.name.as_str())
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+        .join(", ");
+    format!("columns: {columns}")
+}
+
+fn is_pair(node: tree_sitter::Node<'_>) -> bool {
+    matches!(node.kind(), "pair" | "block_mapping_pair")
+}
+
+fn strip_quotes(s: &str) -> &str {
+    s.trim()
+        .trim_start_matches('"')
+        .trim_end_matches('"')
+        .trim_start_matches('\'')
+        .trim_end_matches('\'')
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/hover/mod.rs b/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/hover/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..655d46d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/hover/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,213 @@
+//! Hover provider — pure domain layer (no LSP protocol types).
+
+mod column;
+mod foreign_key;
+
+use std::ops::Range;
+
+use crate::parser::DocumentFormat;
+use crate::store::DocumentStore;
+use crate::workspace_index::WorkspaceIndex;
+use crate::workspace_tables::WorkspaceTables;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct DomainHover {
+    /// Markdown content for the hover popup.
+    pub markdown: String,
+    /// Byte range to highlight (the symbol under cursor).
+    pub byte_range: Range<usize>,
+}
+
+/// Compute hover at byte offset. Returns `None` if the cursor is on
+/// non-hoverable content.
+#[must_use]
+pub fn compute(
+    text: &str,
+    format: DocumentFormat,
+    tree: Option<&tree_sitter::Tree>,
+    index: &WorkspaceIndex,
+    docs: &DocumentStore,
+    byte_offset: usize,
+) -> Option<DomainHover> {
+    compute_with_workspace_tables(text, format, tree, index, docs, None, byte_offset)
+}
+
+/// Compute hover with optional disk-discovered tables. When provided, FK
+/// previews resolve targets that are not currently open in the editor.
+#[must_use]
+pub fn compute_with_workspace_tables(
+    text: &str,
+    format: DocumentFormat,
+    tree: Option<&tree_sitter::Tree>,
+    index: &WorkspaceIndex,
+    docs: &DocumentStore,
+    disk_tables: Option<&WorkspaceTables>,
+    byte_offset: usize,
+) -> Option<DomainHover> {
+    let _ = format;
+    let tree = tree?;
+    let node = node_at_byte(tree, byte_offset)?;
+
+    // `foreign_key.ref_table` is nested inside a column object, so try the
+    // specific FK hover first before falling back to the broader column hover.
+    if let Some(hover) = foreign_key::try_hover(node, text, index, docs, disk_tables) {
+        return Some(hover);
+    }
+
+    column::try_hover(node, text)
+}
+
+fn node_at_byte(tree: &tree_sitter::Tree, byte_offset: usize) -> Option<tree_sitter::Node<'_>> {
+    let root = tree.root_node();
+    let mut current = root;
+    'outer: loop {
+        let mut cursor = current.walk();
+        for child in current.children(&mut cursor) {
+            if child.byte_range().contains(&byte_offset) {
+                current = child;
+                continue 'outer;
+            }
+        }
+        return Some(current);
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::parser::{DocumentFormat, ParserPool};
+    use crate::store::DocumentStore;
+    use crate::workspace_index::WorkspaceIndex;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn hover_outside_returns_none() {
+        let pool = ParserPool::new();
+        let idx = WorkspaceIndex::new();
+        let docs = DocumentStore::new();
+        let src = r#"{"name": "user"}"#;
+        let tree = pool.parse(src, DocumentFormat::Json);
+        let hover = compute(src, DocumentFormat::Json, tree.as_ref(), &idx, &docs, 0);
+        // First char is `{` — no hover content. Some impls may return generic
+        // hover; OK either way as long as there is no panic.
+        let _ = hover;
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn hover_on_ref_table_falls_back_to_disk_when_target_is_closed() {
+        use std::fs;
+        use std::str::FromStr;
+        use tempfile::tempdir;
+        use tower_lsp_server::ls_types::Uri;
+
+        let tmp = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let models_dir = tmp.path().join("models");
+        fs::create_dir_all(&models_dir).unwrap();
+        fs::write(
+            tmp.path().join("vespertide.json"),
+            r#"{"modelsDir":"models","migrationsDir":"migrations","tableNamingCase":"snake","columnNamingCase":"snake","modelFormat":"json"}"#,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        fs::write(
+            models_dir.join("media.json"),
+            r#"{"name":"media","columns":[{"name":"id","type":"uuid","nullable":false,"primary_key":true}]}"#,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+        let disk = crate::workspace_tables::WorkspaceTables::new();
+        assert!(disk.refresh(tmp.path()));
+
+        let pool = ParserPool::new();
+        let idx = WorkspaceIndex::new();
+        let docs = DocumentStore::new();
+        // article.vespertide.json references media via FK. Media is on disk, NOT open.
+        let article_src = r#"{"name":"article","columns":[{"name":"media_id","type":"uuid","foreign_key":{"ref_table":"media","ref_columns":["id"]}}]}"#;
+        let article_uri = Uri::from_str("file:///article.vespertide.json").unwrap();
+        let article_tree = pool.parse(article_src, DocumentFormat::Json).unwrap();
+        idx.upsert(&article_uri, article_src, &article_tree);
+
+        let pos = article_src.find(r#""ref_table":"media""#).unwrap() + 14;
+        let hover = super::compute_with_workspace_tables(
+            article_src,
+            DocumentFormat::Json,
+            Some(&article_tree),
+            &idx,
+            &docs,
+            Some(&disk),
+            pos,
+        )
+        .expect("hover should resolve via disk fallback");
+
+        assert!(
+            !hover.markdown.contains("not found"),
+            "must not say `table not found`, got: {}",
+            hover.markdown
+        );
+        assert!(
+            hover.markdown.contains("media"),
+            "should preview the media table, got: {}",
+            hover.markdown
+        );
+        assert!(
+            hover.markdown.contains("columns"),
+            "should include column summary, got: {}",
+            hover.markdown
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn yaml_hover_on_ref_table_previews_target_columns() {
+        use std::str::FromStr;
+        use tower_lsp_server::ls_types::Uri;
+
+        let pool = ParserPool::new();
+        let idx = WorkspaceIndex::new();
+        let docs = DocumentStore::new();
+
+        let user_uri = Uri::from_str("file:///user.yaml").unwrap();
+        let user_src = "name: user\ncolumns:\n  - name: id\n    type: integer\n    nullable: false\n    primary_key: true\n  - name: email\n    type: text\n    nullable: false\n";
+        let user_tree = pool.parse(user_src, DocumentFormat::Yaml).unwrap();
+        idx.upsert(&user_uri, user_src, &user_tree);
+        docs.open(
+            user_uri.clone(),
+            "yaml".to_string(),
+            1,
+            user_src.to_string(),
+        );
+
+        let post_src = "name: post\ncolumns:\n  - name: author_id\n    type: integer\n    foreign_key:\n      ref_table: user\n      ref_columns: [id]\n";
+        let post_tree = pool.parse(post_src, DocumentFormat::Yaml);
+        let pos = post_src.find("ref_table: user").unwrap() + 12;
+        let hover = compute(
+            post_src,
+            DocumentFormat::Yaml,
+            post_tree.as_ref(),
+            &idx,
+            &docs,
+            pos,
+        )
+        .expect("YAML hover should resolve ref_table");
+
+        assert!(
+            hover.markdown.contains("user"),
+            "hover should mention the target table, got: {}",
+            hover.markdown
+        );
+        assert!(
+            hover.markdown.contains("email"),
+            "hover should include the target's columns, got: {}",
+            hover.markdown
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn hover_on_column_name_returns_some() {
+        let pool = ParserPool::new();
+        let idx = WorkspaceIndex::new();
+        let docs = DocumentStore::new();
+        let src = r#"{"name":"user","columns":[{"name":"id","type":"integer","nullable":false,"primary_key":true}]}"#;
+        let tree = pool.parse(src, DocumentFormat::Json);
+        let pos = src.find(r#""name":"id""#).unwrap() + 5;
+        let hover = compute(src, DocumentFormat::Json, tree.as_ref(), &idx, &docs, pos);
+        assert!(hover.is_some(), "hover on column should return Some");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/inlay_hints.rs b/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/inlay_hints.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..19c12429
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/inlay_hints.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,381 @@
+//! Inlay hints — small inline annotations next to each column showing its
+//! key semantics at a glance.
+//!
+//! For every column object in `columns` we emit (at most one) hint placed
+//! at the closing `}` of that column:
+//!
+//! | Column shape | Hint label |
+//! |---|---|
+//! | `primary_key: true`                          | `PK`            |
+//! | `foreign_key: { ref_table: T, ref_columns: [c] }` | `→ T.c`     |
+//! | `unique: true`                               | `UQ`            |
+//! | `index: true`                                | `IX`            |
+//!
+//! Multiple flags compose: a PK column with `unique` becomes `PK · UQ`.
+//! The hint is intentionally terse — inlay hints share screen space with
+//! the actual code, and noisy annotations are worse than none.
+
+use std::ops::Range;
+
+/// A single inline annotation. The LSP layer maps `byte_offset` to an LSP
+/// `Position` and uses [`InlayHintKind::TYPE`] for these (matching how
+/// rust-analyzer surfaces type info — the closest semantic match).
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct DomainInlayHint {
+    /// Byte offset where the hint is anchored (we use the column's closing
+    /// brace position so the annotation reads after the column literal).
+    pub byte_offset: usize,
+    /// Display text (e.g. `" ⟶ user.id"`).
+    pub label: String,
+}
+
+/// Compute inlay hints for the visible byte range of a document.
+///
+/// `visible_range` mirrors the LSP `inlayHint.range`, letting clients
+/// request hints incrementally for the on-screen area. An empty range is
+/// allowed and yields no hints.
+#[must_use]
+pub fn compute(
+    source: &str,
+    tree: Option<&tree_sitter::Tree>,
+    visible_range: Range<usize>,
+) -> Vec<DomainInlayHint> {
+    let Some(tree) = tree else {
+        return Vec::new();
+    };
+    let source_bytes = source.as_bytes();
+    let Some(columns_value) = find_value_for_key(tree.root_node(), source_bytes, "columns") else {
+        return Vec::new();
+    };
+
+    let mut out = Vec::new();
+    for column in direct_column_objects(columns_value) {
+        if !ranges_overlap(&column.byte_range(), &visible_range) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        if let Some(hint) = column_to_hint(column, source_bytes) {
+            out.push(hint);
+        }
+    }
+    out
+}
+
+fn column_to_hint(
+    column: tree_sitter::Node<'_>,
+    source: &[u8],
+) -> Option<DomainInlayHint> {
+    let mut tags: Vec<String> = Vec::new();
+
+    if pair_is_true(column, source, "primary_key") {
+        tags.push("PK".to_string());
+    }
+    if let Some(fk) = foreign_key_target(column, source) {
+        tags.push(format!("⟶ {fk}"));
+    }
+    if pair_is_true(column, source, "unique") {
+        tags.push("UQ".to_string());
+    }
+    if pair_is_true(column, source, "index") {
+        tags.push("IX".to_string());
+    }
+
+    if tags.is_empty() {
+        return None;
+    }
+
+    // Anchor right AFTER the opening brace so the hint sits on the brace
+    // line of a pretty-printed column object — never colliding with the
+    // first pair underneath:
+    //
+    //     { ⟪ PK · ⟶ user.id ⟫    ← hint here, on the `{` line
+    //       "name": "id",
+    //       "type": "integer",
+    //       ...
+    //     }
+    //
+    // Single-line column objects (`{"name":"id"}`) place the hint between
+    // `{` and the first pair, which still keeps the closing brace clean.
+    let column_start = column.byte_range().start;
+    let anchor = column_start.saturating_add(1);
+
+    Some(DomainInlayHint {
+        byte_offset: anchor,
+        label: format!(" ⟪ {} ⟫", tags.join(" · ")),
+    })
+}
+
+fn pair_is_true(object: tree_sitter::Node<'_>, source: &[u8], key: &str) -> bool {
+    let Some(pair) = find_pair_with_key(object, source, key) else {
+        return false;
+    };
+    let Some(value_raw) = pair.named_child(1) else {
+        return false;
+    };
+    let value = unwrap_yaml_node(value_raw);
+    matches!(
+        source.get(value.byte_range()).and_then(|b| std::str::from_utf8(b).ok()).map(str::trim),
+        Some("true")
+    )
+}
+
+/// Extract `"target_table.target_column"` from a column's `foreign_key`
+/// object. Returns `None` when the FK is malformed (missing fields).
+fn foreign_key_target(column: tree_sitter::Node<'_>, source: &[u8]) -> Option<String> {
+    let fk_pair = find_pair_with_key(column, source, "foreign_key")?;
+    let fk_object_raw = fk_pair.named_child(1)?;
+    let fk_object = unwrap_yaml_node(fk_object_raw);
+    if !matches!(
+        fk_object.kind(),
+        "object" | "block_mapping" | "flow_mapping"
+    ) {
+        return None;
+    }
+
+    let table_pair = find_pair_with_key(fk_object, source, "ref_table")?;
+    let table_value = unwrap_yaml_node(table_pair.named_child(1)?);
+    let table = strip_quotes(std::str::from_utf8(source.get(table_value.byte_range())?).ok()?);
+
+    let columns_pair = find_pair_with_key(fk_object, source, "ref_columns")?;
+    let columns_array = unwrap_yaml_node(columns_pair.named_child(1)?);
+    if !matches!(
+        columns_array.kind(),
+        "array" | "block_sequence" | "flow_sequence"
+    ) {
+        return None;
+    }
+    // Use the first element so the hint stays compact; composite FKs are
+    // rare and the user can see the rest by hovering on `ref_columns`.
+    let first_column_text = first_array_string(columns_array, source)?;
+    Some(format!("{table}.{first_column_text}"))
+}
+
+fn first_array_string(
+    array: tree_sitter::Node<'_>,
+    source: &[u8],
+) -> Option<String> {
+    let mut cursor = array.walk();
+    for raw in array.children(&mut cursor) {
+        let node = unwrap_yaml_node(raw);
+        match node.kind() {
+            "string" | "double_quote_scalar" | "single_quote_scalar" | "string_scalar"
+            | "plain_scalar" => {
+                let text = std::str::from_utf8(source.get(node.byte_range())?).ok()?;
+                return Some(strip_quotes(text).to_string());
+            }
+            "block_sequence_item" => {
+                let mut inner = node.walk();
+                for inner_child in node.children(&mut inner) {
+                    let inner_node = unwrap_yaml_node(inner_child);
+                    if matches!(
+                        inner_node.kind(),
+                        "string"
+                            | "double_quote_scalar"
+                            | "single_quote_scalar"
+                            | "string_scalar"
+                            | "plain_scalar"
+                    ) {
+                        let text =
+                            std::str::from_utf8(source.get(inner_node.byte_range())?).ok()?;
+                        return Some(strip_quotes(text).to_string());
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+    None
+}
+
+fn direct_column_objects(columns_value: tree_sitter::Node<'_>) -> Vec<tree_sitter::Node<'_>> {
+    let array = unwrap_yaml_node(columns_value);
+    if !matches!(
+        array.kind(),
+        "array" | "block_sequence" | "flow_sequence"
+    ) {
+        return Vec::new();
+    }
+
+    let mut out = Vec::new();
+    let mut cursor = array.walk();
+    for raw_child in array.children(&mut cursor) {
+        let child = unwrap_yaml_node(raw_child);
+        match child.kind() {
+            "object" | "block_mapping" | "flow_mapping" => out.push(child),
+            "block_sequence_item" => {
+                let mut inner_cursor = child.walk();
+                for inner in child.children(&mut inner_cursor) {
+                    let inner = unwrap_yaml_node(inner);
+                    if matches!(
+                        inner.kind(),
+                        "object" | "block_mapping" | "flow_mapping"
+                    ) {
+                        out.push(inner);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+    out
+}
+
+fn find_value_for_key<'tree>(
+    node: tree_sitter::Node<'tree>,
+    source: &[u8],
+    target_key: &str,
+) -> Option<tree_sitter::Node<'tree>> {
+    let mut cursor = node.walk();
+    for child in node.children(&mut cursor) {
+        if matches!(child.kind(), "pair" | "block_mapping_pair")
+            && child
+                .named_child(0)
+                .and_then(|key| std::str::from_utf8(&source[key.byte_range()]).ok())
+                .map(strip_quotes)
+                == Some(target_key)
+            && let Some(value) = child.named_child(1)
+        {
+            return Some(value);
+        }
+        if let Some(found) = find_value_for_key(child, source, target_key) {
+            return Some(found);
+        }
+    }
+    None
+}
+
+fn find_pair_with_key<'tree>(
+    object: tree_sitter::Node<'tree>,
+    source: &[u8],
+    target_key: &str,
+) -> Option<tree_sitter::Node<'tree>> {
+    let mut cursor = object.walk();
+    object.children(&mut cursor).find(|&child| {
+        matches!(child.kind(), "pair" | "block_mapping_pair")
+            && child
+                .named_child(0)
+                .and_then(|key| std::str::from_utf8(&source[key.byte_range()]).ok())
+                .map(strip_quotes)
+                == Some(target_key)
+    })
+}
+
+fn unwrap_yaml_node(node: tree_sitter::Node<'_>) -> tree_sitter::Node<'_> {
+    let mut current = node;
+    while matches!(current.kind(), "flow_node" | "block_node") {
+        let Some(inner) = current.named_child(0) else {
+            break;
+        };
+        if inner.id() == current.id() {
+            break;
+        }
+        current = inner;
+    }
+    current
+}
+
+fn strip_quotes(s: &str) -> &str {
+    s.trim()
+        .trim_start_matches('"')
+        .trim_end_matches('"')
+        .trim_start_matches('\'')
+        .trim_end_matches('\'')
+}
+
+fn ranges_overlap(a: &Range<usize>, b: &Range<usize>) -> bool {
+    a.start < b.end && b.start < a.end
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::parser::{DocumentFormat, ParserPool};
+
+    fn parse(src: &str) -> tree_sitter::Tree {
+        ParserPool::new().parse(src, DocumentFormat::Json).unwrap()
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn primary_key_column_gets_pk_hint() {
+        let src = r#"{"name":"u","columns":[{"name":"id","type":"integer","primary_key":true}]}"#;
+        let tree = parse(src);
+        let hints = compute(src, Some(&tree), 0..src.len());
+        assert_eq!(hints.len(), 1);
+        assert!(hints[0].label.contains("PK"));
+    }
+
+    /// Regression — the hint must anchor JUST AFTER the opening brace
+    /// of the column object. On a multi-line column this puts the hint
+    /// on the `{` line, leaving the first pair clean on the next line.
+    #[test]
+    fn hint_is_anchored_immediately_after_opening_brace() {
+        let src = r#"{"name":"u","columns":[{"name":"id","type":"integer","primary_key":true}]}"#;
+        let tree = parse(src);
+        let hints = compute(src, Some(&tree), 0..src.len());
+        assert_eq!(hints.len(), 1);
+
+        let column_start = src.find(r#"{"name":"id""#).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            hints[0].byte_offset,
+            column_start + 1,
+            "hint should anchor at the byte directly after `{{`"
+        );
+        // Must NOT anchor on the closing brace.
+        assert_ne!(
+            hints[0].byte_offset,
+            column_start + r#"{"name":"id","type":"integer","primary_key":true}"#.len() - 1,
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn foreign_key_column_gets_arrow_hint() {
+        let src = r#"{"name":"p","columns":[{"name":"author_id","type":"integer","foreign_key":{"ref_table":"user","ref_columns":["id"]}}]}"#;
+        let tree = parse(src);
+        let hints = compute(src, Some(&tree), 0..src.len());
+        assert_eq!(hints.len(), 1);
+        assert!(
+            hints[0].label.contains("user.id"),
+            "expected `user.id` in hint, got: {}",
+            hints[0].label
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn multiple_flags_compose() {
+        let src = r#"{"name":"u","columns":[{"name":"id","type":"uuid","primary_key":true,"unique":true,"index":true}]}"#;
+        let tree = parse(src);
+        let hints = compute(src, Some(&tree), 0..src.len());
+        assert_eq!(hints.len(), 1);
+        let label = &hints[0].label;
+        assert!(label.contains("PK") && label.contains("UQ") && label.contains("IX"), "got: {label}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn plain_column_without_flags_emits_no_hint() {
+        let src = r#"{"name":"u","columns":[{"name":"name","type":"text","nullable":true}]}"#;
+        let tree = parse(src);
+        let hints = compute(src, Some(&tree), 0..src.len());
+        assert!(hints.is_empty(), "got: {hints:?}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn visible_range_filters_hints_to_on_screen_columns() {
+        let src = r#"{"name":"u","columns":[{"name":"a","type":"integer","primary_key":true},{"name":"b","type":"text","unique":true}]}"#;
+        let tree = parse(src);
+        // Only the FIRST column is in the visible range — the user has
+        // scrolled past the second one.
+        let first_end = src.find(r#""primary_key":true"#).unwrap() + r#""primary_key":true"#.len() + 2;
+        let hints = compute(src, Some(&tree), 0..first_end);
+        assert_eq!(hints.len(), 1, "expected only the visible column's hint");
+        assert!(hints[0].label.contains("PK"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn yaml_inlay_hints() {
+        let pool = ParserPool::new();
+        let src = "name: post\ncolumns:\n  - name: author_id\n    type: integer\n    foreign_key:\n      ref_table: user\n      ref_columns: [id]\n";
+        let tree = pool.parse(src, DocumentFormat::Yaml).unwrap();
+        let hints = compute(src, Some(&tree), 0..src.len());
+        assert_eq!(hints.len(), 1);
+        assert!(hints[0].label.contains("user.id"));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/lib.rs b/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..58b02c4b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+//! `vespertide-lsp`: Language Server for Vespertide schema files.
+//!
+//! Provides diagnostics, hover, cross-file go-to-definition, completion,
+//! and drift detection (model <-> migration consistency) for the
+//! Vespertide JSON / YAML model and migration formats.
+//!
+//! Wave 2 adds the data layer: tree-sitter parsing ([`ParserPool`]),
+//! per-document state ([`DocumentState`]), and a concurrent
+//! [`DocumentStore`]. W2-T2 wires the `did_open` / `did_change` /
+//! `did_close` notification handlers and adds UTF-16 ↔ byte offset
+//! conversions; W2-T3 introduces [`WorkspaceIndex`], a cross-file
+//! `table_name → Uri` map maintained by walking each document's
+//! tree-sitter parse.
+
+mod backend;
+mod code_actions;
+mod completion;
+mod definition;
+pub mod diagnostics;
+mod document;
+mod drift;
+mod file_features;
+mod formatting;
+mod hover;
+mod inlay_hints;
+pub mod logging;
+mod parser;
+mod position;
+mod references;
+mod rename;
+mod semantic_tokens;
+mod store;
+mod symbols;
+mod watched_files;
+mod workspace_index;
+pub mod workspace_tables;
+
+pub use backend::Backend;
+pub use completion::{
+    CompletionItemKind, DomainCompletion, compute as compute_completion,
+    compute_with_workspace_tables as compute_completion_with_workspace_tables,
+};
+pub use definition::{DomainLocation, compute as compute_definition};
+pub use diagnostics::{
+    DomainDiagnostic, Severity, compute as compute_diagnostics,
+    compute_workspace as compute_workspace_diagnostics,
+};
+pub use document::DocumentState;
+pub use drift::{DomainDrift, compute as compute_drift};
+pub use file_features::{
+    DomainDocumentHighlight, DomainDocumentHighlightKind, DomainDocumentSymbol,
+    DomainDocumentSymbolKind, DomainFoldingRange, DomainSelectionRange,
+    compute_document_highlight, compute_document_symbols, compute_folding_ranges,
+    compute_selection_ranges,
+};
+pub use formatting::format_text;
+pub use hover::{DomainHover, compute as compute_hover};
+pub use inlay_hints::{DomainInlayHint, compute as compute_inlay_hints};
+pub use parser::{DocumentFormat, ParserPool};
+pub use references::{
+    DomainReference, ReferenceSymbol, compute as compute_references,
+    resolve_symbol as resolve_reference_symbol,
+};
+pub use code_actions::{
+    CodeActionKind as DomainCodeActionKind, DomainCodeAction, compute as compute_code_actions,
+};
+pub use rename::{
+    DomainPrepareRename, DomainRename, DomainTextEdit, compute as compute_rename,
+    prepare as prepare_rename,
+};
+pub use symbols::{
+    DomainSymbol, SymbolKind as DomainSymbolKind, compute as compute_workspace_symbols,
+};
+pub use position::{
+    byte_to_lsp_position, ls_to_lsp_position, ls_to_lsp_range, lsp_position_to_byte,
+    lsp_to_ls_position, uri_to_path,
+};
+pub use store::DocumentStore;
+pub use workspace_index::{TableLocation, WorkspaceIndex};
+pub use workspace_tables::WorkspaceTables;
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/logging.rs b/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/logging.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2045dfbe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/logging.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+//! Logging setup for the LSP binary.
+//!
+//! Zed (and several other editors) pipe LSP stderr into a shared log buffer
+//! where messages from multiple servers interleave, making vespertide-lsp
+//! activity hard to spot. To make troubleshooting straightforward we also
+//! tee every event to a dedicated log file.
+//!
+//! Resolution order for the log file path:
+//! 1. `$VESPERTIDE_LSP_LOG` if set.
+//! 2. `$TMPDIR` / `%TEMP%` / `/tmp` + `vespertide-lsp.log` otherwise.
+//!
+//! Set `$VESPERTIDE_LSP_LOG=` (empty) to disable file logging entirely.
+//! Log level is controlled by `$RUST_LOG` (defaults to `info`).
+
+use std::fs::{File, OpenOptions};
+use std::io::{self, Write};
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
+
+use tracing_subscriber::EnvFilter;
+use tracing_subscriber::fmt::MakeWriter;
+
+/// Initialize tracing for the LSP binary. Returns the log file path that
+/// was opened (if any) so the caller can print it on startup.
+pub fn init() -> Option<PathBuf> {
+    let path = resolved_log_path();
+    let file = path
+        .as_ref()
+        .and_then(|p| {
+            OpenOptions::new()
+                .create(true)
+                .append(true)
+                .open(p)
+                .map_err(|e| {
+                    let _ = writeln!(
+                        std::io::stderr(),
+                        "[vespertide-lsp] failed to open log file {}: {e}",
+                        p.display()
+                    );
+                    e
+                })
+                .ok()
+        })
+        .map(|f| Arc::new(Mutex::new(f)));
+
+    let writer = TeeWriter { file };
+
+    tracing_subscriber::fmt()
+        .with_env_filter(
+            EnvFilter::try_from_default_env().unwrap_or_else(|_| EnvFilter::new("info")),
+        )
+        .with_writer(writer)
+        .with_ansi(false)
+        .with_target(true)
+        .with_thread_ids(false)
+        .with_thread_names(false)
+        .init();
+
+    path
+}
+
+fn resolved_log_path() -> Option<PathBuf> {
+    match std::env::var_os("VESPERTIDE_LSP_LOG") {
+        // Explicit empty string disables file logging.
+        Some(s) if s.is_empty() => None,
+        Some(s) => Some(PathBuf::from(s)),
+        None => Some(std::env::temp_dir().join("vespertide-lsp.log")),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Writer that fans events out to stderr (always) and an optional log file.
+///
+/// Stderr is kept because some workflows still rely on it (e.g. running the
+/// server under `strace`/`dtrace`) and `tracing` adds negligible overhead.
+struct TeeWriter {
+    file: Option<Arc<Mutex<File>>>,
+}
+
+impl<'a> MakeWriter<'a> for TeeWriter {
+    type Writer = TeeWriterHandle;
+
+    fn make_writer(&'a self) -> Self::Writer {
+        TeeWriterHandle {
+            file: self.file.clone(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+struct TeeWriterHandle {
+    file: Option<Arc<Mutex<File>>>,
+}
+
+impl Write for TeeWriterHandle {
+    fn write(&mut self, buf: &[u8]) -> io::Result<usize> {
+        // Stderr is best-effort — never fail an LSP event because the
+        // editor closed its log pipe. The file write is the source of truth.
+        let _ = io::stderr().write_all(buf);
+        if let Some(file) = &self.file
+            && let Ok(mut guard) = file.lock()
+        {
+            guard.write_all(buf)?;
+        }
+        Ok(buf.len())
+    }
+
+    fn flush(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
+        let _ = io::stderr().flush();
+        if let Some(file) = &self.file
+            && let Ok(mut guard) = file.lock()
+        {
+            guard.flush()?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/main.rs b/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/main.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..eb953c8f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/main.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+//! `vespertide-lsp` binary entry point.
+//!
+//! Wires the [`Backend`] into a tower-lsp-server stdio transport so editors
+//! (VS Code, Neovim, etc.) can spawn the language server and communicate
+//! over stdin/stdout. Tracing events go to stderr AND (by default) a
+//! dedicated log file so Zed's interleaved log buffer is not the only
+//! place to look — see [`vespertide_lsp::logging`] for the resolution
+//! order. stdout is reserved for LSP framed JSON-RPC.
+
+use tower_lsp_server::{LspService, Server};
+use vespertide_lsp::Backend;
+use vespertide_lsp::logging;
+
+#[tokio::main]
+async fn main() {
+    let log_path = logging::init();
+
+    let pid = std::process::id();
+    let version = env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION");
+    let exe = std::env::current_exe()
+        .ok()
+        .map_or_else(|| "<unknown>".to_string(), |p| p.to_string_lossy().into_owned());
+    let build_time = env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION");
+    if let Some(path) = log_path.as_ref() {
+        tracing::info!(
+            target: "vespertide_lsp",
+            pid,
+            version,
+            build = build_time,
+            exe = %exe,
+            log_file = %path.display(),
+            "vespertide-lsp starting"
+        );
+    } else {
+        tracing::info!(
+            target: "vespertide_lsp",
+            pid,
+            version,
+            build = build_time,
+            exe = %exe,
+            "vespertide-lsp starting (file logging disabled)"
+        );
+    }
+
+    let stdin = tokio::io::stdin();
+    let stdout = tokio::io::stdout();
+    let (service, socket) = LspService::new(Backend::new);
+    Server::new(stdin, stdout, socket).serve(service).await;
+
+    tracing::info!(target: "vespertide_lsp", "vespertide-lsp shutting down");
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/parser.rs b/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/parser.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f6026ae2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/parser.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+//! Tree-sitter parser wrappers for JSON and YAML.
+//!
+//! `tree_sitter::Parser` is NOT `Send`, so we wrap each parser in a [`Mutex`].
+//! For V1, a single global parser per format is sufficient (parse is fast
+//! for typical model files < 5KB). V2 may introduce thread-local pools if
+//! profiling shows contention.
+
+use std::sync::Mutex;
+use tree_sitter::{Parser, Tree};
+
+/// Supported document formats for Vespertide model / migration files.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+pub enum DocumentFormat {
+    Json,
+    Yaml,
+}
+
+impl DocumentFormat {
+    /// Detect from file extension (case-insensitive).
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn from_extension(ext: &str) -> Option<Self> {
+        match ext.to_ascii_lowercase().as_str() {
+            "json" => Some(Self::Json),
+            "yaml" | "yml" => Some(Self::Yaml),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Detect from URI path.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn from_uri(uri: &tower_lsp_server::ls_types::Uri) -> Option<Self> {
+        let path = uri.path().as_str();
+        let ext = path.rsplit('.').next()?;
+        Self::from_extension(ext)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Pool of tree-sitter parsers keyed by [`DocumentFormat`].
+///
+/// `Parser` is `!Send`; the [`Mutex`] makes the pool `Send + Sync` so it can
+/// live behind an `Arc` in the LSP backend.
+pub struct ParserPool {
+    json: Mutex<Parser>,
+    yaml: Mutex<Parser>,
+}
+
+impl ParserPool {
+    /// Build a new pool with both grammars loaded.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if loading either grammar fails — both grammars ship with the
+    /// crate and are version-pinned, so this should never happen in practice.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        let mut json = Parser::new();
+        json.set_language(&tree_sitter_json::LANGUAGE.into())
+            .expect("load json grammar");
+        let mut yaml = Parser::new();
+        yaml.set_language(&tree_sitter_yaml::LANGUAGE.into())
+            .expect("load yaml grammar");
+        Self {
+            json: Mutex::new(json),
+            yaml: Mutex::new(yaml),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Parse a document. V1 always does a full reparse (old tree ignored).
+    /// V2 may use `Tree::edit` + incremental reparse if profiling demands.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn parse(&self, text: &str, format: DocumentFormat) -> Option<Tree> {
+        match format {
+            DocumentFormat::Json => self.json.lock().unwrap().parse(text, None),
+            DocumentFormat::Yaml => self.yaml.lock().unwrap().parse(text, None),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for ParserPool {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Debug for ParserPool {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("ParserPool").finish_non_exhaustive()
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn detect_format_from_extension() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            DocumentFormat::from_extension("json"),
+            Some(DocumentFormat::Json)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            DocumentFormat::from_extension("JSON"),
+            Some(DocumentFormat::Json)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            DocumentFormat::from_extension("yaml"),
+            Some(DocumentFormat::Yaml)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            DocumentFormat::from_extension("yml"),
+            Some(DocumentFormat::Yaml)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(DocumentFormat::from_extension("rs"), None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn parse_valid_json() {
+        let pool = ParserPool::new();
+        let text = r#"{"name": "user", "columns": []}"#;
+        let tree = pool.parse(text, DocumentFormat::Json);
+        assert!(tree.is_some());
+        let tree = tree.unwrap();
+        let root = tree.root_node();
+        assert_eq!(root.kind(), "document");
+        assert!(!root.has_error(), "valid JSON should not have errors");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn parse_valid_yaml() {
+        let pool = ParserPool::new();
+        let text = "name: user\ncolumns: []\n";
+        let tree = pool.parse(text, DocumentFormat::Yaml);
+        assert!(tree.is_some());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn parse_cjk_preserved() {
+        let pool = ParserPool::new();
+        let text = r#"{"name": "도서", "comment": "中文 🚀"}"#;
+        let tree = pool.parse(text, DocumentFormat::Json).unwrap();
+        assert!(!tree.root_node().has_error());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn parse_invalid_json_returns_tree_with_error() {
+        let pool = ParserPool::new();
+        let text = r#"{"name": "user","#; // truncated
+        let tree = pool.parse(text, DocumentFormat::Json);
+        assert!(tree.is_some());
+        // tree-sitter returns a tree even on syntax errors; error nodes mark issues.
+        assert!(tree.unwrap().root_node().has_error());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/position.rs b/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/position.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0c661a9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/position.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,250 @@
+//! UTF-16 (LSP) ↔ byte offset (tree-sitter/Rust) position conversions.
+//!
+//! Uses `lsp-textdocument`'s [`FullTextDocument`] which handles this correctly
+//! (verified by rust-analyzer + nushell switching to it after ropey UTF-8 bugs).
+//!
+//! Also provides small bridges between `tower_lsp_server::ls_types` and the
+//! upstream `lsp_types` crate. The two are structurally identical at the
+//! position/range level but are distinct types because tower-lsp-server
+//! maintains a fork; conversion happens at the I/O seam, never inside the
+//! analysis engine.
+
+use lsp_textdocument::FullTextDocument;
+use tower_lsp_server::ls_types::Uri;
+
+/// Convert an LSP `lsp_types::Position` to a UTF-8 byte offset.
+#[must_use]
+pub fn lsp_position_to_byte(doc: &FullTextDocument, pos: lsp_types::Position) -> usize {
+    doc.offset_at(pos) as usize
+}
+
+/// Convert a UTF-8 byte offset to an LSP `lsp_types::Position`.
+#[must_use]
+#[allow(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
+pub fn byte_to_lsp_position(doc: &FullTextDocument, byte_offset: usize) -> lsp_types::Position {
+    doc.position_at(byte_offset as u32)
+}
+
+/// Bridge from tower-lsp-server's `ls_types::Position` to `lsp_types::Position`.
+/// They're structurally identical but type-distinct (different crates).
+#[must_use]
+pub fn ls_to_lsp_position(p: tower_lsp_server::ls_types::Position) -> lsp_types::Position {
+    lsp_types::Position {
+        line: p.line,
+        character: p.character,
+    }
+}
+
+/// Bridge from `lsp_types::Position` to `ls_types::Position`.
+#[must_use]
+pub fn lsp_to_ls_position(p: lsp_types::Position) -> tower_lsp_server::ls_types::Position {
+    tower_lsp_server::ls_types::Position {
+        line: p.line,
+        character: p.character,
+    }
+}
+
+/// Bridge from tower-lsp-server's `ls_types::Range` to `lsp_types::Range`.
+#[must_use]
+pub fn ls_to_lsp_range(r: tower_lsp_server::ls_types::Range) -> lsp_types::Range {
+    lsp_types::Range {
+        start: ls_to_lsp_position(r.start),
+        end: ls_to_lsp_position(r.end),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Convert a `file://` URI into a local filesystem path.
+///
+/// Handles percent-encoding (VS Code sends `file:///c%3A/...`, Zed sends
+/// `file:///C:/...`) and Windows drive-letter prefixes uniformly so the
+/// resulting `PathBuf` can be compared, opened, and canonicalized.
+#[must_use]
+pub fn uri_to_path(uri: &Uri) -> Option<std::path::PathBuf> {
+    let uri_text = uri.to_string();
+    let raw = uri_text.strip_prefix("file://")?;
+    let decoded = percent_decode(raw);
+
+    let path = if cfg!(windows) {
+        decoded
+            .strip_prefix('/')
+            .filter(|without_slash| has_windows_drive_prefix(without_slash))
+            .unwrap_or(&decoded)
+            .replace('/', std::path::MAIN_SEPARATOR_STR)
+    } else {
+        decoded
+    };
+
+    Some(std::path::PathBuf::from(path))
+}
+
+/// Decode `%XX` triplets into raw bytes, then re-validate as UTF-8.
+/// Invalid sequences are left as-is so we never destroy unrelated text.
+fn percent_decode(input: &str) -> String {
+    let bytes = input.as_bytes();
+    let mut out: Vec<u8> = Vec::with_capacity(bytes.len());
+    let mut i = 0;
+    while i < bytes.len() {
+        if bytes[i] == b'%'
+            && i + 2 < bytes.len()
+            && let (Some(hi), Some(lo)) = (hex_value(bytes[i + 1]), hex_value(bytes[i + 2]))
+        {
+            out.push((hi << 4) | lo);
+            i += 3;
+            continue;
+        }
+        out.push(bytes[i]);
+        i += 1;
+    }
+    // Lossy-convert to keep the function infallible; URIs we receive are
+    // already supposed to be valid UTF-8 once decoded.
+    String::from_utf8_lossy(&out).into_owned()
+}
+
+fn hex_value(byte: u8) -> Option<u8> {
+    match byte {
+        b'0'..=b'9' => Some(byte - b'0'),
+        b'a'..=b'f' => Some(byte - b'a' + 10),
+        b'A'..=b'F' => Some(byte - b'A' + 10),
+        _ => None,
+    }
+}
+
+fn has_windows_drive_prefix(path: &str) -> bool {
+    let bytes = path.as_bytes();
+    bytes.len() >= 2 && bytes[1] == b':' && bytes[0].is_ascii_alphabetic()
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use lsp_textdocument::FullTextDocument;
+
+    fn doc(text: &str) -> FullTextDocument {
+        FullTextDocument::new("json".to_string(), 1, text.to_string())
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn ascii_round_trip() {
+        let d = doc("hello world");
+        let pos = lsp_types::Position {
+            line: 0,
+            character: 6,
+        };
+        let byte = lsp_position_to_byte(&d, pos);
+        assert_eq!(byte, 6);
+        let pos2 = byte_to_lsp_position(&d, byte);
+        assert_eq!(pos2, pos);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn cjk_round_trip() {
+        // "도서" = 2 chars, 6 bytes UTF-8, 2 UTF-16 code units (BMP).
+        let d = doc("도서 test");
+        let pos = lsp_types::Position {
+            line: 0,
+            character: 2,
+        }; // after "도서"
+        let byte = lsp_position_to_byte(&d, pos);
+        assert_eq!(byte, 6); // 2 chars × 3 bytes each
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn emoji_round_trip() {
+        // "🚀" = 1 char, 4 bytes UTF-8, 2 UTF-16 code units (surrogate pair).
+        let d = doc("🚀test");
+        let pos_after_emoji = lsp_types::Position {
+            line: 0,
+            character: 2,
+        }; // 2 UTF-16 units
+        let byte = lsp_position_to_byte(&d, pos_after_emoji);
+        assert_eq!(byte, 4); // 4 UTF-8 bytes
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn multiline_position() {
+        let d = doc("line one\nline two\nline three");
+        let pos = lsp_types::Position {
+            line: 1,
+            character: 5,
+        }; // "line " on line 2
+        let byte = lsp_position_to_byte(&d, pos);
+        assert_eq!(byte, "line one\nline ".len());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn position_bridge_round_trip() {
+        let p = lsp_types::Position {
+            line: 5,
+            character: 10,
+        };
+        let ls = lsp_to_ls_position(p);
+        let back = ls_to_lsp_position(ls);
+        assert_eq!(back, p);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn range_bridge() {
+        let ls = tower_lsp_server::ls_types::Range {
+            start: tower_lsp_server::ls_types::Position {
+                line: 1,
+                character: 2,
+            },
+            end: tower_lsp_server::ls_types::Position {
+                line: 3,
+                character: 4,
+            },
+        };
+        let r = ls_to_lsp_range(ls);
+        assert_eq!(r.start.line, 1);
+        assert_eq!(r.start.character, 2);
+        assert_eq!(r.end.line, 3);
+        assert_eq!(r.end.character, 4);
+    }
+
+    /// Regression — VS Code on Windows sends `file:///c%3A/Users/...`.
+    /// Without percent-decoding, `uri_to_path` produced `\c%3A\Users\...`
+    /// which never matches anything on disk → `workspace_tables.refresh()`
+    /// failed silently → every cross-file FK reported "table not found".
+    #[test]
+    #[cfg(windows)]
+    fn uri_to_path_decodes_vscode_percent_encoded_drive_letter() {
+        use std::str::FromStr;
+        use tower_lsp_server::ls_types::Uri;
+
+        let uri =
+            Uri::from_str("file:///c%3A/Users/owjs3/Desktop/projects/vespertide/examples/app")
+                .unwrap();
+        let path = uri_to_path(&uri).expect("path");
+        assert_eq!(
+            path,
+            std::path::PathBuf::from(r"C:\Users\owjs3\Desktop\projects\vespertide\examples\app"),
+            "VS Code percent-encoded drive letter must decode to a real path"
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// Plain `C:` (without percent-encoding) used by Zed, neovim, etc.
+    /// must keep working as before.
+    #[test]
+    #[cfg(windows)]
+    fn uri_to_path_handles_raw_drive_letter() {
+        use std::str::FromStr;
+        use tower_lsp_server::ls_types::Uri;
+
+        let uri = Uri::from_str("file:///C:/Users/owjs3/Desktop").unwrap();
+        let path = uri_to_path(&uri).expect("path");
+        assert_eq!(path, std::path::PathBuf::from(r"C:\Users\owjs3\Desktop"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn uri_to_path_decodes_spaces_and_unicode() {
+        use std::str::FromStr;
+        use tower_lsp_server::ls_types::Uri;
+
+        let uri =
+            Uri::from_str("file:///tmp/with%20space/%ED%95%9C%EA%B8%80.json").unwrap();
+        let path = uri_to_path(&uri).expect("path");
+        let text = path.to_string_lossy();
+        assert!(text.contains("with space"), "got: {text}");
+        assert!(text.contains("한글.json"), "got: {text}");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/references/mod.rs b/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/references/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f90d18f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/references/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+//! Find-references — pure domain layer.
+//!
+//! Two reference kinds are recognized:
+//! * **Table reference** — cursor on a top-level `name` value, on a
+//!   `foreign_key.ref_table` value, or on any other identifier that
+//!   resolves to a workspace table. Returns every usage of that table
+//!   name across the workspace (declaration + every `ref_table`).
+//! * **Column reference** — cursor on a column object's `name` value or
+//!   on a string element of a `ref_columns` array. Returns every
+//!   `ref_columns` entry that targets *this* column on *its* table.
+//!
+//! Cross-file resolution honours both open documents (via [`DocumentStore`])
+//! and disk-only models (via [`WorkspaceTables`]) so the result includes
+//! files the user has not yet opened.
+
+mod resolver;
+mod search;
+
+use std::ops::Range;
+
+use tower_lsp_server::ls_types::Uri;
+
+use crate::parser::DocumentFormat;
+use crate::store::DocumentStore;
+use crate::workspace_index::WorkspaceIndex;
+use crate::workspace_tables::WorkspaceTables;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct DomainReference {
+    pub uri: Uri,
+    pub byte_range: Range<usize>,
+}
+
+/// Symbol the cursor resolved to. Exposed so callers (e.g. rename) can
+/// reuse the resolution logic without rewalking the tree.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum ReferenceSymbol {
+    /// Reference target is a table.
+    Table { name: String },
+    /// Reference target is a column qualified by its owning table.
+    Column { table: String, column: String },
+}
+
+/// Compute references for the symbol at `byte_offset`.
+#[must_use]
+#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+pub fn compute(
+    source: &str,
+    format: DocumentFormat,
+    tree: Option<&tree_sitter::Tree>,
+    current_uri: &Uri,
+    index: &WorkspaceIndex,
+    docs: &DocumentStore,
+    disk_tables: Option<&WorkspaceTables>,
+    byte_offset: usize,
+    include_declaration: bool,
+) -> Vec<DomainReference> {
+    let _ = format;
+    let Some(symbol) = resolve_symbol(source, tree, current_uri, byte_offset) else {
+        return Vec::new();
+    };
+
+    search::find_all(
+        &symbol,
+        current_uri,
+        source,
+        tree,
+        index,
+        docs,
+        disk_tables,
+        include_declaration,
+    )
+}
+
+/// Public helper so rename can resolve the symbol the cursor sits on.
+#[must_use]
+pub fn resolve_symbol(
+    source: &str,
+    tree: Option<&tree_sitter::Tree>,
+    current_uri: &Uri,
+    byte_offset: usize,
+) -> Option<ReferenceSymbol> {
+    resolver::resolve(source, tree, current_uri, byte_offset)
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/references/resolver.rs b/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/references/resolver.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f079c564
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/references/resolver.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,204 @@
+//! Resolve "what symbol is the cursor on?" for the references provider.
+
+use tower_lsp_server::ls_types::Uri;
+
+use super::ReferenceSymbol;
+
+/// Walk up from the cursor and decide whether it sits on a table or column
+/// reference. Returns `None` for non-reference positions.
+pub(super) fn resolve(
+    source: &str,
+    tree: Option<&tree_sitter::Tree>,
+    current_uri: &Uri,
+    byte_offset: usize,
+) -> Option<ReferenceSymbol> {
+    let _ = current_uri;
+    let tree = tree?;
+    let node = node_at_byte(tree, byte_offset)?;
+    let string_node = enclosing_string(node)?;
+    let raw = source.get(string_node.byte_range())?;
+    let symbol_text = strip_quotes(raw);
+    if symbol_text.is_empty() {
+        return None;
+    }
+
+    // What pair owns the string?
+    let pair = enclosing_pair(string_node)?;
+    let key = pair.named_child(0)?;
+    let key_text = strip_quotes(source.get(key.byte_range())?);
+
+    // Make sure the cursor is on the VALUE side, not the key side.
+    let value = pair.named_child(1)?;
+    if !value.byte_range().contains(&string_node.start_byte()) {
+        return None;
+    }
+
+    match key_text {
+        // Top-level table name OR foreign_key.ref_table.
+        "name" if is_top_level_pair(pair) => Some(ReferenceSymbol::Table {
+            name: symbol_text.to_string(),
+        }),
+        "ref_table" => Some(ReferenceSymbol::Table {
+            name: symbol_text.to_string(),
+        }),
+        // Column reference: either inside a column object's `name` pair, or
+        // inside the `ref_columns` array element.
+        "name" => {
+            let owning_table = enclosing_table_name(pair, source)?;
+            Some(ReferenceSymbol::Column {
+                table: owning_table,
+                column: symbol_text.to_string(),
+            })
+        }
+        "ref_columns" => {
+            let fk_object = pair.parent().and_then(skip_yaml_wrappers)?;
+            let ref_table_raw = direct_child_value(fk_object, source, "ref_table")?;
+            Some(ReferenceSymbol::Column {
+                table: strip_quotes(ref_table_raw).to_string(),
+                column: symbol_text.to_string(),
+            })
+        }
+        _ => None,
+    }
+}
+
+fn enclosing_string(node: tree_sitter::Node<'_>) -> Option<tree_sitter::Node<'_>> {
+    let mut current = Some(node);
+    while let Some(candidate) = current {
+        match candidate.kind() {
+            "string"
+            | "double_quote_scalar"
+            | "single_quote_scalar"
+            | "string_scalar"
+            | "plain_scalar" => return Some(candidate),
+            "string_content" => return candidate.parent(),
+            // Stop at structural boundaries.
+            "array" | "object" | "pair" | "block_mapping_pair" | "block_mapping"
+            | "block_sequence" | "flow_mapping" | "flow_sequence" => return None,
+            _ => {}
+        }
+        current = candidate.parent();
+    }
+    None
+}
+
+fn enclosing_pair(node: tree_sitter::Node<'_>) -> Option<tree_sitter::Node<'_>> {
+    let mut current = node.parent();
+    while let Some(candidate) = current {
+        if matches!(candidate.kind(), "pair" | "block_mapping_pair") {
+            return Some(candidate);
+        }
+        current = candidate.parent();
+    }
+    None
+}
+
+/// A pair is "top level" when its direct ancestor mapping is itself the
+/// outermost mapping of the document. This is how we distinguish the
+/// table's own `name: ...` from a column's `name: ...`.
+fn is_top_level_pair(pair: tree_sitter::Node<'_>) -> bool {
+    let Some(parent_mapping) = pair.parent() else {
+        return false;
+    };
+    if !matches!(
+        parent_mapping.kind(),
+        "object" | "block_mapping" | "flow_mapping"
+    ) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    // Walk above the parent mapping; if we encounter another mapping with
+    // the same kind, we are nested and therefore not top level.
+    let mut current = parent_mapping.parent();
+    while let Some(candidate) = current {
+        if matches!(
+            candidate.kind(),
+            "object" | "block_mapping" | "flow_mapping"
+        ) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        current = candidate.parent();
+    }
+    true
+}
+
+/// Given a column's `name` pair, find the owning table's top-level name.
+fn enclosing_table_name(name_pair: tree_sitter::Node<'_>, source: &str) -> Option<String> {
+    // The pair we got is inside a column object. Walk up to the document's
+    // outermost mapping and return its direct `name` value.
+    let mut current = name_pair.parent();
+    let mut outer = None;
+    while let Some(candidate) = current {
+        if matches!(
+            candidate.kind(),
+            "object" | "block_mapping" | "flow_mapping"
+        ) {
+            outer = Some(candidate);
+        }
+        current = candidate.parent();
+    }
+    let outer = outer?;
+
+    let mut cursor = outer.walk();
+    for child in outer.children(&mut cursor) {
+        if matches!(child.kind(), "pair" | "block_mapping_pair") {
+            let key = child.named_child(0)?;
+            let key_text = strip_quotes(source.get(key.byte_range())?);
+            if key_text == "name" {
+                let value = child.named_child(1)?;
+                return Some(strip_quotes(source.get(value.byte_range())?).to_string());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    None
+}
+
+fn direct_child_value<'a>(
+    object: tree_sitter::Node<'_>,
+    source: &'a str,
+    target_key: &str,
+) -> Option<&'a str> {
+    let mut cursor = object.walk();
+    for child in object.children(&mut cursor) {
+        if matches!(child.kind(), "pair" | "block_mapping_pair")
+            && let Some(key) = child.named_child(0)
+            && let Some(key_text) = source.get(key.byte_range())
+            && strip_quotes(key_text) == target_key
+            && let Some(value) = child.named_child(1)
+            && let Some(text) = source.get(value.byte_range())
+        {
+            return Some(text);
+        }
+    }
+    None
+}
+
+fn skip_yaml_wrappers(node: tree_sitter::Node<'_>) -> Option<tree_sitter::Node<'_>> {
+    let mut current = node;
+    while matches!(current.kind(), "flow_node" | "block_node") {
+        current = current.parent()?;
+    }
+    Some(current)
+}
+
+fn node_at_byte(tree: &tree_sitter::Tree, byte_offset: usize) -> Option<tree_sitter::Node<'_>> {
+    let root = tree.root_node();
+    let mut current = root;
+    'outer: loop {
+        let mut cursor = current.walk();
+        for child in current.children(&mut cursor) {
+            if child.byte_range().contains(&byte_offset) {
+                current = child;
+                continue 'outer;
+            }
+        }
+        return Some(current);
+    }
+}
+
+fn strip_quotes(s: &str) -> &str {
+    s.trim()
+        .trim_start_matches('"')
+        .trim_end_matches('"')
+        .trim_start_matches('\'')
+        .trim_end_matches('\'')
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/references/search.rs b/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/references/search.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..550e6833
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/references/search.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,413 @@
+//! Scan open documents (and on-disk models) for references to a symbol.
+
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+
+use tower_lsp_server::ls_types::Uri;
+
+use crate::store::DocumentStore;
+use crate::workspace_index::WorkspaceIndex;
+use crate::workspace_tables::WorkspaceTables;
+
+use super::{DomainReference, ReferenceSymbol};
+
+#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+pub(super) fn find_all(
+    symbol: &ReferenceSymbol,
+    current_uri: &Uri,
+    current_source: &str,
+    current_tree: Option<&tree_sitter::Tree>,
+    index: &WorkspaceIndex,
+    docs: &DocumentStore,
+    disk_tables: Option<&WorkspaceTables>,
+    include_declaration: bool,
+) -> Vec<DomainReference> {
+    let mut out = Vec::new();
+
+    // Always scan the document the cursor is in (it might contain self-refs).
+    if let Some(tree) = current_tree {
+        collect_in_document(
+            symbol,
+            current_uri,
+            current_source,
+            tree,
+            include_declaration,
+            &mut out,
+        );
+    }
+
+    // Every OTHER open document.
+    let other_uris: Vec<Uri> = docs
+        .open_uris()
+        .into_iter()
+        .filter(|uri| uri != current_uri)
+        .collect();
+    for uri in other_uris {
+        docs.with_doc(&uri, |text, tree| {
+            if let Some(tree) = tree {
+                collect_in_document(symbol, &uri, text, tree, include_declaration, &mut out);
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    // Disk-only models that the editor has not opened.
+    if let Some(disk) = disk_tables {
+        let open_paths: std::collections::BTreeSet<PathBuf> = docs
+            .open_uris()
+            .into_iter()
+            .filter_map(|uri| crate::position::uri_to_path(&uri))
+            .collect();
+        for name in disk.names() {
+            let Some(path) = disk.model_path(&name) else {
+                continue;
+            };
+            if open_paths.contains(&path) {
+                // Already scanned via the open document above.
+                continue;
+            }
+            scan_disk_file(symbol, &path, include_declaration, &mut out);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Deterministic ordering — uri first, then byte range.
+    out.sort_by(|a, b| {
+        a.uri
+            .as_str()
+            .cmp(b.uri.as_str())
+            .then(a.byte_range.start.cmp(&b.byte_range.start))
+    });
+    out.dedup();
+
+    // Resolved declarations are valuable to surface even without
+    // include_declaration via cross-file lookups (some clients ignore the
+    // flag and rely on us to be authoritative). Keep callsite explicit.
+    let _ = index;
+    out
+}
+
+fn scan_disk_file(
+    symbol: &ReferenceSymbol,
+    path: &std::path::Path,
+    include_declaration: bool,
+    out: &mut Vec<DomainReference>,
+) {
+    let Ok(text) = std::fs::read_to_string(path) else {
+        return;
+    };
+    let format = match path.extension().and_then(|ext| ext.to_str()) {
+        Some("json") => crate::parser::DocumentFormat::Json,
+        Some("yaml" | "yml") => crate::parser::DocumentFormat::Yaml,
+        _ => return,
+    };
+    let pool = crate::parser::ParserPool::new();
+    let Some(tree) = pool.parse(&text, format) else {
+        return;
+    };
+    let uri = path_to_uri(path);
+    collect_in_document(symbol, &uri, &text, &tree, include_declaration, out);
+}
+
+fn path_to_uri(path: &std::path::Path) -> Uri {
+    let mut text = path.to_string_lossy().replace('\\', "/");
+    if !text.starts_with('/') {
+        text = format!("/{text}");
+    }
+    std::str::FromStr::from_str(&format!("file://{text}"))
+        .unwrap_or_else(|_| std::str::FromStr::from_str("file:///").unwrap())
+}
+
+fn collect_in_document(
+    symbol: &ReferenceSymbol,
+    uri: &Uri,
+    source: &str,
+    tree: &tree_sitter::Tree,
+    include_declaration: bool,
+    out: &mut Vec<DomainReference>,
+) {
+    let source_bytes = source.as_bytes();
+    let root = tree.root_node();
+    walk_for_symbol(symbol, uri, source_bytes, root, include_declaration, out);
+}
+
+fn walk_for_symbol(
+    symbol: &ReferenceSymbol,
+    uri: &Uri,
+    source: &[u8],
+    node: tree_sitter::Node<'_>,
+    include_declaration: bool,
+    out: &mut Vec<DomainReference>,
+) {
+    let mut cursor = node.walk();
+    for child in node.children(&mut cursor) {
+        if matches!(child.kind(), "pair" | "block_mapping_pair") {
+            inspect_pair(symbol, uri, source, child, include_declaration, out);
+        }
+        walk_for_symbol(symbol, uri, source, child, include_declaration, out);
+    }
+}
+
+fn inspect_pair(
+    symbol: &ReferenceSymbol,
+    uri: &Uri,
+    source: &[u8],
+    pair: tree_sitter::Node<'_>,
+    include_declaration: bool,
+    out: &mut Vec<DomainReference>,
+) {
+    let Some(key) = pair.named_child(0) else {
+        return;
+    };
+    let Some(key_text) = std::str::from_utf8(&source[key.byte_range()]).ok() else {
+        return;
+    };
+    let key_text = strip_quotes(key_text);
+    let Some(value) = pair.named_child(1) else {
+        return;
+    };
+
+    match (symbol, key_text) {
+        (ReferenceSymbol::Table { name }, "ref_table")
+            if value_matches(source, value, name) =>
+        {
+            out.push(DomainReference {
+                uri: uri.clone(),
+                byte_range: scalar_range(value),
+            });
+        }
+        // Emit the top-level declaration only when explicitly asked.
+        (ReferenceSymbol::Table { name }, "name")
+            if include_declaration
+                && value_matches(source, value, name)
+                && is_top_level(pair) =>
+        {
+            out.push(DomainReference {
+                uri: uri.clone(),
+                byte_range: scalar_range(value),
+            });
+        }
+        // ref_columns is an array — push every matching element, scoped to
+        // the FK whose sibling `ref_table` equals `table`.
+        (ReferenceSymbol::Column { table, column }, "ref_columns")
+            if sibling_ref_table_matches(source, pair, table) =>
+        {
+            push_array_matches(value, source, column, uri, out);
+        }
+        // Column declaration inside its owning table.
+        (ReferenceSymbol::Column { table, column }, "name")
+            if include_declaration
+                && value_matches(source, value, column)
+                && is_column_pair(pair, source, table) =>
+        {
+            out.push(DomainReference {
+                uri: uri.clone(),
+                byte_range: scalar_range(value),
+            });
+        }
+        _ => {}
+    }
+}
+
+fn sibling_ref_table_matches(source: &[u8], ref_columns_pair: tree_sitter::Node<'_>, table_name: &str) -> bool {
+    let Some(fk_object_raw) = ref_columns_pair.parent() else {
+        return false;
+    };
+    let fk_object = match fk_object_raw.kind() {
+        "flow_node" | "block_node" => match fk_object_raw.named_child(0) {
+            Some(inner) => inner,
+            None => return false,
+        },
+        _ => fk_object_raw,
+    };
+    let mut cursor = fk_object.walk();
+    for child in fk_object.children(&mut cursor) {
+        if !matches!(child.kind(), "pair" | "block_mapping_pair") {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let Some(key) = child.named_child(0) else {
+            continue;
+        };
+        let Some(key_text) = std::str::from_utf8(&source[key.byte_range()]).ok() else {
+            continue;
+        };
+        if strip_quotes(key_text) != "ref_table" {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let Some(value) = child.named_child(1) else {
+            return false;
+        };
+        return value_matches(source, value, table_name);
+    }
+    false
+}
+
+fn push_array_matches(
+    array_node: tree_sitter::Node<'_>,
+    source: &[u8],
+    column: &str,
+    uri: &Uri,
+    out: &mut Vec<DomainReference>,
+) {
+    // For both `array` (JSON) and any YAML wrapper, walk descendants and
+    // check every scalar.
+    let mut cursor = array_node.walk();
+    for child in array_node.children(&mut cursor) {
+        // Skip punctuation, comments, etc. — only scalar values matter.
+        if is_scalar_kind(child.kind()) && value_matches(source, child, column) {
+            out.push(DomainReference {
+                uri: uri.clone(),
+                byte_range: scalar_range(child),
+            });
+            continue;
+        }
+        // YAML wraps each element in `flow_node`; recurse one level.
+        push_array_matches(child, source, column, uri, out);
+    }
+}
+
+fn is_scalar_kind(kind: &str) -> bool {
+    matches!(
+        kind,
+        "string"
+            | "double_quote_scalar"
+            | "single_quote_scalar"
+            | "string_scalar"
+            | "plain_scalar"
+    )
+}
+
+fn value_matches(source: &[u8], value: tree_sitter::Node<'_>, expected: &str) -> bool {
+    // YAML wraps scalars in flow_node — peel.
+    let actual = match value.kind() {
+        "flow_node" | "block_node" => match value.named_child(0) {
+            Some(inner) => inner,
+            None => value,
+        },
+        _ => value,
+    };
+    let Some(text) = std::str::from_utf8(&source[actual.byte_range()]).ok() else {
+        return false;
+    };
+    strip_quotes(text) == expected
+}
+
+fn scalar_range(node: tree_sitter::Node<'_>) -> std::ops::Range<usize> {
+    let actual = match node.kind() {
+        "flow_node" | "block_node" => node.named_child(0).unwrap_or(node),
+        _ => node,
+    };
+    inner_content_range(actual)
+}
+
+/// Byte range of the scalar's TEXT CONTENT, with surrounding quotes
+/// excluded when present. This is what we want for highlighting and for
+/// rename — `"id"` → `a` should leave the quotes intact and replace only
+/// the two-byte interior, not blow them away.
+fn inner_content_range(node: tree_sitter::Node<'_>) -> std::ops::Range<usize> {
+    match node.kind() {
+        // tree-sitter-json: `string` is `"…"`. Its first named child is
+        // `string_content` (absent when the literal is empty).
+        "string" => node.named_child(0).map_or_else(
+            || trim_one_byte_each_side(node.byte_range()),
+            |inner| inner.byte_range(),
+        ),
+        // tree-sitter-yaml quoted scalars include their delimiters; trim
+        // one byte on each side.
+        "double_quote_scalar" | "single_quote_scalar" => {
+            trim_one_byte_each_side(node.byte_range())
+        }
+        // Unquoted scalars (YAML plain / string_scalar, or anything else)
+        // have no delimiters — the full range is the identifier.
+        _ => node.byte_range(),
+    }
+}
+
+fn trim_one_byte_each_side(range: std::ops::Range<usize>) -> std::ops::Range<usize> {
+    if range.end.saturating_sub(range.start) >= 2 {
+        (range.start + 1)..(range.end - 1)
+    } else {
+        range
+    }
+}
+
+fn is_top_level(pair: tree_sitter::Node<'_>) -> bool {
+    let Some(parent) = pair.parent() else {
+        return false;
+    };
+    if !matches!(parent.kind(), "object" | "block_mapping" | "flow_mapping") {
+        return false;
+    }
+    let mut current = parent.parent();
+    while let Some(candidate) = current {
+        if matches!(
+            candidate.kind(),
+            "object" | "block_mapping" | "flow_mapping"
+        ) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        current = candidate.parent();
+    }
+    true
+}
+
+/// Check that this `name` pair lives directly inside a column object whose
+/// owning table is `expected_table`.
+fn is_column_pair(name_pair: tree_sitter::Node<'_>, source: &[u8], expected_table: &str) -> bool {
+    // The pair's grandparent (mapping) is the column object; we walk above
+    // the column object to the outer mapping and check its `name`.
+    let Some(column_object) = name_pair.parent() else {
+        return false;
+    };
+    if !matches!(
+        column_object.kind(),
+        "object" | "block_mapping" | "flow_mapping"
+    ) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    // The column object is not allowed to be the outermost mapping — that's
+    // the table itself.
+    let mut current = column_object.parent();
+    let mut outer = None;
+    while let Some(candidate) = current {
+        if matches!(
+            candidate.kind(),
+            "object" | "block_mapping" | "flow_mapping"
+        ) {
+            outer = Some(candidate);
+        }
+        current = candidate.parent();
+    }
+    let Some(outer) = outer else {
+        return false;
+    };
+    if outer.id() == column_object.id() {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    let mut cursor = outer.walk();
+    for child in outer.children(&mut cursor) {
+        if !matches!(child.kind(), "pair" | "block_mapping_pair") {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let Some(key) = child.named_child(0) else {
+            continue;
+        };
+        let Some(key_text) = std::str::from_utf8(&source[key.byte_range()]).ok() else {
+            continue;
+        };
+        if strip_quotes(key_text) != "name" {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let Some(value) = child.named_child(1) else {
+            return false;
+        };
+        return value_matches(source, value, expected_table);
+    }
+    false
+}
+
+fn strip_quotes(s: &str) -> &str {
+    s.trim()
+        .trim_start_matches('"')
+        .trim_end_matches('"')
+        .trim_start_matches('\'')
+        .trim_end_matches('\'')
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/rename.rs b/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/rename.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..754ff262
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/rename.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,442 @@
+//! Workspace-wide rename for tables and columns.
+//!
+//! Reuses the references engine: every occurrence the references provider
+//! would return for the cursor's symbol becomes a `TextEdit` that replaces
+//! the byte range with `new_name`. The declaration is always included so
+//! the rename is symmetrical (definition + every usage).
+//!
+//! Returned [`DomainRename`] is grouped by URI so the backend can pack it
+//! into an LSP `WorkspaceEdit` without further reshuffling.
+
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+use std::ops::Range;
+
+use tower_lsp_server::ls_types::Uri;
+
+use crate::parser::DocumentFormat;
+use crate::references::{self, ReferenceSymbol};
+use crate::store::DocumentStore;
+use crate::workspace_index::WorkspaceIndex;
+use crate::workspace_tables::WorkspaceTables;
+
+/// Result of `textDocument/prepareRename`. When the cursor is on a
+/// renameable symbol we return both the byte range of the existing
+/// identifier (for the editor's "select-on-rename" UI) and a placeholder
+/// value (the current name pre-filled in the rename input).
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct DomainPrepareRename {
+    pub byte_range: Range<usize>,
+    pub placeholder: String,
+}
+
+/// Resolve the renameable symbol under the cursor and return its inner
+/// content range — same byte range used by references and the rename
+/// edit itself. Returning `None` makes the editor refuse the rename
+/// prompt entirely, which is what we want on non-renameable positions
+/// (whitespace, braces, key strings the user did not intend to rename).
+#[must_use]
+pub fn prepare(
+    source: &str,
+    _format: DocumentFormat,
+    tree: Option<&tree_sitter::Tree>,
+    current_uri: &Uri,
+    byte_offset: usize,
+) -> Option<DomainPrepareRename> {
+    let symbol = references::resolve_symbol(source, tree, current_uri, byte_offset)?;
+    let placeholder = match &symbol {
+        ReferenceSymbol::Table { name } => name.clone(),
+        ReferenceSymbol::Column { column, .. } => column.clone(),
+    };
+    let range = locate_symbol_inner_range(tree?, source, byte_offset)?;
+    Some(DomainPrepareRename {
+        byte_range: range,
+        placeholder,
+    })
+}
+
+/// Find the inner content range of the JSON/YAML string scalar that the
+/// cursor sits in. Mirrors how [`references::compute`] decides which
+/// range to replace, so prepare + rename agree byte-for-byte.
+fn locate_symbol_inner_range(
+    tree: &tree_sitter::Tree,
+    source: &str,
+    byte_offset: usize,
+) -> Option<Range<usize>> {
+    let node = node_at_byte(tree, byte_offset)?;
+    let string_node = enclosing_string(node)?;
+    Some(inner_content_range(string_node, source))
+}
+
+fn enclosing_string(node: tree_sitter::Node<'_>) -> Option<tree_sitter::Node<'_>> {
+    let mut current = Some(node);
+    while let Some(candidate) = current {
+        match candidate.kind() {
+            "string"
+            | "double_quote_scalar"
+            | "single_quote_scalar"
+            | "string_scalar"
+            | "plain_scalar" => return Some(candidate),
+            "string_content" => return candidate.parent(),
+            "array" | "object" | "pair" | "block_mapping_pair" | "block_mapping"
+            | "block_sequence" | "flow_mapping" | "flow_sequence" => return None,
+            _ => {}
+        }
+        current = candidate.parent();
+    }
+    None
+}
+
+fn inner_content_range(node: tree_sitter::Node<'_>, source: &str) -> Range<usize> {
+    let raw = node.byte_range();
+    // JSON `string` node has a `string_content` named child (without quotes)
+    // when non-empty; YAML quoted scalars include their delimiters. Strip
+    // one byte from each side when the literal looks quoted.
+    match node.kind() {
+        "string" => node
+            .named_child(0)
+            .map_or_else(|| trim_one_byte(&raw), |inner| inner.byte_range()),
+        "double_quote_scalar" | "single_quote_scalar" => trim_one_byte(&raw),
+        _ => {
+            // Defensive: ensure the range is in-bounds before returning.
+            let _ = source;
+            raw
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn trim_one_byte(range: &Range<usize>) -> Range<usize> {
+    if range.end.saturating_sub(range.start) >= 2 {
+        (range.start + 1)..(range.end - 1)
+    } else {
+        range.clone()
+    }
+}
+
+fn node_at_byte(tree: &tree_sitter::Tree, byte_offset: usize) -> Option<tree_sitter::Node<'_>> {
+    let root = tree.root_node();
+    let mut current = root;
+    'outer: loop {
+        let mut cursor = current.walk();
+        for child in current.children(&mut cursor) {
+            if child.byte_range().contains(&byte_offset) {
+                current = child;
+                continue 'outer;
+            }
+        }
+        return Some(current);
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct DomainTextEdit {
+    pub byte_range: Range<usize>,
+    pub new_text: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct DomainRename {
+    /// `URI → edits to apply` (deterministic iteration order).
+    pub edits: BTreeMap<Uri, Vec<DomainTextEdit>>,
+    /// The symbol the rename is targeting. Useful for telemetry / logs.
+    pub symbol: Option<ReferenceSymbol>,
+}
+
+/// Validate `new_name` and produce a workspace-wide rename plan.
+///
+/// Returns `None` when:
+///   * the cursor is not on a renameable symbol,
+///   * `new_name` is empty, identical to the old name, or contains
+///     invalid characters (whitespace, quotes, control chars).
+#[must_use]
+#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+pub fn compute(
+    source: &str,
+    format: DocumentFormat,
+    tree: Option<&tree_sitter::Tree>,
+    current_uri: &Uri,
+    index: &WorkspaceIndex,
+    docs: &DocumentStore,
+    disk_tables: Option<&WorkspaceTables>,
+    byte_offset: usize,
+    new_name: &str,
+) -> Option<DomainRename> {
+    if !is_valid_identifier(new_name) {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let symbol = references::resolve_symbol(source, tree, current_uri, byte_offset)?;
+    let old_name = match &symbol {
+        ReferenceSymbol::Table { name } => name.clone(),
+        ReferenceSymbol::Column { column, .. } => column.clone(),
+    };
+    if old_name == new_name {
+        return None;
+    }
+
+    let refs = references::compute(
+        source,
+        format,
+        tree,
+        current_uri,
+        index,
+        docs,
+        disk_tables,
+        byte_offset,
+        true, // rename ALWAYS includes the declaration.
+    );
+
+    if refs.is_empty() {
+        return None;
+    }
+
+    let mut edits: BTreeMap<Uri, Vec<DomainTextEdit>> = BTreeMap::new();
+    for reference in refs {
+        edits.entry(reference.uri).or_default().push(DomainTextEdit {
+            byte_range: reference.byte_range,
+            new_text: new_name.to_string(),
+        });
+    }
+
+    // Sort within each file by reverse byte order so applying edits front-to-back
+    // never invalidates ranges that come later. We sort descending; the LSP
+    // client is expected to apply edits in document order, so deduplicate
+    // overlaps and present them sorted ASCENDING here (clients sort, but
+    // sending in document order avoids edge cases).
+    for file_edits in edits.values_mut() {
+        file_edits.sort_by_key(|e| e.byte_range.start);
+        file_edits.dedup_by(|a, b| a.byte_range == b.byte_range && a.new_text == b.new_text);
+    }
+
+    Some(DomainRename {
+        edits,
+        symbol: Some(symbol),
+    })
+}
+
+/// Names must look like SQL/JSON identifiers — no whitespace, quotes,
+/// brackets, or control characters. We intentionally keep this strict so
+/// the resulting file is still valid JSON without re-escaping.
+fn is_valid_identifier(name: &str) -> bool {
+    if name.is_empty() {
+        return false;
+    }
+    name.chars().all(|c| {
+        !c.is_whitespace()
+            && !c.is_control()
+            && !matches!(c, '"' | '\'' | '\\' | ',' | ':' | '[' | ']' | '{' | '}')
+    })
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::parser::ParserPool;
+    use std::str::FromStr;
+
+    fn uri(p: &str) -> Uri {
+        Uri::from_str(&format!("file:///{p}")).unwrap()
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rejects_empty_or_whitespace_or_same_name() {
+        let pool = ParserPool::new();
+        let idx = WorkspaceIndex::new();
+        let docs = DocumentStore::new();
+        let src = r#"{"name":"user","columns":[{"name":"id","type":"integer"}]}"#;
+        let tree = pool.parse(src, DocumentFormat::Json);
+        let pos = src.find(r#""name":"user""#).unwrap() + 9;
+
+        for bad in ["", " ", "\"", "user", "a b"] {
+            assert!(
+                compute(
+                    src,
+                    DocumentFormat::Json,
+                    tree.as_ref(),
+                    &uri("user.json"),
+                    &idx,
+                    &docs,
+                    None,
+                    pos,
+                    bad,
+                )
+                .is_none(),
+                "rename to `{bad}` should be rejected"
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rename_table_produces_edits_in_declaration_and_each_ref_file() {
+        let pool = ParserPool::new();
+        let idx = WorkspaceIndex::new();
+        let docs = DocumentStore::new();
+
+        let user_src = r#"{"name":"user","columns":[{"name":"id","type":"integer","primary_key":true}]}"#;
+        let user_uri = uri("user.json");
+        let user_tree = pool.parse(user_src, DocumentFormat::Json).unwrap();
+        idx.upsert(&user_uri, user_src, &user_tree);
+        docs.open(user_uri.clone(), "json".to_string(), 1, user_src.to_string());
+
+        let post_src = r#"{"name":"post","columns":[{"name":"author_id","type":"integer","foreign_key":{"ref_table":"user","ref_columns":["id"]}}]}"#;
+        let post_uri = uri("post.json");
+        let post_tree = pool.parse(post_src, DocumentFormat::Json).unwrap();
+        idx.upsert(&post_uri, post_src, &post_tree);
+        docs.open(post_uri.clone(), "json".to_string(), 1, post_src.to_string());
+
+        let pos = user_src.find(r#""name":"user""#).unwrap() + 9;
+        let plan = compute(
+            user_src,
+            DocumentFormat::Json,
+            Some(&user_tree),
+            &user_uri,
+            &idx,
+            &docs,
+            None,
+            pos,
+            "account",
+        )
+        .expect("rename should succeed");
+
+        assert!(
+            plan.edits.contains_key(&user_uri),
+            "declaration file must be edited"
+        );
+        assert!(
+            plan.edits.contains_key(&post_uri),
+            "reference file must be edited"
+        );
+        for file_edits in plan.edits.values() {
+            for edit in file_edits {
+                assert_eq!(edit.new_text, "account");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Regression — `"id"` → `a` must produce `"a"`, not bare `a`. The
+    /// references engine used to hand out the JSON `string` node's full
+    /// range (quotes included), which made rename eat the quotes and break
+    /// JSON parsing.
+    #[test]
+    fn rename_preserves_surrounding_json_quotes() {
+        let pool = ParserPool::new();
+        let idx = WorkspaceIndex::new();
+        let docs = DocumentStore::new();
+        let src = r#"{"name":"user","columns":[{"name":"id","type":"integer","primary_key":true}]}"#;
+        let user_uri = uri("user.json");
+        let tree = pool.parse(src, DocumentFormat::Json).unwrap();
+        idx.upsert(&user_uri, src, &tree);
+        docs.open(user_uri.clone(), "json".to_string(), 1, src.to_string());
+
+        let pos = src.find(r#""name":"id""#).unwrap() + 9;
+        let plan = compute(
+            src,
+            DocumentFormat::Json,
+            Some(&tree),
+            &user_uri,
+            &idx,
+            &docs,
+            None,
+            pos,
+            "a",
+        )
+        .expect("rename should succeed");
+
+        let file_edits = plan.edits.get(&user_uri).expect("edits for user.json");
+        assert_eq!(file_edits.len(), 1);
+        let edit = &file_edits[0];
+        assert_eq!(&src[edit.byte_range.clone()], "id", "must replace ONLY inside the quotes");
+
+        // Apply the edit and confirm the result is still valid JSON.
+        let mut after = String::from(&src[..edit.byte_range.start]);
+        after.push_str(&edit.new_text);
+        after.push_str(&src[edit.byte_range.end..]);
+        assert!(after.contains(r#""a""#), "result must keep the quotes: {after}");
+        serde_json::from_str::<serde_json::Value>(&after)
+            .expect("rename output must still parse as JSON");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn prepare_returns_range_and_placeholder_for_top_level_name() {
+        let pool = ParserPool::new();
+        let src = r#"{"name":"user","columns":[{"name":"id","type":"integer"}]}"#;
+        let tree = pool.parse(src, DocumentFormat::Json).unwrap();
+        // Cursor inside `"user"` value.
+        let pos = src.find(r#""name":"user""#).unwrap() + 9;
+        let result = prepare(src, DocumentFormat::Json, Some(&tree), &uri("user.json"), pos)
+            .expect("table name should be renameable");
+        assert_eq!(result.placeholder, "user");
+        assert_eq!(
+            &src[result.byte_range.clone()],
+            "user",
+            "range must select INNER content only (quotes preserved)"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn prepare_returns_range_for_column_name() {
+        let pool = ParserPool::new();
+        let src = r#"{"name":"u","columns":[{"name":"email","type":"text"}]}"#;
+        let tree = pool.parse(src, DocumentFormat::Json).unwrap();
+        let pos = src.find(r#""name":"email""#).unwrap() + 10;
+        let result = prepare(src, DocumentFormat::Json, Some(&tree), &uri("u.json"), pos)
+            .expect("column name should be renameable");
+        assert_eq!(result.placeholder, "email");
+        assert_eq!(&src[result.byte_range.clone()], "email");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn prepare_returns_none_outside_renameable_positions() {
+        let pool = ParserPool::new();
+        let src = r#"{"name":"u","columns":[{"name":"id","type":"integer"}]}"#;
+        let tree = pool.parse(src, DocumentFormat::Json).unwrap();
+        // Cursor on the opening brace — not a symbol.
+        let result = prepare(src, DocumentFormat::Json, Some(&tree), &uri("u.json"), 0);
+        assert!(result.is_none(), "non-symbol positions must not be renameable");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rename_column_scoped_to_its_owning_table() {
+        let pool = ParserPool::new();
+        let idx = WorkspaceIndex::new();
+        let docs = DocumentStore::new();
+
+        let user_src = r#"{"name":"user","columns":[{"name":"email","type":"text","unique":true}]}"#;
+        let user_uri = uri("user.json");
+        let user_tree = pool.parse(user_src, DocumentFormat::Json).unwrap();
+        idx.upsert(&user_uri, user_src, &user_tree);
+        docs.open(user_uri.clone(), "json".to_string(), 1, user_src.to_string());
+
+        let post_src = r#"{"name":"post","columns":[{"name":"author_email","type":"text","foreign_key":{"ref_table":"user","ref_columns":["email"]}}]}"#;
+        let post_uri = uri("post.json");
+        let post_tree = pool.parse(post_src, DocumentFormat::Json).unwrap();
+        idx.upsert(&post_uri, post_src, &post_tree);
+        docs.open(post_uri.clone(), "json".to_string(), 1, post_src.to_string());
+
+        // An unrelated `email` column on another table — must NOT be renamed.
+        let other_src = r#"{"name":"other","columns":[{"name":"email","type":"text"}]}"#;
+        let other_uri = uri("other.json");
+        let other_tree = pool.parse(other_src, DocumentFormat::Json).unwrap();
+        idx.upsert(&other_uri, other_src, &other_tree);
+        docs.open(other_uri.clone(), "json".to_string(), 1, other_src.to_string());
+
+        let pos = user_src.find(r#""name":"email""#).unwrap() + 10;
+        let plan = compute(
+            user_src,
+            DocumentFormat::Json,
+            Some(&user_tree),
+            &user_uri,
+            &idx,
+            &docs,
+            None,
+            pos,
+            "mail",
+        )
+        .expect("rename should succeed");
+
+        assert!(plan.edits.contains_key(&user_uri));
+        assert!(plan.edits.contains_key(&post_uri));
+        assert!(
+            !plan.edits.contains_key(&other_uri),
+            "unrelated `other.email` column must not be in the rename plan"
+        );
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/semantic_tokens/classify_json.rs b/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/semantic_tokens/classify_json.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0d6378ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/semantic_tokens/classify_json.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,460 @@
+//! Tree-sitter walk that classifies every interesting JSON node in a
+//! Vespertide model file into a semantic token type / modifier set.
+//!
+//! Classification rules:
+//!
+//! | JSON shape                                | Token type / modifier             |
+//! |-------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------|
+//! | Top-level `"name": "X"` value             | `class` + `declaration`           |
+//! | `columns[*].name` value                   | `property` + `declaration`        |
+//! | `columns[*].type` simple string           | `type`                            |
+//! | `columns[*].type.kind` value              | `enumMember`                      |
+//! | `columns[*].type.values[*]` (string enum) | `enumMember`                      |
+//! | `columns[*].type.values[*].name` (int enum) | `enumMember`                    |
+//! | `foreign_key.ref_table` value             | `class` + `definition`            |
+//! | `foreign_key.ref_columns[*]` entry        | `property` + `definition`         |
+//! | `foreign_key.on_delete` / `on_update` value | `enumMember`                    |
+//! | `default` value (string)                  | `string`                          |
+//! | `default` literal `true`/`false`/`null`   | `keyword`                         |
+//! | Any numeric literal                       | `number`                          |
+//!
+//! Inner content ranges (without surrounding `"`) are used so themes
+//! highlight the identifier alone — quotes stay neutral and match the
+//! rest of the JSON punctuation.
+
+#![allow(clippy::struct_excessive_bools)]
+
+use super::{legend::ModIdx, legend::TokenIdx, RawToken};
+
+/// Classify the entire JSON document.
+#[must_use]
+pub fn classify(source: &str, tree: &tree_sitter::Tree) -> Vec<RawToken> {
+    let mut out = Vec::new();
+    let source_bytes = source.as_bytes();
+    walk(tree.root_node(), source_bytes, Ctx::default(), &mut out);
+    out
+}
+
+/// Cursor state passed down the recursion — tells the value-classifier
+/// which key it's underneath so we can disambiguate same-shaped strings
+/// (`"text"` in `"type"` vs `"text"` in `"comment"`).
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Default)]
+struct Ctx {
+    inside_columns: bool,
+    /// Owning column object — set when we recurse into a column body.
+    inside_column: bool,
+    /// `"type": { ... }` inner mapping.
+    inside_complex_type_object: bool,
+    /// `enum` values array — children are valid enum members.
+    inside_enum_values_array: bool,
+    /// `foreign_key` value object.
+    inside_foreign_key: bool,
+    /// `ref_columns` array under a `foreign_key`.
+    inside_ref_columns: bool,
+    /// Depth of object nesting we've already walked. The TOP-LEVEL
+    /// object (the table itself) is depth 1.
+    object_depth: u32,
+}
+
+fn walk(node: tree_sitter::Node<'_>, source: &[u8], ctx: Ctx, out: &mut Vec<RawToken>) {
+    if node.kind() == "object" {
+        let new_ctx = Ctx {
+            object_depth: ctx.object_depth + 1,
+            ..ctx
+        };
+        let mut cursor = node.walk();
+        for child in node.children(&mut cursor) {
+            walk(child, source, new_ctx, out);
+        }
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if node.kind() == "pair" {
+        classify_pair(node, source, ctx, out);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // For other interior nodes (`array`, `document`, etc.) just recurse.
+    let mut cursor = node.walk();
+    for child in node.children(&mut cursor) {
+        walk(child, source, ctx, out);
+    }
+}
+
+fn classify_pair(
+    pair: tree_sitter::Node<'_>,
+    source: &[u8],
+    ctx: Ctx,
+    out: &mut Vec<RawToken>,
+) {
+    let Some(key) = pair.named_child(0) else {
+        return;
+    };
+    let Some(value) = pair.named_child(1) else {
+        return;
+    };
+    let Some(key_text) = scalar_text(key, source) else {
+        return;
+    };
+
+    match key_text {
+        // Top-level table identifier — `object_depth == 1` distinguishes
+        // it from nested `name` keys (column.name, enum member.name).
+        "name" if ctx.object_depth == 1 && !ctx.inside_columns => {
+            push_string_inner(value, TokenIdx::Class, ModIdx::Declaration as u32, out);
+        }
+        "name" if ctx.inside_column && !ctx.inside_complex_type_object => {
+            push_string_inner(value, TokenIdx::Property, ModIdx::Declaration as u32, out);
+        }
+        "name" if ctx.inside_enum_values_array => {
+            // integer-enum member `{"name":"low", "value":0}` — the name
+            // is the enum-member identifier.
+            push_string_inner(value, TokenIdx::EnumMember, 0, out);
+        }
+        "columns" => {
+            let new_ctx = Ctx {
+                inside_columns: true,
+                ..ctx
+            };
+            recurse_into_value(value, source, new_ctx, out);
+            return;
+        }
+        "type" if ctx.inside_columns => {
+            classify_type_value(value, source, ctx, out);
+            return;
+        }
+        "kind" if ctx.inside_complex_type_object => {
+            push_string_inner(value, TokenIdx::EnumMember, 0, out);
+        }
+        "values" if ctx.inside_complex_type_object => {
+            let new_ctx = Ctx {
+                inside_enum_values_array: true,
+                ..ctx
+            };
+            recurse_into_value(value, source, new_ctx, out);
+            return;
+        }
+        "foreign_key" => {
+            let new_ctx = Ctx {
+                inside_foreign_key: true,
+                ..ctx
+            };
+            recurse_into_value(value, source, new_ctx, out);
+            return;
+        }
+        "ref_table" if ctx.inside_foreign_key => {
+            push_string_inner(value, TokenIdx::Class, ModIdx::Definition as u32, out);
+        }
+        "ref_columns" if ctx.inside_foreign_key => {
+            let new_ctx = Ctx {
+                inside_ref_columns: true,
+                ..ctx
+            };
+            recurse_into_value(value, source, new_ctx, out);
+            return;
+        }
+        "on_delete" | "on_update" if ctx.inside_foreign_key => {
+            push_string_inner(value, TokenIdx::EnumMember, 0, out);
+        }
+        "default" if ctx.inside_column => {
+            classify_default_value(value, out);
+        }
+        _ => {}
+    }
+
+    // Recurse into the value so we still surface nested literals.
+    recurse_into_value(value, source, ctx, out);
+}
+
+/// Recurse into the value of a pair, propagating context updates we may
+/// have set right before this call. Specific contexts (`ref_columns`,
+/// `enum_values_array`) are checked BEFORE the general columns-array
+/// case because they are nested inside `columns` and would otherwise
+/// be shadowed by the broader branch.
+fn recurse_into_value(
+    value: tree_sitter::Node<'_>,
+    source: &[u8],
+    ctx: Ctx,
+    out: &mut Vec<RawToken>,
+) {
+    if value.kind() == "array" && ctx.inside_ref_columns {
+        let mut cursor = value.walk();
+        for child in value.children(&mut cursor) {
+            if child.kind() == "string" {
+                push_string_inner(child, TokenIdx::Property, ModIdx::Definition as u32, out);
+            } else {
+                walk(child, source, ctx, out);
+            }
+        }
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if value.kind() == "array" && ctx.inside_enum_values_array {
+        let mut cursor = value.walk();
+        for child in value.children(&mut cursor) {
+            if child.kind() == "string" {
+                push_string_inner(child, TokenIdx::EnumMember, 0, out);
+            } else {
+                // integer-enum objects — recurse so the `name` key
+                // emits its own enumMember token via the normal path.
+                walk(child, source, ctx, out);
+            }
+        }
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // `array` itself isn't an object — but if we're inside `columns`
+    // each element is a column object: flip `inside_column` for them.
+    if value.kind() == "array" && ctx.inside_columns {
+        let mut cursor = value.walk();
+        for child in value.children(&mut cursor) {
+            let element_ctx = if child.kind() == "object" {
+                Ctx {
+                    inside_column: true,
+                    ..ctx
+                }
+            } else {
+                ctx
+            };
+            walk(child, source, element_ctx, out);
+        }
+        return;
+    }
+
+    walk(value, source, ctx, out);
+}
+
+fn classify_type_value(
+    value: tree_sitter::Node<'_>,
+    source: &[u8],
+    ctx: Ctx,
+    out: &mut Vec<RawToken>,
+) {
+    match value.kind() {
+        "string" => {
+            push_string_inner(value, TokenIdx::Type, 0, out);
+        }
+        "object" => {
+            let inner_ctx = Ctx {
+                inside_complex_type_object: true,
+                ..ctx
+            };
+            // Counts as +1 object depth via the regular `object` arm.
+            walk(value, source, inner_ctx, out);
+        }
+        _ => {
+            walk(value, source, ctx, out);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn classify_default_value(value: tree_sitter::Node<'_>, out: &mut Vec<RawToken>) {
+    match value.kind() {
+        "string" => push_string_inner(value, TokenIdx::String, 0, out),
+        "true" | "false" | "null" => out.push(RawToken {
+            byte_range: value.byte_range(),
+            token_type: TokenIdx::Keyword as u32,
+            token_modifiers: 0,
+        }),
+        "number" => out.push(RawToken {
+            byte_range: value.byte_range(),
+            token_type: TokenIdx::Number as u32,
+            token_modifiers: 0,
+        }),
+        _ => {}
+    }
+}
+
+/// Emit a token covering only the INNER content of a JSON string node
+/// (i.e. the bytes between the surrounding `"`). Drops zero-length
+/// inner spans (empty strings) defensively — the encoder would discard
+/// them anyway, but we save it the work.
+fn push_string_inner(
+    string_node: tree_sitter::Node<'_>,
+    token_type: TokenIdx,
+    token_modifiers: u32,
+    out: &mut Vec<RawToken>,
+) {
+    if string_node.kind() != "string" {
+        return;
+    }
+    let range = string_node.named_child(0).map_or_else(
+        || {
+            let r = string_node.byte_range();
+            if r.end.saturating_sub(r.start) >= 2 {
+                (r.start + 1)..(r.end - 1)
+            } else {
+                r
+            }
+        },
+        |inner| inner.byte_range(),
+    );
+    if range.end <= range.start {
+        return;
+    }
+    out.push(RawToken {
+        byte_range: range,
+        token_type: token_type as u32,
+        token_modifiers,
+    });
+}
+
+fn scalar_text<'a>(node: tree_sitter::Node<'_>, source: &'a [u8]) -> Option<&'a str> {
+    let raw = std::str::from_utf8(source.get(node.byte_range())?).ok()?;
+    Some(raw.trim().trim_matches('"').trim_matches('\''))
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::parser::{DocumentFormat, ParserPool};
+
+    fn classify_src(src: &str) -> Vec<RawToken> {
+        let tree = ParserPool::new()
+            .parse(src, DocumentFormat::Json)
+            .expect("parse");
+        classify(src, &tree)
+    }
+
+    fn types_present(tokens: &[RawToken]) -> Vec<u32> {
+        let mut types: Vec<u32> = tokens.iter().map(|t| t.token_type).collect();
+        types.sort_unstable();
+        types.dedup();
+        types
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn top_level_name_becomes_class_declaration() {
+        let src = r#"{"name":"user","columns":[]}"#;
+        let tokens = classify_src(src);
+        let name_start = src.find(r#""name":"user""#).unwrap() + 8;
+        let class_tok = tokens
+            .iter()
+            .find(|t| t.byte_range.start == name_start)
+            .expect("class token at user");
+        assert_eq!(class_tok.token_type, TokenIdx::Class as u32);
+        assert_eq!(class_tok.token_modifiers, ModIdx::Declaration as u32);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn column_name_becomes_property_declaration() {
+        let src = r#"{"name":"u","columns":[{"name":"id","type":"integer"}]}"#;
+        let tokens = classify_src(src);
+        let id_start = src.find(r#""name":"id""#).unwrap() + 8;
+        let tok = tokens
+            .iter()
+            .find(|t| t.byte_range.start == id_start)
+            .expect("column name token");
+        assert_eq!(tok.token_type, TokenIdx::Property as u32);
+        assert_eq!(tok.token_modifiers, ModIdx::Declaration as u32);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn simple_type_becomes_type_token() {
+        let src = r#"{"name":"u","columns":[{"name":"id","type":"integer"}]}"#;
+        let tokens = classify_src(src);
+        let integer_start = src.find(r#""type":"integer""#).unwrap() + 8;
+        let tok = tokens
+            .iter()
+            .find(|t| t.byte_range.start == integer_start)
+            .expect("type token");
+        assert_eq!(tok.token_type, TokenIdx::Type as u32);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn complex_type_kind_value_is_enum_member() {
+        let src = r#"{"name":"u","columns":[{"name":"t","type":{"kind":"varchar","length":255}}]}"#;
+        let tokens = classify_src(src);
+        let kind_start = src.find(r#""kind":"varchar""#).unwrap() + 8;
+        let tok = tokens
+            .iter()
+            .find(|t| t.byte_range.start == kind_start)
+            .expect("kind token");
+        assert_eq!(tok.token_type, TokenIdx::EnumMember as u32);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn enum_string_values_are_enum_members() {
+        let src = r#"{"name":"u","columns":[{"name":"s","type":{"kind":"enum","name":"st","values":["active","banned"]}}]}"#;
+        let tokens = classify_src(src);
+        let active_start = src.find(r#""active""#).unwrap() + 1;
+        let banned_start = src.find(r#""banned""#).unwrap() + 1;
+        let active = tokens
+            .iter()
+            .find(|t| t.byte_range.start == active_start)
+            .expect("active");
+        let banned = tokens
+            .iter()
+            .find(|t| t.byte_range.start == banned_start)
+            .expect("banned");
+        assert_eq!(active.token_type, TokenIdx::EnumMember as u32);
+        assert_eq!(banned.token_type, TokenIdx::EnumMember as u32);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn ref_table_value_is_class_definition() {
+        let src = r#"{"name":"p","columns":[{"name":"a","type":"integer","foreign_key":{"ref_table":"user","ref_columns":["id"]}}]}"#;
+        let tokens = classify_src(src);
+        let user_start = src.find(r#""ref_table":"user""#).unwrap() + 13;
+        let tok = tokens
+            .iter()
+            .find(|t| t.byte_range.start == user_start)
+            .expect("ref_table token");
+        assert_eq!(tok.token_type, TokenIdx::Class as u32);
+        assert_eq!(tok.token_modifiers, ModIdx::Definition as u32);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn ref_columns_entries_are_property_definition() {
+        let src = r#"{"name":"p","columns":[{"name":"a","type":"integer","foreign_key":{"ref_table":"user","ref_columns":["id"]}}]}"#;
+        let tokens = classify_src(src);
+        let id_start = src.find(r#"["id"]"#).unwrap() + 2;
+        let tok = tokens
+            .iter()
+            .find(|t| t.byte_range.start == id_start)
+            .expect("ref_columns id token");
+        assert_eq!(tok.token_type, TokenIdx::Property as u32);
+        assert_eq!(tok.token_modifiers, ModIdx::Definition as u32);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn on_delete_action_is_enum_member() {
+        let src = r#"{"name":"p","columns":[{"name":"a","type":"integer","foreign_key":{"ref_table":"u","ref_columns":["id"],"on_delete":"cascade"}}]}"#;
+        let tokens = classify_src(src);
+        let action_start = src.find(r#""on_delete":"cascade""#).unwrap() + 13;
+        let tok = tokens
+            .iter()
+            .find(|t| t.byte_range.start == action_start)
+            .expect("on_delete token");
+        assert_eq!(tok.token_type, TokenIdx::EnumMember as u32);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn default_keyword_literals_are_keyword_tokens() {
+        let src = r#"{"name":"u","columns":[{"name":"x","type":"boolean","default":true}]}"#;
+        let tokens = classify_src(src);
+        let true_start = src.find(r#""default":true"#).unwrap() + 10;
+        let tok = tokens
+            .iter()
+            .find(|t| t.byte_range.start == true_start)
+            .expect("keyword token");
+        assert_eq!(tok.token_type, TokenIdx::Keyword as u32);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn types_are_classified_correctly_in_a_realistic_doc() {
+        let src = r#"{
+            "name": "post",
+            "columns": [
+                {"name":"id","type":"integer","primary_key":true},
+                {"name":"author_id","type":"integer","foreign_key":{"ref_table":"user","ref_columns":["id"]}}
+            ]
+        }"#;
+        let tokens = classify_src(src);
+        let present = types_present(&tokens);
+        // Must surface ALL of class, property, type, and the FK reference.
+        assert!(present.contains(&(TokenIdx::Class as u32)));
+        assert!(present.contains(&(TokenIdx::Property as u32)));
+        assert!(present.contains(&(TokenIdx::Type as u32)));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/semantic_tokens/classify_yaml.rs b/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/semantic_tokens/classify_yaml.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..20b79cb6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/semantic_tokens/classify_yaml.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,348 @@
+//! YAML counterpart to [`super::classify_json`]. Same semantic mapping,
+//! but the YAML tree-sitter grammar uses different node kinds:
+//!
+//! | tree-sitter-yaml          | role                                   |
+//! |---------------------------|----------------------------------------|
+//! | `block_mapping`           | top-level mapping (the table)          |
+//! | `block_mapping_pair`      | a `key: value` pair                    |
+//! | `flow_node`/`block_node`  | pure wrappers — peeled                 |
+//! | `block_sequence`          | YAML list                              |
+//! | `block_sequence_item`     | `- ...` entry                          |
+//! | `flow_sequence`           | `[a, b, c]` inline list                |
+//! | `flow_mapping`            | `{a: b, c: d}` inline mapping          |
+//! | `plain_scalar`            | unquoted scalar `varchar`              |
+//! | `double_quote_scalar` /   | quoted scalar — trim 1 byte each side  |
+//! | `single_quote_scalar`     |                                        |
+//!
+//! YAML quoted scalars include the delimiters in their byte range,
+//! plain scalars don't. The push helpers trim where appropriate.
+
+#![allow(clippy::struct_excessive_bools)]
+
+use super::{legend::ModIdx, legend::TokenIdx, RawToken};
+
+#[must_use]
+pub fn classify(source: &str, tree: &tree_sitter::Tree) -> Vec<RawToken> {
+    let mut out = Vec::new();
+    walk(tree.root_node(), source.as_bytes(), Ctx::default(), &mut out);
+    out
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Default)]
+struct Ctx {
+    inside_columns: bool,
+    inside_column: bool,
+    inside_complex_type_object: bool,
+    inside_enum_values_array: bool,
+    inside_foreign_key: bool,
+    inside_ref_columns: bool,
+    mapping_depth: u32,
+}
+
+fn walk(node: tree_sitter::Node<'_>, source: &[u8], ctx: Ctx, out: &mut Vec<RawToken>) {
+    match node.kind() {
+        "block_mapping" | "flow_mapping" => {
+            let new_ctx = Ctx {
+                mapping_depth: ctx.mapping_depth + 1,
+                ..ctx
+            };
+            let mut cursor = node.walk();
+            for child in node.children(&mut cursor) {
+                walk(child, source, new_ctx, out);
+            }
+        }
+        "block_mapping_pair" | "flow_pair" => {
+            classify_pair(node, source, ctx, out);
+        }
+        _ => {
+            let mut cursor = node.walk();
+            for child in node.children(&mut cursor) {
+                walk(child, source, ctx, out);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn classify_pair(
+    pair: tree_sitter::Node<'_>,
+    source: &[u8],
+    ctx: Ctx,
+    out: &mut Vec<RawToken>,
+) {
+    let Some(key_node) = pair.named_child(0) else {
+        return;
+    };
+    let Some(value_node) = pair.named_child(1) else {
+        return;
+    };
+    let key_node = unwrap_yaml(key_node);
+    let value_node = unwrap_yaml(value_node);
+    let Some(key_text) = scalar_text(key_node, source) else {
+        return;
+    };
+
+    match key_text {
+        "name" if ctx.mapping_depth == 1 && !ctx.inside_columns => {
+            push_scalar(value_node, TokenIdx::Class, ModIdx::Declaration as u32, out);
+        }
+        "name" if ctx.inside_column && !ctx.inside_complex_type_object => {
+            push_scalar(value_node, TokenIdx::Property, ModIdx::Declaration as u32, out);
+        }
+        "name" if ctx.inside_enum_values_array => {
+            push_scalar(value_node, TokenIdx::EnumMember, 0, out);
+        }
+        "columns" => {
+            let new_ctx = Ctx {
+                inside_columns: true,
+                ..ctx
+            };
+            recurse_value(value_node, source, new_ctx, out);
+            return;
+        }
+        "type" if ctx.inside_columns => {
+            classify_type_value(value_node, source, ctx, out);
+            return;
+        }
+        "kind" if ctx.inside_complex_type_object => {
+            push_scalar(value_node, TokenIdx::EnumMember, 0, out);
+        }
+        "values" if ctx.inside_complex_type_object => {
+            let new_ctx = Ctx {
+                inside_enum_values_array: true,
+                ..ctx
+            };
+            recurse_value(value_node, source, new_ctx, out);
+            return;
+        }
+        "foreign_key" => {
+            let new_ctx = Ctx {
+                inside_foreign_key: true,
+                ..ctx
+            };
+            recurse_value(value_node, source, new_ctx, out);
+            return;
+        }
+        "ref_table" if ctx.inside_foreign_key => {
+            push_scalar(value_node, TokenIdx::Class, ModIdx::Definition as u32, out);
+        }
+        "ref_columns" if ctx.inside_foreign_key => {
+            let new_ctx = Ctx {
+                inside_ref_columns: true,
+                ..ctx
+            };
+            recurse_value(value_node, source, new_ctx, out);
+            return;
+        }
+        "on_delete" | "on_update" if ctx.inside_foreign_key => {
+            push_scalar(value_node, TokenIdx::EnumMember, 0, out);
+        }
+        "default" if ctx.inside_column => {
+            classify_default(value_node, out);
+        }
+        _ => {}
+    }
+
+    recurse_value(value_node, source, ctx, out);
+}
+
+fn recurse_value(
+    value: tree_sitter::Node<'_>,
+    source: &[u8],
+    ctx: Ctx,
+    out: &mut Vec<RawToken>,
+) {
+    let v = unwrap_yaml(value);
+
+    if ctx.inside_ref_columns && matches!(v.kind(), "block_sequence" | "flow_sequence") {
+        let mut cursor = v.walk();
+        for child in v.children(&mut cursor) {
+            let element = unwrap_yaml(child);
+            if is_scalar(element.kind()) {
+                push_scalar(element, TokenIdx::Property, ModIdx::Definition as u32, out);
+            } else {
+                walk(child, source, ctx, out);
+            }
+        }
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if ctx.inside_enum_values_array && matches!(v.kind(), "block_sequence" | "flow_sequence") {
+        let mut cursor = v.walk();
+        for child in v.children(&mut cursor) {
+            let element = unwrap_yaml(child);
+            if is_scalar(element.kind()) {
+                push_scalar(element, TokenIdx::EnumMember, 0, out);
+            } else {
+                walk(child, source, ctx, out);
+            }
+        }
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // The general "columns array" case must come last — nested arrays
+    // (ref_columns, values) sit *inside* columns and would otherwise
+    // be shadowed by this broader branch.
+    if ctx.inside_columns && matches!(v.kind(), "block_sequence" | "flow_sequence") {
+        let mut cursor = v.walk();
+        for child in v.children(&mut cursor) {
+            let element = unwrap_yaml(child);
+            let item_ctx = if matches!(
+                element.kind(),
+                "block_mapping" | "flow_mapping" | "block_sequence_item"
+            ) {
+                Ctx {
+                    inside_column: true,
+                    ..ctx
+                }
+            } else {
+                ctx
+            };
+            walk(child, source, item_ctx, out);
+        }
+        return;
+    }
+
+    walk(value, source, ctx, out);
+}
+
+fn classify_type_value(
+    value: tree_sitter::Node<'_>,
+    source: &[u8],
+    ctx: Ctx,
+    out: &mut Vec<RawToken>,
+) {
+    let v = unwrap_yaml(value);
+    match v.kind() {
+        k if is_scalar(k) => {
+            push_scalar(v, TokenIdx::Type, 0, out);
+        }
+        "block_mapping" | "flow_mapping" => {
+            let inner_ctx = Ctx {
+                inside_complex_type_object: true,
+                ..ctx
+            };
+            walk(value, source, inner_ctx, out);
+        }
+        _ => walk(value, source, ctx, out),
+    }
+}
+
+fn classify_default(value: tree_sitter::Node<'_>, out: &mut Vec<RawToken>) {
+    let v = unwrap_yaml(value);
+    if is_scalar(v.kind()) {
+        // YAML doesn't distinguish bool/null/string/number scalars by
+        // tree-sitter node kind alone — treat every scalar default as a
+        // string; themes can still highlight `true`/`false`/`null` via
+        // their own keyword scope from the syntax grammar.
+        push_scalar(v, TokenIdx::String, 0, out);
+    }
+}
+
+fn push_scalar(
+    node: tree_sitter::Node<'_>,
+    token_type: TokenIdx,
+    token_modifiers: u32,
+    out: &mut Vec<RawToken>,
+) {
+    let range = inner_scalar_range(node);
+    if range.end <= range.start {
+        return;
+    }
+    out.push(RawToken {
+        byte_range: range,
+        token_type: token_type as u32,
+        token_modifiers,
+    });
+}
+
+fn inner_scalar_range(node: tree_sitter::Node<'_>) -> std::ops::Range<usize> {
+    let raw = node.byte_range();
+    match node.kind() {
+        "double_quote_scalar" | "single_quote_scalar" => {
+            if raw.end.saturating_sub(raw.start) >= 2 {
+                (raw.start + 1)..(raw.end - 1)
+            } else {
+                raw
+            }
+        }
+        _ => raw,
+    }
+}
+
+fn unwrap_yaml(node: tree_sitter::Node<'_>) -> tree_sitter::Node<'_> {
+    let mut current = node;
+    while matches!(current.kind(), "flow_node" | "block_node") {
+        let Some(inner) = current.named_child(0) else {
+            break;
+        };
+        if inner.id() == current.id() {
+            break;
+        }
+        current = inner;
+    }
+    current
+}
+
+fn is_scalar(kind: &str) -> bool {
+    matches!(
+        kind,
+        "plain_scalar"
+            | "double_quote_scalar"
+            | "single_quote_scalar"
+            | "string_scalar"
+            | "integer_scalar"
+            | "float_scalar"
+            | "boolean_scalar"
+            | "null_scalar"
+    )
+}
+
+fn scalar_text<'a>(node: tree_sitter::Node<'_>, source: &'a [u8]) -> Option<&'a str> {
+    let raw = std::str::from_utf8(source.get(node.byte_range())?).ok()?;
+    Some(raw.trim().trim_matches('"').trim_matches('\''))
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::parser::{DocumentFormat, ParserPool};
+
+    fn classify_yaml(src: &str) -> Vec<RawToken> {
+        let tree = ParserPool::new()
+            .parse(src, DocumentFormat::Yaml)
+            .expect("parse");
+        classify(src, &tree)
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn yaml_table_and_column_names_classified() {
+        let src = "name: user\ncolumns:\n  - name: id\n    type: integer\n";
+        let tokens = classify_yaml(src);
+        let user_start = src.find("user").unwrap();
+        let id_start = src.find("name: id").unwrap() + 6;
+
+        let user_tok = tokens
+            .iter()
+            .find(|t| t.byte_range.start == user_start)
+            .expect("user");
+        let id_tok = tokens
+            .iter()
+            .find(|t| t.byte_range.start == id_start)
+            .expect("id");
+        assert_eq!(user_tok.token_type, TokenIdx::Class as u32);
+        assert_eq!(id_tok.token_type, TokenIdx::Property as u32);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn yaml_foreign_key_ref_table_is_class_definition() {
+        let src = "name: post\ncolumns:\n  - name: a\n    type: integer\n    foreign_key:\n      ref_table: user\n      ref_columns: [id]\n";
+        let tokens = classify_yaml(src);
+        let user_start = src.find("ref_table: user").unwrap() + "ref_table: ".len();
+        let tok = tokens
+            .iter()
+            .find(|t| t.byte_range.start == user_start)
+            .expect("ref_table token");
+        assert_eq!(tok.token_type, TokenIdx::Class as u32);
+        assert_eq!(tok.token_modifiers, ModIdx::Definition as u32);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/semantic_tokens/encode.rs b/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/semantic_tokens/encode.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..11ee7370
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/semantic_tokens/encode.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,240 @@
+//! Sort raw tokens by document position and delta-encode them into the
+//! LSP wire format (`Vec<SemanticToken>` where each entry's `delta_line`
+//! / `delta_start` is relative to the previous token, per the LSP §3.16
+//! semanticTokens protocol).
+
+#![allow(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
+
+use lsp_textdocument::FullTextDocument;
+use tower_lsp_server::ls_types::SemanticToken;
+
+use super::RawToken;
+
+/// Convert a flat list of raw tokens (positioned by UTF-8 byte range)
+/// into the delta-encoded LSP wire representation.
+///
+/// Invariants enforced:
+///   * Multi-line tokens are dropped — LSP semantic tokens forbid them
+///     (a single span MUST fit on one line).
+///   * Output is sorted by `(line, character_utf16)`. Ties are stable
+///     (insertion order from `tokens`), which can matter when two
+///     classifiers report the same span — we keep the FIRST.
+///   * Token lengths are measured in UTF-16 code units, not bytes —
+///     `lsp-textdocument` handles that conversion.
+#[must_use]
+pub fn encode(tokens: &mut [RawToken], doc: &FullTextDocument) -> Vec<SemanticToken> {
+    // Resolve every byte range to (line, start_utf16, length_utf16) once.
+    // Drops zero-length tokens and multi-line spans up front.
+    let mut resolved: Vec<Resolved> = tokens
+        .iter()
+        .filter_map(|t| Resolved::from_raw(t, doc))
+        .collect();
+
+    // Sort by start position. Ties preserved (stable sort) so consistent
+    // classifier ordering wins.
+    resolved.sort_by(|a, b| a.line.cmp(&b.line).then_with(|| a.start.cmp(&b.start)));
+
+    // Drop *exact* duplicate spans (same line + start + length) — they
+    // would all collapse to delta_line=0/delta_start=0/length=L which
+    // is meaningless and visually overlaps. Keep the first occurrence.
+    resolved.dedup_by(|a, b| a.line == b.line && a.start == b.start && a.length == b.length);
+
+    let mut prev_line: u32 = 0;
+    let mut prev_start: u32 = 0;
+    let mut out: Vec<SemanticToken> = Vec::with_capacity(resolved.len());
+
+    for r in resolved {
+        let delta_line = r.line - prev_line;
+        let delta_start = if delta_line == 0 {
+            // Same line: relative to the previous token's start. The
+            // sort above guarantees `r.start >= prev_start`.
+            r.start - prev_start
+        } else {
+            // New line: delta_start is absolute (relative to column 0).
+            r.start
+        };
+        out.push(SemanticToken {
+            delta_line,
+            delta_start,
+            length: r.length,
+            token_type: r.token_type,
+            token_modifiers_bitset: r.token_modifiers,
+        });
+        prev_line = r.line;
+        prev_start = r.start;
+    }
+
+    out
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+struct Resolved {
+    line: u32,
+    start: u32,
+    length: u32,
+    token_type: u32,
+    token_modifiers: u32,
+}
+
+impl Resolved {
+    fn from_raw(raw: &RawToken, doc: &FullTextDocument) -> Option<Self> {
+        if raw.byte_range.end <= raw.byte_range.start {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let start_byte = u32::try_from(raw.byte_range.start).ok()?;
+        let end_byte = u32::try_from(raw.byte_range.end).ok()?;
+        let start_pos = doc.position_at(start_byte);
+        let end_pos = doc.position_at(end_byte);
+        // LSP forbids multi-line tokens. Drop instead of fabricating
+        // splits — classifiers should not emit them in the first place.
+        if start_pos.line != end_pos.line {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let length = end_pos.character.checked_sub(start_pos.character)?;
+        if length == 0 {
+            return None;
+        }
+        Some(Self {
+            line: start_pos.line,
+            start: start_pos.character,
+            length,
+            token_type: raw.token_type,
+            token_modifiers: raw.token_modifiers,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    fn doc(text: &str) -> FullTextDocument {
+        FullTextDocument::new("json".to_string(), 1, text.to_string())
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn empty_input_yields_empty_output() {
+        let mut tokens: Vec<RawToken> = vec![];
+        let encoded = encode(&mut tokens, &doc("{}"));
+        assert!(encoded.is_empty());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn single_line_tokens_use_relative_start_within_line() {
+        let text = r#"{"name":"a","type":"int"}"#;
+        let doc = doc(text);
+
+        // Two tokens on the same line:
+        //   "a"   at bytes 8..11   → length 3 utf16 codeunits
+        //   "int" at bytes 19..24  → length 5 utf16 codeunits
+        let a = RawToken {
+            byte_range: 8..11,
+            token_type: 0,
+            token_modifiers: 0,
+        };
+        let i = RawToken {
+            byte_range: 19..24,
+            token_type: 1,
+            token_modifiers: 0,
+        };
+        let mut tokens = vec![a, i];
+        let encoded = encode(&mut tokens, &doc);
+        assert_eq!(encoded.len(), 2);
+        assert_eq!(encoded[0].delta_line, 0);
+        assert_eq!(encoded[0].delta_start, 8);
+        assert_eq!(encoded[0].length, 3);
+        // Second token relative to first: delta_start = 19 - 8 = 11.
+        assert_eq!(encoded[1].delta_line, 0);
+        assert_eq!(encoded[1].delta_start, 11);
+        assert_eq!(encoded[1].length, 5);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn line_change_resets_delta_start_to_absolute() {
+        let text = "a\n  b";
+        let doc = doc(text);
+
+        let first = RawToken {
+            byte_range: 0..1, // "a" on line 0
+            token_type: 0,
+            token_modifiers: 0,
+        };
+        let second = RawToken {
+            byte_range: 4..5, // "b" on line 1 col 2
+            token_type: 1,
+            token_modifiers: 0,
+        };
+        let mut tokens = vec![first, second];
+        let encoded = encode(&mut tokens, &doc);
+        assert_eq!(encoded.len(), 2);
+        assert_eq!(encoded[1].delta_line, 1);
+        assert_eq!(encoded[1].delta_start, 2, "absolute when line changes");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn multi_line_tokens_are_rejected() {
+        let text = "abc\ndef";
+        let doc = doc(text);
+        let span = RawToken {
+            byte_range: 0..7, // spans the newline
+            token_type: 0,
+            token_modifiers: 0,
+        };
+        let mut tokens = vec![span];
+        let encoded = encode(&mut tokens, &doc);
+        assert!(encoded.is_empty(), "multi-line tokens must be dropped");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn unsorted_input_is_sorted_before_delta_encoding() {
+        let text = r#"{"a":1,"b":2}"#;
+        let doc = doc(text);
+        // Provide tokens in REVERSE order — encode must sort first.
+        let later = RawToken {
+            byte_range: 7..10, // "b"
+            token_type: 0,
+            token_modifiers: 0,
+        };
+        let earlier = RawToken {
+            byte_range: 1..4, // "a"
+            token_type: 0,
+            token_modifiers: 0,
+        };
+        let mut tokens = vec![later, earlier];
+        let encoded = encode(&mut tokens, &doc);
+        assert_eq!(encoded.len(), 2);
+        // Earlier token reported first; later is delta from it.
+        assert_eq!(encoded[0].delta_start, 1);
+        assert!(encoded[1].delta_start > 0);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn duplicate_spans_are_deduplicated() {
+        let text = r#""x""#;
+        let doc = doc(text);
+        let twice = RawToken {
+            byte_range: 0..3,
+            token_type: 0,
+            token_modifiers: 0,
+        };
+        let mut tokens = vec![twice.clone(), twice];
+        let encoded = encode(&mut tokens, &doc);
+        assert_eq!(encoded.len(), 1);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn cjk_lengths_use_utf16_code_units() {
+        // "도서" is 2 chars, 6 UTF-8 bytes, 2 UTF-16 code units.
+        let text = "도서";
+        let doc = doc(text);
+        let token = RawToken {
+            byte_range: 0..6,
+            token_type: 0,
+            token_modifiers: 0,
+        };
+        let mut tokens = vec![token];
+        let encoded = encode(&mut tokens, &doc);
+        assert_eq!(encoded.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(encoded[0].length, 2, "length must be in UTF-16 code units");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/semantic_tokens/handler.rs b/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/semantic_tokens/handler.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3e7e7c25
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/semantic_tokens/handler.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+//! LSP wire-shape adapter for semantic tokens. Keeps the byte-level
+//! `RawToken` work out of `backend.rs` so the latter stays under the
+//! workspace's 1000-line file policy.
+
+use tower_lsp_server::ls_types::{
+    SemanticTokens, SemanticTokensParams, SemanticTokensRangeParams, SemanticTokensRangeResult,
+    SemanticTokensResult,
+};
+
+use crate::parser::DocumentFormat;
+use crate::store::DocumentStore;
+
+/// Compute the full-document semantic tokens response for `uri`.
+/// Returns `None` if the document isn't open or doesn't have a parsed
+/// tree (e.g. plain text file the client mistakenly handed us).
+pub fn compute_full(
+    store: &DocumentStore,
+    params: &SemanticTokensParams,
+) -> Option<SemanticTokensResult> {
+    let uri = &params.text_document.uri;
+    let format = DocumentFormat::from_uri(uri)?;
+
+    let data = store.docs_iter_for_uri(uri, |state| {
+        let text = state.text();
+        let mut raw = super::classify(text, format, state.tree.as_ref());
+        super::encode(&mut raw, &state.doc)
+    })?;
+
+    tracing::info!(
+        target: "vespertide_lsp::handler",
+        uri = %uri.as_str(),
+        tokens = data.len(),
+        "semantic_tokens_full"
+    );
+
+    Some(SemanticTokensResult::Tokens(SemanticTokens {
+        result_id: None,
+        data,
+    }))
+}
+
+/// Compute the range-scoped response. Range-based requests are cheaper
+/// for clients that only need on-screen tokens; we still classify the
+/// whole tree (cheap) but filter the output to the requested range.
+pub fn compute_range(
+    store: &DocumentStore,
+    params: &SemanticTokensRangeParams,
+) -> Option<SemanticTokensRangeResult> {
+    let uri = &params.text_document.uri;
+    let format = DocumentFormat::from_uri(uri)?;
+    let lsp_range = crate::position::ls_to_lsp_range(params.range);
+
+    let data = store.docs_iter_for_uri(uri, |state| {
+        let text = state.text();
+        let start = crate::position::lsp_position_to_byte(&state.doc, lsp_range.start);
+        let end = crate::position::lsp_position_to_byte(&state.doc, lsp_range.end);
+        let raw = super::classify(text, format, state.tree.as_ref());
+        let mut filtered = super::filter_range(raw, start..end);
+        super::encode(&mut filtered, &state.doc)
+    })?;
+
+    tracing::info!(
+        target: "vespertide_lsp::handler",
+        uri = %uri.as_str(),
+        tokens = data.len(),
+        "semantic_tokens_range"
+    );
+
+    Some(SemanticTokensRangeResult::Tokens(SemanticTokens {
+        result_id: None,
+        data,
+    }))
+}
+
+
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/semantic_tokens/legend.rs b/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/semantic_tokens/legend.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a008bfd8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/semantic_tokens/legend.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+//! Semantic token legend — the LSP requires the server to publish an
+//! ordered list of `tokenTypes` and `tokenModifiers` at `initialize`,
+//! after which it emits indices into those lists for every reported
+//! token. Both vectors MUST stay stable for the connection's lifetime.
+
+use tower_lsp_server::ls_types::{
+    SemanticTokenModifier, SemanticTokenType, SemanticTokensLegend,
+};
+
+/// Indices into [`TOKEN_TYPE_NAMES`]. Kept as a typed enum so the
+/// classifier never hand-codes magic numbers.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+#[repr(u32)]
+pub enum TokenIdx {
+    /// Table-level identifier (top-level `name` value, `ref_table` value).
+    Class = 0,
+    /// Column-level identifier (column `name` value, `ref_columns` entry).
+    Property = 1,
+    /// Simple SQL column type (`"integer"`, `"text"`, …).
+    Type = 2,
+    /// Enum-like literal (`kind` value, enum `values[]`, `on_delete` etc.).
+    EnumMember = 3,
+    /// Reserved JSON / SQL keyword (`true`, `false`, `null`).
+    Keyword = 4,
+    /// Numeric literal.
+    Number = 5,
+    /// String literal that doesn't fall into a more specific category
+    /// (free-form `default` values, `custom_type`, `comment` strings).
+    String = 6,
+}
+
+/// Indices into [`TOKEN_MODIFIER_NAMES`]. Used as a bitmask in the LSP
+/// wire format.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+#[repr(u32)]
+pub enum ModIdx {
+    /// Set on the bytes that *introduce* a symbol (top-level `name`
+    /// value, column `name` value). Lets themes give declarations a
+    /// stronger weight than references.
+    Declaration = 1,
+    /// Set on places that *refer to* a declared symbol (the value of
+    /// `ref_table`, individual entries of `ref_columns`).
+    Definition = 2,
+}
+
+/// String identifiers for each token type, in the exact order required
+/// for the LSP legend.
+pub const TOKEN_TYPE_NAMES: &[SemanticTokenType] = &[
+    SemanticTokenType::CLASS,
+    SemanticTokenType::PROPERTY,
+    SemanticTokenType::TYPE,
+    SemanticTokenType::ENUM_MEMBER,
+    SemanticTokenType::KEYWORD,
+    SemanticTokenType::NUMBER,
+    SemanticTokenType::STRING,
+];
+
+/// String identifiers for each modifier, in the order matching their
+/// bit position in the modifier bitmask. Bit `n` ⇔ index `n` here.
+pub const TOKEN_MODIFIER_NAMES: &[SemanticTokenModifier] = &[
+    SemanticTokenModifier::DECLARATION,
+    SemanticTokenModifier::DEFINITION,
+];
+
+/// Build the legend payload published on `initialize`.
+#[must_use]
+pub fn legend() -> SemanticTokensLegend {
+    SemanticTokensLegend {
+        token_types: TOKEN_TYPE_NAMES.to_vec(),
+        token_modifiers: TOKEN_MODIFIER_NAMES.to_vec(),
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn legend_lengths_match_index_enums() {
+        let legend = legend();
+        assert_eq!(legend.token_types.len(), 7, "TokenIdx variants must be reflected");
+        assert_eq!(legend.token_modifiers.len(), 2, "ModIdx variants must be reflected");
+        assert_eq!(legend.token_types, TOKEN_TYPE_NAMES);
+        assert_eq!(legend.token_modifiers, TOKEN_MODIFIER_NAMES);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn token_indices_are_stable_against_legend_order() {
+        // Guard against accidental reordering — the LSP wire protocol
+        // refers to types by their position in `token_types`.
+        assert_eq!(TokenIdx::Class as u32, 0);
+        assert_eq!(TokenIdx::Property as u32, 1);
+        assert_eq!(TokenIdx::Type as u32, 2);
+        assert_eq!(TokenIdx::EnumMember as u32, 3);
+        assert_eq!(TokenIdx::Keyword as u32, 4);
+        assert_eq!(TokenIdx::Number as u32, 5);
+        assert_eq!(TokenIdx::String as u32, 6);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/semantic_tokens/mod.rs b/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/semantic_tokens/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2ddd98b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/semantic_tokens/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+//! Semantic tokens — LSP `textDocument/semanticTokens/{full,range}`.
+//!
+//! Vespertide ships its own `TextMate` / tree-sitter highlight queries
+//! (`apps/vscode-extension/syntaxes/`, `apps/zed-extension/languages/`)
+//! which colour the document by *syntax*. Semantic tokens layer on top:
+//! they classify nodes by *meaning* — a `column.name` value vs a
+//! `ref_table` value vs an enum value — so themes can paint them
+//! distinctly even though all three are JSON strings at the syntax level.
+//!
+//! Architecture:
+//!   * [`legend`] defines the ordered set of token types and modifiers
+//!     reported on `initialize` (LSP requires the indices to be stable
+//!     for the lifetime of the connection).
+//!   * `classify_*` modules tree-sitter-walk a document and emit a
+//!     [`RawToken`] for each significant span.
+//!   * [`encode`] sorts and delta-encodes the raw tokens into the
+//!     `Vec<SemanticToken>` wire shape.
+//!   * The backend pumps a document through `classify_* → encode` for
+//!     both `semantic_tokens_full` and `semantic_tokens_range` (range
+//!     is a strict subset, computed by pre-filtering on `RawToken`).
+
+mod classify_json;
+mod classify_yaml;
+mod encode;
+pub mod handler;
+pub mod legend;
+
+use std::ops::Range;
+
+pub use encode::encode;
+pub use legend::legend;
+
+use crate::parser::DocumentFormat;
+
+/// A single token emitted by a classifier. Byte ranges are over the
+/// document's UTF-8 source — [`encode`] resolves them to UTF-16
+/// line/character positions using `lsp-textdocument`.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct RawToken {
+    /// UTF-8 byte range of the token in the source document.
+    pub byte_range: Range<usize>,
+    /// Index into [`TOKEN_TYPE_NAMES`].
+    pub token_type: u32,
+    /// Bitmask over [`TOKEN_MODIFIER_NAMES`].
+    pub token_modifiers: u32,
+}
+
+/// Classify the entire document. The classifier dispatches on format —
+/// JSON and YAML use different tree-sitter grammars with different node
+/// kinds.
+#[must_use]
+pub fn classify(
+    source: &str,
+    format: DocumentFormat,
+    tree: Option<&tree_sitter::Tree>,
+) -> Vec<RawToken> {
+    let Some(tree) = tree else {
+        return Vec::new();
+    };
+    match format {
+        DocumentFormat::Json => classify_json::classify(source, tree),
+        DocumentFormat::Yaml => classify_yaml::classify(source, tree),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Filter a raw token list to those whose byte range overlaps `range`.
+/// Used by `semantic_tokens_range` to satisfy the LSP range request.
+#[must_use]
+pub fn filter_range(tokens: Vec<RawToken>, range: Range<usize>) -> Vec<RawToken> {
+    tokens
+        .into_iter()
+        .filter(|t| t.byte_range.start < range.end && range.start < t.byte_range.end)
+        .collect()
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/store.rs b/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/store.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4de413c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/store.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+//! Concurrent document store keyed by URI.
+//!
+//! [`DashMap`] is justified here as a performance-critical hot path:
+//! `textDocument/didChange` arrives per-document and concurrently. All other
+//! maps in the workspace use [`BTreeMap`](std::collections::BTreeMap) per the
+//! AGENTS.md policy; this is the documented exception.
+
+use dashmap::DashMap;
+use tower_lsp_server::ls_types::Uri;
+
+use crate::document::DocumentState;
+use crate::parser::{DocumentFormat, ParserPool};
+
+/// Thread-safe map of open documents.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct DocumentStore {
+    docs: DashMap<Uri, DocumentState>,
+    parser_pool: ParserPool,
+}
+
+impl DocumentStore {
+    /// Build an empty store with a fresh parser pool.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            docs: DashMap::new(),
+            parser_pool: ParserPool::new(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Handle `textDocument/didOpen`.
+    ///
+    /// Format is inferred from the URI extension; unknown extensions default
+    /// to [`DocumentFormat::Json`].
+    pub fn open(&self, uri: Uri, language_id: String, version: i32, text: String) {
+        let format = DocumentFormat::from_uri(&uri).unwrap_or(DocumentFormat::Json);
+        let state = DocumentState::new(language_id, version, text, format, &self.parser_pool);
+        self.docs.insert(uri, state);
+    }
+
+    /// Handle a full-sync `textDocument/didChange`.
+    pub fn update_full(&self, uri: &Uri, text: String, version: i32) {
+        if let Some(mut entry) = self.docs.get_mut(uri) {
+            entry.update_full(text, version, &self.parser_pool);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Handle `textDocument/didClose`.
+    pub fn close(&self, uri: &Uri) {
+        self.docs.remove(uri);
+    }
+
+    /// Number of currently-open documents.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.docs.len()
+    }
+
+    /// `true` if no documents are open.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.docs.is_empty()
+    }
+
+    /// Borrow a document's current text. Returns `None` if not open.
+    pub fn with_text<R>(&self, uri: &Uri, f: impl FnOnce(&str) -> R) -> Option<R> {
+        self.docs.get(uri).map(|state| f(state.text()))
+    }
+
+    /// Borrow a document's text and tree-sitter tree atomically.
+    /// Returns `None` if the document is not open.
+    pub fn with_doc<R>(
+        &self,
+        uri: &Uri,
+        f: impl FnOnce(&str, Option<&tree_sitter::Tree>) -> R,
+    ) -> Option<R> {
+        self.docs
+            .get(uri)
+            .map(|state| f(state.text(), state.tree.as_ref()))
+    }
+
+    /// Apply a closure to the full document state. Returns `None` if not open.
+    ///
+    /// Used by diagnostic publication to access text, tree, and
+    /// [`lsp_textdocument::FullTextDocument`] together.
+    pub fn docs_iter_for_uri<R>(
+        &self,
+        uri: &Uri,
+        f: impl FnOnce(&DocumentState) -> R,
+    ) -> Option<R> {
+        self.docs.get(uri).map(|state| f(&state))
+    }
+
+    /// Snapshot all open document URIs, sorted for deterministic iteration.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn open_uris(&self) -> Vec<Uri> {
+        let mut uris: Vec<Uri> = self.docs.iter().map(|entry| entry.key().clone()).collect();
+        uris.sort_by(|left, right| left.as_str().cmp(right.as_str()));
+        uris
+    }
+
+    /// Apply a closure to every open document in sorted URI order.
+    pub fn for_each(&self, mut f: impl FnMut(&Uri, &DocumentState)) {
+        let uris = self.open_uris();
+        for uri in &uris {
+            if let Some(entry) = self.docs.get(uri) {
+                f(uri, entry.value());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for DocumentStore {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use std::str::FromStr;
+    use tower_lsp_server::ls_types::Uri;
+
+    fn uri(path: &str) -> Uri {
+        Uri::from_str(&format!("file:///{path}")).unwrap()
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn open_insert_update_close() {
+        let store = DocumentStore::new();
+        let u = uri("test.json");
+        assert!(store.is_empty());
+
+        store.open(
+            u.clone(),
+            "json".to_string(),
+            1,
+            r#"{"name": "user"}"#.to_string(),
+        );
+        assert_eq!(store.len(), 1);
+
+        store.update_full(&u, r#"{"name": "post"}"#.to_string(), 2);
+        let text = store
+            .with_text(&u, std::string::ToString::to_string)
+            .unwrap();
+        assert!(text.contains("post"));
+
+        store.close(&u);
+        assert!(store.is_empty());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn open_uris_are_sorted() {
+        let store = DocumentStore::new();
+        let b = uri("b.json");
+        let a = uri("a.json");
+
+        for u in [b.clone(), a.clone()] {
+            store.open(
+                u,
+                "json".to_string(),
+                1,
+                r#"{"name": "x", "columns": []}"#.to_string(),
+            );
+        }
+
+        assert_eq!(store.open_uris(), vec![a, b]);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/symbols.rs b/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/symbols.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0ee781c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/symbols.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,348 @@
+//! Workspace symbols — global `Ctrl+T` / `Ctrl+Shift+O` search across
+//! every table and column in the workspace.
+//!
+//! For each model file (open in the editor OR sitting on disk) we emit:
+//!   * one symbol per table (`name: "user"`, kind=Class)
+//!   * one symbol per column (`name: "email"`, container=`"user"`, kind=Field)
+//!
+//! The provided query is matched as a **case-insensitive substring** —
+//! mirrors what most LSP clients render in the symbol picker without
+//! requiring server-side fuzzy ranking, while still keeping the result
+//! set tight enough to stay responsive in workspaces with hundreds of
+//! columns.
+
+use std::ops::Range;
+
+use tower_lsp_server::ls_types::Uri;
+
+use crate::store::DocumentStore;
+use crate::workspace_tables::WorkspaceTables;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct DomainSymbol {
+    /// Display name in the symbol picker.
+    pub name: String,
+    /// Distinguishes tables (`Table`) from columns (`Column`) — the LSP
+    /// layer maps these to `SymbolKind::Class` / `SymbolKind::Field`.
+    pub kind: SymbolKind,
+    /// Owning table name for column symbols; `None` for tables.
+    pub container: Option<String>,
+    /// File hosting the declaration.
+    pub uri: Uri,
+    /// Byte range of the identifier (table or column name value).
+    pub byte_range: Range<usize>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum SymbolKind {
+    Table,
+    Column,
+}
+
+/// Collect every table and column matching `query` (case-insensitive
+/// substring; empty query returns everything).
+#[must_use]
+pub fn compute(query: &str, docs: &DocumentStore, disk_tables: Option<&WorkspaceTables>) -> Vec<DomainSymbol> {
+    let needle = query.trim().to_ascii_lowercase();
+    let mut out = Vec::new();
+
+    let mut seen_uris = std::collections::BTreeSet::new();
+
+    docs.for_each(|uri, state| {
+        let Some(tree) = state.tree.as_ref() else {
+            return;
+        };
+        seen_uris.insert(uri.clone());
+        collect_from_tree(tree, state.text(), uri, &needle, &mut out);
+    });
+
+    // Pull disk-only tables, skipping ones that are already represented as
+    // open documents.
+    if let Some(disk) = disk_tables {
+        let pool = crate::parser::ParserPool::new();
+        for name in disk.names() {
+            let Some(path) = disk.model_path(&name) else {
+                continue;
+            };
+            let Some(uri) = path_to_uri(&path) else {
+                continue;
+            };
+            if seen_uris.contains(&uri) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let Ok(text) = std::fs::read_to_string(&path) else {
+                continue;
+            };
+            let format = match path.extension().and_then(|e| e.to_str()) {
+                Some("yaml" | "yml") => crate::parser::DocumentFormat::Yaml,
+                _ => crate::parser::DocumentFormat::Json,
+            };
+            let Some(tree) = pool.parse(&text, format) else {
+                continue;
+            };
+            collect_from_tree(&tree, &text, &uri, &needle, &mut out);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Sort by (name, kind) for deterministic output across runs / clients.
+    out.sort_by(|a, b| a.name.cmp(&b.name).then_with(|| (a.kind as u8).cmp(&(b.kind as u8))));
+    out
+}
+
+fn collect_from_tree(
+    tree: &tree_sitter::Tree,
+    source: &str,
+    uri: &Uri,
+    needle: &str,
+    out: &mut Vec<DomainSymbol>,
+) {
+    let source_bytes = source.as_bytes();
+    let Some(mapping) = find_outer_mapping(tree.root_node()) else {
+        return;
+    };
+
+    let table_name = direct_pair_value(mapping, source_bytes, "name")
+        .map(|(text, range)| (text.to_string(), range));
+    let Some((table_name, table_range)) = table_name else {
+        return;
+    };
+
+    if matches_needle(&table_name, needle) {
+        out.push(DomainSymbol {
+            name: table_name.clone(),
+            kind: SymbolKind::Table,
+            container: None,
+            uri: uri.clone(),
+            byte_range: table_range,
+        });
+    }
+
+    let Some(columns_value) = direct_pair_node(mapping, source_bytes, "columns") else {
+        return;
+    };
+    let columns_array = unwrap_yaml_node(columns_value);
+    if !matches!(
+        columns_array.kind(),
+        "array" | "block_sequence" | "flow_sequence"
+    ) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    let mut cursor = columns_array.walk();
+    for raw_child in columns_array.children(&mut cursor) {
+        let child = unwrap_yaml_node(raw_child);
+        let mapping = match child.kind() {
+            "object" | "block_mapping" | "flow_mapping" => Some(child),
+            "block_sequence_item" => {
+                let mut inner_cursor = child.walk();
+                child
+                    .children(&mut inner_cursor)
+                    .map(unwrap_yaml_node)
+                    .find(|n| matches!(n.kind(), "object" | "block_mapping" | "flow_mapping"))
+            }
+            _ => None,
+        };
+        let Some(column_mapping) = mapping else {
+            continue;
+        };
+        let Some((column_name, column_range)) =
+            direct_pair_value(column_mapping, source_bytes, "name")
+                .map(|(text, range)| (text.to_string(), range))
+        else {
+            continue;
+        };
+        if matches_needle(&column_name, needle) {
+            out.push(DomainSymbol {
+                name: column_name,
+                kind: SymbolKind::Column,
+                container: Some(table_name.clone()),
+                uri: uri.clone(),
+                byte_range: column_range,
+            });
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn matches_needle(name: &str, needle: &str) -> bool {
+    needle.is_empty() || name.to_ascii_lowercase().contains(needle)
+}
+
+/// Find a direct child pair `key: …` and return `(stripped value text, value byte range)`.
+fn direct_pair_value<'a>(
+    mapping: tree_sitter::Node<'_>,
+    source: &'a [u8],
+    target_key: &str,
+) -> Option<(&'a str, Range<usize>)> {
+    let pair = find_pair_with_key(mapping, source, target_key)?;
+    let value = unwrap_yaml_node(pair.named_child(1)?);
+    let raw = source.get(value.byte_range())?;
+    let text = std::str::from_utf8(raw).ok()?;
+    let stripped = strip_quotes(text);
+    // Adjust byte range to skip quotes when the value is a quoted string.
+    let range = match value.kind() {
+        "string" => value
+            .named_child(0)
+            .map_or_else(|| trim_one_byte(&value.byte_range()), |inner| inner.byte_range()),
+        "double_quote_scalar" | "single_quote_scalar" => trim_one_byte(&value.byte_range()),
+        _ => value.byte_range(),
+    };
+    // Defensive: if stripping changed the byte length unexpectedly, fall
+    // back to the raw range so we never panic on slice indexing.
+    let _ = stripped;
+    Some((strip_quotes(text), range))
+}
+
+fn direct_pair_node<'tree>(
+    mapping: tree_sitter::Node<'tree>,
+    source: &[u8],
+    target_key: &str,
+) -> Option<tree_sitter::Node<'tree>> {
+    find_pair_with_key(mapping, source, target_key)?.named_child(1)
+}
+
+fn find_pair_with_key<'tree>(
+    mapping: tree_sitter::Node<'tree>,
+    source: &[u8],
+    target_key: &str,
+) -> Option<tree_sitter::Node<'tree>> {
+    let mut cursor = mapping.walk();
+    mapping.children(&mut cursor).find(|&child| {
+        matches!(child.kind(), "pair" | "block_mapping_pair")
+            && child
+                .named_child(0)
+                .and_then(|key| std::str::from_utf8(&source[key.byte_range()]).ok())
+                .map(strip_quotes)
+                == Some(target_key)
+    })
+}
+
+fn find_outer_mapping(node: tree_sitter::Node<'_>) -> Option<tree_sitter::Node<'_>> {
+    if matches!(node.kind(), "object" | "block_mapping" | "flow_mapping") {
+        return Some(node);
+    }
+    let mut cursor = node.walk();
+    for child in node.children(&mut cursor) {
+        if let Some(found) = find_outer_mapping(child) {
+            return Some(found);
+        }
+    }
+    None
+}
+
+fn unwrap_yaml_node(node: tree_sitter::Node<'_>) -> tree_sitter::Node<'_> {
+    let mut current = node;
+    while matches!(current.kind(), "flow_node" | "block_node") {
+        let Some(inner) = current.named_child(0) else {
+            break;
+        };
+        if inner.id() == current.id() {
+            break;
+        }
+        current = inner;
+    }
+    current
+}
+
+fn strip_quotes(s: &str) -> &str {
+    s.trim()
+        .trim_start_matches('"')
+        .trim_end_matches('"')
+        .trim_start_matches('\'')
+        .trim_end_matches('\'')
+}
+
+fn trim_one_byte(range: &Range<usize>) -> Range<usize> {
+    if range.end.saturating_sub(range.start) >= 2 {
+        (range.start + 1)..(range.end - 1)
+    } else {
+        range.clone()
+    }
+}
+
+fn path_to_uri(path: &std::path::Path) -> Option<Uri> {
+    let mut text = path.to_string_lossy().replace('\\', "/");
+    if !text.starts_with('/') {
+        text = format!("/{text}");
+    }
+    std::str::FromStr::from_str(&format!("file://{text}")).ok()
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::parser::{DocumentFormat, ParserPool};
+    use std::str::FromStr;
+
+    fn uri(p: &str) -> Uri {
+        Uri::from_str(&format!("file:///{p}")).unwrap()
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn empty_query_returns_all_tables_and_columns() {
+        let docs = DocumentStore::new();
+        let src = r#"{"name":"user","columns":[{"name":"id","type":"integer"},{"name":"email","type":"text"}]}"#;
+        let u = uri("user.json");
+        // `DocumentStore::open` parses the tree via the internal ParserPool,
+        // so we do not need to feed a tree manually.
+        docs.open(u, "json".to_string(), 1, src.to_string());
+
+        let symbols = compute("", &docs, None);
+        let names: Vec<_> = symbols.iter().map(|s| s.name.as_str()).collect();
+        assert!(names.contains(&"user"), "got: {names:?}");
+        assert!(names.contains(&"id"));
+        assert!(names.contains(&"email"));
+
+        // Each column's container points at its owning table.
+        let email = symbols.iter().find(|s| s.name == "email").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(email.kind, SymbolKind::Column);
+        assert_eq!(email.container.as_deref(), Some("user"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn query_filters_case_insensitively() {
+        let docs = DocumentStore::new();
+        let src = r#"{"name":"User","columns":[{"name":"emAil","type":"text"}]}"#;
+        docs.open(uri("user.json"), "json".to_string(), 1, src.to_string());
+
+        let s1 = compute("user", &docs, None);
+        assert!(s1.iter().any(|s| s.name == "User"));
+
+        let s2 = compute("EMAIL", &docs, None);
+        assert!(s2.iter().any(|s| s.name == "emAil"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn output_is_sorted_for_deterministic_picker_ordering() {
+        let docs = DocumentStore::new();
+        let src = r#"{"name":"zeta","columns":[{"name":"alpha","type":"integer"},{"name":"beta","type":"integer"}]}"#;
+        docs.open(uri("z.json"), "json".to_string(), 1, src.to_string());
+
+        let symbols = compute("", &docs, None);
+        let names: Vec<_> = symbols.iter().map(|s| s.name.clone()).collect();
+        let mut sorted = names.clone();
+        sorted.sort();
+        assert_eq!(names, sorted, "symbols must be sorted alphabetically");
+    }
+
+    /// Regression-style: column name picker must not silently drop
+    /// columns when the file uses YAML scalars.
+    #[test]
+    fn yaml_workspace_symbols() {
+        let docs = DocumentStore::new();
+        let src = "name: account\ncolumns:\n  - name: id\n    type: integer\n  - name: balance\n    type: numeric\n";
+        docs.open(uri("account.yaml"), "yaml".to_string(), 1, src.to_string());
+
+        let symbols = compute("", &docs, None);
+        let names: Vec<_> = symbols.iter().map(|s| s.name.as_str()).collect();
+        assert!(names.contains(&"account"));
+        assert!(names.contains(&"id"));
+        assert!(names.contains(&"balance"));
+    }
+
+    // Silence dead-code lints on the parser pool helper used by tests above
+    // when they otherwise stop importing it.
+    fn _force_parser_pool() {
+        let _ = ParserPool::new();
+        let _ = DocumentFormat::Json;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/watched_files.rs b/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/watched_files.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..01f4f167
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/watched_files.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+//! Helpers for `workspace/didChangeWatchedFiles`. The notification
+//! payload is just a list of `(uri, kind)` changes — the only thing
+//! this module decides is whether a given path falls under our
+//! `models/` or `migrations/` directories so we can ignore unrelated
+//! filesystem noise (build artefacts, dotfiles, sibling projects).
+//!
+//! Decision logic ([`should_refresh_for`]) is unit-testable in
+//! isolation; the LSP `did_change_watched_files` handler lives on
+//! [`Backend`](crate::Backend) and delegates here.
+
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+
+use tower_lsp_server::ls_types::{
+    DidChangeWatchedFilesRegistrationOptions, FileSystemWatcher, GlobPattern, Registration,
+    WatchKind,
+};
+
+/// Build the LSP dynamic registration payload used in `initialized()`
+/// to ask the client to watch every model / migration file under the
+/// workspace. The id is stable so the server can `unregisterCapability`
+/// later if needed (not currently used).
+#[must_use]
+pub fn build_registration() -> Registration {
+    let opts = DidChangeWatchedFilesRegistrationOptions {
+        watchers: vec![FileSystemWatcher {
+            glob_pattern: GlobPattern::String(
+                "**/{models,migrations}/**/*.{json,yaml,yml}".to_string(),
+            ),
+            kind: Some(WatchKind::all()),
+        }],
+    };
+    let value = serde_json::to_value(opts)
+        .expect("DidChangeWatchedFilesRegistrationOptions is always serialisable");
+    Registration {
+        id: "vespertide/watched-files".to_string(),
+        method: "workspace/didChangeWatchedFiles".to_string(),
+        register_options: Some(value),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Returns the canonical (lowercase on Windows) path of `path` relative
+/// to `root`. Falls back to a slash-normalised lossy form.
+fn canonical(path: &Path) -> PathBuf {
+    if let Ok(canonical) = std::fs::canonicalize(path) {
+        return canonical;
+    }
+    let lossy = path.to_string_lossy().replace('\\', "/");
+    if cfg!(windows) {
+        PathBuf::from(lossy.to_lowercase())
+    } else {
+        PathBuf::from(lossy)
+    }
+}
+
+/// True when `changed_path` lives somewhere under `root/models_dir` or
+/// `root/migrations_dir`. The match is **prefix-based on normalised
+/// paths**, which is robust against Windows drive-letter casing and
+/// trailing slashes — the same normalisation
+/// `Backend::collect_workspace_tables` uses to dedup workspace entries.
+#[must_use]
+pub fn should_refresh_for(
+    root: &Path,
+    models_dir: &Path,
+    migrations_dir: &Path,
+    changed_path: &Path,
+) -> bool {
+    let _ = root; // included for API symmetry / future use
+    let changed = canonical(changed_path);
+    let models_norm = canonical(models_dir);
+    let migrations_norm = canonical(migrations_dir);
+
+    changed.starts_with(&models_norm) || changed.starts_with(&migrations_norm)
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use std::fs;
+    use tempfile::tempdir;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn changes_under_models_trigger_refresh() {
+        let tmp = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let root = tmp.path();
+        let models = root.join("models");
+        let migrations = root.join("migrations");
+        fs::create_dir_all(&models).unwrap();
+        fs::create_dir_all(&migrations).unwrap();
+
+        let changed = models.join("user.json");
+        fs::write(&changed, "{}").unwrap();
+        assert!(should_refresh_for(root, &models, &migrations, &changed));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn changes_under_migrations_trigger_refresh() {
+        let tmp = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let root = tmp.path();
+        let models = root.join("models");
+        let migrations = root.join("migrations");
+        fs::create_dir_all(&models).unwrap();
+        fs::create_dir_all(&migrations).unwrap();
+
+        let changed = migrations.join("0001_init.json");
+        fs::write(&changed, "{}").unwrap();
+        assert!(should_refresh_for(root, &models, &migrations, &changed));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn changes_outside_tracked_dirs_are_ignored() {
+        let tmp = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let root = tmp.path();
+        let models = root.join("models");
+        let migrations = root.join("migrations");
+        fs::create_dir_all(&models).unwrap();
+        fs::create_dir_all(&migrations).unwrap();
+
+        let unrelated = root.join("README.md");
+        fs::write(&unrelated, "irrelevant").unwrap();
+        assert!(!should_refresh_for(root, &models, &migrations, &unrelated));
+
+        let sibling = root.parent().unwrap_or(root).join("other_file.txt");
+        // Don't actually create — assertion only needs the path check.
+        assert!(!should_refresh_for(root, &models, &migrations, &sibling));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn nested_subdirectories_are_also_tracked() {
+        let tmp = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let root = tmp.path();
+        let models = root.join("models");
+        let migrations = root.join("migrations");
+        fs::create_dir_all(models.join("nested")).unwrap();
+        fs::create_dir_all(&migrations).unwrap();
+
+        let changed = models.join("nested").join("nested.json");
+        fs::write(&changed, "{}").unwrap();
+        assert!(should_refresh_for(root, &models, &migrations, &changed));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/workspace_index.rs b/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/workspace_index.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..554ed789
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/workspace_index.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,290 @@
+//! Cross-file index: table name → URI.
+//!
+//! Built/maintained by parsing the top-level `name` field via tree-sitter
+//! (fast path — no full serde deserialize). Updated on `did_open` /
+//! `did_change` / `did_close`.
+//!
+//! [`BTreeMap`] is used for deterministic iteration (workspace policy; see
+//! AGENTS.md). Concurrency is mediated by a single [`RwLock`] — write traffic
+//! is rare (per document edit) so contention is not a concern.
+
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+use std::sync::RwLock;
+
+use tower_lsp_server::ls_types::Uri;
+use tree_sitter::{Node, Tree};
+
+/// Snapshot returned by [`WorkspaceIndex::lookup`]; not held across mutations.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct TableLocation {
+    pub uri: Uri,
+}
+
+/// Workspace-wide table name → URI index.
+#[derive(Debug, Default)]
+pub struct WorkspaceIndex {
+    inner: RwLock<WorkspaceIndexInner>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Default)]
+struct WorkspaceIndexInner {
+    /// `table_name` → URI
+    by_name: BTreeMap<String, Uri>,
+    /// URI → `table_name` (for cleanup on `did_change` / `did_close`)
+    by_uri: BTreeMap<Uri, String>,
+}
+
+impl WorkspaceIndex {
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self::default()
+    }
+
+    /// Upsert: parse the document's top-level `name` field and update both
+    /// maps. Returns the previous name (if any) for diagnostic display.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    /// Panics if the internal lock is poisoned (process-wide invariant).
+    pub fn upsert(&self, uri: &Uri, source: &str, tree: &Tree) -> Option<String> {
+        let new_name = extract_top_level_name(source, tree);
+        let mut inner = self.inner.write().unwrap();
+        let old = inner.by_uri.get(uri).cloned();
+        if let Some(old_name) = &old {
+            // Only remove the by_name entry if it still points to this URI
+            // (handles the case where two files briefly claim the same name).
+            if inner.by_name.get(old_name) == Some(uri) {
+                inner.by_name.remove(old_name);
+            }
+        }
+        match new_name {
+            Some(name) => {
+                inner.by_uri.insert(uri.clone(), name.clone());
+                inner.by_name.insert(name, uri.clone());
+            }
+            None => {
+                inner.by_uri.remove(uri);
+            }
+        }
+        old
+    }
+
+    /// Drop all index entries for `uri`.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    /// Panics if the internal lock is poisoned.
+    pub fn remove(&self, uri: &Uri) {
+        let mut inner = self.inner.write().unwrap();
+        if let Some(name) = inner.by_uri.remove(uri)
+            && inner.by_name.get(&name) == Some(uri)
+        {
+            inner.by_name.remove(&name);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Look up the URI that owns `table_name`.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    /// Panics if the internal lock is poisoned.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn lookup(&self, table_name: &str) -> Option<TableLocation> {
+        let inner = self.inner.read().unwrap();
+        inner
+            .by_name
+            .get(table_name)
+            .map(|uri| TableLocation { uri: uri.clone() })
+    }
+
+    /// Snapshot of all known table names. Sorted by [`BTreeMap`] iteration order.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    /// Panics if the internal lock is poisoned.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn tables(&self) -> Vec<String> {
+        let inner = self.inner.read().unwrap();
+        inner.by_name.keys().cloned().collect()
+    }
+
+    /// Number of indexed tables.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    /// Panics if the internal lock is poisoned.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.inner.read().unwrap().by_name.len()
+    }
+
+    /// `true` if no tables are indexed.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.len() == 0
+    }
+}
+
+/// Walk the tree-sitter tree to find the TOP-LEVEL `name` string value.
+///
+/// Critically, we look only at direct children of the document's outermost
+/// mapping. A previous version recursed unconditionally and would pick up
+/// the `name` field of the first column when the file happened to put
+/// `columns` before `name` — that polluted the workspace index with column
+/// names like `id` and `media_id` as if they were tables.
+fn extract_top_level_name(source: &str, tree: &Tree) -> Option<String> {
+    let mapping = find_outer_mapping(tree.root_node())?;
+    find_direct_name_value(mapping, source.as_bytes())
+}
+
+fn find_outer_mapping(node: Node<'_>) -> Option<Node<'_>> {
+    if matches!(node.kind(), "object" | "block_mapping" | "flow_mapping") {
+        return Some(node);
+    }
+    let mut cursor = node.walk();
+    for child in node.children(&mut cursor) {
+        if let Some(found) = find_outer_mapping(child) {
+            return Some(found);
+        }
+    }
+    None
+}
+
+fn find_direct_name_value(mapping: Node<'_>, source: &[u8]) -> Option<String> {
+    let mut cursor = mapping.walk();
+    for child in mapping.children(&mut cursor) {
+        if is_name_key_node(child, source)
+            && let Some(value) = find_value_sibling(child)
+        {
+            let text = &source[value.byte_range()];
+            return Some(strip_quotes(std::str::from_utf8(text).ok()?).to_string());
+        }
+    }
+    None
+}
+
+fn is_name_key_node(node: Node<'_>, source: &[u8]) -> bool {
+    let kind = node.kind();
+    if kind != "pair" && kind != "block_mapping_pair" {
+        return false;
+    }
+    let Some(key) = node.named_child(0) else {
+        return false;
+    };
+    let text = &source[key.byte_range()];
+    let key_str = std::str::from_utf8(text).unwrap_or("");
+    strip_quotes(key_str.trim()) == "name"
+}
+
+fn find_value_sibling(pair_node: Node<'_>) -> Option<Node<'_>> {
+    // JSON pair: key, ":", value → value is named_child(1)
+    // YAML block_mapping_pair: key, ":", value → value is named_child(1)
+    pair_node.named_child(1)
+}
+
+fn strip_quotes(s: &str) -> &str {
+    let s = s.trim();
+    s.trim_start_matches('"').trim_end_matches('"')
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::parser::{DocumentFormat, ParserPool};
+    use std::str::FromStr;
+
+    fn uri(p: &str) -> Uri {
+        Uri::from_str(&format!("file:///{p}")).unwrap()
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn upsert_json_name() {
+        let pool = ParserPool::new();
+        let idx = WorkspaceIndex::new();
+        let u = uri("user.json");
+        let src = r#"{"name": "user", "columns": []}"#;
+        let tree = pool.parse(src, DocumentFormat::Json).unwrap();
+        idx.upsert(&u, src, &tree);
+        assert_eq!(idx.len(), 1);
+        let loc = idx.lookup("user").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(loc.uri, u);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn upsert_yaml_name() {
+        let pool = ParserPool::new();
+        let idx = WorkspaceIndex::new();
+        let u = uri("user.yaml");
+        let src = "name: user\ncolumns: []\n";
+        let tree = pool.parse(src, DocumentFormat::Yaml).unwrap();
+        idx.upsert(&u, src, &tree);
+        assert_eq!(idx.len(), 1);
+        assert!(idx.lookup("user").is_some());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rename_replaces_entry() {
+        let pool = ParserPool::new();
+        let idx = WorkspaceIndex::new();
+        let u = uri("entity.json");
+        let src1 = r#"{"name": "user"}"#;
+        let src2 = r#"{"name": "account"}"#;
+        let t1 = pool.parse(src1, DocumentFormat::Json).unwrap();
+        idx.upsert(&u, src1, &t1);
+        let t2 = pool.parse(src2, DocumentFormat::Json).unwrap();
+        idx.upsert(&u, src2, &t2);
+        assert_eq!(idx.len(), 1);
+        assert!(idx.lookup("user").is_none());
+        assert!(idx.lookup("account").is_some());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn remove_clears_both_maps() {
+        let pool = ParserPool::new();
+        let idx = WorkspaceIndex::new();
+        let u = uri("user.json");
+        let src = r#"{"name": "user"}"#;
+        let tree = pool.parse(src, DocumentFormat::Json).unwrap();
+        idx.upsert(&u, src, &tree);
+        idx.remove(&u);
+        assert_eq!(idx.len(), 0);
+        assert!(idx.lookup("user").is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn cjk_name() {
+        let pool = ParserPool::new();
+        let idx = WorkspaceIndex::new();
+        let u = uri("doseo.json");
+        let src = r#"{"name": "도서"}"#;
+        let tree = pool.parse(src, DocumentFormat::Json).unwrap();
+        idx.upsert(&u, src, &tree);
+        assert!(idx.lookup("도서").is_some());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn column_name_is_not_picked_up_when_columns_precedes_name() {
+        let pool = ParserPool::new();
+        let idx = WorkspaceIndex::new();
+        let u = uri("article.json");
+        // `columns` appears BEFORE `name`. A naive recursive walk would
+        // surface `id` (the first column's name) as if it were a table.
+        let src = r#"{
+            "columns": [{"name": "id", "type": "uuid"}],
+            "name": "article"
+        }"#;
+        let tree = pool.parse(src, DocumentFormat::Json).unwrap();
+        idx.upsert(&u, src, &tree);
+
+        let tables = idx.tables();
+        assert_eq!(tables, vec!["article".to_string()]);
+        assert!(idx.lookup("id").is_none(), "must NOT register column name");
+        assert!(idx.lookup("article").is_some());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn missing_name_is_no_op() {
+        let pool = ParserPool::new();
+        let idx = WorkspaceIndex::new();
+        let u = uri("nameless.json");
+        let src = r#"{"columns": []}"#;
+        let tree = pool.parse(src, DocumentFormat::Json).unwrap();
+        idx.upsert(&u, src, &tree);
+        assert!(idx.is_empty());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/workspace_tables.rs b/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/workspace_tables.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f427f8cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-lsp/src/workspace_tables.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,278 @@
+//! Disk-discovered workspace tables.
+//!
+//! The LSP keeps open documents in [`DocumentStore`](crate::DocumentStore), but
+//! cross-file features also need models that have not been opened by the editor.
+//! This cache is populated from `vespertide.json` + `vespertide-loader` on
+//! initialize and refreshed after document changes. [`BTreeMap`] keeps
+//! iteration deterministic across the workspace.
+
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+use std::sync::RwLock;
+
+use vespertide_core::TableDef;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Default)]
+pub struct WorkspaceTables {
+    inner: RwLock<Inner>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Default)]
+struct Inner {
+    root: Option<PathBuf>,
+    by_name: BTreeMap<String, TableDef>,
+    /// `table_name → absolute file path` recorded during refresh. Needed
+    /// because filenames don't always match the declared `name`
+    /// (`media.vespertide.json` declares `name: media`, but
+    /// `models/my_table.json` is also valid and declares `name: user`).
+    path_by_name: BTreeMap<String, PathBuf>,
+}
+
+impl WorkspaceTables {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self::default()
+    }
+
+    /// Walk up from `start` looking for `vespertide.json`, then load all models.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `true` only when a config was found and at least one table loaded.
+    pub fn refresh(&self, start: &Path) -> bool {
+        let Some(root) = find_workspace_root(start) else {
+            *self.inner.write().unwrap() = Inner::default();
+            return false;
+        };
+
+        let Ok(config) = vespertide_loader::load_config_from_path(root.join("vespertide.json"))
+        else {
+            return false;
+        };
+        let models_dir = root.join(config.models_dir());
+
+        // Walk the models directory ourselves so we capture
+        // (table_name, file_path) — vespertide-loader's public API only
+        // returns the parsed tables and drops the filename.
+        let mut by_name: BTreeMap<String, TableDef> = BTreeMap::new();
+        let mut path_by_name: BTreeMap<String, PathBuf> = BTreeMap::new();
+        collect_models(&models_dir, &mut by_name, &mut path_by_name);
+        let count = by_name.len();
+
+        *self.inner.write().unwrap() = Inner {
+            root: Some(root),
+            by_name,
+            path_by_name,
+        };
+
+        count > 0
+    }
+
+    pub fn get(&self, name: &str) -> Option<TableDef> {
+        self.inner.read().unwrap().by_name.get(name).cloned()
+    }
+
+    pub fn names(&self) -> Vec<String> {
+        self.inner.read().unwrap().by_name.keys().cloned().collect()
+    }
+
+    pub fn all(&self) -> Vec<(String, TableDef)> {
+        self.inner
+            .read()
+            .unwrap()
+            .by_name
+            .iter()
+            .map(|(name, table)| (name.clone(), table.clone()))
+            .collect()
+    }
+
+    pub fn root(&self) -> Option<PathBuf> {
+        self.inner.read().unwrap().root.clone()
+    }
+
+    /// Look up the on-disk file path that declared `table_name`. Cached at
+    /// `refresh()` time so the lookup is filename-agnostic — works for
+    /// `media.json`, `media.vespertide.json`, or `models/whatever.json`
+    /// regardless of the filename convention.
+    pub fn model_path(&self, table_name: &str) -> Option<PathBuf> {
+        self.inner
+            .read()
+            .unwrap()
+            .path_by_name
+            .get(table_name)
+            .cloned()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Recursively walk `dir` collecting every `.json` / `.yaml` / `.yml`
+/// model file. For each file we parse + normalize the `TableDef` and
+/// record `(name → table)` alongside `(name → path)`.
+///
+/// On parse / normalize failure we silently skip the file: the diagnostics
+/// engine will surface a parse error for any opened model, and silently
+/// skipping disk-only invalid files keeps the workspace cache from
+/// blocking on a single corrupted model.
+fn collect_models(
+    dir: &Path,
+    by_name: &mut BTreeMap<String, TableDef>,
+    path_by_name: &mut BTreeMap<String, PathBuf>,
+) {
+    let Ok(entries) = std::fs::read_dir(dir) else {
+        return;
+    };
+    for entry in entries.flatten() {
+        let path = entry.path();
+        if path.is_dir() {
+            collect_models(&path, by_name, path_by_name);
+            continue;
+        }
+        if !is_model_file(&path) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let Ok(content) = std::fs::read_to_string(&path) else {
+            continue;
+        };
+        let Some(table) = parse_table(&path, &content) else {
+            continue;
+        };
+        let Ok(normalized) = table.normalize() else {
+            continue;
+        };
+        let name = normalized.name.clone();
+        by_name.insert(name.clone(), normalized);
+        path_by_name.insert(name, path);
+    }
+}
+
+fn is_model_file(path: &Path) -> bool {
+    matches!(
+        path.extension().and_then(|e| e.to_str()),
+        Some("json" | "yaml" | "yml")
+    )
+}
+
+fn parse_table(path: &Path, content: &str) -> Option<TableDef> {
+    match path.extension().and_then(|e| e.to_str()) {
+        Some("json") => serde_json::from_str(content).ok(),
+        Some("yaml" | "yml") => serde_yaml::from_str(content).ok(),
+        _ => None,
+    }
+}
+
+fn find_workspace_root(start: &Path) -> Option<PathBuf> {
+    let mut current = if start.is_file() {
+        start.parent()
+    } else {
+        Some(start)
+    };
+
+    while let Some(dir) = current {
+        if dir.join("vespertide.json").exists() {
+            return Some(dir.to_path_buf());
+        }
+        current = dir.parent();
+    }
+
+    None
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use std::fs;
+
+    use tempfile::tempdir;
+
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn no_config_refresh_returns_false() {
+        let tmp = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let tables = WorkspaceTables::new();
+
+        assert!(!tables.refresh(tmp.path()));
+        assert!(tables.names().is_empty());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn loads_models_when_config_present() {
+        let tmp = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let models_dir = tmp.path().join("models");
+        fs::create_dir_all(&models_dir).unwrap();
+        fs::write(
+            tmp.path().join("vespertide.json"),
+            r#"{"modelsDir":"models","migrationsDir":"migrations","tableNamingCase":"snake","columnNamingCase":"snake","modelFormat":"json"}"#,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        fs::write(
+            models_dir.join("user.json"),
+            r#"{"name":"user","columns":[{"name":"id","type":"integer","nullable":false,"primary_key":true}]}"#,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+        let tables = WorkspaceTables::new();
+
+        assert!(tables.refresh(tmp.path()));
+        assert!(tables.names().contains(&"user".to_string()));
+        assert!(tables.get("user").is_some());
+        assert_eq!(tables.root().as_deref(), Some(tmp.path()));
+        assert_eq!(
+            tables.model_path("user"),
+            Some(models_dir.join("user.json"))
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// Regression — `media.vespertide.json` declares `name: media`. The
+    /// old `model_path` only tried `media.json`, missed the double
+    /// extension, and made `collect_workspace_tables` drop the model. The
+    /// planner then reported `foreign key references non-existent table`
+    /// even though hover (which uses `get(name)` directly) showed
+    /// `Target table: media (on disk)`.
+    #[test]
+    fn model_path_resolves_double_extension_filenames() {
+        let tmp = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let models_dir = tmp.path().join("models");
+        fs::create_dir_all(&models_dir).unwrap();
+        fs::write(
+            tmp.path().join("vespertide.json"),
+            r#"{"modelsDir":"models","migrationsDir":"migrations","tableNamingCase":"snake","columnNamingCase":"snake","modelFormat":"json"}"#,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        fs::write(
+            models_dir.join("media.vespertide.json"),
+            r#"{"name":"media","columns":[{"name":"id","type":"integer","nullable":false,"primary_key":true}]}"#,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+        let tables = WorkspaceTables::new();
+        assert!(tables.refresh(tmp.path()));
+        assert!(tables.names().contains(&"media".to_string()));
+        assert_eq!(
+            tables.model_path("media"),
+            Some(models_dir.join("media.vespertide.json")),
+            "double-extension files must be discoverable by their `name`"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn model_path_resolves_when_filename_disagrees_with_name() {
+        let tmp = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let models_dir = tmp.path().join("models");
+        fs::create_dir_all(&models_dir).unwrap();
+        fs::write(
+            tmp.path().join("vespertide.json"),
+            r#"{"modelsDir":"models","migrationsDir":"migrations","tableNamingCase":"snake","columnNamingCase":"snake","modelFormat":"json"}"#,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        // Filename `something_weird.json` but the declared name is `user`.
+        fs::write(
+            models_dir.join("something_weird.json"),
+            r#"{"name":"user","columns":[{"name":"id","type":"integer","nullable":false,"primary_key":true}]}"#,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+        let tables = WorkspaceTables::new();
+        assert!(tables.refresh(tmp.path()));
+        assert_eq!(
+            tables.model_path("user"),
+            Some(models_dir.join("something_weird.json")),
+            "model_path must follow the declared `name`, not the filename"
+        );
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-lsp/tests/completion.rs b/crates/vespertide-lsp/tests/completion.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5062e1c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-lsp/tests/completion.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,260 @@
+use std::str::FromStr;
+
+use tempfile::tempdir;
+use tower_lsp_server::ls_types::Uri;
+use vespertide_lsp::{
+    DocumentFormat, DocumentStore, ParserPool, WorkspaceIndex, WorkspaceTables, compute_completion,
+    compute_completion_with_workspace_tables,
+};
+
+fn uri(path: &str) -> Uri {
+    Uri::from_str(&format!("file:///{path}")).unwrap()
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn completion_inside_column_type_string_offers_simple_plus_replacing_snippets() {
+    let pool = ParserPool::new();
+    let idx = WorkspaceIndex::new();
+    let docs = DocumentStore::new();
+    let src = r#"{"name":"u","columns":[{"name":"id","type":"","nullable":false}]}"#;
+    let tree = pool.parse(src, DocumentFormat::Json);
+    let pos = src.find(r#""type":"""#).unwrap() + 8;
+    let items = compute_completion(src, DocumentFormat::Json, tree.as_ref(), &idx, &docs, pos);
+
+    // Simple scalar types insert in-place (no replacement range).
+    let integer = items.iter().find(|i| i.label == "integer").unwrap();
+    assert!(integer.replace_range_bytes.is_none());
+
+    // Object snippets ARE present but each replaces the whole string
+    // literal (quotes included) so JSON stays valid after acceptance.
+    let string_start = src.rfind(r#""""#).unwrap();
+    let string_end = string_start + 2;
+    for label in ["varchar(N)", "char(N)", "numeric(P,S)", "enum"] {
+        let snippet = items
+            .iter()
+            .find(|i| i.label == label)
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("snippet `{label}` should be offered"));
+        let range = snippet
+            .replace_range_bytes
+            .as_ref()
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("`{label}` must carry replace_range_bytes"));
+        assert_eq!(range.start, string_start, "{label} start");
+        assert_eq!(range.end, string_end, "{label} end");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn completion_at_bare_column_type_value_offers_object_snippets() {
+    let pool = ParserPool::new();
+    let idx = WorkspaceIndex::new();
+    let docs = DocumentStore::new();
+    // No quotes around the value slot.
+    let src = r#"{"name":"u","columns":[{"name":"id","type":,"nullable":false}]}"#;
+    let tree = pool.parse(src, DocumentFormat::Json);
+    let pos = src.find(r#""type":"#).unwrap() + 7;
+    let items = compute_completion(src, DocumentFormat::Json, tree.as_ref(), &idx, &docs, pos);
+
+    assert!(items.iter().any(|item| item.label == "varchar(N)"));
+    assert!(items.iter().any(|item| item.label == "integer"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn cross_file_ref_columns() {
+    let pool = ParserPool::new();
+    let idx = WorkspaceIndex::new();
+    let docs = DocumentStore::new();
+
+    let user_uri = uri("user.json");
+    let user_src = r#"{"name":"user","columns":[{"name":"id","type":"integer","nullable":false,"primary_key":true},{"name":"email","type":"text","nullable":false}]}"#;
+    let user_tree = pool.parse(user_src, DocumentFormat::Json).unwrap();
+    idx.upsert(&user_uri, user_src, &user_tree);
+    docs.open(user_uri, "json".to_string(), 1, user_src.to_string());
+
+    let post_src = r#"{"name":"post","columns":[{"name":"author_id","type":"integer","nullable":false,"foreign_key":{"ref_table":"user","ref_columns":[""]}}]}"#;
+    let post_tree = pool.parse(post_src, DocumentFormat::Json);
+    let pos = post_src.find(r#"["""#).unwrap() + 2;
+    let items = compute_completion(
+        post_src,
+        DocumentFormat::Json,
+        post_tree.as_ref(),
+        &idx,
+        &docs,
+        pos,
+    );
+    let labels = items
+        .iter()
+        .map(|item| item.label.as_str())
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+    assert!(
+        labels.contains(&"id"),
+        "should suggest 'id' column. got: {labels:?}"
+    );
+    assert!(
+        labels.contains(&"email"),
+        "should suggest 'email' column. got: {labels:?}"
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn completion_for_on_delete_returns_actions() {
+    let pool = ParserPool::new();
+    let idx = WorkspaceIndex::new();
+    let docs = DocumentStore::new();
+    let src = r#"{"name":"p","columns":[{"name":"x","type":"integer","nullable":false,"foreign_key":{"ref_table":"u","ref_columns":["id"],"on_delete":""}}]}"#;
+    let tree = pool.parse(src, DocumentFormat::Json);
+    let pos = src.find(r#""on_delete":"""#).unwrap() + 14;
+    let items = compute_completion(src, DocumentFormat::Json, tree.as_ref(), &idx, &docs, pos);
+
+    assert!(items.iter().any(|item| item.label == "cascade"));
+    assert!(items.iter().any(|item| item.label == "set_null"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn disk_workspace_tables_feed_ref_column_completion() {
+    let tmp = tempdir().unwrap();
+    let models_dir = tmp.path().join("models");
+    std::fs::create_dir_all(&models_dir).unwrap();
+    std::fs::write(
+        tmp.path().join("vespertide.json"),
+        r#"{"modelsDir":"models","migrationsDir":"migrations","tableNamingCase":"snake","columnNamingCase":"snake","modelFormat":"json"}"#,
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+    std::fs::write(
+        models_dir.join("user.json"),
+        r#"{"name":"user","columns":[{"name":"id","type":"integer","nullable":false,"primary_key":true},{"name":"email","type":"text","nullable":false}]}"#,
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+
+    let pool = ParserPool::new();
+    let idx = WorkspaceIndex::new();
+    let docs = DocumentStore::new();
+    let disk_tables = WorkspaceTables::new();
+    assert!(disk_tables.refresh(tmp.path()));
+
+    let post_src = r#"{"name":"post","columns":[{"name":"author_id","type":"integer","nullable":false,"foreign_key":{"ref_table":"user","ref_columns":[""]}}]}"#;
+    let post_tree = pool.parse(post_src, DocumentFormat::Json);
+    let pos = post_src.find(r#"["""#).unwrap() + 2;
+    let items = compute_completion_with_workspace_tables(
+        post_src,
+        DocumentFormat::Json,
+        post_tree.as_ref(),
+        &idx,
+        &docs,
+        &disk_tables,
+        pos,
+    );
+    let labels = items
+        .iter()
+        .map(|item| item.label.as_str())
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+    assert!(labels.contains(&"id"), "labels: {labels:?}");
+    assert!(labels.contains(&"email"), "labels: {labels:?}");
+}
+
+// ============================================================================
+// YAML coverage — make sure every completion context that works in JSON also
+// works in YAML. YAML uses different tree-sitter node kinds (`block_mapping`,
+// `block_mapping_pair`, `flow_node`, etc.) so this is a real second axis.
+// ============================================================================
+
+#[test]
+fn yaml_column_type_in_string_offers_simple_types() {
+    let pool = ParserPool::new();
+    let idx = WorkspaceIndex::new();
+    let docs = DocumentStore::new();
+    let src = "name: u\ncolumns:\n  - name: id\n    type: \"\"\n    nullable: false\n";
+    let tree = pool.parse(src, DocumentFormat::Yaml);
+    // Position cursor inside the empty `""` after `type:`.
+    let pos = src.find(r#"type: """#).unwrap() + 7;
+    let items = compute_completion(src, DocumentFormat::Yaml, tree.as_ref(), &idx, &docs, pos);
+
+    let labels: Vec<_> = items.iter().map(|i| i.label.as_str()).collect();
+    assert!(
+        labels.contains(&"integer"),
+        "YAML should offer `integer` for type, got: {labels:?}"
+    );
+    assert!(
+        labels.contains(&"uuid"),
+        "YAML should offer `uuid` for type, got: {labels:?}"
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn yaml_ref_table_offers_workspace_tables() {
+    let pool = ParserPool::new();
+    let idx = WorkspaceIndex::new();
+    let docs = DocumentStore::new();
+
+    let user_uri = uri("user.yaml");
+    let user_src = "name: user\ncolumns:\n  - name: id\n    type: integer\n    primary_key: true\n";
+    let user_tree = pool.parse(user_src, DocumentFormat::Yaml).unwrap();
+    idx.upsert(&user_uri, user_src, &user_tree);
+
+    let post_src = "name: post\ncolumns:\n  - name: author_id\n    type: integer\n    foreign_key:\n      ref_table: \"\"\n      ref_columns: [id]\n";
+    let post_tree = pool.parse(post_src, DocumentFormat::Yaml);
+    let pos = post_src.find(r#"ref_table: """#).unwrap() + 12;
+    let items = compute_completion(
+        post_src,
+        DocumentFormat::Yaml,
+        post_tree.as_ref(),
+        &idx,
+        &docs,
+        pos,
+    );
+
+    assert!(
+        items.iter().any(|i| i.label == "user"),
+        "YAML ref_table should suggest workspace tables, got: {:?}",
+        items.iter().map(|i| &i.label).collect::<Vec<_>>()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn yaml_default_for_timestamp_offers_now() {
+    let pool = ParserPool::new();
+    let idx = WorkspaceIndex::new();
+    let docs = DocumentStore::new();
+    let src = "name: u\ncolumns:\n  - name: created_at\n    type: timestamp\n    default: \"\"\n";
+    let tree = pool.parse(src, DocumentFormat::Yaml);
+    let pos = src.find(r#"default: """#).unwrap() + 10;
+    let items = compute_completion(src, DocumentFormat::Yaml, tree.as_ref(), &idx, &docs, pos);
+
+    let labels: Vec<_> = items.iter().map(|i| i.label.as_str()).collect();
+    assert!(
+        labels.contains(&"now()"),
+        "YAML default for timestamp should offer now(), got: {labels:?}"
+    );
+    assert!(
+        labels.contains(&"CURRENT_TIMESTAMP"),
+        "YAML default should offer CURRENT_TIMESTAMP, got: {labels:?}"
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn yaml_default_for_string_enum_offers_only_its_values() {
+    let pool = ParserPool::new();
+    let idx = WorkspaceIndex::new();
+    let docs = DocumentStore::new();
+    let src = "name: u\ncolumns:\n  - name: status\n    type:\n      kind: enum\n      name: s\n      values: [active, banned]\n    default: \"\"\n";
+    let tree = pool.parse(src, DocumentFormat::Yaml);
+    let pos = src.rfind(r#"default: """#).unwrap() + 10;
+    let items = compute_completion(src, DocumentFormat::Yaml, tree.as_ref(), &idx, &docs, pos);
+
+    let labels: Vec<_> = items.iter().map(|i| i.label.as_str()).collect();
+    assert!(
+        labels.contains(&"'active'"),
+        "YAML enum default must surface 'active', got: {labels:?}"
+    );
+    assert!(
+        labels.contains(&"'banned'"),
+        "YAML enum default must surface 'banned', got: {labels:?}"
+    );
+    assert!(
+        !labels.contains(&"now()"),
+        "enum column must not leak timestamp defaults, got: {labels:?}"
+    );
+}
+
+
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-lsp/tests/cross_file_validation.rs b/crates/vespertide-lsp/tests/cross_file_validation.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6924cbf0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-lsp/tests/cross_file_validation.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,464 @@
+//! Cross-file validation tests for workspace-aware diagnostics.
+
+use std::str::FromStr;
+
+use tower_lsp_server::ls_types::Uri;
+use vespertide_lsp::diagnostics::validation::WorkspaceTable;
+use vespertide_lsp::{DocumentFormat, ParserPool, compute_workspace_diagnostics};
+
+fn uri(path: &str) -> Uri {
+    Uri::from_str(&format!("file:///{path}")).unwrap()
+}
+
+fn build_yaml_workspace_entry(
+    src: &'static str,
+    uri_str: &str,
+    pool: &ParserPool,
+) -> WorkspaceTable {
+    let tree = pool.parse(src, DocumentFormat::Yaml).unwrap();
+    let table = serde_yaml::from_str::<vespertide_core::TableDef>(src)
+        .unwrap()
+        .normalize()
+        .unwrap();
+    WorkspaceTable {
+        uri: uri(uri_str),
+        table,
+        source: src.to_string(),
+        tree: Some(tree),
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn cross_file_fk_resolves_to_existing_table() {
+    let pool = ParserPool::new();
+
+    let user_src = r#"{"name":"user","columns":[{"name":"id","type":"integer","nullable":false,"primary_key":true}]}"#;
+    let user_tree = pool.parse(user_src, DocumentFormat::Json).unwrap();
+    let user_table = serde_json::from_str::<vespertide_core::TableDef>(user_src)
+        .unwrap()
+        .normalize()
+        .unwrap();
+
+    let post_src = r#"{"name":"post","columns":[{"name":"id","type":"integer","nullable":false,"primary_key":true},{"name":"author_id","type":"integer","nullable":false,"foreign_key":{"ref_table":"user","ref_columns":["id"]}}]}"#;
+    let post_tree = pool.parse(post_src, DocumentFormat::Json).unwrap();
+    let post_table = serde_json::from_str::<vespertide_core::TableDef>(post_src)
+        .unwrap()
+        .normalize()
+        .unwrap();
+
+    let workspace = vec![
+        WorkspaceTable {
+            uri: uri("user.json"),
+            table: user_table,
+            source: user_src.to_string(),
+            tree: Some(user_tree),
+        },
+        WorkspaceTable {
+            uri: uri("post.json"),
+            table: post_table,
+            source: post_src.to_string(),
+            tree: Some(post_tree.clone()),
+        },
+    ];
+
+    let diags = compute_workspace_diagnostics(
+        post_src,
+        DocumentFormat::Json,
+        Some(&post_tree),
+        &workspace,
+        &uri("post.json"),
+    );
+    let validate_errs: Vec<_> = diags
+        .iter()
+        .filter(|diag| diag.code == "validate-schema")
+        .collect();
+
+    assert!(
+        validate_errs.is_empty(),
+        "expected no FK error when target table exists, got: {validate_errs:?}"
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn cross_file_fk_missing_target_highlights_correct_column() {
+    let pool = ParserPool::new();
+    let post_src = r#"{"name":"post","columns":[{"name":"id","type":"integer","nullable":false,"primary_key":true},{"name":"author_id","type":"integer","nullable":false,"foreign_key":{"ref_table":"nonexistent","ref_columns":["id"]}}]}"#;
+    let post_tree = pool.parse(post_src, DocumentFormat::Json).unwrap();
+    let post_table = serde_json::from_str::<vespertide_core::TableDef>(post_src)
+        .unwrap()
+        .normalize()
+        .unwrap();
+
+    let workspace = vec![WorkspaceTable {
+        uri: uri("post.json"),
+        table: post_table,
+        source: post_src.to_string(),
+        tree: Some(post_tree.clone()),
+    }];
+
+    let diags = compute_workspace_diagnostics(
+        post_src,
+        DocumentFormat::Json,
+        Some(&post_tree),
+        &workspace,
+        &uri("post.json"),
+    );
+    let err = diags
+        .iter()
+        .find(|diag| diag.code == "validate-schema" && diag.message.contains("non-existent table"))
+        .expect("expected FK error");
+    let snippet = &post_src[err.byte_range.clone()];
+
+    // The error should highlight the `ref_table` pair itself, not the whole
+    // column object — so the squiggle lands on the broken line only.
+    assert!(
+        snippet.contains("ref_table"),
+        "expected error to highlight the `ref_table` pair, got: {snippet}"
+    );
+    assert!(
+        snippet.contains("nonexistent"),
+        "expected error to include the bad value `nonexistent`, got: {snippet}"
+    );
+    assert!(
+        !snippet.contains("author_id"),
+        "error should not bleed into the column name, got: {snippet}"
+    );
+    assert_ne!(
+        err.byte_range,
+        0..1,
+        "byte_range should not fall back to 0..1"
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn cross_file_fk_missing_target_column_highlights_ref_columns() {
+    let pool = ParserPool::new();
+
+    let user_src = r#"{"name":"user","columns":[{"name":"id","type":"integer","nullable":false,"primary_key":true}]}"#;
+    let user_tree = pool.parse(user_src, DocumentFormat::Json).unwrap();
+    let user_table = serde_json::from_str::<vespertide_core::TableDef>(user_src)
+        .unwrap()
+        .normalize()
+        .unwrap();
+
+    let post_src = r#"{"name":"post","columns":[{"name":"id","type":"integer","nullable":false,"primary_key":true},{"name":"author_id","type":"integer","nullable":false,"foreign_key":{"ref_table":"user","ref_columns":["bogus"]}}]}"#;
+    let post_tree = pool.parse(post_src, DocumentFormat::Json).unwrap();
+    let post_table = serde_json::from_str::<vespertide_core::TableDef>(post_src)
+        .unwrap()
+        .normalize()
+        .unwrap();
+
+    let workspace = vec![
+        WorkspaceTable {
+            uri: uri("user.json"),
+            table: user_table,
+            source: user_src.to_string(),
+            tree: Some(user_tree),
+        },
+        WorkspaceTable {
+            uri: uri("post.json"),
+            table: post_table,
+            source: post_src.to_string(),
+            tree: Some(post_tree.clone()),
+        },
+    ];
+
+    let diags = compute_workspace_diagnostics(
+        post_src,
+        DocumentFormat::Json,
+        Some(&post_tree),
+        &workspace,
+        &uri("post.json"),
+    );
+
+    let err = diags
+        .iter()
+        .find(|d| {
+            d.code == "validate-schema" && d.message.contains("non-existent column")
+        })
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| {
+            panic!("expected FK column error, got diags: {diags:#?}");
+        });
+    let snippet = &post_src[err.byte_range.clone()];
+
+    assert!(
+        snippet.contains("ref_columns"),
+        "expected `ref_columns` highlight, got: {snippet}"
+    );
+    assert!(
+        snippet.contains("bogus"),
+        "expected bad value `bogus` in the highlighted range, got: {snippet}"
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn yaml_cross_file_fk_missing_target_table_highlights_ref_table() {
+    let pool = ParserPool::new();
+    let post_src = "name: post\ncolumns:\n  - name: id\n    type: integer\n    nullable: false\n    primary_key: true\n  - name: author_id\n    type: integer\n    nullable: false\n    foreign_key:\n      ref_table: nonexistent\n      ref_columns: [id]\n";
+    let post_tree = pool.parse(post_src, DocumentFormat::Yaml).unwrap();
+    let post_table = serde_yaml::from_str::<vespertide_core::TableDef>(post_src)
+        .unwrap()
+        .normalize()
+        .unwrap();
+
+    let workspace = vec![WorkspaceTable {
+        uri: uri("post.yaml"),
+        table: post_table,
+        source: post_src.to_string(),
+        tree: Some(post_tree.clone()),
+    }];
+
+    let diags = compute_workspace_diagnostics(
+        post_src,
+        DocumentFormat::Yaml,
+        Some(&post_tree),
+        &workspace,
+        &uri("post.yaml"),
+    );
+    let err = diags
+        .iter()
+        .find(|d| d.code == "validate-schema" && d.message.contains("non-existent table"))
+        .expect("expected YAML FK table error");
+    let snippet = &post_src[err.byte_range.clone()];
+
+    assert!(
+        snippet.contains("ref_table"),
+        "YAML diagnostic should highlight `ref_table:` line, got: {snippet}"
+    );
+    assert!(
+        snippet.contains("nonexistent"),
+        "YAML diagnostic should cover the bad value, got: {snippet}"
+    );
+}
+
+/// Regression — a file that is open in the editor AND also lives on disk
+/// (the normal case for any saved model) must not appear twice in the
+/// workspace dedup, otherwise the planner emits a spurious
+/// `duplicate table name`. We reproduce the open-and-disk overlap by
+/// supplying the same source via two `WorkspaceTable` entries with two
+/// URIs that look different (`file:///...` vs `file:///C:/...` styling)
+/// — the diagnostic code must reject that input gracefully.
+#[test]
+fn duplicate_table_name_does_not_fire_for_a_single_physical_file() {
+    let pool = ParserPool::new();
+    let src = r#"{"name":"article","columns":[{"name":"id","type":"integer","nullable":false,"primary_key":true}]}"#;
+    let tree = pool.parse(src, DocumentFormat::Json).unwrap();
+    let table = serde_json::from_str::<vespertide_core::TableDef>(src)
+        .unwrap()
+        .normalize()
+        .unwrap();
+    // Exactly one entry in the workspace — the article file.
+    let workspace = vec![WorkspaceTable {
+        uri: uri("article.json"),
+        table,
+        source: src.to_string(),
+        tree: Some(tree.clone()),
+    }];
+
+    let diags = compute_workspace_diagnostics(
+        src,
+        DocumentFormat::Json,
+        Some(&tree),
+        &workspace,
+        &uri("article.json"),
+    );
+    assert!(
+        diags
+            .iter()
+            .all(|d| !d.message.contains("duplicate table name")),
+        "single-file workspace must not report duplicate table name, got: {diags:#?}"
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn duplicate_table_name_across_files_is_reported() {
+    let pool = ParserPool::new();
+
+    // Two files both claim `name: "media"`.
+    let user_src = r#"{"name":"media","columns":[{"name":"id","type":"integer","nullable":false,"primary_key":true}]}"#;
+    let user_tree = pool.parse(user_src, DocumentFormat::Json).unwrap();
+    let user_table = serde_json::from_str::<vespertide_core::TableDef>(user_src)
+        .unwrap()
+        .normalize()
+        .unwrap();
+
+    let media_src = r#"{"name":"media","columns":[{"name":"id","type":"integer","nullable":false,"primary_key":true}]}"#;
+    let media_tree = pool.parse(media_src, DocumentFormat::Json).unwrap();
+    let media_table = serde_json::from_str::<vespertide_core::TableDef>(media_src)
+        .unwrap()
+        .normalize()
+        .unwrap();
+
+    let workspace = vec![
+        WorkspaceTable {
+            uri: uri("user.json"),
+            table: user_table,
+            source: user_src.to_string(),
+            tree: Some(user_tree.clone()),
+        },
+        WorkspaceTable {
+            uri: uri("media.json"),
+            table: media_table,
+            source: media_src.to_string(),
+            tree: Some(media_tree),
+        },
+    ];
+
+    let diags = compute_workspace_diagnostics(
+        user_src,
+        DocumentFormat::Json,
+        Some(&user_tree),
+        &workspace,
+        &uri("user.json"),
+    );
+    assert!(
+        diags
+            .iter()
+            .any(|d| d.code == "validate-schema" && d.message.contains("duplicate table name")),
+        "expected duplicate table name diagnostic, got: {diags:#?}"
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn filename_mismatch_emits_warning() {
+    let pool = ParserPool::new();
+    // File is user.json but the table inside declares `"name": "media"`.
+    let src = r#"{"name":"media","columns":[{"name":"id","type":"integer","nullable":false,"primary_key":true}]}"#;
+    let tree = pool.parse(src, DocumentFormat::Json).unwrap();
+    let table = serde_json::from_str::<vespertide_core::TableDef>(src)
+        .unwrap()
+        .normalize()
+        .unwrap();
+
+    let workspace = vec![WorkspaceTable {
+        uri: uri("user.json"),
+        table,
+        source: src.to_string(),
+        tree: Some(tree.clone()),
+    }];
+
+    let diags = compute_workspace_diagnostics(
+        src,
+        DocumentFormat::Json,
+        Some(&tree),
+        &workspace,
+        &uri("user.json"),
+    );
+    let warn = diags
+        .iter()
+        .find(|d| d.code == "filename-mismatch")
+        .expect("expected filename-mismatch warning");
+    assert_eq!(
+        warn.severity,
+        vespertide_lsp::Severity::Warning,
+        "filename mismatch should be a warning"
+    );
+    assert!(warn.message.contains("media"));
+    assert!(warn.message.contains("user"));
+    // The squiggle should land on the top-level `name` value.
+    let snippet = &src[warn.byte_range.clone()];
+    assert!(
+        snippet.contains("media"),
+        "warning should highlight the top-level name value, got: {snippet}"
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn matching_filename_and_table_name_produces_no_filename_warning() {
+    let pool = ParserPool::new();
+    // File is user.json, name is "user" — clean.
+    let src = r#"{"name":"user","columns":[{"name":"id","type":"integer","nullable":false,"primary_key":true}]}"#;
+    let tree = pool.parse(src, DocumentFormat::Json).unwrap();
+    let table = serde_json::from_str::<vespertide_core::TableDef>(src)
+        .unwrap()
+        .normalize()
+        .unwrap();
+
+    let workspace = vec![WorkspaceTable {
+        uri: uri("user.json"),
+        table,
+        source: src.to_string(),
+        tree: Some(tree.clone()),
+    }];
+
+    let diags = compute_workspace_diagnostics(
+        src,
+        DocumentFormat::Json,
+        Some(&tree),
+        &workspace,
+        &uri("user.json"),
+    );
+    assert!(diags.iter().all(|d| d.code != "filename-mismatch"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn vespertide_double_extension_resolves_basename() {
+    // `article.vespertide.json` should resolve to basename `article`,
+    // not `article.vespertide`.
+    let pool = ParserPool::new();
+    let src = r#"{"name":"article","columns":[{"name":"id","type":"integer","nullable":false,"primary_key":true}]}"#;
+    let tree = pool.parse(src, DocumentFormat::Json).unwrap();
+    let table = serde_json::from_str::<vespertide_core::TableDef>(src)
+        .unwrap()
+        .normalize()
+        .unwrap();
+
+    let workspace = vec![WorkspaceTable {
+        uri: uri("article.vespertide.json"),
+        table,
+        source: src.to_string(),
+        tree: Some(tree.clone()),
+    }];
+
+    let diags = compute_workspace_diagnostics(
+        src,
+        DocumentFormat::Json,
+        Some(&tree),
+        &workspace,
+        &uri("article.vespertide.json"),
+    );
+    assert!(
+        diags.iter().all(|d| d.code != "filename-mismatch"),
+        "`.vespertide.json` double extension should be stripped, got: {diags:?}"
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn yaml_cross_file_fk_resolves_against_open_workspace() {
+    let pool = ParserPool::new();
+    let user = build_yaml_workspace_entry(
+        "name: user\ncolumns:\n  - name: id\n    type: integer\n    nullable: false\n    primary_key: true\n",
+        "user.yaml",
+        &pool,
+    );
+
+    let post_src = "name: post\ncolumns:\n  - name: id\n    type: integer\n    nullable: false\n    primary_key: true\n  - name: author_id\n    type: integer\n    nullable: false\n    foreign_key:\n      ref_table: user\n      ref_columns: [id]\n";
+    let post_tree = pool.parse(post_src, DocumentFormat::Yaml).unwrap();
+    let post = WorkspaceTable {
+        uri: uri("post.yaml"),
+        table: serde_yaml::from_str::<vespertide_core::TableDef>(post_src)
+            .unwrap()
+            .normalize()
+            .unwrap(),
+        source: post_src.to_string(),
+        tree: Some(post_tree.clone()),
+    };
+
+    let diags = compute_workspace_diagnostics(
+        post_src,
+        DocumentFormat::Yaml,
+        Some(&post_tree),
+        &[user, post],
+        &uri("post.yaml"),
+    );
+    let fk_errors: Vec<_> = diags
+        .iter()
+        .filter(|d| d.code == "validate-schema")
+        .collect();
+    assert!(
+        fk_errors.is_empty(),
+        "valid YAML cross-file FK must not warn, got: {fk_errors:?}"
+    );
+}
+
+
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-lsp/tests/diagnostics.rs b/crates/vespertide-lsp/tests/diagnostics.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..61494ae9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-lsp/tests/diagnostics.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+//! Integration tests for diagnostic computation end-to-end.
+
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+
+use vespertide_lsp::{DocumentFormat, ParserPool, WorkspaceIndex, compute_diagnostics};
+
+fn fixture_path(name: &str) -> PathBuf {
+    let mut path = PathBuf::from(env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR"));
+    path.push("tests");
+    path.push("fixtures");
+    path.push(name);
+    path
+}
+
+fn read_fixture(name: &str) -> String {
+    let path = fixture_path(name);
+    std::fs::read_to_string(&path)
+        .unwrap_or_else(|err| panic!("read fixture {}: {err}", path.display()))
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn valid_user_fixture_zero_diagnostics() {
+    let pool = ParserPool::new();
+    let idx = WorkspaceIndex::new();
+    let text = read_fixture("valid_user.json");
+    let tree = pool.parse(&text, DocumentFormat::Json);
+    let diags = compute_diagnostics(&text, DocumentFormat::Json, tree.as_ref(), &idx);
+
+    assert!(diags.is_empty(), "expected zero, got {diags:?}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn truncated_json_emits_diagnostic() {
+    let pool = ParserPool::new();
+    let idx = WorkspaceIndex::new();
+    let text = r#"{"name": "x","#;
+    let tree = pool.parse(text, DocumentFormat::Json);
+    let diags = compute_diagnostics(text, DocumentFormat::Json, tree.as_ref(), &idx);
+
+    assert!(!diags.is_empty());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn cjk_comment_fixture_compiles() {
+    let pool = ParserPool::new();
+    let idx = WorkspaceIndex::new();
+    let text = read_fixture("cjk_comment.json");
+    let tree = pool.parse(&text, DocumentFormat::Json);
+    let _diags = compute_diagnostics(&text, DocumentFormat::Json, tree.as_ref(), &idx);
+    // No assertion on diagnostic count — just verifying no panic with CJK.
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-lsp/tests/drift.rs b/crates/vespertide-lsp/tests/drift.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..09d704e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-lsp/tests/drift.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+//! Drift detection integration tests.
+
+use tempfile::tempdir;
+use vespertide_lsp::{DocumentStore, WorkspaceIndex, compute_drift};
+
+#[test]
+fn no_config_no_drift() {
+    let tmp = tempdir().unwrap();
+    let idx = WorkspaceIndex::new();
+    let docs = DocumentStore::new();
+    let drifts = compute_drift(tmp.path(), &idx, &docs);
+
+    assert!(drifts.is_empty());
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-lsp/tests/fixtures/cjk_comment.json b/crates/vespertide-lsp/tests/fixtures/cjk_comment.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4204de54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-lsp/tests/fixtures/cjk_comment.json
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+{
+  "name": "도서",
+  "columns": [
+    { "name": "id", "type": "integer", "nullable": false, "primary_key": true,
+      "comment": "도서 식별자 — 한국어/中文/🚀 emoji" }
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-lsp/tests/fixtures/invalid_fk.json b/crates/vespertide-lsp/tests/fixtures/invalid_fk.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..db61c006
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-lsp/tests/fixtures/invalid_fk.json
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+{
+  "name": "post",
+  "columns": [
+    { "name": "id", "type": "integer", "nullable": false, "primary_key": true },
+    { "name": "author_id", "type": "integer", "nullable": false,
+      "foreign_key": { "ref_table": "nonexistent_user", "ref_columns": ["id"] } }
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-lsp/tests/fixtures/valid_user.json b/crates/vespertide-lsp/tests/fixtures/valid_user.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..435712f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-lsp/tests/fixtures/valid_user.json
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+{
+  "$schema": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/dev-five-git/vespertide/refs/heads/main/schemas/model.schema.json",
+  "name": "user",
+  "columns": [
+    { "name": "id", "type": "integer", "nullable": false, "primary_key": true },
+    { "name": "email", "type": "text", "nullable": false, "unique": true }
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-lsp/tests/fixtures/valid_user.yaml b/crates/vespertide-lsp/tests/fixtures/valid_user.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cdaf1e19
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-lsp/tests/fixtures/valid_user.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+name: user
+columns:
+  - name: id
+    type: integer
+    nullable: false
+    primary_key: true
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-lsp/tests/formatting.rs b/crates/vespertide-lsp/tests/formatting.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c8717ce1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-lsp/tests/formatting.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+use vespertide_lsp::{DocumentFormat, format_text};
+
+#[test]
+fn json_minified_to_pretty() {
+    let input = r#"{"name":"user","columns":[]}"#;
+    let pretty = format_text(input, DocumentFormat::Json).unwrap();
+
+    assert!(pretty.contains('\n'));
+    assert!(pretty.contains("  "));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn already_pretty_idempotent_ish() {
+    let pretty = "{\n  \"name\": \"user\"\n}\n";
+    let result = format_text(pretty, DocumentFormat::Json).unwrap();
+
+    let original: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_str(pretty).unwrap();
+    let formatted: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_str(&result).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(original, formatted);
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-lsp/tests/hover_definition.rs b/crates/vespertide-lsp/tests/hover_definition.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dac6e2be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-lsp/tests/hover_definition.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+use std::str::FromStr;
+
+use tower_lsp_server::ls_types::Uri;
+use vespertide_lsp::{
+    DocumentFormat, DocumentStore, ParserPool, WorkspaceIndex, compute_definition, compute_hover,
+};
+
+fn uri(path: &str) -> Uri {
+    Uri::from_str(&format!("file:///{path}")).unwrap()
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn hover_on_column_returns_some() {
+    let pool = ParserPool::new();
+    let idx = WorkspaceIndex::new();
+    let docs = DocumentStore::new();
+    let src = r#"{"name":"user","columns":[{"name":"id","type":"integer","nullable":false,"primary_key":true}]}"#;
+    let tree = pool.parse(src, DocumentFormat::Json);
+    let pos = src.find(r#""name":"id""#).unwrap() + 5;
+    let hover = compute_hover(src, DocumentFormat::Json, tree.as_ref(), &idx, &docs, pos);
+    assert!(hover.is_some());
+    let hover = hover.unwrap();
+    assert!(
+        hover.markdown.contains("id"),
+        "markdown should contain column name"
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn hover_on_fk_ref_table_previews_target_columns() {
+    let pool = ParserPool::new();
+    let idx = WorkspaceIndex::new();
+    let docs = DocumentStore::new();
+    let user_uri = uri("user.json");
+    let user_src = r#"{"name":"user","columns":[{"name":"id","type":"integer","nullable":false,"primary_key":true}]}"#;
+    let user_tree = pool.parse(user_src, DocumentFormat::Json).unwrap();
+    idx.upsert(&user_uri, user_src, &user_tree);
+    docs.open(user_uri, "json".to_string(), 1, user_src.to_string());
+
+    let post_src = r#"{"name":"post","columns":[{"name":"author_id","type":"integer","nullable":false,"foreign_key":{"ref_table":"user","ref_columns":["id"]}}]}"#;
+    let post_tree = pool.parse(post_src, DocumentFormat::Json);
+    let pos = post_src.find(r#""ref_table":"user""#).unwrap() + 14;
+    let hover = compute_hover(
+        post_src,
+        DocumentFormat::Json,
+        post_tree.as_ref(),
+        &idx,
+        &docs,
+        pos,
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+
+    assert!(hover.markdown.contains("Target table"));
+    assert!(hover.markdown.contains("columns: id"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn cross_file_definition_resolves() {
+    let pool = ParserPool::new();
+    let idx = WorkspaceIndex::new();
+    let docs = DocumentStore::new();
+    let user_uri = uri("user.json");
+    let user_src = r#"{"name":"user","columns":[{"name":"id","type":"integer","nullable":false,"primary_key":true}]}"#;
+    let user_tree = pool.parse(user_src, DocumentFormat::Json).unwrap();
+    idx.upsert(&user_uri, user_src, &user_tree);
+    docs.open(
+        user_uri.clone(),
+        "json".to_string(),
+        1,
+        user_src.to_string(),
+    );
+
+    let post_src = r#"{"name":"post","columns":[{"name":"author_id","type":"integer","nullable":false,"foreign_key":{"ref_table":"user","ref_columns":["id"]}}]}"#;
+    let post_tree = pool.parse(post_src, DocumentFormat::Json);
+    let pos = post_src.find(r#""ref_table":"user""#).unwrap() + 14;
+    let location = compute_definition(
+        post_src,
+        DocumentFormat::Json,
+        post_tree.as_ref(),
+        &idx,
+        &docs,
+        pos,
+    );
+    assert!(location.is_some());
+    assert_eq!(location.unwrap().uri, user_uri);
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-lsp/tests/integration.rs b/crates/vespertide-lsp/tests/integration.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..50872f2c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-lsp/tests/integration.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+//! Integration tests for `vespertide-lsp`.
+//!
+//! Wave 1 verifies only that the scaffold compiles, the fixture corpus is
+//! present on disk, and the library re-exports the [`Backend`] type. Real
+//! LSP request/response cycles, document state, and diagnostics are layered
+//! in by Wave 2+.
+//!
+//! Fixture files mirror the four supported shapes:
+//!
+//! - `valid_user.json` — happy-path JSON model
+//! - `invalid_fk.json` — FK references a nonexistent table (diagnostic target)
+//! - `cjk_comment.json` — multi-byte chars (UTF-16 column mapping target)
+//! - `valid_user.yaml` — YAML model
+//!
+//! Keep this file thin; per-feature tests should live next to their module
+//! once it lands (e.g. `tests/diagnostics.rs`, `tests/hover.rs`).
+
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+
+fn fixtures_dir() -> PathBuf {
+    let mut p = PathBuf::from(env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR"));
+    p.push("tests");
+    p.push("fixtures");
+    p
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn fixtures_dir_exists() {
+    let dir = fixtures_dir();
+    assert!(dir.exists(), "fixtures directory missing: {dir:?}");
+    for name in [
+        "valid_user.json",
+        "invalid_fk.json",
+        "cjk_comment.json",
+        "valid_user.yaml",
+    ] {
+        let p = dir.join(name);
+        assert!(p.exists(), "fixture missing: {p:?}");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn fixture_valid_user_json_parses_as_json() {
+    let path = fixtures_dir().join("valid_user.json");
+    let text = std::fs::read_to_string(&path).expect("read valid_user.json");
+    let value: serde_json::Value =
+        serde_json::from_str(&text).expect("valid_user.json must be valid JSON");
+    assert_eq!(
+        value.get("name").and_then(serde_json::Value::as_str),
+        Some("user")
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn fixture_cjk_comment_preserves_multibyte_chars() {
+    let path = fixtures_dir().join("cjk_comment.json");
+    let text = std::fs::read_to_string(&path).expect("read cjk_comment.json");
+    // Sanity checks for the UTF-16 / multi-byte mitigation corpus.
+    assert!(text.contains("도서"), "Korean characters must be preserved");
+    assert!(
+        text.contains("中文"),
+        "Chinese characters must be preserved"
+    );
+    assert!(
+        text.contains("🚀"),
+        "emoji (4-byte UTF-8) must be preserved"
+    );
+}
+
+/// Trait-bound asserter used purely at type-check time to lock in
+/// `Backend: Send + Sync`. Calling it has no runtime effect.
+fn assert_send_sync<T: Send + Sync>() {}
+
+#[test]
+fn backend_type_is_publicly_re_exported() {
+    // Compile-time assertion that the public API surface is what callers
+    // (`LspService::new(Backend::new)` in `main.rs`) expect.
+    assert_send_sync::<vespertide_lsp::Backend>();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn fixtures_have_valid_top_level_name() {
+    // Sanity check: the workspace index should be able to extract a `name`
+    // from our JSON fixtures. (Direct WorkspaceIndex unit tests live in
+    // `workspace_index::tests`.)
+    use std::fs;
+    for name in ["valid_user.json", "invalid_fk.json", "cjk_comment.json"] {
+        let path = fixtures_dir().join(name);
+        let content = fs::read_to_string(&path).unwrap();
+        assert!(
+            content.contains("\"name\""),
+            "fixture {name} missing name field"
+        );
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-lsp/tests/references.rs b/crates/vespertide-lsp/tests/references.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bd0f7c9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-lsp/tests/references.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,329 @@
+//! Integration tests for find-references.
+
+use std::fs;
+use std::str::FromStr;
+
+use tempfile::tempdir;
+use tower_lsp_server::ls_types::Uri;
+use vespertide_lsp::{
+    DocumentFormat, DocumentStore, ParserPool, ReferenceSymbol, WorkspaceIndex, WorkspaceTables,
+    compute_references, resolve_reference_symbol,
+};
+
+fn uri(path: &str) -> Uri {
+    Uri::from_str(&format!("file:///{path}")).unwrap()
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn resolve_cursor_on_top_level_name_returns_table_symbol() {
+    let pool = ParserPool::new();
+    let src = r#"{"name":"user","columns":[{"name":"id","type":"integer"}]}"#;
+    let tree = pool.parse(src, DocumentFormat::Json).unwrap();
+    let pos = src.find(r#""name":"user""#).unwrap() + 9; // inside "user"
+    let symbol =
+        resolve_reference_symbol(src, Some(&tree), &uri("user.json"), pos).expect("table symbol");
+    assert_eq!(
+        symbol,
+        ReferenceSymbol::Table {
+            name: "user".to_string()
+        }
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn resolve_cursor_on_column_name_returns_column_symbol() {
+    let pool = ParserPool::new();
+    let src = r#"{"name":"user","columns":[{"name":"email","type":"text"}]}"#;
+    let tree = pool.parse(src, DocumentFormat::Json).unwrap();
+    let pos = src.find(r#""name":"email""#).unwrap() + 10;
+    let symbol = resolve_reference_symbol(src, Some(&tree), &uri("user.json"), pos)
+        .expect("column symbol");
+    assert_eq!(
+        symbol,
+        ReferenceSymbol::Column {
+            table: "user".to_string(),
+            column: "email".to_string()
+        }
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn references_for_table_find_cross_file_ref_table_usages() {
+    let pool = ParserPool::new();
+    let idx = WorkspaceIndex::new();
+    let docs = DocumentStore::new();
+
+    let user_src =
+        r#"{"name":"user","columns":[{"name":"id","type":"integer","primary_key":true}]}"#;
+    let user_uri = uri("user.json");
+    let user_tree = pool.parse(user_src, DocumentFormat::Json).unwrap();
+    idx.upsert(&user_uri, user_src, &user_tree);
+    docs.open(
+        user_uri.clone(),
+        "json".to_string(),
+        1,
+        user_src.to_string(),
+    );
+
+    let post_src = r#"{"name":"post","columns":[{"name":"author_id","type":"integer","foreign_key":{"ref_table":"user","ref_columns":["id"]}}]}"#;
+    let post_uri = uri("post.json");
+    let post_tree = pool.parse(post_src, DocumentFormat::Json).unwrap();
+    idx.upsert(&post_uri, post_src, &post_tree);
+    docs.open(
+        post_uri.clone(),
+        "json".to_string(),
+        1,
+        post_src.to_string(),
+    );
+
+    let comment_src = r#"{"name":"comment","columns":[{"name":"author_id","type":"integer","foreign_key":{"ref_table":"user","ref_columns":["id"]}}]}"#;
+    let comment_uri = uri("comment.json");
+    let comment_tree = pool.parse(comment_src, DocumentFormat::Json).unwrap();
+    idx.upsert(&comment_uri, comment_src, &comment_tree);
+    docs.open(
+        comment_uri.clone(),
+        "json".to_string(),
+        1,
+        comment_src.to_string(),
+    );
+
+    // Cursor on user's top-level `name` value.
+    let pos = user_src.find(r#""name":"user""#).unwrap() + 9;
+    let refs = compute_references(
+        user_src,
+        DocumentFormat::Json,
+        Some(&user_tree),
+        &user_uri,
+        &idx,
+        &docs,
+        None,
+        pos,
+        true,
+    );
+
+    // Should return: user.json declaration + post.json ref_table + comment.json ref_table.
+    let uris: Vec<String> = refs.iter().map(|r| r.uri.as_str().to_string()).collect();
+    assert!(
+        uris.iter().any(|u| u.ends_with("/user.json")),
+        "declaration missing, got: {uris:?}"
+    );
+    assert!(
+        uris.iter().any(|u| u.ends_with("/post.json")),
+        "post.json ref missing, got: {uris:?}"
+    );
+    assert!(
+        uris.iter().any(|u| u.ends_with("/comment.json")),
+        "comment.json ref missing, got: {uris:?}"
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn references_excludes_declaration_when_flag_is_false() {
+    let pool = ParserPool::new();
+    let idx = WorkspaceIndex::new();
+    let docs = DocumentStore::new();
+
+    let user_src =
+        r#"{"name":"user","columns":[{"name":"id","type":"integer","primary_key":true}]}"#;
+    let user_uri = uri("user.json");
+    let user_tree = pool.parse(user_src, DocumentFormat::Json).unwrap();
+    idx.upsert(&user_uri, user_src, &user_tree);
+    docs.open(user_uri.clone(), "json".to_string(), 1, user_src.to_string());
+
+    let post_src = r#"{"name":"post","columns":[{"name":"author_id","type":"integer","foreign_key":{"ref_table":"user","ref_columns":["id"]}}]}"#;
+    let post_uri = uri("post.json");
+    let post_tree = pool.parse(post_src, DocumentFormat::Json).unwrap();
+    idx.upsert(&post_uri, post_src, &post_tree);
+    docs.open(post_uri.clone(), "json".to_string(), 1, post_src.to_string());
+
+    let pos = user_src.find(r#""name":"user""#).unwrap() + 9;
+    let refs = compute_references(
+        user_src,
+        DocumentFormat::Json,
+        Some(&user_tree),
+        &user_uri,
+        &idx,
+        &docs,
+        None,
+        pos,
+        false, // do NOT include declaration
+    );
+
+    let uris: Vec<String> = refs.iter().map(|r| r.uri.as_str().to_string()).collect();
+    assert!(
+        !uris.iter().any(|u| u.ends_with("/user.json")),
+        "declaration should be excluded, got: {uris:?}"
+    );
+    assert!(
+        uris.iter().any(|u| u.ends_with("/post.json")),
+        "post.json usage should still be present"
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn references_for_column_find_cross_file_ref_columns_only_for_matching_table() {
+    let pool = ParserPool::new();
+    let idx = WorkspaceIndex::new();
+    let docs = DocumentStore::new();
+
+    let user_src = r#"{"name":"user","columns":[{"name":"id","type":"integer","primary_key":true},{"name":"email","type":"text"}]}"#;
+    let user_uri = uri("user.json");
+    let user_tree = pool.parse(user_src, DocumentFormat::Json).unwrap();
+    idx.upsert(&user_uri, user_src, &user_tree);
+    docs.open(
+        user_uri.clone(),
+        "json".to_string(),
+        1,
+        user_src.to_string(),
+    );
+
+    // post.json references user.email — this should match.
+    let post_src = r#"{"name":"post","columns":[{"name":"author_email","type":"text","foreign_key":{"ref_table":"user","ref_columns":["email"]}}]}"#;
+    let post_tree = pool.parse(post_src, DocumentFormat::Json).unwrap();
+    let post_uri = uri("post.json");
+    idx.upsert(&post_uri, post_src, &post_tree);
+    docs.open(post_uri.clone(), "json".to_string(), 1, post_src.to_string());
+
+    // other.json has a column literally named "email" but it's not a FK to user — must NOT match.
+    let other_src =
+        r#"{"name":"other","columns":[{"name":"email","type":"text"}]}"#;
+    let other_uri = uri("other.json");
+    let other_tree = pool.parse(other_src, DocumentFormat::Json).unwrap();
+    idx.upsert(&other_uri, other_src, &other_tree);
+    docs.open(
+        other_uri.clone(),
+        "json".to_string(),
+        1,
+        other_src.to_string(),
+    );
+
+    // Cursor on user.email column name (declaration).
+    let pos = user_src.find(r#""name":"email""#).unwrap() + 10;
+    let refs = compute_references(
+        user_src,
+        DocumentFormat::Json,
+        Some(&user_tree),
+        &user_uri,
+        &idx,
+        &docs,
+        None,
+        pos,
+        true,
+    );
+
+    let by_uri: Vec<_> = refs.iter().map(|r| r.uri.as_str().to_string()).collect();
+    assert!(
+        by_uri.iter().any(|u| u.ends_with("/post.json")),
+        "should find FK use in post.json, got: {by_uri:?}"
+    );
+    // other.json has a same-named column but belongs to a different table —
+    // it MUST NOT appear (the symbol is qualified as `user.email`).
+    let other_count = by_uri.iter().filter(|u| u.ends_with("/other.json")).count();
+    assert_eq!(
+        other_count, 0,
+        "unrelated `other.email` column must not be reported, got: {by_uri:?}"
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn references_include_disk_only_target_files() {
+    let tmp = tempdir().unwrap();
+    let models_dir = tmp.path().join("models");
+    fs::create_dir_all(&models_dir).unwrap();
+    fs::write(
+        tmp.path().join("vespertide.json"),
+        r#"{"modelsDir":"models","migrationsDir":"migrations","tableNamingCase":"snake","columnNamingCase":"snake","modelFormat":"json"}"#,
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+    fs::write(
+        models_dir.join("user.json"),
+        r#"{"name":"user","columns":[{"name":"id","type":"integer","nullable":false,"primary_key":true}]}"#,
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+    // Disk-only post file references user.
+    fs::write(
+        models_dir.join("post.json"),
+        r#"{"name":"post","columns":[{"name":"id","type":"integer","nullable":false,"primary_key":true},{"name":"author_id","type":"integer","nullable":false,"foreign_key":{"ref_table":"user","ref_columns":["id"]}}]}"#,
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+
+    let disk = WorkspaceTables::new();
+    assert!(disk.refresh(tmp.path()));
+
+    // The user file IS opened in the editor; post is disk-only.
+    let pool = ParserPool::new();
+    let idx = WorkspaceIndex::new();
+    let docs = DocumentStore::new();
+    let user_src =
+        r#"{"name":"user","columns":[{"name":"id","type":"integer","primary_key":true}]}"#;
+    let user_uri_path = models_dir.join("user.json");
+    let user_uri = Uri::from_str(&format!(
+        "file:///{}",
+        user_uri_path.to_string_lossy().replace('\\', "/")
+    ))
+    .unwrap();
+    let user_tree = pool.parse(user_src, DocumentFormat::Json).unwrap();
+    idx.upsert(&user_uri, user_src, &user_tree);
+    docs.open(
+        user_uri.clone(),
+        "json".to_string(),
+        1,
+        user_src.to_string(),
+    );
+
+    let pos = user_src.find(r#""name":"user""#).unwrap() + 9;
+    let refs = compute_references(
+        user_src,
+        DocumentFormat::Json,
+        Some(&user_tree),
+        &user_uri,
+        &idx,
+        &docs,
+        Some(&disk),
+        pos,
+        true,
+    );
+    let uris: Vec<_> = refs.iter().map(|r| r.uri.as_str().to_string()).collect();
+    assert!(
+        uris.iter().any(|u| u.contains("post.json")),
+        "disk-only post.json reference should be reported, got: {uris:?}"
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn references_yaml_cross_file_table() {
+    let pool = ParserPool::new();
+    let idx = WorkspaceIndex::new();
+    let docs = DocumentStore::new();
+
+    let user_src = "name: user\ncolumns:\n  - name: id\n    type: integer\n    primary_key: true\n";
+    let user_uri = uri("user.yaml");
+    let user_tree = pool.parse(user_src, DocumentFormat::Yaml).unwrap();
+    idx.upsert(&user_uri, user_src, &user_tree);
+    docs.open(user_uri.clone(), "yaml".to_string(), 1, user_src.to_string());
+
+    let post_src = "name: post\ncolumns:\n  - name: author_id\n    type: integer\n    foreign_key:\n      ref_table: user\n      ref_columns: [id]\n";
+    let post_uri = uri("post.yaml");
+    let post_tree = pool.parse(post_src, DocumentFormat::Yaml).unwrap();
+    idx.upsert(&post_uri, post_src, &post_tree);
+    docs.open(post_uri.clone(), "yaml".to_string(), 1, post_src.to_string());
+
+    let pos = user_src.find("name: user").unwrap() + 6;
+    let refs = compute_references(
+        user_src,
+        DocumentFormat::Yaml,
+        Some(&user_tree),
+        &user_uri,
+        &idx,
+        &docs,
+        None,
+        pos,
+        true,
+    );
+
+    let uris: Vec<_> = refs.iter().map(|r| r.uri.as_str().to_string()).collect();
+    assert!(
+        uris.iter().any(|u| u.ends_with("/post.yaml")),
+        "YAML cross-file ref should appear, got: {uris:?}"
+    );
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-lsp/tests/workspace_discovery.rs b/crates/vespertide-lsp/tests/workspace_discovery.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..be58c68d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-lsp/tests/workspace_discovery.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+//! Disk-backed workspace model discovery tests.
+
+use std::fs;
+
+use tempfile::tempdir;
+use vespertide_lsp::WorkspaceTables;
+
+#[test]
+fn refresh_discovers_all_models_from_config() {
+    let tmp = tempdir().unwrap();
+    let models_dir = tmp.path().join("models");
+    fs::create_dir_all(&models_dir).unwrap();
+    fs::write(
+        tmp.path().join("vespertide.json"),
+        r#"{"modelsDir":"models","migrationsDir":"migrations","tableNamingCase":"snake","columnNamingCase":"snake","modelFormat":"json"}"#,
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+    fs::write(
+        models_dir.join("user.json"),
+        r#"{"name":"user","columns":[{"name":"id","type":"integer","nullable":false,"primary_key":true}]}"#,
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+    fs::write(
+        models_dir.join("article.json"),
+        r#"{"name":"article","columns":[{"name":"id","type":"integer","nullable":false,"primary_key":true},{"name":"author_id","type":"integer","nullable":false,"foreign_key":{"ref_table":"user","ref_columns":["id"]}}]}"#,
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+
+    let tables = WorkspaceTables::new();
+
+    assert!(tables.refresh(tmp.path()));
+    let names = tables.names();
+    assert!(names.contains(&"article".to_string()), "names: {names:?}");
+    assert!(names.contains(&"user".to_string()), "names: {names:?}");
+    assert!(tables.get("user").is_some());
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-macro/Cargo.toml b/crates/vespertide-macro/Cargo.toml
index 9e5355d0..921f71ad 100644
--- a/crates/vespertide-macro/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/vespertide-macro/Cargo.toml
@@ -7,6 +7,9 @@ repository.workspace = true
 homepage.workspace = true
 documentation.workspace = true
 description = "Macro entry for runtime migration execution"
+keywords = ["database", "migration", "schema", "orm", "sql"]
+categories = ["database"]
+readme = "../../README.md"
 
 [lib]
 proc-macro = true
@@ -17,12 +20,15 @@ vespertide-config = { workspace = true }
 vespertide-loader = { workspace = true }
 vespertide-query = { workspace = true }
 vespertide-planner = { workspace = true }
-syn = { version = "2.0", features = ["parsing", "proc-macro"] }
+syn = { version = "2.0", features = ["parsing", "proc-macro", "full"] }
 proc-macro2 = "1.0"
+quote = "1"
+proc-macro-crate = "3.5.0"
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 tempfile = "3"
 runtime-macros = "1.1"
+trybuild = { version = "1.0.116", features = ["diff"] }
 
-[lints.rust]
-unexpected_cfgs = { level = "warn", check-cfg = ['cfg(tarpaulin_include)'] }
+[lints]
+workspace = true
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-macro/src/lib.rs b/crates/vespertide-macro/src/lib.rs
index dbc65d6a..d60eb40a 100644
--- a/crates/vespertide-macro/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/vespertide-macro/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,22 @@
 // MigrationOptions and MigrationError are now in vespertide-core
+// Test-only env mutation uses `std::env::set_var` / `remove_var`, which became
+// `unsafe` in Rust 2024. All sites are serialized via `serial_test::serial`.
+#![cfg_attr(test, allow(unsafe_code))]
+//! Procedural macro [`vespertide_migration!`] for zero-runtime-cost
+//! database migrations.
+//!
+//! Loads JSON/YAML migration files at compile time, emits per-backend SQL
+//! as static strings, runs them via a small runtime helper.
 
 use std::env;
 use std::fmt::Write;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
 use proc_macro::TokenStream;
+#[cfg(not(test))]
+use proc_macro_crate::{FoundCrate, crate_name};
+use proc_macro2::{Span, TokenStream as TokenStream2};
+use quote::quote;
 use syn::parse::{Parse, ParseStream};
 use syn::{Ident, Token};
 use vespertide_loader::{load_config_or_default, load_migrations_at_compile_time};
@@ -56,6 +68,32 @@ impl Parse for MacroInput {
     }
 }
 
+/// Returns the root path of the facade `vespertide` crate.
+///
+/// `proc-macro-crate` makes `vespertide_migration!` work when downstream crates
+/// rename the facade dependency in `Cargo.toml`.
+#[cfg(not(test))]
+fn vespertide_crate_path() -> syn::Result<TokenStream2> {
+    match crate_name("vespertide").map_err(|e| {
+        syn::Error::new(
+            Span::call_site(),
+            format!("vespertide crate not found in Cargo.toml dependencies: {e}"),
+        )
+    })? {
+        FoundCrate::Itself => Ok(quote! { crate }),
+        FoundCrate::Name(name) => {
+            let ident = Ident::new(&name, Span::call_site());
+            Ok(quote! { ::#ident })
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+#[allow(clippy::unnecessary_wraps)]
+fn vespertide_crate_path() -> syn::Result<TokenStream2> {
+    Ok(quote! { ::vespertide })
+}
+
 /// Generated migration block with raw SQL strings for string-based codegen.
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub(crate) struct MigrationBlock {
@@ -65,11 +103,11 @@ pub(crate) struct MigrationBlock {
     pub migration_id: String,
     /// Migration comment (for verbose logging)
     pub comment: String,
-    /// PostgreSQL SQL statements
+    /// `PostgreSQL` SQL statements
     pub pg_sqls: Vec<String>,
-    /// MySQL SQL statements
+    /// `MySQL` SQL statements
     pub mysql_sqls: Vec<String>,
-    /// SQLite SQL statements
+    /// `SQLite` SQL statements
     pub sqlite_sqls: Vec<String>,
 }
 
@@ -80,12 +118,8 @@ pub(crate) fn build_migration_block(
     let version = migration.version;
 
     // Use the current baseline schema (from all previous migrations)
-    let queries = build_plan_queries(migration, baseline_schema).map_err(|e| {
-        format!(
-            "Failed to build queries for migration version {}: {}",
-            version, e
-        )
-    })?;
+    let queries = build_plan_queries(migration, baseline_schema)
+        .map_err(|e| format!("Failed to build queries for migration version {version}: {e}"))?;
 
     // Update baseline schema incrementally by applying each action
     for action in &migration.actions {
@@ -93,9 +127,10 @@ pub(crate) fn build_migration_block(
     }
 
     // Flatten all SQL into per-backend string arrays
-    let mut pg_sqls = Vec::new();
-    let mut mysql_sqls = Vec::new();
-    let mut sqlite_sqls = Vec::new();
+    // perf: pre-count backend SQL statements so macro expansion avoids Vec growth reallocations.
+    let mut pg_sqls = Vec::with_capacity(queries.iter().map(|q| q.postgres.len()).sum());
+    let mut mysql_sqls = Vec::with_capacity(queries.iter().map(|q| q.mysql.len()).sum());
+    let mut sqlite_sqls = Vec::with_capacity(queries.iter().map(|q| q.sqlite.len()).sum());
 
     for q in &queries {
         for stmt in &q.postgres {
@@ -122,66 +157,79 @@ pub(crate) fn build_migration_block(
 }
 
 fn generate_migration_code(
-    pool: &proc_macro2::TokenStream,
+    pool: &TokenStream2,
     version_table: &str,
-    migration_blocks: Vec<MigrationBlock>,
+    migration_blocks: &[MigrationBlock],
     verbose: bool,
-) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
+) -> syn::Result<TokenStream2> {
     // Build entire output as a String, parse once at the end.
     // This avoids per-token IPC overhead from quote! (see rust-lang/rust#65080).
     let pool_str = pool.to_string();
+    let krate = vespertide_crate_path()?;
+    let krate_str = krate.to_string();
     let mut code = String::with_capacity(1_048_576);
 
     code.push_str("{\n");
 
     // Emit compact SQL blobs (outside async block for zero runtime cost).
-    for b in &migration_blocks {
-        write_sql_blob(&mut code, &format!("__V{}_PG", b.version), &b.pg_sqls);
-        write_sql_blob(&mut code, &format!("__V{}_MYSQL", b.version), &b.mysql_sqls);
+    for b in migration_blocks {
+        write_sql_blob(&mut code, &format!("__V{}_PG", b.version), &b.pg_sqls)?;
+        write_sql_blob(&mut code, &format!("__V{}_MYSQL", b.version), &b.mysql_sqls)?;
         write_sql_blob(
             &mut code,
             &format!("__V{}_SQLITE", b.version),
             &b.sqlite_sqls,
-        );
+        )?;
     }
 
-    code.push_str(
-        "static __VESPERTIDE_MIGRATIONS: &[::vespertide::runtime::EmbeddedMigration] = &[\n",
-    );
-    for b in &migration_blocks {
-        writeln!(code, "::vespertide::runtime::EmbeddedMigration::new({}u32, {:?}, {:?}, __V{}_PG, __V{}_MYSQL, __V{}_SQLITE),", b.version, b.migration_id, b.comment, b.version, b.version, b.version).unwrap();
+    writeln!(
+        code,
+        "static __VESPERTIDE_MIGRATIONS: &[{krate_str}::runtime::EmbeddedMigration] = &["
+    )
+    .map_err(write_codegen_error)?;
+    for b in migration_blocks {
+        writeln!(code, "{krate_str}::runtime::EmbeddedMigration::new({}u32, {:?}, {:?}, __V{}_PG, __V{}_MYSQL, __V{}_SQLITE),", b.version, b.migration_id, b.comment, b.version, b.version, b.version)
+            .map_err(write_codegen_error)?;
     }
     code.push_str("];\n");
 
     code.push_str("async {\n");
-    writeln!(code, "let __pool = &{pool_str};").unwrap();
-    writeln!(code, "::vespertide::runtime::run_embedded_migrations(__pool, {version_table:?}, {verbose}, __VESPERTIDE_MIGRATIONS).await").unwrap();
+    writeln!(code, "let __pool = &{pool_str};").map_err(write_codegen_error)?;
+    writeln!(code, "{krate_str}::runtime::run_embedded_migrations(__pool, {version_table:?}, {verbose}, __VESPERTIDE_MIGRATIONS).await")
+        .map_err(write_codegen_error)?;
     code.push_str("}\n"); // async block
     code.push_str("}\n"); // outer block
 
     // Single parse — ONE IPC call to rustc tokenizer
-    code.parse().unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("vespertide_migration codegen produced invalid Rust:\n{e}\n\nGenerated code (first 2000 chars):\n{}", &code[..code.len().min(2000)]))
+    code.parse::<TokenStream2>().map_err(|e| {
+        syn::Error::new(
+            Span::call_site(),
+            format!("vespertide_migration codegen produced invalid Rust: {e}"),
+        )
+    })
+}
+
+fn write_codegen_error(e: std::fmt::Error) -> syn::Error {
+    syn::Error::new(
+        Span::call_site(),
+        format!("vespertide_migration codegen failed while writing Rust: {e}"),
+    )
 }
 
 /// Write a compact SQL blob declaration into the code string.
-fn write_sql_blob(code: &mut String, ident: &str, sqls: &[String]) {
+fn write_sql_blob(code: &mut String, ident: &str, sqls: &[String]) -> syn::Result<()> {
     let mut blob = String::new();
     for sql in sqls {
         blob.push_str(sql);
         blob.push('\0');
     }
 
-    writeln!(code, "static {ident}: &str = {blob:?};").unwrap();
+    writeln!(code, "static {ident}: &str = {blob:?};").map_err(write_codegen_error)
 }
 
-/// Inner implementation that works with proc_macro2::TokenStream for testability.
-pub(crate) fn vespertide_migration_impl(
-    input: proc_macro2::TokenStream,
-) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
-    let input: MacroInput = match syn::parse2(input) {
-        Ok(input) => input,
-        Err(e) => return e.to_compile_error(),
-    };
+/// Inner implementation that works with `proc_macro2::TokenStream` for testability.
+pub(crate) fn vespertide_migration_impl(input: TokenStream2) -> syn::Result<TokenStream2> {
+    let input: MacroInput = syn::parse2(input)?;
     let pool = &input.pool;
     let verbose = input.verbose;
 
@@ -196,30 +244,28 @@ pub(crate) fn vespertide_migration_impl(
         Ok(config) => config,
         #[cfg(not(tarpaulin_include))]
         Err(e) => {
-            return syn::Error::new(
+            return Err(syn::Error::new(
                 proc_macro2::Span::call_site(),
-                format!("Failed to load config at compile time: {}", e),
-            )
-            .to_compile_error();
+                format!("Failed to load config at compile time: {e}"),
+            ));
         }
     };
     let prefix = config.prefix();
 
     // Apply prefix to version_table if not explicitly provided
-    let version_table = input
-        .version_table
-        .map(|vt| config.apply_prefix(&vt))
-        .unwrap_or_else(|| config.apply_prefix("vespertide_version"));
+    let version_table = input.version_table.map_or_else(
+        || config.apply_prefix("vespertide_version"),
+        |vt| config.apply_prefix(&vt),
+    );
 
     // Load migration files and build SQL at compile time
     let migrations = match load_migrations_at_compile_time() {
         Ok(migrations) => migrations,
         Err(e) => {
-            return syn::Error::new(
+            return Err(syn::Error::new(
                 proc_macro2::Span::call_site(),
-                format!("Failed to load migrations at compile time: {}", e),
-            )
-            .to_compile_error();
+                format!("Failed to load migrations at compile time: {e}"),
+            ));
         }
     };
     // Apply prefix to migrations and build SQL using incremental baseline schema
@@ -233,886 +279,25 @@ pub(crate) fn vespertide_migration_impl(
         match build_migration_block(&prefixed_migration, &mut baseline_schema) {
             Ok(block) => migration_blocks.push(block),
             Err(e) => {
-                return syn::Error::new(proc_macro2::Span::call_site(), e).to_compile_error();
+                return Err(syn::Error::new(proc_macro2::Span::call_site(), e));
             }
         }
     }
 
-    generate_migration_code(pool, &version_table, migration_blocks, verbose)
+    generate_migration_code(pool, &version_table, &migration_blocks, verbose)
 }
 
 /// Zero-runtime migration entry point.
 #[cfg(not(tarpaulin_include))]
 #[proc_macro]
 pub fn vespertide_migration(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
-    vespertide_migration_impl(input.into()).into()
+    let input2 = TokenStream2::from(input);
+    match vespertide_migration_impl(input2) {
+        Ok(ts) => ts.into(),
+        Err(e) => e.to_compile_error().into(),
+    }
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use super::*;
-    use std::fs::File;
-    use std::io::Write;
-    use tempfile::tempdir;
-    use vespertide_core::{
-        ColumnDef, ColumnType, MigrationAction, MigrationPlan, SimpleColumnType, StrOrBoolOrArray,
-    };
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_macro_expansion_with_runtime_macros() {
-        // Create a temporary directory with test files
-        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-
-        // Create a test file that uses the macro
-        let test_file_path = dir.path().join("test_macro.rs");
-        let mut test_file = File::create(&test_file_path).unwrap();
-        writeln!(
-            test_file,
-            r#"vespertide_migration!(pool, version_table = "test_versions");"#
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-
-        // Use runtime-macros to emulate macro expansion
-        let file = File::open(&test_file_path).unwrap();
-        let result = runtime_macros::emulate_functionlike_macro_expansion(
-            file,
-            &[("vespertide_migration", vespertide_migration_impl)],
-        );
-
-        // The macro will fail because there's no vespertide config, but
-        // the important thing is that it runs and covers the macro code
-        // We expect an error due to missing config
-        assert!(result.is_ok() || result.is_err());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_macro_with_simple_pool() {
-        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-        let test_file_path = dir.path().join("test_simple.rs");
-        let mut test_file = File::create(&test_file_path).unwrap();
-        writeln!(test_file, r#"vespertide_migration!(db_pool);"#).unwrap();
-
-        let file = File::open(&test_file_path).unwrap();
-        let result = runtime_macros::emulate_functionlike_macro_expansion(
-            file,
-            &[("vespertide_migration", vespertide_migration_impl)],
-        );
-
-        assert!(result.is_ok() || result.is_err());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_macro_parsing_invalid_option() {
-        // Test that invalid options produce a compile error
-        let input: proc_macro2::TokenStream = "pool, invalid_option = \"value\"".parse().unwrap();
-        let output = vespertide_migration_impl(input);
-        let output_str = output.to_string();
-        // Should contain an error message about unsupported option
-        assert!(output_str.contains("unsupported option"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_macro_parsing_valid_input() {
-        // Test that valid input is parsed correctly
-        // The macro will either succeed (if migrations dir exists and is empty)
-        // or fail with a migration loading error
-        let input: proc_macro2::TokenStream = "my_pool".parse().unwrap();
-        let output = vespertide_migration_impl(input);
-        let output_str = output.to_string();
-        // Should produce output (either success or migration loading error)
-        assert!(!output_str.is_empty());
-        // If error, it should mention "Failed to load"
-        // If success, it should contain "async"
-        assert!(
-            output_str.contains("async") || output_str.contains("Failed to load"),
-            "Unexpected output: {}",
-            output_str
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_macro_parsing_with_version_table() {
-        let input: proc_macro2::TokenStream =
-            r#"pool, version_table = "custom_versions""#.parse().unwrap();
-        let output = vespertide_migration_impl(input);
-        let output_str = output.to_string();
-        assert!(!output_str.is_empty());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_macro_parsing_trailing_comma() {
-        let input: proc_macro2::TokenStream = "pool,".parse().unwrap();
-        let output = vespertide_migration_impl(input);
-        let output_str = output.to_string();
-        assert!(!output_str.is_empty());
-    }
-
-    fn test_column(name: &str) -> ColumnDef {
-        ColumnDef {
-            name: name.into(),
-            r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-            nullable: false,
-            default: None,
-            comment: None,
-            primary_key: None,
-            unique: None,
-            index: None,
-            foreign_key: None,
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Concatenate all SQL strings from a block for assertion testing.
-    fn block_to_string(block: &MigrationBlock) -> String {
-        let mut result = String::new();
-        for sql in &block.pg_sqls {
-            result.push_str(sql);
-            result.push(' ');
-        }
-        for sql in &block.mysql_sqls {
-            result.push_str(sql);
-            result.push(' ');
-        }
-        for sql in &block.sqlite_sqls {
-            result.push_str(sql);
-            result.push(' ');
-        }
-        result
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_build_migration_block_create_table() {
-        let migration = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            version: 1,
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            actions: vec![MigrationAction::CreateTable {
-                table: "users".into(),
-                columns: vec![test_column("id")],
-                constraints: vec![],
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let mut baseline = Vec::new();
-        let result = build_migration_block(&migration, &mut baseline);
-
-        assert!(result.is_ok());
-        let block = result.unwrap();
-        let block_str = block_to_string(&block);
-
-        // Verify statics contain SQL and metadata is correct
-        assert!(block_str.contains("CREATE TABLE"));
-        assert_eq!(block.version, 1);
-
-        // Verify baseline schema was updated
-        assert_eq!(baseline.len(), 1);
-        assert_eq!(baseline[0].name, "users");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_build_migration_block_add_column() {
-        // First create the table
-        let create_migration = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            version: 1,
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            actions: vec![MigrationAction::CreateTable {
-                table: "users".into(),
-                columns: vec![test_column("id")],
-                constraints: vec![],
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let mut baseline = Vec::new();
-        let _ = build_migration_block(&create_migration, &mut baseline);
-
-        // Now add a column
-        let add_column_migration = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            version: 2,
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            actions: vec![MigrationAction::AddColumn {
-                table: "users".into(),
-                column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
-                    name: "email".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                    nullable: true,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                }),
-                fill_with: None,
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let result = build_migration_block(&add_column_migration, &mut baseline);
-        assert!(result.is_ok());
-        let block = result.unwrap();
-        let block_str = block_to_string(&block);
-
-        assert_eq!(block.version, 2);
-        assert!(block_str.contains("ALTER TABLE"));
-        assert!(block_str.contains("ADD COLUMN"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_build_migration_block_multiple_actions() {
-        let migration = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            version: 1,
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            actions: vec![
-                MigrationAction::CreateTable {
-                    table: "users".into(),
-                    columns: vec![test_column("id")],
-                    constraints: vec![],
-                },
-                MigrationAction::CreateTable {
-                    table: "posts".into(),
-                    columns: vec![test_column("id")],
-                    constraints: vec![],
-                },
-            ],
-        };
-
-        let mut baseline = Vec::new();
-        let result = build_migration_block(&migration, &mut baseline);
-
-        assert!(result.is_ok());
-        assert_eq!(baseline.len(), 2);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_generate_migration_code() {
-        let pool: proc_macro2::TokenStream = "db_pool".parse().unwrap();
-        let version_table = "test_versions";
-
-        // Create a simple migration block
-        let migration = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            version: 1,
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            actions: vec![MigrationAction::CreateTable {
-                table: "users".into(),
-                columns: vec![test_column("id")],
-                constraints: vec![],
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let mut baseline = Vec::new();
-        let block = build_migration_block(&migration, &mut baseline).unwrap();
-
-        let generated = generate_migration_code(&pool, version_table, vec![block], false);
-        let generated_str = generated.to_string();
-
-        // Verify the generated code structure
-        assert!(generated_str.contains("async"));
-        assert!(generated_str.contains("db_pool"));
-        assert!(generated_str.contains("test_versions"));
-        assert!(generated_str.contains("run_embedded_migrations"));
-        assert!(generated_str.contains("EmbeddedMigration"));
-        assert!(generated_str.contains("1u32"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_generate_migration_code_empty_migrations() {
-        let pool: proc_macro2::TokenStream = "pool".parse().unwrap();
-        let version_table = "vespertide_version";
-
-        let generated = generate_migration_code(&pool, version_table, vec![], false);
-        let generated_str = generated.to_string();
-
-        // Should still generate the wrapper code
-        assert!(generated_str.contains("async"));
-        assert!(generated_str.contains("vespertide_version"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_generate_migration_code_multiple_blocks() {
-        let pool: proc_macro2::TokenStream = "connection".parse().unwrap();
-
-        let mut baseline = Vec::new();
-
-        let migration1 = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            version: 1,
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            actions: vec![MigrationAction::CreateTable {
-                table: "users".into(),
-                columns: vec![test_column("id")],
-                constraints: vec![],
-            }],
-        };
-        let block1 = build_migration_block(&migration1, &mut baseline).unwrap();
-
-        let migration2 = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            version: 2,
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            actions: vec![MigrationAction::CreateTable {
-                table: "posts".into(),
-                columns: vec![test_column("id")],
-                constraints: vec![],
-            }],
-        };
-        let block2 = build_migration_block(&migration2, &mut baseline).unwrap();
-
-        let generated = generate_migration_code(&pool, "migrations", vec![block1, block2], false);
-        let generated_str = generated.to_string();
-
-        // Both migration versions should be present in the metadata array
-        assert!(generated_str.contains("1u32"));
-        assert!(generated_str.contains("2u32"));
-        assert!(generated_str.contains("__VESPERTIDE_MIGRATIONS"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_generate_migration_code_delegates_runtime_execution() {
-        let pool: proc_macro2::TokenStream = "db_pool".parse().unwrap();
-
-        let migration = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            version: 1,
-            comment: Some("initial".into()),
-            created_at: None,
-            actions: vec![MigrationAction::CreateTable {
-                table: "users".into(),
-                columns: vec![test_column("id")],
-                constraints: vec![],
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let mut baseline = Vec::new();
-        let block = build_migration_block(&migration, &mut baseline).unwrap();
-
-        let generated = generate_migration_code(&pool, "vespertide_version", vec![block], false);
-        let generated_str = generated.to_string();
-
-        assert!(generated_str.contains("run_embedded_migrations"));
-        assert!(generated_str.contains("EmbeddedMigration"));
-        assert!(!generated_str.contains("SELECT MAX"));
-        assert!(!generated_str.contains("execute_raw"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_build_migration_block_generates_all_backends() {
-        let migration = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            version: 1,
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            actions: vec![MigrationAction::CreateTable {
-                table: "test_table".into(),
-                columns: vec![test_column("id")],
-                constraints: vec![],
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let mut baseline = Vec::new();
-        let result = build_migration_block(&migration, &mut baseline);
-        assert!(result.is_ok());
-
-        let block = result.unwrap();
-
-        // All three backend SQL arrays should be populated
-        assert!(
-            !block.pg_sqls.is_empty(),
-            "PostgreSQL SQL should not be empty"
-        );
-        assert!(
-            !block.mysql_sqls.is_empty(),
-            "MySQL SQL should not be empty"
-        );
-        assert!(
-            !block.sqlite_sqls.is_empty(),
-            "SQLite SQL should not be empty"
-        );
-
-        // Each should contain CREATE TABLE SQL
-        assert!(block.pg_sqls.iter().any(|s| s.contains("CREATE TABLE")));
-        assert!(block.mysql_sqls.iter().any(|s| s.contains("CREATE TABLE")));
-        assert!(block.sqlite_sqls.iter().any(|s| s.contains("CREATE TABLE")));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_build_migration_block_with_delete_table() {
-        // First create the table
-        let create_migration = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            version: 1,
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            actions: vec![MigrationAction::CreateTable {
-                table: "temp_table".into(),
-                columns: vec![test_column("id")],
-                constraints: vec![],
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let mut baseline = Vec::new();
-        let _ = build_migration_block(&create_migration, &mut baseline);
-        assert_eq!(baseline.len(), 1);
-
-        // Now delete it
-        let delete_migration = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            version: 2,
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            actions: vec![MigrationAction::DeleteTable {
-                table: "temp_table".into(),
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let result = build_migration_block(&delete_migration, &mut baseline);
-        assert!(result.is_ok());
-        let block = result.unwrap();
-        assert!(block.pg_sqls.iter().any(|s| s.contains("DROP TABLE")));
-
-        // Baseline should be empty after delete
-        assert_eq!(baseline.len(), 0);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_build_migration_block_with_index() {
-        let migration = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            version: 1,
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            actions: vec![MigrationAction::CreateTable {
-                table: "users".into(),
-                columns: vec![
-                    test_column("id"),
-                    ColumnDef {
-                        name: "email".into(),
-                        r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                        nullable: true,
-                        default: None,
-                        comment: None,
-                        primary_key: None,
-                        unique: None,
-                        index: Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true)),
-                        foreign_key: None,
-                    },
-                ],
-                constraints: vec![],
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let mut baseline = Vec::new();
-        let result = build_migration_block(&migration, &mut baseline);
-        assert!(result.is_ok());
-
-        // Table should be normalized with index
-        let table = &baseline[0];
-        let normalized = table.clone().normalize();
-        assert!(normalized.is_ok());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_build_migration_block_error_nonexistent_table() {
-        // Try to add column to a table that doesn't exist - should fail
-        let migration = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            version: 1,
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            actions: vec![MigrationAction::AddColumn {
-                table: "nonexistent_table".into(),
-                column: Box::new(test_column("new_col")),
-                fill_with: None,
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let mut baseline = Vec::new();
-        let result = build_migration_block(&migration, &mut baseline);
-
-        assert!(result.is_err());
-        let err = result.unwrap_err();
-        assert!(err.contains("Failed to build queries for migration version 1"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_vespertide_migration_impl_loading_error() {
-        // Save original CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR
-        let original = std::env::var("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR").ok();
-
-        // Remove CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR to trigger loading error
-        unsafe {
-            std::env::remove_var("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR");
-        }
-
-        let input: proc_macro2::TokenStream = "pool".parse().unwrap();
-        let output = vespertide_migration_impl(input);
-        let output_str = output.to_string();
-
-        // Should contain error about failed loading
-        assert!(
-            output_str.contains("Failed to load migrations at compile time"),
-            "Expected loading error, got: {}",
-            output_str
-        );
-
-        // Restore CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR
-        if let Some(val) = original {
-            unsafe {
-                std::env::set_var("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR", val);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_vespertide_migration_impl_with_valid_project() {
-        use std::fs;
-
-        // Create a temporary directory with a valid vespertide project
-        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-        let project_dir = dir.path();
-
-        // Create vespertide.json config
-        let config_content = r#"{
-            "modelsDir": "models",
-            "migrationsDir": "migrations",
-            "tableNamingCase": "snake",
-            "columnNamingCase": "snake",
-            "modelFormat": "json"
-        }"#;
-        fs::write(project_dir.join("vespertide.json"), config_content).unwrap();
-
-        // Create empty models and migrations directories
-        fs::create_dir_all(project_dir.join("models")).unwrap();
-        fs::create_dir_all(project_dir.join("migrations")).unwrap();
-
-        // Save original CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR and set to temp dir
-        let original = std::env::var("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR").ok();
-        unsafe {
-            std::env::set_var("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR", project_dir);
-        }
-
-        let input: proc_macro2::TokenStream = "pool".parse().unwrap();
-        let output = vespertide_migration_impl(input);
-        let output_str = output.to_string();
-
-        // Should produce valid async code since there are no migrations
-        assert!(
-            output_str.contains("async"),
-            "Expected async block, got: {}",
-            output_str
-        );
-        assert!(
-            output_str.contains("run_embedded_migrations"),
-            "Expected runtime helper delegation, got: {}",
-            output_str
-        );
-
-        // Restore CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR
-        if let Some(val) = original {
-            unsafe {
-                std::env::set_var("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR", val);
-            }
-        } else {
-            unsafe {
-                std::env::remove_var("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR");
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_build_migration_block_verbose_create_table() {
-        let migration = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            version: 1,
-            comment: Some("initial setup".into()),
-            created_at: None,
-            actions: vec![MigrationAction::CreateTable {
-                table: "users".into(),
-                columns: vec![test_column("id")],
-                constraints: vec![],
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let mut baseline = Vec::new();
-        let result = build_migration_block(&migration, &mut baseline);
-
-        assert!(result.is_ok());
-        let block = result.unwrap();
-
-        // Metadata should capture comment for verbose logging in generate_migration_code
-        assert_eq!(block.version, 1);
-        assert_eq!(block.comment, "initial setup");
-        // SQL should contain CREATE TABLE
-        assert!(block.pg_sqls.iter().any(|s| s.contains("CREATE TABLE")));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_build_migration_block_verbose_multiple_actions() {
-        let migration = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            version: 1,
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            actions: vec![
-                MigrationAction::CreateTable {
-                    table: "users".into(),
-                    columns: vec![test_column("id")],
-                    constraints: vec![],
-                },
-                MigrationAction::CreateTable {
-                    table: "posts".into(),
-                    columns: vec![test_column("id")],
-                    constraints: vec![],
-                },
-            ],
-        };
-
-        let mut baseline = Vec::new();
-        let result = build_migration_block(&migration, &mut baseline);
-
-        assert!(result.is_ok());
-        assert_eq!(baseline.len(), 2);
-        // Metadata should be set even with multiple actions
-        assert_eq!(result.as_ref().unwrap().version, 1);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_build_migration_block_verbose_add_column() {
-        // Create table first
-        let create = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            version: 1,
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            actions: vec![MigrationAction::CreateTable {
-                table: "users".into(),
-                columns: vec![test_column("id")],
-                constraints: vec![],
-            }],
-        };
-        let mut baseline = Vec::new();
-        let _ = build_migration_block(&create, &mut baseline);
-
-        // Add column
-        let add_col = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            version: 2,
-            comment: Some("add email".into()),
-            created_at: None,
-            actions: vec![MigrationAction::AddColumn {
-                table: "users".into(),
-                column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
-                    name: "email".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                    nullable: true,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                }),
-                fill_with: None,
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let result = build_migration_block(&add_col, &mut baseline);
-        assert!(result.is_ok());
-        let block = result.unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(block.version, 2);
-        assert_eq!(block.comment, "add email");
-        // SQL should contain ALTER TABLE for the add column action
-        assert!(block.pg_sqls.iter().any(|s| s.contains("ALTER TABLE")));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_generate_migration_code_verbose() {
-        let pool: proc_macro2::TokenStream = "db_pool".parse().unwrap();
-        let version_table = "test_versions";
-
-        let migration = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            version: 1,
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            actions: vec![MigrationAction::CreateTable {
-                table: "users".into(),
-                columns: vec![test_column("id")],
-                constraints: vec![],
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let mut baseline = Vec::new();
-        let block = build_migration_block(&migration, &mut baseline).unwrap();
-
-        let generated = generate_migration_code(&pool, version_table, vec![block], true);
-        let generated_str = generated.to_string();
-
-        assert!(generated_str.contains("run_embedded_migrations"));
-        assert!(generated_str.contains("async"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_macro_parsing_verbose_flag() {
-        // Test parsing the "verbose" keyword
-        let input: proc_macro2::TokenStream = "pool, verbose".parse().unwrap();
-        let output = vespertide_migration_impl(input);
-        let output_str = output.to_string();
-        // Should produce output (either success or migration loading error)
-        assert!(!output_str.is_empty());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_vespertide_migration_impl_with_migrations() {
-        use std::fs;
-
-        // Create a temporary directory with a valid vespertide project and migrations
-        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-        let project_dir = dir.path();
-
-        // Create vespertide.json config
-        let config_content = r#"{
-            "modelsDir": "models",
-            "migrationsDir": "migrations",
-            "tableNamingCase": "snake",
-            "columnNamingCase": "snake",
-            "modelFormat": "json"
-        }"#;
-        fs::write(project_dir.join("vespertide.json"), config_content).unwrap();
-
-        // Create models and migrations directories
-        fs::create_dir_all(project_dir.join("models")).unwrap();
-        fs::create_dir_all(project_dir.join("migrations")).unwrap();
-
-        // Create a migration file
-        let migration_content = r#"{
-            "version": 1,
-            "actions": [
-                {
-                    "type": "create_table",
-                    "table": "users",
-                    "columns": [
-                        {"name": "id", "type": "integer", "nullable": false}
-                    ],
-                    "constraints": []
-                }
-            ]
-        }"#;
-        fs::write(
-            project_dir.join("migrations").join("0001_initial.json"),
-            migration_content,
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-
-        // Save original CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR and set to temp dir
-        let original = std::env::var("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR").ok();
-        unsafe {
-            std::env::set_var("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR", project_dir);
-        }
-
-        let input: proc_macro2::TokenStream = "pool".parse().unwrap();
-        let output = vespertide_migration_impl(input);
-        let output_str = output.to_string();
-
-        // Should produce valid async code with migration
-        assert!(
-            output_str.contains("async"),
-            "Expected async block, got: {}",
-            output_str
-        );
-
-        // Restore CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR
-        if let Some(val) = original {
-            unsafe {
-                std::env::set_var("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR", val);
-            }
-        } else {
-            unsafe {
-                std::env::remove_var("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR");
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_vespertide_migration_impl_ignores_invalid_models() {
-        use std::fs;
-
-        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-        let project_dir = dir.path();
-
-        let config_content = r#"{
-            "modelsDir": "models",
-            "migrationsDir": "migrations",
-            "tableNamingCase": "snake",
-            "columnNamingCase": "snake",
-            "modelFormat": "json"
-        }"#;
-        fs::write(project_dir.join("vespertide.json"), config_content).unwrap();
-
-        fs::create_dir_all(project_dir.join("models")).unwrap();
-        fs::create_dir_all(project_dir.join("migrations")).unwrap();
-
-        fs::write(
-            project_dir.join("models").join("broken.json"),
-            r#"{
-                "name": "broken",
-                "columns": [
-                    {"name": "user_id", "type": "integer", "nullable": false, "foreign_key": "invalid_format"}
-                ],
-                "constraints": []
-            }"#,
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-
-        fs::write(
-            project_dir.join("migrations").join("0001_initial.json"),
-            r#"{
-                "version": 1,
-                "actions": [
-                    {
-                        "type": "create_table",
-                        "table": "users",
-                        "columns": [
-                            {"name": "id", "type": "integer", "nullable": false}
-                        ],
-                        "constraints": []
-                    }
-                ]
-            }"#,
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-
-        let original = std::env::var("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR").ok();
-        unsafe {
-            std::env::set_var("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR", project_dir);
-        }
-
-        let input: proc_macro2::TokenStream = "pool".parse().unwrap();
-        let output = vespertide_migration_impl(input);
-        let output_str = output.to_string();
-
-        assert!(
-            output_str.contains("async"),
-            "Expected migration code generation to ignore invalid models, got: {}",
-            output_str
-        );
-
-        if let Some(val) = original {
-            unsafe {
-                std::env::set_var("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR", val);
-            }
-        } else {
-            unsafe {
-                std::env::remove_var("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR");
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
+#[path = "tests.rs"]
+mod tests;
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-macro/src/tests.rs b/crates/vespertide-macro/src/tests.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d6d828ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-macro/src/tests.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,863 @@
+use super::*;
+use std::fs::File;
+use std::io::Write;
+use tempfile::tempdir;
+use vespertide_core::{
+    ColumnDef, ColumnType, MigrationAction, MigrationPlan, SimpleColumnType, StrOrBoolOrArray,
+};
+
+fn expand(input: TokenStream2) -> TokenStream2 {
+    vespertide_migration_impl(input).unwrap_or_else(|e| e.to_compile_error())
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_macro_expansion_with_runtime_macros() {
+    // Create a temporary directory with test files
+    let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+
+    // Create a test file that uses the macro
+    let test_file_path = dir.path().join("test_macro.rs");
+    let mut test_file = File::create(&test_file_path).unwrap();
+    writeln!(
+        test_file,
+        r#"vespertide_migration!(pool, version_table = "test_versions");"#
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+
+    // Use runtime-macros to emulate macro expansion
+    let file = File::open(&test_file_path).unwrap();
+    let result = runtime_macros::emulate_functionlike_macro_expansion(
+        file,
+        &[("vespertide_migration", expand)],
+    );
+
+    // The macro will fail because there's no vespertide config, but
+    // the important thing is that it runs and covers the macro code
+    // We expect an error due to missing config
+    assert!(result.is_ok() || result.is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_macro_with_simple_pool() {
+    let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+    let test_file_path = dir.path().join("test_simple.rs");
+    let mut test_file = File::create(&test_file_path).unwrap();
+    writeln!(test_file, r"vespertide_migration!(db_pool);").unwrap();
+
+    let file = File::open(&test_file_path).unwrap();
+    let result = runtime_macros::emulate_functionlike_macro_expansion(
+        file,
+        &[("vespertide_migration", expand)],
+    );
+
+    assert!(result.is_ok() || result.is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_macro_parsing_invalid_option() {
+    // Test that invalid options produce a compile error
+    let input: proc_macro2::TokenStream = "pool, invalid_option = \"value\"".parse().unwrap();
+    let output = expand(input);
+    let output_str = output.to_string();
+    // Should contain an error message about unsupported option
+    assert!(output_str.contains("unsupported option"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_macro_parsing_valid_input() {
+    // Test that valid input is parsed correctly
+    // The macro will either succeed (if migrations dir exists and is empty)
+    // or fail with a migration loading error
+    let input: proc_macro2::TokenStream = "my_pool".parse().unwrap();
+    let output = expand(input);
+    let output_str = output.to_string();
+    // Should produce output (either success or migration loading error)
+    assert!(!output_str.is_empty());
+    // If error, it should mention "Failed to load"
+    // If success, it should contain "async"
+    assert!(
+        output_str.contains("async") || output_str.contains("Failed to load"),
+        "Unexpected output: {output_str}"
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_macro_parsing_with_version_table() {
+    let input: proc_macro2::TokenStream =
+        r#"pool, version_table = "custom_versions""#.parse().unwrap();
+    let output = expand(input);
+    let output_str = output.to_string();
+    assert!(!output_str.is_empty());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_macro_parsing_trailing_comma() {
+    let input: proc_macro2::TokenStream = "pool,".parse().unwrap();
+    let output = expand(input);
+    let output_str = output.to_string();
+    assert!(!output_str.is_empty());
+}
+
+fn test_column(name: &str) -> ColumnDef {
+    ColumnDef {
+        name: name.into(),
+        r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+        nullable: false,
+        default: None,
+        comment: None,
+        primary_key: None,
+        unique: None,
+        index: None,
+        foreign_key: None,
+    }
+}
+
+/// Concatenate all SQL strings from a block for assertion testing.
+fn block_to_string(block: &MigrationBlock) -> String {
+    let mut result = String::new();
+    for sql in &block.pg_sqls {
+        result.push_str(sql);
+        result.push(' ');
+    }
+    for sql in &block.mysql_sqls {
+        result.push_str(sql);
+        result.push(' ');
+    }
+    for sql in &block.sqlite_sqls {
+        result.push_str(sql);
+        result.push(' ');
+    }
+    result
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_build_migration_block_create_table() {
+    let migration = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        version: 1,
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::CreateTable {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            columns: vec![test_column("id")],
+            constraints: vec![],
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let mut baseline = Vec::new();
+    let result = build_migration_block(&migration, &mut baseline);
+
+    assert!(result.is_ok());
+    let block = result.unwrap();
+    let block_str = block_to_string(&block);
+
+    // Verify statics contain SQL and metadata is correct
+    assert!(block_str.contains("CREATE TABLE"));
+    assert_eq!(block.version, 1);
+
+    // Verify baseline schema was updated
+    assert_eq!(baseline.len(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(baseline[0].name, "users");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_build_migration_block_add_column() {
+    // First create the table
+    let create_migration = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        version: 1,
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::CreateTable {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            columns: vec![test_column("id")],
+            constraints: vec![],
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let mut baseline = Vec::new();
+    let _ = build_migration_block(&create_migration, &mut baseline);
+
+    // Now add a column
+    let add_column_migration = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        version: 2,
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::AddColumn {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
+                name: "email".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+                nullable: true,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            }),
+            fill_with: None,
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let result = build_migration_block(&add_column_migration, &mut baseline);
+    assert!(result.is_ok());
+    let block = result.unwrap();
+    let block_str = block_to_string(&block);
+
+    assert_eq!(block.version, 2);
+    assert!(block_str.contains("ALTER TABLE"));
+    assert!(block_str.contains("ADD COLUMN"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_build_migration_block_multiple_actions() {
+    let migration = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        version: 1,
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        actions: vec![
+            MigrationAction::CreateTable {
+                table: "users".into(),
+                columns: vec![test_column("id")],
+                constraints: vec![],
+            },
+            MigrationAction::CreateTable {
+                table: "posts".into(),
+                columns: vec![test_column("id")],
+                constraints: vec![],
+            },
+        ],
+    };
+
+    let mut baseline = Vec::new();
+    let result = build_migration_block(&migration, &mut baseline);
+
+    assert!(result.is_ok());
+    assert_eq!(baseline.len(), 2);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_generate_migration_code() {
+    let pool: proc_macro2::TokenStream = "db_pool".parse().unwrap();
+    let version_table = "test_versions";
+
+    // Create a simple migration block
+    let migration = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        version: 1,
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::CreateTable {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            columns: vec![test_column("id")],
+            constraints: vec![],
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let mut baseline = Vec::new();
+    let block = build_migration_block(&migration, &mut baseline).unwrap();
+
+    let generated = generate_migration_code(&pool, version_table, &[block], false).unwrap();
+    let generated_str = generated.to_string();
+
+    // Verify the generated code structure
+    assert!(generated_str.contains("async"));
+    assert!(generated_str.contains("db_pool"));
+    assert!(generated_str.contains("test_versions"));
+    assert!(generated_str.contains("run_embedded_migrations"));
+    assert!(generated_str.contains("EmbeddedMigration"));
+    assert!(generated_str.contains("1u32"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_generate_migration_code_empty_migrations() {
+    let pool: proc_macro2::TokenStream = "pool".parse().unwrap();
+    let version_table = "vespertide_version";
+
+    let generated = generate_migration_code(&pool, version_table, &[], false).unwrap();
+    let generated_str = generated.to_string();
+
+    // Should still generate the wrapper code
+    assert!(generated_str.contains("async"));
+    assert!(generated_str.contains("vespertide_version"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_generate_migration_code_multiple_blocks() {
+    let pool: proc_macro2::TokenStream = "connection".parse().unwrap();
+
+    let mut baseline = Vec::new();
+
+    let migration1 = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        version: 1,
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::CreateTable {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            columns: vec![test_column("id")],
+            constraints: vec![],
+        }],
+    };
+    let block1 = build_migration_block(&migration1, &mut baseline).unwrap();
+
+    let migration2 = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        version: 2,
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::CreateTable {
+            table: "posts".into(),
+            columns: vec![test_column("id")],
+            constraints: vec![],
+        }],
+    };
+    let block2 = build_migration_block(&migration2, &mut baseline).unwrap();
+
+    let generated = generate_migration_code(&pool, "migrations", &[block1, block2], false).unwrap();
+    let generated_str = generated.to_string();
+
+    // Both migration versions should be present in the metadata array
+    assert!(generated_str.contains("1u32"));
+    assert!(generated_str.contains("2u32"));
+    assert!(generated_str.contains("__VESPERTIDE_MIGRATIONS"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_generate_migration_code_delegates_runtime_execution() {
+    let pool: proc_macro2::TokenStream = "db_pool".parse().unwrap();
+
+    let migration = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        version: 1,
+        comment: Some("initial".into()),
+        created_at: None,
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::CreateTable {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            columns: vec![test_column("id")],
+            constraints: vec![],
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let mut baseline = Vec::new();
+    let block = build_migration_block(&migration, &mut baseline).unwrap();
+
+    let generated = generate_migration_code(&pool, "vespertide_version", &[block], false).unwrap();
+    let generated_str = generated.to_string();
+
+    assert!(generated_str.contains("run_embedded_migrations"));
+    assert!(generated_str.contains("EmbeddedMigration"));
+    assert!(!generated_str.contains("SELECT MAX"));
+    assert!(!generated_str.contains("execute_raw"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_build_migration_block_generates_all_backends() {
+    let migration = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        version: 1,
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::CreateTable {
+            table: "test_table".into(),
+            columns: vec![test_column("id")],
+            constraints: vec![],
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let mut baseline = Vec::new();
+    let result = build_migration_block(&migration, &mut baseline);
+    assert!(result.is_ok());
+
+    let block = result.unwrap();
+
+    // All three backend SQL arrays should be populated
+    assert!(
+        !block.pg_sqls.is_empty(),
+        "PostgreSQL SQL should not be empty"
+    );
+    assert!(
+        !block.mysql_sqls.is_empty(),
+        "MySQL SQL should not be empty"
+    );
+    assert!(
+        !block.sqlite_sqls.is_empty(),
+        "SQLite SQL should not be empty"
+    );
+
+    // Each should contain CREATE TABLE SQL
+    assert!(block.pg_sqls.iter().any(|s| s.contains("CREATE TABLE")));
+    assert!(block.mysql_sqls.iter().any(|s| s.contains("CREATE TABLE")));
+    assert!(block.sqlite_sqls.iter().any(|s| s.contains("CREATE TABLE")));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_build_migration_block_with_delete_table() {
+    // First create the table
+    let create_migration = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        version: 1,
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::CreateTable {
+            table: "temp_table".into(),
+            columns: vec![test_column("id")],
+            constraints: vec![],
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let mut baseline = Vec::new();
+    let _ = build_migration_block(&create_migration, &mut baseline);
+    assert_eq!(baseline.len(), 1);
+
+    // Now delete it
+    let delete_migration = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        version: 2,
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::DeleteTable {
+            table: "temp_table".into(),
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let result = build_migration_block(&delete_migration, &mut baseline);
+    assert!(result.is_ok());
+    let block = result.unwrap();
+    assert!(block.pg_sqls.iter().any(|s| s.contains("DROP TABLE")));
+
+    // Baseline should be empty after delete
+    assert_eq!(baseline.len(), 0);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_build_migration_block_with_index() {
+    let migration = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        version: 1,
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::CreateTable {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            columns: vec![
+                test_column("id"),
+                ColumnDef {
+                    name: "email".into(),
+                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+                    nullable: true,
+                    default: None,
+                    comment: None,
+                    primary_key: None,
+                    unique: None,
+                    index: Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true)),
+                    foreign_key: None,
+                },
+            ],
+            constraints: vec![],
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let mut baseline = Vec::new();
+    let result = build_migration_block(&migration, &mut baseline);
+    assert!(result.is_ok());
+
+    // Table should be normalized with index
+    let table = &baseline[0];
+    let normalized = table.clone().normalize();
+    assert!(normalized.is_ok());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_build_migration_block_error_nonexistent_table() {
+    // Try to add column to a table that doesn't exist - should fail
+    let migration = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        version: 1,
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::AddColumn {
+            table: "nonexistent_table".into(),
+            column: Box::new(test_column("new_col")),
+            fill_with: None,
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let mut baseline = Vec::new();
+    let result = build_migration_block(&migration, &mut baseline);
+
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    let err = result.unwrap_err();
+    assert!(err.contains("Failed to build queries for migration version 1"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_vespertide_migration_impl_loading_error() {
+    // Save original CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR
+    let original = std::env::var("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR").ok();
+
+    // Remove CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR to trigger loading error
+    unsafe {
+        std::env::remove_var("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR");
+    }
+
+    let input: proc_macro2::TokenStream = "pool".parse().unwrap();
+    let output = expand(input);
+    let output_str = output.to_string();
+
+    // Should contain error about failed loading
+    assert!(
+        output_str.contains("Failed to load migrations at compile time"),
+        "Expected loading error, got: {output_str}"
+    );
+
+    // Restore CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR
+    if let Some(val) = original {
+        unsafe {
+            std::env::set_var("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR", val);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_vespertide_migration_impl_with_valid_project() {
+    use std::fs;
+
+    // Create a temporary directory with a valid vespertide project
+    let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+    let project_dir = dir.path();
+
+    // Create vespertide.json config
+    let config_content = r#"{
+        "modelsDir": "models",
+        "migrationsDir": "migrations",
+        "tableNamingCase": "snake",
+        "columnNamingCase": "snake",
+        "modelFormat": "json"
+    }"#;
+    fs::write(project_dir.join("vespertide.json"), config_content).unwrap();
+
+    // Create empty models and migrations directories
+    fs::create_dir_all(project_dir.join("models")).unwrap();
+    fs::create_dir_all(project_dir.join("migrations")).unwrap();
+
+    // Save original CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR and set to temp dir
+    let original = std::env::var("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR").ok();
+    unsafe {
+        std::env::set_var("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR", project_dir);
+    }
+
+    let input: proc_macro2::TokenStream = "pool".parse().unwrap();
+    let output = expand(input);
+    let output_str = output.to_string();
+
+    // Should produce valid async code since there are no migrations
+    assert!(
+        output_str.contains("async"),
+        "Expected async block, got: {output_str}"
+    );
+    assert!(
+        output_str.contains("run_embedded_migrations"),
+        "Expected runtime helper delegation, got: {output_str}"
+    );
+
+    // Restore CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR
+    if let Some(val) = original {
+        unsafe {
+            std::env::set_var("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR", val);
+        }
+    } else {
+        unsafe {
+            std::env::remove_var("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_build_migration_block_verbose_create_table() {
+    let migration = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        version: 1,
+        comment: Some("initial setup".into()),
+        created_at: None,
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::CreateTable {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            columns: vec![test_column("id")],
+            constraints: vec![],
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let mut baseline = Vec::new();
+    let result = build_migration_block(&migration, &mut baseline);
+
+    assert!(result.is_ok());
+    let block = result.unwrap();
+
+    // Metadata should capture comment for verbose logging in generate_migration_code
+    assert_eq!(block.version, 1);
+    assert_eq!(block.comment, "initial setup");
+    // SQL should contain CREATE TABLE
+    assert!(block.pg_sqls.iter().any(|s| s.contains("CREATE TABLE")));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_build_migration_block_verbose_multiple_actions() {
+    let migration = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        version: 1,
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        actions: vec![
+            MigrationAction::CreateTable {
+                table: "users".into(),
+                columns: vec![test_column("id")],
+                constraints: vec![],
+            },
+            MigrationAction::CreateTable {
+                table: "posts".into(),
+                columns: vec![test_column("id")],
+                constraints: vec![],
+            },
+        ],
+    };
+
+    let mut baseline = Vec::new();
+    let result = build_migration_block(&migration, &mut baseline);
+
+    assert!(result.is_ok());
+    assert_eq!(baseline.len(), 2);
+    // Metadata should be set even with multiple actions
+    assert_eq!(result.as_ref().unwrap().version, 1);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_build_migration_block_verbose_add_column() {
+    // Create table first
+    let create = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        version: 1,
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::CreateTable {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            columns: vec![test_column("id")],
+            constraints: vec![],
+        }],
+    };
+    let mut baseline = Vec::new();
+    let _ = build_migration_block(&create, &mut baseline);
+
+    // Add column
+    let add_col = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        version: 2,
+        comment: Some("add email".into()),
+        created_at: None,
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::AddColumn {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
+                name: "email".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+                nullable: true,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            }),
+            fill_with: None,
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let result = build_migration_block(&add_col, &mut baseline);
+    assert!(result.is_ok());
+    let block = result.unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(block.version, 2);
+    assert_eq!(block.comment, "add email");
+    // SQL should contain ALTER TABLE for the add column action
+    assert!(block.pg_sqls.iter().any(|s| s.contains("ALTER TABLE")));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_generate_migration_code_verbose() {
+    let pool: proc_macro2::TokenStream = "db_pool".parse().unwrap();
+    let version_table = "test_versions";
+
+    let migration = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        version: 1,
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::CreateTable {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            columns: vec![test_column("id")],
+            constraints: vec![],
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let mut baseline = Vec::new();
+    let block = build_migration_block(&migration, &mut baseline).unwrap();
+
+    let generated = generate_migration_code(&pool, version_table, &[block], true).unwrap();
+    let generated_str = generated.to_string();
+
+    assert!(generated_str.contains("run_embedded_migrations"));
+    assert!(generated_str.contains("async"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_macro_parsing_verbose_flag() {
+    // Test parsing the "verbose" keyword
+    let input: proc_macro2::TokenStream = "pool, verbose".parse().unwrap();
+    let output = expand(input);
+    let output_str = output.to_string();
+    // Should produce output (either success or migration loading error)
+    assert!(!output_str.is_empty());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_vespertide_migration_impl_with_migrations() {
+    use std::fs;
+
+    // Create a temporary directory with a valid vespertide project and migrations
+    let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+    let project_dir = dir.path();
+
+    // Create vespertide.json config
+    let config_content = r#"{
+        "modelsDir": "models",
+        "migrationsDir": "migrations",
+        "tableNamingCase": "snake",
+        "columnNamingCase": "snake",
+        "modelFormat": "json"
+    }"#;
+    fs::write(project_dir.join("vespertide.json"), config_content).unwrap();
+
+    // Create models and migrations directories
+    fs::create_dir_all(project_dir.join("models")).unwrap();
+    fs::create_dir_all(project_dir.join("migrations")).unwrap();
+
+    // Create a migration file
+    let migration_content = r#"{
+        "version": 1,
+        "actions": [
+            {
+                "type": "create_table",
+                "table": "users",
+                "columns": [
+                    {"name": "id", "type": "integer", "nullable": false}
+                ],
+                "constraints": []
+            }
+        ]
+    }"#;
+    fs::write(
+        project_dir.join("migrations").join("0001_initial.json"),
+        migration_content,
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+
+    // Save original CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR and set to temp dir
+    let original = std::env::var("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR").ok();
+    unsafe {
+        std::env::set_var("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR", project_dir);
+    }
+
+    let input: proc_macro2::TokenStream = "pool".parse().unwrap();
+    let output = expand(input);
+    let output_str = output.to_string();
+
+    // Should produce valid async code with migration
+    assert!(
+        output_str.contains("async"),
+        "Expected async block, got: {output_str}"
+    );
+
+    // Restore CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR
+    if let Some(val) = original {
+        unsafe {
+            std::env::set_var("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR", val);
+        }
+    } else {
+        unsafe {
+            std::env::remove_var("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_vespertide_migration_impl_ignores_invalid_models() {
+    use std::fs;
+
+    let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+    let project_dir = dir.path();
+
+    let config_content = r#"{
+        "modelsDir": "models",
+        "migrationsDir": "migrations",
+        "tableNamingCase": "snake",
+        "columnNamingCase": "snake",
+        "modelFormat": "json"
+    }"#;
+    fs::write(project_dir.join("vespertide.json"), config_content).unwrap();
+
+    fs::create_dir_all(project_dir.join("models")).unwrap();
+    fs::create_dir_all(project_dir.join("migrations")).unwrap();
+
+    fs::write(
+        project_dir.join("models").join("broken.json"),
+        r#"{
+            "name": "broken",
+            "columns": [
+                {"name": "user_id", "type": "integer", "nullable": false, "foreign_key": "invalid_format"}
+            ],
+            "constraints": []
+        }"#,
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+
+    fs::write(
+        project_dir.join("migrations").join("0001_initial.json"),
+        r#"{
+            "version": 1,
+            "actions": [
+                {
+                    "type": "create_table",
+                    "table": "users",
+                    "columns": [
+                        {"name": "id", "type": "integer", "nullable": false}
+                    ],
+                    "constraints": []
+                }
+            ]
+        }"#,
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+
+    let original = std::env::var("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR").ok();
+    unsafe {
+        std::env::set_var("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR", project_dir);
+    }
+
+    let input: proc_macro2::TokenStream = "pool".parse().unwrap();
+    let output = expand(input);
+    let output_str = output.to_string();
+
+    assert!(
+        output_str.contains("async"),
+        "Expected migration code generation to ignore invalid models, got: {output_str}"
+    );
+
+    if let Some(val) = original {
+        unsafe {
+            std::env::set_var("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR", val);
+        }
+    } else {
+        unsafe {
+            std::env::remove_var("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR");
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-macro/tests/ui.rs b/crates/vespertide-macro/tests/ui.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..97ec36f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-macro/tests/ui.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+#[test]
+#[ignore = "trybuild UI tests require offline-locked compilation; run via `cargo test --test ui -- --include-ignored`"]
+fn ui() {
+    let t = trybuild::TestCases::new();
+    t.compile_fail("tests/ui/*_fail.rs");
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-macro/tests/ui/unsupported_option_fail.rs b/crates/vespertide-macro/tests/ui/unsupported_option_fail.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1281b7d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-macro/tests/ui/unsupported_option_fail.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+use vespertide_macro::vespertide_migration;
+
+fn main() {
+    let db = ();
+    let _ = vespertide_migration!(db, bad_option = "x");
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-macro/tests/ui/unsupported_option_fail.stderr b/crates/vespertide-macro/tests/ui/unsupported_option_fail.stderr
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..75c7e460
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-macro/tests/ui/unsupported_option_fail.stderr
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+error: unsupported option for vespertide_migration!
+ --> tests/ui/unsupported_option_fail.rs:5:39
+  |
+5 |     let _ = vespertide_migration!(db, bad_option = "x");
+  |                                       ^^^^^^^^^^
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-naming/Cargo.toml b/crates/vespertide-naming/Cargo.toml
index 0297ab85..c24815e5 100644
--- a/crates/vespertide-naming/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/vespertide-naming/Cargo.toml
@@ -7,5 +7,19 @@ repository.workspace = true
 homepage.workspace = true
 documentation.workspace = true
 description = "Naming conventions and helpers for vespertide database schema management"
+keywords = ["database", "migration", "schema", "orm", "sql"]
+categories = ["database"]
+readme = "../../README.md"
 
 [dependencies]
+
+[dev-dependencies]
+criterion = { version = "0.5", features = ["html_reports"] }
+proptest = "1"
+
+[[bench]]
+name = "naming_benchmarks"
+harness = false
+
+[lints]
+workspace = true
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-naming/benches/naming_benchmarks.rs b/crates/vespertide-naming/benches/naming_benchmarks.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..599f66a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-naming/benches/naming_benchmarks.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+use criterion::{BenchmarkId, Criterion, black_box, criterion_group, criterion_main};
+use vespertide_naming::{build_foreign_key_name, build_index_name, build_unique_constraint_name};
+
+fn columns(n: usize, sorted: bool) -> Vec<String> {
+    let mut columns = (0..n).map(|i| format!("column_{i:02}")).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    if !sorted {
+        columns.reverse();
+    }
+    columns
+}
+
+fn bench_constraint_names(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let mut group = c.benchmark_group("constraint_name_builders");
+    for n_columns in [1, 5, 20] {
+        for sorted in [true, false] {
+            let columns = columns(n_columns, sorted);
+            let suffix = if sorted { "sorted" } else { "unsorted" };
+
+            group.bench_with_input(
+                BenchmarkId::new("index", format!("{n_columns}_{suffix}")),
+                &columns,
+                |b, columns| {
+                    b.iter(|| build_index_name(black_box("orders"), black_box(columns), None));
+                },
+            );
+            group.bench_with_input(
+                BenchmarkId::new("unique", format!("{n_columns}_{suffix}")),
+                &columns,
+                |b, columns| {
+                    b.iter(|| {
+                        build_unique_constraint_name(black_box("orders"), black_box(columns), None);
+                    });
+                },
+            );
+            group.bench_with_input(
+                BenchmarkId::new("foreign_key", format!("{n_columns}_{suffix}")),
+                &columns,
+                |b, columns| {
+                    b.iter(|| {
+                        build_foreign_key_name(black_box("orders"), black_box(columns), None)
+                    });
+                },
+            );
+        }
+    }
+    group.finish();
+}
+
+criterion_group!(benches, bench_constraint_names);
+criterion_main!(benches);
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-naming/src/lib.rs b/crates/vespertide-naming/src/lib.rs
index a872166b..9f5c3522 100644
--- a/crates/vespertide-naming/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/vespertide-naming/src/lib.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 /// column name (e.g., "id", "idx"), extracts the semantic role portion.
 ///
 /// # Arguments
-/// * `fk_column` - The FK column name (e.g., "user_id", "answered_by_user_id", "author_id")
+/// * `fk_column` - The FK column name (e.g., "`user_id`", "`answered_by_user_id`", "`author_id`")
 /// * `current_table` - The table being referenced (e.g., "user")
 /// * `ref_column` - The referenced column name (e.g., "id", "idx", "pk")
 ///
@@ -39,11 +39,11 @@
 /// ```
 pub fn extract_relation_prefix(fk_column: &str, current_table: &str, ref_column: &str) -> String {
     // Build the suffix to strip: _{ref_column} (e.g., "_id", "_idx")
-    let ref_suffix = format!("_{}", ref_column);
+    let ref_suffix = format!("_{ref_column}");
 
     // Remove the ref_column suffix if present
-    let without_ref = if fk_column.ends_with(&ref_suffix) {
-        &fk_column[..fk_column.len() - ref_suffix.len()]
+    let without_ref = if let Some(stripped) = fk_column.strip_suffix(&ref_suffix) {
+        stripped
     } else {
         fk_column
     };
@@ -59,10 +59,10 @@ pub fn extract_relation_prefix(fk_column: &str, current_table: &str, ref_column:
 
     // Case 2: FK column ends with _{current_table} (e.g., "answered_by_user_id" for table "user")
     // Strip the _{table} suffix to get the semantic prefix
-    let table_suffix = format!("_{}", current_lower);
+    let table_suffix = format!("_{current_lower}");
     if without_ref_lower.ends_with(&table_suffix) {
-        let prefix_len = without_ref.len() - table_suffix.len();
-        return without_ref[..prefix_len].to_string();
+        let prefix_chars = without_ref_lower.chars().count() - table_suffix.chars().count();
+        return without_ref.chars().take(prefix_chars).collect();
     }
 
     // Case 3: FK column is a different role (e.g., "author_id" for table "user")
@@ -70,18 +70,18 @@ pub fn extract_relation_prefix(fk_column: &str, current_table: &str, ref_column:
     without_ref.to_string()
 }
 
-/// Generate reverse relation field name for has_many/has_one relations.
+/// Generate reverse relation field name for `has_many/has_one` relations.
 ///
 /// # Arguments
 /// * `fk_columns` - The FK column names
 /// * `current_table` - The table being referenced (e.g., "user")
 /// * `source_table` - The table that has the FK (e.g., "inquiry")
 /// * `ref_column` - The referenced column name (e.g., "id")
-/// * `has_multiple_fks` - Whether source_table has multiple FKs to current_table
-/// * `is_one_to_one` - Whether this is a has_one relation
+/// * `has_multiple_fks` - Whether `source_table` has multiple FKs to `current_table`
+/// * `is_one_to_one` - Whether this is a `has_one` relation
 ///
 /// # Returns
-/// The field name (e.g., "inquiries", "answered_by_inquiries")
+/// The field name (e.g., "inquiries", "`answered_by_inquiries`")
 pub fn build_reverse_relation_field_name(
     fk_columns: &[String],
     current_table: &str,
@@ -105,14 +105,14 @@ pub fn build_reverse_relation_field_name(
     if prefix.is_empty() {
         base_name
     } else {
-        format!("{}_{}", prefix, base_name)
+        format!("{prefix}_{base_name}")
     }
 }
 
 /// Generate relation enum name for FK relations.
 ///
-/// Uses the same logic as field naming but converts to PascalCase.
-/// This ensures relation_enum aligns with field names for consistency.
+/// Uses the same logic as field naming but converts to `PascalCase`.
+/// This ensures `relation_enum` aligns with field names for consistency.
 ///
 /// # Examples
 /// ```
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ pub fn build_relation_enum_name(
     }
 }
 
-/// Convert snake_case to PascalCase.
+/// Convert `snake_case` to `PascalCase`.
 ///
 /// # Examples
 /// ```
@@ -190,9 +190,9 @@ pub fn pluralize(name: &str) -> String {
         && !name.ends_with("uy")
     {
         // e.g., category -> categories, inquiry -> inquiries
-        format!("{}ies", &name[..name.len() - 1])
+        format!("{}ies", name.strip_suffix('y').unwrap_or(name))
     } else {
-        format!("{}s", name)
+        format!("{name}s")
     }
 }
 
@@ -206,8 +206,8 @@ pub fn pluralize(name: &str) -> String {
 /// Format: ix_{table}__{key} or ix_{table}__{col1}_{col2}...
 pub fn build_index_name(table: &str, columns: &[String], key: Option<&str>) -> String {
     match key {
-        Some(k) => format!("ix_{}__{}", table, k),
-        None => format!("ix_{}__{}", table, columns.join("_")),
+        Some(k) => format!("ix_{table}__{k}"),
+        None => format!("ix_{}__{}", table, sort_columns_for_name(columns).join("_")),
     }
 }
 
@@ -217,8 +217,8 @@ pub fn build_index_name(table: &str, columns: &[String], key: Option<&str>) -> S
 /// Format: uq_{table}__{key} or uq_{table}__{col1}_{col2}...
 pub fn build_unique_constraint_name(table: &str, columns: &[String], key: Option<&str>) -> String {
     match key {
-        Some(k) => format!("uq_{}__{}", table, k),
-        None => format!("uq_{}__{}", table, columns.join("_")),
+        Some(k) => format!("uq_{table}__{k}"),
+        None => format!("uq_{}__{}", table, sort_columns_for_name(columns).join("_")),
     }
 }
 
@@ -228,31 +228,38 @@ pub fn build_unique_constraint_name(table: &str, columns: &[String], key: Option
 /// Format: fk_{table}__{key} or fk_{table}__{col1}_{col2}...
 pub fn build_foreign_key_name(table: &str, columns: &[String], key: Option<&str>) -> String {
     match key {
-        Some(k) => format!("fk_{}__{}", table, k),
-        None => format!("fk_{}__{}", table, columns.join("_")),
+        Some(k) => format!("fk_{table}__{k}"),
+        None => format!("fk_{}__{}", table, sort_columns_for_name(columns).join("_")),
     }
 }
 
-/// Generate CHECK constraint name for SQLite enum column.
+fn sort_columns_for_name(columns: &[String]) -> Vec<&str> {
+    let mut sorted: Vec<&str> = columns.iter().map(String::as_str).collect();
+    sorted.sort_unstable();
+    sorted
+}
+
+/// Generate CHECK constraint name for `SQLite` enum column.
 /// Uses double underscore to separate table name from the rest.
 /// Format: chk_{table}__{column}
 pub fn build_check_constraint_name(table: &str, column: &str) -> String {
-    format!("chk_{}__{}", table, column)
+    format!("chk_{table}__{column}")
 }
 
 /// Generate enum type name with table prefix to avoid conflicts.
 /// Always includes table name to ensure uniqueness across tables.
-/// Format: {table}_{enum_name}
+/// Format: {table}_{`enum_name`}
 ///
 /// This prevents conflicts when multiple tables use the same enum name
 /// (e.g., "status" or "gender") with potentially different values.
 pub fn build_enum_type_name(table: &str, enum_name: &str) -> String {
-    format!("{}_{}", table, enum_name)
+    format!("{table}_{enum_name}")
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
+    use proptest::prelude::*;
 
     // ========================================================================
     // Relation Naming Tests
@@ -313,6 +320,31 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(extract_relation_prefix("admin_user", "user", "id"), "admin");
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn test_extract_relation_prefix_unicode_table_name() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            extract_relation_prefix("작성자_한국어테이블_id", "한국어테이블", "id"),
+            "작성자"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(extract_relation_prefix("📊_stats_id", "📊_stats", "id"), "");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_pluralize_unicode_name_ending_with_ascii_y() {
+        assert_eq!(pluralize("café_category"), "café_categories");
+    }
+
+    proptest! {
+        #[test]
+        fn extract_relation_prefix_does_not_panic_on_unicode(
+            table in proptest::collection::vec(any::<char>(), 0..30).prop_map(|v| v.into_iter().collect::<String>()),
+            prefix in proptest::collection::vec(any::<char>(), 0..30).prop_map(|v| v.into_iter().collect::<String>())
+        ) {
+            let fk_column = format!("{prefix}_{table}_id");
+            let _ = extract_relation_prefix(&fk_column, &table, "id");
+        }
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn test_build_reverse_relation_field_name_single_fk() {
         // Single FK - just use source table name
@@ -468,6 +500,25 @@ mod tests {
         );
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn test_build_index_name_multiple_columns_is_deterministic() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            build_index_name("users", &["last_name".into(), "first_name".into()], None),
+            build_index_name("users", &["first_name".into(), "last_name".into()], None)
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_build_index_name_sorts_columns_for_deterministic_name() {
+        let columns = vec!["last_name".to_string(), "first_name".to_string()];
+        let reversed = vec!["first_name".to_string(), "last_name".to_string()];
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            build_index_name("users", &columns, None),
+            build_index_name("users", &reversed, None)
+        );
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn test_build_unique_constraint_name_with_key() {
         assert_eq!(
@@ -484,6 +535,25 @@ mod tests {
         );
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn test_build_unique_constraint_name_multiple_columns_is_deterministic() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            build_unique_constraint_name("users", &["last_name".into(), "first_name".into()], None),
+            build_unique_constraint_name("users", &["first_name".into(), "last_name".into()], None)
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_build_unique_constraint_name_sorts_columns_for_deterministic_name() {
+        let columns = vec!["product_id".to_string(), "order_id".to_string()];
+        let reversed = vec!["order_id".to_string(), "product_id".to_string()];
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            build_unique_constraint_name("order_items", &columns, None),
+            build_unique_constraint_name("order_items", &reversed, None)
+        );
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn test_build_foreign_key_name_with_key() {
         assert_eq!(
@@ -500,6 +570,25 @@ mod tests {
         );
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn test_build_foreign_key_name_multiple_columns_is_deterministic() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            build_foreign_key_name("posts", &["tenant_id".into(), "user_id".into()], None),
+            build_foreign_key_name("posts", &["user_id".into(), "tenant_id".into()], None)
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_build_foreign_key_name_sorts_columns_for_deterministic_name() {
+        let columns = vec!["tenant_id".to_string(), "account_id".to_string()];
+        let reversed = vec!["account_id".to_string(), "tenant_id".to_string()];
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            build_foreign_key_name("memberships", &columns, None),
+            build_foreign_key_name("memberships", &reversed, None)
+        );
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn test_build_check_constraint_name() {
         assert_eq!(
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-naming/tests/naming_proptest.rs b/crates/vespertide-naming/tests/naming_proptest.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a5b57f8c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-naming/tests/naming_proptest.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+use proptest::prelude::*;
+use vespertide_naming::{build_foreign_key_name, build_index_name, build_unique_constraint_name};
+
+fn config() -> ProptestConfig {
+    ProptestConfig {
+        cases: 256,
+        ..ProptestConfig::default()
+    }
+}
+
+// Safe identifier strategy.
+fn arb_ident() -> impl Strategy<Value = String> {
+    "[a-z][a-z0-9_]{0,20}"
+}
+
+fn arb_table_and_columns() -> impl Strategy<Value = (String, Vec<String>)> {
+    (arb_ident(), prop::collection::vec(arb_ident(), 1..6)).prop_filter(
+        "unique columns",
+        |(_, cols)| {
+            let mut seen = std::collections::BTreeSet::new();
+            cols.iter().all(|c| seen.insert(c.clone()))
+        },
+    )
+}
+
+proptest! {
+    #![proptest_config(config())]
+
+    /// Reordering the input column list must NOT change the generated index name.
+    #[test]
+    fn build_index_name_is_order_independent((table, mut cols) in arb_table_and_columns()) {
+        let name1 = build_index_name(&table, &cols, None);
+        cols.reverse();
+        let name2 = build_index_name(&table, &cols, None);
+        prop_assert_eq!(name1, name2);
+    }
+
+    /// Same for unique constraint name.
+    #[test]
+    fn build_unique_constraint_name_is_order_independent(
+        (table, mut cols) in arb_table_and_columns(),
+    ) {
+        let name1 = build_unique_constraint_name(&table, &cols, None);
+        cols.reverse();
+        let name2 = build_unique_constraint_name(&table, &cols, None);
+        prop_assert_eq!(name1, name2);
+    }
+
+    /// Same for foreign key name.
+    #[test]
+    fn build_foreign_key_name_is_order_independent(
+        (table, mut cols) in arb_table_and_columns(),
+    ) {
+        let name1 = build_foreign_key_name(&table, &cols, None);
+        cols.reverse();
+        let name2 = build_foreign_key_name(&table, &cols, None);
+        prop_assert_eq!(name1, name2);
+    }
+
+    /// Generated names must follow the documented prefix convention.
+    #[test]
+    fn name_format_invariants((table, cols) in arb_table_and_columns()) {
+        let ix = build_index_name(&table, &cols, None);
+        let uq = build_unique_constraint_name(&table, &cols, None);
+        let fk = build_foreign_key_name(&table, &cols, None);
+        prop_assert!(ix.starts_with("ix_"), "index name should start with ix_: {ix}");
+        prop_assert!(uq.starts_with("uq_"), "unique name should start with uq_: {uq}");
+        prop_assert!(fk.starts_with("fk_"), "fk name should start with fk_: {fk}");
+        prop_assert!(ix.contains(&table), "table name should appear: {ix}");
+        prop_assert!(uq.contains(&table), "table name should appear: {uq}");
+        prop_assert!(fk.contains(&table), "table name should appear: {fk}");
+    }
+
+    /// Permutation invariance: ANY permutation of columns produces the same name.
+    #[test]
+    fn name_invariant_under_permutation(
+        (table, cols) in arb_table_and_columns(),
+        seed: u64,
+    ) {
+        use std::collections::hash_map::DefaultHasher;
+        use std::hash::{Hash, Hasher};
+
+        let mut shuffled = cols.clone();
+        let mut hasher = DefaultHasher::new();
+        seed.hash(&mut hasher);
+        let h = hasher.finish();
+        shuffled.sort_by_key(|c| {
+            let mut hh = DefaultHasher::new();
+            (c, h).hash(&mut hh);
+            hh.finish()
+        });
+        let name1 = build_index_name(&table, &cols, None);
+        let name2 = build_index_name(&table, &shuffled, None);
+        prop_assert_eq!(name1, name2);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-planner/AGENTS.md b/crates/vespertide-planner/AGENTS.md
index 713494a8..9641bf9b 100644
--- a/crates/vespertide-planner/AGENTS.md
+++ b/crates/vespertide-planner/AGENTS.md
@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@ Schema diffing engine - compares baseline vs target schema to emit typed migrati
 
 ```
 src/
-├── diff.rs      # 3200+ lines - Schema comparison, topological sort
-├── validate.rs  # 1800+ lines - Schema/plan validation  
-├── apply.rs     # 1400+ lines - Apply actions to in-memory schema
+├── diff.rs      # 4739 lines, scheduled for split - Schema comparison, topological sort
+├── validate.rs  # 2299 lines, scheduled for split - Schema/plan validation
+├── apply.rs     # 1617 lines, scheduled for split - Apply actions to in-memory schema
 ├── schema.rs    # Replay migrations → baseline schema
 ├── plan.rs      # High-level planning API
 └── error.rs     # PlannerError enum
@@ -50,3 +50,10 @@ src/
 | Using HashMap in diff | Non-deterministic action ordering |
 | Ignoring topological sort | FK constraint violations on CREATE/DELETE |
 | Forgetting `fill_with` validation | NOT NULL columns without defaults fail |
+
+## NOTES
+
+- YAML and JSON are both fully supported for models and migrations.
+- Prefer typed `MigrationAction` enums; `RawSql` exists as a documented emergency escape hatch, but is opaque to baseline replay and not recommended for normal use.
+- Every `.rs` file must stay ≤ 1000 lines (CI enforced); current planner hotspots are `diff.rs` (4739), `validate.rs` (2299), and `apply.rs` (1617).
+- Workspace lints warn on unsafe code and Clippy all: `unsafe_code = "warn"`, `clippy::all = { level = "warn", priority = -1 }`.
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-planner/Cargo.toml b/crates/vespertide-planner/Cargo.toml
index 41c56563..4cfe6c83 100644
--- a/crates/vespertide-planner/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/vespertide-planner/Cargo.toml
@@ -7,12 +7,27 @@ repository.workspace = true
 homepage.workspace = true
 documentation.workspace = true
 description = "Replays applied migrations to rebuild a baseline, then diffs against current models to compute the next migration plan"
+keywords = ["database", "migration", "schema", "orm", "sql"]
+categories = ["database"]
+readme = "../../README.md"
 
 [dependencies]
+rayon = { workspace = true }
 vespertide-core = { workspace = true }
 vespertide-naming = { workspace = true }
 thiserror = "2"
 
 [dev-dependencies]
+criterion = { version = "0.5", features = ["html_reports"] }
 rstest = "0.26"
 insta = "1.47"
+proptest = "1"
+serial_test = "3.4"
+vespertide-core = { workspace = true }
+
+[[bench]]
+name = "diff_benchmarks"
+harness = false
+
+[lints]
+workspace = true
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-planner/benches/diff_benchmarks.rs b/crates/vespertide-planner/benches/diff_benchmarks.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c832699f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-planner/benches/diff_benchmarks.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+use criterion::{BenchmarkId, Criterion, black_box, criterion_group, criterion_main};
+use vespertide_core::schema::primary_key::PrimaryKeySyntax;
+use vespertide_core::{ColumnDef, ColumnType, SimpleColumnType, TableConstraint, TableDef};
+use vespertide_planner::diff_schemas;
+
+fn simple_type(ty: SimpleColumnType) -> ColumnType {
+    ColumnType::Simple(ty)
+}
+
+fn build_schema(n: usize) -> Vec<TableDef> {
+    (0..n)
+        .map(|i| TableDef {
+            name: format!("table_{i}"),
+            description: None,
+            columns: vec![
+                ColumnDef::new("id", simple_type(SimpleColumnType::Integer), false)
+                    .primary_key(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
+                ColumnDef::new("name", simple_type(SimpleColumnType::Text), false),
+                ColumnDef::new(
+                    "created_at",
+                    simple_type(SimpleColumnType::Timestamp),
+                    false,
+                ),
+            ],
+            constraints: vec![],
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
+fn build_table_with_constraints(n: usize) -> Vec<TableDef> {
+    let columns = std::iter::once(
+        ColumnDef::new("id", simple_type(SimpleColumnType::Integer), false)
+            .primary_key(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
+    )
+    .chain((0..n).map(|i| {
+        ColumnDef::new(
+            format!("constrained_col_{i}"),
+            simple_type(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+            false,
+        )
+    }))
+    .collect();
+
+    let constraints = (0..n)
+        .map(|i| TableConstraint::Unique {
+            name: Some(format!("uq_constraints__old_{i}")),
+            columns: vec![format!("constrained_col_{i}")],
+        })
+        .collect();
+
+    vec![TableDef {
+        name: "constraint_heavy".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns,
+        constraints,
+    }]
+}
+
+fn rename_all_constraints(from: &[TableDef]) -> Vec<TableDef> {
+    let mut to = from.to_vec();
+    for (i, constraint) in to[0].constraints.iter_mut().enumerate() {
+        if let TableConstraint::Unique { name, .. } = constraint {
+            *name = Some(format!("uq_constraints__new_{i}"));
+        }
+    }
+    to
+}
+
+fn bench_diff_identity(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let mut group = c.benchmark_group("diff_identity");
+    for size in [10, 100, 1000] {
+        let schema = build_schema(size);
+        group.bench_with_input(BenchmarkId::from_parameter(size), &size, |b, _| {
+            b.iter(|| diff_schemas(black_box(&schema), black_box(&schema)));
+        });
+    }
+    group.finish();
+}
+
+fn bench_diff_add_column(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let mut group = c.benchmark_group("diff_add_column");
+    for size in [10, 100, 1000] {
+        let from = build_schema(size);
+        let mut to = from.clone();
+        for table in &mut to {
+            table.columns.push(ColumnDef::new(
+                "new_col",
+                simple_type(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+                true,
+            ));
+        }
+        group.bench_with_input(BenchmarkId::from_parameter(size), &size, |b, _| {
+            b.iter(|| diff_schemas(black_box(&from), black_box(&to)));
+        });
+    }
+    group.finish();
+}
+
+fn bench_diff_constraint_replacement(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let from = build_table_with_constraints(100);
+    let to = rename_all_constraints(&from);
+    c.bench_function("diff_constraint_replacement_100", |b| {
+        b.iter(|| diff_schemas(black_box(&from), black_box(&to)));
+    });
+}
+
+criterion_group!(
+    benches,
+    bench_diff_identity,
+    bench_diff_add_column,
+    bench_diff_constraint_replacement
+);
+criterion_main!(benches);
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-planner/src/apply.rs b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/apply.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 02d0cd46..00000000
--- a/crates/vespertide-planner/src/apply.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1653 +0,0 @@
-use vespertide_core::{MigrationAction, TableConstraint, TableDef};
-
-use crate::error::PlannerError;
-
-/// Apply a single migration action to an in-memory schema snapshot.
-pub fn apply_action(
-    schema: &mut Vec<TableDef>,
-    action: &MigrationAction,
-) -> Result<(), PlannerError> {
-    match action {
-        MigrationAction::CreateTable {
-            table,
-            columns,
-            constraints,
-        } => {
-            if schema.iter().any(|t| t.name == *table) {
-                return Err(PlannerError::TableExists(table.clone()));
-            }
-            let table_def = TableDef {
-                name: table.clone(),
-                description: None,
-                columns: columns.clone(),
-                constraints: constraints.clone(),
-            };
-            // Normalize to promote inline constraints (unique, index, foreign_key, primary_key)
-            // to table-level TableConstraint entries. This is critical for SQLite which needs
-            // to know about constraints when dropping columns.
-            let normalized = table_def.normalize().map_err(|e| {
-                PlannerError::TableValidation(format!(
-                    "Failed to normalize table '{}': {}",
-                    table, e
-                ))
-            })?;
-            schema.push(normalized);
-            Ok(())
-        }
-        MigrationAction::DeleteTable { table } => {
-            let before = schema.len();
-            schema.retain(|t| t.name != *table);
-            if schema.len() == before {
-                Err(PlannerError::TableNotFound(table.clone()))
-            } else {
-                Ok(())
-            }
-        }
-        MigrationAction::AddColumn {
-            table,
-            column,
-            fill_with: _,
-        } => {
-            let tbl = schema
-                .iter_mut()
-                .find(|t| t.name == *table)
-                .ok_or_else(|| PlannerError::TableNotFound(table.clone()))?;
-            if tbl.columns.iter().any(|c| c.name == column.name) {
-                Err(PlannerError::ColumnExists(
-                    table.clone(),
-                    column.name.clone(),
-                ))
-            } else {
-                tbl.columns.push((**column).clone());
-                // Re-normalize to promote any inline constraints on the new column
-                // to table-level TableConstraint entries.
-                let normalized = tbl.clone().normalize().map_err(|e| {
-                    PlannerError::TableValidation(format!(
-                        "Failed to normalize table '{}' after adding column '{}': {}",
-                        table, column.name, e
-                    ))
-                })?;
-                *tbl = normalized;
-                Ok(())
-            }
-        }
-        MigrationAction::RenameColumn { table, from, to } => {
-            let tbl = schema
-                .iter_mut()
-                .find(|t| t.name == *table)
-                .ok_or_else(|| PlannerError::TableNotFound(table.clone()))?;
-            let col = tbl
-                .columns
-                .iter_mut()
-                .find(|c| c.name == *from)
-                .ok_or_else(|| PlannerError::ColumnNotFound(table.clone(), from.clone()))?;
-            col.name = to.clone();
-            rename_column_in_constraints(&mut tbl.constraints, from, to);
-            Ok(())
-        }
-        MigrationAction::DeleteColumn { table, column } => {
-            let tbl = schema
-                .iter_mut()
-                .find(|t| t.name == *table)
-                .ok_or_else(|| PlannerError::TableNotFound(table.clone()))?;
-            let before = tbl.columns.len();
-            tbl.columns.retain(|c| c.name != *column);
-            if tbl.columns.len() == before {
-                Err(PlannerError::ColumnNotFound(table.clone(), column.clone()))
-            } else {
-                drop_column_from_constraints(&mut tbl.constraints, column);
-                Ok(())
-            }
-        }
-        MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType {
-            table,
-            column,
-            new_type,
-            ..
-        } => {
-            let tbl = schema
-                .iter_mut()
-                .find(|t| t.name == *table)
-                .ok_or_else(|| PlannerError::TableNotFound(table.clone()))?;
-            let col = tbl
-                .columns
-                .iter_mut()
-                .find(|c| c.name == *column)
-                .ok_or_else(|| PlannerError::ColumnNotFound(table.clone(), column.clone()))?;
-            col.r#type = new_type.clone();
-            Ok(())
-        }
-        MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
-            table,
-            column,
-            nullable,
-            fill_with: _,
-            delete_null_rows: _,
-        } => {
-            let tbl = schema
-                .iter_mut()
-                .find(|t| t.name == *table)
-                .ok_or_else(|| PlannerError::TableNotFound(table.clone()))?;
-            let col = tbl
-                .columns
-                .iter_mut()
-                .find(|c| c.name == *column)
-                .ok_or_else(|| PlannerError::ColumnNotFound(table.clone(), column.clone()))?;
-            col.nullable = *nullable;
-            Ok(())
-        }
-        MigrationAction::ModifyColumnDefault {
-            table,
-            column,
-            new_default,
-        } => {
-            let tbl = schema
-                .iter_mut()
-                .find(|t| t.name == *table)
-                .ok_or_else(|| PlannerError::TableNotFound(table.clone()))?;
-            let col = tbl
-                .columns
-                .iter_mut()
-                .find(|c| c.name == *column)
-                .ok_or_else(|| PlannerError::ColumnNotFound(table.clone(), column.clone()))?;
-            col.default = new_default.as_ref().map(|s| s.as_str().into());
-            Ok(())
-        }
-        MigrationAction::ModifyColumnComment {
-            table,
-            column,
-            new_comment,
-        } => {
-            let tbl = schema
-                .iter_mut()
-                .find(|t| t.name == *table)
-                .ok_or_else(|| PlannerError::TableNotFound(table.clone()))?;
-            let col = tbl
-                .columns
-                .iter_mut()
-                .find(|c| c.name == *column)
-                .ok_or_else(|| PlannerError::ColumnNotFound(table.clone(), column.clone()))?;
-            col.comment = new_comment.clone();
-            Ok(())
-        }
-        MigrationAction::RenameTable { from, to } => {
-            if schema.iter().any(|t| t.name == *to) {
-                Err(PlannerError::TableExists(to.clone()))
-            } else {
-                let tbl = schema
-                    .iter_mut()
-                    .find(|t| t.name == *from)
-                    .ok_or_else(|| PlannerError::TableNotFound(from.clone()))?;
-                tbl.name = to.clone();
-                Ok(())
-            }
-        }
-        MigrationAction::RawSql { .. } => Ok(()), // Does not mutate in-memory schema; allowed as side-effect-only
-        MigrationAction::AddConstraint { table, constraint } => {
-            let tbl = schema
-                .iter_mut()
-                .find(|t| t.name == *table)
-                .ok_or_else(|| PlannerError::TableNotFound(table.clone()))?;
-            // Skip if an equivalent constraint already exists (e.g. inline index
-            // was already promoted to table-level by normalize() during AddColumn)
-            if !tbl.constraints.contains(constraint) {
-                tbl.constraints.push(constraint.clone());
-            }
-            Ok(())
-        }
-        MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint { table, constraint } => {
-            let tbl = schema
-                .iter_mut()
-                .find(|t| t.name == *table)
-                .ok_or_else(|| PlannerError::TableNotFound(table.clone()))?;
-            tbl.constraints.retain(|c| c != constraint);
-            clear_inline_constraint_fields(table, tbl, constraint);
-            Ok(())
-        }
-        MigrationAction::ReplaceConstraint { table, from, to } => {
-            let tbl = schema
-                .iter_mut()
-                .find(|t| t.name == *table)
-                .ok_or_else(|| PlannerError::TableNotFound(table.clone()))?;
-            // Replace the old constraint with the new one in-place
-            if let Some(existing) = tbl.constraints.iter_mut().find(|c| *c == from) {
-                *existing = to.clone();
-            }
-            // Clear inline fields for the old constraint to prevent normalize()
-            // from re-adding it as a ghost constraint
-            clear_inline_constraint_fields(table, tbl, from);
-            Ok(())
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// Clear inline column fields that correspond to a constraint.
-/// This ensures normalize() won't re-add the constraint from stale inline fields.
-fn clear_inline_constraint_fields(
-    table: &str,
-    tbl: &mut vespertide_core::TableDef,
-    constraint: &TableConstraint,
-) {
-    match constraint {
-        TableConstraint::Unique { name, columns } => {
-            // For unnamed single-column unique constraints, clear the column's inline unique
-            if name.is_none()
-                && columns.len() == 1
-                && let Some(col) = tbl.columns.iter_mut().find(|c| c.name == columns[0])
-            {
-                col.unique = None;
-            }
-            // For named constraints, clear inline unique references to this constraint name
-            if let Some(constraint_name) = name {
-                for col in &mut tbl.columns {
-                    if let Some(vespertide_core::StrOrBoolOrArray::Array(names)) = &mut col.unique {
-                        names.retain(|n| n != constraint_name);
-                        if names.is_empty() {
-                            col.unique = None;
-                        }
-                    } else if let Some(vespertide_core::StrOrBoolOrArray::Str(n)) = &col.unique
-                        && n == constraint_name
-                    {
-                        col.unique = None;
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { columns, .. } => {
-            for col_name in columns {
-                if let Some(col) = tbl.columns.iter_mut().find(|c| &c.name == col_name) {
-                    col.primary_key = None;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        TableConstraint::ForeignKey { columns, .. } => {
-            for col_name in columns {
-                if let Some(col) = tbl.columns.iter_mut().find(|c| &c.name == col_name) {
-                    col.foreign_key = None;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        TableConstraint::Check { .. } => {
-            // Check constraints don't have inline representation
-        }
-        TableConstraint::Index { name, columns } => {
-            // Check if this index name was auto-generated for a single column
-            for col in &mut tbl.columns {
-                let auto_name = vespertide_naming::build_index_name(
-                    table,
-                    std::slice::from_ref(&col.name),
-                    None,
-                );
-                if name.as_ref() == Some(&auto_name) {
-                    col.index = None;
-                    break;
-                }
-            }
-            // Also check for single-column unnamed indexes
-            if name.is_none()
-                && columns.len() == 1
-                && let Some(col) = tbl.columns.iter_mut().find(|c| c.name == columns[0])
-            {
-                col.index = None;
-            }
-            // Check for named index matching inline field
-            if let Some(constraint_name) = name {
-                for col in &mut tbl.columns {
-                    if let Some(ref idx_val) = col.index {
-                        match idx_val {
-                            vespertide_core::StrOrBoolOrArray::Str(idx_name)
-                                if idx_name == constraint_name =>
-                            {
-                                col.index = None;
-                            }
-                            vespertide_core::StrOrBoolOrArray::Array(names) => {
-                                let filtered: Vec<_> = names
-                                    .iter()
-                                    .filter(|n| *n != constraint_name)
-                                    .cloned()
-                                    .collect();
-                                if filtered.is_empty() {
-                                    col.index = None;
-                                } else if filtered.len() < names.len() {
-                                    col.index =
-                                        Some(vespertide_core::StrOrBoolOrArray::Array(filtered));
-                                }
-                            }
-                            _ => {}
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-fn rename_column_in_constraints(constraints: &mut [TableConstraint], from: &str, to: &str) {
-    for constraint in constraints {
-        match constraint {
-            TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { columns, .. } => {
-                for c in columns.iter_mut() {
-                    if c == from {
-                        *c = to.to_string();
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-            TableConstraint::Unique { columns, .. } => {
-                for c in columns.iter_mut() {
-                    if c == from {
-                        *c = to.to_string();
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-            TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                columns,
-                ref_columns,
-                ..
-            } => {
-                for c in columns.iter_mut() {
-                    if c == from {
-                        *c = to.to_string();
-                    }
-                }
-                for c in ref_columns.iter_mut() {
-                    if c == from {
-                        *c = to.to_string();
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-            TableConstraint::Check { .. } => {}
-            TableConstraint::Index { columns, .. } => {
-                for c in columns.iter_mut() {
-                    if c == from {
-                        *c = to.to_string();
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-fn drop_column_from_constraints(constraints: &mut Vec<TableConstraint>, column: &str) {
-    constraints.retain_mut(|c| match c {
-        TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { columns, .. } => {
-            columns.retain(|c| c != column);
-            !columns.is_empty()
-        }
-        TableConstraint::Unique { columns, .. } => {
-            columns.retain(|c| c != column);
-            !columns.is_empty()
-        }
-        TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-            columns,
-            ref_columns,
-            ..
-        } => {
-            columns.retain(|c| c != column);
-            ref_columns.retain(|c| c != column);
-            !columns.is_empty() && !ref_columns.is_empty()
-        }
-        TableConstraint::Check { .. } => true,
-        TableConstraint::Index { columns, .. } => {
-            columns.retain(|c| c != column);
-            !columns.is_empty()
-        }
-    });
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use super::*;
-    use rstest::rstest;
-    use vespertide_core::{ColumnDef, ColumnType, SimpleColumnType};
-
-    fn col(name: &str, ty: ColumnType) -> ColumnDef {
-        ColumnDef {
-            name: name.to_string(),
-            r#type: ty,
-            nullable: true,
-            default: None,
-            comment: None,
-            primary_key: None,
-            unique: None,
-            index: None,
-            foreign_key: None,
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn table(name: &str, columns: Vec<ColumnDef>, constraints: Vec<TableConstraint>) -> TableDef {
-        TableDef {
-            name: name.to_string(),
-            description: None,
-            columns,
-            constraints,
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
-    enum ErrKind {
-        TableExists,
-        TableNotFound,
-        ColumnExists,
-        ColumnNotFound,
-    }
-
-    fn assert_err_kind(err: crate::error::PlannerError, kind: ErrKind) {
-        match (err, kind) {
-            (crate::error::PlannerError::TableExists(_), ErrKind::TableExists) => {}
-            (crate::error::PlannerError::TableNotFound(_), ErrKind::TableNotFound) => {}
-            (crate::error::PlannerError::ColumnExists(_, _), ErrKind::ColumnExists) => {}
-            (crate::error::PlannerError::ColumnNotFound(_, _), ErrKind::ColumnNotFound) => {}
-            (other, expected) => panic!("unexpected error {other:?}, expected {:?}", expected),
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case(
-        vec![table("users", vec![], vec![])],
-        MigrationAction::CreateTable {
-            table: "users".into(),
-            columns: vec![],
-            constraints: vec![],
-        },
-        ErrKind::TableExists
-    )]
-    #[case(
-        vec![],
-        MigrationAction::DeleteTable {
-            table: "users".into()
-        },
-        ErrKind::TableNotFound
-    )]
-    #[case(
-        vec![table(
-            "users",
-            vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
-            vec![]
-        )],
-        MigrationAction::AddColumn {
-            table: "users".into(),
-            column: Box::new(col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))),
-            fill_with: None,
-        },
-        ErrKind::ColumnExists
-    )]
-    #[case(
-        vec![table(
-            "users",
-            vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
-            vec![]
-        )],
-        MigrationAction::DeleteColumn {
-            table: "users".into(),
-            column: "missing".into()
-        },
-        ErrKind::ColumnNotFound
-    )]
-    #[case(
-        vec![
-            table("old", vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))], vec![]),
-            table("new", vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))], vec![]),
-        ],
-        MigrationAction::RenameTable {
-            from: "old".into(),
-            to: "new".into()
-        },
-        ErrKind::TableExists
-    )]
-    fn apply_action_reports_errors(
-        #[case] mut schema: Vec<TableDef>,
-        #[case] action: MigrationAction,
-        #[case] expected: ErrKind,
-    ) {
-        let err = apply_action(&mut schema, &action).unwrap_err();
-        assert_err_kind(err, expected);
-    }
-
-    fn idx(name: &str, columns: Vec<&str>) -> TableConstraint {
-        TableConstraint::Index {
-            name: Some(name.to_string()),
-            columns: columns.into_iter().map(|s| s.to_string()).collect(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Clone)]
-    struct SuccessCase {
-        initial: Vec<TableDef>,
-        actions: Vec<MigrationAction>,
-        expected: Vec<TableDef>,
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case(SuccessCase {
-        initial: vec![],
-        actions: vec![
-            MigrationAction::CreateTable {
-                table: "users".into(),
-                columns: vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
-                constraints: vec![],
-            },
-            MigrationAction::DeleteTable {
-                table: "users".into(),
-            },
-        ],
-        expected: vec![],
-    })]
-    #[case(SuccessCase {
-        initial: vec![table(
-            "users",
-            vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                col("old", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
-                col("ref_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))
-            ],
-            vec![
-                TableConstraint::PrimaryKey{ auto_increment: false, columns: vec!["id".into()] },
-                TableConstraint::Unique {
-                    name: Some("u_old".into()),
-                    columns: vec!["old".into()],
-                },
-                TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                    name: Some("fk_old".into()),
-                    columns: vec!["old".into()],
-                    ref_table: "ref_table".into(),
-                    ref_columns: vec!["ref_id".into()],
-                    on_delete: None,
-                    on_update: None,
-                },
-                TableConstraint::Check {
-                    name: "ck_old".into(),
-                    expr: "old IS NOT NULL".into(),
-                },
-                idx("idx_old", vec!["old"]),
-                idx("idx_ref", vec!["ref_id"]),
-            ],
-        )],
-        actions: vec![
-            MigrationAction::AddColumn {
-                table: "users".into(),
-                column: Box::new(col("new_col", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Boolean))),
-                fill_with: None,
-            },
-            MigrationAction::RenameColumn {
-                table: "users".into(),
-                from: "ref_id".into(),
-                to: "renamed".into(),
-            },
-        ],
-        expected: vec![table(
-            "users",
-            vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                col("old", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
-                col("renamed", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                col("new_col", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Boolean))
-            ],
-            vec![
-                TableConstraint::PrimaryKey{ auto_increment: false, columns: vec!["id".into()] },
-                TableConstraint::Unique {
-                    name: Some("u_old".into()),
-                    columns: vec!["old".into()],
-                },
-                TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                    name: Some("fk_old".into()),
-                    columns: vec!["old".into()],
-                    ref_table: "ref_table".into(),
-                    ref_columns: vec!["renamed".into()],
-                    on_delete: None,
-                    on_update: None,
-                },
-                TableConstraint::Check {
-                    name: "ck_old".into(),
-                    expr: "old IS NOT NULL".into(),
-                },
-                idx("idx_old", vec!["old"]),
-                idx("idx_ref", vec!["renamed"]),
-            ],
-        )],
-    })]
-    #[case(SuccessCase {
-        initial: vec![table(
-            "users",
-            vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)), col("old", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text))],
-            vec![
-                TableConstraint::PrimaryKey{ auto_increment: false, columns: vec!["id".into()] },
-                TableConstraint::Unique {
-                    name: Some("u_old".into()),
-                    columns: vec!["old".into()],
-                },
-                TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                    name: Some("fk_old".into()),
-                    columns: vec!["old".into()],
-                    ref_table: "ref_table".into(),
-                    ref_columns: vec!["old".into()],
-                    on_delete: None,
-                    on_update: None,
-                },
-                TableConstraint::Check {
-                    name: "ck_old".into(),
-                    expr: "old IS NOT NULL".into(),
-                },
-                idx("idx_old", vec!["old"]),
-            ],
-        )],
-        actions: vec![MigrationAction::DeleteColumn {
-            table: "users".into(),
-            column: "old".into(),
-        }],
-        expected: vec![table(
-            "users",
-            vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
-            vec![
-                TableConstraint::PrimaryKey{ auto_increment: false, columns: vec!["id".into()] },
-                TableConstraint::Check {
-                    name: "ck_old".into(),
-                    expr: "old IS NOT NULL".into(),
-                },
-            ],
-        )],
-    })]
-    #[case(SuccessCase {
-        initial: vec![table(
-            "users",
-            vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
-            vec![],
-        )],
-        actions: vec![
-            MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType {
-                table: "users".into(),
-                column: "id".into(),
-                new_type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                fill_with: None,
-            },
-            MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
-                table: "users".into(),
-                constraint: idx("idx_id", vec!["id"]),
-            },
-            MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint {
-                table: "users".into(),
-                constraint: idx("idx_id", vec!["id"]),
-            },
-        ],
-        expected: vec![table(
-            "users",
-            vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text))],
-            vec![],
-        )],
-    })]
-    #[case(SuccessCase {
-        initial: vec![table(
-            "old",
-            vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
-            vec![],
-        )],
-        actions: vec![MigrationAction::RenameTable {
-            from: "old".into(),
-            to: "new".into(),
-        }],
-        expected: vec![table(
-            "new",
-            vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
-            vec![],
-        )],
-    })]
-    #[case(SuccessCase {
-        initial: vec![table("users", vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))], vec![])],
-        actions: vec![MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
-            table: "users".into(),
-            constraint: TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                auto_increment: false,
-                columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            },
-        }],
-        expected: vec![table(
-            "users",
-            vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
-            vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                auto_increment: false,
-                columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            }],
-        )],
-    })]
-    #[case(SuccessCase {
-        initial: vec![table(
-            "users",
-            vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
-            vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                auto_increment: false,
-                columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            }],
-        )],
-        actions: vec![MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint {
-            table: "users".into(),
-            constraint: TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                auto_increment: false,
-                columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            },
-        }],
-        expected: vec![table("users", vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))], vec![])],
-    })]
-    #[case(SuccessCase {
-        initial: vec![table("users", vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))], vec![])],
-        actions: vec![MigrationAction::RawSql {
-            sql: "SELECT 1;".to_string(),
-        }],
-        expected: vec![table("users", vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))], vec![])],
-    })]
-    fn apply_action_success_cases(#[case] case: SuccessCase) {
-        let mut schema = case.initial;
-        for action in case.actions {
-            apply_action(&mut schema, &action).unwrap();
-        }
-        assert_eq!(schema, case.expected);
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case(
-        vec![
-            TableConstraint::PrimaryKey{ auto_increment: false, columns: vec!["id".into(), "old".into()] },
-            TableConstraint::Unique {
-                name: None,
-                columns: vec!["old".into(), "keep".into()],
-            },
-            TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                name: None,
-                columns: vec!["old".into()],
-                ref_table: "ref".into(),
-                ref_columns: vec!["old".into()],
-                on_delete: None,
-                on_update: None,
-            },
-            TableConstraint::Check {
-                name: "ck_old".into(),
-                expr: "old > 0".into(),
-            },
-            idx("idx_old", vec!["old", "keep"]),
-        ],
-        "old",
-        "new",
-        vec![
-            TableConstraint::PrimaryKey{ auto_increment: false, columns: vec!["id".into(), "new".into()] },
-            TableConstraint::Unique {
-                name: None,
-                columns: vec!["new".into(), "keep".into()],
-            },
-            TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                name: None,
-                columns: vec!["new".into()],
-                ref_table: "ref".into(),
-                ref_columns: vec!["new".into()],
-                on_delete: None,
-                on_update: None,
-            },
-            TableConstraint::Check {
-                name: "ck_old".into(),
-                expr: "old > 0".into(),
-            },
-            idx("idx_old", vec!["new", "keep"]),
-        ]
-    )]
-    #[case(
-        vec![
-            TableConstraint::PrimaryKey{ auto_increment: false, columns: vec!["id".into()] },
-            TableConstraint::Check {
-                name: "ck_id".into(),
-                expr: "id > 0".into(),
-            },
-            idx("idx_id", vec!["id"]),
-        ],
-        "missing",
-        "new",
-        vec![
-            TableConstraint::PrimaryKey{ auto_increment: false, columns: vec!["id".into()] },
-            TableConstraint::Check {
-                name: "ck_id".into(),
-                expr: "id > 0".into(),
-            },
-            idx("idx_id", vec!["id"]),
-        ]
-    )]
-    fn rename_helpers_update_constraints(
-        #[case] mut constraints: Vec<TableConstraint>,
-        #[case] from: &str,
-        #[case] to: &str,
-        #[case] expected_constraints: Vec<TableConstraint>,
-    ) {
-        rename_column_in_constraints(&mut constraints, from, to);
-        assert_eq!(constraints, expected_constraints);
-    }
-
-    // Tests for RemoveConstraint (Index) clearing inline index on columns
-    #[test]
-    fn remove_index_constraint_clears_inline_index_bool() {
-        // Column with inline index: true creates ix_{table}__{column} pattern
-        let mut col_with_index = col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
-        col_with_index.index = Some(vespertide_core::StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true));
-
-        let mut schema = vec![table(
-            "users",
-            vec![col_with_index],
-            vec![idx("ix_users__email", vec!["email"])],
-        )];
-
-        apply_action(
-            &mut schema,
-            &MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint {
-                table: "users".into(),
-                constraint: idx("ix_users__email", vec!["email"]),
-            },
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-
-        // Index should be removed from constraints
-        assert!(schema[0].constraints.is_empty());
-        // Inline index on column should also be cleared
-        assert!(schema[0].columns[0].index.is_none());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn remove_index_constraint_clears_inline_index_str() {
-        // Column with inline index: "custom_idx_name"
-        let mut col_with_index = col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
-        col_with_index.index = Some(vespertide_core::StrOrBoolOrArray::Str(
-            "custom_idx_name".into(),
-        ));
-
-        let mut schema = vec![table(
-            "users",
-            vec![col_with_index],
-            vec![idx("custom_idx_name", vec!["email"])],
-        )];
-
-        apply_action(
-            &mut schema,
-            &MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint {
-                table: "users".into(),
-                constraint: idx("custom_idx_name", vec!["email"]),
-            },
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-
-        assert!(schema[0].constraints.is_empty());
-        assert!(schema[0].columns[0].index.is_none());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn remove_index_constraint_clears_inline_index_array_partial() {
-        // Column with inline index: ["idx_a", "idx_b"]
-        let mut col_with_index = col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
-        col_with_index.index = Some(vespertide_core::StrOrBoolOrArray::Array(vec![
-            "idx_a".into(),
-            "idx_b".into(),
-        ]));
-
-        let mut schema = vec![table(
-            "users",
-            vec![col_with_index],
-            vec![idx("idx_a", vec!["email"]), idx("idx_b", vec!["email"])],
-        )];
-
-        // Remove only idx_a
-        apply_action(
-            &mut schema,
-            &MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint {
-                table: "users".into(),
-                constraint: idx("idx_a", vec!["email"]),
-            },
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-
-        assert_eq!(schema[0].constraints.len(), 1);
-        // inline index should only have idx_b remaining
-        assert_eq!(
-            schema[0].columns[0].index,
-            Some(vespertide_core::StrOrBoolOrArray::Array(vec![
-                "idx_b".into()
-            ]))
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn remove_index_constraint_clears_inline_index_array_all() {
-        // Column with inline index: ["idx_single"]
-        let mut col_with_index = col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
-        col_with_index.index = Some(vespertide_core::StrOrBoolOrArray::Array(vec![
-            "idx_single".into(),
-        ]));
-
-        let mut schema = vec![table(
-            "users",
-            vec![col_with_index],
-            vec![idx("idx_single", vec!["email"])],
-        )];
-
-        apply_action(
-            &mut schema,
-            &MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint {
-                table: "users".into(),
-                constraint: idx("idx_single", vec!["email"]),
-            },
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-
-        assert!(schema[0].constraints.is_empty());
-        // When array becomes empty, inline index should be None
-        assert!(schema[0].columns[0].index.is_none());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn remove_index_constraint_with_inline_bool_non_matching_name() {
-        // Column with inline index: true, but index name doesn't match ix_{table}__{column} pattern
-        let mut col_with_index = col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
-        col_with_index.index = Some(vespertide_core::StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true));
-
-        let mut schema = vec![table(
-            "users",
-            vec![col_with_index],
-            vec![idx("custom_email_idx", vec!["email"])],
-        )];
-
-        apply_action(
-            &mut schema,
-            &MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint {
-                table: "users".into(),
-                constraint: idx("custom_email_idx", vec!["email"]),
-            },
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-
-        // Index removed from constraints
-        assert!(schema[0].constraints.is_empty());
-        // Inline index NOT cleared because name didn't match pattern
-        assert_eq!(
-            schema[0].columns[0].index,
-            Some(vespertide_core::StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true))
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn remove_unique_constraint_clears_inline_unique_array() {
-        // Column with inline unique: ["uq_email", "uq_users_email"]
-        let mut col_with_unique = col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
-        col_with_unique.unique = Some(vespertide_core::StrOrBoolOrArray::Array(vec![
-            "uq_email".to_string(),
-            "uq_users_email".to_string(),
-        ]));
-
-        let mut schema = vec![table(
-            "users",
-            vec![col_with_unique],
-            vec![TableConstraint::Unique {
-                name: Some("uq_email".into()),
-                columns: vec!["email".into()],
-            }],
-        )];
-
-        apply_action(
-            &mut schema,
-            &MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint {
-                table: "users".into(),
-                constraint: TableConstraint::Unique {
-                    name: Some("uq_email".into()),
-                    columns: vec!["email".into()],
-                },
-            },
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-
-        // Constraint removed
-        assert!(schema[0].constraints.is_empty());
-        // "uq_email" removed from array, "uq_users_email" remains
-        assert_eq!(
-            schema[0].columns[0].unique,
-            Some(vespertide_core::StrOrBoolOrArray::Array(vec![
-                "uq_users_email".to_string()
-            ]))
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn remove_unique_constraint_clears_inline_unique_array_last_item() {
-        // Column with inline unique: ["uq_email"] (only one item in array)
-        let mut col_with_unique = col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
-        col_with_unique.unique = Some(vespertide_core::StrOrBoolOrArray::Array(vec![
-            "uq_email".to_string(),
-        ]));
-
-        let mut schema = vec![table(
-            "users",
-            vec![col_with_unique],
-            vec![TableConstraint::Unique {
-                name: Some("uq_email".into()),
-                columns: vec!["email".into()],
-            }],
-        )];
-
-        apply_action(
-            &mut schema,
-            &MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint {
-                table: "users".into(),
-                constraint: TableConstraint::Unique {
-                    name: Some("uq_email".into()),
-                    columns: vec!["email".into()],
-                },
-            },
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-
-        // Constraint removed
-        assert!(schema[0].constraints.is_empty());
-        // Array becomes empty, so unique should be None
-        assert!(schema[0].columns[0].unique.is_none());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn remove_unique_constraint_clears_inline_unique_str() {
-        // Column with inline unique: "uq_email"
-        let mut col_with_unique = col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
-        col_with_unique.unique = Some(vespertide_core::StrOrBoolOrArray::Str(
-            "uq_email".to_string(),
-        ));
-
-        let mut schema = vec![table(
-            "users",
-            vec![col_with_unique],
-            vec![TableConstraint::Unique {
-                name: Some("uq_email".into()),
-                columns: vec!["email".into()],
-            }],
-        )];
-
-        apply_action(
-            &mut schema,
-            &MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint {
-                table: "users".into(),
-                constraint: TableConstraint::Unique {
-                    name: Some("uq_email".into()),
-                    columns: vec!["email".into()],
-                },
-            },
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-
-        // Constraint removed
-        assert!(schema[0].constraints.is_empty());
-        // Inline unique cleared
-        assert!(schema[0].columns[0].unique.is_none());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn remove_foreign_key_constraint_clears_inline_fk() {
-        use vespertide_core::schema::foreign_key::{ForeignKeyDef, ForeignKeySyntax};
-        // Column with inline foreign_key
-        let mut col_with_fk = col("user_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer));
-        col_with_fk.foreign_key = Some(ForeignKeySyntax::Object(ForeignKeyDef {
-            ref_table: "users".into(),
-            ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            on_delete: None,
-            on_update: None,
-        }));
-
-        let mut schema = vec![table(
-            "posts",
-            vec![col_with_fk],
-            vec![TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                name: Some("fk_posts_user".into()),
-                columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
-                ref_table: "users".into(),
-                ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                on_delete: None,
-                on_update: None,
-            }],
-        )];
-
-        apply_action(
-            &mut schema,
-            &MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint {
-                table: "posts".into(),
-                constraint: TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                    name: Some("fk_posts_user".into()),
-                    columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
-                    ref_table: "users".into(),
-                    ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                    on_delete: None,
-                    on_update: None,
-                },
-            },
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-
-        // Constraint removed
-        assert!(schema[0].constraints.is_empty());
-        // Inline foreign_key cleared
-        assert!(schema[0].columns[0].foreign_key.is_none());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn remove_check_constraint() {
-        let mut schema = vec![table(
-            "users",
-            vec![col("age", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
-            vec![TableConstraint::Check {
-                name: "check_age".into(),
-                expr: "age >= 18".into(),
-            }],
-        )];
-
-        apply_action(
-            &mut schema,
-            &MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint {
-                table: "users".into(),
-                constraint: TableConstraint::Check {
-                    name: "check_age".into(),
-                    expr: "age >= 18".into(),
-                },
-            },
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-
-        // Constraint removed
-        assert!(schema[0].constraints.is_empty());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn remove_unnamed_index_single_column() {
-        // Column with inline index: true
-        let mut col_with_index = col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
-        col_with_index.index = Some(vespertide_core::StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true));
-
-        let mut schema = vec![table(
-            "users",
-            vec![col_with_index],
-            vec![TableConstraint::Index {
-                name: None,
-                columns: vec!["email".into()],
-            }],
-        )];
-
-        apply_action(
-            &mut schema,
-            &MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint {
-                table: "users".into(),
-                constraint: TableConstraint::Index {
-                    name: None,
-                    columns: vec!["email".into()],
-                },
-            },
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-
-        // Constraint removed
-        assert!(schema[0].constraints.is_empty());
-        // Inline index cleared
-        assert!(schema[0].columns[0].index.is_none());
-    }
-
-    // Tests for CreateTable normalizing inline constraints
-    #[test]
-    fn create_table_normalizes_inline_unique() {
-        let mut col_with_unique = col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
-        col_with_unique.unique = Some(vespertide_core::StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true));
-
-        let mut schema = vec![];
-        apply_action(
-            &mut schema,
-            &MigrationAction::CreateTable {
-                table: "users".into(),
-                columns: vec![col_with_unique],
-                constraints: vec![],
-            },
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-
-        // Inline unique: true should be normalized to a TableConstraint::Unique
-        assert!(
-            schema[0].constraints.iter().any(
-                |c| matches!(c, TableConstraint::Unique { columns, .. } if columns == &["email"])
-            ),
-            "Expected a Unique constraint on 'email', got: {:?}",
-            schema[0].constraints
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn create_table_normalizes_inline_index() {
-        let mut col_with_index = col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
-        col_with_index.index = Some(vespertide_core::StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true));
-
-        let mut schema = vec![];
-        apply_action(
-            &mut schema,
-            &MigrationAction::CreateTable {
-                table: "users".into(),
-                columns: vec![col_with_index],
-                constraints: vec![],
-            },
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-
-        // Inline index: true should be normalized to a TableConstraint::Index
-        assert!(
-            schema[0].constraints.iter().any(
-                |c| matches!(c, TableConstraint::Index { columns, .. } if columns == &["email"])
-            ),
-            "Expected an Index constraint on 'email', got: {:?}",
-            schema[0].constraints
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn create_table_normalizes_inline_primary_key() {
-        let mut col_with_pk = col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer));
-        col_with_pk.primary_key =
-            Some(vespertide_core::schema::primary_key::PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true));
-
-        let mut schema = vec![];
-        apply_action(
-            &mut schema,
-            &MigrationAction::CreateTable {
-                table: "users".into(),
-                columns: vec![col_with_pk],
-                constraints: vec![],
-            },
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-
-        assert!(
-            schema[0].constraints.iter().any(
-                |c| matches!(c, TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { columns, .. } if columns == &["id"])
-            ),
-            "Expected a PrimaryKey constraint on 'id', got: {:?}",
-            schema[0].constraints
-        );
-    }
-
-    // Tests for AddColumn normalizing inline constraints
-    #[test]
-    fn add_column_normalizes_inline_unique() {
-        let mut schema = vec![table(
-            "users",
-            vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
-            vec![],
-        )];
-
-        let mut col_with_unique = col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
-        col_with_unique.unique = Some(vespertide_core::StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true));
-
-        apply_action(
-            &mut schema,
-            &MigrationAction::AddColumn {
-                table: "users".into(),
-                column: Box::new(col_with_unique),
-                fill_with: None,
-            },
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-
-        assert!(
-            schema[0].constraints.iter().any(
-                |c| matches!(c, TableConstraint::Unique { columns, .. } if columns == &["email"])
-            ),
-            "Expected a Unique constraint on 'email' after AddColumn, got: {:?}",
-            schema[0].constraints
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn add_column_normalizes_inline_index() {
-        let mut schema = vec![table(
-            "users",
-            vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
-            vec![],
-        )];
-
-        let mut col_with_index = col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
-        col_with_index.index = Some(vespertide_core::StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true));
-
-        apply_action(
-            &mut schema,
-            &MigrationAction::AddColumn {
-                table: "users".into(),
-                column: Box::new(col_with_index),
-                fill_with: None,
-            },
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-
-        assert!(
-            schema[0].constraints.iter().any(
-                |c| matches!(c, TableConstraint::Index { columns, .. } if columns == &["email"])
-            ),
-            "Expected an Index constraint on 'email' after AddColumn, got: {:?}",
-            schema[0].constraints
-        );
-    }
-
-    // Tests for ModifyColumnNullable
-    #[test]
-    fn apply_modify_column_nullable_success() {
-        let mut schema = vec![table(
-            "users",
-            vec![col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text))],
-            vec![],
-        )];
-
-        // Initially nullable: true (from col helper)
-        assert!(schema[0].columns[0].nullable);
-
-        apply_action(
-            &mut schema,
-            &MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
-                table: "users".into(),
-                column: "email".into(),
-                nullable: false,
-                fill_with: None,
-                delete_null_rows: None,
-            },
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-
-        assert!(!schema[0].columns[0].nullable);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn apply_modify_column_nullable_table_not_found() {
-        let mut schema = vec![];
-
-        let err = apply_action(
-            &mut schema,
-            &MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
-                table: "users".into(),
-                column: "email".into(),
-                nullable: false,
-                fill_with: None,
-                delete_null_rows: None,
-            },
-        )
-        .unwrap_err();
-
-        assert_err_kind(err, ErrKind::TableNotFound);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn apply_modify_column_nullable_column_not_found() {
-        let mut schema = vec![table(
-            "users",
-            vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
-            vec![],
-        )];
-
-        let err = apply_action(
-            &mut schema,
-            &MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
-                table: "users".into(),
-                column: "email".into(),
-                nullable: false,
-                fill_with: None,
-                delete_null_rows: None,
-            },
-        )
-        .unwrap_err();
-
-        assert_err_kind(err, ErrKind::ColumnNotFound);
-    }
-
-    // Tests for ModifyColumnDefault
-    #[test]
-    fn apply_modify_column_default_set() {
-        let mut schema = vec![table(
-            "users",
-            vec![col("status", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text))],
-            vec![],
-        )];
-
-        // Initially no default
-        assert!(schema[0].columns[0].default.is_none());
-
-        apply_action(
-            &mut schema,
-            &MigrationAction::ModifyColumnDefault {
-                table: "users".into(),
-                column: "status".into(),
-                new_default: Some("'active'".into()),
-            },
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            schema[0].columns[0].default,
-            Some(vespertide_core::StringOrBool::String("'active'".into()))
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn apply_modify_column_default_drop() {
-        let mut col_with_default = col("status", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
-        col_with_default.default = Some(vespertide_core::StringOrBool::String("'active'".into()));
-
-        let mut schema = vec![table("users", vec![col_with_default], vec![])];
-
-        apply_action(
-            &mut schema,
-            &MigrationAction::ModifyColumnDefault {
-                table: "users".into(),
-                column: "status".into(),
-                new_default: None,
-            },
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-
-        assert!(schema[0].columns[0].default.is_none());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn apply_modify_column_default_table_not_found() {
-        let mut schema = vec![];
-
-        let err = apply_action(
-            &mut schema,
-            &MigrationAction::ModifyColumnDefault {
-                table: "users".into(),
-                column: "status".into(),
-                new_default: Some("'active'".into()),
-            },
-        )
-        .unwrap_err();
-
-        assert_err_kind(err, ErrKind::TableNotFound);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn apply_modify_column_default_column_not_found() {
-        let mut schema = vec![table(
-            "users",
-            vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
-            vec![],
-        )];
-
-        let err = apply_action(
-            &mut schema,
-            &MigrationAction::ModifyColumnDefault {
-                table: "users".into(),
-                column: "status".into(),
-                new_default: Some("'active'".into()),
-            },
-        )
-        .unwrap_err();
-
-        assert_err_kind(err, ErrKind::ColumnNotFound);
-    }
-
-    // Tests for ModifyColumnComment
-    #[test]
-    fn apply_modify_column_comment_set() {
-        let mut schema = vec![table(
-            "users",
-            vec![col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text))],
-            vec![],
-        )];
-
-        // Initially no comment
-        assert!(schema[0].columns[0].comment.is_none());
-
-        apply_action(
-            &mut schema,
-            &MigrationAction::ModifyColumnComment {
-                table: "users".into(),
-                column: "email".into(),
-                new_comment: Some("User email address".into()),
-            },
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            schema[0].columns[0].comment,
-            Some("User email address".into())
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn apply_modify_column_comment_drop() {
-        let mut col_with_comment = col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
-        col_with_comment.comment = Some("User email address".into());
-
-        let mut schema = vec![table("users", vec![col_with_comment], vec![])];
-
-        apply_action(
-            &mut schema,
-            &MigrationAction::ModifyColumnComment {
-                table: "users".into(),
-                column: "email".into(),
-                new_comment: None,
-            },
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-
-        assert!(schema[0].columns[0].comment.is_none());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn apply_modify_column_comment_table_not_found() {
-        let mut schema = vec![];
-
-        let err = apply_action(
-            &mut schema,
-            &MigrationAction::ModifyColumnComment {
-                table: "users".into(),
-                column: "email".into(),
-                new_comment: Some("User email".into()),
-            },
-        )
-        .unwrap_err();
-
-        assert_err_kind(err, ErrKind::TableNotFound);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn apply_modify_column_comment_column_not_found() {
-        let mut schema = vec![table(
-            "users",
-            vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
-            vec![],
-        )];
-
-        let err = apply_action(
-            &mut schema,
-            &MigrationAction::ModifyColumnComment {
-                table: "users".into(),
-                column: "email".into(),
-                new_comment: Some("User email".into()),
-            },
-        )
-        .unwrap_err();
-
-        assert_err_kind(err, ErrKind::ColumnNotFound);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn apply_replace_constraint_fk() {
-        let mut schema = vec![table(
-            "posts",
-            vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                col("user_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-            ],
-            vec![TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                name: Some("fk_user".into()),
-                columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
-                ref_table: "users".into(),
-                ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                on_delete: None,
-                on_update: None,
-            }],
-        )];
-
-        let from = TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-            name: Some("fk_user".into()),
-            columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
-            ref_table: "users".into(),
-            ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            on_delete: None,
-            on_update: None,
-        };
-        let to = TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-            name: Some("fk_user".into()),
-            columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
-            ref_table: "users".into(),
-            ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            on_delete: Some(vespertide_core::ReferenceAction::Cascade),
-            on_update: None,
-        };
-
-        apply_action(
-            &mut schema,
-            &MigrationAction::ReplaceConstraint {
-                table: "posts".into(),
-                from,
-                to: to.clone(),
-            },
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(schema[0].constraints.len(), 1);
-        assert_eq!(schema[0].constraints[0], to);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn apply_replace_constraint_table_not_found() {
-        let mut schema = vec![];
-        let from = idx("ix_old", vec!["col"]);
-        let to = idx("ix_new", vec!["col"]);
-        let err = apply_action(
-            &mut schema,
-            &MigrationAction::ReplaceConstraint {
-                table: "missing".into(),
-                from,
-                to,
-            },
-        )
-        .unwrap_err();
-        assert_err_kind(err, ErrKind::TableNotFound);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn apply_replace_constraint_no_match_leaves_unchanged() {
-        let existing = idx("ix_existing", vec!["col"]);
-        let mut schema = vec![table(
-            "users",
-            vec![col("col", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
-            vec![existing.clone()],
-        )];
-
-        let from = idx("ix_nonexistent", vec!["other"]);
-        let to = idx("ix_new", vec!["other"]);
-        apply_action(
-            &mut schema,
-            &MigrationAction::ReplaceConstraint {
-                table: "users".into(),
-                from,
-                to,
-            },
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(schema[0].constraints, vec![existing]);
-    }
-}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-planner/src/apply/column_ops.rs b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/apply/column_ops.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7d87bf22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/apply/column_ops.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+use vespertide_core::{ColumnDef, ColumnType, TableConstraint, TableDef};
+
+use crate::error::PlannerError;
+
+pub(super) fn add_column(
+    schema: &mut [TableDef],
+    table: &str,
+    column: &ColumnDef,
+) -> Result<(), PlannerError> {
+    let tbl = find_table_mut(schema, table)?;
+    if tbl.columns.iter().any(|c| c.name == column.name) {
+        Err(PlannerError::ColumnExists(
+            table.to_string(),
+            column.name.clone(),
+        ))
+    } else {
+        tbl.columns.push(column.clone());
+        // Re-normalize to promote any inline constraints on the new column
+        // to table-level TableConstraint entries.
+        // perf: move the table out before normalization to avoid cloning the full table twice.
+        let table_to_normalize = std::mem::replace(
+            tbl,
+            TableDef {
+                name: table.to_string(),
+                description: None,
+                columns: Vec::new(),
+                constraints: Vec::new(),
+            },
+        );
+        let normalized = table_to_normalize.normalize().map_err(|e| {
+            PlannerError::TableValidation(format!(
+                "Failed to normalize table '{}' after adding column '{}': {}",
+                table, column.name, e
+            ))
+        })?;
+        *tbl = normalized;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+pub(super) fn delete_column(
+    schema: &mut [TableDef],
+    table: &str,
+    column: &str,
+) -> Result<(), PlannerError> {
+    let tbl = find_table_mut(schema, table)?;
+    let before = tbl.columns.len();
+    tbl.columns.retain(|c| c.name != column);
+    if tbl.columns.len() == before {
+        Err(PlannerError::ColumnNotFound(
+            table.to_string(),
+            column.to_string(),
+        ))
+    } else {
+        drop_column_from_constraints(&mut tbl.constraints, column);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+pub(super) fn rename_column(
+    schema: &mut [TableDef],
+    table: &str,
+    from: &str,
+    to: &str,
+) -> Result<(), PlannerError> {
+    let tbl = find_table_mut(schema, table)?;
+    let col = tbl
+        .columns
+        .iter_mut()
+        .find(|c| c.name == from)
+        .ok_or_else(|| PlannerError::ColumnNotFound(table.to_string(), from.to_string()))?;
+    col.name = to.to_string();
+    rename_column_in_constraints(&mut tbl.constraints, from, to);
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub(super) fn modify_column_type(
+    schema: &mut [TableDef],
+    table: &str,
+    column: &str,
+    new_type: &ColumnType,
+) -> Result<(), PlannerError> {
+    find_column_mut(schema, table, column)?.r#type = new_type.clone();
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub(super) fn modify_column_nullable(
+    schema: &mut [TableDef],
+    table: &str,
+    column: &str,
+    nullable: bool,
+) -> Result<(), PlannerError> {
+    find_column_mut(schema, table, column)?.nullable = nullable;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub(super) fn modify_column_default(
+    schema: &mut [TableDef],
+    table: &str,
+    column: &str,
+    new_default: Option<&str>,
+) -> Result<(), PlannerError> {
+    find_column_mut(schema, table, column)?.default = new_default.map(Into::into);
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub(super) fn modify_column_comment(
+    schema: &mut [TableDef],
+    table: &str,
+    column: &str,
+    new_comment: Option<&String>,
+) -> Result<(), PlannerError> {
+    find_column_mut(schema, table, column)?.comment = new_comment.cloned();
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn find_table_mut<'a>(
+    schema: &'a mut [TableDef],
+    table: &str,
+) -> Result<&'a mut TableDef, PlannerError> {
+    schema
+        .iter_mut()
+        .find(|t| t.name == table)
+        .ok_or_else(|| PlannerError::TableNotFound(table.to_string()))
+}
+
+fn find_column_mut<'a>(
+    schema: &'a mut [TableDef],
+    table: &str,
+    column: &str,
+) -> Result<&'a mut ColumnDef, PlannerError> {
+    find_table_mut(schema, table)?
+        .columns
+        .iter_mut()
+        .find(|c| c.name == column)
+        .ok_or_else(|| PlannerError::ColumnNotFound(table.to_string(), column.to_string()))
+}
+
+fn rename_column_in_constraints(constraints: &mut [TableConstraint], from: &str, to: &str) {
+    for constraint in constraints {
+        match constraint {
+            TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { columns, .. }
+            | TableConstraint::Unique { columns, .. }
+            | TableConstraint::Index { columns, .. } => rename_column_refs(columns, from, to),
+            TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                columns,
+                ref_columns,
+                ..
+            } => {
+                rename_column_refs(columns, from, to);
+                rename_column_refs(ref_columns, from, to);
+            }
+            TableConstraint::Check { .. } => {}
+            _ => {
+                unreachable!("TableConstraint is #[non_exhaustive]; all variants are matched above")
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn rename_column_refs(columns: &mut [String], from: &str, to: &str) {
+    for c in columns {
+        if c == from {
+            *c = to.to_string();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn drop_column_from_constraints(constraints: &mut Vec<TableConstraint>, column: &str) {
+    constraints.retain_mut(|c| match c {
+        TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { columns, .. }
+        | TableConstraint::Unique { columns, .. }
+        | TableConstraint::Index { columns, .. } => {
+            columns.retain(|c| c != column);
+            !columns.is_empty()
+        }
+        TableConstraint::ForeignKey { columns, .. } => {
+            columns.retain(|c| c != column);
+            !columns.is_empty()
+        }
+        TableConstraint::Check { .. } => true,
+        _ => unreachable!("TableConstraint is #[non_exhaustive]; all variants are matched above"),
+    });
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+pub(super) fn rename_column_in_constraints_for_test(
+    constraints: &mut [TableConstraint],
+    from: &str,
+    to: &str,
+) {
+    rename_column_in_constraints(constraints, from, to);
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-planner/src/apply/constraint_ops.rs b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/apply/constraint_ops.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..48f41c46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/apply/constraint_ops.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+use vespertide_core::{StrOrBoolOrArray, TableConstraint, TableDef};
+
+use crate::error::PlannerError;
+
+pub(super) fn add_constraint(
+    schema: &mut [TableDef],
+    table: &str,
+    constraint: &TableConstraint,
+) -> Result<(), PlannerError> {
+    let tbl = find_table_mut(schema, table)?;
+    // Skip if an equivalent constraint already exists (e.g. inline index
+    // was already promoted to table-level by normalize() during AddColumn).
+    if !tbl.constraints.contains(constraint) {
+        tbl.constraints.push(constraint.clone());
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub(super) fn remove_constraint(
+    schema: &mut [TableDef],
+    table: &str,
+    constraint: &TableConstraint,
+) -> Result<(), PlannerError> {
+    let tbl = find_table_mut(schema, table)?;
+    tbl.constraints.retain(|c| c != constraint);
+    clear_inline_constraint_fields(table, tbl, constraint);
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub(super) fn replace_constraint(
+    schema: &mut [TableDef],
+    table: &str,
+    from: &TableConstraint,
+    to: &TableConstraint,
+) -> Result<(), PlannerError> {
+    let tbl = find_table_mut(schema, table)?;
+    // Replace the old constraint with the new one in-place.
+    let existing = tbl
+        .constraints
+        .iter_mut()
+        .find(|c| *c == from)
+        .ok_or_else(|| {
+            PlannerError::TableValidation(format!(
+                "constraint to replace not found on table '{table}': {from:?}"
+            ))
+        })?;
+    *existing = to.clone();
+    // Clear inline fields for the old constraint to prevent normalize()
+    // from re-adding it as a ghost constraint.
+    clear_inline_constraint_fields(table, tbl, from);
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn find_table_mut<'a>(
+    schema: &'a mut [TableDef],
+    table: &str,
+) -> Result<&'a mut TableDef, PlannerError> {
+    schema
+        .iter_mut()
+        .find(|t| t.name == table)
+        .ok_or_else(|| PlannerError::TableNotFound(table.to_string()))
+}
+
+/// Clear inline column fields that correspond to a constraint.
+/// This ensures `normalize()` won't re-add the constraint from stale inline fields.
+pub(super) fn clear_inline_constraint_fields(
+    table: &str,
+    tbl: &mut TableDef,
+    constraint: &TableConstraint,
+) {
+    match constraint {
+        TableConstraint::Unique { name, columns } => {
+            clear_unique_fields(tbl, name.as_deref(), columns);
+        }
+        TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { columns, .. } => {
+            for col_name in columns {
+                if let Some(col) = tbl.columns.iter_mut().find(|c| &c.name == col_name) {
+                    col.primary_key = None;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        TableConstraint::ForeignKey { columns, .. } => {
+            for col_name in columns {
+                if let Some(col) = tbl.columns.iter_mut().find(|c| &c.name == col_name) {
+                    col.foreign_key = None;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        TableConstraint::Check { .. } => {}
+        TableConstraint::Index { name, columns } => {
+            clear_index_fields(table, tbl, name.as_deref(), columns);
+        }
+        _ => unreachable!("TableConstraint is #[non_exhaustive]; all variants are matched above"),
+    }
+}
+
+fn clear_unique_fields(tbl: &mut TableDef, name: Option<&str>, columns: &[String]) {
+    if name.is_none()
+        && columns.len() == 1
+        && let Some(col) = tbl.columns.iter_mut().find(|c| c.name == columns[0])
+    {
+        col.unique = None;
+    }
+    if let Some(constraint_name) = name {
+        for col in &mut tbl.columns {
+            if let Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Array(names)) = &mut col.unique {
+                names.retain(|n| n != constraint_name);
+                if names.is_empty() {
+                    col.unique = None;
+                }
+            } else if col.unique.as_ref().and_then(StrOrBoolOrArray::as_str)
+                == Some(constraint_name)
+            {
+                col.unique = None;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn clear_index_fields(table: &str, tbl: &mut TableDef, name: Option<&str>, columns: &[String]) {
+    for col in &mut tbl.columns {
+        let auto_name =
+            vespertide_naming::build_index_name(table, std::slice::from_ref(&col.name), None);
+        if name == Some(auto_name.as_str()) {
+            col.index = None;
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    if name.is_none()
+        && columns.len() == 1
+        && let Some(col) = tbl.columns.iter_mut().find(|c| c.name == columns[0])
+    {
+        col.index = None;
+    }
+    if let Some(constraint_name) = name {
+        for col in &mut tbl.columns {
+            if col.index.as_ref().and_then(StrOrBoolOrArray::as_str) == Some(constraint_name) {
+                col.index = None;
+            } else if let Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Array(names)) = &col.index {
+                let filtered: Vec<_> = names
+                    .iter()
+                    .filter(|n| *n != constraint_name)
+                    .cloned()
+                    .collect();
+                if filtered.is_empty() {
+                    col.index = None;
+                } else if filtered.len() < names.len() {
+                    col.index = Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Array(filtered));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-planner/src/apply/mod.rs b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/apply/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fa83b47b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/apply/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+mod column_ops;
+mod constraint_ops;
+mod raw_sql;
+mod table_ops;
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests;
+
+use vespertide_core::{MigrationAction, TableDef};
+
+use crate::error::PlannerError;
+
+/// Apply a single migration action to an in-memory schema snapshot.
+pub fn apply_action(
+    schema: &mut Vec<TableDef>,
+    action: &MigrationAction,
+) -> Result<(), PlannerError> {
+    match action {
+        MigrationAction::CreateTable {
+            table,
+            columns,
+            constraints,
+        } => table_ops::create_table(schema, table, columns, constraints),
+        MigrationAction::DeleteTable { table } => table_ops::delete_table(schema, table),
+        MigrationAction::RenameTable { from, to } => table_ops::rename_table(schema, from, to),
+        MigrationAction::AddColumn {
+            table,
+            column,
+            fill_with: _,
+        } => column_ops::add_column(schema, table, column),
+        MigrationAction::DeleteColumn { table, column } => {
+            column_ops::delete_column(schema, table, column)
+        }
+        MigrationAction::RenameColumn { table, from, to } => {
+            column_ops::rename_column(schema, table, from, to)
+        }
+        MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType {
+            table,
+            column,
+            new_type,
+            ..
+        } => column_ops::modify_column_type(schema, table, column, new_type),
+        MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
+            table,
+            column,
+            nullable,
+            fill_with: _,
+            delete_null_rows: _,
+        } => column_ops::modify_column_nullable(schema, table, column, *nullable),
+        MigrationAction::ModifyColumnDefault {
+            table,
+            column,
+            new_default,
+        } => column_ops::modify_column_default(schema, table, column, new_default.as_deref()),
+        MigrationAction::ModifyColumnComment {
+            table,
+            column,
+            new_comment,
+        } => column_ops::modify_column_comment(schema, table, column, new_comment.as_ref()),
+        MigrationAction::AddConstraint { table, constraint } => {
+            constraint_ops::add_constraint(schema, table, constraint)
+        }
+        MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint { table, constraint } => {
+            constraint_ops::remove_constraint(schema, table, constraint)
+        }
+        MigrationAction::ReplaceConstraint { table, from, to } => {
+            constraint_ops::replace_constraint(schema, table, from, to)
+        }
+        MigrationAction::RawSql { .. } => {
+            raw_sql::apply_raw_sql();
+            Ok(())
+        }
+        _ => unreachable!("MigrationAction is #[non_exhaustive]; all variants are matched above"),
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-planner/src/apply/raw_sql.rs b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/apply/raw_sql.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d782e139
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/apply/raw_sql.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+/// `RawSql` is an emergency escape hatch for side-effect-only SQL.
+///
+/// Baseline replay is intentionally typed and in-memory, so arbitrary SQL is
+/// opaque here and cannot be reflected into the reconstructed schema snapshot.
+pub(super) const fn apply_raw_sql() {}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-planner/src/apply/table_ops.rs b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/apply/table_ops.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9eca2ccd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/apply/table_ops.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+use vespertide_core::{ColumnDef, TableConstraint, TableDef};
+
+use crate::error::PlannerError;
+
+pub(super) fn create_table(
+    schema: &mut Vec<TableDef>,
+    table: &str,
+    columns: &[ColumnDef],
+    constraints: &[TableConstraint],
+) -> Result<(), PlannerError> {
+    if schema.iter().any(|t| t.name == table) {
+        return Err(PlannerError::TableExists(table.to_string()));
+    }
+
+    let table_def = TableDef {
+        name: table.to_string(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: columns.to_vec(),
+        constraints: constraints.to_vec(),
+    };
+    // Normalize to promote inline constraints (unique, index, foreign_key, primary_key)
+    // to table-level TableConstraint entries. This is critical for SQLite which needs
+    // to know about constraints when dropping columns.
+    let normalized = table_def.normalize().map_err(|e| {
+        PlannerError::TableValidation(format!("Failed to normalize table '{table}': {e}"))
+    })?;
+    schema.push(normalized);
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub(super) fn delete_table(schema: &mut Vec<TableDef>, table: &str) -> Result<(), PlannerError> {
+    let before = schema.len();
+    schema.retain(|t| t.name != table);
+    if schema.len() == before {
+        Err(PlannerError::TableNotFound(table.to_string()))
+    } else {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+pub(super) fn rename_table(
+    schema: &mut Vec<TableDef>,
+    from: &str,
+    to: &str,
+) -> Result<(), PlannerError> {
+    if schema.iter().any(|t| t.name == to) {
+        Err(PlannerError::TableExists(to.to_string()))
+    } else {
+        {
+            let tbl = schema
+                .iter_mut()
+                .find(|t| t.name == from)
+                .ok_or_else(|| PlannerError::TableNotFound(from.to_string()))?;
+            tbl.name = to.to_string();
+        }
+        for tbl in schema {
+            for constraint in &mut tbl.constraints {
+                if let TableConstraint::ForeignKey { ref_table, .. } = constraint
+                    && ref_table == from
+                {
+                    *ref_table = to.to_string();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-planner/src/apply/tests.rs b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/apply/tests.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b22414d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/apply/tests.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,879 @@
+use super::*;
+use rstest::rstest;
+use vespertide_core::{ColumnDef, ColumnType, SimpleColumnType, TableConstraint};
+
+fn col(name: &str, ty: ColumnType) -> ColumnDef {
+    ColumnDef {
+        name: name.to_string(),
+        r#type: ty,
+        nullable: true,
+        default: None,
+        comment: None,
+        primary_key: None,
+        unique: None,
+        index: None,
+        foreign_key: None,
+    }
+}
+
+fn table(name: &str, columns: Vec<ColumnDef>, constraints: Vec<TableConstraint>) -> TableDef {
+    TableDef {
+        name: name.to_string(),
+        description: None,
+        columns,
+        constraints,
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+enum ErrKind {
+    TableExists,
+    TableNotFound,
+    ColumnExists,
+    ColumnNotFound,
+}
+
+fn assert_err_kind(err: &crate::error::PlannerError, kind: ErrKind) {
+    if matches!(
+        (err, kind),
+        (
+            crate::error::PlannerError::TableExists(_),
+            ErrKind::TableExists
+        ) | (
+            crate::error::PlannerError::TableNotFound(_),
+            ErrKind::TableNotFound
+        ) | (
+            crate::error::PlannerError::ColumnExists(_, _),
+            ErrKind::ColumnExists
+        ) | (
+            crate::error::PlannerError::ColumnNotFound(_, _),
+            ErrKind::ColumnNotFound
+        )
+    ) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    panic!("unexpected error {err:?}, expected {kind:?}");
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case(
+        vec![table("users", vec![], vec![])],
+        MigrationAction::CreateTable {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            columns: vec![],
+            constraints: vec![],
+        },
+        ErrKind::TableExists
+    )]
+#[case(
+        vec![],
+        MigrationAction::DeleteTable {
+            table: "users".into()
+        },
+        ErrKind::TableNotFound
+    )]
+#[case(
+        vec![table(
+            "users",
+            vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
+            vec![]
+        )],
+        MigrationAction::AddColumn {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            column: Box::new(col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))),
+            fill_with: None,
+        },
+        ErrKind::ColumnExists
+    )]
+#[case(
+        vec![table(
+            "users",
+            vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
+            vec![]
+        )],
+        MigrationAction::DeleteColumn {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            column: "missing".into()
+        },
+        ErrKind::ColumnNotFound
+    )]
+#[case(
+        vec![
+            table("old", vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))], vec![]),
+            table("new", vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))], vec![]),
+        ],
+        MigrationAction::RenameTable {
+            from: "old".into(),
+            to: "new".into()
+        },
+        ErrKind::TableExists
+    )]
+fn apply_action_reports_errors(
+    #[case] mut schema: Vec<TableDef>,
+    #[case] action: MigrationAction,
+    #[case] expected: ErrKind,
+) {
+    let err = apply_action(&mut schema, &action).unwrap_err();
+    assert_err_kind(&err, expected);
+}
+
+fn idx(name: &str, columns: Vec<&str>) -> TableConstraint {
+    TableConstraint::Index {
+        name: Some(name.to_string()),
+        columns: columns
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(std::string::ToString::to_string)
+            .collect(),
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+struct SuccessCase {
+    initial: Vec<TableDef>,
+    actions: Vec<MigrationAction>,
+    expected: Vec<TableDef>,
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case(SuccessCase {
+        initial: vec![],
+        actions: vec![
+            MigrationAction::CreateTable {
+                table: "users".into(),
+                columns: vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
+                constraints: vec![],
+            },
+            MigrationAction::DeleteTable {
+                table: "users".into(),
+            },
+        ],
+        expected: vec![],
+    })]
+#[case(SuccessCase {
+        initial: vec![table(
+            "users",
+            vec![
+                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+                col("old", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
+                col("ref_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))
+            ],
+            vec![
+                TableConstraint::PrimaryKey{ auto_increment: false, columns: vec!["id".into()] },
+                TableConstraint::Unique {
+                    name: Some("u_old".into()),
+                    columns: vec!["old".into()],
+                },
+                TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                    name: Some("fk_old".into()),
+                    columns: vec!["old".into()],
+                    ref_table: "ref_table".into(),
+                    ref_columns: vec!["ref_id".into()],
+                    on_delete: None,
+                    on_update: None,
+                },
+                TableConstraint::Check {
+                    name: "ck_old".into(),
+                    expr: "old IS NOT NULL".into(),
+                },
+                idx("idx_old", vec!["old"]),
+                idx("idx_ref", vec!["ref_id"]),
+            ],
+        )],
+        actions: vec![
+            MigrationAction::AddColumn {
+                table: "users".into(),
+                column: Box::new(col("new_col", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Boolean))),
+                fill_with: None,
+            },
+            MigrationAction::RenameColumn {
+                table: "users".into(),
+                from: "ref_id".into(),
+                to: "renamed".into(),
+            },
+        ],
+        expected: vec![table(
+            "users",
+            vec![
+                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+                col("old", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
+                col("renamed", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+                col("new_col", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Boolean))
+            ],
+            vec![
+                TableConstraint::PrimaryKey{ auto_increment: false, columns: vec!["id".into()] },
+                TableConstraint::Unique {
+                    name: Some("u_old".into()),
+                    columns: vec!["old".into()],
+                },
+                TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                    name: Some("fk_old".into()),
+                    columns: vec!["old".into()],
+                    ref_table: "ref_table".into(),
+                    ref_columns: vec!["renamed".into()],
+                    on_delete: None,
+                    on_update: None,
+                },
+                TableConstraint::Check {
+                    name: "ck_old".into(),
+                    expr: "old IS NOT NULL".into(),
+                },
+                idx("idx_old", vec!["old"]),
+                idx("idx_ref", vec!["renamed"]),
+            ],
+        )],
+    })]
+#[case(SuccessCase {
+        initial: vec![table(
+            "users",
+            vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)), col("old", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text))],
+            vec![
+                TableConstraint::PrimaryKey{ auto_increment: false, columns: vec!["id".into()] },
+                TableConstraint::Unique {
+                    name: Some("u_old".into()),
+                    columns: vec!["old".into()],
+                },
+                TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                    name: Some("fk_old".into()),
+                    columns: vec!["old".into()],
+                    ref_table: "ref_table".into(),
+                    ref_columns: vec!["old".into()],
+                    on_delete: None,
+                    on_update: None,
+                },
+                TableConstraint::Check {
+                    name: "ck_old".into(),
+                    expr: "old IS NOT NULL".into(),
+                },
+                idx("idx_old", vec!["old"]),
+            ],
+        )],
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::DeleteColumn {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            column: "old".into(),
+        }],
+        expected: vec![table(
+            "users",
+            vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
+            vec![
+                TableConstraint::PrimaryKey{ auto_increment: false, columns: vec!["id".into()] },
+                TableConstraint::Check {
+                    name: "ck_old".into(),
+                    expr: "old IS NOT NULL".into(),
+                },
+            ],
+        )],
+    })]
+#[case(SuccessCase {
+        initial: vec![table(
+            "users",
+            vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
+            vec![],
+        )],
+        actions: vec![
+            MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType {
+                table: "users".into(),
+                column: "id".into(),
+                new_type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+                fill_with: None,
+            },
+            MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
+                table: "users".into(),
+                constraint: idx("idx_id", vec!["id"]),
+            },
+            MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint {
+                table: "users".into(),
+                constraint: idx("idx_id", vec!["id"]),
+            },
+        ],
+        expected: vec![table(
+            "users",
+            vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text))],
+            vec![],
+        )],
+    })]
+#[case(SuccessCase {
+        initial: vec![table(
+            "old",
+            vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
+            vec![],
+        )],
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::RenameTable {
+            from: "old".into(),
+            to: "new".into(),
+        }],
+        expected: vec![table(
+            "new",
+            vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
+            vec![],
+        )],
+    })]
+#[case(SuccessCase {
+        initial: vec![table("users", vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))], vec![])],
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            constraint: TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+                auto_increment: false,
+                columns: vec!["id".into()],
+            },
+        }],
+        expected: vec![table(
+            "users",
+            vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
+            vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+                auto_increment: false,
+                columns: vec!["id".into()],
+            }],
+        )],
+    })]
+#[case(SuccessCase {
+        initial: vec![table(
+            "users",
+            vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
+            vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+                auto_increment: false,
+                columns: vec!["id".into()],
+            }],
+        )],
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            constraint: TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+                auto_increment: false,
+                columns: vec!["id".into()],
+            },
+        }],
+        expected: vec![table("users", vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))], vec![])],
+    })]
+#[case(SuccessCase {
+        initial: vec![table("users", vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))], vec![])],
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::RawSql {
+            sql: "SELECT 1;".to_string(),
+        }],
+        expected: vec![table("users", vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))], vec![])],
+    })]
+fn apply_action_success_cases(#[case] case: SuccessCase) {
+    let mut schema = case.initial;
+    for action in case.actions {
+        apply_action(&mut schema, &action).unwrap();
+    }
+    assert_eq!(schema, case.expected);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn apply_rename_table_rewrites_foreign_key_ref_table() {
+    let mut schema = vec![
+        table(
+            "users",
+            vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
+            vec![],
+        ),
+        table(
+            "posts",
+            vec![col(
+                "user_id",
+                ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+            )],
+            vec![TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                name: Some("fk_posts__user_id".into()),
+                columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
+                ref_table: "users".into(),
+                ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+                on_delete: None,
+                on_update: None,
+            }],
+        ),
+    ];
+
+    apply_action(
+        &mut schema,
+        &MigrationAction::RenameTable {
+            from: "users".into(),
+            to: "account".into(),
+        },
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+
+    let posts = schema.iter().find(|table| table.name == "posts").unwrap();
+    assert!(posts.constraints.iter().any(|constraint| matches!(
+        constraint,
+        TableConstraint::ForeignKey { ref_table, .. } if ref_table == "account"
+    )));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn apply_delete_column_preserves_foreign_key_ref_columns() {
+    let mut schema = vec![table(
+        "orders",
+        vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("user_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+        ],
+        vec![TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+            name: Some("fk_orders__user_id".into()),
+            columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
+            ref_table: "users".into(),
+            ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+            on_delete: None,
+            on_update: None,
+        }],
+    )];
+
+    apply_action(
+        &mut schema,
+        &MigrationAction::DeleteColumn {
+            table: "orders".into(),
+            column: "id".into(),
+        },
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(schema[0].constraints.len(), 1);
+    assert!(matches!(
+        &schema[0].constraints[0],
+        TableConstraint::ForeignKey { columns, ref_columns, .. }
+            if columns == &["user_id"] && ref_columns == &["id"]
+    ));
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case(
+        vec![
+            TableConstraint::PrimaryKey{ auto_increment: false, columns: vec!["id".into(), "old".into()] },
+            TableConstraint::Unique {
+                name: None,
+                columns: vec!["old".into(), "keep".into()],
+            },
+            TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                name: None,
+                columns: vec!["old".into()],
+                ref_table: "ref".into(),
+                ref_columns: vec!["old".into()],
+                on_delete: None,
+                on_update: None,
+            },
+            TableConstraint::Check {
+                name: "ck_old".into(),
+                expr: "old > 0".into(),
+            },
+            idx("idx_old", vec!["old", "keep"]),
+        ],
+        "old",
+        "new",
+        vec![
+            TableConstraint::PrimaryKey{ auto_increment: false, columns: vec!["id".into(), "new".into()] },
+            TableConstraint::Unique {
+                name: None,
+                columns: vec!["new".into(), "keep".into()],
+            },
+            TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                name: None,
+                columns: vec!["new".into()],
+                ref_table: "ref".into(),
+                ref_columns: vec!["new".into()],
+                on_delete: None,
+                on_update: None,
+            },
+            TableConstraint::Check {
+                name: "ck_old".into(),
+                expr: "old > 0".into(),
+            },
+            idx("idx_old", vec!["new", "keep"]),
+        ]
+    )]
+#[case(
+        vec![
+            TableConstraint::PrimaryKey{ auto_increment: false, columns: vec!["id".into()] },
+            TableConstraint::Check {
+                name: "ck_id".into(),
+                expr: "id > 0".into(),
+            },
+            idx("idx_id", vec!["id"]),
+        ],
+        "missing",
+        "new",
+        vec![
+            TableConstraint::PrimaryKey{ auto_increment: false, columns: vec!["id".into()] },
+            TableConstraint::Check {
+                name: "ck_id".into(),
+                expr: "id > 0".into(),
+            },
+            idx("idx_id", vec!["id"]),
+        ]
+    )]
+fn rename_helpers_update_constraints(
+    #[case] mut constraints: Vec<TableConstraint>,
+    #[case] from: &str,
+    #[case] to: &str,
+    #[case] expected_constraints: Vec<TableConstraint>,
+) {
+    super::column_ops::rename_column_in_constraints_for_test(&mut constraints, from, to);
+    assert_eq!(constraints, expected_constraints);
+}
+
+// Tests for RemoveConstraint (Index) clearing inline index on columns
+#[test]
+fn remove_index_constraint_clears_inline_index_bool() {
+    // Column with inline index: true creates ix_{table}__{column} pattern
+    let mut col_with_index = col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
+    col_with_index.index = Some(vespertide_core::StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true));
+
+    let mut schema = vec![table(
+        "users",
+        vec![col_with_index],
+        vec![idx("ix_users__email", vec!["email"])],
+    )];
+
+    apply_action(
+        &mut schema,
+        &MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            constraint: idx("ix_users__email", vec!["email"]),
+        },
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+
+    // Index should be removed from constraints
+    assert!(schema[0].constraints.is_empty());
+    // Inline index on column should also be cleared
+    assert!(schema[0].columns[0].index.is_none());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn remove_index_constraint_clears_inline_index_str() {
+    // Column with inline index: "custom_idx_name"
+    let mut col_with_index = col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
+    col_with_index.index = Some(vespertide_core::StrOrBoolOrArray::Str(
+        "custom_idx_name".into(),
+    ));
+
+    let mut schema = vec![table(
+        "users",
+        vec![col_with_index],
+        vec![idx("custom_idx_name", vec!["email"])],
+    )];
+
+    apply_action(
+        &mut schema,
+        &MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            constraint: idx("custom_idx_name", vec!["email"]),
+        },
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+
+    assert!(schema[0].constraints.is_empty());
+    assert!(schema[0].columns[0].index.is_none());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn remove_index_constraint_clears_inline_index_array_partial() {
+    // Column with inline index: ["idx_a", "idx_b"]
+    let mut col_with_index = col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
+    col_with_index.index = Some(vespertide_core::StrOrBoolOrArray::Array(vec![
+        "idx_a".into(),
+        "idx_b".into(),
+    ]));
+
+    let mut schema = vec![table(
+        "users",
+        vec![col_with_index],
+        vec![idx("idx_a", vec!["email"]), idx("idx_b", vec!["email"])],
+    )];
+
+    // Remove only idx_a
+    apply_action(
+        &mut schema,
+        &MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            constraint: idx("idx_a", vec!["email"]),
+        },
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(schema[0].constraints.len(), 1);
+    // inline index should only have idx_b remaining
+    assert_eq!(
+        schema[0].columns[0].index,
+        Some(vespertide_core::StrOrBoolOrArray::Array(vec![
+            "idx_b".into()
+        ]))
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn remove_index_constraint_clears_inline_index_array_all() {
+    // Column with inline index: ["idx_single"]
+    let mut col_with_index = col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
+    col_with_index.index = Some(vespertide_core::StrOrBoolOrArray::Array(vec![
+        "idx_single".into(),
+    ]));
+
+    let mut schema = vec![table(
+        "users",
+        vec![col_with_index],
+        vec![idx("idx_single", vec!["email"])],
+    )];
+
+    apply_action(
+        &mut schema,
+        &MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            constraint: idx("idx_single", vec!["email"]),
+        },
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+
+    assert!(schema[0].constraints.is_empty());
+    // When array becomes empty, inline index should be None
+    assert!(schema[0].columns[0].index.is_none());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn remove_index_constraint_with_inline_bool_non_matching_name() {
+    // Column with inline index: true, but index name doesn't match ix_{table}__{column} pattern
+    let mut col_with_index = col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
+    col_with_index.index = Some(vespertide_core::StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true));
+
+    let mut schema = vec![table(
+        "users",
+        vec![col_with_index],
+        vec![idx("custom_email_idx", vec!["email"])],
+    )];
+
+    apply_action(
+        &mut schema,
+        &MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            constraint: idx("custom_email_idx", vec!["email"]),
+        },
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+
+    // Index removed from constraints
+    assert!(schema[0].constraints.is_empty());
+    // Inline index NOT cleared because name didn't match pattern
+    assert_eq!(
+        schema[0].columns[0].index,
+        Some(vespertide_core::StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true))
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn remove_unique_constraint_clears_inline_unique_array() {
+    // Column with inline unique: ["uq_email", "uq_users_email"]
+    let mut col_with_unique = col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
+    col_with_unique.unique = Some(vespertide_core::StrOrBoolOrArray::Array(vec![
+        "uq_email".to_string(),
+        "uq_users_email".to_string(),
+    ]));
+
+    let mut schema = vec![table(
+        "users",
+        vec![col_with_unique],
+        vec![TableConstraint::Unique {
+            name: Some("uq_email".into()),
+            columns: vec!["email".into()],
+        }],
+    )];
+
+    apply_action(
+        &mut schema,
+        &MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            constraint: TableConstraint::Unique {
+                name: Some("uq_email".into()),
+                columns: vec!["email".into()],
+            },
+        },
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+
+    // Constraint removed
+    assert!(schema[0].constraints.is_empty());
+    // "uq_email" removed from array, "uq_users_email" remains
+    assert_eq!(
+        schema[0].columns[0].unique,
+        Some(vespertide_core::StrOrBoolOrArray::Array(vec![
+            "uq_users_email".to_string()
+        ]))
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn remove_unique_constraint_clears_inline_unique_array_last_item() {
+    // Column with inline unique: ["uq_email"] (only one item in array)
+    let mut col_with_unique = col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
+    col_with_unique.unique = Some(vespertide_core::StrOrBoolOrArray::Array(vec![
+        "uq_email".to_string(),
+    ]));
+
+    let mut schema = vec![table(
+        "users",
+        vec![col_with_unique],
+        vec![TableConstraint::Unique {
+            name: Some("uq_email".into()),
+            columns: vec!["email".into()],
+        }],
+    )];
+
+    apply_action(
+        &mut schema,
+        &MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            constraint: TableConstraint::Unique {
+                name: Some("uq_email".into()),
+                columns: vec!["email".into()],
+            },
+        },
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+
+    // Constraint removed
+    assert!(schema[0].constraints.is_empty());
+    // Array becomes empty, so unique should be None
+    assert!(schema[0].columns[0].unique.is_none());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn remove_unique_constraint_clears_inline_unique_str() {
+    // Column with inline unique: "uq_email"
+    let mut col_with_unique = col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
+    col_with_unique.unique = Some(vespertide_core::StrOrBoolOrArray::Str(
+        "uq_email".to_string(),
+    ));
+
+    let mut schema = vec![table(
+        "users",
+        vec![col_with_unique],
+        vec![TableConstraint::Unique {
+            name: Some("uq_email".into()),
+            columns: vec!["email".into()],
+        }],
+    )];
+
+    apply_action(
+        &mut schema,
+        &MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            constraint: TableConstraint::Unique {
+                name: Some("uq_email".into()),
+                columns: vec!["email".into()],
+            },
+        },
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+
+    // Constraint removed
+    assert!(schema[0].constraints.is_empty());
+    // Inline unique cleared
+    assert!(schema[0].columns[0].unique.is_none());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn remove_foreign_key_constraint_clears_inline_fk() {
+    use vespertide_core::schema::foreign_key::{ForeignKeyDef, ForeignKeySyntax};
+    // Column with inline foreign_key
+    let mut col_with_fk = col("user_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer));
+    col_with_fk.foreign_key = Some(ForeignKeySyntax::Object(ForeignKeyDef {
+        ref_table: "users".into(),
+        ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+        on_delete: None,
+        on_update: None,
+    }));
+
+    let mut schema = vec![table(
+        "posts",
+        vec![col_with_fk],
+        vec![TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+            name: Some("fk_posts_user".into()),
+            columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
+            ref_table: "users".into(),
+            ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+            on_delete: None,
+            on_update: None,
+        }],
+    )];
+
+    apply_action(
+        &mut schema,
+        &MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint {
+            table: "posts".into(),
+            constraint: TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                name: Some("fk_posts_user".into()),
+                columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
+                ref_table: "users".into(),
+                ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+                on_delete: None,
+                on_update: None,
+            },
+        },
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+
+    // Constraint removed
+    assert!(schema[0].constraints.is_empty());
+    // Inline foreign_key cleared
+    assert!(schema[0].columns[0].foreign_key.is_none());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn remove_check_constraint() {
+    let mut schema = vec![table(
+        "users",
+        vec![col("age", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
+        vec![TableConstraint::Check {
+            name: "check_age".into(),
+            expr: "age >= 18".into(),
+        }],
+    )];
+
+    apply_action(
+        &mut schema,
+        &MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            constraint: TableConstraint::Check {
+                name: "check_age".into(),
+                expr: "age >= 18".into(),
+            },
+        },
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+
+    // Constraint removed
+    assert!(schema[0].constraints.is_empty());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn remove_unnamed_index_single_column() {
+    // Column with inline index: true
+    let mut col_with_index = col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
+    col_with_index.index = Some(vespertide_core::StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true));
+
+    let mut schema = vec![table(
+        "users",
+        vec![col_with_index],
+        vec![TableConstraint::Index {
+            name: None,
+            columns: vec!["email".into()],
+        }],
+    )];
+
+    apply_action(
+        &mut schema,
+        &MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            constraint: TableConstraint::Index {
+                name: None,
+                columns: vec!["email".into()],
+            },
+        },
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+
+    // Constraint removed
+    assert!(schema[0].constraints.is_empty());
+    // Inline index cleared
+    assert!(schema[0].columns[0].index.is_none());
+}
+
+mod more;
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-planner/src/apply/tests/more.rs b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/apply/tests/more.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ed8ab0e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/apply/tests/more.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,476 @@
+use super::*;
+
+// Tests for CreateTable normalizing inline constraints
+#[test]
+fn create_table_normalizes_inline_unique() {
+    let mut col_with_unique = col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
+    col_with_unique.unique = Some(vespertide_core::StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true));
+
+    let mut schema = vec![];
+    apply_action(
+        &mut schema,
+        &MigrationAction::CreateTable {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            columns: vec![col_with_unique],
+            constraints: vec![],
+        },
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+
+    // Inline unique: true should be normalized to a TableConstraint::Unique
+    assert!(
+        schema[0]
+            .constraints
+            .iter()
+            .any(|c| matches!(c, TableConstraint::Unique { columns, .. } if columns == &["email"])),
+        "Expected a Unique constraint on 'email', got: {:?}",
+        schema[0].constraints
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn create_table_normalizes_inline_index() {
+    let mut col_with_index = col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
+    col_with_index.index = Some(vespertide_core::StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true));
+
+    let mut schema = vec![];
+    apply_action(
+        &mut schema,
+        &MigrationAction::CreateTable {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            columns: vec![col_with_index],
+            constraints: vec![],
+        },
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+
+    // Inline index: true should be normalized to a TableConstraint::Index
+    assert!(
+        schema[0]
+            .constraints
+            .iter()
+            .any(|c| matches!(c, TableConstraint::Index { columns, .. } if columns == &["email"])),
+        "Expected an Index constraint on 'email', got: {:?}",
+        schema[0].constraints
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn create_table_normalizes_inline_primary_key() {
+    let mut col_with_pk = col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer));
+    col_with_pk.primary_key =
+        Some(vespertide_core::schema::primary_key::PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true));
+
+    let mut schema = vec![];
+    apply_action(
+        &mut schema,
+        &MigrationAction::CreateTable {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            columns: vec![col_with_pk],
+            constraints: vec![],
+        },
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+
+    assert!(
+        schema[0].constraints.iter().any(
+            |c| matches!(c, TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { columns, .. } if columns == &["id"])
+        ),
+        "Expected a PrimaryKey constraint on 'id', got: {:?}",
+        schema[0].constraints
+    );
+}
+
+// Tests for AddColumn normalizing inline constraints
+#[test]
+fn add_column_normalizes_inline_unique() {
+    let mut schema = vec![table(
+        "users",
+        vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
+        vec![],
+    )];
+
+    let mut col_with_unique = col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
+    col_with_unique.unique = Some(vespertide_core::StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true));
+
+    apply_action(
+        &mut schema,
+        &MigrationAction::AddColumn {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            column: Box::new(col_with_unique),
+            fill_with: None,
+        },
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+
+    assert!(
+        schema[0]
+            .constraints
+            .iter()
+            .any(|c| matches!(c, TableConstraint::Unique { columns, .. } if columns == &["email"])),
+        "Expected a Unique constraint on 'email' after AddColumn, got: {:?}",
+        schema[0].constraints
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn add_column_normalizes_inline_index() {
+    let mut schema = vec![table(
+        "users",
+        vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
+        vec![],
+    )];
+
+    let mut col_with_index = col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
+    col_with_index.index = Some(vespertide_core::StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true));
+
+    apply_action(
+        &mut schema,
+        &MigrationAction::AddColumn {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            column: Box::new(col_with_index),
+            fill_with: None,
+        },
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+
+    assert!(
+        schema[0]
+            .constraints
+            .iter()
+            .any(|c| matches!(c, TableConstraint::Index { columns, .. } if columns == &["email"])),
+        "Expected an Index constraint on 'email' after AddColumn, got: {:?}",
+        schema[0].constraints
+    );
+}
+
+// Tests for ModifyColumnNullable
+#[test]
+fn apply_modify_column_nullable_success() {
+    let mut schema = vec![table(
+        "users",
+        vec![col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text))],
+        vec![],
+    )];
+
+    // Initially nullable: true (from col helper)
+    assert!(schema[0].columns[0].nullable);
+
+    apply_action(
+        &mut schema,
+        &MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            column: "email".into(),
+            nullable: false,
+            fill_with: None,
+            delete_null_rows: None,
+        },
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+
+    assert!(!schema[0].columns[0].nullable);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn apply_modify_column_nullable_table_not_found() {
+    let mut schema = vec![];
+
+    let err = apply_action(
+        &mut schema,
+        &MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            column: "email".into(),
+            nullable: false,
+            fill_with: None,
+            delete_null_rows: None,
+        },
+    )
+    .unwrap_err();
+
+    assert_err_kind(&err, ErrKind::TableNotFound);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn apply_modify_column_nullable_column_not_found() {
+    let mut schema = vec![table(
+        "users",
+        vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
+        vec![],
+    )];
+
+    let err = apply_action(
+        &mut schema,
+        &MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            column: "email".into(),
+            nullable: false,
+            fill_with: None,
+            delete_null_rows: None,
+        },
+    )
+    .unwrap_err();
+
+    assert_err_kind(&err, ErrKind::ColumnNotFound);
+}
+
+// Tests for ModifyColumnDefault
+#[test]
+fn apply_modify_column_default_set() {
+    let mut schema = vec![table(
+        "users",
+        vec![col("status", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text))],
+        vec![],
+    )];
+
+    // Initially no default
+    assert!(schema[0].columns[0].default.is_none());
+
+    apply_action(
+        &mut schema,
+        &MigrationAction::ModifyColumnDefault {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            column: "status".into(),
+            new_default: Some("'active'".into()),
+        },
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        schema[0].columns[0].default,
+        Some(vespertide_core::StringOrBool::String("'active'".into()))
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn apply_modify_column_default_drop() {
+    let mut col_with_default = col("status", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
+    col_with_default.default = Some(vespertide_core::StringOrBool::String("'active'".into()));
+
+    let mut schema = vec![table("users", vec![col_with_default], vec![])];
+
+    apply_action(
+        &mut schema,
+        &MigrationAction::ModifyColumnDefault {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            column: "status".into(),
+            new_default: None,
+        },
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+
+    assert!(schema[0].columns[0].default.is_none());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn apply_modify_column_default_table_not_found() {
+    let mut schema = vec![];
+
+    let err = apply_action(
+        &mut schema,
+        &MigrationAction::ModifyColumnDefault {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            column: "status".into(),
+            new_default: Some("'active'".into()),
+        },
+    )
+    .unwrap_err();
+
+    assert_err_kind(&err, ErrKind::TableNotFound);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn apply_modify_column_default_column_not_found() {
+    let mut schema = vec![table(
+        "users",
+        vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
+        vec![],
+    )];
+
+    let err = apply_action(
+        &mut schema,
+        &MigrationAction::ModifyColumnDefault {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            column: "status".into(),
+            new_default: Some("'active'".into()),
+        },
+    )
+    .unwrap_err();
+
+    assert_err_kind(&err, ErrKind::ColumnNotFound);
+}
+
+// Tests for ModifyColumnComment
+#[test]
+fn apply_modify_column_comment_set() {
+    let mut schema = vec![table(
+        "users",
+        vec![col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text))],
+        vec![],
+    )];
+
+    // Initially no comment
+    assert!(schema[0].columns[0].comment.is_none());
+
+    apply_action(
+        &mut schema,
+        &MigrationAction::ModifyColumnComment {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            column: "email".into(),
+            new_comment: Some("User email address".into()),
+        },
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        schema[0].columns[0].comment,
+        Some("User email address".into())
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn apply_modify_column_comment_drop() {
+    let mut col_with_comment = col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
+    col_with_comment.comment = Some("User email address".into());
+
+    let mut schema = vec![table("users", vec![col_with_comment], vec![])];
+
+    apply_action(
+        &mut schema,
+        &MigrationAction::ModifyColumnComment {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            column: "email".into(),
+            new_comment: None,
+        },
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+
+    assert!(schema[0].columns[0].comment.is_none());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn apply_modify_column_comment_table_not_found() {
+    let mut schema = vec![];
+
+    let err = apply_action(
+        &mut schema,
+        &MigrationAction::ModifyColumnComment {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            column: "email".into(),
+            new_comment: Some("User email".into()),
+        },
+    )
+    .unwrap_err();
+
+    assert_err_kind(&err, ErrKind::TableNotFound);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn apply_modify_column_comment_column_not_found() {
+    let mut schema = vec![table(
+        "users",
+        vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
+        vec![],
+    )];
+
+    let err = apply_action(
+        &mut schema,
+        &MigrationAction::ModifyColumnComment {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            column: "email".into(),
+            new_comment: Some("User email".into()),
+        },
+    )
+    .unwrap_err();
+
+    assert_err_kind(&err, ErrKind::ColumnNotFound);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn apply_replace_constraint_fk() {
+    let mut schema = vec![table(
+        "posts",
+        vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("user_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+        ],
+        vec![TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+            name: Some("fk_user".into()),
+            columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
+            ref_table: "users".into(),
+            ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+            on_delete: None,
+            on_update: None,
+        }],
+    )];
+
+    let from = TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+        name: Some("fk_user".into()),
+        columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
+        ref_table: "users".into(),
+        ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+        on_delete: None,
+        on_update: None,
+    };
+    let to = TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+        name: Some("fk_user".into()),
+        columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
+        ref_table: "users".into(),
+        ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+        on_delete: Some(vespertide_core::ReferenceAction::Cascade),
+        on_update: None,
+    };
+
+    apply_action(
+        &mut schema,
+        &MigrationAction::ReplaceConstraint {
+            table: "posts".into(),
+            from,
+            to: to.clone(),
+        },
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(schema[0].constraints.len(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(schema[0].constraints[0], to);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn apply_replace_constraint_table_not_found() {
+    let mut schema = vec![];
+    let from = idx("ix_old", vec!["col"]);
+    let to = idx("ix_new", vec!["col"]);
+    let err = apply_action(
+        &mut schema,
+        &MigrationAction::ReplaceConstraint {
+            table: "missing".into(),
+            from,
+            to,
+        },
+    )
+    .unwrap_err();
+    assert_err_kind(&err, ErrKind::TableNotFound);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn apply_replace_constraint_no_match_errors() {
+    let existing = idx("ix_existing", vec!["col"]);
+    let mut schema = vec![table(
+        "users",
+        vec![col("col", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
+        vec![existing.clone()],
+    )];
+
+    let from = idx("ix_nonexistent", vec!["other"]);
+    let to = idx("ix_new", vec!["other"]);
+    let err = apply_action(
+        &mut schema,
+        &MigrationAction::ReplaceConstraint {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            from,
+            to,
+        },
+    )
+    .unwrap_err();
+
+    assert!(matches!(err, PlannerError::TableValidation(_)));
+    assert_eq!(schema[0].constraints, vec![existing]);
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-planner/src/diff.rs b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/diff.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 691d05cd..00000000
--- a/crates/vespertide-planner/src/diff.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5206 +0,0 @@
-use std::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet, HashSet, VecDeque};
-
-use vespertide_core::{
-    ColumnType, ComplexColumnType, EnumValues, MigrationAction, MigrationPlan, TableConstraint,
-    TableDef,
-};
-
-use crate::error::PlannerError;
-
-/// Check if two constraints share the same "identity" but differ in properties.
-/// This enables emitting ReplaceConstraint instead of separate Remove + Add,
-/// avoiding double table recreation on SQLite.
-///
-/// Identity rules per constraint type:
-/// - PK: always same identity (at most one PK per table)
-/// - FK: same columns + ref_table + ref_columns (name is cosmetic)
-/// - Check: same name (expression is the "property")
-/// - Unique: same columns (name is cosmetic)
-/// - Index: same columns (name is cosmetic)
-fn constraints_same_identity(a: &TableConstraint, b: &TableConstraint) -> bool {
-    match (a, b) {
-        // PK: at most one per table, so any PK→PK change is a replacement
-        (TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { .. }, TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { .. }) => true,
-        (
-            TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                columns: cols_a,
-                ref_table: rt_a,
-                ref_columns: rc_a,
-                ..
-            },
-            TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                columns: cols_b,
-                ref_table: rt_b,
-                ref_columns: rc_b,
-                ..
-            },
-        ) => {
-            // Structural identity: same columns + same reference target
-            cols_a == cols_b && rt_a == rt_b && rc_a == rc_b
-        }
-        (
-            TableConstraint::Check { name: name_a, .. },
-            TableConstraint::Check { name: name_b, .. },
-        ) => name_a == name_b,
-        (
-            TableConstraint::Unique {
-                columns: cols_a, ..
-            },
-            TableConstraint::Unique {
-                columns: cols_b, ..
-            },
-        ) => cols_a == cols_b,
-        (
-            TableConstraint::Index {
-                columns: cols_a, ..
-            },
-            TableConstraint::Index {
-                columns: cols_b, ..
-            },
-        ) => cols_a == cols_b,
-        _ => false,
-    }
-}
-
-/// Topologically sort tables based on foreign key dependencies.
-/// Returns tables in order where tables with no FK dependencies come first,
-/// and tables that reference other tables come after their referenced tables.
-fn topological_sort_tables<'a>(tables: &[&'a TableDef]) -> Result<Vec<&'a TableDef>, PlannerError> {
-    if tables.is_empty() {
-        return Ok(vec![]);
-    }
-
-    // Build a map of table names for quick lookup
-    let table_names: HashSet<&str> = tables.iter().map(|t| t.name.as_str()).collect();
-
-    // Build adjacency list: for each table, list the tables it depends on (via FK)
-    // Use BTreeMap for consistent ordering
-    // Use BTreeSet to avoid duplicate dependencies (e.g., multiple FKs referencing the same table)
-    let mut dependencies: BTreeMap<&str, Vec<&str>> = BTreeMap::new();
-    for table in tables {
-        let mut deps_set: BTreeSet<&str> = BTreeSet::new();
-        for constraint in &table.constraints {
-            if let TableConstraint::ForeignKey { ref_table, .. } = constraint {
-                // Only consider dependencies within the set of tables being created
-                if table_names.contains(ref_table.as_str()) && ref_table != &table.name {
-                    deps_set.insert(ref_table.as_str());
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        dependencies.insert(table.name.as_str(), deps_set.into_iter().collect());
-    }
-
-    // Kahn's algorithm for topological sort
-    // Calculate in-degrees (number of tables that depend on each table)
-    // Use BTreeMap for consistent ordering
-    let mut in_degree: BTreeMap<&str, usize> = BTreeMap::new();
-    for table in tables {
-        in_degree.entry(table.name.as_str()).or_insert(0);
-    }
-
-    // For each dependency, increment the in-degree of the dependent table
-    for (table_name, deps) in &dependencies {
-        for _dep in deps {
-            // The table has dependencies, so those referenced tables must come first
-            // We actually want the reverse: tables with dependencies have higher in-degree
-        }
-        // Actually, we need to track: if A depends on B, then A has in-degree from B
-        // So A cannot be processed until B is processed
-        *in_degree.entry(table_name).or_insert(0) += deps.len();
-    }
-
-    // Start with tables that have no dependencies
-    // BTreeMap iteration is already sorted by key
-    let mut queue: VecDeque<&str> = in_degree
-        .iter()
-        .filter(|(_, deg)| **deg == 0)
-        .map(|(name, _)| *name)
-        .collect();
-
-    let mut result: Vec<&TableDef> = Vec::new();
-    let table_map: BTreeMap<&str, &TableDef> =
-        tables.iter().map(|t| (t.name.as_str(), *t)).collect();
-
-    while let Some(table_name) = queue.pop_front() {
-        if let Some(&table) = table_map.get(table_name) {
-            result.push(table);
-        }
-
-        // Collect tables that become ready (in-degree becomes 0)
-        // Use BTreeSet for consistent ordering
-        let mut ready_tables: BTreeSet<&str> = BTreeSet::new();
-        for (dependent, deps) in &dependencies {
-            if deps.contains(&table_name)
-                && let Some(degree) = in_degree.get_mut(dependent)
-            {
-                *degree -= 1;
-                if *degree == 0 {
-                    ready_tables.insert(dependent);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        for t in ready_tables {
-            queue.push_back(t);
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Check for cycles
-    if result.len() != tables.len() {
-        let remaining: Vec<&str> = tables
-            .iter()
-            .map(|t| t.name.as_str())
-            .filter(|name| !result.iter().any(|t| t.name.as_str() == *name))
-            .collect();
-        return Err(PlannerError::TableValidation(format!(
-            "Circular foreign key dependency detected among tables: {:?}",
-            remaining
-        )));
-    }
-
-    Ok(result)
-}
-
-/// Sort DeleteTable actions so that tables with FK references are deleted first.
-/// This is the reverse of creation order - use topological sort then reverse.
-/// Helper function to extract table name from DeleteTable action
-/// Safety: should only be called on DeleteTable actions
-fn extract_delete_table_name(action: &MigrationAction) -> &str {
-    match action {
-        MigrationAction::DeleteTable { table } => table.as_str(),
-        _ => panic!("Expected DeleteTable action"),
-    }
-}
-
-fn sort_delete_tables(actions: &mut [MigrationAction], all_tables: &BTreeMap<&str, &TableDef>) {
-    // Collect DeleteTable actions and their indices
-    let delete_indices: Vec<usize> = actions
-        .iter()
-        .enumerate()
-        .filter_map(|(i, a)| {
-            if matches!(a, MigrationAction::DeleteTable { .. }) {
-                Some(i)
-            } else {
-                None
-            }
-        })
-        .collect();
-
-    if delete_indices.len() <= 1 {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    // Extract table names being deleted
-    // Use BTreeSet for consistent ordering
-    let delete_table_names: BTreeSet<&str> = delete_indices
-        .iter()
-        .map(|&i| extract_delete_table_name(&actions[i]))
-        .collect();
-
-    // Build dependency graph for tables being deleted
-    // dependencies[A] = [B] means A has FK referencing B
-    // Use BTreeMap for consistent ordering
-    // Use BTreeSet to avoid duplicate dependencies (e.g., multiple FKs referencing the same table)
-    let mut dependencies: BTreeMap<&str, Vec<&str>> = BTreeMap::new();
-    for &table_name in &delete_table_names {
-        let mut deps_set: BTreeSet<&str> = BTreeSet::new();
-        if let Some(table_def) = all_tables.get(table_name) {
-            for constraint in &table_def.constraints {
-                if let TableConstraint::ForeignKey { ref_table, .. } = constraint
-                    && delete_table_names.contains(ref_table.as_str())
-                    && ref_table != table_name
-                {
-                    deps_set.insert(ref_table.as_str());
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        dependencies.insert(table_name, deps_set.into_iter().collect());
-    }
-
-    // Use Kahn's algorithm for topological sort
-    // in_degree[A] = number of tables A depends on
-    // Use BTreeMap for consistent ordering
-    let mut in_degree: BTreeMap<&str, usize> = BTreeMap::new();
-    for &table_name in &delete_table_names {
-        in_degree.insert(
-            table_name,
-            dependencies.get(table_name).map_or(0, |d| d.len()),
-        );
-    }
-
-    // Start with tables that have no dependencies (can be deleted last in creation order)
-    // BTreeMap iteration is already sorted
-    let mut queue: VecDeque<&str> = in_degree
-        .iter()
-        .filter(|(_, deg)| **deg == 0)
-        .map(|(name, _)| *name)
-        .collect();
-
-    let mut sorted_tables: Vec<&str> = Vec::new();
-    while let Some(table_name) = queue.pop_front() {
-        sorted_tables.push(table_name);
-
-        // For each table that has this one as a dependency, decrement its in-degree
-        // Use BTreeSet for consistent ordering of newly ready tables
-        let mut ready_tables: BTreeSet<&str> = BTreeSet::new();
-        for (&dependent, deps) in &dependencies {
-            if deps.contains(&table_name)
-                && let Some(degree) = in_degree.get_mut(dependent)
-            {
-                *degree -= 1;
-                if *degree == 0 {
-                    ready_tables.insert(dependent);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        for t in ready_tables {
-            queue.push_back(t);
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Reverse to get deletion order (tables with dependencies should be deleted first)
-    sorted_tables.reverse();
-
-    // Reorder the DeleteTable actions according to sorted order
-    let mut delete_actions: Vec<MigrationAction> =
-        delete_indices.iter().map(|&i| actions[i].clone()).collect();
-
-    delete_actions.sort_by(|a, b| {
-        let a_name = extract_delete_table_name(a);
-        let b_name = extract_delete_table_name(b);
-
-        let a_pos = sorted_tables.iter().position(|&t| t == a_name).unwrap_or(0);
-        let b_pos = sorted_tables.iter().position(|&t| t == b_name).unwrap_or(0);
-        a_pos.cmp(&b_pos)
-    });
-
-    // Put them back
-    for (i, idx) in delete_indices.iter().enumerate() {
-        actions[*idx] = delete_actions[i].clone();
-    }
-}
-
-/// Compare two migration actions for sorting.
-/// Returns ordering where CreateTable comes first, then non-FK-ref actions, then FK-ref actions.
-fn compare_actions_for_create_order(
-    a: &MigrationAction,
-    b: &MigrationAction,
-    created_tables: &BTreeSet<String>,
-) -> std::cmp::Ordering {
-    let a_is_create = matches!(a, MigrationAction::CreateTable { .. });
-    let b_is_create = matches!(b, MigrationAction::CreateTable { .. });
-
-    // Check if action is AddConstraint with FK referencing a created table
-    let a_refs_created = if let MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
-        constraint: TableConstraint::ForeignKey { ref_table, .. },
-        ..
-    } = a
-    {
-        created_tables.contains(ref_table)
-    } else {
-        false
-    };
-    let b_refs_created = if let MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
-        constraint: TableConstraint::ForeignKey { ref_table, .. },
-        ..
-    } = b
-    {
-        created_tables.contains(ref_table)
-    } else {
-        false
-    };
-
-    // Order: CreateTable first, then non-referencing actions, then referencing AddConstraint last
-    match (a_is_create, b_is_create, a_refs_created, b_refs_created) {
-        // Both CreateTable - maintain original order
-        (true, true, _, _) => std::cmp::Ordering::Equal,
-        // a is CreateTable, b is not - a comes first
-        (true, false, _, _) => std::cmp::Ordering::Less,
-        // a is not CreateTable, b is - b comes first
-        (false, true, _, _) => std::cmp::Ordering::Greater,
-        // Neither is CreateTable
-        // If a refs created table and b doesn't, a comes after
-        (false, false, true, false) => std::cmp::Ordering::Greater,
-        // If b refs created table and a doesn't, b comes after
-        (false, false, false, true) => std::cmp::Ordering::Less,
-        // Both ref or both don't ref - maintain original order
-        (false, false, _, _) => std::cmp::Ordering::Equal,
-    }
-}
-
-/// Sort actions so that CreateTable actions come before AddConstraint actions
-/// that reference those newly created tables via foreign keys.
-fn sort_create_before_add_constraint(actions: &mut [MigrationAction]) {
-    // Collect names of tables being created
-    let created_tables: BTreeSet<String> = actions
-        .iter()
-        .filter_map(|a| {
-            if let MigrationAction::CreateTable { table, .. } = a {
-                Some(table.clone())
-            } else {
-                None
-            }
-        })
-        .collect();
-
-    if created_tables.is_empty() {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    actions.sort_by(|a, b| compare_actions_for_create_order(a, b, &created_tables));
-}
-
-/// Get the set of string enum values that were removed (present in `from` but not in `to`).
-/// Returns None if either type is not a string enum.
-fn get_removed_string_enum_values(
-    from_type: &ColumnType,
-    to_type: &ColumnType,
-) -> Option<Vec<String>> {
-    match (from_type, to_type) {
-        (
-            ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                values: EnumValues::String(from_values),
-                ..
-            }),
-            ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                values: EnumValues::String(to_values),
-                ..
-            }),
-        ) => {
-            let to_set: HashSet<&str> = to_values.iter().map(|s| s.as_str()).collect();
-            let removed: Vec<String> = from_values
-                .iter()
-                .filter(|v| !to_set.contains(v.as_str()))
-                .cloned()
-                .collect();
-            if removed.is_empty() {
-                None
-            } else {
-                Some(removed)
-            }
-        }
-        _ => None,
-    }
-}
-
-/// Extract the unquoted value from a SQL default string.
-/// For enum defaults like `'active'`, returns `active`.
-/// For values without quotes, returns as-is.
-fn extract_unquoted_default(default_sql: &str) -> &str {
-    let trimmed = default_sql.trim();
-    if trimmed.starts_with('\'') && trimmed.ends_with('\'') && trimmed.len() >= 2 {
-        &trimmed[1..trimmed.len() - 1]
-    } else {
-        trimmed
-    }
-}
-
-/// Sort ModifyColumnType and ModifyColumnDefault actions when they affect the same
-/// column AND involve enum value removal where the old default is the removed value.
-///
-/// When an enum value is being removed and the current default is that value,
-/// the default must be changed BEFORE the type is modified (to remove the enum value).
-/// Otherwise, the database will reject the ALTER TYPE because the default still
-/// references a value that would be removed.
-fn sort_enum_default_dependencies(
-    actions: &mut [MigrationAction],
-    from_map: &BTreeMap<&str, &TableDef>,
-) {
-    // Find indices of ModifyColumnType and ModifyColumnDefault actions
-    // Group by (table, column)
-    let mut type_changes: BTreeMap<(&str, &str), (usize, &ColumnType)> = BTreeMap::new();
-    let mut default_changes: BTreeMap<(&str, &str), usize> = BTreeMap::new();
-
-    for (i, action) in actions.iter().enumerate() {
-        match action {
-            MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType {
-                table,
-                column,
-                new_type,
-                ..
-            } => {
-                type_changes.insert((table.as_str(), column.as_str()), (i, new_type));
-            }
-            MigrationAction::ModifyColumnDefault { table, column, .. } => {
-                default_changes.insert((table.as_str(), column.as_str()), i);
-            }
-            _ => {}
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Find pairs that need reordering
-    let mut swaps: Vec<(usize, usize)> = Vec::new();
-
-    for ((table, column), (type_idx, new_type)) in &type_changes {
-        if let Some(&default_idx) = default_changes.get(&(*table, *column))
-            && let Some(from_table) = from_map.get(table)
-            && let Some(from_column) = from_table.columns.iter().find(|c| c.name == *column)
-            && let Some(removed_values) =
-                get_removed_string_enum_values(&from_column.r#type, new_type)
-            && let Some(ref old_default) = from_column.default
-        {
-            // Both ModifyColumnType and ModifyColumnDefault exist for same column
-            // Check if old default is one of the removed enum values
-            let old_default_sql = old_default.to_sql();
-            let old_default_unquoted = extract_unquoted_default(&old_default_sql);
-
-            if removed_values.iter().any(|v| v == old_default_unquoted) && *type_idx < default_idx {
-                // Old default is being removed - must change default BEFORE type
-                swaps.push((*type_idx, default_idx));
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Apply swaps
-    for (i, j) in swaps {
-        actions.swap(i, j);
-    }
-}
-
-/// Diff two schema snapshots into a migration plan.
-/// Schemas are normalized for comparison purposes, but the original (non-normalized)
-/// tables are used in migration actions to preserve inline constraint definitions.
-pub fn diff_schemas(from: &[TableDef], to: &[TableDef]) -> Result<MigrationPlan, PlannerError> {
-    let mut actions: Vec<MigrationAction> = Vec::new();
-
-    // Normalize both schemas for comparison (to ensure inline and table-level constraints are treated equally)
-    let from_normalized: Vec<TableDef> = from
-        .iter()
-        .map(|t| {
-            t.normalize().map_err(|e| {
-                PlannerError::TableValidation(format!(
-                    "Failed to normalize table '{}': {}",
-                    t.name, e
-                ))
-            })
-        })
-        .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
-    let to_normalized: Vec<TableDef> = to
-        .iter()
-        .map(|t| {
-            t.normalize().map_err(|e| {
-                PlannerError::TableValidation(format!(
-                    "Failed to normalize table '{}': {}",
-                    t.name, e
-                ))
-            })
-        })
-        .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
-
-    // Use BTreeMap for consistent ordering
-    // Normalized versions for comparison
-    let from_map: BTreeMap<_, _> = from_normalized
-        .iter()
-        .map(|t| (t.name.as_str(), t))
-        .collect();
-    let to_map: BTreeMap<_, _> = to_normalized.iter().map(|t| (t.name.as_str(), t)).collect();
-
-    // Original (non-normalized) versions for migration storage
-    let to_original_map: BTreeMap<_, _> = to.iter().map(|t| (t.name.as_str(), t)).collect();
-
-    // Drop tables that disappeared.
-    for name in from_map.keys() {
-        if !to_map.contains_key(name) {
-            actions.push(MigrationAction::DeleteTable {
-                table: name.to_string(),
-            });
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Update existing tables and their indexes/columns.
-    for (name, to_tbl) in &to_map {
-        if let Some(from_tbl) = from_map.get(name) {
-            // Columns - use BTreeMap for consistent ordering
-            let from_cols: BTreeMap<_, _> = from_tbl
-                .columns
-                .iter()
-                .map(|c| (c.name.as_str(), c))
-                .collect();
-            let to_cols: BTreeMap<_, _> = to_tbl
-                .columns
-                .iter()
-                .map(|c| (c.name.as_str(), c))
-                .collect();
-
-            // Deleted columns - collect the set of columns being deleted for this table
-            let deleted_columns: BTreeSet<&str> = from_cols
-                .keys()
-                .filter(|col| !to_cols.contains_key(*col))
-                .copied()
-                .collect();
-
-            for col in &deleted_columns {
-                actions.push(MigrationAction::DeleteColumn {
-                    table: name.to_string(),
-                    column: col.to_string(),
-                });
-            }
-
-            // Modified columns - type changes
-            for (col, to_def) in &to_cols {
-                if let Some(from_def) = from_cols.get(col) {
-                    let needs_type_migration = from_def.r#type.requires_migration(&to_def.r#type);
-
-                    // Detect string enum name changes even when values are identical.
-                    // The PostgreSQL enum type name is derived from the enum name
-                    // (e.g., `{table}_{enum_name}`), so a name change requires
-                    // DROP TYPE old + CREATE TYPE new at the SQL level.
-                    let needs_enum_rename = !needs_type_migration
-                        && matches!(
-                            (&from_def.r#type, &to_def.r#type),
-                            (
-                                ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                                    name: old_name,
-                                    values: old_values,
-                                }),
-                                ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                                    name: new_name,
-                                    values: new_values,
-                                }),
-                            ) if old_name != new_name
-                                && !old_values.is_integer()
-                                && !new_values.is_integer()
-                        );
-
-                    if needs_type_migration || needs_enum_rename {
-                        actions.push(MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType {
-                            table: name.to_string(),
-                            column: col.to_string(),
-                            new_type: to_def.r#type.clone(),
-                            fill_with: None,
-                        });
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-
-            // Modified columns - nullable changes
-            for (col, to_def) in &to_cols {
-                if let Some(from_def) = from_cols.get(col)
-                    && from_def.nullable != to_def.nullable
-                {
-                    actions.push(MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
-                        table: name.to_string(),
-                        column: col.to_string(),
-                        nullable: to_def.nullable,
-                        fill_with: None,
-                        delete_null_rows: None,
-                    });
-                }
-            }
-
-            // Modified columns - default value changes
-            for (col, to_def) in &to_cols {
-                if let Some(from_def) = from_cols.get(col) {
-                    let from_default = from_def.default.as_ref().map(|d| d.to_sql());
-                    let to_default = to_def.default.as_ref().map(|d| d.to_sql());
-                    if from_default != to_default {
-                        actions.push(MigrationAction::ModifyColumnDefault {
-                            table: name.to_string(),
-                            column: col.to_string(),
-                            new_default: to_default,
-                        });
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-
-            // Modified columns - comment changes
-            for (col, to_def) in &to_cols {
-                if let Some(from_def) = from_cols.get(col)
-                    && from_def.comment != to_def.comment
-                {
-                    actions.push(MigrationAction::ModifyColumnComment {
-                        table: name.to_string(),
-                        column: col.to_string(),
-                        new_comment: to_def.comment.clone(),
-                    });
-                }
-            }
-
-            // Added columns
-            // Inline constraints (index, unique, foreign_key, primary_key) are already
-            // promoted to table-level TableConstraint entries by normalize(), so they
-            // will be emitted as separate AddConstraint actions in the constraint diff
-            // below. Strip them from the column def to prevent apply_action's normalize()
-            // from adding phantom constraints to the evolving schema, which would cause
-            // premature index recreation during SQLite temp table rebuilds.
-            for (col, def) in &to_cols {
-                if !from_cols.contains_key(col) {
-                    let mut col_def = (*def).clone();
-                    col_def.primary_key = None;
-                    col_def.unique = None;
-                    col_def.index = None;
-                    col_def.foreign_key = None;
-                    actions.push(MigrationAction::AddColumn {
-                        table: name.to_string(),
-                        column: Box::new(col_def),
-                        fill_with: None,
-                    });
-                }
-            }
-
-            // Constraints - compare and detect additions/removals/replacements (includes indexes)
-            // Skip RemoveConstraint for constraints where ALL columns are being deleted
-            // (the constraint will be automatically dropped when the column is dropped)
-            //
-            // For constraints that share the same "identity" (e.g., FK with same columns
-            // and ref_table/ref_columns but different on_delete/on_update), emit a single
-            // ReplaceConstraint instead of separate Remove + Add to avoid double table
-            // recreation on SQLite.
-            let mut replaced_from: Vec<usize> = Vec::new();
-            let mut replaced_to: Vec<usize> = Vec::new();
-
-            // First pass: detect constraint replacements (same identity, different properties)
-            for (fi, from_constraint) in from_tbl.constraints.iter().enumerate() {
-                if to_tbl.constraints.contains(from_constraint) {
-                    continue; // Exact match, no change needed
-                }
-                for (ti, to_constraint) in to_tbl.constraints.iter().enumerate() {
-                    if from_tbl.constraints.contains(to_constraint) {
-                        continue; // Exact match with something else
-                    }
-                    if replaced_to.contains(&ti) {
-                        continue; // Already paired
-                    }
-                    if constraints_same_identity(from_constraint, to_constraint) {
-                        replaced_from.push(fi);
-                        replaced_to.push(ti);
-                        actions.push(MigrationAction::ReplaceConstraint {
-                            table: name.to_string(),
-                            from: from_constraint.clone(),
-                            to: to_constraint.clone(),
-                        });
-                        break;
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-
-            // Second pass: remaining removals (not replaced)
-            for (fi, from_constraint) in from_tbl.constraints.iter().enumerate() {
-                if to_tbl.constraints.contains(from_constraint) || replaced_from.contains(&fi) {
-                    continue;
-                }
-                // Get the columns referenced by this constraint
-                let constraint_columns = from_constraint.columns();
-
-                // Skip if ALL columns of the constraint are being deleted
-                let all_columns_deleted = !constraint_columns.is_empty()
-                    && constraint_columns
-                        .iter()
-                        .all(|col| deleted_columns.contains(col.as_str()));
-
-                if !all_columns_deleted {
-                    actions.push(MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint {
-                        table: name.to_string(),
-                        constraint: from_constraint.clone(),
-                    });
-                }
-            }
-
-            // Third pass: remaining additions (not replaced)
-            for (ti, to_constraint) in to_tbl.constraints.iter().enumerate() {
-                if from_tbl.constraints.contains(to_constraint) || replaced_to.contains(&ti) {
-                    continue;
-                }
-                actions.push(MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
-                    table: name.to_string(),
-                    constraint: to_constraint.clone(),
-                });
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Create new tables (and their indexes).
-    // Use original (non-normalized) tables to preserve inline constraint definitions.
-    // Collect new tables first, then topologically sort them by FK dependencies.
-    let new_tables: Vec<&TableDef> = to_map
-        .iter()
-        .filter(|(name, _)| !from_map.contains_key(*name))
-        .map(|(_, tbl)| *tbl)
-        .collect();
-
-    let sorted_new_tables = topological_sort_tables(&new_tables)?;
-
-    for tbl in sorted_new_tables {
-        // Get the original (non-normalized) table to preserve inline constraints
-        let original_tbl = to_original_map.get(tbl.name.as_str()).unwrap();
-        actions.push(MigrationAction::CreateTable {
-            table: original_tbl.name.clone(),
-            columns: original_tbl.columns.clone(),
-            constraints: original_tbl.constraints.clone(),
-        });
-    }
-
-    // Sort DeleteTable actions so tables with FK dependencies are deleted first
-    sort_delete_tables(&mut actions, &from_map);
-
-    // Sort so CreateTable comes before AddConstraint that references the new table
-    sort_create_before_add_constraint(&mut actions);
-
-    // Sort so ModifyColumnDefault comes before ModifyColumnType when removing enum values
-    // that were used as the default
-    sort_enum_default_dependencies(&mut actions, &from_map);
-
-    Ok(MigrationPlan {
-        id: String::new(),
-        comment: None,
-        created_at: None,
-        version: 0,
-        actions,
-    })
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use super::*;
-    use rstest::rstest;
-    use vespertide_core::{
-        ColumnDef, ColumnType, MigrationAction, SimpleColumnType,
-        schema::{primary_key::PrimaryKeySyntax, str_or_bool::StrOrBoolOrArray},
-    };
-
-    fn col(name: &str, ty: ColumnType) -> ColumnDef {
-        ColumnDef {
-            name: name.to_string(),
-            r#type: ty,
-            nullable: true,
-            default: None,
-            comment: None,
-            primary_key: None,
-            unique: None,
-            index: None,
-            foreign_key: None,
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn table(
-        name: &str,
-        columns: Vec<ColumnDef>,
-        constraints: Vec<vespertide_core::TableConstraint>,
-    ) -> TableDef {
-        TableDef {
-            name: name.to_string(),
-            description: None,
-            columns,
-            constraints,
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn idx(name: &str, columns: Vec<&str>) -> TableConstraint {
-        TableConstraint::Index {
-            name: Some(name.to_string()),
-            columns: columns.into_iter().map(|s| s.to_string()).collect(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case::add_column_and_index(
-        vec![table(
-            "users",
-            vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
-            vec![],
-        )],
-        vec![table(
-            "users",
-            vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                col("name", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
-            ],
-            vec![idx("ix_users__name", vec!["name"])],
-        )],
-        vec![
-            MigrationAction::AddColumn {
-                table: "users".into(),
-                column: Box::new(col("name", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text))),
-                fill_with: None,
-            },
-            MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
-                table: "users".into(),
-                constraint: idx("ix_users__name", vec!["name"]),
-            },
-        ]
-    )]
-    #[case::drop_table(
-        vec![table(
-            "users",
-            vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
-            vec![],
-        )],
-        vec![],
-        vec![MigrationAction::DeleteTable {
-            table: "users".into()
-        }]
-    )]
-    #[case::add_table_with_index(
-        vec![],
-        vec![table(
-            "users",
-            vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
-            vec![idx("idx_users_id", vec!["id"])],
-        )],
-        vec![
-            MigrationAction::CreateTable {
-                table: "users".into(),
-                columns: vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
-                constraints: vec![idx("idx_users_id", vec!["id"])],
-            },
-        ]
-    )]
-    #[case::delete_column(
-        vec![table(
-            "users",
-            vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)), col("name", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text))],
-            vec![],
-        )],
-        vec![table(
-            "users",
-            vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
-            vec![],
-        )],
-        vec![MigrationAction::DeleteColumn {
-            table: "users".into(),
-            column: "name".into(),
-        }]
-    )]
-    #[case::modify_column_type(
-        vec![table(
-            "users",
-            vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
-            vec![],
-        )],
-        vec![table(
-            "users",
-            vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text))],
-            vec![],
-        )],
-        vec![MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType {
-            table: "users".into(),
-            column: "id".into(),
-            new_type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-            fill_with: None,
-        }]
-    )]
-    #[case::remove_index(
-        vec![table(
-            "users",
-            vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
-            vec![idx("idx_users_id", vec!["id"])],
-        )],
-        vec![table(
-            "users",
-            vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
-            vec![],
-        )],
-        vec![MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint {
-            table: "users".into(),
-            constraint: idx("idx_users_id", vec!["id"]),
-        }]
-    )]
-    #[case::add_index_existing_table(
-        vec![table(
-            "users",
-            vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
-            vec![],
-        )],
-        vec![table(
-            "users",
-            vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
-            vec![idx("idx_users_id", vec!["id"])],
-        )],
-        vec![MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
-            table: "users".into(),
-            constraint: idx("idx_users_id", vec!["id"]),
-        }]
-    )]
-    fn diff_schemas_detects_additions(
-        #[case] from_schema: Vec<TableDef>,
-        #[case] to_schema: Vec<TableDef>,
-        #[case] expected_actions: Vec<MigrationAction>,
-    ) {
-        let plan = diff_schemas(&from_schema, &to_schema).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(plan.actions, expected_actions);
-    }
-
-    // Tests for integer enum handling
-    mod integer_enum {
-        use super::*;
-        use vespertide_core::{ComplexColumnType, EnumValues, NumValue};
-
-        #[test]
-        fn integer_enum_values_changed_no_migration() {
-            // Integer enum values changed - should NOT generate ModifyColumnType
-            let from = vec![table(
-                "orders",
-                vec![col(
-                    "status",
-                    ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                        name: "order_status".into(),
-                        values: EnumValues::Integer(vec![
-                            NumValue {
-                                name: "Pending".into(),
-                                value: 0,
-                            },
-                            NumValue {
-                                name: "Shipped".into(),
-                                value: 1,
-                            },
-                        ]),
-                    }),
-                )],
-                vec![],
-            )];
-
-            let to = vec![table(
-                "orders",
-                vec![col(
-                    "status",
-                    ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                        name: "order_status".into(),
-                        values: EnumValues::Integer(vec![
-                            NumValue {
-                                name: "Pending".into(),
-                                value: 0,
-                            },
-                            NumValue {
-                                name: "Shipped".into(),
-                                value: 1,
-                            },
-                            NumValue {
-                                name: "Delivered".into(),
-                                value: 2,
-                            },
-                            NumValue {
-                                name: "Cancelled".into(),
-                                value: 100,
-                            },
-                        ]),
-                    }),
-                )],
-                vec![],
-            )];
-
-            let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
-            assert!(
-                plan.actions.is_empty(),
-                "Expected no actions, got: {:?}",
-                plan.actions
-            );
-        }
-
-        #[test]
-        fn integer_enum_name_changed_no_migration() {
-            // Integer enum name changed - should NOT generate migration
-            // because integer enums use INTEGER column type, not a named PG type.
-            let from = vec![table(
-                "orders",
-                vec![col(
-                    "status",
-                    ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                        name: "order_status".into(),
-                        values: EnumValues::Integer(vec![
-                            NumValue {
-                                name: "Pending".into(),
-                                value: 0,
-                            },
-                            NumValue {
-                                name: "Shipped".into(),
-                                value: 1,
-                            },
-                        ]),
-                    }),
-                )],
-                vec![],
-            )];
-
-            let to = vec![table(
-                "orders",
-                vec![col(
-                    "status",
-                    ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                        name: "status".into(),
-                        values: EnumValues::Integer(vec![
-                            NumValue {
-                                name: "Pending".into(),
-                                value: 0,
-                            },
-                            NumValue {
-                                name: "Shipped".into(),
-                                value: 1,
-                            },
-                        ]),
-                    }),
-                )],
-                vec![],
-            )];
-
-            let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
-            assert!(
-                plan.actions.is_empty(),
-                "Expected no actions for integer enum name change, got: {:?}",
-                plan.actions
-            );
-        }
-        #[test]
-        fn string_enum_values_changed_requires_migration() {
-            // String enum values changed - SHOULD generate ModifyColumnType
-            let from = vec![table(
-                "orders",
-                vec![col(
-                    "status",
-                    ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                        name: "order_status".into(),
-                        values: EnumValues::String(vec!["pending".into(), "shipped".into()]),
-                    }),
-                )],
-                vec![],
-            )];
-
-            let to = vec![table(
-                "orders",
-                vec![col(
-                    "status",
-                    ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                        name: "order_status".into(),
-                        values: EnumValues::String(vec![
-                            "pending".into(),
-                            "shipped".into(),
-                            "delivered".into(),
-                        ]),
-                    }),
-                )],
-                vec![],
-            )];
-
-            let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
-            assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 1);
-            assert!(matches!(
-                &plan.actions[0],
-                MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType { table, column, .. }
-                if table == "orders" && column == "status"
-            ));
-        }
-
-        #[test]
-        fn string_enum_name_changed_same_values_requires_migration() {
-            // String enum name changed but values identical - SHOULD generate migration
-            // because the PostgreSQL enum type name is derived from the enum name.
-            let from = vec![table(
-                "orders",
-                vec![col(
-                    "status",
-                    ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                        name: "order_status".into(),
-                        values: EnumValues::String(vec!["pending".into(), "shipped".into()]),
-                    }),
-                )],
-                vec![],
-            )];
-            let to = vec![table(
-                "orders",
-                vec![col(
-                    "status",
-                    ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                        name: "status".into(),
-                        values: EnumValues::String(vec!["pending".into(), "shipped".into()]),
-                    }),
-                )],
-                vec![],
-            )];
-            let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
-            assert_eq!(
-                plan.actions.len(),
-                1,
-                "Expected 1 action for enum name change, got: {:?}",
-                plan.actions
-            );
-            assert!(matches!(
-                &plan.actions[0],
-                MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType { table, column, new_type, .. }
-                if table == "orders" && column == "status"
-                    && matches!(new_type, ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum { name, .. }) if name == "status")
-            ));
-        }
-
-        #[test]
-        fn string_enum_name_and_values_changed_requires_migration() {
-            // String enum name AND values changed - SHOULD generate ModifyColumnType
-            let from = vec![table(
-                "orders",
-                vec![col(
-                    "status",
-                    ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                        name: "order_status".into(),
-                        values: EnumValues::String(vec!["pending".into(), "shipped".into()]),
-                    }),
-                )],
-                vec![],
-            )];
-
-            let to = vec![table(
-                "orders",
-                vec![col(
-                    "status",
-                    ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                        name: "status".into(),
-                        values: EnumValues::String(vec![
-                            "pending".into(),
-                            "shipped".into(),
-                            "delivered".into(),
-                        ]),
-                    }),
-                )],
-                vec![],
-            )];
-
-            let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
-            assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 1);
-            assert!(matches!(
-                &plan.actions[0],
-                MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType { table, column, .. }
-                if table == "orders" && column == "status"
-            ));
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Tests for detecting enum name changes
-    mod enum_name_change {
-        use super::*;
-        use vespertide_core::{ComplexColumnType, EnumValues, NumValue};
-
-        #[test]
-        fn same_enum_name_and_values_no_migration() {
-            // Identical enum - no migration needed
-            let schema = vec![table(
-                "orders",
-                vec![col(
-                    "status",
-                    ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                        name: "order_status".into(),
-                        values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into()]),
-                    }),
-                )],
-                vec![],
-            )];
-
-            let plan = diff_schemas(&schema, &schema).unwrap();
-            assert!(plan.actions.is_empty());
-        }
-
-        #[test]
-        fn string_enum_name_only_changed_detects_rename() {
-            // Only enum name changed, values identical - MUST detect as rename
-            let from = vec![table(
-                "users",
-                vec![col(
-                    "role",
-                    ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                        name: "user_role".into(),
-                        values: EnumValues::String(vec![
-                            "admin".into(),
-                            "member".into(),
-                            "guest".into(),
-                        ]),
-                    }),
-                )],
-                vec![],
-            )];
-
-            let to = vec![table(
-                "users",
-                vec![col(
-                    "role",
-                    ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                        name: "role".into(),
-                        values: EnumValues::String(vec![
-                            "admin".into(),
-                            "member".into(),
-                            "guest".into(),
-                        ]),
-                    }),
-                )],
-                vec![],
-            )];
-
-            let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
-            assert_eq!(
-                plan.actions.len(),
-                1,
-                "Expected 1 action, got: {:?}",
-                plan.actions
-            );
-            assert!(matches!(
-                &plan.actions[0],
-                MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType { table, column, new_type, .. }
-                if table == "users" && column == "role"
-                    && matches!(new_type, ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum { name, .. }) if name == "role")
-            ));
-        }
-
-        #[test]
-        fn multiple_columns_enum_name_changed() {
-            // Multiple columns with enum name changes in same table
-            let from = vec![table(
-                "orders",
-                vec![
-                    col(
-                        "status",
-                        ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                            name: "order_status".into(),
-                            values: EnumValues::String(vec!["pending".into(), "shipped".into()]),
-                        }),
-                    ),
-                    col(
-                        "priority",
-                        ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                            name: "order_priority".into(),
-                            values: EnumValues::String(vec!["low".into(), "high".into()]),
-                        }),
-                    ),
-                ],
-                vec![],
-            )];
-
-            let to = vec![table(
-                "orders",
-                vec![
-                    col(
-                        "status",
-                        ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                            name: "status".into(),
-                            values: EnumValues::String(vec!["pending".into(), "shipped".into()]),
-                        }),
-                    ),
-                    col(
-                        "priority",
-                        ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                            name: "priority".into(),
-                            values: EnumValues::String(vec!["low".into(), "high".into()]),
-                        }),
-                    ),
-                ],
-                vec![],
-            )];
-
-            let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
-            assert_eq!(
-                plan.actions.len(),
-                2,
-                "Expected 2 actions, got: {:?}",
-                plan.actions
-            );
-            // Both should be ModifyColumnType for enum renames
-            assert!(
-                plan.actions
-                    .iter()
-                    .all(|a| matches!(a, MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType { .. }))
-            );
-        }
-
-        #[test]
-        fn integer_enum_name_changed_ignored() {
-            // Integer enum name change - should be ignored (DB type is always INTEGER)
-            let from = vec![table(
-                "orders",
-                vec![col(
-                    "priority",
-                    ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                        name: "old_priority".into(),
-                        values: EnumValues::Integer(vec![
-                            NumValue {
-                                name: "Low".into(),
-                                value: 0,
-                            },
-                            NumValue {
-                                name: "High".into(),
-                                value: 10,
-                            },
-                        ]),
-                    }),
-                )],
-                vec![],
-            )];
-
-            let to = vec![table(
-                "orders",
-                vec![col(
-                    "priority",
-                    ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                        name: "new_priority".into(),
-                        values: EnumValues::Integer(vec![
-                            NumValue {
-                                name: "Low".into(),
-                                value: 0,
-                            },
-                            NumValue {
-                                name: "High".into(),
-                                value: 10,
-                            },
-                        ]),
-                    }),
-                )],
-                vec![],
-            )];
-
-            let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
-            assert!(
-                plan.actions.is_empty(),
-                "Expected no actions for integer enum rename, got: {:?}",
-                plan.actions
-            );
-        }
-
-        #[test]
-        fn enum_name_changed_across_tables() {
-            // Enum name changes detected across different tables
-            let from = vec![
-                table(
-                    "users",
-                    vec![col(
-                        "status",
-                        ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                            name: "user_status".into(),
-                            values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "banned".into()]),
-                        }),
-                    )],
-                    vec![],
-                ),
-                table(
-                    "orders",
-                    vec![col(
-                        "status",
-                        ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                            name: "order_status".into(),
-                            values: EnumValues::String(vec!["pending".into(), "done".into()]),
-                        }),
-                    )],
-                    vec![],
-                ),
-            ];
-
-            let to = vec![
-                table(
-                    "users",
-                    vec![col(
-                        "status",
-                        ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                            name: "status".into(),
-                            values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "banned".into()]),
-                        }),
-                    )],
-                    vec![],
-                ),
-                table(
-                    "orders",
-                    vec![col(
-                        "status",
-                        ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                            name: "status".into(),
-                            values: EnumValues::String(vec!["pending".into(), "done".into()]),
-                        }),
-                    )],
-                    vec![],
-                ),
-            ];
-
-            let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
-            assert_eq!(
-                plan.actions.len(),
-                2,
-                "Expected 2 actions, got: {:?}",
-                plan.actions
-            );
-            assert!(
-                plan.actions
-                    .iter()
-                    .all(|a| matches!(a, MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType { .. }))
-            );
-        }
-
-        #[test]
-        fn enum_name_changed_with_value_change_single_action() {
-            // Both name AND values changed - should produce only ONE ModifyColumnType
-            // (the value change already triggers it; enum rename doesn't duplicate)
-            let from = vec![table(
-                "orders",
-                vec![col(
-                    "status",
-                    ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                        name: "order_status".into(),
-                        values: EnumValues::String(vec!["pending".into(), "shipped".into()]),
-                    }),
-                )],
-                vec![],
-            )];
-
-            let to = vec![table(
-                "orders",
-                vec![col(
-                    "status",
-                    ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                        name: "status".into(),
-                        values: EnumValues::String(vec![
-                            "pending".into(),
-                            "shipped".into(),
-                            "delivered".into(),
-                        ]),
-                    }),
-                )],
-                vec![],
-            )];
-
-            let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
-            // Should be exactly 1 action, not 2 (no duplicate for name + values)
-            assert_eq!(
-                plan.actions.len(),
-                1,
-                "Expected exactly 1 action, got: {:?}",
-                plan.actions
-            );
-            assert!(matches!(
-                &plan.actions[0],
-                MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType { .. }
-            ));
-        }
-    }
-    // Tests for enum + default value ordering
-    mod enum_default_ordering {
-        use super::*;
-        use vespertide_core::{ComplexColumnType, EnumValues};
-
-        fn col_enum_with_default(
-            name: &str,
-            enum_name: &str,
-            values: Vec<&str>,
-            default: &str,
-        ) -> ColumnDef {
-            ColumnDef {
-                name: name.to_string(),
-                r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                    name: enum_name.to_string(),
-                    values: EnumValues::String(values.into_iter().map(String::from).collect()),
-                }),
-                nullable: false,
-                default: Some(default.into()),
-                comment: None,
-                primary_key: None,
-                unique: None,
-                index: None,
-                foreign_key: None,
-            }
-        }
-
-        #[test]
-        fn enum_add_value_with_new_default() {
-            // Case 1: Add new enum value and change default to that new value
-            // Expected order: ModifyColumnType FIRST (add value), then ModifyColumnDefault
-            let from = vec![table(
-                "orders",
-                vec![col_enum_with_default(
-                    "status",
-                    "order_status",
-                    vec!["pending", "shipped"],
-                    "'pending'",
-                )],
-                vec![],
-            )];
-
-            let to = vec![table(
-                "orders",
-                vec![col_enum_with_default(
-                    "status",
-                    "order_status",
-                    vec!["pending", "shipped", "delivered"],
-                    "'delivered'", // new default uses newly added value
-                )],
-                vec![],
-            )];
-
-            let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
-
-            // Should generate both actions
-            assert_eq!(
-                plan.actions.len(),
-                2,
-                "Expected 2 actions, got: {:?}",
-                plan.actions
-            );
-
-            // ModifyColumnType should come FIRST (to add the new enum value)
-            assert!(
-                matches!(&plan.actions[0], MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType { table, column, .. }
-                    if table == "orders" && column == "status"),
-                "First action should be ModifyColumnType, got: {:?}",
-                plan.actions[0]
-            );
-
-            // ModifyColumnDefault should come SECOND
-            assert!(
-                matches!(&plan.actions[1], MigrationAction::ModifyColumnDefault { table, column, .. }
-                    if table == "orders" && column == "status"),
-                "Second action should be ModifyColumnDefault, got: {:?}",
-                plan.actions[1]
-            );
-        }
-
-        #[test]
-        fn enum_remove_value_that_was_default() {
-            // Case 2: Remove enum value that was the default
-            // Expected order: ModifyColumnDefault FIRST (change away from removed value),
-            //                 then ModifyColumnType (remove the value)
-            let from = vec![table(
-                "orders",
-                vec![col_enum_with_default(
-                    "status",
-                    "order_status",
-                    vec!["pending", "shipped", "cancelled"],
-                    "'cancelled'", // default is 'cancelled' which will be removed
-                )],
-                vec![],
-            )];
-
-            let to = vec![table(
-                "orders",
-                vec![col_enum_with_default(
-                    "status",
-                    "order_status",
-                    vec!["pending", "shipped"], // 'cancelled' removed
-                    "'pending'",                // default changed to existing value
-                )],
-                vec![],
-            )];
-
-            let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
-
-            // Should generate both actions
-            assert_eq!(
-                plan.actions.len(),
-                2,
-                "Expected 2 actions, got: {:?}",
-                plan.actions
-            );
-
-            // ModifyColumnDefault should come FIRST (change default before removing enum value)
-            assert!(
-                matches!(&plan.actions[0], MigrationAction::ModifyColumnDefault { table, column, .. }
-                    if table == "orders" && column == "status"),
-                "First action should be ModifyColumnDefault, got: {:?}",
-                plan.actions[0]
-            );
-
-            // ModifyColumnType should come SECOND (now safe to remove enum value)
-            assert!(
-                matches!(&plan.actions[1], MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType { table, column, .. }
-                    if table == "orders" && column == "status"),
-                "Second action should be ModifyColumnType, got: {:?}",
-                plan.actions[1]
-            );
-        }
-
-        #[test]
-        fn enum_remove_value_default_unchanged() {
-            // Remove enum value, but default was NOT that value (no reordering needed)
-            let from = vec![table(
-                "orders",
-                vec![col_enum_with_default(
-                    "status",
-                    "order_status",
-                    vec!["pending", "shipped", "cancelled"],
-                    "'pending'", // default is 'pending', not the removed 'cancelled'
-                )],
-                vec![],
-            )];
-
-            let to = vec![table(
-                "orders",
-                vec![col_enum_with_default(
-                    "status",
-                    "order_status",
-                    vec!["pending", "shipped"], // 'cancelled' removed
-                    "'pending'",                // default unchanged
-                )],
-                vec![],
-            )];
-
-            let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
-
-            // Should generate only ModifyColumnType (default unchanged)
-            assert_eq!(
-                plan.actions.len(),
-                1,
-                "Expected 1 action, got: {:?}",
-                plan.actions
-            );
-            assert!(
-                matches!(&plan.actions[0], MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType { table, column, .. }
-                    if table == "orders" && column == "status"),
-                "Action should be ModifyColumnType, got: {:?}",
-                plan.actions[0]
-            );
-        }
-
-        #[test]
-        fn enum_remove_value_with_default_change_to_remaining() {
-            // Remove multiple enum values, old default was one of them, new default is a remaining value
-            let from = vec![table(
-                "orders",
-                vec![col_enum_with_default(
-                    "status",
-                    "order_status",
-                    vec!["draft", "pending", "shipped", "delivered", "cancelled"],
-                    "'cancelled'",
-                )],
-                vec![],
-            )];
-
-            let to = vec![table(
-                "orders",
-                vec![col_enum_with_default(
-                    "status",
-                    "order_status",
-                    vec!["pending", "shipped", "delivered"], // removed 'draft' and 'cancelled'
-                    "'pending'",
-                )],
-                vec![],
-            )];
-
-            let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
-
-            assert_eq!(
-                plan.actions.len(),
-                2,
-                "Expected 2 actions, got: {:?}",
-                plan.actions
-            );
-
-            // ModifyColumnDefault MUST come first because old default 'cancelled' is being removed
-            assert!(
-                matches!(
-                    &plan.actions[0],
-                    MigrationAction::ModifyColumnDefault { .. }
-                ),
-                "First action should be ModifyColumnDefault, got: {:?}",
-                plan.actions[0]
-            );
-            assert!(
-                matches!(&plan.actions[1], MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType { .. }),
-                "Second action should be ModifyColumnType, got: {:?}",
-                plan.actions[1]
-            );
-        }
-
-        #[test]
-        fn enum_remove_value_with_unquoted_default() {
-            // Test coverage for extract_unquoted_default else branch (line 335)
-            // When default value doesn't have quotes, it should still be compared correctly
-            let from = vec![table(
-                "orders",
-                vec![col_enum_with_default(
-                    "status",
-                    "order_status",
-                    vec!["pending", "shipped", "cancelled"],
-                    "cancelled", // unquoted default (no single quotes)
-                )],
-                vec![],
-            )];
-
-            let to = vec![table(
-                "orders",
-                vec![col_enum_with_default(
-                    "status",
-                    "order_status",
-                    vec!["pending", "shipped"], // 'cancelled' removed
-                    "pending",                  // unquoted default
-                )],
-                vec![],
-            )];
-
-            let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
-
-            // Should generate both actions
-            assert_eq!(
-                plan.actions.len(),
-                2,
-                "Expected 2 actions, got: {:?}",
-                plan.actions
-            );
-
-            // ModifyColumnDefault should come FIRST because unquoted 'cancelled' matches removed value
-            assert!(
-                matches!(
-                    &plan.actions[0],
-                    MigrationAction::ModifyColumnDefault { .. }
-                ),
-                "First action should be ModifyColumnDefault, got: {:?}",
-                plan.actions[0]
-            );
-            assert!(
-                matches!(&plan.actions[1], MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType { .. }),
-                "Second action should be ModifyColumnType, got: {:?}",
-                plan.actions[1]
-            );
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Tests for inline column constraints normalization
-    mod inline_constraints {
-        use super::*;
-        use vespertide_core::schema::foreign_key::ForeignKeyDef;
-        use vespertide_core::schema::foreign_key::ForeignKeySyntax;
-        use vespertide_core::schema::primary_key::PrimaryKeySyntax;
-        use vespertide_core::{StrOrBoolOrArray, TableConstraint};
-
-        fn col_with_pk(name: &str, ty: ColumnType) -> ColumnDef {
-            ColumnDef {
-                name: name.to_string(),
-                r#type: ty,
-                nullable: false,
-                default: None,
-                comment: None,
-                primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
-                unique: None,
-                index: None,
-                foreign_key: None,
-            }
-        }
-
-        fn col_with_unique(name: &str, ty: ColumnType) -> ColumnDef {
-            ColumnDef {
-                name: name.to_string(),
-                r#type: ty,
-                nullable: true,
-                default: None,
-                comment: None,
-                primary_key: None,
-                unique: Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true)),
-                index: None,
-                foreign_key: None,
-            }
-        }
-
-        fn col_with_index(name: &str, ty: ColumnType) -> ColumnDef {
-            ColumnDef {
-                name: name.to_string(),
-                r#type: ty,
-                nullable: true,
-                default: None,
-                comment: None,
-                primary_key: None,
-                unique: None,
-                index: Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true)),
-                foreign_key: None,
-            }
-        }
-
-        fn col_with_fk(name: &str, ty: ColumnType, ref_table: &str, ref_col: &str) -> ColumnDef {
-            ColumnDef {
-                name: name.to_string(),
-                r#type: ty,
-                nullable: true,
-                default: None,
-                comment: None,
-                primary_key: None,
-                unique: None,
-                index: None,
-                foreign_key: Some(ForeignKeySyntax::Object(ForeignKeyDef {
-                    ref_table: ref_table.to_string(),
-                    ref_columns: vec![ref_col.to_string()],
-                    on_delete: None,
-                    on_update: None,
-                })),
-            }
-        }
-
-        #[test]
-        fn create_table_with_inline_pk() {
-            let plan = diff_schemas(
-                &[],
-                &[table(
-                    "users",
-                    vec![
-                        col_with_pk("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                        col("name", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
-                    ],
-                    vec![],
-                )],
-            )
-            .unwrap();
-
-            // Inline PK should be preserved in column definition
-            assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 1);
-            if let MigrationAction::CreateTable {
-                columns,
-                constraints,
-                ..
-            } = &plan.actions[0]
-            {
-                // Constraints should be empty (inline PK not moved here)
-                assert_eq!(constraints.len(), 0);
-                // Check that the column has inline PK
-                let id_col = columns.iter().find(|c| c.name == "id").unwrap();
-                assert!(id_col.primary_key.is_some());
-            } else {
-                panic!("Expected CreateTable action");
-            }
-        }
-
-        #[test]
-        fn create_table_with_inline_unique() {
-            let plan = diff_schemas(
-                &[],
-                &[table(
-                    "users",
-                    vec![
-                        col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                        col_with_unique("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
-                    ],
-                    vec![],
-                )],
-            )
-            .unwrap();
-
-            // Inline unique should be preserved in column definition
-            assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 1);
-            if let MigrationAction::CreateTable {
-                columns,
-                constraints,
-                ..
-            } = &plan.actions[0]
-            {
-                // Constraints should be empty (inline unique not moved here)
-                assert_eq!(constraints.len(), 0);
-                // Check that the column has inline unique
-                let email_col = columns.iter().find(|c| c.name == "email").unwrap();
-                assert!(matches!(
-                    email_col.unique,
-                    Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true))
-                ));
-            } else {
-                panic!("Expected CreateTable action");
-            }
-        }
-
-        #[test]
-        fn create_table_with_inline_index() {
-            let plan = diff_schemas(
-                &[],
-                &[table(
-                    "users",
-                    vec![
-                        col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                        col_with_index("name", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
-                    ],
-                    vec![],
-                )],
-            )
-            .unwrap();
-
-            // Inline index should be preserved in column definition, not moved to constraints
-            assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 1);
-            if let MigrationAction::CreateTable {
-                columns,
-                constraints,
-                ..
-            } = &plan.actions[0]
-            {
-                // Constraints should be empty (inline index not moved here)
-                assert_eq!(constraints.len(), 0);
-                // Check that the column has inline index
-                let name_col = columns.iter().find(|c| c.name == "name").unwrap();
-                assert!(matches!(name_col.index, Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true))));
-            } else {
-                panic!("Expected CreateTable action");
-            }
-        }
-
-        #[test]
-        fn create_table_with_inline_fk() {
-            let plan = diff_schemas(
-                &[],
-                &[table(
-                    "posts",
-                    vec![
-                        col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                        col_with_fk(
-                            "user_id",
-                            ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                            "users",
-                            "id",
-                        ),
-                    ],
-                    vec![],
-                )],
-            )
-            .unwrap();
-
-            // Inline FK should be preserved in column definition
-            assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 1);
-            if let MigrationAction::CreateTable {
-                columns,
-                constraints,
-                ..
-            } = &plan.actions[0]
-            {
-                // Constraints should be empty (inline FK not moved here)
-                assert_eq!(constraints.len(), 0);
-                // Check that the column has inline FK
-                let user_id_col = columns.iter().find(|c| c.name == "user_id").unwrap();
-                assert!(user_id_col.foreign_key.is_some());
-            } else {
-                panic!("Expected CreateTable action");
-            }
-        }
-
-        #[test]
-        fn add_index_via_inline_constraint() {
-            // Existing table without index -> table with inline index
-            // Inline index (Bool(true)) is normalized to a named table-level constraint
-            let plan = diff_schemas(
-                &[table(
-                    "users",
-                    vec![
-                        col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                        col("name", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
-                    ],
-                    vec![],
-                )],
-                &[table(
-                    "users",
-                    vec![
-                        col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                        col_with_index("name", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
-                    ],
-                    vec![],
-                )],
-            )
-            .unwrap();
-
-            // Should generate AddConstraint with name: None (auto-generated indexes)
-            assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 1);
-            if let MigrationAction::AddConstraint { table, constraint } = &plan.actions[0] {
-                assert_eq!(table, "users");
-                if let TableConstraint::Index { name, columns } = constraint {
-                    assert_eq!(name, &None); // Auto-generated indexes use None
-                    assert_eq!(columns, &vec!["name".to_string()]);
-                } else {
-                    panic!("Expected Index constraint, got {:?}", constraint);
-                }
-            } else {
-                panic!("Expected AddConstraint action, got {:?}", plan.actions[0]);
-            }
-        }
-
-        #[test]
-        fn create_table_with_all_inline_constraints() {
-            let mut id_col = col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer));
-            id_col.primary_key = Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true));
-            id_col.nullable = false;
-
-            let mut email_col = col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
-            email_col.unique = Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true));
-
-            let mut name_col = col("name", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
-            name_col.index = Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true));
-
-            let mut org_id_col = col("org_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer));
-            org_id_col.foreign_key = Some(ForeignKeySyntax::Object(ForeignKeyDef {
-                ref_table: "orgs".into(),
-                ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                on_delete: None,
-                on_update: None,
-            }));
-
-            let plan = diff_schemas(
-                &[],
-                &[table(
-                    "users",
-                    vec![id_col, email_col, name_col, org_id_col],
-                    vec![],
-                )],
-            )
-            .unwrap();
-
-            // All inline constraints should be preserved in column definitions
-            assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 1);
-
-            if let MigrationAction::CreateTable {
-                columns,
-                constraints,
-                ..
-            } = &plan.actions[0]
-            {
-                // Constraints should be empty (all inline)
-                assert_eq!(constraints.len(), 0);
-
-                // Check each column has its inline constraint
-                let id_col = columns.iter().find(|c| c.name == "id").unwrap();
-                assert!(id_col.primary_key.is_some());
-
-                let email_col = columns.iter().find(|c| c.name == "email").unwrap();
-                assert!(matches!(
-                    email_col.unique,
-                    Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true))
-                ));
-
-                let name_col = columns.iter().find(|c| c.name == "name").unwrap();
-                assert!(matches!(name_col.index, Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true))));
-
-                let org_id_col = columns.iter().find(|c| c.name == "org_id").unwrap();
-                assert!(org_id_col.foreign_key.is_some());
-            } else {
-                panic!("Expected CreateTable action");
-            }
-        }
-
-        #[test]
-        fn add_constraint_to_existing_table() {
-            // Add a unique constraint to an existing table
-            let from_schema = vec![table(
-                "users",
-                vec![
-                    col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                    col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
-                ],
-                vec![],
-            )];
-
-            let to_schema = vec![table(
-                "users",
-                vec![
-                    col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                    col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
-                ],
-                vec![vespertide_core::TableConstraint::Unique {
-                    name: Some("uq_users_email".into()),
-                    columns: vec!["email".into()],
-                }],
-            )];
-
-            let plan = diff_schemas(&from_schema, &to_schema).unwrap();
-            assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 1);
-            if let MigrationAction::AddConstraint { table, constraint } = &plan.actions[0] {
-                assert_eq!(table, "users");
-                assert!(matches!(
-                    constraint,
-                    vespertide_core::TableConstraint::Unique { name: Some(n), columns }
-                        if n == "uq_users_email" && columns == &vec!["email".to_string()]
-                ));
-            } else {
-                panic!("Expected AddConstraint action, got {:?}", plan.actions[0]);
-            }
-        }
-
-        #[test]
-        fn remove_constraint_from_existing_table() {
-            // Remove a unique constraint from an existing table
-            let from_schema = vec![table(
-                "users",
-                vec![
-                    col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                    col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
-                ],
-                vec![vespertide_core::TableConstraint::Unique {
-                    name: Some("uq_users_email".into()),
-                    columns: vec!["email".into()],
-                }],
-            )];
-
-            let to_schema = vec![table(
-                "users",
-                vec![
-                    col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                    col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
-                ],
-                vec![],
-            )];
-
-            let plan = diff_schemas(&from_schema, &to_schema).unwrap();
-            assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 1);
-            if let MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint { table, constraint } = &plan.actions[0] {
-                assert_eq!(table, "users");
-                assert!(matches!(
-                    constraint,
-                    vespertide_core::TableConstraint::Unique { name: Some(n), columns }
-                        if n == "uq_users_email" && columns == &vec!["email".to_string()]
-                ));
-            } else {
-                panic!(
-                    "Expected RemoveConstraint action, got {:?}",
-                    plan.actions[0]
-                );
-            }
-        }
-
-        #[test]
-        fn diff_schemas_with_normalize_error() {
-            // Test that normalize errors are properly propagated
-            let mut col1 = col("col1", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
-            col1.index = Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Str("idx1".into()));
-
-            let table = TableDef {
-                name: "test".into(),
-                description: None,
-                columns: vec![
-                    col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                    col1.clone(),
-                    {
-                        // Same column with same index name - should error
-                        let mut c = col1.clone();
-                        c.index = Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Str("idx1".into()));
-                        c
-                    },
-                ],
-                constraints: vec![],
-            };
-
-            let result = diff_schemas(&[], &[table]);
-            assert!(result.is_err());
-            if let Err(PlannerError::TableValidation(msg)) = result {
-                assert!(msg.contains("Failed to normalize table"));
-                assert!(msg.contains("Duplicate index"));
-            } else {
-                panic!("Expected TableValidation error, got {:?}", result);
-            }
-        }
-
-        #[test]
-        fn diff_schemas_with_normalize_error_in_from_schema() {
-            // Test that normalize errors in 'from' schema are properly propagated
-            let mut col1 = col("col1", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
-            col1.index = Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Str("idx1".into()));
-
-            let table = TableDef {
-                name: "test".into(),
-                description: None,
-                columns: vec![
-                    col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                    col1.clone(),
-                    {
-                        // Same column with same index name - should error
-                        let mut c = col1.clone();
-                        c.index = Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Str("idx1".into()));
-                        c
-                    },
-                ],
-                constraints: vec![],
-            };
-
-            // 'from' schema has the invalid table
-            let result = diff_schemas(&[table], &[]);
-            assert!(result.is_err());
-            if let Err(PlannerError::TableValidation(msg)) = result {
-                assert!(msg.contains("Failed to normalize table"));
-                assert!(msg.contains("Duplicate index"));
-            } else {
-                panic!("Expected TableValidation error, got {:?}", result);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Direct unit tests for sort_create_before_add_constraint and compare_actions_for_create_order
-    mod sort_create_before_add_constraint_tests {
-        use super::*;
-        use crate::diff::{compare_actions_for_create_order, sort_create_before_add_constraint};
-        use std::cmp::Ordering;
-
-        fn make_add_column(table: &str, col: &str) -> MigrationAction {
-            MigrationAction::AddColumn {
-                table: table.into(),
-                column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
-                    name: col.into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                    nullable: true,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                }),
-                fill_with: None,
-            }
-        }
-
-        fn make_create_table(name: &str) -> MigrationAction {
-            MigrationAction::CreateTable {
-                table: name.into(),
-                columns: vec![],
-                constraints: vec![],
-            }
-        }
-
-        fn make_add_fk(table: &str, ref_table: &str) -> MigrationAction {
-            MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
-                table: table.into(),
-                constraint: TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                    name: None,
-                    columns: vec!["fk_col".into()],
-                    ref_table: ref_table.into(),
-                    ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                    on_delete: None,
-                    on_update: None,
-                },
-            }
-        }
-
-        /// Test line 218: (false, true, _, _) - a is NOT CreateTable, b IS CreateTable
-        /// Direct test of comparison function
-        #[test]
-        fn test_compare_non_create_vs_create() {
-            let created_tables: BTreeSet<String> = ["roles".to_string()].into_iter().collect();
-
-            let add_col = make_add_column("users", "name");
-            let create_table = make_create_table("roles");
-
-            // a=AddColumn (non-create), b=CreateTable (create) -> Greater (b comes first)
-            let result = compare_actions_for_create_order(&add_col, &create_table, &created_tables);
-            assert_eq!(
-                result,
-                Ordering::Greater,
-                "Non-CreateTable vs CreateTable should return Greater"
-            );
-        }
-
-        /// Test line 216: (true, false, _, _) - a IS CreateTable, b is NOT CreateTable
-        #[test]
-        fn test_compare_create_vs_non_create() {
-            let created_tables: BTreeSet<String> = ["roles".to_string()].into_iter().collect();
-
-            let create_table = make_create_table("roles");
-            let add_col = make_add_column("users", "name");
-
-            // a=CreateTable (create), b=AddColumn (non-create) -> Less (a comes first)
-            let result = compare_actions_for_create_order(&create_table, &add_col, &created_tables);
-            assert_eq!(
-                result,
-                Ordering::Less,
-                "CreateTable vs Non-CreateTable should return Less"
-            );
-        }
-
-        /// Test line 214: (true, true, _, _) - both CreateTable
-        #[test]
-        fn test_compare_create_vs_create() {
-            let created_tables: BTreeSet<String> = ["roles".to_string(), "categories".to_string()]
-                .into_iter()
-                .collect();
-
-            let create1 = make_create_table("roles");
-            let create2 = make_create_table("categories");
-
-            // Both CreateTable -> Equal (maintain original order)
-            let result = compare_actions_for_create_order(&create1, &create2, &created_tables);
-            assert_eq!(
-                result,
-                Ordering::Equal,
-                "CreateTable vs CreateTable should return Equal"
-            );
-        }
-
-        /// Test line 221: (false, false, true, false) - neither CreateTable, a refs created, b doesn't
-        #[test]
-        fn test_compare_refs_vs_non_refs() {
-            let created_tables: BTreeSet<String> = ["roles".to_string()].into_iter().collect();
-
-            let add_fk = make_add_fk("users", "roles"); // refs created
-            let add_col = make_add_column("posts", "title"); // doesn't ref
-
-            // a refs created, b doesn't -> Greater (a comes after)
-            let result = compare_actions_for_create_order(&add_fk, &add_col, &created_tables);
-            assert_eq!(
-                result,
-                Ordering::Greater,
-                "FK-ref vs non-ref should return Greater"
-            );
-        }
-
-        /// Test line 223: (false, false, false, true) - neither CreateTable, a doesn't ref, b refs
-        #[test]
-        fn test_compare_non_refs_vs_refs() {
-            let created_tables: BTreeSet<String> = ["roles".to_string()].into_iter().collect();
-
-            let add_col = make_add_column("posts", "title"); // doesn't ref
-            let add_fk = make_add_fk("users", "roles"); // refs created
-
-            // a doesn't ref, b refs -> Less (b comes after, a comes first)
-            let result = compare_actions_for_create_order(&add_col, &add_fk, &created_tables);
-            assert_eq!(
-                result,
-                Ordering::Less,
-                "Non-ref vs FK-ref should return Less"
-            );
-        }
-
-        /// Test line 225: (false, false, _, _) - neither CreateTable, both don't ref
-        #[test]
-        fn test_compare_non_refs_vs_non_refs() {
-            let created_tables: BTreeSet<String> = ["roles".to_string()].into_iter().collect();
-
-            let add_col1 = make_add_column("users", "name");
-            let add_col2 = make_add_column("posts", "title");
-
-            // Both don't ref -> Equal
-            let result = compare_actions_for_create_order(&add_col1, &add_col2, &created_tables);
-            assert_eq!(
-                result,
-                Ordering::Equal,
-                "Non-ref vs non-ref should return Equal"
-            );
-        }
-
-        /// Test line 225: (false, false, _, _) - neither CreateTable, both ref created
-        #[test]
-        fn test_compare_refs_vs_refs() {
-            let created_tables: BTreeSet<String> = ["roles".to_string(), "categories".to_string()]
-                .into_iter()
-                .collect();
-
-            let add_fk1 = make_add_fk("users", "roles");
-            let add_fk2 = make_add_fk("posts", "categories");
-
-            // Both ref -> Equal
-            let result = compare_actions_for_create_order(&add_fk1, &add_fk2, &created_tables);
-            assert_eq!(
-                result,
-                Ordering::Equal,
-                "FK-ref vs FK-ref should return Equal"
-            );
-        }
-
-        /// Integration test: sort function works correctly
-        #[test]
-        fn test_sort_integration() {
-            let mut actions = vec![
-                make_add_column("t1", "c1"),
-                make_add_fk("users", "roles"),
-                make_create_table("roles"),
-            ];
-
-            sort_create_before_add_constraint(&mut actions);
-
-            // CreateTable first, AddColumn second, AddConstraint FK last
-            assert!(matches!(&actions[0], MigrationAction::CreateTable { .. }));
-            assert!(matches!(&actions[1], MigrationAction::AddColumn { .. }));
-            assert!(matches!(&actions[2], MigrationAction::AddConstraint { .. }));
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Tests for foreign key dependency ordering
-    mod fk_ordering {
-        use super::*;
-        use vespertide_core::TableConstraint;
-
-        fn table_with_fk(
-            name: &str,
-            ref_table: &str,
-            fk_column: &str,
-            ref_column: &str,
-        ) -> TableDef {
-            TableDef {
-                name: name.to_string(),
-                description: None,
-                columns: vec![
-                    col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                    col(fk_column, ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                ],
-                constraints: vec![TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                    name: None,
-                    columns: vec![fk_column.to_string()],
-                    ref_table: ref_table.to_string(),
-                    ref_columns: vec![ref_column.to_string()],
-                    on_delete: None,
-                    on_update: None,
-                }],
-            }
-        }
-
-        fn simple_table(name: &str) -> TableDef {
-            TableDef {
-                name: name.to_string(),
-                description: None,
-                columns: vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
-                constraints: vec![],
-            }
-        }
-
-        #[test]
-        fn create_tables_respects_fk_order() {
-            // Create users and posts tables where posts references users
-            // The order should be: users first, then posts
-            let users = simple_table("users");
-            let posts = table_with_fk("posts", "users", "user_id", "id");
-
-            let plan = diff_schemas(&[], &[posts.clone(), users.clone()]).unwrap();
-
-            // Extract CreateTable actions in order
-            let create_order: Vec<&str> = plan
-                .actions
-                .iter()
-                .filter_map(|a| {
-                    if let MigrationAction::CreateTable { table, .. } = a {
-                        Some(table.as_str())
-                    } else {
-                        None
-                    }
-                })
-                .collect();
-
-            assert_eq!(create_order, vec!["users", "posts"]);
-        }
-
-        #[test]
-        fn create_tables_chain_dependency() {
-            // Chain: users <- media <- articles
-            // users has no FK
-            // media references users
-            // articles references media
-            let users = simple_table("users");
-            let media = table_with_fk("media", "users", "owner_id", "id");
-            let articles = table_with_fk("articles", "media", "media_id", "id");
-
-            // Pass in reverse order to ensure sorting works
-            let plan =
-                diff_schemas(&[], &[articles.clone(), media.clone(), users.clone()]).unwrap();
-
-            let create_order: Vec<&str> = plan
-                .actions
-                .iter()
-                .filter_map(|a| {
-                    if let MigrationAction::CreateTable { table, .. } = a {
-                        Some(table.as_str())
-                    } else {
-                        None
-                    }
-                })
-                .collect();
-
-            assert_eq!(create_order, vec!["users", "media", "articles"]);
-        }
-
-        #[test]
-        fn create_tables_multiple_independent_branches() {
-            // Two independent branches:
-            // users <- posts
-            // categories <- products
-            let users = simple_table("users");
-            let posts = table_with_fk("posts", "users", "user_id", "id");
-            let categories = simple_table("categories");
-            let products = table_with_fk("products", "categories", "category_id", "id");
-
-            let plan = diff_schemas(
-                &[],
-                &[
-                    products.clone(),
-                    posts.clone(),
-                    categories.clone(),
-                    users.clone(),
-                ],
-            )
-            .unwrap();
-
-            let create_order: Vec<&str> = plan
-                .actions
-                .iter()
-                .filter_map(|a| {
-                    if let MigrationAction::CreateTable { table, .. } = a {
-                        Some(table.as_str())
-                    } else {
-                        None
-                    }
-                })
-                .collect();
-
-            // users must come before posts
-            let users_pos = create_order.iter().position(|&t| t == "users").unwrap();
-            let posts_pos = create_order.iter().position(|&t| t == "posts").unwrap();
-            assert!(
-                users_pos < posts_pos,
-                "users should be created before posts"
-            );
-
-            // categories must come before products
-            let categories_pos = create_order
-                .iter()
-                .position(|&t| t == "categories")
-                .unwrap();
-            let products_pos = create_order.iter().position(|&t| t == "products").unwrap();
-            assert!(
-                categories_pos < products_pos,
-                "categories should be created before products"
-            );
-        }
-
-        #[test]
-        fn delete_tables_respects_fk_order() {
-            // When deleting users and posts where posts references users,
-            // posts should be deleted first (reverse of creation order)
-            let users = simple_table("users");
-            let posts = table_with_fk("posts", "users", "user_id", "id");
-
-            let plan = diff_schemas(&[users.clone(), posts.clone()], &[]).unwrap();
-
-            let delete_order: Vec<&str> = plan
-                .actions
-                .iter()
-                .filter_map(|a| {
-                    if let MigrationAction::DeleteTable { table } = a {
-                        Some(table.as_str())
-                    } else {
-                        None
-                    }
-                })
-                .collect();
-
-            assert_eq!(delete_order, vec!["posts", "users"]);
-        }
-
-        #[test]
-        fn delete_tables_chain_dependency() {
-            // Chain: users <- media <- articles
-            // Delete order should be: articles, media, users
-            let users = simple_table("users");
-            let media = table_with_fk("media", "users", "owner_id", "id");
-            let articles = table_with_fk("articles", "media", "media_id", "id");
-
-            let plan =
-                diff_schemas(&[users.clone(), media.clone(), articles.clone()], &[]).unwrap();
-
-            let delete_order: Vec<&str> = plan
-                .actions
-                .iter()
-                .filter_map(|a| {
-                    if let MigrationAction::DeleteTable { table } = a {
-                        Some(table.as_str())
-                    } else {
-                        None
-                    }
-                })
-                .collect();
-
-            // articles must be deleted before media
-            let articles_pos = delete_order.iter().position(|&t| t == "articles").unwrap();
-            let media_pos = delete_order.iter().position(|&t| t == "media").unwrap();
-            assert!(
-                articles_pos < media_pos,
-                "articles should be deleted before media"
-            );
-
-            // media must be deleted before users
-            let users_pos = delete_order.iter().position(|&t| t == "users").unwrap();
-            assert!(
-                media_pos < users_pos,
-                "media should be deleted before users"
-            );
-        }
-
-        #[test]
-        fn circular_fk_dependency_returns_error() {
-            // Create circular dependency: A -> B -> A
-            let table_a = TableDef {
-                name: "table_a".to_string(),
-                description: None,
-                columns: vec![
-                    col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                    col("b_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                ],
-                constraints: vec![TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                    name: None,
-                    columns: vec!["b_id".to_string()],
-                    ref_table: "table_b".to_string(),
-                    ref_columns: vec!["id".to_string()],
-                    on_delete: None,
-                    on_update: None,
-                }],
-            };
-
-            let table_b = TableDef {
-                name: "table_b".to_string(),
-                description: None,
-                columns: vec![
-                    col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                    col("a_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                ],
-                constraints: vec![TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                    name: None,
-                    columns: vec!["a_id".to_string()],
-                    ref_table: "table_a".to_string(),
-                    ref_columns: vec!["id".to_string()],
-                    on_delete: None,
-                    on_update: None,
-                }],
-            };
-
-            let result = diff_schemas(&[], &[table_a, table_b]);
-            assert!(result.is_err());
-            if let Err(PlannerError::TableValidation(msg)) = result {
-                assert!(
-                    msg.contains("Circular foreign key dependency"),
-                    "Expected circular dependency error, got: {}",
-                    msg
-                );
-            } else {
-                panic!("Expected TableValidation error, got {:?}", result);
-            }
-        }
-
-        #[test]
-        fn fk_to_external_table_is_ignored() {
-            // FK referencing a table not in the migration should not affect ordering
-            let posts = table_with_fk("posts", "users", "user_id", "id");
-            let comments = table_with_fk("comments", "posts", "post_id", "id");
-
-            // users is NOT being created in this migration
-            let plan = diff_schemas(&[], &[comments.clone(), posts.clone()]).unwrap();
-
-            let create_order: Vec<&str> = plan
-                .actions
-                .iter()
-                .filter_map(|a| {
-                    if let MigrationAction::CreateTable { table, .. } = a {
-                        Some(table.as_str())
-                    } else {
-                        None
-                    }
-                })
-                .collect();
-
-            // posts must come before comments (comments depends on posts)
-            let posts_pos = create_order.iter().position(|&t| t == "posts").unwrap();
-            let comments_pos = create_order.iter().position(|&t| t == "comments").unwrap();
-            assert!(
-                posts_pos < comments_pos,
-                "posts should be created before comments"
-            );
-        }
-
-        #[test]
-        fn delete_tables_mixed_with_other_actions() {
-            // Test that sort_delete_actions correctly handles actions that are not DeleteTable
-            // This tests lines 124, 193, 198 (the else branches)
-            use crate::diff::diff_schemas;
-
-            let from_schema = vec![
-                table(
-                    "users",
-                    vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
-                    vec![],
-                ),
-                table(
-                    "posts",
-                    vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
-                    vec![],
-                ),
-            ];
-
-            let to_schema = vec![
-                // Drop posts table, but also add a new column to users
-                table(
-                    "users",
-                    vec![
-                        col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                        col("name", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
-                    ],
-                    vec![],
-                ),
-            ];
-
-            let plan = diff_schemas(&from_schema, &to_schema).unwrap();
-
-            // Should have: AddColumn (for users.name) and DeleteTable (for posts)
-            assert!(
-                plan.actions
-                    .iter()
-                    .any(|a| matches!(a, MigrationAction::AddColumn { .. }))
-            );
-            assert!(
-                plan.actions
-                    .iter()
-                    .any(|a| matches!(a, MigrationAction::DeleteTable { .. }))
-            );
-
-            // The else branches in sort_delete_actions should handle AddColumn gracefully
-            // (returning empty string for table name, which sorts it to position 0)
-        }
-
-        #[test]
-        #[should_panic(expected = "Expected DeleteTable action")]
-        fn test_extract_delete_table_name_panics_on_non_delete_action() {
-            // Test that extract_delete_table_name panics when called with non-DeleteTable action
-            use super::extract_delete_table_name;
-
-            let action = MigrationAction::AddColumn {
-                table: "users".into(),
-                column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
-                    name: "email".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                    nullable: true,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                }),
-                fill_with: None,
-            };
-
-            // This should panic
-            extract_delete_table_name(&action);
-        }
-
-        /// Test that inline FK across multiple tables works correctly with topological sort
-        #[test]
-        fn create_tables_with_inline_fk_chain() {
-            use super::*;
-            use vespertide_core::schema::foreign_key::ForeignKeySyntax;
-            use vespertide_core::schema::primary_key::PrimaryKeySyntax;
-
-            fn col_pk(name: &str) -> ColumnDef {
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: name.to_string(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                }
-            }
-
-            fn col_inline_fk(name: &str, ref_table: &str) -> ColumnDef {
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: name.to_string(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                    nullable: true,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: Some(ForeignKeySyntax::String(format!("{}.id", ref_table))),
-                }
-            }
-
-            // Reproduce the app example structure:
-            // user -> (no deps)
-            // product -> (no deps)
-            // project -> user
-            // code -> product, user, project
-            // order -> user, project, product, code
-            // payment -> order
-
-            let user = TableDef {
-                name: "user".to_string(),
-                description: None,
-                columns: vec![col_pk("id")],
-                constraints: vec![],
-            };
-
-            let product = TableDef {
-                name: "product".to_string(),
-                description: None,
-                columns: vec![col_pk("id")],
-                constraints: vec![],
-            };
-
-            let project = TableDef {
-                name: "project".to_string(),
-                description: None,
-                columns: vec![col_pk("id"), col_inline_fk("user_id", "user")],
-                constraints: vec![],
-            };
-
-            let code = TableDef {
-                name: "code".to_string(),
-                description: None,
-                columns: vec![
-                    col_pk("id"),
-                    col_inline_fk("product_id", "product"),
-                    col_inline_fk("creator_user_id", "user"),
-                    col_inline_fk("project_id", "project"),
-                ],
-                constraints: vec![],
-            };
-
-            let order = TableDef {
-                name: "order".to_string(),
-                description: None,
-                columns: vec![
-                    col_pk("id"),
-                    col_inline_fk("user_id", "user"),
-                    col_inline_fk("project_id", "project"),
-                    col_inline_fk("product_id", "product"),
-                    col_inline_fk("code_id", "code"),
-                ],
-                constraints: vec![],
-            };
-
-            let payment = TableDef {
-                name: "payment".to_string(),
-                description: None,
-                columns: vec![col_pk("id"), col_inline_fk("order_id", "order")],
-                constraints: vec![],
-            };
-
-            // Pass in arbitrary order - should NOT return circular dependency error
-            let result = diff_schemas(&[], &[payment, order, code, project, product, user]);
-            assert!(result.is_ok(), "Expected Ok, got: {:?}", result);
-
-            let plan = result.unwrap();
-            let create_order: Vec<&str> = plan
-                .actions
-                .iter()
-                .filter_map(|a| {
-                    if let MigrationAction::CreateTable { table, .. } = a {
-                        Some(table.as_str())
-                    } else {
-                        None
-                    }
-                })
-                .collect();
-
-            // Verify order respects FK dependencies
-            let get_pos = |name: &str| create_order.iter().position(|&t| t == name).unwrap();
-
-            // user and product have no deps, can be in any order
-            // project depends on user
-            assert!(
-                get_pos("user") < get_pos("project"),
-                "user must come before project"
-            );
-            // code depends on product, user, project
-            assert!(
-                get_pos("product") < get_pos("code"),
-                "product must come before code"
-            );
-            assert!(
-                get_pos("user") < get_pos("code"),
-                "user must come before code"
-            );
-            assert!(
-                get_pos("project") < get_pos("code"),
-                "project must come before code"
-            );
-            // order depends on user, project, product, code
-            assert!(
-                get_pos("code") < get_pos("order"),
-                "code must come before order"
-            );
-            // payment depends on order
-            assert!(
-                get_pos("order") < get_pos("payment"),
-                "order must come before payment"
-            );
-        }
-
-        /// Test that AddConstraint FK to a new table comes AFTER CreateTable for that table
-        #[test]
-        fn add_constraint_fk_to_new_table_comes_after_create_table() {
-            use super::*;
-
-            // Existing table: notification (with broadcast_id column)
-            let notification_from = table(
-                "notification",
-                vec![
-                    col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                    col(
-                        "broadcast_id",
-                        ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                    ),
-                ],
-                vec![],
-            );
-
-            // New table: notification_broadcast
-            let notification_broadcast = table(
-                "notification_broadcast",
-                vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
-                vec![],
-            );
-
-            // Modified notification with FK constraint to the new table
-            let notification_to = table(
-                "notification",
-                vec![
-                    col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                    col(
-                        "broadcast_id",
-                        ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                    ),
-                ],
-                vec![TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                    name: None,
-                    columns: vec!["broadcast_id".into()],
-                    ref_table: "notification_broadcast".into(),
-                    ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                    on_delete: None,
-                    on_update: None,
-                }],
-            );
-
-            let from_schema = vec![notification_from];
-            let to_schema = vec![notification_to, notification_broadcast];
-
-            let plan = diff_schemas(&from_schema, &to_schema).unwrap();
-
-            // Find positions
-            let create_pos = plan.actions.iter().position(|a| matches!(a, MigrationAction::CreateTable { table, .. } if table == "notification_broadcast"));
-            let add_constraint_pos = plan.actions.iter().position(|a| {
-                matches!(a, MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
-                    constraint: TableConstraint::ForeignKey { ref_table, .. }, ..
-                } if ref_table == "notification_broadcast")
-            });
-
-            assert!(
-                create_pos.is_some(),
-                "Should have CreateTable for notification_broadcast"
-            );
-            assert!(
-                add_constraint_pos.is_some(),
-                "Should have AddConstraint for FK to notification_broadcast"
-            );
-            assert!(
-                create_pos.unwrap() < add_constraint_pos.unwrap(),
-                "CreateTable must come BEFORE AddConstraint FK that references it. Got CreateTable at {}, AddConstraint at {}",
-                create_pos.unwrap(),
-                add_constraint_pos.unwrap()
-            );
-        }
-
-        /// Test sort_create_before_add_constraint with multiple action types
-        /// Covers lines 218, 221, 223, 225 in sort_create_before_add_constraint
-        #[test]
-        fn sort_create_before_add_constraint_all_branches() {
-            use super::*;
-
-            // Scenario: Existing table gets modified (column change) AND gets FK to new table
-            // Plus another existing table gets a regular index added (not FK to new table)
-            // This creates:
-            // - ModifyColumnComment (doesn't ref created table)
-            // - AddConstraint FK (refs created table)
-            // - AddConstraint Index (doesn't ref created table)
-            // - CreateTable
-
-            let users_from = table(
-                "users",
-                vec![
-                    col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                    {
-                        let mut c = col("name", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
-                        c.comment = Some("Old comment".into());
-                        c
-                    },
-                    col("role_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                ],
-                vec![],
-            );
-
-            let posts_from = table(
-                "posts",
-                vec![
-                    col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                    col("title", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
-                ],
-                vec![],
-            );
-
-            // New table: roles
-            let roles = table(
-                "roles",
-                vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
-                vec![],
-            );
-
-            // Modified users: comment change + FK to new roles table
-            let users_to = table(
-                "users",
-                vec![
-                    col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                    {
-                        let mut c = col("name", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
-                        c.comment = Some("New comment".into());
-                        c
-                    },
-                    col("role_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                ],
-                vec![TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                    name: None,
-                    columns: vec!["role_id".into()],
-                    ref_table: "roles".into(),
-                    ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                    on_delete: None,
-                    on_update: None,
-                }],
-            );
-
-            // Modified posts: add index (not FK to new table)
-            let posts_to = table(
-                "posts",
-                vec![
-                    col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                    col("title", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
-                ],
-                vec![TableConstraint::Index {
-                    name: Some("idx_title".into()),
-                    columns: vec!["title".into()],
-                }],
-            );
-
-            let from_schema = vec![users_from, posts_from];
-            let to_schema = vec![users_to, posts_to, roles];
-
-            let plan = diff_schemas(&from_schema, &to_schema).unwrap();
-
-            // Verify CreateTable comes first
-            let create_pos = plan
-                .actions
-                .iter()
-                .position(
-                    |a| matches!(a, MigrationAction::CreateTable { table, .. } if table == "roles"),
-                )
-                .expect("Should have CreateTable for roles");
-
-            // ModifyColumnComment should come after CreateTable (line 218: non-create vs create)
-            let modify_pos = plan
-                .actions
-                .iter()
-                .position(|a| matches!(a, MigrationAction::ModifyColumnComment { .. }))
-                .expect("Should have ModifyColumnComment");
-
-            // AddConstraint Index (not FK to created) should come after CreateTable (line 218)
-            let add_index_pos = plan
-                .actions
-                .iter()
-                .position(|a| {
-                    matches!(
-                        a,
-                        MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
-                            constraint: TableConstraint::Index { .. },
-                            ..
-                        }
-                    )
-                })
-                .expect("Should have AddConstraint Index");
-
-            // AddConstraint FK to roles should come last (line 221: refs created, others don't)
-            let add_fk_pos = plan
-                .actions
-                .iter()
-                .position(|a| {
-                    matches!(
-                        a,
-                        MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
-                            constraint: TableConstraint::ForeignKey { ref_table, .. },
-                            ..
-                        } if ref_table == "roles"
-                    )
-                })
-                .expect("Should have AddConstraint FK to roles");
-
-            assert!(
-                create_pos < modify_pos,
-                "CreateTable must come before ModifyColumnComment"
-            );
-            assert!(
-                create_pos < add_index_pos,
-                "CreateTable must come before AddConstraint Index"
-            );
-            assert!(
-                create_pos < add_fk_pos,
-                "CreateTable must come before AddConstraint FK"
-            );
-            // FK to created table should come after non-FK-to-created actions
-            assert!(
-                add_index_pos < add_fk_pos,
-                "AddConstraint Index (not referencing created) should come before AddConstraint FK (referencing created)"
-            );
-        }
-
-        /// Test that two AddConstraint FKs both referencing created tables maintain stable order
-        /// Covers line 225: both ref created tables
-        #[test]
-        fn sort_multiple_fks_to_created_tables() {
-            use super::*;
-
-            // Two existing tables, each getting FK to a different new table
-            let users_from = table(
-                "users",
-                vec![
-                    col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                    col("role_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                ],
-                vec![],
-            );
-
-            let posts_from = table(
-                "posts",
-                vec![
-                    col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                    col("category_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                ],
-                vec![],
-            );
-
-            // Two new tables
-            let roles = table(
-                "roles",
-                vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
-                vec![],
-            );
-            let categories = table(
-                "categories",
-                vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
-                vec![],
-            );
-
-            let users_to = table(
-                "users",
-                vec![
-                    col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                    col("role_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                ],
-                vec![TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                    name: None,
-                    columns: vec!["role_id".into()],
-                    ref_table: "roles".into(),
-                    ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                    on_delete: None,
-                    on_update: None,
-                }],
-            );
-
-            let posts_to = table(
-                "posts",
-                vec![
-                    col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                    col("category_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                ],
-                vec![TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                    name: None,
-                    columns: vec!["category_id".into()],
-                    ref_table: "categories".into(),
-                    ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                    on_delete: None,
-                    on_update: None,
-                }],
-            );
-
-            let from_schema = vec![users_from, posts_from];
-            let to_schema = vec![users_to, posts_to, roles, categories];
-
-            let plan = diff_schemas(&from_schema, &to_schema).unwrap();
-
-            // Both CreateTable should come before both AddConstraint FK
-            let create_roles_pos = plan.actions.iter().position(
-                |a| matches!(a, MigrationAction::CreateTable { table, .. } if table == "roles"),
-            );
-            let create_categories_pos = plan.actions.iter().position(|a| matches!(a, MigrationAction::CreateTable { table, .. } if table == "categories"));
-            let add_fk_roles_pos = plan.actions.iter().position(|a| {
-                matches!(
-                    a,
-                    MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
-                        constraint: TableConstraint::ForeignKey { ref_table, .. },
-                        ..
-                    } if ref_table == "roles"
-                )
-            });
-            let add_fk_categories_pos = plan.actions.iter().position(|a| {
-                matches!(
-                    a,
-                    MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
-                        constraint: TableConstraint::ForeignKey { ref_table, .. },
-                        ..
-                    } if ref_table == "categories"
-                )
-            });
-
-            assert!(create_roles_pos.is_some());
-            assert!(create_categories_pos.is_some());
-            assert!(add_fk_roles_pos.is_some());
-            assert!(add_fk_categories_pos.is_some());
-
-            // All CreateTable before all AddConstraint FK
-            let max_create = create_roles_pos
-                .unwrap()
-                .max(create_categories_pos.unwrap());
-            let min_add_fk = add_fk_roles_pos
-                .unwrap()
-                .min(add_fk_categories_pos.unwrap());
-            assert!(
-                max_create < min_add_fk,
-                "All CreateTable actions must come before all AddConstraint FK actions"
-            );
-        }
-
-        /// Test that multiple FKs to the same table are deduplicated correctly
-        #[test]
-        fn create_tables_with_duplicate_fk_references() {
-            use super::*;
-            use vespertide_core::schema::foreign_key::ForeignKeySyntax;
-            use vespertide_core::schema::primary_key::PrimaryKeySyntax;
-
-            fn col_pk(name: &str) -> ColumnDef {
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: name.to_string(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                }
-            }
-
-            fn col_inline_fk(name: &str, ref_table: &str) -> ColumnDef {
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: name.to_string(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                    nullable: true,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: Some(ForeignKeySyntax::String(format!("{}.id", ref_table))),
-                }
-            }
-
-            // Table with multiple FKs referencing the same table (like code.creator_user_id and code.used_by_user_id)
-            let user = TableDef {
-                name: "user".to_string(),
-                description: None,
-                columns: vec![col_pk("id")],
-                constraints: vec![],
-            };
-
-            let code = TableDef {
-                name: "code".to_string(),
-                description: None,
-                columns: vec![
-                    col_pk("id"),
-                    col_inline_fk("creator_user_id", "user"),
-                    col_inline_fk("used_by_user_id", "user"), // Second FK to same table
-                ],
-                constraints: vec![],
-            };
-
-            // This should NOT return circular dependency error even with duplicate FK refs
-            let result = diff_schemas(&[], &[code, user]);
-            assert!(result.is_ok(), "Expected Ok, got: {:?}", result);
-
-            let plan = result.unwrap();
-            let create_order: Vec<&str> = plan
-                .actions
-                .iter()
-                .filter_map(|a| {
-                    if let MigrationAction::CreateTable { table, .. } = a {
-                        Some(table.as_str())
-                    } else {
-                        None
-                    }
-                })
-                .collect();
-
-            // user must come before code
-            let user_pos = create_order.iter().position(|&t| t == "user").unwrap();
-            let code_pos = create_order.iter().position(|&t| t == "code").unwrap();
-            assert!(user_pos < code_pos, "user must come before code");
-        }
-    }
-
-    mod primary_key_changes {
-        use super::*;
-
-        fn pk(columns: Vec<&str>) -> TableConstraint {
-            TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                auto_increment: false,
-                columns: columns.into_iter().map(|s| s.to_string()).collect(),
-            }
-        }
-
-        #[test]
-        fn add_column_to_composite_pk() {
-            // Primary key: [id] -> [id, tenant_id]
-            let from = vec![table(
-                "users",
-                vec![
-                    col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                    col("tenant_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                ],
-                vec![pk(vec!["id"])],
-            )];
-
-            let to = vec![table(
-                "users",
-                vec![
-                    col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                    col("tenant_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                ],
-                vec![pk(vec!["id", "tenant_id"])],
-            )];
-
-            let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
-
-            // Should replace PK with new composite PK
-            assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 1);
-
-            assert!(matches!(
-                &plan.actions[0],
-                MigrationAction::ReplaceConstraint {
-                    table,
-                    from: TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { columns: from_cols, .. },
-                    to: TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { columns: to_cols, .. },
-                } if table == "users"
-                  && from_cols == &vec!["id".to_string()]
-                  && to_cols == &vec!["id".to_string(), "tenant_id".to_string()]
-            ));
-        }
-
-        #[test]
-        fn remove_column_from_composite_pk() {
-            // Primary key: [id, tenant_id] -> [id]
-            let from = vec![table(
-                "users",
-                vec![
-                    col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                    col("tenant_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                ],
-                vec![pk(vec!["id", "tenant_id"])],
-            )];
-
-            let to = vec![table(
-                "users",
-                vec![
-                    col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                    col("tenant_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                ],
-                vec![pk(vec!["id"])],
-            )];
-
-            let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
-
-            // Should replace composite PK with single-column PK
-            assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 1);
-
-            assert!(matches!(
-                &plan.actions[0],
-                MigrationAction::ReplaceConstraint {
-                    table,
-                    from: TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { columns: from_cols, .. },
-                    to: TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { columns: to_cols, .. },
-                } if table == "users"
-                  && from_cols == &vec!["id".to_string(), "tenant_id".to_string()]
-                  && to_cols == &vec!["id".to_string()]
-            ));
-        }
-
-        #[test]
-        fn change_pk_columns_entirely() {
-            // Primary key: [id] -> [uuid]
-            let from = vec![table(
-                "users",
-                vec![
-                    col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                    col("uuid", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
-                ],
-                vec![pk(vec!["id"])],
-            )];
-
-            let to = vec![table(
-                "users",
-                vec![
-                    col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                    col("uuid", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
-                ],
-                vec![pk(vec!["uuid"])],
-            )];
-
-            let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
-
-            assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 1);
-
-            assert!(matches!(
-                &plan.actions[0],
-                MigrationAction::ReplaceConstraint {
-                    table,
-                    from: TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { columns: from_cols, .. },
-                    to: TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { columns: to_cols, .. },
-                } if table == "users"
-                  && from_cols == &vec!["id".to_string()]
-                  && to_cols == &vec!["uuid".to_string()]
-            ));
-        }
-
-        #[test]
-        fn add_multiple_columns_to_composite_pk() {
-            // Primary key: [id] -> [id, tenant_id, region_id]
-            let from = vec![table(
-                "users",
-                vec![
-                    col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                    col("tenant_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                    col("region_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                ],
-                vec![pk(vec!["id"])],
-            )];
-
-            let to = vec![table(
-                "users",
-                vec![
-                    col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                    col("tenant_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                    col("region_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                ],
-                vec![pk(vec!["id", "tenant_id", "region_id"])],
-            )];
-
-            let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
-
-            assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 1);
-
-            assert!(matches!(
-                &plan.actions[0],
-                MigrationAction::ReplaceConstraint {
-                    table,
-                    from: TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { columns: from_cols, .. },
-                    to: TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { columns: to_cols, .. },
-                } if table == "users"
-                  && from_cols == &vec!["id".to_string()]
-                  && to_cols == &vec![
-                      "id".to_string(),
-                      "tenant_id".to_string(),
-                      "region_id".to_string()
-                  ]
-            ));
-        }
-
-        #[test]
-        fn remove_multiple_columns_from_composite_pk() {
-            // Primary key: [id, tenant_id, region_id] -> [id]
-            let from = vec![table(
-                "users",
-                vec![
-                    col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                    col("tenant_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                    col("region_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                ],
-                vec![pk(vec!["id", "tenant_id", "region_id"])],
-            )];
-
-            let to = vec![table(
-                "users",
-                vec![
-                    col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                    col("tenant_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                    col("region_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                ],
-                vec![pk(vec!["id"])],
-            )];
-
-            let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
-
-            assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 1);
-
-            assert!(matches!(
-                &plan.actions[0],
-                MigrationAction::ReplaceConstraint {
-                    table,
-                    from: TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { columns: from_cols, .. },
-                    to: TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { columns: to_cols, .. },
-                } if table == "users"
-                  && from_cols == &vec![
-                      "id".to_string(),
-                      "tenant_id".to_string(),
-                      "region_id".to_string()
-                  ]
-                  && to_cols == &vec!["id".to_string()]
-            ));
-        }
-
-        #[test]
-        fn change_composite_pk_columns_partially() {
-            // Primary key: [id, tenant_id] -> [id, region_id]
-            // One column kept, one removed, one added
-            let from = vec![table(
-                "users",
-                vec![
-                    col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                    col("tenant_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                    col("region_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                ],
-                vec![pk(vec!["id", "tenant_id"])],
-            )];
-
-            let to = vec![table(
-                "users",
-                vec![
-                    col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                    col("tenant_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                    col("region_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                ],
-                vec![pk(vec!["id", "region_id"])],
-            )];
-
-            let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
-
-            assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 1);
-
-            assert!(matches!(
-                &plan.actions[0],
-                MigrationAction::ReplaceConstraint {
-                    table,
-                    from: TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { columns: from_cols, .. },
-                    to: TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { columns: to_cols, .. },
-                } if table == "users"
-                  && from_cols == &vec!["id".to_string(), "tenant_id".to_string()]
-                  && to_cols == &vec!["id".to_string(), "region_id".to_string()]
-            ));
-        }
-    }
-
-    mod default_changes {
-        use super::*;
-
-        fn col_with_default(name: &str, ty: ColumnType, default: Option<&str>) -> ColumnDef {
-            ColumnDef {
-                name: name.to_string(),
-                r#type: ty,
-                nullable: true,
-                default: default.map(|s| s.into()),
-                comment: None,
-                primary_key: None,
-                unique: None,
-                index: None,
-                foreign_key: None,
-            }
-        }
-
-        #[test]
-        fn add_default_value() {
-            // Column: no default -> has default
-            let from = vec![table(
-                "users",
-                vec![
-                    col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                    col_with_default("status", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text), None),
-                ],
-                vec![],
-            )];
-
-            let to = vec![table(
-                "users",
-                vec![
-                    col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                    col_with_default(
-                        "status",
-                        ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                        Some("'active'"),
-                    ),
-                ],
-                vec![],
-            )];
-
-            let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
-
-            assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 1);
-            assert!(matches!(
-                &plan.actions[0],
-                MigrationAction::ModifyColumnDefault {
-                    table,
-                    column,
-                    new_default: Some(default),
-                } if table == "users" && column == "status" && default == "'active'"
-            ));
-        }
-
-        #[test]
-        fn remove_default_value() {
-            // Column: has default -> no default
-            let from = vec![table(
-                "users",
-                vec![
-                    col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                    col_with_default(
-                        "status",
-                        ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                        Some("'active'"),
-                    ),
-                ],
-                vec![],
-            )];
-
-            let to = vec![table(
-                "users",
-                vec![
-                    col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                    col_with_default("status", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text), None),
-                ],
-                vec![],
-            )];
-
-            let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
-
-            assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 1);
-            assert!(matches!(
-                &plan.actions[0],
-                MigrationAction::ModifyColumnDefault {
-                    table,
-                    column,
-                    new_default: None,
-                } if table == "users" && column == "status"
-            ));
-        }
-
-        #[test]
-        fn change_default_value() {
-            // Column: 'active' -> 'pending'
-            let from = vec![table(
-                "users",
-                vec![
-                    col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                    col_with_default(
-                        "status",
-                        ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                        Some("'active'"),
-                    ),
-                ],
-                vec![],
-            )];
-
-            let to = vec![table(
-                "users",
-                vec![
-                    col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                    col_with_default(
-                        "status",
-                        ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                        Some("'pending'"),
-                    ),
-                ],
-                vec![],
-            )];
-
-            let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
-
-            assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 1);
-            assert!(matches!(
-                &plan.actions[0],
-                MigrationAction::ModifyColumnDefault {
-                    table,
-                    column,
-                    new_default: Some(default),
-                } if table == "users" && column == "status" && default == "'pending'"
-            ));
-        }
-
-        #[test]
-        fn no_change_same_default() {
-            // Column: same default -> no action
-            let from = vec![table(
-                "users",
-                vec![
-                    col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                    col_with_default(
-                        "status",
-                        ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                        Some("'active'"),
-                    ),
-                ],
-                vec![],
-            )];
-
-            let to = vec![table(
-                "users",
-                vec![
-                    col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                    col_with_default(
-                        "status",
-                        ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                        Some("'active'"),
-                    ),
-                ],
-                vec![],
-            )];
-
-            let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
-
-            assert!(plan.actions.is_empty());
-        }
-
-        #[test]
-        fn multiple_columns_default_changes() {
-            // Multiple columns with default changes
-            let from = vec![table(
-                "users",
-                vec![
-                    col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                    col_with_default("status", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text), None),
-                    col_with_default(
-                        "role",
-                        ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                        Some("'user'"),
-                    ),
-                    col_with_default(
-                        "active",
-                        ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Boolean),
-                        Some("true"),
-                    ),
-                ],
-                vec![],
-            )];
-
-            let to = vec![table(
-                "users",
-                vec![
-                    col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                    col_with_default(
-                        "status",
-                        ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                        Some("'pending'"),
-                    ), // None -> 'pending'
-                    col_with_default("role", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text), None), // 'user' -> None
-                    col_with_default(
-                        "active",
-                        ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Boolean),
-                        Some("true"),
-                    ), // no change
-                ],
-                vec![],
-            )];
-
-            let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
-
-            assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 2);
-
-            let has_status_change = plan.actions.iter().any(|a| {
-                matches!(
-                    a,
-                    MigrationAction::ModifyColumnDefault {
-                        table,
-                        column,
-                        new_default: Some(default),
-                    } if table == "users" && column == "status" && default == "'pending'"
-                )
-            });
-            assert!(has_status_change, "Should detect status default added");
-
-            let has_role_change = plan.actions.iter().any(|a| {
-                matches!(
-                    a,
-                    MigrationAction::ModifyColumnDefault {
-                        table,
-                        column,
-                        new_default: None,
-                    } if table == "users" && column == "role"
-                )
-            });
-            assert!(has_role_change, "Should detect role default removed");
-        }
-
-        #[test]
-        fn default_change_with_type_change() {
-            // Column changing both type and default
-            let from = vec![table(
-                "users",
-                vec![
-                    col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                    col_with_default(
-                        "count",
-                        ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                        Some("0"),
-                    ),
-                ],
-                vec![],
-            )];
-
-            let to = vec![table(
-                "users",
-                vec![
-                    col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                    col_with_default(
-                        "count",
-                        ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                        Some("'0'"),
-                    ),
-                ],
-                vec![],
-            )];
-
-            let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
-
-            // Should generate both ModifyColumnType and ModifyColumnDefault
-            assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 2);
-
-            let has_type_change = plan.actions.iter().any(|a| {
-                matches!(
-                    a,
-                    MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType { table, column, .. }
-                    if table == "users" && column == "count"
-                )
-            });
-            assert!(has_type_change, "Should detect type change");
-
-            let has_default_change = plan.actions.iter().any(|a| {
-                matches!(
-                    a,
-                    MigrationAction::ModifyColumnDefault {
-                        table,
-                        column,
-                        new_default: Some(default),
-                    } if table == "users" && column == "count" && default == "'0'"
-                )
-            });
-            assert!(has_default_change, "Should detect default change");
-        }
-    }
-
-    mod comment_changes {
-        use super::*;
-
-        fn col_with_comment(name: &str, ty: ColumnType, comment: Option<&str>) -> ColumnDef {
-            ColumnDef {
-                name: name.to_string(),
-                r#type: ty,
-                nullable: true,
-                default: None,
-                comment: comment.map(|s| s.to_string()),
-                primary_key: None,
-                unique: None,
-                index: None,
-                foreign_key: None,
-            }
-        }
-
-        #[test]
-        fn add_comment() {
-            // Column: no comment -> has comment
-            let from = vec![table(
-                "users",
-                vec![
-                    col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                    col_with_comment("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text), None),
-                ],
-                vec![],
-            )];
-
-            let to = vec![table(
-                "users",
-                vec![
-                    col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                    col_with_comment(
-                        "email",
-                        ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                        Some("User's email address"),
-                    ),
-                ],
-                vec![],
-            )];
-
-            let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
-
-            assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 1);
-            assert!(matches!(
-                &plan.actions[0],
-                MigrationAction::ModifyColumnComment {
-                    table,
-                    column,
-                    new_comment: Some(comment),
-                } if table == "users" && column == "email" && comment == "User's email address"
-            ));
-        }
-
-        #[test]
-        fn remove_comment() {
-            // Column: has comment -> no comment
-            let from = vec![table(
-                "users",
-                vec![
-                    col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                    col_with_comment(
-                        "email",
-                        ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                        Some("User's email address"),
-                    ),
-                ],
-                vec![],
-            )];
-
-            let to = vec![table(
-                "users",
-                vec![
-                    col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                    col_with_comment("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text), None),
-                ],
-                vec![],
-            )];
-
-            let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
-
-            assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 1);
-            assert!(matches!(
-                &plan.actions[0],
-                MigrationAction::ModifyColumnComment {
-                    table,
-                    column,
-                    new_comment: None,
-                } if table == "users" && column == "email"
-            ));
-        }
-
-        #[test]
-        fn change_comment() {
-            // Column: 'old comment' -> 'new comment'
-            let from = vec![table(
-                "users",
-                vec![
-                    col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                    col_with_comment(
-                        "email",
-                        ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                        Some("Old comment"),
-                    ),
-                ],
-                vec![],
-            )];
-
-            let to = vec![table(
-                "users",
-                vec![
-                    col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                    col_with_comment(
-                        "email",
-                        ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                        Some("New comment"),
-                    ),
-                ],
-                vec![],
-            )];
-
-            let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
-
-            assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 1);
-            assert!(matches!(
-                &plan.actions[0],
-                MigrationAction::ModifyColumnComment {
-                    table,
-                    column,
-                    new_comment: Some(comment),
-                } if table == "users" && column == "email" && comment == "New comment"
-            ));
-        }
-
-        #[test]
-        fn no_change_same_comment() {
-            // Column: same comment -> no action
-            let from = vec![table(
-                "users",
-                vec![
-                    col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                    col_with_comment(
-                        "email",
-                        ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                        Some("Same comment"),
-                    ),
-                ],
-                vec![],
-            )];
-
-            let to = vec![table(
-                "users",
-                vec![
-                    col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                    col_with_comment(
-                        "email",
-                        ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                        Some("Same comment"),
-                    ),
-                ],
-                vec![],
-            )];
-
-            let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
-
-            assert!(plan.actions.is_empty());
-        }
-
-        #[test]
-        fn multiple_columns_comment_changes() {
-            // Multiple columns with comment changes
-            let from = vec![table(
-                "users",
-                vec![
-                    col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                    col_with_comment("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text), None),
-                    col_with_comment(
-                        "name",
-                        ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                        Some("User name"),
-                    ),
-                    col_with_comment(
-                        "phone",
-                        ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                        Some("Phone number"),
-                    ),
-                ],
-                vec![],
-            )];
-
-            let to = vec![table(
-                "users",
-                vec![
-                    col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                    col_with_comment(
-                        "email",
-                        ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                        Some("Email address"),
-                    ), // None -> "Email address"
-                    col_with_comment("name", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text), None), // "User name" -> None
-                    col_with_comment(
-                        "phone",
-                        ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                        Some("Phone number"),
-                    ), // no change
-                ],
-                vec![],
-            )];
-
-            let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
-
-            assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 2);
-
-            let has_email_change = plan.actions.iter().any(|a| {
-                matches!(
-                    a,
-                    MigrationAction::ModifyColumnComment {
-                        table,
-                        column,
-                        new_comment: Some(comment),
-                    } if table == "users" && column == "email" && comment == "Email address"
-                )
-            });
-            assert!(has_email_change, "Should detect email comment added");
-
-            let has_name_change = plan.actions.iter().any(|a| {
-                matches!(
-                    a,
-                    MigrationAction::ModifyColumnComment {
-                        table,
-                        column,
-                        new_comment: None,
-                    } if table == "users" && column == "name"
-                )
-            });
-            assert!(has_name_change, "Should detect name comment removed");
-        }
-
-        #[test]
-        fn comment_change_with_nullable_change() {
-            // Column changing both nullable and comment
-            let from = vec![table(
-                "users",
-                vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)), {
-                    let mut c =
-                        col_with_comment("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text), None);
-                    c.nullable = true;
-                    c
-                }],
-                vec![],
-            )];
-
-            let to = vec![table(
-                "users",
-                vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)), {
-                    let mut c = col_with_comment(
-                        "email",
-                        ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                        Some("Required email"),
-                    );
-                    c.nullable = false;
-                    c
-                }],
-                vec![],
-            )];
-
-            let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
-
-            // Should generate both ModifyColumnNullable and ModifyColumnComment
-            assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 2);
-
-            let has_nullable_change = plan.actions.iter().any(|a| {
-                matches!(
-                    a,
-                    MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
-                        table,
-                        column,
-                        nullable: false,
-                        ..
-                    } if table == "users" && column == "email"
-                )
-            });
-            assert!(has_nullable_change, "Should detect nullable change");
-
-            let has_comment_change = plan.actions.iter().any(|a| {
-                matches!(
-                    a,
-                    MigrationAction::ModifyColumnComment {
-                        table,
-                        column,
-                        new_comment: Some(comment),
-                    } if table == "users" && column == "email" && comment == "Required email"
-                )
-            });
-            assert!(has_comment_change, "Should detect comment change");
-        }
-    }
-
-    mod nullable_changes {
-        use super::*;
-
-        fn col_nullable(name: &str, ty: ColumnType, nullable: bool) -> ColumnDef {
-            ColumnDef {
-                name: name.to_string(),
-                r#type: ty,
-                nullable,
-                default: None,
-                comment: None,
-                primary_key: None,
-                unique: None,
-                index: None,
-                foreign_key: None,
-            }
-        }
-
-        #[test]
-        fn column_nullable_to_non_nullable() {
-            // Column: nullable -> non-nullable
-            let from = vec![table(
-                "users",
-                vec![
-                    col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                    col_nullable("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text), true),
-                ],
-                vec![],
-            )];
-
-            let to = vec![table(
-                "users",
-                vec![
-                    col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                    col_nullable("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text), false),
-                ],
-                vec![],
-            )];
-
-            let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
-
-            assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 1);
-            assert!(matches!(
-                &plan.actions[0],
-                MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
-                    table,
-                    column,
-                    nullable: false,
-                    fill_with: None,
-                    delete_null_rows: None,
-                } if table == "users" && column == "email"
-            ));
-        }
-
-        #[test]
-        fn column_non_nullable_to_nullable() {
-            // Column: non-nullable -> nullable
-            let from = vec![table(
-                "users",
-                vec![
-                    col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                    col_nullable("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text), false),
-                ],
-                vec![],
-            )];
-
-            let to = vec![table(
-                "users",
-                vec![
-                    col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                    col_nullable("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text), true),
-                ],
-                vec![],
-            )];
-
-            let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
-
-            assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 1);
-            assert!(matches!(
-                &plan.actions[0],
-                MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
-                    table,
-                    column,
-                    nullable: true,
-                    fill_with: None,
-                    delete_null_rows: None,
-                } if table == "users" && column == "email"
-            ));
-        }
-
-        #[test]
-        fn multiple_columns_nullable_changes() {
-            // Multiple columns changing nullability at once
-            let from = vec![table(
-                "users",
-                vec![
-                    col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                    col_nullable("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text), true),
-                    col_nullable("name", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text), false),
-                    col_nullable("phone", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text), true),
-                ],
-                vec![],
-            )];
-
-            let to = vec![table(
-                "users",
-                vec![
-                    col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                    col_nullable("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text), false), // nullable -> non-nullable
-                    col_nullable("name", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text), true), // non-nullable -> nullable
-                    col_nullable("phone", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text), true), // no change
-                ],
-                vec![],
-            )];
-
-            let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
-
-            assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 2);
-
-            let has_email_change = plan.actions.iter().any(|a| {
-                matches!(
-                    a,
-                    MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
-                        table,
-                        column,
-                        nullable: false,
-                        ..
-                    } if table == "users" && column == "email"
-                )
-            });
-            assert!(
-                has_email_change,
-                "Should detect email nullable -> non-nullable"
-            );
-
-            let has_name_change = plan.actions.iter().any(|a| {
-                matches!(
-                    a,
-                    MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
-                        table,
-                        column,
-                        nullable: true,
-                        ..
-                    } if table == "users" && column == "name"
-                )
-            });
-            assert!(
-                has_name_change,
-                "Should detect name non-nullable -> nullable"
-            );
-        }
-
-        #[test]
-        fn nullable_change_with_type_change() {
-            // Column changing both type and nullability
-            let from = vec![table(
-                "users",
-                vec![
-                    col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                    col_nullable("age", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer), true),
-                ],
-                vec![],
-            )];
-
-            let to = vec![table(
-                "users",
-                vec![
-                    col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                    col_nullable("age", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text), false),
-                ],
-                vec![],
-            )];
-
-            let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
-
-            // Should generate both ModifyColumnType and ModifyColumnNullable
-            assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 2);
-
-            let has_type_change = plan.actions.iter().any(|a| {
-                matches!(
-                    a,
-                    MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType { table, column, .. }
-                    if table == "users" && column == "age"
-                )
-            });
-            assert!(has_type_change, "Should detect type change");
-
-            let has_nullable_change = plan.actions.iter().any(|a| {
-                matches!(
-                    a,
-                    MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
-                        table,
-                        column,
-                        nullable: false,
-                        ..
-                    } if table == "users" && column == "age"
-                )
-            });
-            assert!(has_nullable_change, "Should detect nullable change");
-        }
-    }
-
-    mod diff_tables {
-        use insta::assert_debug_snapshot;
-
-        use super::*;
-
-        #[test]
-        fn create_table_with_inline_index() {
-            let base = [table(
-                "users",
-                vec![
-                    ColumnDef {
-                        name: "id".to_string(),
-                        r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                        nullable: false,
-                        default: None,
-                        comment: None,
-                        primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
-                        unique: None,
-                        index: Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(false)),
-                        foreign_key: None,
-                    },
-                    ColumnDef {
-                        name: "name".to_string(),
-                        r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                        nullable: true,
-                        default: None,
-                        comment: None,
-                        primary_key: None,
-                        unique: Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true)),
-                        index: Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true)),
-                        foreign_key: None,
-                    },
-                ],
-                vec![],
-            )];
-            let plan = diff_schemas(&[], &base).unwrap();
-
-            assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 1);
-            assert_debug_snapshot!(plan.actions);
-
-            let plan = diff_schemas(
-                &base,
-                &[table(
-                    "users",
-                    vec![
-                        ColumnDef {
-                            name: "id".to_string(),
-                            r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                            nullable: false,
-                            default: None,
-                            comment: None,
-                            primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
-                            unique: None,
-                            index: Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(false)),
-                            foreign_key: None,
-                        },
-                        ColumnDef {
-                            name: "name".to_string(),
-                            r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                            nullable: true,
-                            default: None,
-                            comment: None,
-                            primary_key: None,
-                            unique: Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true)),
-                            index: Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(false)),
-                            foreign_key: None,
-                        },
-                    ],
-                    vec![],
-                )],
-            )
-            .unwrap();
-
-            assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 1);
-            assert_debug_snapshot!(plan.actions);
-        }
-
-        #[rstest]
-        #[case(
-            "add_index",
-            vec![table(
-                "users",
-                vec![
-                    ColumnDef {
-                        name: "id".to_string(),
-                        r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                        nullable: false,
-                        default: None,
-                        comment: None,
-                        primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
-                        unique: None,
-                        index: None,
-                        foreign_key: None,
-                    },
-                ],
-                vec![],
-            )],
-            vec![table(
-                "users",
-                vec![
-                    ColumnDef {
-                        name: "id".to_string(),
-                        r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                        nullable: false,
-                        default: None,
-                        comment: None,
-                        primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
-                        unique: None,
-                        index: Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true)),
-                        foreign_key: None,
-                    },
-                ],
-                vec![],
-            )],
-        )]
-        #[case(
-            "remove_index",
-            vec![table(
-                "users",
-                vec![
-                    ColumnDef {
-                        name: "id".to_string(),
-                        r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                        nullable: false,
-                        default: None,
-                        comment: None,
-                        primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
-                        unique: None,
-                        index: Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true)),
-                        foreign_key: None,
-                    },
-                ],
-                vec![],
-            )],
-            vec![table(
-                "users",
-                vec![
-                    ColumnDef {
-                        name: "id".to_string(),
-                        r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                        nullable: false,
-                        default: None,
-                        comment: None,
-                        primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
-                        unique: None,
-                        index: Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(false)),
-                        foreign_key: None,
-                    },
-                ],
-                vec![],
-            )],
-        )]
-        #[case(
-            "add_named_index",
-            vec![table(
-                "users",
-                vec![
-                    ColumnDef {
-                        name: "id".to_string(),
-                        r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                        nullable: false,
-                        default: None,
-                        comment: None,
-                        primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
-                        unique: None,
-                        index: None,
-                        foreign_key: None,
-                    },
-                ],
-                vec![],
-            )],
-            vec![table(
-                "users",
-                vec![
-                    ColumnDef {
-                        name: "id".to_string(),
-                        r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                        nullable: false,
-                        default: None,
-                        comment: None,
-                        primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
-                        unique: None,
-                        index: Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Str("hello".to_string())),
-                        foreign_key: None,
-                    },
-                ],
-                vec![],
-            )],
-        )]
-        #[case(
-            "remove_named_index",
-            vec![table(
-                "users",
-                vec![
-                    ColumnDef {
-                        name: "id".to_string(),
-                        r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                        nullable: false,
-                        default: None,
-                        comment: None,
-                        primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
-                        unique: None,
-                        index: Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Str("hello".to_string())),
-                        foreign_key: None,
-                    },
-                ],
-                vec![],
-            )],
-            vec![table(
-                "users",
-                vec![
-                    ColumnDef {
-                        name: "id".to_string(),
-                        r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                        nullable: false,
-                        default: None,
-                        comment: None,
-                        primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
-                        unique: None,
-                        index: None,
-                        foreign_key: None,
-                    },
-                ],
-                vec![],
-            )],
-        )]
-        fn diff_tables(#[case] name: &str, #[case] base: Vec<TableDef>, #[case] to: Vec<TableDef>) {
-            use insta::with_settings;
-
-            let plan = diff_schemas(&base, &to).unwrap();
-            with_settings!({ snapshot_suffix => name }, {
-                assert_debug_snapshot!(plan.actions);
-            });
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Explicit coverage tests for lines that tarpaulin might miss in rstest
-    mod coverage_explicit {
-        use super::*;
-
-        #[test]
-        fn delete_column_explicit() {
-            // Covers lines 292-294: DeleteColumn action inside modified table loop
-            let from = vec![table(
-                "users",
-                vec![
-                    col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                    col("name", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
-                ],
-                vec![],
-            )];
-
-            let to = vec![table(
-                "users",
-                vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
-                vec![],
-            )];
-
-            let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
-            assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 1);
-            assert!(matches!(
-                &plan.actions[0],
-                MigrationAction::DeleteColumn { table, column }
-                if table == "users" && column == "name"
-            ));
-        }
-
-        #[test]
-        fn add_column_explicit() {
-            // Covers lines 359-362: AddColumn action inside modified table loop
-            let from = vec![table(
-                "users",
-                vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
-                vec![],
-            )];
-
-            let to = vec![table(
-                "users",
-                vec![
-                    col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                    col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
-                ],
-                vec![],
-            )];
-
-            let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
-            assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 1);
-            assert!(matches!(
-                &plan.actions[0],
-                MigrationAction::AddColumn { table, column, .. }
-                if table == "users" && column.name == "email"
-            ));
-        }
-
-        #[test]
-        fn remove_constraint_explicit() {
-            // Covers lines 370-372: RemoveConstraint action inside modified table loop
-            let from = vec![table(
-                "users",
-                vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
-                vec![idx("idx_users_id", vec!["id"])],
-            )];
-
-            let to = vec![table(
-                "users",
-                vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
-                vec![],
-            )];
-
-            let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
-            assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 1);
-            assert!(matches!(
-                &plan.actions[0],
-                MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint { table, constraint }
-                if table == "users" && matches!(constraint, TableConstraint::Index { name: Some(n), .. } if n == "idx_users_id")
-            ));
-        }
-
-        #[test]
-        fn add_constraint_explicit() {
-            // Covers lines 378-380: AddConstraint action inside modified table loop
-            let from = vec![table(
-                "users",
-                vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
-                vec![],
-            )];
-
-            let to = vec![table(
-                "users",
-                vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
-                vec![idx("idx_users_id", vec!["id"])],
-            )];
-
-            let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
-            assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 1);
-            assert!(matches!(
-                &plan.actions[0],
-                MigrationAction::AddConstraint { table, constraint }
-                if table == "users" && matches!(constraint, TableConstraint::Index { name: Some(n), .. } if n == "idx_users_id")
-            ));
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_sort_enum_default_dependencies_swaps_when_old_default_removed() {
-        // Scenario: enum column "status" changes from [active, pending, done] → [active, done]
-        // and default changes from 'pending' → 'active'.
-        // The ModifyColumnDefault must come BEFORE ModifyColumnType.
-        use vespertide_core::{ComplexColumnType, DefaultValue, EnumValues};
-
-        let enum_type_old = ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-            name: "status_enum".into(),
-            values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "pending".into(), "done".into()]),
-        });
-        let enum_type_new = ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-            name: "status_enum".into(),
-            values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "done".into()]),
-        });
-
-        let from = vec![table(
-            "orders",
-            vec![{
-                let mut c = col("status", enum_type_old);
-                c.default = Some(DefaultValue::String("'pending'".into()));
-                c
-            }],
-            vec![],
-        )];
-        let to = vec![table(
-            "orders",
-            vec![{
-                let mut c = col("status", enum_type_new);
-                c.default = Some(DefaultValue::String("'active'".into()));
-                c
-            }],
-            vec![],
-        )];
-
-        let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
-
-        // Should have both ModifyColumnDefault and ModifyColumnType
-        let has_modify_default = plan
-            .actions
-            .iter()
-            .any(|a| matches!(a, MigrationAction::ModifyColumnDefault { .. }));
-        let has_modify_type = plan
-            .actions
-            .iter()
-            .any(|a| matches!(a, MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType { .. }));
-        assert!(has_modify_default, "Should have ModifyColumnDefault");
-        assert!(has_modify_type, "Should have ModifyColumnType");
-
-        // ModifyColumnDefault should come BEFORE ModifyColumnType
-        let default_idx = plan
-            .actions
-            .iter()
-            .position(|a| matches!(a, MigrationAction::ModifyColumnDefault { .. }))
-            .unwrap();
-        let type_idx = plan
-            .actions
-            .iter()
-            .position(|a| matches!(a, MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType { .. }))
-            .unwrap();
-        assert!(
-            default_idx < type_idx,
-            "ModifyColumnDefault (idx={}) must come before ModifyColumnType (idx={})",
-            default_idx,
-            type_idx
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_delete_column_from_existing_table() {
-        // Simple column deletion to cover diff.rs line 339
-        let from = vec![table(
-            "users",
-            vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                col("name", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
-                col("age", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-            ],
-            vec![],
-        )];
-        let to = vec![table(
-            "users",
-            vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                // name and age deleted
-            ],
-            vec![],
-        )];
-
-        let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
-
-        let delete_cols: Vec<&str> = plan
-            .actions
-            .iter()
-            .filter_map(|a| match a {
-                MigrationAction::DeleteColumn { column, .. } => Some(column.as_str()),
-                _ => None,
-            })
-            .collect();
-
-        assert_eq!(delete_cols.len(), 2);
-        assert!(delete_cols.contains(&"name"));
-        assert!(delete_cols.contains(&"age"));
-    }
-
-    mod constraint_removal_on_deleted_columns {
-        use super::*;
-
-        fn fk(columns: Vec<&str>, ref_table: &str, ref_columns: Vec<&str>) -> TableConstraint {
-            TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                name: None,
-                columns: columns.into_iter().map(|s| s.to_string()).collect(),
-                ref_table: ref_table.to_string(),
-                ref_columns: ref_columns.into_iter().map(|s| s.to_string()).collect(),
-                on_delete: None,
-                on_update: None,
-            }
-        }
-
-        #[test]
-        fn skip_remove_constraint_when_all_columns_deleted() {
-            // When a column with FK and index is deleted, the constraints should NOT
-            // generate separate RemoveConstraint actions (they are dropped with the column)
-            let from = vec![table(
-                "project",
-                vec![
-                    col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                    col("template_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                ],
-                vec![
-                    fk(vec!["template_id"], "book_template", vec!["id"]),
-                    idx("ix_project__template_id", vec!["template_id"]),
-                ],
-            )];
-
-            let to = vec![table(
-                "project",
-                vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
-                vec![],
-            )];
-
-            let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
-
-            // Should only have DeleteColumn, NO RemoveConstraint actions
-            assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 1);
-            assert!(matches!(
-                &plan.actions[0],
-                MigrationAction::DeleteColumn { table, column }
-                if table == "project" && column == "template_id"
-            ));
-
-            // Explicitly verify no RemoveConstraint
-            let has_remove_constraint = plan
-                .actions
-                .iter()
-                .any(|a| matches!(a, MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint { .. }));
-            assert!(
-                !has_remove_constraint,
-                "Should NOT have RemoveConstraint when column is deleted"
-            );
-        }
-
-        #[test]
-        fn keep_remove_constraint_when_only_some_columns_deleted() {
-            // If a composite constraint has some columns remaining, RemoveConstraint is needed
-            let from = vec![table(
-                "orders",
-                vec![
-                    col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                    col("user_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                    col("product_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                ],
-                vec![idx(
-                    "ix_orders__user_product",
-                    vec!["user_id", "product_id"],
-                )],
-            )];
-
-            let to = vec![table(
-                "orders",
-                vec![
-                    col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                    col("user_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                    // product_id is deleted, but user_id remains
-                ],
-                vec![],
-            )];
-
-            let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
-
-            // Should have both DeleteColumn AND RemoveConstraint
-            // (because user_id is still there, the composite index needs explicit removal)
-            let has_delete_column = plan.actions.iter().any(|a| {
-                matches!(
-                    a,
-                    MigrationAction::DeleteColumn { table, column }
-                    if table == "orders" && column == "product_id"
-                )
-            });
-            assert!(has_delete_column, "Should have DeleteColumn for product_id");
-
-            let has_remove_constraint = plan.actions.iter().any(|a| {
-                matches!(
-                    a,
-                    MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint { table, .. }
-                    if table == "orders"
-                )
-            });
-            assert!(
-                has_remove_constraint,
-                "Should have RemoveConstraint for composite index when only some columns deleted"
-            );
-        }
-
-        #[test]
-        fn skip_remove_constraint_when_all_composite_columns_deleted() {
-            // If ALL columns of a composite constraint are deleted, skip RemoveConstraint
-            let from = vec![table(
-                "orders",
-                vec![
-                    col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                    col("user_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                    col("product_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                ],
-                vec![idx(
-                    "ix_orders__user_product",
-                    vec!["user_id", "product_id"],
-                )],
-            )];
-
-            let to = vec![table(
-                "orders",
-                vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
-                vec![],
-            )];
-
-            let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
-
-            // Should only have DeleteColumn actions, no RemoveConstraint
-            let delete_columns: Vec<_> = plan
-                .actions
-                .iter()
-                .filter(|a| matches!(a, MigrationAction::DeleteColumn { .. }))
-                .collect();
-            assert_eq!(
-                delete_columns.len(),
-                2,
-                "Should have 2 DeleteColumn actions"
-            );
-
-            let has_remove_constraint = plan
-                .actions
-                .iter()
-                .any(|a| matches!(a, MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint { .. }));
-            assert!(
-                !has_remove_constraint,
-                "Should NOT have RemoveConstraint when all composite columns deleted"
-            );
-        }
-
-        #[test]
-        fn keep_remove_constraint_when_no_columns_deleted() {
-            // Normal case: constraint removed but columns remain
-            let from = vec![table(
-                "users",
-                vec![
-                    col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                    col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
-                ],
-                vec![idx("ix_users__email", vec!["email"])],
-            )];
-
-            let to = vec![table(
-                "users",
-                vec![
-                    col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                    col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
-                ],
-                vec![], // Index removed but column remains
-            )];
-
-            let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
-
-            assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 1);
-            assert!(matches!(
-                &plan.actions[0],
-                MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint { table, .. }
-                if table == "users"
-            ));
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn diff_detects_replace_fk_on_delete() {
-        // Changing FK on_delete should produce a ReplaceConstraint, not Remove+Add
-        let from = vec![table(
-            "posts",
-            vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                col("user_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-            ],
-            vec![TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                name: Some("fk_user".into()),
-                columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
-                ref_table: "users".into(),
-                ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                on_delete: None,
-                on_update: None,
-            }],
-        )];
-        let to = vec![table(
-            "posts",
-            vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                col("user_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-            ],
-            vec![TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                name: Some("fk_user".into()),
-                columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
-                ref_table: "users".into(),
-                ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                on_delete: Some(vespertide_core::ReferenceAction::Cascade),
-                on_update: None,
-            }],
-        )];
-        let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 1);
-        assert!(
-            matches!(&plan.actions[0], MigrationAction::ReplaceConstraint { table, .. } if table == "posts")
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn diff_detects_replace_unique_constraint() {
-        // Unique identity is by columns; changing name on same columns = replace
-        let from = vec![table(
-            "users",
-            vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
-            ],
-            vec![TableConstraint::Unique {
-                name: Some("uq_old".into()),
-                columns: vec!["email".into()],
-            }],
-        )];
-        let to = vec![table(
-            "users",
-            vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
-            ],
-            vec![TableConstraint::Unique {
-                name: Some("uq_new".into()),
-                columns: vec!["email".into()],
-            }],
-        )];
-        let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 1);
-        assert!(
-            matches!(&plan.actions[0], MigrationAction::ReplaceConstraint { table, .. } if table == "users")
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn diff_detects_replace_check_constraint() {
-        // Changing Check expr with same name → ReplaceConstraint
-        let from = vec![table(
-            "users",
-            vec![col("age", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
-            vec![TableConstraint::Check {
-                name: "chk_age".into(),
-                expr: "age > 0".into(),
-            }],
-        )];
-        let to = vec![table(
-            "users",
-            vec![col("age", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
-            vec![TableConstraint::Check {
-                name: "chk_age".into(),
-                expr: "age > 18".into(),
-            }],
-        )];
-        let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 1);
-        assert!(
-            matches!(&plan.actions[0], MigrationAction::ReplaceConstraint { table, .. } if table == "users")
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn diff_detects_replace_index_constraint() {
-        // Changing Index name but same columns → ReplaceConstraint
-        let from = vec![table(
-            "users",
-            vec![col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text))],
-            vec![idx("ix_old", vec!["email"])],
-        )];
-        let to = vec![table(
-            "users",
-            vec![col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text))],
-            vec![TableConstraint::Index {
-                name: Some("ix_new".into()),
-                columns: vec!["email".into()],
-            }],
-        )];
-        let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 1);
-        assert!(
-            matches!(&plan.actions[0], MigrationAction::ReplaceConstraint { table, .. } if table == "users")
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn diff_already_paired_constraint_not_double_matched() {
-        // Two unique constraints on different columns both getting renamed.
-        // The "already paired" check ensures the second from finds the second to
-        // rather than pairing with the already-matched first to.
-        let from = vec![table(
-            "users",
-            vec![
-                col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
-                col("name", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
-            ],
-            vec![
-                TableConstraint::Unique {
-                    name: Some("uq_email_old".into()),
-                    columns: vec!["email".into()],
-                },
-                TableConstraint::Unique {
-                    name: Some("uq_name_old".into()),
-                    columns: vec!["name".into()],
-                },
-            ],
-        )];
-        let to = vec![table(
-            "users",
-            vec![
-                col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
-                col("name", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
-            ],
-            vec![
-                TableConstraint::Unique {
-                    name: Some("uq_email_new".into()),
-                    columns: vec!["email".into()],
-                },
-                TableConstraint::Unique {
-                    name: Some("uq_name_new".into()),
-                    columns: vec!["name".into()],
-                },
-            ],
-        )];
-        let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
-        // Should get exactly 2 ReplaceConstraint actions, not 1
-        let replace_count = plan
-            .actions
-            .iter()
-            .filter(|a| matches!(a, MigrationAction::ReplaceConstraint { .. }))
-            .count();
-        assert_eq!(
-            replace_count, 2,
-            "Expected 2 ReplaceConstraint actions, got: {:?}",
-            plan.actions
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn diff_mismatched_constraint_types_not_paired() {
-        // Removing a Unique and adding an Index on the same columns should NOT produce
-        // ReplaceConstraint — they are different constraint types (hits _ => false branch).
-        let from = vec![table(
-            "users",
-            vec![col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text))],
-            vec![TableConstraint::Unique {
-                name: Some("uq_email".into()),
-                columns: vec!["email".into()],
-            }],
-        )];
-        let to = vec![table(
-            "users",
-            vec![col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text))],
-            vec![idx("ix_email", vec!["email"])],
-        )];
-        let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
-        // Should be Remove + Add, not ReplaceConstraint
-        let replace_count = plan
-            .actions
-            .iter()
-            .filter(|a| matches!(a, MigrationAction::ReplaceConstraint { .. }))
-            .count();
-        assert_eq!(
-            replace_count, 0,
-            "Mismatched types should not produce ReplaceConstraint, got: {:?}",
-            plan.actions
-        );
-        assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 2);
-        assert!(matches!(
-            &plan.actions[0],
-            MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint { .. }
-        ));
-        assert!(matches!(
-            &plan.actions[1],
-            MigrationAction::AddConstraint { .. }
-        ));
-    }
-}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-planner/src/diff/columns.rs b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/diff/columns.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9a6b59b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/diff/columns.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+use std::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet};
+
+use vespertide_core::{ColumnDef, ColumnType, ComplexColumnType, MigrationAction, TableDef};
+
+pub(super) fn diff_columns(
+    actions: &mut Vec<MigrationAction>,
+    table_name: &str,
+    from_tbl: &TableDef,
+    to_tbl: &TableDef,
+) -> BTreeSet<String> {
+    // Columns - use BTreeMap for consistent ordering
+    let from_cols: BTreeMap<_, _> = from_tbl
+        .columns
+        .iter()
+        .map(|c| (c.name.as_str(), c))
+        .collect();
+    let to_cols: BTreeMap<_, _> = to_tbl
+        .columns
+        .iter()
+        .map(|c| (c.name.as_str(), c))
+        .collect();
+
+    let deleted_columns = diff_deleted_columns(actions, table_name, &from_cols, &to_cols);
+    diff_column_types(actions, table_name, &from_cols, &to_cols);
+    diff_column_nullability(actions, table_name, &from_cols, &to_cols);
+    diff_column_defaults(actions, table_name, &from_cols, &to_cols);
+    diff_column_comments(actions, table_name, &from_cols, &to_cols);
+    diff_added_columns(actions, table_name, &from_cols, &to_cols);
+
+    deleted_columns
+}
+
+fn diff_deleted_columns(
+    actions: &mut Vec<MigrationAction>,
+    table_name: &str,
+    from_cols: &BTreeMap<&str, &ColumnDef>,
+    to_cols: &BTreeMap<&str, &ColumnDef>,
+) -> BTreeSet<String> {
+    let deleted_columns: BTreeSet<String> = from_cols
+        .keys()
+        .filter(|col| !to_cols.contains_key(*col))
+        .map(|col| (*col).to_string())
+        .collect();
+
+    for col in &deleted_columns {
+        actions.push(MigrationAction::DeleteColumn {
+            table: table_name.to_string(),
+            column: col.clone(),
+        });
+    }
+
+    deleted_columns
+}
+
+fn diff_column_types(
+    actions: &mut Vec<MigrationAction>,
+    table_name: &str,
+    from_cols: &BTreeMap<&str, &ColumnDef>,
+    to_cols: &BTreeMap<&str, &ColumnDef>,
+) {
+    for (col, to_def) in to_cols {
+        if let Some(from_def) = from_cols.get(col) {
+            let needs_type_migration = from_def.r#type.requires_migration(&to_def.r#type);
+            let needs_enum_rename = !needs_type_migration
+                && matches!(
+                    (&from_def.r#type, &to_def.r#type),
+                    (
+                        ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+                            name: old_name,
+                            values: old_values,
+                        }),
+                        ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+                            name: new_name,
+                            values: new_values,
+                        }),
+                    ) if old_name != new_name
+                        && !old_values.is_integer()
+                        && !new_values.is_integer()
+                );
+
+            if needs_type_migration || needs_enum_rename {
+                actions.push(MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType {
+                    table: table_name.to_string(),
+                    column: (*col).to_string(),
+                    new_type: to_def.r#type.clone(),
+                    fill_with: None,
+                });
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn diff_column_nullability(
+    actions: &mut Vec<MigrationAction>,
+    table_name: &str,
+    from_cols: &BTreeMap<&str, &ColumnDef>,
+    to_cols: &BTreeMap<&str, &ColumnDef>,
+) {
+    for (col, to_def) in to_cols {
+        if let Some(from_def) = from_cols.get(col)
+            && from_def.nullable != to_def.nullable
+        {
+            actions.push(MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
+                table: table_name.to_string(),
+                column: (*col).to_string(),
+                nullable: to_def.nullable,
+                fill_with: None,
+                delete_null_rows: None,
+            });
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn diff_column_defaults(
+    actions: &mut Vec<MigrationAction>,
+    table_name: &str,
+    from_cols: &BTreeMap<&str, &ColumnDef>,
+    to_cols: &BTreeMap<&str, &ColumnDef>,
+) {
+    for (col, to_def) in to_cols {
+        if let Some(from_def) = from_cols.get(col) {
+            let from_default = from_def
+                .default
+                .as_ref()
+                .map(vespertide_core::DefaultValue::to_sql);
+            let to_default = to_def
+                .default
+                .as_ref()
+                .map(vespertide_core::DefaultValue::to_sql);
+            if from_default != to_default {
+                actions.push(MigrationAction::ModifyColumnDefault {
+                    table: table_name.to_string(),
+                    column: (*col).to_string(),
+                    new_default: to_default,
+                });
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn diff_column_comments(
+    actions: &mut Vec<MigrationAction>,
+    table_name: &str,
+    from_cols: &BTreeMap<&str, &ColumnDef>,
+    to_cols: &BTreeMap<&str, &ColumnDef>,
+) {
+    for (col, to_def) in to_cols {
+        if let Some(from_def) = from_cols.get(col)
+            && from_def.comment != to_def.comment
+        {
+            actions.push(MigrationAction::ModifyColumnComment {
+                table: table_name.to_string(),
+                column: (*col).to_string(),
+                new_comment: to_def.comment.clone(),
+            });
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn diff_added_columns(
+    actions: &mut Vec<MigrationAction>,
+    table_name: &str,
+    from_cols: &BTreeMap<&str, &ColumnDef>,
+    to_cols: &BTreeMap<&str, &ColumnDef>,
+) {
+    for (col, def) in to_cols {
+        if !from_cols.contains_key(col) {
+            let mut col_def = (*def).clone();
+            col_def.primary_key = None;
+            col_def.unique = None;
+            col_def.index = None;
+            col_def.foreign_key = None;
+            actions.push(MigrationAction::AddColumn {
+                table: table_name.to_string(),
+                column: Box::new(col_def),
+                fill_with: None,
+            });
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-planner/src/diff/constraints.rs b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/diff/constraints.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..89bb9886
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/diff/constraints.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+use std::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet};
+
+use vespertide_core::{MigrationAction, TableConstraint, TableDef};
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
+enum ConstraintIdentityKey<'a> {
+    PrimaryKey,
+    ForeignKey {
+        columns: Vec<&'a str>,
+        ref_table: &'a str,
+        ref_columns: Vec<&'a str>,
+    },
+    Check {
+        name: &'a str,
+    },
+    Unique {
+        columns: Vec<&'a str>,
+    },
+    Index {
+        columns: Vec<&'a str>,
+    },
+}
+
+fn sorted_column_refs(columns: &[String]) -> Vec<&str> {
+    let mut columns: Vec<&str> = columns.iter().map(String::as_str).collect();
+    columns.sort_unstable();
+    columns
+}
+
+fn constraint_identity_key(constraint: &TableConstraint) -> ConstraintIdentityKey<'_> {
+    match constraint {
+        TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { .. } => ConstraintIdentityKey::PrimaryKey,
+        TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+            columns,
+            ref_table,
+            ref_columns,
+            ..
+        } => ConstraintIdentityKey::ForeignKey {
+            columns: sorted_column_refs(columns),
+            ref_table,
+            ref_columns: sorted_column_refs(ref_columns),
+        },
+        TableConstraint::Check { name, .. } => ConstraintIdentityKey::Check { name },
+        TableConstraint::Unique { columns, .. } => ConstraintIdentityKey::Unique {
+            columns: sorted_column_refs(columns),
+        },
+        TableConstraint::Index { columns, .. } => ConstraintIdentityKey::Index {
+            columns: sorted_column_refs(columns),
+        },
+        _ => unreachable!("TableConstraint is #[non_exhaustive]; all variants are matched above"),
+    }
+}
+
+pub(super) fn diff_constraints(
+    actions: &mut Vec<MigrationAction>,
+    table_name: &str,
+    from_tbl: &TableDef,
+    to_tbl: &TableDef,
+    deleted_columns: &BTreeSet<String>,
+) {
+    let mut replaced_from: Vec<usize> = Vec::new();
+    let mut replaced_to: Vec<usize> = Vec::new();
+
+    diff_replaced_constraints(
+        actions,
+        table_name,
+        from_tbl,
+        to_tbl,
+        &mut replaced_from,
+        &mut replaced_to,
+    );
+    diff_removed_constraints(
+        actions,
+        table_name,
+        from_tbl,
+        to_tbl,
+        deleted_columns,
+        &replaced_from,
+    );
+    diff_added_constraints(actions, table_name, from_tbl, to_tbl, &replaced_to);
+}
+
+fn diff_replaced_constraints(
+    actions: &mut Vec<MigrationAction>,
+    table_name: &str,
+    from_tbl: &TableDef,
+    to_tbl: &TableDef,
+    replaced_from: &mut Vec<usize>,
+    replaced_to: &mut Vec<usize>,
+) {
+    let exact_from: BTreeSet<&TableConstraint> = from_tbl.constraints.iter().collect();
+    let exact_to: BTreeSet<&TableConstraint> = to_tbl.constraints.iter().collect();
+    let mut to_index: BTreeMap<ConstraintIdentityKey<'_>, Vec<usize>> = BTreeMap::new();
+
+    for (ti, to_constraint) in to_tbl.constraints.iter().enumerate() {
+        if !exact_from.contains(to_constraint) {
+            to_index
+                .entry(constraint_identity_key(to_constraint))
+                .or_default()
+                .push(ti);
+        }
+    }
+
+    let mut used_to: BTreeSet<usize> = BTreeSet::new();
+
+    for (fi, from_constraint) in from_tbl.constraints.iter().enumerate() {
+        if exact_to.contains(from_constraint) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let key = constraint_identity_key(from_constraint);
+        let Some(candidates) = to_index.get(&key) else {
+            continue;
+        };
+        if let Some(&ti) = candidates.iter().find(|&&ti| !used_to.contains(&ti)) {
+            used_to.insert(ti);
+            replaced_from.push(fi);
+            replaced_to.push(ti);
+            actions.push(MigrationAction::ReplaceConstraint {
+                table: table_name.to_string(),
+                from: from_constraint.clone(),
+                to: to_tbl.constraints[ti].clone(),
+            });
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn diff_removed_constraints(
+    actions: &mut Vec<MigrationAction>,
+    table_name: &str,
+    from_tbl: &TableDef,
+    to_tbl: &TableDef,
+    deleted_columns: &BTreeSet<String>,
+    replaced_from: &[usize],
+) {
+    for (fi, from_constraint) in from_tbl.constraints.iter().enumerate() {
+        if to_tbl.constraints.contains(from_constraint) || replaced_from.contains(&fi) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let constraint_columns = from_constraint.columns();
+        let all_columns_deleted = !constraint_columns.is_empty()
+            && constraint_columns
+                .iter()
+                .all(|col| deleted_columns.contains(col.as_str()));
+
+        if !all_columns_deleted {
+            actions.push(MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint {
+                table: table_name.to_string(),
+                constraint: from_constraint.clone(),
+            });
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn diff_added_constraints(
+    actions: &mut Vec<MigrationAction>,
+    table_name: &str,
+    from_tbl: &TableDef,
+    to_tbl: &TableDef,
+    replaced_to: &[usize],
+) {
+    for (ti, to_constraint) in to_tbl.constraints.iter().enumerate() {
+        if from_tbl.constraints.contains(to_constraint) || replaced_to.contains(&ti) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        actions.push(MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
+            table: table_name.to_string(),
+            constraint: to_constraint.clone(),
+        });
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-planner/src/diff/mod.rs b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/diff/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..add5afb1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/diff/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+
+use rayon::prelude::*;
+use vespertide_core::{MigrationAction, MigrationPlan, TableDef};
+
+use crate::error::PlannerError;
+use crate::parallel_config::{DIFF_PAR_TABLE_MIN_LEN, diff_par_table_threshold};
+
+mod columns;
+mod constraints;
+mod ordering;
+mod tables;
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests;
+
+/// Diff two schema snapshots into a migration plan.
+/// Schemas are normalized for comparison purposes, but the original (non-normalized)
+/// tables are used in migration actions to preserve inline constraint definitions.
+pub fn diff_schemas(from: &[TableDef], to: &[TableDef]) -> Result<MigrationPlan, PlannerError> {
+    for table in from.iter().chain(to) {
+        table
+            .validate_unique_column_names()
+            .map_err(|e| PlannerError::TableValidation(e.to_string()))?;
+    }
+
+    let estimated_actions = from.len().saturating_add(to.len());
+    let mut actions: Vec<MigrationAction> = Vec::with_capacity(estimated_actions);
+
+    let from_normalized = tables::normalize_schema(from)?;
+    let to_normalized = tables::normalize_schema(to)?;
+
+    // Use BTreeMap for consistent ordering
+    // Normalized versions for comparison
+    let from_map: BTreeMap<_, _> = from_normalized
+        .iter()
+        .map(|t| (t.name.as_str(), t))
+        .collect();
+    let to_map: BTreeMap<_, _> = to_normalized.iter().map(|t| (t.name.as_str(), t)).collect();
+
+    // Original (non-normalized) versions for migration storage
+    let to_original_map: BTreeMap<_, _> = to.iter().map(|t| (t.name.as_str(), t)).collect();
+
+    tables::diff_deleted_tables(&mut actions, &from_map, &to_map);
+
+    // Update existing tables and their indexes/columns.
+    // Per-table work is independent; collect local action lists, then flatten in
+    // BTreeMap iteration order for deterministic migration output.
+    if to_map.len() < diff_par_table_threshold() {
+        for (&name, &to_tbl) in &to_map {
+            diff_existing_table_into(&mut actions, name, &from_map, to_tbl);
+        }
+    } else {
+        let existing_tables: Vec<(&str, &TableDef)> = to_map
+            .iter()
+            .map(|(&name, &to_tbl)| (name, to_tbl))
+            .collect();
+        let per_table_actions: Vec<Vec<MigrationAction>> = existing_tables
+            .par_iter()
+            .with_min_len(DIFF_PAR_TABLE_MIN_LEN)
+            .map(|(name, to_tbl)| diff_existing_table(name, &from_map, to_tbl))
+            .collect();
+        actions.extend(per_table_actions.into_iter().flatten());
+    }
+
+    // SEQUENTIAL BY NATURE: Kahn's algorithm requires in-degree state evolution.
+    tables::diff_created_tables(&mut actions, &from_map, &to_map, &to_original_map)?;
+
+    // SEQUENTIAL BY NATURE: Kahn's algorithm requires in-degree state evolution.
+    // Sort DeleteTable actions so tables with FK dependencies are deleted first
+    ordering::sort_delete_tables(&mut actions, &from_map);
+
+    // Sort so CreateTable comes before AddConstraint that references the new table
+    ordering::sort_create_before_add_constraint(&mut actions);
+
+    // Sort so ModifyColumnDefault comes before ModifyColumnType when removing enum values
+    // that were used as the default
+    ordering::sort_enum_default_dependencies(&mut actions, &from_map);
+
+    Ok(MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 0,
+        actions,
+    })
+}
+
+fn diff_existing_table(
+    name: &str,
+    from_map: &BTreeMap<&str, &TableDef>,
+    to_tbl: &TableDef,
+) -> Vec<MigrationAction> {
+    let mut local_actions = Vec::with_capacity(4);
+    diff_existing_table_into(&mut local_actions, name, from_map, to_tbl);
+    local_actions
+}
+
+fn diff_existing_table_into(
+    actions: &mut Vec<MigrationAction>,
+    name: &str,
+    from_map: &BTreeMap<&str, &TableDef>,
+    to_tbl: &TableDef,
+) {
+    if let Some(from_tbl) = from_map.get(name) {
+        let deleted_columns = columns::diff_columns(actions, name, from_tbl, to_tbl);
+        constraints::diff_constraints(actions, name, from_tbl, to_tbl, &deleted_columns);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-planner/src/diff/ordering.rs b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/diff/ordering.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d43a739f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/diff/ordering.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,421 @@
+use std::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet, HashSet, VecDeque};
+
+use vespertide_core::{
+    ColumnType, ComplexColumnType, EnumValues, MigrationAction, TableConstraint, TableDef,
+};
+
+use crate::error::PlannerError;
+
+/// Topologically sort tables based on foreign key dependencies.
+/// Returns tables in order where tables with no FK dependencies come first,
+/// and tables that reference other tables come after their referenced tables.
+pub(super) fn topological_sort_tables<'a>(
+    tables: &[&'a TableDef],
+) -> Result<Vec<&'a TableDef>, PlannerError> {
+    // SEQUENTIAL BY NATURE: Kahn's algorithm requires in-degree state evolution.
+    if tables.is_empty() {
+        return Ok(vec![]);
+    }
+
+    // Build a map of table names for quick lookup
+    let table_names: HashSet<&str> = tables.iter().map(|t| t.name.as_str()).collect();
+
+    // Build adjacency list: for each table, list the tables it depends on (via FK)
+    // Use BTreeMap for consistent ordering
+    // Use BTreeSet to avoid duplicate dependencies (e.g., multiple FKs referencing the same table)
+    let mut dependencies: BTreeMap<&str, BTreeSet<&str>> = BTreeMap::new();
+    for table in tables {
+        let mut deps_set: BTreeSet<&str> = BTreeSet::new();
+        for constraint in &table.constraints {
+            if let TableConstraint::ForeignKey { ref_table, .. } = constraint {
+                // Only consider dependencies within the set of tables being created
+                if table_names.contains(ref_table.as_str()) && ref_table != &table.name {
+                    deps_set.insert(ref_table.as_str());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        dependencies.insert(table.name.as_str(), deps_set);
+    }
+
+    // Kahn's algorithm for topological sort
+    // Calculate in-degrees (number of tables that depend on each table)
+    // Use BTreeMap for consistent ordering
+    let mut in_degree: BTreeMap<&str, usize> = BTreeMap::new();
+    for table in tables {
+        in_degree.entry(table.name.as_str()).or_insert(0);
+    }
+
+    // For each dependency, increment the in-degree of the dependent table
+    for (table_name, deps) in &dependencies {
+        for _dep in deps {
+            // The table has dependencies, so those referenced tables must come first
+            // We actually want the reverse: tables with dependencies have higher in-degree
+        }
+        // Actually, we need to track: if A depends on B, then A has in-degree from B
+        // So A cannot be processed until B is processed
+        *in_degree.entry(table_name).or_insert(0) += deps.len();
+    }
+
+    // Start with tables that have no dependencies
+    // BTreeMap iteration is already sorted by key
+    let mut queue: VecDeque<&str> = in_degree
+        .iter()
+        .filter(|(_, deg)| **deg == 0)
+        .map(|(name, _)| *name)
+        .collect();
+
+    let mut result: Vec<&TableDef> = Vec::with_capacity(tables.len());
+    let table_map: BTreeMap<&str, &TableDef> =
+        tables.iter().map(|t| (t.name.as_str(), *t)).collect();
+
+    while let Some(table_name) = queue.pop_front() {
+        if let Some(&table) = table_map.get(table_name) {
+            result.push(table);
+        }
+
+        // Collect tables that become ready (in-degree becomes 0)
+        // Use BTreeSet for consistent ordering
+        let mut ready_tables: BTreeSet<&str> = BTreeSet::new();
+        for (dependent, deps) in &dependencies {
+            if deps.contains(&table_name)
+                && let Some(degree) = in_degree.get_mut(dependent)
+            {
+                *degree -= 1;
+                if *degree == 0 {
+                    ready_tables.insert(dependent);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        for t in ready_tables {
+            queue.push_back(t);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Check for cycles
+    if result.len() != tables.len() {
+        let remaining: Vec<&str> = tables
+            .iter()
+            .map(|t| t.name.as_str())
+            .filter(|name| !result.iter().any(|t| t.name.as_str() == *name))
+            .collect();
+        return Err(PlannerError::TableValidation(format!(
+            "Circular foreign key dependency detected among tables: {remaining:?}"
+        )));
+    }
+
+    Ok(result)
+}
+
+/// Sort `DeleteTable` actions so that tables with FK references are deleted first.
+/// This is the reverse of creation order - use topological sort then reverse.
+/// Helper function to extract table name from `DeleteTable` action
+/// Safety: should only be called on `DeleteTable` actions
+pub(super) fn extract_delete_table_name(action: &MigrationAction) -> &str {
+    match action {
+        MigrationAction::DeleteTable { table } => table.as_str(),
+        _ => panic!("Expected DeleteTable action"),
+    }
+}
+
+pub(super) fn sort_delete_tables(
+    actions: &mut [MigrationAction],
+    all_tables: &BTreeMap<&str, &TableDef>,
+) {
+    // SEQUENTIAL BY NATURE: Kahn's algorithm requires in-degree state evolution.
+    // Collect DeleteTable actions and their indices
+    let delete_indices: Vec<usize> = actions
+        .iter()
+        .enumerate()
+        .filter_map(|(i, a)| {
+            if matches!(a, MigrationAction::DeleteTable { .. }) {
+                Some(i)
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        })
+        .collect();
+
+    if delete_indices.len() <= 1 {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // Extract table names being deleted
+    // Use BTreeSet for consistent ordering
+    let delete_table_names: BTreeSet<&str> = delete_indices
+        .iter()
+        .map(|&i| extract_delete_table_name(&actions[i]))
+        .collect();
+
+    // Build dependency graph for tables being deleted
+    // dependencies[A] = [B] means A has FK referencing B
+    // Use BTreeMap for consistent ordering
+    // Use BTreeSet to avoid duplicate dependencies (e.g., multiple FKs referencing the same table)
+    let mut dependencies: BTreeMap<&str, BTreeSet<&str>> = BTreeMap::new();
+    for &table_name in &delete_table_names {
+        let mut deps_set: BTreeSet<&str> = BTreeSet::new();
+        if let Some(table_def) = all_tables.get(table_name) {
+            for constraint in &table_def.constraints {
+                if let TableConstraint::ForeignKey { ref_table, .. } = constraint
+                    && delete_table_names.contains(ref_table.as_str())
+                    && ref_table != table_name
+                {
+                    deps_set.insert(ref_table.as_str());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        dependencies.insert(table_name, deps_set);
+    }
+
+    // Use Kahn's algorithm for topological sort
+    // in_degree[A] = number of tables A depends on
+    // Use BTreeMap for consistent ordering
+    let mut in_degree: BTreeMap<&str, usize> = BTreeMap::new();
+    for &table_name in &delete_table_names {
+        in_degree.insert(
+            table_name,
+            dependencies
+                .get(table_name)
+                .map_or(0, std::collections::BTreeSet::len),
+        );
+    }
+
+    // Start with tables that have no dependencies (can be deleted last in creation order)
+    // BTreeMap iteration is already sorted
+    let mut queue: VecDeque<&str> = in_degree
+        .iter()
+        .filter(|(_, deg)| **deg == 0)
+        .map(|(name, _)| *name)
+        .collect();
+
+    let mut sorted_tables: Vec<&str> = Vec::with_capacity(delete_table_names.len());
+    while let Some(table_name) = queue.pop_front() {
+        sorted_tables.push(table_name);
+
+        // For each table that has this one as a dependency, decrement its in-degree
+        // Use BTreeSet for consistent ordering of newly ready tables
+        let mut ready_tables: BTreeSet<&str> = BTreeSet::new();
+        for (&dependent, deps) in &dependencies {
+            if deps.contains(&table_name)
+                && let Some(degree) = in_degree.get_mut(dependent)
+            {
+                *degree -= 1;
+                if *degree == 0 {
+                    ready_tables.insert(dependent);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        for t in ready_tables {
+            queue.push_back(t);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Reverse to get deletion order (tables with dependencies should be deleted first)
+    sorted_tables.reverse();
+
+    let sorted_positions: BTreeMap<&str, usize> = sorted_tables
+        .iter()
+        .enumerate()
+        .map(|(idx, &name)| (name, idx))
+        .collect();
+
+    // Reorder the DeleteTable actions according to sorted order
+    let mut delete_actions: Vec<MigrationAction> =
+        delete_indices.iter().map(|&i| actions[i].clone()).collect();
+
+    delete_actions.sort_by(|a, b| {
+        let a_name = extract_delete_table_name(a);
+        let b_name = extract_delete_table_name(b);
+
+        let a_pos = sorted_positions.get(a_name).copied().unwrap_or(0);
+        let b_pos = sorted_positions.get(b_name).copied().unwrap_or(0);
+        a_pos.cmp(&b_pos)
+    });
+
+    // Put them back
+    for (i, idx) in delete_indices.iter().enumerate() {
+        actions[*idx] = delete_actions[i].clone();
+    }
+}
+
+/// Compare two migration actions for sorting.
+/// Returns ordering where `CreateTable` comes first, then non-FK-ref actions, then FK-ref actions.
+pub(super) fn compare_actions_for_create_order(
+    a: &MigrationAction,
+    b: &MigrationAction,
+    created_tables: &BTreeSet<String>,
+) -> std::cmp::Ordering {
+    let a_is_create = matches!(a, MigrationAction::CreateTable { .. });
+    let b_is_create = matches!(b, MigrationAction::CreateTable { .. });
+
+    // Check if action is AddConstraint with FK referencing a created table
+    let a_refs_created = if let MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
+        constraint: TableConstraint::ForeignKey { ref_table, .. },
+        ..
+    } = a
+    {
+        created_tables.contains(ref_table)
+    } else {
+        false
+    };
+    let b_refs_created = if let MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
+        constraint: TableConstraint::ForeignKey { ref_table, .. },
+        ..
+    } = b
+    {
+        created_tables.contains(ref_table)
+    } else {
+        false
+    };
+
+    if a_is_create != b_is_create {
+        return if a_is_create {
+            std::cmp::Ordering::Less
+        } else {
+            std::cmp::Ordering::Greater
+        };
+    }
+
+    if a_refs_created != b_refs_created {
+        return if a_refs_created {
+            std::cmp::Ordering::Greater
+        } else {
+            std::cmp::Ordering::Less
+        };
+    }
+
+    std::cmp::Ordering::Equal
+}
+
+/// Sort actions so that `CreateTable` actions come before `AddConstraint` actions
+/// that reference those newly created tables via foreign keys.
+pub(super) fn sort_create_before_add_constraint(actions: &mut [MigrationAction]) {
+    // SEQUENTIAL: mutates the full action list after all table diffs are known.
+    // Collect names of tables being created
+    let created_tables: BTreeSet<String> = actions
+        .iter()
+        .filter_map(|a| {
+            if let MigrationAction::CreateTable { table, .. } = a {
+                Some(table.clone())
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        })
+        .collect();
+
+    if created_tables.is_empty() {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    actions.sort_by(|a, b| compare_actions_for_create_order(a, b, &created_tables));
+}
+
+/// Get the set of string enum values that were removed (present in `from` but not in `to`).
+/// Returns None if either type is not a string enum.
+fn get_removed_string_enum_values(
+    from_type: &ColumnType,
+    to_type: &ColumnType,
+) -> Option<Vec<String>> {
+    match (from_type, to_type) {
+        (
+            ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+                values: EnumValues::String(from_values),
+                ..
+            }),
+            ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+                values: EnumValues::String(to_values),
+                ..
+            }),
+        ) => {
+            let to_set: HashSet<&str> = to_values.iter().map(std::string::String::as_str).collect();
+            let removed: Vec<String> = from_values
+                .iter()
+                .filter(|v| !to_set.contains(v.as_str()))
+                .cloned()
+                .collect();
+            if removed.is_empty() {
+                None
+            } else {
+                Some(removed)
+            }
+        }
+        _ => None,
+    }
+}
+
+/// Extract the unquoted value from a SQL default string.
+/// For enum defaults like `'active'`, returns `active`.
+/// For values without quotes, returns as-is.
+fn extract_unquoted_default(default_sql: &str) -> &str {
+    let trimmed = default_sql.trim();
+    if let Some(inner) = trimmed
+        .strip_prefix('\'')
+        .and_then(|s| s.strip_suffix('\''))
+    {
+        inner
+    } else {
+        trimmed
+    }
+}
+
+/// Sort `ModifyColumnType` and `ModifyColumnDefault` actions when they affect the same
+/// column AND involve enum value removal where the old default is the removed value.
+///
+/// When an enum value is being removed and the current default is that value,
+/// the default must be changed BEFORE the type is modified (to remove the enum value).
+/// Otherwise, the database will reject the ALTER TYPE because the default still
+/// references a value that would be removed.
+pub(super) fn sort_enum_default_dependencies(
+    actions: &mut [MigrationAction],
+    from_map: &BTreeMap<&str, &TableDef>,
+) {
+    // SEQUENTIAL: dependent action swaps require a complete ordered action list.
+    // Find indices of ModifyColumnType and ModifyColumnDefault actions
+    // Group by (table, column)
+    let mut type_changes: BTreeMap<(&str, &str), (usize, &ColumnType)> = BTreeMap::new();
+    let mut default_changes: BTreeMap<(&str, &str), usize> = BTreeMap::new();
+
+    for (i, action) in actions.iter().enumerate() {
+        match action {
+            MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType {
+                table,
+                column,
+                new_type,
+                ..
+            } => {
+                type_changes.insert((table.as_str(), column.as_str()), (i, new_type));
+            }
+            MigrationAction::ModifyColumnDefault { table, column, .. } => {
+                default_changes.insert((table.as_str(), column.as_str()), i);
+            }
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Find pairs that need reordering
+    let mut swaps: Vec<(usize, usize)> = Vec::new();
+
+    for ((table, column), (type_idx, new_type)) in &type_changes {
+        if let Some(&default_idx) = default_changes.get(&(*table, *column))
+            && let Some(from_table) = from_map.get(table)
+            && let Some(from_column) = from_table.columns.iter().find(|c| c.name == *column)
+            && let Some(removed_values) =
+                get_removed_string_enum_values(&from_column.r#type, new_type)
+            && let Some(ref old_default) = from_column.default
+        {
+            // Both ModifyColumnType and ModifyColumnDefault exist for same column
+            // Check if old default is one of the removed enum values
+            let old_default_sql = old_default.to_sql();
+            let old_default_unquoted = extract_unquoted_default(&old_default_sql);
+
+            if removed_values.iter().any(|v| v == old_default_unquoted) && *type_idx < default_idx {
+                // Old default is being removed - must change default BEFORE type
+                swaps.push((*type_idx, default_idx));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Apply swaps
+    for (i, j) in swaps {
+        actions.swap(i, j);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-planner/src/diff/tables.rs b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/diff/tables.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1f1ce667
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/diff/tables.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+
+use vespertide_core::{MigrationAction, TableDef};
+
+use crate::error::PlannerError;
+
+use super::ordering::topological_sort_tables;
+
+pub(super) fn normalize_schema(tables: &[TableDef]) -> Result<Vec<TableDef>, PlannerError> {
+    tables
+        .iter()
+        .map(|t| {
+            t.normalize().map_err(|e| {
+                PlannerError::TableValidation(format!(
+                    "Failed to normalize table '{}': {}",
+                    t.name, e
+                ))
+            })
+        })
+        .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()
+}
+
+pub(super) fn diff_deleted_tables(
+    actions: &mut Vec<MigrationAction>,
+    from_map: &BTreeMap<&str, &TableDef>,
+    to_map: &BTreeMap<&str, &TableDef>,
+) {
+    for name in from_map.keys() {
+        if !to_map.contains_key(name) {
+            actions.push(MigrationAction::DeleteTable {
+                table: (*name).to_string(),
+            });
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub(super) fn diff_created_tables(
+    actions: &mut Vec<MigrationAction>,
+    from_map: &BTreeMap<&str, &TableDef>,
+    to_map: &BTreeMap<&str, &TableDef>,
+    to_original_map: &BTreeMap<&str, &TableDef>,
+) -> Result<(), PlannerError> {
+    let new_tables: Vec<&TableDef> = to_map
+        .iter()
+        .filter(|(name, _)| !from_map.contains_key(*name))
+        .map(|(_, tbl)| *tbl)
+        .collect();
+
+    // SEQUENTIAL BY NATURE: Kahn's algorithm requires in-degree state evolution.
+    let sorted_new_tables = topological_sort_tables(&new_tables)?;
+
+    for tbl in sorted_new_tables {
+        let original_tbl = to_original_map.get(tbl.name.as_str()).ok_or_else(|| {
+            PlannerError::TableValidation(format!(
+                "normalized table '{}' missing original table",
+                tbl.name
+            ))
+        })?;
+        actions.push(MigrationAction::CreateTable {
+            table: original_tbl.name.clone(),
+            columns: original_tbl.columns.clone(),
+            constraints: original_tbl.constraints.clone(),
+        });
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-planner/src/diff/tests/basic.rs b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/diff/tests/basic.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..37885bd5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/diff/tests/basic.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+use super::*;
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case::add_column_and_index(
+    vec![table(
+        "users",
+        vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
+        vec![],
+    )],
+    vec![table(
+        "users",
+        vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("name", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
+        ],
+        vec![idx("ix_users__name", vec!["name"])],
+    )],
+    vec![
+        MigrationAction::AddColumn {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            column: Box::new(col("name", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text))),
+            fill_with: None,
+        },
+        MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            constraint: idx("ix_users__name", vec!["name"]),
+        },
+    ]
+)]
+#[case::drop_table(
+    vec![table(
+        "users",
+        vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
+        vec![],
+    )],
+    vec![],
+    vec![MigrationAction::DeleteTable {
+        table: "users".into()
+    }]
+)]
+#[case::add_table_with_index(
+    vec![],
+    vec![table(
+        "users",
+        vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
+        vec![idx("idx_users_id", vec!["id"])],
+    )],
+    vec![
+        MigrationAction::CreateTable {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            columns: vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
+            constraints: vec![idx("idx_users_id", vec!["id"])],
+        },
+    ]
+)]
+#[case::delete_column(
+    vec![table(
+        "users",
+        vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)), col("name", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text))],
+        vec![],
+    )],
+    vec![table(
+        "users",
+        vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
+        vec![],
+    )],
+    vec![MigrationAction::DeleteColumn {
+        table: "users".into(),
+        column: "name".into(),
+    }]
+)]
+#[case::modify_column_type(
+    vec![table(
+        "users",
+        vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
+        vec![],
+    )],
+    vec![table(
+        "users",
+        vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text))],
+        vec![],
+    )],
+    vec![MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType {
+        table: "users".into(),
+        column: "id".into(),
+        new_type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+        fill_with: None,
+    }]
+)]
+#[case::remove_index(
+    vec![table(
+        "users",
+        vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
+        vec![idx("idx_users_id", vec!["id"])],
+    )],
+    vec![table(
+        "users",
+        vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
+        vec![],
+    )],
+    vec![MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint {
+        table: "users".into(),
+        constraint: idx("idx_users_id", vec!["id"]),
+    }]
+)]
+#[case::add_index_existing_table(
+    vec![table(
+        "users",
+        vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
+        vec![],
+    )],
+    vec![table(
+        "users",
+        vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
+        vec![idx("idx_users_id", vec!["id"])],
+    )],
+    vec![MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
+        table: "users".into(),
+        constraint: idx("idx_users_id", vec!["id"]),
+    }]
+)]
+fn diff_schemas_detects_additions(
+    #[case] from_schema: Vec<TableDef>,
+    #[case] to_schema: Vec<TableDef>,
+    #[case] expected_actions: Vec<MigrationAction>,
+) {
+    let plan = diff_schemas(&from_schema, &to_schema).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(plan.actions, expected_actions);
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-planner/src/diff/tests/column_changes.rs b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/diff/tests/column_changes.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..701ccec8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/diff/tests/column_changes.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,797 @@
+use super::*;
+
+mod default_changes {
+    use super::*;
+
+    fn col_with_default(name: &str, ty: ColumnType, default: Option<&str>) -> ColumnDef {
+        ColumnDef {
+            name: name.to_string(),
+            r#type: ty,
+            nullable: true,
+            default: default.map(std::convert::Into::into),
+            comment: None,
+            primary_key: None,
+            unique: None,
+            index: None,
+            foreign_key: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn add_default_value() {
+        // Column: no default -> has default
+        let from = vec![table(
+            "users",
+            vec![
+                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+                col_with_default("status", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text), None),
+            ],
+            vec![],
+        )];
+
+        let to = vec![table(
+            "users",
+            vec![
+                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+                col_with_default(
+                    "status",
+                    ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+                    Some("'active'"),
+                ),
+            ],
+            vec![],
+        )];
+
+        let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 1);
+        assert!(matches!(
+            &plan.actions[0],
+            MigrationAction::ModifyColumnDefault {
+                table,
+                column,
+                new_default: Some(default),
+            } if table == "users" && column == "status" && default == "'active'"
+        ));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn remove_default_value() {
+        // Column: has default -> no default
+        let from = vec![table(
+            "users",
+            vec![
+                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+                col_with_default(
+                    "status",
+                    ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+                    Some("'active'"),
+                ),
+            ],
+            vec![],
+        )];
+
+        let to = vec![table(
+            "users",
+            vec![
+                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+                col_with_default("status", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text), None),
+            ],
+            vec![],
+        )];
+
+        let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 1);
+        assert!(matches!(
+            &plan.actions[0],
+            MigrationAction::ModifyColumnDefault {
+                table,
+                column,
+                new_default: None,
+            } if table == "users" && column == "status"
+        ));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn change_default_value() {
+        // Column: 'active' -> 'pending'
+        let from = vec![table(
+            "users",
+            vec![
+                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+                col_with_default(
+                    "status",
+                    ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+                    Some("'active'"),
+                ),
+            ],
+            vec![],
+        )];
+
+        let to = vec![table(
+            "users",
+            vec![
+                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+                col_with_default(
+                    "status",
+                    ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+                    Some("'pending'"),
+                ),
+            ],
+            vec![],
+        )];
+
+        let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 1);
+        assert!(matches!(
+            &plan.actions[0],
+            MigrationAction::ModifyColumnDefault {
+                table,
+                column,
+                new_default: Some(default),
+            } if table == "users" && column == "status" && default == "'pending'"
+        ));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn no_change_same_default() {
+        // Column: same default -> no action
+        let from = vec![table(
+            "users",
+            vec![
+                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+                col_with_default(
+                    "status",
+                    ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+                    Some("'active'"),
+                ),
+            ],
+            vec![],
+        )];
+
+        let to = vec![table(
+            "users",
+            vec![
+                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+                col_with_default(
+                    "status",
+                    ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+                    Some("'active'"),
+                ),
+            ],
+            vec![],
+        )];
+
+        let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
+
+        assert!(plan.actions.is_empty());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn multiple_columns_default_changes() {
+        // Multiple columns with default changes
+        let from = vec![table(
+            "users",
+            vec![
+                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+                col_with_default("status", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text), None),
+                col_with_default(
+                    "role",
+                    ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+                    Some("'user'"),
+                ),
+                col_with_default(
+                    "active",
+                    ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Boolean),
+                    Some("true"),
+                ),
+            ],
+            vec![],
+        )];
+
+        let to = vec![table(
+            "users",
+            vec![
+                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+                col_with_default(
+                    "status",
+                    ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+                    Some("'pending'"),
+                ), // None -> 'pending'
+                col_with_default("role", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text), None), // 'user' -> None
+                col_with_default(
+                    "active",
+                    ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Boolean),
+                    Some("true"),
+                ), // no change
+            ],
+            vec![],
+        )];
+
+        let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 2);
+
+        let has_status_change = plan.actions.iter().any(|a| {
+            matches!(
+                a,
+                MigrationAction::ModifyColumnDefault {
+                    table,
+                    column,
+                    new_default: Some(default),
+                } if table == "users" && column == "status" && default == "'pending'"
+            )
+        });
+        assert!(has_status_change, "Should detect status default added");
+
+        let has_role_change = plan.actions.iter().any(|a| {
+            matches!(
+                a,
+                MigrationAction::ModifyColumnDefault {
+                    table,
+                    column,
+                    new_default: None,
+                } if table == "users" && column == "role"
+            )
+        });
+        assert!(has_role_change, "Should detect role default removed");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn default_change_with_type_change() {
+        // Column changing both type and default
+        let from = vec![table(
+            "users",
+            vec![
+                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+                col_with_default(
+                    "count",
+                    ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+                    Some("0"),
+                ),
+            ],
+            vec![],
+        )];
+
+        let to = vec![table(
+            "users",
+            vec![
+                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+                col_with_default(
+                    "count",
+                    ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+                    Some("'0'"),
+                ),
+            ],
+            vec![],
+        )];
+
+        let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
+
+        // Should generate both ModifyColumnType and ModifyColumnDefault
+        assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 2);
+
+        let has_type_change = plan.actions.iter().any(|a| {
+            matches!(
+                a,
+                MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType { table, column, .. }
+                if table == "users" && column == "count"
+            )
+        });
+        assert!(has_type_change, "Should detect type change");
+
+        let has_default_change = plan.actions.iter().any(|a| {
+            matches!(
+                a,
+                MigrationAction::ModifyColumnDefault {
+                    table,
+                    column,
+                    new_default: Some(default),
+                } if table == "users" && column == "count" && default == "'0'"
+            )
+        });
+        assert!(has_default_change, "Should detect default change");
+    }
+}
+
+mod comment_changes {
+    use super::*;
+
+    fn col_with_comment(name: &str, ty: ColumnType, comment: Option<&str>) -> ColumnDef {
+        ColumnDef {
+            name: name.to_string(),
+            r#type: ty,
+            nullable: true,
+            default: None,
+            comment: comment.map(std::string::ToString::to_string),
+            primary_key: None,
+            unique: None,
+            index: None,
+            foreign_key: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn add_comment() {
+        // Column: no comment -> has comment
+        let from = vec![table(
+            "users",
+            vec![
+                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+                col_with_comment("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text), None),
+            ],
+            vec![],
+        )];
+
+        let to = vec![table(
+            "users",
+            vec![
+                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+                col_with_comment(
+                    "email",
+                    ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+                    Some("User's email address"),
+                ),
+            ],
+            vec![],
+        )];
+
+        let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 1);
+        assert!(matches!(
+            &plan.actions[0],
+            MigrationAction::ModifyColumnComment {
+                table,
+                column,
+                new_comment: Some(comment),
+            } if table == "users" && column == "email" && comment == "User's email address"
+        ));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn remove_comment() {
+        // Column: has comment -> no comment
+        let from = vec![table(
+            "users",
+            vec![
+                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+                col_with_comment(
+                    "email",
+                    ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+                    Some("User's email address"),
+                ),
+            ],
+            vec![],
+        )];
+
+        let to = vec![table(
+            "users",
+            vec![
+                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+                col_with_comment("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text), None),
+            ],
+            vec![],
+        )];
+
+        let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 1);
+        assert!(matches!(
+            &plan.actions[0],
+            MigrationAction::ModifyColumnComment {
+                table,
+                column,
+                new_comment: None,
+            } if table == "users" && column == "email"
+        ));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn change_comment() {
+        // Column: 'old comment' -> 'new comment'
+        let from = vec![table(
+            "users",
+            vec![
+                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+                col_with_comment(
+                    "email",
+                    ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+                    Some("Old comment"),
+                ),
+            ],
+            vec![],
+        )];
+
+        let to = vec![table(
+            "users",
+            vec![
+                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+                col_with_comment(
+                    "email",
+                    ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+                    Some("New comment"),
+                ),
+            ],
+            vec![],
+        )];
+
+        let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 1);
+        assert!(matches!(
+            &plan.actions[0],
+            MigrationAction::ModifyColumnComment {
+                table,
+                column,
+                new_comment: Some(comment),
+            } if table == "users" && column == "email" && comment == "New comment"
+        ));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn no_change_same_comment() {
+        // Column: same comment -> no action
+        let from = vec![table(
+            "users",
+            vec![
+                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+                col_with_comment(
+                    "email",
+                    ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+                    Some("Same comment"),
+                ),
+            ],
+            vec![],
+        )];
+
+        let to = vec![table(
+            "users",
+            vec![
+                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+                col_with_comment(
+                    "email",
+                    ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+                    Some("Same comment"),
+                ),
+            ],
+            vec![],
+        )];
+
+        let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
+
+        assert!(plan.actions.is_empty());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn multiple_columns_comment_changes() {
+        // Multiple columns with comment changes
+        let from = vec![table(
+            "users",
+            vec![
+                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+                col_with_comment("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text), None),
+                col_with_comment(
+                    "name",
+                    ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+                    Some("User name"),
+                ),
+                col_with_comment(
+                    "phone",
+                    ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+                    Some("Phone number"),
+                ),
+            ],
+            vec![],
+        )];
+
+        let to = vec![table(
+            "users",
+            vec![
+                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+                col_with_comment(
+                    "email",
+                    ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+                    Some("Email address"),
+                ), // None -> "Email address"
+                col_with_comment("name", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text), None), // "User name" -> None
+                col_with_comment(
+                    "phone",
+                    ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+                    Some("Phone number"),
+                ), // no change
+            ],
+            vec![],
+        )];
+
+        let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 2);
+
+        let has_email_change = plan.actions.iter().any(|a| {
+            matches!(
+                a,
+                MigrationAction::ModifyColumnComment {
+                    table,
+                    column,
+                    new_comment: Some(comment),
+                } if table == "users" && column == "email" && comment == "Email address"
+            )
+        });
+        assert!(has_email_change, "Should detect email comment added");
+
+        let has_name_change = plan.actions.iter().any(|a| {
+            matches!(
+                a,
+                MigrationAction::ModifyColumnComment {
+                    table,
+                    column,
+                    new_comment: None,
+                } if table == "users" && column == "name"
+            )
+        });
+        assert!(has_name_change, "Should detect name comment removed");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn comment_change_with_nullable_change() {
+        // Column changing both nullable and comment
+        let from = vec![table(
+            "users",
+            vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)), {
+                let mut c =
+                    col_with_comment("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text), None);
+                c.nullable = true;
+                c
+            }],
+            vec![],
+        )];
+
+        let to = vec![table(
+            "users",
+            vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)), {
+                let mut c = col_with_comment(
+                    "email",
+                    ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+                    Some("Required email"),
+                );
+                c.nullable = false;
+                c
+            }],
+            vec![],
+        )];
+
+        let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
+
+        // Should generate both ModifyColumnNullable and ModifyColumnComment
+        assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 2);
+
+        let has_nullable_change = plan.actions.iter().any(|a| {
+            matches!(
+                a,
+                MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
+                    table,
+                    column,
+                    nullable: false,
+                    ..
+                } if table == "users" && column == "email"
+            )
+        });
+        assert!(has_nullable_change, "Should detect nullable change");
+
+        let has_comment_change = plan.actions.iter().any(|a| {
+            matches!(
+                a,
+                MigrationAction::ModifyColumnComment {
+                    table,
+                    column,
+                    new_comment: Some(comment),
+                } if table == "users" && column == "email" && comment == "Required email"
+            )
+        });
+        assert!(has_comment_change, "Should detect comment change");
+    }
+}
+
+mod nullable_changes {
+    use super::*;
+
+    fn col_nullable(name: &str, ty: ColumnType, nullable: bool) -> ColumnDef {
+        ColumnDef {
+            name: name.to_string(),
+            r#type: ty,
+            nullable,
+            default: None,
+            comment: None,
+            primary_key: None,
+            unique: None,
+            index: None,
+            foreign_key: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn column_nullable_to_non_nullable() {
+        // Column: nullable -> non-nullable
+        let from = vec![table(
+            "users",
+            vec![
+                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+                col_nullable("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text), true),
+            ],
+            vec![],
+        )];
+
+        let to = vec![table(
+            "users",
+            vec![
+                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+                col_nullable("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text), false),
+            ],
+            vec![],
+        )];
+
+        let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 1);
+        assert!(matches!(
+            &plan.actions[0],
+            MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
+                table,
+                column,
+                nullable: false,
+                fill_with: None,
+                delete_null_rows: None,
+            } if table == "users" && column == "email"
+        ));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn column_non_nullable_to_nullable() {
+        // Column: non-nullable -> nullable
+        let from = vec![table(
+            "users",
+            vec![
+                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+                col_nullable("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text), false),
+            ],
+            vec![],
+        )];
+
+        let to = vec![table(
+            "users",
+            vec![
+                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+                col_nullable("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text), true),
+            ],
+            vec![],
+        )];
+
+        let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 1);
+        assert!(matches!(
+            &plan.actions[0],
+            MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
+                table,
+                column,
+                nullable: true,
+                fill_with: None,
+                delete_null_rows: None,
+            } if table == "users" && column == "email"
+        ));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn multiple_columns_nullable_changes() {
+        // Multiple columns changing nullability at once
+        let from = vec![table(
+            "users",
+            vec![
+                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+                col_nullable("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text), true),
+                col_nullable("name", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text), false),
+                col_nullable("phone", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text), true),
+            ],
+            vec![],
+        )];
+
+        let to = vec![table(
+            "users",
+            vec![
+                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+                col_nullable("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text), false), // nullable -> non-nullable
+                col_nullable("name", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text), true), // non-nullable -> nullable
+                col_nullable("phone", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text), true), // no change
+            ],
+            vec![],
+        )];
+
+        let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 2);
+
+        let has_email_change = plan.actions.iter().any(|a| {
+            matches!(
+                a,
+                MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
+                    table,
+                    column,
+                    nullable: false,
+                    ..
+                } if table == "users" && column == "email"
+            )
+        });
+        assert!(
+            has_email_change,
+            "Should detect email nullable -> non-nullable"
+        );
+
+        let has_name_change = plan.actions.iter().any(|a| {
+            matches!(
+                a,
+                MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
+                    table,
+                    column,
+                    nullable: true,
+                    ..
+                } if table == "users" && column == "name"
+            )
+        });
+        assert!(
+            has_name_change,
+            "Should detect name non-nullable -> nullable"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn nullable_change_with_type_change() {
+        // Column changing both type and nullability
+        let from = vec![table(
+            "users",
+            vec![
+                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+                col_nullable("age", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer), true),
+            ],
+            vec![],
+        )];
+
+        let to = vec![table(
+            "users",
+            vec![
+                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+                col_nullable("age", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text), false),
+            ],
+            vec![],
+        )];
+
+        let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
+
+        // Should generate both ModifyColumnType and ModifyColumnNullable
+        assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 2);
+
+        let has_type_change = plan.actions.iter().any(|a| {
+            matches!(
+                a,
+                MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType { table, column, .. }
+                if table == "users" && column == "age"
+            )
+        });
+        assert!(has_type_change, "Should detect type change");
+
+        let has_nullable_change = plan.actions.iter().any(|a| {
+            matches!(
+                a,
+                MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
+                    table,
+                    column,
+                    nullable: false,
+                    ..
+                } if table == "users" && column == "age"
+            )
+        });
+        assert!(has_nullable_change, "Should detect nullable change");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-planner/src/diff/tests/constraint_performance.rs b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/diff/tests/constraint_performance.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ea73d3b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/diff/tests/constraint_performance.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+use super::*;
+
+#[test]
+fn diff_constraint_replacement_is_linear_per_table() {
+    let columns = (0..100)
+        .map(|i| {
+            col(
+                &format!("col_{i}"),
+                ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+            )
+        })
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+    let from_constraints = (0..100)
+        .map(|i| TableConstraint::Index {
+            name: Some(format!("ix_source_{i}")),
+            columns: vec![format!("col_{i}")],
+        })
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    let to_constraints = (0..100)
+        .map(|i| TableConstraint::Index {
+            name: Some(format!("ix_target_{i}")),
+            columns: vec![format!("col_{i}")],
+        })
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+    let from = vec![table("sample", columns.clone(), from_constraints)];
+    let to = vec![table("sample", columns, to_constraints)];
+
+    let start = std::time::Instant::now();
+    let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
+    let elapsed = start.elapsed();
+    eprintln!("constraint replacement diff elapsed: {elapsed:?}");
+
+    assert!(elapsed < std::time::Duration::from_secs(1));
+    assert_eq!(100, plan.actions.len());
+    assert!(plan.actions.iter().all(|action| matches!(
+        action,
+        MigrationAction::ReplaceConstraint { .. }
+            | MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint { .. }
+            | MigrationAction::AddConstraint { .. }
+    )));
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-planner/src/diff/tests/constraint_removal.rs b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/diff/tests/constraint_removal.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..17f69f85
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/diff/tests/constraint_removal.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,408 @@
+use super::*;
+
+mod constraint_removal_on_deleted_columns {
+    use super::*;
+
+    fn fk(columns: Vec<&str>, ref_table: &str, ref_columns: Vec<&str>) -> TableConstraint {
+        TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+            name: None,
+            columns: columns
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(std::string::ToString::to_string)
+                .collect(),
+            ref_table: ref_table.to_string(),
+            ref_columns: ref_columns
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(std::string::ToString::to_string)
+                .collect(),
+            on_delete: None,
+            on_update: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn skip_remove_constraint_when_all_columns_deleted() {
+        // When a column with FK and index is deleted, the constraints should NOT
+        // generate separate RemoveConstraint actions (they are dropped with the column)
+        let from = vec![table(
+            "project",
+            vec![
+                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+                col("template_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            ],
+            vec![
+                fk(vec!["template_id"], "book_template", vec!["id"]),
+                idx("ix_project__template_id", vec!["template_id"]),
+            ],
+        )];
+
+        let to = vec![table(
+            "project",
+            vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
+            vec![],
+        )];
+
+        let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
+
+        // Should only have DeleteColumn, NO RemoveConstraint actions
+        assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 1);
+        assert!(matches!(
+            &plan.actions[0],
+            MigrationAction::DeleteColumn { table, column }
+            if table == "project" && column == "template_id"
+        ));
+
+        // Explicitly verify no RemoveConstraint
+        let has_remove_constraint = plan
+            .actions
+            .iter()
+            .any(|a| matches!(a, MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint { .. }));
+        assert!(
+            !has_remove_constraint,
+            "Should NOT have RemoveConstraint when column is deleted"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn keep_remove_constraint_when_only_some_columns_deleted() {
+        // If a composite constraint has some columns remaining, RemoveConstraint is needed
+        let from = vec![table(
+            "orders",
+            vec![
+                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+                col("user_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+                col("product_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            ],
+            vec![idx(
+                "ix_orders__user_product",
+                vec!["user_id", "product_id"],
+            )],
+        )];
+
+        let to = vec![table(
+            "orders",
+            vec![
+                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+                col("user_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+                // product_id is deleted, but user_id remains
+            ],
+            vec![],
+        )];
+
+        let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
+
+        // Should have both DeleteColumn AND RemoveConstraint
+        // (because user_id is still there, the composite index needs explicit removal)
+        let has_delete_column = plan.actions.iter().any(|a| {
+            matches!(
+                a,
+                MigrationAction::DeleteColumn { table, column }
+                if table == "orders" && column == "product_id"
+            )
+        });
+        assert!(has_delete_column, "Should have DeleteColumn for product_id");
+
+        let has_remove_constraint = plan.actions.iter().any(|a| {
+            matches!(
+                a,
+                MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint { table, .. }
+                if table == "orders"
+            )
+        });
+        assert!(
+            has_remove_constraint,
+            "Should have RemoveConstraint for composite index when only some columns deleted"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn skip_remove_constraint_when_all_composite_columns_deleted() {
+        // If ALL columns of a composite constraint are deleted, skip RemoveConstraint
+        let from = vec![table(
+            "orders",
+            vec![
+                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+                col("user_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+                col("product_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            ],
+            vec![idx(
+                "ix_orders__user_product",
+                vec!["user_id", "product_id"],
+            )],
+        )];
+
+        let to = vec![table(
+            "orders",
+            vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
+            vec![],
+        )];
+
+        let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
+
+        // Should only have DeleteColumn actions, no RemoveConstraint
+        let delete_columns: Vec<_> = plan
+            .actions
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|a| matches!(a, MigrationAction::DeleteColumn { .. }))
+            .collect();
+        assert_eq!(
+            delete_columns.len(),
+            2,
+            "Should have 2 DeleteColumn actions"
+        );
+
+        let has_remove_constraint = plan
+            .actions
+            .iter()
+            .any(|a| matches!(a, MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint { .. }));
+        assert!(
+            !has_remove_constraint,
+            "Should NOT have RemoveConstraint when all composite columns deleted"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn keep_remove_constraint_when_no_columns_deleted() {
+        // Normal case: constraint removed but columns remain
+        let from = vec![table(
+            "users",
+            vec![
+                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+                col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
+            ],
+            vec![idx("ix_users__email", vec!["email"])],
+        )];
+
+        let to = vec![table(
+            "users",
+            vec![
+                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+                col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
+            ],
+            vec![], // Index removed but column remains
+        )];
+
+        let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 1);
+        assert!(matches!(
+            &plan.actions[0],
+            MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint { table, .. }
+            if table == "users"
+        ));
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn diff_detects_replace_fk_on_delete() {
+    // Changing FK on_delete should produce a ReplaceConstraint, not Remove+Add
+    let from = vec![table(
+        "posts",
+        vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("user_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+        ],
+        vec![TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+            name: Some("fk_user".into()),
+            columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
+            ref_table: "users".into(),
+            ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+            on_delete: None,
+            on_update: None,
+        }],
+    )];
+    let to = vec![table(
+        "posts",
+        vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("user_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+        ],
+        vec![TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+            name: Some("fk_user".into()),
+            columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
+            ref_table: "users".into(),
+            ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+            on_delete: Some(vespertide_core::ReferenceAction::Cascade),
+            on_update: None,
+        }],
+    )];
+    let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 1);
+    assert!(
+        matches!(&plan.actions[0], MigrationAction::ReplaceConstraint { table, .. } if table == "posts")
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn diff_detects_replace_unique_constraint() {
+    // Unique identity is by columns; changing name on same columns = replace
+    let from = vec![table(
+        "users",
+        vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
+        ],
+        vec![TableConstraint::Unique {
+            name: Some("uq_old".into()),
+            columns: vec!["email".into()],
+        }],
+    )];
+    let to = vec![table(
+        "users",
+        vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
+        ],
+        vec![TableConstraint::Unique {
+            name: Some("uq_new".into()),
+            columns: vec!["email".into()],
+        }],
+    )];
+    let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 1);
+    assert!(
+        matches!(&plan.actions[0], MigrationAction::ReplaceConstraint { table, .. } if table == "users")
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn diff_detects_replace_check_constraint() {
+    // Changing Check expr with same name → ReplaceConstraint
+    let from = vec![table(
+        "users",
+        vec![col("age", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
+        vec![TableConstraint::Check {
+            name: "chk_age".into(),
+            expr: "age > 0".into(),
+        }],
+    )];
+    let to = vec![table(
+        "users",
+        vec![col("age", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
+        vec![TableConstraint::Check {
+            name: "chk_age".into(),
+            expr: "age > 18".into(),
+        }],
+    )];
+    let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 1);
+    assert!(
+        matches!(&plan.actions[0], MigrationAction::ReplaceConstraint { table, .. } if table == "users")
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn diff_detects_replace_index_constraint() {
+    // Changing Index name but same columns → ReplaceConstraint
+    let from = vec![table(
+        "users",
+        vec![col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text))],
+        vec![idx("ix_old", vec!["email"])],
+    )];
+    let to = vec![table(
+        "users",
+        vec![col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text))],
+        vec![TableConstraint::Index {
+            name: Some("ix_new".into()),
+            columns: vec!["email".into()],
+        }],
+    )];
+    let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 1);
+    assert!(
+        matches!(&plan.actions[0], MigrationAction::ReplaceConstraint { table, .. } if table == "users")
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn diff_already_paired_constraint_not_double_matched() {
+    // Two unique constraints on different columns both getting renamed.
+    // The "already paired" check ensures the second from finds the second to
+    // rather than pairing with the already-matched first to.
+    let from = vec![table(
+        "users",
+        vec![
+            col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
+            col("name", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
+        ],
+        vec![
+            TableConstraint::Unique {
+                name: Some("uq_email_old".into()),
+                columns: vec!["email".into()],
+            },
+            TableConstraint::Unique {
+                name: Some("uq_name_old".into()),
+                columns: vec!["name".into()],
+            },
+        ],
+    )];
+    let to = vec![table(
+        "users",
+        vec![
+            col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
+            col("name", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
+        ],
+        vec![
+            TableConstraint::Unique {
+                name: Some("uq_email_new".into()),
+                columns: vec!["email".into()],
+            },
+            TableConstraint::Unique {
+                name: Some("uq_name_new".into()),
+                columns: vec!["name".into()],
+            },
+        ],
+    )];
+    let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
+    // Should get exactly 2 ReplaceConstraint actions, not 1
+    let replace_count = plan
+        .actions
+        .iter()
+        .filter(|a| matches!(a, MigrationAction::ReplaceConstraint { .. }))
+        .count();
+    assert_eq!(
+        replace_count, 2,
+        "Expected 2 ReplaceConstraint actions, got: {:?}",
+        plan.actions
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn diff_mismatched_constraint_types_not_paired() {
+    // Removing a Unique and adding an Index on the same columns should NOT produce
+    // ReplaceConstraint — they are different constraint types (hits _ => false branch).
+    let from = vec![table(
+        "users",
+        vec![col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text))],
+        vec![TableConstraint::Unique {
+            name: Some("uq_email".into()),
+            columns: vec!["email".into()],
+        }],
+    )];
+    let to = vec![table(
+        "users",
+        vec![col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text))],
+        vec![idx("ix_email", vec!["email"])],
+    )];
+    let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
+    // Should be Remove + Add, not ReplaceConstraint
+    let replace_count = plan
+        .actions
+        .iter()
+        .filter(|a| matches!(a, MigrationAction::ReplaceConstraint { .. }))
+        .count();
+    assert_eq!(
+        replace_count, 0,
+        "Mismatched types should not produce ReplaceConstraint, got: {:?}",
+        plan.actions
+    );
+    assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 2);
+    assert!(matches!(
+        &plan.actions[0],
+        MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint { .. }
+    ));
+    assert!(matches!(
+        &plan.actions[1],
+        MigrationAction::AddConstraint { .. }
+    ));
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-planner/src/diff/tests/coverage.rs b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/diff/tests/coverage.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b0b90be6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/diff/tests/coverage.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,211 @@
+use super::*;
+
+// Explicit coverage tests for lines that tarpaulin might miss in rstest
+mod coverage_explicit {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn delete_column_explicit() {
+        // Covers lines 292-294: DeleteColumn action inside modified table loop
+        let from = vec![table(
+            "users",
+            vec![
+                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+                col("name", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
+            ],
+            vec![],
+        )];
+
+        let to = vec![table(
+            "users",
+            vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
+            vec![],
+        )];
+
+        let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 1);
+        assert!(matches!(
+            &plan.actions[0],
+            MigrationAction::DeleteColumn { table, column }
+            if table == "users" && column == "name"
+        ));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn add_column_explicit() {
+        // Covers lines 359-362: AddColumn action inside modified table loop
+        let from = vec![table(
+            "users",
+            vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
+            vec![],
+        )];
+
+        let to = vec![table(
+            "users",
+            vec![
+                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+                col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
+            ],
+            vec![],
+        )];
+
+        let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 1);
+        assert!(matches!(
+            &plan.actions[0],
+            MigrationAction::AddColumn { table, column, .. }
+            if table == "users" && column.name == "email"
+        ));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn remove_constraint_explicit() {
+        // Covers lines 370-372: RemoveConstraint action inside modified table loop
+        let from = vec![table(
+            "users",
+            vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
+            vec![idx("idx_users_id", vec!["id"])],
+        )];
+
+        let to = vec![table(
+            "users",
+            vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
+            vec![],
+        )];
+
+        let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 1);
+        assert!(matches!(
+            &plan.actions[0],
+            MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint { table, constraint }
+            if table == "users" && matches!(constraint, TableConstraint::Index { name: Some(n), .. } if n == "idx_users_id")
+        ));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn add_constraint_explicit() {
+        // Covers lines 378-380: AddConstraint action inside modified table loop
+        let from = vec![table(
+            "users",
+            vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
+            vec![],
+        )];
+
+        let to = vec![table(
+            "users",
+            vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
+            vec![idx("idx_users_id", vec!["id"])],
+        )];
+
+        let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 1);
+        assert!(matches!(
+            &plan.actions[0],
+            MigrationAction::AddConstraint { table, constraint }
+            if table == "users" && matches!(constraint, TableConstraint::Index { name: Some(n), .. } if n == "idx_users_id")
+        ));
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_sort_enum_default_dependencies_swaps_when_old_default_removed() {
+    // Scenario: enum column "status" changes from [active, pending, done] → [active, done]
+    // and default changes from 'pending' → 'active'.
+    // The ModifyColumnDefault must come BEFORE ModifyColumnType.
+    use vespertide_core::{ComplexColumnType, DefaultValue, EnumValues};
+
+    let enum_type_old = ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+        name: "status_enum".into(),
+        values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "pending".into(), "done".into()]),
+    });
+    let enum_type_new = ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+        name: "status_enum".into(),
+        values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "done".into()]),
+    });
+
+    let from = vec![table(
+        "orders",
+        vec![{
+            let mut c = col("status", enum_type_old);
+            c.default = Some(DefaultValue::String("'pending'".into()));
+            c
+        }],
+        vec![],
+    )];
+    let to = vec![table(
+        "orders",
+        vec![{
+            let mut c = col("status", enum_type_new);
+            c.default = Some(DefaultValue::String("'active'".into()));
+            c
+        }],
+        vec![],
+    )];
+
+    let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
+
+    // Should have both ModifyColumnDefault and ModifyColumnType
+    let has_modify_default = plan
+        .actions
+        .iter()
+        .any(|a| matches!(a, MigrationAction::ModifyColumnDefault { .. }));
+    let has_modify_type = plan
+        .actions
+        .iter()
+        .any(|a| matches!(a, MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType { .. }));
+    assert!(has_modify_default, "Should have ModifyColumnDefault");
+    assert!(has_modify_type, "Should have ModifyColumnType");
+
+    // ModifyColumnDefault should come BEFORE ModifyColumnType
+    let default_idx = plan
+        .actions
+        .iter()
+        .position(|a| matches!(a, MigrationAction::ModifyColumnDefault { .. }))
+        .unwrap();
+    let type_idx = plan
+        .actions
+        .iter()
+        .position(|a| matches!(a, MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType { .. }))
+        .unwrap();
+    assert!(
+        default_idx < type_idx,
+        "ModifyColumnDefault (idx={default_idx}) must come before ModifyColumnType (idx={type_idx})"
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_delete_column_from_existing_table() {
+    // Simple column deletion to cover diff.rs line 339
+    let from = vec![table(
+        "users",
+        vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("name", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
+            col("age", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+        ],
+        vec![],
+    )];
+    let to = vec![table(
+        "users",
+        vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            // name and age deleted
+        ],
+        vec![],
+    )];
+
+    let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
+
+    let delete_cols: Vec<&str> = plan
+        .actions
+        .iter()
+        .filter_map(|a| match a {
+            MigrationAction::DeleteColumn { column, .. } => Some(column.as_str()),
+            _ => None,
+        })
+        .collect();
+
+    assert_eq!(delete_cols.len(), 2);
+    assert!(delete_cols.contains(&"name"));
+    assert!(delete_cols.contains(&"age"));
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-planner/src/diff/tests/diff_tables.rs b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/diff/tests/diff_tables.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d9c7a656
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/diff/tests/diff_tables.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,271 @@
+use super::*;
+use insta::assert_debug_snapshot;
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+
+#[test]
+fn diff_created_tables_reports_missing_original_table_instead_of_panicking() {
+    let mut actions = Vec::new();
+    let from_map = BTreeMap::new();
+    let ghost = table(
+        "ghost",
+        vec![ColumnDef {
+            name: "id".to_string(),
+            r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+            nullable: false,
+            default: None,
+            comment: None,
+            primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
+            unique: None,
+            index: None,
+            foreign_key: None,
+        }],
+        vec![],
+    );
+    let to_map = BTreeMap::from([("ghost", &ghost)]);
+    let to_original_map = BTreeMap::new();
+
+    let err = super::super::tables::diff_created_tables(
+        &mut actions,
+        &from_map,
+        &to_map,
+        &to_original_map,
+    )
+    .unwrap_err();
+
+    assert!(matches!(err, PlannerError::TableValidation(_)));
+    assert!(
+        err.to_string()
+            .contains("normalized table 'ghost' missing original table")
+    );
+    assert!(actions.is_empty());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn create_table_with_inline_index() {
+    let base = [table(
+        "users",
+        vec![
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "id".to_string(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
+                unique: None,
+                index: Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(false)),
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "name".to_string(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+                nullable: true,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true)),
+                index: Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true)),
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+        ],
+        vec![],
+    )];
+    let plan = diff_schemas(&[], &base).unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 1);
+    assert_debug_snapshot!(plan.actions);
+
+    let plan = diff_schemas(
+        &base,
+        &[table(
+            "users",
+            vec![
+                ColumnDef {
+                    name: "id".to_string(),
+                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+                    nullable: false,
+                    default: None,
+                    comment: None,
+                    primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
+                    unique: None,
+                    index: Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(false)),
+                    foreign_key: None,
+                },
+                ColumnDef {
+                    name: "name".to_string(),
+                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+                    nullable: true,
+                    default: None,
+                    comment: None,
+                    primary_key: None,
+                    unique: Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true)),
+                    index: Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(false)),
+                    foreign_key: None,
+                },
+            ],
+            vec![],
+        )],
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 1);
+    assert_debug_snapshot!(plan.actions);
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case(
+        "add_index",
+        vec![table(
+            "users",
+            vec![
+                ColumnDef {
+                    name: "id".to_string(),
+                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+                    nullable: false,
+                    default: None,
+                    comment: None,
+                    primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
+                    unique: None,
+                    index: None,
+                    foreign_key: None,
+                },
+            ],
+            vec![],
+        )],
+        vec![table(
+            "users",
+            vec![
+                ColumnDef {
+                    name: "id".to_string(),
+                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+                    nullable: false,
+                    default: None,
+                    comment: None,
+                    primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
+                    unique: None,
+                    index: Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true)),
+                    foreign_key: None,
+                },
+            ],
+            vec![],
+        )],
+    )]
+#[case(
+        "remove_index",
+        vec![table(
+            "users",
+            vec![
+                ColumnDef {
+                    name: "id".to_string(),
+                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+                    nullable: false,
+                    default: None,
+                    comment: None,
+                    primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
+                    unique: None,
+                    index: Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true)),
+                    foreign_key: None,
+                },
+            ],
+            vec![],
+        )],
+        vec![table(
+            "users",
+            vec![
+                ColumnDef {
+                    name: "id".to_string(),
+                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+                    nullable: false,
+                    default: None,
+                    comment: None,
+                    primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
+                    unique: None,
+                    index: Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(false)),
+                    foreign_key: None,
+                },
+            ],
+            vec![],
+        )],
+    )]
+#[case(
+        "add_named_index",
+        vec![table(
+            "users",
+            vec![
+                ColumnDef {
+                    name: "id".to_string(),
+                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+                    nullable: false,
+                    default: None,
+                    comment: None,
+                    primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
+                    unique: None,
+                    index: None,
+                    foreign_key: None,
+                },
+            ],
+            vec![],
+        )],
+        vec![table(
+            "users",
+            vec![
+                ColumnDef {
+                    name: "id".to_string(),
+                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+                    nullable: false,
+                    default: None,
+                    comment: None,
+                    primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
+                    unique: None,
+                    index: Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Str("hello".to_string())),
+                    foreign_key: None,
+                },
+            ],
+            vec![],
+        )],
+    )]
+#[case(
+        "remove_named_index",
+        vec![table(
+            "users",
+            vec![
+                ColumnDef {
+                    name: "id".to_string(),
+                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+                    nullable: false,
+                    default: None,
+                    comment: None,
+                    primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
+                    unique: None,
+                    index: Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Str("hello".to_string())),
+                    foreign_key: None,
+                },
+            ],
+            vec![],
+        )],
+        vec![table(
+            "users",
+            vec![
+                ColumnDef {
+                    name: "id".to_string(),
+                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+                    nullable: false,
+                    default: None,
+                    comment: None,
+                    primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
+                    unique: None,
+                    index: None,
+                    foreign_key: None,
+                },
+            ],
+            vec![],
+        )],
+    )]
+fn diff_tables(#[case] name: &str, #[case] base: Vec<TableDef>, #[case] to: Vec<TableDef>) {
+    use insta::with_settings;
+
+    let plan = diff_schemas(&base, &to).unwrap();
+    with_settings!({ snapshot_suffix => name }, {
+        assert_debug_snapshot!(plan.actions);
+    });
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-planner/src/diff/tests/enums.rs b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/diff/tests/enums.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2a3c1081
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/diff/tests/enums.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,821 @@
+use super::*;
+
+// Tests for integer enum handling
+mod integer_enum {
+    use super::*;
+    use vespertide_core::{ComplexColumnType, EnumValues, NumValue};
+
+    #[test]
+    fn integer_enum_values_changed_no_migration() {
+        // Integer enum values changed - should NOT generate ModifyColumnType
+        let from = vec![table(
+            "orders",
+            vec![col(
+                "status",
+                ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+                    name: "order_status".into(),
+                    values: EnumValues::Integer(vec![
+                        NumValue {
+                            name: "Pending".into(),
+                            value: 0,
+                        },
+                        NumValue {
+                            name: "Shipped".into(),
+                            value: 1,
+                        },
+                    ]),
+                }),
+            )],
+            vec![],
+        )];
+
+        let to = vec![table(
+            "orders",
+            vec![col(
+                "status",
+                ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+                    name: "order_status".into(),
+                    values: EnumValues::Integer(vec![
+                        NumValue {
+                            name: "Pending".into(),
+                            value: 0,
+                        },
+                        NumValue {
+                            name: "Shipped".into(),
+                            value: 1,
+                        },
+                        NumValue {
+                            name: "Delivered".into(),
+                            value: 2,
+                        },
+                        NumValue {
+                            name: "Cancelled".into(),
+                            value: 100,
+                        },
+                    ]),
+                }),
+            )],
+            vec![],
+        )];
+
+        let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
+        assert!(
+            plan.actions.is_empty(),
+            "Expected no actions, got: {:?}",
+            plan.actions
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn integer_enum_name_changed_no_migration() {
+        // Integer enum name changed - should NOT generate migration
+        // because integer enums use INTEGER column type, not a named PG type.
+        let from = vec![table(
+            "orders",
+            vec![col(
+                "status",
+                ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+                    name: "order_status".into(),
+                    values: EnumValues::Integer(vec![
+                        NumValue {
+                            name: "Pending".into(),
+                            value: 0,
+                        },
+                        NumValue {
+                            name: "Shipped".into(),
+                            value: 1,
+                        },
+                    ]),
+                }),
+            )],
+            vec![],
+        )];
+
+        let to = vec![table(
+            "orders",
+            vec![col(
+                "status",
+                ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+                    name: "status".into(),
+                    values: EnumValues::Integer(vec![
+                        NumValue {
+                            name: "Pending".into(),
+                            value: 0,
+                        },
+                        NumValue {
+                            name: "Shipped".into(),
+                            value: 1,
+                        },
+                    ]),
+                }),
+            )],
+            vec![],
+        )];
+
+        let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
+        assert!(
+            plan.actions.is_empty(),
+            "Expected no actions for integer enum name change, got: {:?}",
+            plan.actions
+        );
+    }
+    #[test]
+    fn string_enum_values_changed_requires_migration() {
+        // String enum values changed - SHOULD generate ModifyColumnType
+        let from = vec![table(
+            "orders",
+            vec![col(
+                "status",
+                ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+                    name: "order_status".into(),
+                    values: EnumValues::String(vec!["pending".into(), "shipped".into()]),
+                }),
+            )],
+            vec![],
+        )];
+
+        let to = vec![table(
+            "orders",
+            vec![col(
+                "status",
+                ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+                    name: "order_status".into(),
+                    values: EnumValues::String(vec![
+                        "pending".into(),
+                        "shipped".into(),
+                        "delivered".into(),
+                    ]),
+                }),
+            )],
+            vec![],
+        )];
+
+        let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 1);
+        assert!(matches!(
+            &plan.actions[0],
+            MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType { table, column, .. }
+            if table == "orders" && column == "status"
+        ));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn string_enum_name_changed_same_values_requires_migration() {
+        // String enum name changed but values identical - SHOULD generate migration
+        // because the PostgreSQL enum type name is derived from the enum name.
+        let from = vec![table(
+            "orders",
+            vec![col(
+                "status",
+                ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+                    name: "order_status".into(),
+                    values: EnumValues::String(vec!["pending".into(), "shipped".into()]),
+                }),
+            )],
+            vec![],
+        )];
+        let to = vec![table(
+            "orders",
+            vec![col(
+                "status",
+                ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+                    name: "status".into(),
+                    values: EnumValues::String(vec!["pending".into(), "shipped".into()]),
+                }),
+            )],
+            vec![],
+        )];
+        let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            plan.actions.len(),
+            1,
+            "Expected 1 action for enum name change, got: {:?}",
+            plan.actions
+        );
+        assert!(matches!(
+            &plan.actions[0],
+            MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType { table, column, new_type, .. }
+            if table == "orders" && column == "status"
+                && matches!(new_type, ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum { name, .. }) if name == "status")
+        ));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn string_enum_name_and_values_changed_requires_migration() {
+        // String enum name AND values changed - SHOULD generate ModifyColumnType
+        let from = vec![table(
+            "orders",
+            vec![col(
+                "status",
+                ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+                    name: "order_status".into(),
+                    values: EnumValues::String(vec!["pending".into(), "shipped".into()]),
+                }),
+            )],
+            vec![],
+        )];
+
+        let to = vec![table(
+            "orders",
+            vec![col(
+                "status",
+                ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+                    name: "status".into(),
+                    values: EnumValues::String(vec![
+                        "pending".into(),
+                        "shipped".into(),
+                        "delivered".into(),
+                    ]),
+                }),
+            )],
+            vec![],
+        )];
+
+        let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 1);
+        assert!(matches!(
+            &plan.actions[0],
+            MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType { table, column, .. }
+            if table == "orders" && column == "status"
+        ));
+    }
+}
+
+// Tests for detecting enum name changes
+mod enum_name_change {
+    use super::*;
+    use vespertide_core::{ComplexColumnType, EnumValues, NumValue};
+
+    #[test]
+    fn same_enum_name_and_values_no_migration() {
+        // Identical enum - no migration needed
+        let schema = vec![table(
+            "orders",
+            vec![col(
+                "status",
+                ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+                    name: "order_status".into(),
+                    values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into()]),
+                }),
+            )],
+            vec![],
+        )];
+
+        let plan = diff_schemas(&schema, &schema).unwrap();
+        assert!(plan.actions.is_empty());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn string_enum_name_only_changed_detects_rename() {
+        // Only enum name changed, values identical - MUST detect as rename
+        let from = vec![table(
+            "users",
+            vec![col(
+                "role",
+                ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+                    name: "user_role".into(),
+                    values: EnumValues::String(vec![
+                        "admin".into(),
+                        "member".into(),
+                        "guest".into(),
+                    ]),
+                }),
+            )],
+            vec![],
+        )];
+
+        let to = vec![table(
+            "users",
+            vec![col(
+                "role",
+                ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+                    name: "role".into(),
+                    values: EnumValues::String(vec![
+                        "admin".into(),
+                        "member".into(),
+                        "guest".into(),
+                    ]),
+                }),
+            )],
+            vec![],
+        )];
+
+        let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            plan.actions.len(),
+            1,
+            "Expected 1 action, got: {:?}",
+            plan.actions
+        );
+        assert!(matches!(
+            &plan.actions[0],
+            MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType { table, column, new_type, .. }
+            if table == "users" && column == "role"
+                && matches!(new_type, ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum { name, .. }) if name == "role")
+        ));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn multiple_columns_enum_name_changed() {
+        // Multiple columns with enum name changes in same table
+        let from = vec![table(
+            "orders",
+            vec![
+                col(
+                    "status",
+                    ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+                        name: "order_status".into(),
+                        values: EnumValues::String(vec!["pending".into(), "shipped".into()]),
+                    }),
+                ),
+                col(
+                    "priority",
+                    ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+                        name: "order_priority".into(),
+                        values: EnumValues::String(vec!["low".into(), "high".into()]),
+                    }),
+                ),
+            ],
+            vec![],
+        )];
+
+        let to = vec![table(
+            "orders",
+            vec![
+                col(
+                    "status",
+                    ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+                        name: "status".into(),
+                        values: EnumValues::String(vec!["pending".into(), "shipped".into()]),
+                    }),
+                ),
+                col(
+                    "priority",
+                    ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+                        name: "priority".into(),
+                        values: EnumValues::String(vec!["low".into(), "high".into()]),
+                    }),
+                ),
+            ],
+            vec![],
+        )];
+
+        let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            plan.actions.len(),
+            2,
+            "Expected 2 actions, got: {:?}",
+            plan.actions
+        );
+        // Both should be ModifyColumnType for enum renames
+        assert!(
+            plan.actions
+                .iter()
+                .all(|a| matches!(a, MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType { .. }))
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn integer_enum_name_changed_ignored() {
+        // Integer enum name change - should be ignored (DB type is always INTEGER)
+        let from = vec![table(
+            "orders",
+            vec![col(
+                "priority",
+                ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+                    name: "old_priority".into(),
+                    values: EnumValues::Integer(vec![
+                        NumValue {
+                            name: "Low".into(),
+                            value: 0,
+                        },
+                        NumValue {
+                            name: "High".into(),
+                            value: 10,
+                        },
+                    ]),
+                }),
+            )],
+            vec![],
+        )];
+
+        let to = vec![table(
+            "orders",
+            vec![col(
+                "priority",
+                ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+                    name: "new_priority".into(),
+                    values: EnumValues::Integer(vec![
+                        NumValue {
+                            name: "Low".into(),
+                            value: 0,
+                        },
+                        NumValue {
+                            name: "High".into(),
+                            value: 10,
+                        },
+                    ]),
+                }),
+            )],
+            vec![],
+        )];
+
+        let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
+        assert!(
+            plan.actions.is_empty(),
+            "Expected no actions for integer enum rename, got: {:?}",
+            plan.actions
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn enum_name_changed_across_tables() {
+        // Enum name changes detected across different tables
+        let from = vec![
+            table(
+                "users",
+                vec![col(
+                    "status",
+                    ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+                        name: "user_status".into(),
+                        values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "banned".into()]),
+                    }),
+                )],
+                vec![],
+            ),
+            table(
+                "orders",
+                vec![col(
+                    "status",
+                    ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+                        name: "order_status".into(),
+                        values: EnumValues::String(vec!["pending".into(), "done".into()]),
+                    }),
+                )],
+                vec![],
+            ),
+        ];
+
+        let to = vec![
+            table(
+                "users",
+                vec![col(
+                    "status",
+                    ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+                        name: "status".into(),
+                        values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "banned".into()]),
+                    }),
+                )],
+                vec![],
+            ),
+            table(
+                "orders",
+                vec![col(
+                    "status",
+                    ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+                        name: "status".into(),
+                        values: EnumValues::String(vec!["pending".into(), "done".into()]),
+                    }),
+                )],
+                vec![],
+            ),
+        ];
+
+        let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            plan.actions.len(),
+            2,
+            "Expected 2 actions, got: {:?}",
+            plan.actions
+        );
+        assert!(
+            plan.actions
+                .iter()
+                .all(|a| matches!(a, MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType { .. }))
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn enum_name_changed_with_value_change_single_action() {
+        // Both name AND values changed - should produce only ONE ModifyColumnType
+        // (the value change already triggers it; enum rename doesn't duplicate)
+        let from = vec![table(
+            "orders",
+            vec![col(
+                "status",
+                ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+                    name: "order_status".into(),
+                    values: EnumValues::String(vec!["pending".into(), "shipped".into()]),
+                }),
+            )],
+            vec![],
+        )];
+
+        let to = vec![table(
+            "orders",
+            vec![col(
+                "status",
+                ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+                    name: "status".into(),
+                    values: EnumValues::String(vec![
+                        "pending".into(),
+                        "shipped".into(),
+                        "delivered".into(),
+                    ]),
+                }),
+            )],
+            vec![],
+        )];
+
+        let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
+        // Should be exactly 1 action, not 2 (no duplicate for name + values)
+        assert_eq!(
+            plan.actions.len(),
+            1,
+            "Expected exactly 1 action, got: {:?}",
+            plan.actions
+        );
+        assert!(matches!(
+            &plan.actions[0],
+            MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType { .. }
+        ));
+    }
+}
+// Tests for enum + default value ordering
+mod enum_default_ordering {
+    use super::*;
+    use vespertide_core::{ComplexColumnType, EnumValues};
+
+    fn col_enum_with_default(
+        name: &str,
+        enum_name: &str,
+        values: Vec<&str>,
+        default: &str,
+    ) -> ColumnDef {
+        ColumnDef {
+            name: name.to_string(),
+            r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+                name: enum_name.to_string(),
+                values: EnumValues::String(values.into_iter().map(String::from).collect()),
+            }),
+            nullable: false,
+            default: Some(default.into()),
+            comment: None,
+            primary_key: None,
+            unique: None,
+            index: None,
+            foreign_key: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn enum_add_value_with_new_default() {
+        // Case 1: Add new enum value and change default to that new value
+        // Expected order: ModifyColumnType FIRST (add value), then ModifyColumnDefault
+        let from = vec![table(
+            "orders",
+            vec![col_enum_with_default(
+                "status",
+                "order_status",
+                vec!["pending", "shipped"],
+                "'pending'",
+            )],
+            vec![],
+        )];
+
+        let to = vec![table(
+            "orders",
+            vec![col_enum_with_default(
+                "status",
+                "order_status",
+                vec!["pending", "shipped", "delivered"],
+                "'delivered'", // new default uses newly added value
+            )],
+            vec![],
+        )];
+
+        let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
+
+        // Should generate both actions
+        assert_eq!(
+            plan.actions.len(),
+            2,
+            "Expected 2 actions, got: {:?}",
+            plan.actions
+        );
+
+        // ModifyColumnType should come FIRST (to add the new enum value)
+        assert!(
+            matches!(&plan.actions[0], MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType { table, column, .. }
+                if table == "orders" && column == "status"),
+            "First action should be ModifyColumnType, got: {:?}",
+            plan.actions[0]
+        );
+
+        // ModifyColumnDefault should come SECOND
+        assert!(
+            matches!(&plan.actions[1], MigrationAction::ModifyColumnDefault { table, column, .. }
+                if table == "orders" && column == "status"),
+            "Second action should be ModifyColumnDefault, got: {:?}",
+            plan.actions[1]
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn enum_remove_value_that_was_default() {
+        // Case 2: Remove enum value that was the default
+        // Expected order: ModifyColumnDefault FIRST (change away from removed value),
+        //                 then ModifyColumnType (remove the value)
+        let from = vec![table(
+            "orders",
+            vec![col_enum_with_default(
+                "status",
+                "order_status",
+                vec!["pending", "shipped", "cancelled"],
+                "'cancelled'", // default is 'cancelled' which will be removed
+            )],
+            vec![],
+        )];
+
+        let to = vec![table(
+            "orders",
+            vec![col_enum_with_default(
+                "status",
+                "order_status",
+                vec!["pending", "shipped"], // 'cancelled' removed
+                "'pending'",                // default changed to existing value
+            )],
+            vec![],
+        )];
+
+        let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
+
+        // Should generate both actions
+        assert_eq!(
+            plan.actions.len(),
+            2,
+            "Expected 2 actions, got: {:?}",
+            plan.actions
+        );
+
+        // ModifyColumnDefault should come FIRST (change default before removing enum value)
+        assert!(
+            matches!(&plan.actions[0], MigrationAction::ModifyColumnDefault { table, column, .. }
+                if table == "orders" && column == "status"),
+            "First action should be ModifyColumnDefault, got: {:?}",
+            plan.actions[0]
+        );
+
+        // ModifyColumnType should come SECOND (now safe to remove enum value)
+        assert!(
+            matches!(&plan.actions[1], MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType { table, column, .. }
+                if table == "orders" && column == "status"),
+            "Second action should be ModifyColumnType, got: {:?}",
+            plan.actions[1]
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn enum_remove_value_default_unchanged() {
+        // Remove enum value, but default was NOT that value (no reordering needed)
+        let from = vec![table(
+            "orders",
+            vec![col_enum_with_default(
+                "status",
+                "order_status",
+                vec!["pending", "shipped", "cancelled"],
+                "'pending'", // default is 'pending', not the removed 'cancelled'
+            )],
+            vec![],
+        )];
+
+        let to = vec![table(
+            "orders",
+            vec![col_enum_with_default(
+                "status",
+                "order_status",
+                vec!["pending", "shipped"], // 'cancelled' removed
+                "'pending'",                // default unchanged
+            )],
+            vec![],
+        )];
+
+        let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
+
+        // Should generate only ModifyColumnType (default unchanged)
+        assert_eq!(
+            plan.actions.len(),
+            1,
+            "Expected 1 action, got: {:?}",
+            plan.actions
+        );
+        assert!(
+            matches!(&plan.actions[0], MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType { table, column, .. }
+                if table == "orders" && column == "status"),
+            "Action should be ModifyColumnType, got: {:?}",
+            plan.actions[0]
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn enum_remove_value_with_default_change_to_remaining() {
+        // Remove multiple enum values, old default was one of them, new default is a remaining value
+        let from = vec![table(
+            "orders",
+            vec![col_enum_with_default(
+                "status",
+                "order_status",
+                vec!["draft", "pending", "shipped", "delivered", "cancelled"],
+                "'cancelled'",
+            )],
+            vec![],
+        )];
+
+        let to = vec![table(
+            "orders",
+            vec![col_enum_with_default(
+                "status",
+                "order_status",
+                vec!["pending", "shipped", "delivered"], // removed 'draft' and 'cancelled'
+                "'pending'",
+            )],
+            vec![],
+        )];
+
+        let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            plan.actions.len(),
+            2,
+            "Expected 2 actions, got: {:?}",
+            plan.actions
+        );
+
+        // ModifyColumnDefault MUST come first because old default 'cancelled' is being removed
+        assert!(
+            matches!(
+                &plan.actions[0],
+                MigrationAction::ModifyColumnDefault { .. }
+            ),
+            "First action should be ModifyColumnDefault, got: {:?}",
+            plan.actions[0]
+        );
+        assert!(
+            matches!(&plan.actions[1], MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType { .. }),
+            "Second action should be ModifyColumnType, got: {:?}",
+            plan.actions[1]
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn enum_remove_value_with_unquoted_default() {
+        // Test coverage for extract_unquoted_default else branch (line 335)
+        // When default value doesn't have quotes, it should still be compared correctly
+        let from = vec![table(
+            "orders",
+            vec![col_enum_with_default(
+                "status",
+                "order_status",
+                vec!["pending", "shipped", "cancelled"],
+                "cancelled", // unquoted default (no single quotes)
+            )],
+            vec![],
+        )];
+
+        let to = vec![table(
+            "orders",
+            vec![col_enum_with_default(
+                "status",
+                "order_status",
+                vec!["pending", "shipped"], // 'cancelled' removed
+                "pending",                  // unquoted default
+            )],
+            vec![],
+        )];
+
+        let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
+
+        // Should generate both actions
+        assert_eq!(
+            plan.actions.len(),
+            2,
+            "Expected 2 actions, got: {:?}",
+            plan.actions
+        );
+
+        // ModifyColumnDefault should come FIRST because unquoted 'cancelled' matches removed value
+        assert!(
+            matches!(
+                &plan.actions[0],
+                MigrationAction::ModifyColumnDefault { .. }
+            ),
+            "First action should be ModifyColumnDefault, got: {:?}",
+            plan.actions[0]
+        );
+        assert!(
+            matches!(&plan.actions[1], MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType { .. }),
+            "Second action should be ModifyColumnType, got: {:?}",
+            plan.actions[1]
+        );
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-planner/src/diff/tests/fk_ordering.rs b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/diff/tests/fk_ordering.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e7ec8871
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/diff/tests/fk_ordering.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,872 @@
+use super::*;
+
+// Tests for foreign key dependency ordering
+use vespertide_core::{MigrationPlan, TableConstraint};
+
+fn table_with_fk(name: &str, ref_table: &str, fk_column: &str, ref_column: &str) -> TableDef {
+    TableDef {
+        name: name.to_string(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col(fk_column, ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+            name: None,
+            columns: vec![fk_column.to_string()],
+            ref_table: ref_table.to_string(),
+            ref_columns: vec![ref_column.to_string()],
+            on_delete: None,
+            on_update: None,
+        }],
+    }
+}
+
+fn simple_table(name: &str) -> TableDef {
+    TableDef {
+        name: name.to_string(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    }
+}
+
+fn pk_col(name: &str) -> ColumnDef {
+    use vespertide_core::schema::primary_key::PrimaryKeySyntax;
+
+    ColumnDef {
+        name: name.to_string(),
+        r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+        nullable: false,
+        default: None,
+        comment: None,
+        primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
+        unique: None,
+        index: None,
+        foreign_key: None,
+    }
+}
+
+fn inline_fk_col(name: &str, ref_table: &str) -> ColumnDef {
+    use vespertide_core::schema::foreign_key::ForeignKeySyntax;
+
+    ColumnDef {
+        name: name.to_string(),
+        r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+        nullable: true,
+        default: None,
+        comment: None,
+        primary_key: None,
+        unique: None,
+        index: None,
+        foreign_key: Some(ForeignKeySyntax::String(format!("{ref_table}.id"))),
+    }
+}
+
+fn inline_fk_table(name: &str, ref_tables: &[&str]) -> TableDef {
+    let mut columns = vec![pk_col("id")];
+    columns.extend(
+        ref_tables
+            .iter()
+            .map(|ref_table| inline_fk_col(&format!("{ref_table}_id"), ref_table)),
+    );
+
+    TableDef {
+        name: name.to_string(),
+        description: None,
+        columns,
+        constraints: vec![],
+    }
+}
+
+fn create_order(plan: &MigrationPlan) -> Vec<&str> {
+    plan.actions
+        .iter()
+        .filter_map(|action| {
+            if let MigrationAction::CreateTable { table, .. } = action {
+                Some(table.as_str())
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
+fn assert_before(order: &[&str], first: &str, second: &str) {
+    let first_pos = order.iter().position(|&table| table == first).unwrap();
+    let second_pos = order.iter().position(|&table| table == second).unwrap();
+    assert!(first_pos < second_pos, "{first} must come before {second}");
+}
+
+fn text_col_with_comment(name: &str, comment: &str) -> ColumnDef {
+    let mut column = col(name, ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
+    column.comment = Some(comment.into());
+    column
+}
+
+fn sort_all_branch_schemas() -> (Vec<TableDef>, Vec<TableDef>) {
+    let users_from = table(
+        "users",
+        vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            text_col_with_comment("name", "Old comment"),
+            col("role_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+        ],
+        vec![],
+    );
+    let posts_from = table(
+        "posts",
+        vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("title", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
+        ],
+        vec![],
+    );
+    let roles = table(
+        "roles",
+        vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
+        vec![],
+    );
+
+    let users_to = table(
+        "users",
+        vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            text_col_with_comment("name", "New comment"),
+            col("role_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+        ],
+        vec![fk_constraint("role_id", "roles")],
+    );
+    let posts_to = table(
+        "posts",
+        vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("title", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
+        ],
+        vec![TableConstraint::Index {
+            name: Some("idx_title".into()),
+            columns: vec!["title".into()],
+        }],
+    );
+
+    (
+        vec![users_from, posts_from],
+        vec![users_to, posts_to, roles],
+    )
+}
+
+fn fk_constraint(column: &str, ref_table: &str) -> TableConstraint {
+    TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+        name: None,
+        columns: vec![column.into()],
+        ref_table: ref_table.into(),
+        ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+        on_delete: None,
+        on_update: None,
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn create_tables_respects_fk_order() {
+    // Create users and posts tables where posts references users
+    // The order should be: users first, then posts
+    let users = simple_table("users");
+    let posts = table_with_fk("posts", "users", "user_id", "id");
+
+    let plan = diff_schemas(&[], &[posts.clone(), users.clone()]).unwrap();
+
+    // Extract CreateTable actions in order
+    let create_order: Vec<&str> = plan
+        .actions
+        .iter()
+        .filter_map(|a| {
+            if let MigrationAction::CreateTable { table, .. } = a {
+                Some(table.as_str())
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        })
+        .collect();
+
+    assert_eq!(create_order, vec!["users", "posts"]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn create_tables_chain_dependency() {
+    // Chain: users <- media <- articles
+    // users has no FK
+    // media references users
+    // articles references media
+    let users = simple_table("users");
+    let media = table_with_fk("media", "users", "owner_id", "id");
+    let articles = table_with_fk("articles", "media", "media_id", "id");
+
+    // Pass in reverse order to ensure sorting works
+    let plan = diff_schemas(&[], &[articles.clone(), media.clone(), users.clone()]).unwrap();
+
+    let create_order: Vec<&str> = plan
+        .actions
+        .iter()
+        .filter_map(|a| {
+            if let MigrationAction::CreateTable { table, .. } = a {
+                Some(table.as_str())
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        })
+        .collect();
+
+    assert_eq!(create_order, vec!["users", "media", "articles"]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn create_tables_multiple_independent_branches() {
+    // Two independent branches:
+    // users <- posts
+    // categories <- products
+    let users = simple_table("users");
+    let posts = table_with_fk("posts", "users", "user_id", "id");
+    let categories = simple_table("categories");
+    let products = table_with_fk("products", "categories", "category_id", "id");
+
+    let plan = diff_schemas(
+        &[],
+        &[
+            products.clone(),
+            posts.clone(),
+            categories.clone(),
+            users.clone(),
+        ],
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+
+    let create_order: Vec<&str> = plan
+        .actions
+        .iter()
+        .filter_map(|a| {
+            if let MigrationAction::CreateTable { table, .. } = a {
+                Some(table.as_str())
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        })
+        .collect();
+
+    // users must come before posts
+    let users_pos = create_order.iter().position(|&t| t == "users").unwrap();
+    let posts_pos = create_order.iter().position(|&t| t == "posts").unwrap();
+    assert!(
+        users_pos < posts_pos,
+        "users should be created before posts"
+    );
+
+    // categories must come before products
+    let categories_pos = create_order
+        .iter()
+        .position(|&t| t == "categories")
+        .unwrap();
+    let products_pos = create_order.iter().position(|&t| t == "products").unwrap();
+    assert!(
+        categories_pos < products_pos,
+        "categories should be created before products"
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn delete_tables_respects_fk_order() {
+    // When deleting users and posts where posts references users,
+    // posts should be deleted first (reverse of creation order)
+    let users = simple_table("users");
+    let posts = table_with_fk("posts", "users", "user_id", "id");
+
+    let plan = diff_schemas(&[users.clone(), posts.clone()], &[]).unwrap();
+
+    let delete_order: Vec<&str> = plan
+        .actions
+        .iter()
+        .filter_map(|a| {
+            if let MigrationAction::DeleteTable { table } = a {
+                Some(table.as_str())
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        })
+        .collect();
+
+    assert_eq!(delete_order, vec!["posts", "users"]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn delete_tables_chain_dependency() {
+    // Chain: users <- media <- articles
+    // Delete order should be: articles, media, users
+    let users = simple_table("users");
+    let media = table_with_fk("media", "users", "owner_id", "id");
+    let articles = table_with_fk("articles", "media", "media_id", "id");
+
+    let plan = diff_schemas(&[users.clone(), media.clone(), articles.clone()], &[]).unwrap();
+
+    let delete_order: Vec<&str> = plan
+        .actions
+        .iter()
+        .filter_map(|a| {
+            if let MigrationAction::DeleteTable { table } = a {
+                Some(table.as_str())
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        })
+        .collect();
+
+    // articles must be deleted before media
+    let articles_pos = delete_order.iter().position(|&t| t == "articles").unwrap();
+    let media_pos = delete_order.iter().position(|&t| t == "media").unwrap();
+    assert!(
+        articles_pos < media_pos,
+        "articles should be deleted before media"
+    );
+
+    // media must be deleted before users
+    let users_pos = delete_order.iter().position(|&t| t == "users").unwrap();
+    assert!(
+        media_pos < users_pos,
+        "media should be deleted before users"
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn circular_fk_dependency_returns_error() {
+    // Create circular dependency: A -> B -> A
+    let table_a = TableDef {
+        name: "table_a".to_string(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("b_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+            name: None,
+            columns: vec!["b_id".to_string()],
+            ref_table: "table_b".to_string(),
+            ref_columns: vec!["id".to_string()],
+            on_delete: None,
+            on_update: None,
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let table_b = TableDef {
+        name: "table_b".to_string(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("a_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+            name: None,
+            columns: vec!["a_id".to_string()],
+            ref_table: "table_a".to_string(),
+            ref_columns: vec!["id".to_string()],
+            on_delete: None,
+            on_update: None,
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let result = diff_schemas(&[], &[table_a, table_b]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    if let Err(PlannerError::TableValidation(msg)) = result {
+        assert!(
+            msg.contains("Circular foreign key dependency"),
+            "Expected circular dependency error, got: {msg}"
+        );
+    } else {
+        panic!("Expected TableValidation error, got {result:?}");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn fk_to_external_table_is_ignored() {
+    // FK referencing a table not in the migration should not affect ordering
+    let posts = table_with_fk("posts", "users", "user_id", "id");
+    let comments = table_with_fk("comments", "posts", "post_id", "id");
+
+    // users is NOT being created in this migration
+    let plan = diff_schemas(&[], &[comments.clone(), posts.clone()]).unwrap();
+
+    let create_order: Vec<&str> = plan
+        .actions
+        .iter()
+        .filter_map(|a| {
+            if let MigrationAction::CreateTable { table, .. } = a {
+                Some(table.as_str())
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        })
+        .collect();
+
+    // posts must come before comments (comments depends on posts)
+    let posts_pos = create_order.iter().position(|&t| t == "posts").unwrap();
+    let comments_pos = create_order.iter().position(|&t| t == "comments").unwrap();
+    assert!(
+        posts_pos < comments_pos,
+        "posts should be created before comments"
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn delete_tables_mixed_with_other_actions() {
+    // Test that sort_delete_actions correctly handles actions that are not DeleteTable
+    // This tests lines 124, 193, 198 (the else branches)
+    use crate::diff::diff_schemas;
+
+    let from_schema = vec![
+        table(
+            "users",
+            vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
+            vec![],
+        ),
+        table(
+            "posts",
+            vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
+            vec![],
+        ),
+    ];
+
+    let to_schema = vec![
+        // Drop posts table, but also add a new column to users
+        table(
+            "users",
+            vec![
+                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+                col("name", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
+            ],
+            vec![],
+        ),
+    ];
+
+    let plan = diff_schemas(&from_schema, &to_schema).unwrap();
+
+    // Should have: AddColumn (for users.name) and DeleteTable (for posts)
+    assert!(
+        plan.actions
+            .iter()
+            .any(|a| matches!(a, MigrationAction::AddColumn { .. }))
+    );
+    assert!(
+        plan.actions
+            .iter()
+            .any(|a| matches!(a, MigrationAction::DeleteTable { .. }))
+    );
+
+    // The else branches in sort_delete_actions should handle AddColumn gracefully
+    // (returning empty string for table name, which sorts it to position 0)
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[should_panic(expected = "Expected DeleteTable action")]
+fn test_extract_delete_table_name_panics_on_non_delete_action() {
+    // Test that extract_delete_table_name panics when called with non-DeleteTable action
+    use crate::diff::ordering::extract_delete_table_name;
+
+    let action = MigrationAction::AddColumn {
+        table: "users".into(),
+        column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
+            name: "email".into(),
+            r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+            nullable: true,
+            default: None,
+            comment: None,
+            primary_key: None,
+            unique: None,
+            index: None,
+            foreign_key: None,
+        }),
+        fill_with: None,
+    };
+
+    // This should panic
+    extract_delete_table_name(&action);
+}
+
+/// Test that inline FK across multiple tables works correctly with topological sort
+#[test]
+fn create_tables_with_inline_fk_chain() {
+    use super::*;
+
+    // Reproduce the app example structure:
+    // user -> (no deps)
+    // product -> (no deps)
+    // project -> user
+    // code -> product, user, project
+    // order -> user, project, product, code
+    // payment -> order
+
+    let user = inline_fk_table("user", &[]);
+    let product = inline_fk_table("product", &[]);
+    let project = inline_fk_table("project", &["user"]);
+    let code = inline_fk_table("code", &["product", "user", "project"]);
+    let order = inline_fk_table("order", &["user", "project", "product", "code"]);
+    let payment = inline_fk_table("payment", &["order"]);
+
+    // Pass in arbitrary order - should NOT return circular dependency error
+    let result = diff_schemas(&[], &[payment, order, code, project, product, user]);
+    assert!(result.is_ok(), "Expected Ok, got: {result:?}");
+
+    let plan = result.unwrap();
+    let order = create_order(&plan);
+
+    // user and product have no deps, can be in any order
+    // project depends on user
+    assert_before(&order, "user", "project");
+    // code depends on product, user, project
+    assert_before(&order, "product", "code");
+    assert_before(&order, "user", "code");
+    assert_before(&order, "project", "code");
+    // order depends on user, project, product, code
+    assert_before(&order, "code", "order");
+    // payment depends on order
+    assert_before(&order, "order", "payment");
+}
+
+/// Test that `AddConstraint` FK to a new table comes AFTER `CreateTable` for that table
+#[test]
+fn add_constraint_fk_to_new_table_comes_after_create_table() {
+    use super::*;
+
+    // Existing table: notification (with broadcast_id column)
+    let notification_from = table(
+        "notification",
+        vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col(
+                "broadcast_id",
+                ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+            ),
+        ],
+        vec![],
+    );
+
+    // New table: notification_broadcast
+    let notification_broadcast = table(
+        "notification_broadcast",
+        vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
+        vec![],
+    );
+
+    // Modified notification with FK constraint to the new table
+    let notification_to = table(
+        "notification",
+        vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col(
+                "broadcast_id",
+                ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+            ),
+        ],
+        vec![TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+            name: None,
+            columns: vec!["broadcast_id".into()],
+            ref_table: "notification_broadcast".into(),
+            ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+            on_delete: None,
+            on_update: None,
+        }],
+    );
+
+    let from_schema = vec![notification_from];
+    let to_schema = vec![notification_to, notification_broadcast];
+
+    let plan = diff_schemas(&from_schema, &to_schema).unwrap();
+
+    // Find positions
+    let create_pos = plan.actions.iter().position(|a| matches!(a, MigrationAction::CreateTable { table, .. } if table == "notification_broadcast"));
+    let add_constraint_pos = plan.actions.iter().position(|a| {
+        matches!(a, MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
+            constraint: TableConstraint::ForeignKey { ref_table, .. }, ..
+        } if ref_table == "notification_broadcast")
+    });
+
+    assert!(
+        create_pos.is_some(),
+        "Should have CreateTable for notification_broadcast"
+    );
+    assert!(
+        add_constraint_pos.is_some(),
+        "Should have AddConstraint for FK to notification_broadcast"
+    );
+    assert!(
+        create_pos.unwrap() < add_constraint_pos.unwrap(),
+        "CreateTable must come BEFORE AddConstraint FK that references it. Got CreateTable at {}, AddConstraint at {}",
+        create_pos.unwrap(),
+        add_constraint_pos.unwrap()
+    );
+}
+
+/// Test `sort_create_before_add_constraint` with multiple action types
+/// Covers lines 218, 221, 223, 225 in `sort_create_before_add_constraint`
+#[test]
+fn sort_create_before_add_constraint_all_branches() {
+    use super::*;
+    // Existing tables get a comment change, a regular index, and an FK to a new table.
+    let (from_schema, to_schema) = sort_all_branch_schemas();
+
+    let plan = diff_schemas(&from_schema, &to_schema).unwrap();
+
+    // Verify CreateTable comes first
+    let create_pos = plan
+        .actions
+        .iter()
+        .position(|a| matches!(a, MigrationAction::CreateTable { table, .. } if table == "roles"))
+        .expect("Should have CreateTable for roles");
+
+    // ModifyColumnComment should come after CreateTable (line 218: non-create vs create)
+    let modify_pos = plan
+        .actions
+        .iter()
+        .position(|a| matches!(a, MigrationAction::ModifyColumnComment { .. }))
+        .expect("Should have ModifyColumnComment");
+
+    // AddConstraint Index (not FK to created) should come after CreateTable (line 218)
+    let add_index_pos = plan
+        .actions
+        .iter()
+        .position(|a| {
+            matches!(
+                a,
+                MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
+                    constraint: TableConstraint::Index { .. },
+                    ..
+                }
+            )
+        })
+        .expect("Should have AddConstraint Index");
+
+    // AddConstraint FK to roles should come last (line 221: refs created, others don't)
+    let add_fk_pos = plan
+        .actions
+        .iter()
+        .position(|a| {
+            matches!(
+                a,
+                MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
+                    constraint: TableConstraint::ForeignKey { ref_table, .. },
+                    ..
+                } if ref_table == "roles"
+            )
+        })
+        .expect("Should have AddConstraint FK to roles");
+
+    assert!(
+        create_pos < modify_pos,
+        "CreateTable must come before ModifyColumnComment"
+    );
+    assert!(
+        create_pos < add_index_pos,
+        "CreateTable must come before AddConstraint Index"
+    );
+    assert!(
+        create_pos < add_fk_pos,
+        "CreateTable must come before AddConstraint FK"
+    );
+    // FK to created table should come after non-FK-to-created actions
+    assert!(
+        add_index_pos < add_fk_pos,
+        "AddConstraint Index (not referencing created) should come before AddConstraint FK (referencing created)"
+    );
+}
+
+/// Test that two `AddConstraint` FKs both referencing created tables maintain stable order
+/// Covers line 225: both ref created tables
+#[test]
+fn sort_multiple_fks_to_created_tables() {
+    use super::*;
+
+    // Two existing tables, each getting FK to a different new table
+    let users_from = table(
+        "users",
+        vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("role_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+        ],
+        vec![],
+    );
+
+    let posts_from = table(
+        "posts",
+        vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("category_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+        ],
+        vec![],
+    );
+
+    // Two new tables
+    let roles = table(
+        "roles",
+        vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
+        vec![],
+    );
+    let categories = table(
+        "categories",
+        vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
+        vec![],
+    );
+
+    let users_to = table(
+        "users",
+        vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("role_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+        ],
+        vec![TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+            name: None,
+            columns: vec!["role_id".into()],
+            ref_table: "roles".into(),
+            ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+            on_delete: None,
+            on_update: None,
+        }],
+    );
+
+    let posts_to = table(
+        "posts",
+        vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("category_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+        ],
+        vec![TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+            name: None,
+            columns: vec!["category_id".into()],
+            ref_table: "categories".into(),
+            ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+            on_delete: None,
+            on_update: None,
+        }],
+    );
+
+    let from_schema = vec![users_from, posts_from];
+    let to_schema = vec![users_to, posts_to, roles, categories];
+
+    let plan = diff_schemas(&from_schema, &to_schema).unwrap();
+
+    // Both CreateTable should come before both AddConstraint FK
+    let create_roles_pos = plan
+        .actions
+        .iter()
+        .position(|a| matches!(a, MigrationAction::CreateTable { table, .. } if table == "roles"));
+    let create_categories_pos = plan.actions.iter().position(
+        |a| matches!(a, MigrationAction::CreateTable { table, .. } if table == "categories"),
+    );
+    let add_fk_roles_pos = plan.actions.iter().position(|a| {
+        matches!(
+            a,
+            MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
+                constraint: TableConstraint::ForeignKey { ref_table, .. },
+                ..
+            } if ref_table == "roles"
+        )
+    });
+    let add_fk_categories_pos = plan.actions.iter().position(|a| {
+        matches!(
+            a,
+            MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
+                constraint: TableConstraint::ForeignKey { ref_table, .. },
+                ..
+            } if ref_table == "categories"
+        )
+    });
+
+    assert!(create_roles_pos.is_some());
+    assert!(create_categories_pos.is_some());
+    assert!(add_fk_roles_pos.is_some());
+    assert!(add_fk_categories_pos.is_some());
+
+    // All CreateTable before all AddConstraint FK
+    let max_create = create_roles_pos
+        .unwrap()
+        .max(create_categories_pos.unwrap());
+    let min_add_fk = add_fk_roles_pos
+        .unwrap()
+        .min(add_fk_categories_pos.unwrap());
+    assert!(
+        max_create < min_add_fk,
+        "All CreateTable actions must come before all AddConstraint FK actions"
+    );
+}
+
+/// Test that multiple FKs to the same table are deduplicated correctly
+#[test]
+fn create_tables_with_duplicate_fk_references() {
+    use super::*;
+    use vespertide_core::schema::foreign_key::ForeignKeySyntax;
+    use vespertide_core::schema::primary_key::PrimaryKeySyntax;
+
+    fn col_pk(name: &str) -> ColumnDef {
+        ColumnDef {
+            name: name.to_string(),
+            r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+            nullable: false,
+            default: None,
+            comment: None,
+            primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
+            unique: None,
+            index: None,
+            foreign_key: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn col_inline_fk(name: &str, ref_table: &str) -> ColumnDef {
+        ColumnDef {
+            name: name.to_string(),
+            r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+            nullable: true,
+            default: None,
+            comment: None,
+            primary_key: None,
+            unique: None,
+            index: None,
+            foreign_key: Some(ForeignKeySyntax::String(format!("{ref_table}.id"))),
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Table with multiple FKs referencing the same table (like code.creator_user_id and code.used_by_user_id)
+    let user = TableDef {
+        name: "user".to_string(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![col_pk("id")],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    };
+
+    let code = TableDef {
+        name: "code".to_string(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col_pk("id"),
+            col_inline_fk("creator_user_id", "user"),
+            col_inline_fk("used_by_user_id", "user"), // Second FK to same table
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    };
+
+    // This should NOT return circular dependency error even with duplicate FK refs
+    let result = diff_schemas(&[], &[code, user]);
+    assert!(result.is_ok(), "Expected Ok, got: {result:?}");
+
+    let plan = result.unwrap();
+    let create_order: Vec<&str> = plan
+        .actions
+        .iter()
+        .filter_map(|a| {
+            if let MigrationAction::CreateTable { table, .. } = a {
+                Some(table.as_str())
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        })
+        .collect();
+
+    // user must come before code
+    let user_pos = create_order.iter().position(|&t| t == "user").unwrap();
+    let code_pos = create_order.iter().position(|&t| t == "code").unwrap();
+    assert!(user_pos < code_pos, "user must come before code");
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-planner/src/diff/tests/inline_constraints.rs b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/diff/tests/inline_constraints.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3837a900
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/diff/tests/inline_constraints.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,463 @@
+use super::*;
+
+// Tests for inline column constraints normalization
+use vespertide_core::schema::foreign_key::ForeignKeyDef;
+use vespertide_core::schema::foreign_key::ForeignKeySyntax;
+use vespertide_core::schema::primary_key::PrimaryKeySyntax;
+use vespertide_core::{StrOrBoolOrArray, TableConstraint};
+
+fn col_with_pk(name: &str, ty: ColumnType) -> ColumnDef {
+    ColumnDef {
+        name: name.to_string(),
+        r#type: ty,
+        nullable: false,
+        default: None,
+        comment: None,
+        primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
+        unique: None,
+        index: None,
+        foreign_key: None,
+    }
+}
+
+fn col_with_unique(name: &str, ty: ColumnType) -> ColumnDef {
+    ColumnDef {
+        name: name.to_string(),
+        r#type: ty,
+        nullable: true,
+        default: None,
+        comment: None,
+        primary_key: None,
+        unique: Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true)),
+        index: None,
+        foreign_key: None,
+    }
+}
+
+fn col_with_index(name: &str, ty: ColumnType) -> ColumnDef {
+    ColumnDef {
+        name: name.to_string(),
+        r#type: ty,
+        nullable: true,
+        default: None,
+        comment: None,
+        primary_key: None,
+        unique: None,
+        index: Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true)),
+        foreign_key: None,
+    }
+}
+
+fn col_with_fk(name: &str, ty: ColumnType, ref_table: &str, ref_col: &str) -> ColumnDef {
+    ColumnDef {
+        name: name.to_string(),
+        r#type: ty,
+        nullable: true,
+        default: None,
+        comment: None,
+        primary_key: None,
+        unique: None,
+        index: None,
+        foreign_key: Some(ForeignKeySyntax::Object(ForeignKeyDef {
+            ref_table: ref_table.to_string(),
+            ref_columns: vec![ref_col.to_string()],
+            on_delete: None,
+            on_update: None,
+        })),
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn create_table_with_inline_pk() {
+    let plan = diff_schemas(
+        &[],
+        &[table(
+            "users",
+            vec![
+                col_with_pk("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+                col("name", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
+            ],
+            vec![],
+        )],
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+
+    // Inline PK should be preserved in column definition
+    assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 1);
+    if let MigrationAction::CreateTable {
+        columns,
+        constraints,
+        ..
+    } = &plan.actions[0]
+    {
+        // Constraints should be empty (inline PK not moved here)
+        assert_eq!(constraints.len(), 0);
+        // Check that the column has inline PK
+        let id_col = columns.iter().find(|c| c.name == "id").unwrap();
+        assert!(id_col.primary_key.is_some());
+    } else {
+        panic!("Expected CreateTable action");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn create_table_with_inline_unique() {
+    let plan = diff_schemas(
+        &[],
+        &[table(
+            "users",
+            vec![
+                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+                col_with_unique("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
+            ],
+            vec![],
+        )],
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+
+    // Inline unique should be preserved in column definition
+    assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 1);
+    if let MigrationAction::CreateTable {
+        columns,
+        constraints,
+        ..
+    } = &plan.actions[0]
+    {
+        // Constraints should be empty (inline unique not moved here)
+        assert_eq!(constraints.len(), 0);
+        // Check that the column has inline unique
+        let email_col = columns.iter().find(|c| c.name == "email").unwrap();
+        assert!(matches!(
+            email_col.unique,
+            Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true))
+        ));
+    } else {
+        panic!("Expected CreateTable action");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn create_table_with_inline_index() {
+    let plan = diff_schemas(
+        &[],
+        &[table(
+            "users",
+            vec![
+                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+                col_with_index("name", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
+            ],
+            vec![],
+        )],
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+
+    // Inline index should be preserved in column definition, not moved to constraints
+    assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 1);
+    if let MigrationAction::CreateTable {
+        columns,
+        constraints,
+        ..
+    } = &plan.actions[0]
+    {
+        // Constraints should be empty (inline index not moved here)
+        assert_eq!(constraints.len(), 0);
+        // Check that the column has inline index
+        let name_col = columns.iter().find(|c| c.name == "name").unwrap();
+        assert!(matches!(name_col.index, Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true))));
+    } else {
+        panic!("Expected CreateTable action");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn create_table_with_inline_fk() {
+    let plan = diff_schemas(
+        &[],
+        &[table(
+            "posts",
+            vec![
+                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+                col_with_fk(
+                    "user_id",
+                    ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+                    "users",
+                    "id",
+                ),
+            ],
+            vec![],
+        )],
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+
+    // Inline FK should be preserved in column definition
+    assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 1);
+    if let MigrationAction::CreateTable {
+        columns,
+        constraints,
+        ..
+    } = &plan.actions[0]
+    {
+        // Constraints should be empty (inline FK not moved here)
+        assert_eq!(constraints.len(), 0);
+        // Check that the column has inline FK
+        let user_id_col = columns.iter().find(|c| c.name == "user_id").unwrap();
+        assert!(user_id_col.foreign_key.is_some());
+    } else {
+        panic!("Expected CreateTable action");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn add_index_via_inline_constraint() {
+    // Existing table without index -> table with inline index
+    // Inline index (Bool(true)) is normalized to a named table-level constraint
+    let plan = diff_schemas(
+        &[table(
+            "users",
+            vec![
+                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+                col("name", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
+            ],
+            vec![],
+        )],
+        &[table(
+            "users",
+            vec![
+                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+                col_with_index("name", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
+            ],
+            vec![],
+        )],
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+
+    // Should generate AddConstraint with name: None (auto-generated indexes)
+    assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 1);
+    if let MigrationAction::AddConstraint { table, constraint } = &plan.actions[0] {
+        assert_eq!(table, "users");
+        if let TableConstraint::Index { name, columns } = constraint {
+            assert_eq!(name, &None); // Auto-generated indexes use None
+            assert_eq!(columns, &vec!["name".to_string()]);
+        } else {
+            panic!("Expected Index constraint, got {constraint:?}");
+        }
+    } else {
+        panic!("Expected AddConstraint action, got {:?}", plan.actions[0]);
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn create_table_with_all_inline_constraints() {
+    let mut id_col = col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer));
+    id_col.primary_key = Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true));
+    id_col.nullable = false;
+
+    let mut email_col = col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
+    email_col.unique = Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true));
+
+    let mut name_col = col("name", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
+    name_col.index = Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true));
+
+    let mut org_id_col = col("org_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer));
+    org_id_col.foreign_key = Some(ForeignKeySyntax::Object(ForeignKeyDef {
+        ref_table: "orgs".into(),
+        ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+        on_delete: None,
+        on_update: None,
+    }));
+
+    let plan = diff_schemas(
+        &[],
+        &[table(
+            "users",
+            vec![id_col, email_col, name_col, org_id_col],
+            vec![],
+        )],
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+
+    // All inline constraints should be preserved in column definitions
+    assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 1);
+
+    if let MigrationAction::CreateTable {
+        columns,
+        constraints,
+        ..
+    } = &plan.actions[0]
+    {
+        // Constraints should be empty (all inline)
+        assert_eq!(constraints.len(), 0);
+
+        // Check each column has its inline constraint
+        let id_col = columns.iter().find(|c| c.name == "id").unwrap();
+        assert!(id_col.primary_key.is_some());
+
+        let email_col = columns.iter().find(|c| c.name == "email").unwrap();
+        assert!(matches!(
+            email_col.unique,
+            Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true))
+        ));
+
+        let name_col = columns.iter().find(|c| c.name == "name").unwrap();
+        assert!(matches!(name_col.index, Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true))));
+
+        let org_id_col = columns.iter().find(|c| c.name == "org_id").unwrap();
+        assert!(org_id_col.foreign_key.is_some());
+    } else {
+        panic!("Expected CreateTable action");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn add_constraint_to_existing_table() {
+    // Add a unique constraint to an existing table
+    let from_schema = vec![table(
+        "users",
+        vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
+        ],
+        vec![],
+    )];
+
+    let to_schema = vec![table(
+        "users",
+        vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
+        ],
+        vec![vespertide_core::TableConstraint::Unique {
+            name: Some("uq_users_email".into()),
+            columns: vec!["email".into()],
+        }],
+    )];
+
+    let plan = diff_schemas(&from_schema, &to_schema).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 1);
+    if let MigrationAction::AddConstraint { table, constraint } = &plan.actions[0] {
+        assert_eq!(table, "users");
+        assert!(matches!(
+            constraint,
+            vespertide_core::TableConstraint::Unique { name: Some(n), columns }
+                if n == "uq_users_email" && columns == &vec!["email".to_string()]
+        ));
+    } else {
+        panic!("Expected AddConstraint action, got {:?}", plan.actions[0]);
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn remove_constraint_from_existing_table() {
+    // Remove a unique constraint from an existing table
+    let from_schema = vec![table(
+        "users",
+        vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
+        ],
+        vec![vespertide_core::TableConstraint::Unique {
+            name: Some("uq_users_email".into()),
+            columns: vec!["email".into()],
+        }],
+    )];
+
+    let to_schema = vec![table(
+        "users",
+        vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
+        ],
+        vec![],
+    )];
+
+    let plan = diff_schemas(&from_schema, &to_schema).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 1);
+    if let MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint { table, constraint } = &plan.actions[0] {
+        assert_eq!(table, "users");
+        assert!(matches!(
+            constraint,
+            vespertide_core::TableConstraint::Unique { name: Some(n), columns }
+                if n == "uq_users_email" && columns == &vec!["email".to_string()]
+        ));
+    } else {
+        panic!(
+            "Expected RemoveConstraint action, got {:?}",
+            plan.actions[0]
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn diff_schemas_with_normalize_error() {
+    // Test that normalize errors are properly propagated
+    let mut col1 = col("col1", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
+    col1.index = Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Str("idx1".into()));
+
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "test".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col1.clone(),
+            {
+                // Same column with same index name - should error
+                let mut c = col1.clone();
+                c.index = Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Str("idx1".into()));
+                c
+            },
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    };
+
+    let result = diff_schemas(&[], &[table]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    if let Err(PlannerError::TableValidation(msg)) = result {
+        // Audit C3-P1: duplicate column names are now rejected before normalize().
+        // The lowercased message must mention "duplicate" — either the column-name
+        // check (preferred, earlier) or the legacy normalize-time index check.
+        let lower = msg.to_lowercase();
+        assert!(
+            lower.contains("duplicate"),
+            "expected a duplicate-column or duplicate-index error, got: {msg}"
+        );
+    } else {
+        panic!("Expected TableValidation error, got {result:?}");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn diff_schemas_with_normalize_error_in_from_schema() {
+    // Test that normalize errors in 'from' schema are properly propagated
+    let mut col1 = col("col1", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
+    col1.index = Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Str("idx1".into()));
+
+    let table = TableDef {
+        name: "test".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col1.clone(),
+            {
+                // Same column with same index name - should error
+                let mut c = col1.clone();
+                c.index = Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Str("idx1".into()));
+                c
+            },
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    };
+
+    // 'from' schema has the invalid table
+    let result = diff_schemas(&[table], &[]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    if let Err(PlannerError::TableValidation(msg)) = result {
+        // Audit C3-P1: duplicate column names rejected before normalize().
+        let lower = msg.to_lowercase();
+        assert!(
+            lower.contains("duplicate"),
+            "expected a duplicate-column or duplicate-index error, got: {msg}"
+        );
+    } else {
+        panic!("Expected TableValidation error, got {result:?}");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-planner/src/diff/tests/mod.rs b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/diff/tests/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..16258f3d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/diff/tests/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+#![allow(clippy::module_inception)]
+
+use super::*;
+use rstest::rstest;
+pub(super) use std::collections::BTreeSet;
+pub(super) use vespertide_core::TableDef;
+pub(super) use vespertide_core::{
+    ColumnDef, ColumnType, MigrationAction, SimpleColumnType, TableConstraint,
+    schema::{primary_key::PrimaryKeySyntax, str_or_bool::StrOrBoolOrArray},
+};
+
+fn col(name: &str, ty: ColumnType) -> ColumnDef {
+    ColumnDef {
+        name: name.to_string(),
+        r#type: ty,
+        nullable: true,
+        default: None,
+        comment: None,
+        primary_key: None,
+        unique: None,
+        index: None,
+        foreign_key: None,
+    }
+}
+
+fn table(
+    name: &str,
+    columns: Vec<ColumnDef>,
+    constraints: Vec<vespertide_core::TableConstraint>,
+) -> TableDef {
+    TableDef {
+        name: name.to_string(),
+        description: None,
+        columns,
+        constraints,
+    }
+}
+
+fn idx(name: &str, columns: Vec<&str>) -> TableConstraint {
+    TableConstraint::Index {
+        name: Some(name.to_string()),
+        columns: columns
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(std::string::ToString::to_string)
+            .collect(),
+    }
+}
+
+mod basic;
+mod column_changes;
+mod constraint_performance;
+mod constraint_removal;
+mod coverage;
+mod diff_tables;
+mod enums;
+mod fk_ordering;
+mod inline_constraints;
+mod ordering_sort;
+mod primary_key_changes;
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-planner/src/diff/tests/ordering_sort.rs b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/diff/tests/ordering_sort.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d5e00a4f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/diff/tests/ordering_sort.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,191 @@
+use super::*;
+
+// Direct unit tests for sort_create_before_add_constraint and compare_actions_for_create_order
+mod sort_create_before_add_constraint_tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::diff::ordering::{
+        compare_actions_for_create_order, sort_create_before_add_constraint,
+    };
+    use std::cmp::Ordering;
+
+    fn make_add_column(table: &str, col: &str) -> MigrationAction {
+        MigrationAction::AddColumn {
+            table: table.into(),
+            column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
+                name: col.into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+                nullable: true,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            }),
+            fill_with: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn make_create_table(name: &str) -> MigrationAction {
+        MigrationAction::CreateTable {
+            table: name.into(),
+            columns: vec![],
+            constraints: vec![],
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn make_add_fk(table: &str, ref_table: &str) -> MigrationAction {
+        MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
+            table: table.into(),
+            constraint: TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                name: None,
+                columns: vec!["fk_col".into()],
+                ref_table: ref_table.into(),
+                ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+                on_delete: None,
+                on_update: None,
+            },
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Test line 218: (false, true, _, _) - a is NOT `CreateTable`, b IS `CreateTable`
+    /// Direct test of comparison function
+    #[test]
+    fn test_compare_non_create_vs_create() {
+        let created_tables: BTreeSet<String> = ["roles".to_string()].into_iter().collect();
+
+        let add_col = make_add_column("users", "name");
+        let create_table = make_create_table("roles");
+
+        // a=AddColumn (non-create), b=CreateTable (create) -> Greater (b comes first)
+        let result = compare_actions_for_create_order(&add_col, &create_table, &created_tables);
+        assert_eq!(
+            result,
+            Ordering::Greater,
+            "Non-CreateTable vs CreateTable should return Greater"
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// Test line 216: (true, false, _, _) - a IS `CreateTable`, b is NOT `CreateTable`
+    #[test]
+    fn test_compare_create_vs_non_create() {
+        let created_tables: BTreeSet<String> = ["roles".to_string()].into_iter().collect();
+
+        let create_table = make_create_table("roles");
+        let add_col = make_add_column("users", "name");
+
+        // a=CreateTable (create), b=AddColumn (non-create) -> Less (a comes first)
+        let result = compare_actions_for_create_order(&create_table, &add_col, &created_tables);
+        assert_eq!(
+            result,
+            Ordering::Less,
+            "CreateTable vs Non-CreateTable should return Less"
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// Test line 214: (true, true, _, _) - both `CreateTable`
+    #[test]
+    fn test_compare_create_vs_create() {
+        let created_tables: BTreeSet<String> = ["roles".to_string(), "categories".to_string()]
+            .into_iter()
+            .collect();
+
+        let create1 = make_create_table("roles");
+        let create2 = make_create_table("categories");
+
+        // Both CreateTable -> Equal (maintain original order)
+        let result = compare_actions_for_create_order(&create1, &create2, &created_tables);
+        assert_eq!(
+            result,
+            Ordering::Equal,
+            "CreateTable vs CreateTable should return Equal"
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// Test line 221: (false, false, true, false) - neither `CreateTable`, a refs created, b doesn't
+    #[test]
+    fn test_compare_refs_vs_non_refs() {
+        let created_tables: BTreeSet<String> = ["roles".to_string()].into_iter().collect();
+
+        let add_fk = make_add_fk("users", "roles"); // refs created
+        let add_col = make_add_column("posts", "title"); // doesn't ref
+
+        // a refs created, b doesn't -> Greater (a comes after)
+        let result = compare_actions_for_create_order(&add_fk, &add_col, &created_tables);
+        assert_eq!(
+            result,
+            Ordering::Greater,
+            "FK-ref vs non-ref should return Greater"
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// Test line 223: (false, false, false, true) - neither `CreateTable`, a doesn't ref, b refs
+    #[test]
+    fn test_compare_non_refs_vs_refs() {
+        let created_tables: BTreeSet<String> = ["roles".to_string()].into_iter().collect();
+
+        let add_col = make_add_column("posts", "title"); // doesn't ref
+        let add_fk = make_add_fk("users", "roles"); // refs created
+
+        // a doesn't ref, b refs -> Less (b comes after, a comes first)
+        let result = compare_actions_for_create_order(&add_col, &add_fk, &created_tables);
+        assert_eq!(
+            result,
+            Ordering::Less,
+            "Non-ref vs FK-ref should return Less"
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// Test line 225: (false, false, _, _) - neither `CreateTable`, both don't ref
+    #[test]
+    fn test_compare_non_refs_vs_non_refs() {
+        let created_tables: BTreeSet<String> = ["roles".to_string()].into_iter().collect();
+
+        let add_col1 = make_add_column("users", "name");
+        let add_col2 = make_add_column("posts", "title");
+
+        // Both don't ref -> Equal
+        let result = compare_actions_for_create_order(&add_col1, &add_col2, &created_tables);
+        assert_eq!(
+            result,
+            Ordering::Equal,
+            "Non-ref vs non-ref should return Equal"
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// Test line 225: (false, false, _, _) - neither `CreateTable`, both ref created
+    #[test]
+    fn test_compare_refs_vs_refs() {
+        let created_tables: BTreeSet<String> = ["roles".to_string(), "categories".to_string()]
+            .into_iter()
+            .collect();
+
+        let add_fk1 = make_add_fk("users", "roles");
+        let add_fk2 = make_add_fk("posts", "categories");
+
+        // Both ref -> Equal
+        let result = compare_actions_for_create_order(&add_fk1, &add_fk2, &created_tables);
+        assert_eq!(
+            result,
+            Ordering::Equal,
+            "FK-ref vs FK-ref should return Equal"
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// Integration test: sort function works correctly
+    #[test]
+    fn test_sort_integration() {
+        let mut actions = vec![
+            make_add_column("t1", "c1"),
+            make_add_fk("users", "roles"),
+            make_create_table("roles"),
+        ];
+
+        sort_create_before_add_constraint(&mut actions);
+
+        // CreateTable first, AddColumn second, AddConstraint FK last
+        assert!(matches!(&actions[0], MigrationAction::CreateTable { .. }));
+        assert!(matches!(&actions[1], MigrationAction::AddColumn { .. }));
+        assert!(matches!(&actions[2], MigrationAction::AddConstraint { .. }));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-planner/src/diff/tests/primary_key_changes.rs b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/diff/tests/primary_key_changes.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1924305f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/diff/tests/primary_key_changes.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,250 @@
+use super::*;
+
+fn pk(columns: Vec<&str>) -> TableConstraint {
+    TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+        auto_increment: false,
+        columns: columns
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(std::string::ToString::to_string)
+            .collect(),
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn add_column_to_composite_pk() {
+    // Primary key: [id] -> [id, tenant_id]
+    let from = vec![table(
+        "users",
+        vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("tenant_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+        ],
+        vec![pk(vec!["id"])],
+    )];
+
+    let to = vec![table(
+        "users",
+        vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("tenant_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+        ],
+        vec![pk(vec!["id", "tenant_id"])],
+    )];
+
+    let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
+
+    // Should replace PK with new composite PK
+    assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 1);
+
+    assert!(matches!(
+        &plan.actions[0],
+        MigrationAction::ReplaceConstraint {
+            table,
+            from: TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { columns: from_cols, .. },
+            to: TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { columns: to_cols, .. },
+        } if table == "users"
+          && from_cols == &vec!["id".to_string()]
+          && to_cols == &vec!["id".to_string(), "tenant_id".to_string()]
+    ));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn remove_column_from_composite_pk() {
+    // Primary key: [id, tenant_id] -> [id]
+    let from = vec![table(
+        "users",
+        vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("tenant_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+        ],
+        vec![pk(vec!["id", "tenant_id"])],
+    )];
+
+    let to = vec![table(
+        "users",
+        vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("tenant_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+        ],
+        vec![pk(vec!["id"])],
+    )];
+
+    let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
+
+    // Should replace composite PK with single-column PK
+    assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 1);
+
+    assert!(matches!(
+        &plan.actions[0],
+        MigrationAction::ReplaceConstraint {
+            table,
+            from: TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { columns: from_cols, .. },
+            to: TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { columns: to_cols, .. },
+        } if table == "users"
+          && from_cols == &vec!["id".to_string(), "tenant_id".to_string()]
+          && to_cols == &vec!["id".to_string()]
+    ));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn change_pk_columns_entirely() {
+    // Primary key: [id] -> [uuid]
+    let from = vec![table(
+        "users",
+        vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("uuid", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
+        ],
+        vec![pk(vec!["id"])],
+    )];
+
+    let to = vec![table(
+        "users",
+        vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("uuid", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
+        ],
+        vec![pk(vec!["uuid"])],
+    )];
+
+    let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 1);
+
+    assert!(matches!(
+        &plan.actions[0],
+        MigrationAction::ReplaceConstraint {
+            table,
+            from: TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { columns: from_cols, .. },
+            to: TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { columns: to_cols, .. },
+        } if table == "users"
+          && from_cols == &vec!["id".to_string()]
+          && to_cols == &vec!["uuid".to_string()]
+    ));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn add_multiple_columns_to_composite_pk() {
+    // Primary key: [id] -> [id, tenant_id, region_id]
+    let from = vec![table(
+        "users",
+        vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("tenant_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("region_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+        ],
+        vec![pk(vec!["id"])],
+    )];
+
+    let to = vec![table(
+        "users",
+        vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("tenant_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("region_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+        ],
+        vec![pk(vec!["id", "tenant_id", "region_id"])],
+    )];
+
+    let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 1);
+
+    assert!(matches!(
+        &plan.actions[0],
+        MigrationAction::ReplaceConstraint {
+            table,
+            from: TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { columns: from_cols, .. },
+            to: TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { columns: to_cols, .. },
+        } if table == "users"
+          && from_cols == &vec!["id".to_string()]
+          && to_cols == &vec![
+              "id".to_string(),
+              "tenant_id".to_string(),
+              "region_id".to_string()
+          ]
+    ));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn remove_multiple_columns_from_composite_pk() {
+    // Primary key: [id, tenant_id, region_id] -> [id]
+    let from = vec![table(
+        "users",
+        vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("tenant_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("region_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+        ],
+        vec![pk(vec!["id", "tenant_id", "region_id"])],
+    )];
+
+    let to = vec![table(
+        "users",
+        vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("tenant_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("region_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+        ],
+        vec![pk(vec!["id"])],
+    )];
+
+    let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 1);
+
+    assert!(matches!(
+        &plan.actions[0],
+        MigrationAction::ReplaceConstraint {
+            table,
+            from: TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { columns: from_cols, .. },
+            to: TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { columns: to_cols, .. },
+        } if table == "users"
+          && from_cols == &vec![
+              "id".to_string(),
+              "tenant_id".to_string(),
+              "region_id".to_string()
+          ]
+          && to_cols == &vec!["id".to_string()]
+    ));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn change_composite_pk_columns_partially() {
+    // Primary key: [id, tenant_id] -> [id, region_id]
+    // One column kept, one removed, one added
+    let from = vec![table(
+        "users",
+        vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("tenant_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("region_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+        ],
+        vec![pk(vec!["id", "tenant_id"])],
+    )];
+
+    let to = vec![table(
+        "users",
+        vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("tenant_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("region_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+        ],
+        vec![pk(vec!["id", "region_id"])],
+    )];
+
+    let plan = diff_schemas(&from, &to).unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(plan.actions.len(), 1);
+
+    assert!(matches!(
+        &plan.actions[0],
+        MigrationAction::ReplaceConstraint {
+            table,
+            from: TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { columns: from_cols, .. },
+            to: TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { columns: to_cols, .. },
+        } if table == "users"
+          && from_cols == &vec!["id".to_string(), "tenant_id".to_string()]
+          && to_cols == &vec!["id".to_string(), "region_id".to_string()]
+    ));
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-planner/src/diff/tests/snapshots/vespertide_planner__diff__tests__diff_tables__create_table_with_inline_index-2.snap b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/diff/tests/snapshots/vespertide_planner__diff__tests__diff_tables__create_table_with_inline_index-2.snap
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0dd28af5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/diff/tests/snapshots/vespertide_planner__diff__tests__diff_tables__create_table_with_inline_index-2.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+---
+source: crates/vespertide-planner/src/diff/tests/diff_tables.rs
+expression: plan.actions
+---
+[
+    RemoveConstraint {
+        table: "users",
+        constraint: Index {
+            name: None,
+            columns: [
+                "name",
+            ],
+        },
+    },
+]
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-planner/src/diff/tests/snapshots/vespertide_planner__diff__tests__diff_tables__create_table_with_inline_index.snap b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/diff/tests/snapshots/vespertide_planner__diff__tests__diff_tables__create_table_with_inline_index.snap
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f5acb9b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/diff/tests/snapshots/vespertide_planner__diff__tests__diff_tables__create_table_with_inline_index.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+---
+source: crates/vespertide-planner/src/diff/tests/diff_tables.rs
+expression: plan.actions
+---
+[
+    CreateTable {
+        table: "users",
+        columns: [
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "id",
+                type: Simple(
+                    Integer,
+                ),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: Some(
+                    Bool(
+                        true,
+                    ),
+                ),
+                unique: None,
+                index: Some(
+                    Bool(
+                        false,
+                    ),
+                ),
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "name",
+                type: Simple(
+                    Text,
+                ),
+                nullable: true,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: Some(
+                    Bool(
+                        true,
+                    ),
+                ),
+                index: Some(
+                    Bool(
+                        true,
+                    ),
+                ),
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+        ],
+        constraints: [],
+    },
+]
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-planner/src/diff/tests/snapshots/vespertide_planner__diff__tests__diff_tables__diff_tables@add_index.snap b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/diff/tests/snapshots/vespertide_planner__diff__tests__diff_tables__diff_tables@add_index.snap
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..654a18c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/diff/tests/snapshots/vespertide_planner__diff__tests__diff_tables__diff_tables@add_index.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+---
+source: crates/vespertide-planner/src/diff/tests/diff_tables.rs
+expression: plan.actions
+---
+[
+    AddConstraint {
+        table: "users",
+        constraint: Index {
+            name: None,
+            columns: [
+                "id",
+            ],
+        },
+    },
+]
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-planner/src/diff/tests/snapshots/vespertide_planner__diff__tests__diff_tables__diff_tables@add_named_index.snap b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/diff/tests/snapshots/vespertide_planner__diff__tests__diff_tables__diff_tables@add_named_index.snap
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f167e5dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/diff/tests/snapshots/vespertide_planner__diff__tests__diff_tables__diff_tables@add_named_index.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+---
+source: crates/vespertide-planner/src/diff/tests/diff_tables.rs
+expression: plan.actions
+---
+[
+    AddConstraint {
+        table: "users",
+        constraint: Index {
+            name: Some(
+                "hello",
+            ),
+            columns: [
+                "id",
+            ],
+        },
+    },
+]
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-planner/src/diff/tests/snapshots/vespertide_planner__diff__tests__diff_tables__diff_tables@remove_index.snap b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/diff/tests/snapshots/vespertide_planner__diff__tests__diff_tables__diff_tables@remove_index.snap
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a0818656
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/diff/tests/snapshots/vespertide_planner__diff__tests__diff_tables__diff_tables@remove_index.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+---
+source: crates/vespertide-planner/src/diff/tests/diff_tables.rs
+expression: plan.actions
+---
+[
+    RemoveConstraint {
+        table: "users",
+        constraint: Index {
+            name: None,
+            columns: [
+                "id",
+            ],
+        },
+    },
+]
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-planner/src/diff/tests/snapshots/vespertide_planner__diff__tests__diff_tables__diff_tables@remove_named_index.snap b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/diff/tests/snapshots/vespertide_planner__diff__tests__diff_tables__diff_tables@remove_named_index.snap
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e385b71c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/diff/tests/snapshots/vespertide_planner__diff__tests__diff_tables__diff_tables@remove_named_index.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+---
+source: crates/vespertide-planner/src/diff/tests/diff_tables.rs
+expression: plan.actions
+---
+[
+    RemoveConstraint {
+        table: "users",
+        constraint: Index {
+            name: Some(
+                "hello",
+            ),
+            columns: [
+                "id",
+            ],
+        },
+    },
+]
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-planner/src/error.rs b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/error.rs
index 31466272..7f271d06 100644
--- a/crates/vespertide-planner/src/error.rs
+++ b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/error.rs
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ pub enum PlannerError {
     #[error("enum '{0}' in column '{1}.{2}' has duplicate variant name: '{3}'")]
     DuplicateEnumVariantName(String, String, String, String),
     #[error("enum '{0}' in column '{1}.{2}' has duplicate value: {3}")]
-    DuplicateEnumValue(String, String, String, i32),
+    DuplicateEnumValue(String, String, String, i64),
     #[error("{0}")]
     InvalidEnumDefault(#[from] Box<InvalidEnumDefaultError>),
     #[error(
@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@ pub enum PlannerError {
     InvalidAutoIncrement(String, String, String),
 }
 
+/// An enum column has a default or `fill_with` value not in the allowed set.
 #[derive(Debug, Error)]
 #[error(
     "enum '{enum_name}' in column '{table_name}.{column_name}' has invalid {value_type} value '{value}': not in allowed values [{allowed}]"
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-planner/src/lib.rs b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/lib.rs
index 0d1401ba..41e5e137 100644
--- a/crates/vespertide-planner/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,13 @@
+//! Schema diffing and migration planning.
+//!
+//! - [`diff_schemas`]: compute typed `MigrationAction`s between two schemas
+//! - [`apply_action`]: replay an action onto a baseline schema
+//! - [`validate_schema`], [`validate_migration_plan`]: ensure invariants
+
 pub mod apply;
 pub mod diff;
 pub mod error;
+mod parallel_config;
 pub mod plan;
 pub mod schema;
 pub mod validate;
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-planner/src/parallel_config.rs b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/parallel_config.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5f21d76b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/parallel_config.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+//! Empirically tuned Rayon thresholds.
+//!
+//! See `docs/PARALLELIZATION.md` for the Wave 6 measurement notes.
+
+/// `diff_schemas` per-table work breaks even just above 5,000 tables.
+/// Use the >5,000 rule's safety threshold so small/medium diffs stay sequential.
+/// Override via `VESPERTIDE_DIFF_PAR_THRESHOLD` in tests to exercise the
+/// parallel path without constructing production-sized schemas.
+pub(crate) fn diff_par_table_threshold() -> usize {
+    std::env::var("VESPERTIDE_DIFF_PAR_THRESHOLD")
+        .ok()
+        .and_then(|value| value.parse().ok())
+        .unwrap_or(10_000)
+}
+
+pub(crate) const DIFF_PAR_TABLE_MIN_LEN: usize = 16;
+
+/// `validate_schema` did not beat sequential validation through N=1,000.
+/// Keep normal schemas on the zero-overhead sequential path.
+/// Override via `VESPERTIDE_VALIDATE_SCHEMA_PAR_THRESHOLD` in tests.
+pub(crate) fn validate_schema_par_threshold() -> usize {
+    std::env::var("VESPERTIDE_VALIDATE_SCHEMA_PAR_THRESHOLD")
+        .ok()
+        .and_then(|value| value.parse().ok())
+        .unwrap_or(10_000)
+}
+
+pub(crate) const VALIDATE_SCHEMA_PAR_MIN_LEN: usize = 16;
+
+/// `validate_migration_plan` action checks are too cheap for Rayon below the
+/// measured range; keep ordinary revisions sequential.
+/// Override via `VESPERTIDE_VALIDATE_PLAN_PAR_THRESHOLD` in tests.
+pub(crate) fn validate_plan_par_threshold() -> usize {
+    std::env::var("VESPERTIDE_VALIDATE_PLAN_PAR_THRESHOLD")
+        .ok()
+        .and_then(|value| value.parse().ok())
+        .unwrap_or(10_000)
+}
+
+pub(crate) const VALIDATE_PLAN_PAR_ACTION_MIN_LEN: usize = 32;
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-planner/src/schema.rs b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/schema.rs
index 4d6fe74a..3b59d3e6 100644
--- a/crates/vespertide-planner/src/schema.rs
+++ b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/schema.rs
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(users, &expected_users);
     }
 
-    /// Test that RemoveConstraint works when table was created with both
+    /// Test that `RemoveConstraint` works when table was created with both
     /// inline unique column AND table-level unique constraint for the same column
     #[test]
     fn remove_constraint_with_inline_and_table_level_unique() {
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-planner/src/validate.rs b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/validate.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index c2933e6e..00000000
--- a/crates/vespertide-planner/src/validate.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2466 +0,0 @@
-use std::collections::HashSet;
-
-use vespertide_core::{
-    ColumnDef, ColumnType, ComplexColumnType, EnumValues, MigrationAction, MigrationPlan,
-    TableConstraint, TableDef,
-};
-
-use crate::error::{InvalidEnumDefaultError, PlannerError};
-
-/// Validate a schema for data integrity issues.
-/// Checks for:
-/// - Duplicate table names
-/// - Foreign keys referencing non-existent tables
-/// - Foreign keys referencing non-existent columns
-/// - Indexes referencing non-existent columns
-/// - Constraints referencing non-existent columns
-/// - Empty constraint column lists
-pub fn validate_schema(schema: &[TableDef]) -> Result<(), PlannerError> {
-    // Check for duplicate table names
-    let mut table_names = HashSet::new();
-    for table in schema {
-        if !table_names.insert(&table.name) {
-            return Err(PlannerError::DuplicateTableName(table.name.clone()));
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Build a map of table names to their column names for quick lookup
-    let table_map: std::collections::HashMap<_, _> = schema
-        .iter()
-        .map(|t| {
-            let columns: HashSet<_> = t.columns.iter().map(|c| c.name.as_str()).collect();
-            (t.name.as_str(), columns)
-        })
-        .collect();
-
-    // Validate each table
-    for table in schema {
-        validate_table(table, &table_map)?;
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn validate_table(
-    table: &TableDef,
-    table_map: &std::collections::HashMap<&str, HashSet<&str>>,
-) -> Result<(), PlannerError> {
-    let table_columns: HashSet<_> = table.columns.iter().map(|c| c.name.as_str()).collect();
-
-    // Check that the table has a primary key
-    // Primary key can be defined either:
-    // 1. As a table-level constraint (TableConstraint::PrimaryKey)
-    // 2. As an inline column definition (column.primary_key = Some(...))
-    let has_table_pk = table
-        .constraints
-        .iter()
-        .any(|c| matches!(c, TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { .. }));
-    let has_inline_pk = table.columns.iter().any(|c| c.primary_key.is_some());
-
-    if !has_table_pk && !has_inline_pk {
-        return Err(PlannerError::MissingPrimaryKey(table.name.clone()));
-    }
-
-    // Validate auto_increment columns have integer types
-    for constraint in &table.constraints {
-        if let TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-            auto_increment: true,
-            columns,
-        } = constraint
-        {
-            for col_name in columns {
-                if let Some(column) = table.columns.iter().find(|c| c.name == *col_name)
-                    && !column.r#type.supports_auto_increment()
-                {
-                    return Err(PlannerError::InvalidAutoIncrement(
-                        table.name.clone(),
-                        col_name.clone(),
-                        format!("{:?}", column.r#type),
-                    ));
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Validate auto_increment on inline primary_key definitions
-    use vespertide_core::schema::primary_key::PrimaryKeySyntax;
-    for column in &table.columns {
-        if let Some(pk_syntax) = &column.primary_key {
-            let has_auto_increment = match pk_syntax {
-                PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(_) => false,
-                PrimaryKeySyntax::Object(pk_def) => pk_def.auto_increment,
-            };
-            if has_auto_increment && !column.r#type.supports_auto_increment() {
-                return Err(PlannerError::InvalidAutoIncrement(
-                    table.name.clone(),
-                    column.name.clone(),
-                    format!("{:?}", column.r#type),
-                ));
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Validate columns (enum types)
-    for column in &table.columns {
-        validate_column(column, &table.name)?;
-    }
-
-    // Validate constraints (including indexes)
-    for constraint in &table.constraints {
-        validate_constraint(constraint, &table.name, &table_columns, table_map)?;
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-/// Extract the unquoted value from a potentially quoted string.
-/// Returns None if the value is a SQL expression (contains parentheses or is a keyword).
-fn extract_enum_value(value: &str) -> Option<&str> {
-    let trimmed = value.trim();
-    if trimmed.is_empty() {
-        return None;
-    }
-    // Check for SQL expressions/keywords that shouldn't be validated
-    if trimmed.contains('(')
-        || trimmed.contains(')')
-        || trimmed.eq_ignore_ascii_case("null")
-        || trimmed.eq_ignore_ascii_case("current_timestamp")
-        || trimmed.eq_ignore_ascii_case("now")
-    {
-        return None;
-    }
-    // Strip quotes if present
-    if ((trimmed.starts_with('\'') && trimmed.ends_with('\''))
-        || (trimmed.starts_with('"') && trimmed.ends_with('"')))
-        && trimmed.len() >= 2
-    {
-        return Some(&trimmed[1..trimmed.len() - 1]);
-    }
-    // Unquoted value
-    Some(trimmed)
-}
-
-/// Validate that an enum default/fill_with value is in the allowed enum values.
-fn validate_enum_value(
-    value: &str,
-    enum_name: &str,
-    enum_values: &EnumValues,
-    table_name: &str,
-    column_name: &str,
-    value_type: &str, // "default" or "fill_with"
-) -> Result<(), PlannerError> {
-    let extracted = match extract_enum_value(value) {
-        Some(v) => v,
-        None => return Ok(()), // Skip validation for SQL expressions
-    };
-
-    let is_valid = match enum_values {
-        EnumValues::String(variants) => variants.iter().any(|v| v == extracted),
-        EnumValues::Integer(variants) => variants.iter().any(|v| v.name == extracted),
-    };
-
-    if !is_valid {
-        let allowed = enum_values.variant_names().join(", ");
-        return Err(Box::new(InvalidEnumDefaultError {
-            enum_name: enum_name.to_string(),
-            table_name: table_name.to_string(),
-            column_name: column_name.to_string(),
-            value_type: value_type.to_string(),
-            value: extracted.to_string(),
-            allowed,
-        })
-        .into());
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn validate_column(column: &ColumnDef, table_name: &str) -> Result<(), PlannerError> {
-    // Validate enum types for duplicate names/values
-    if let ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum { name, values }) = &column.r#type {
-        match values {
-            EnumValues::String(variants) => {
-                let mut seen = HashSet::new();
-                for variant in variants {
-                    if !seen.insert(variant.as_str()) {
-                        return Err(PlannerError::DuplicateEnumVariantName(
-                            name.clone(),
-                            table_name.to_string(),
-                            column.name.clone(),
-                            variant.clone(),
-                        ));
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-            EnumValues::Integer(variants) => {
-                // Check duplicate names
-                let mut seen_names = HashSet::new();
-                for variant in variants {
-                    if !seen_names.insert(variant.name.as_str()) {
-                        return Err(PlannerError::DuplicateEnumVariantName(
-                            name.clone(),
-                            table_name.to_string(),
-                            column.name.clone(),
-                            variant.name.clone(),
-                        ));
-                    }
-                }
-                // Check duplicate values
-                let mut seen_values = HashSet::new();
-                for variant in variants {
-                    if !seen_values.insert(variant.value) {
-                        return Err(PlannerError::DuplicateEnumValue(
-                            name.clone(),
-                            table_name.to_string(),
-                            column.name.clone(),
-                            variant.value,
-                        ));
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        // Validate default value is in enum values
-        if let Some(default) = &column.default {
-            let default_str = default.to_sql();
-            validate_enum_value(
-                &default_str,
-                name,
-                values,
-                table_name,
-                &column.name,
-                "default",
-            )?;
-        }
-    }
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn validate_constraint(
-    constraint: &TableConstraint,
-    table_name: &str,
-    table_columns: &HashSet<&str>,
-    table_map: &std::collections::HashMap<&str, HashSet<&str>>,
-) -> Result<(), PlannerError> {
-    match constraint {
-        TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { columns, .. } => {
-            if columns.is_empty() {
-                return Err(PlannerError::EmptyConstraintColumns(
-                    table_name.to_string(),
-                    "PrimaryKey".to_string(),
-                ));
-            }
-            for col in columns {
-                if !table_columns.contains(col.as_str()) {
-                    return Err(PlannerError::ConstraintColumnNotFound(
-                        table_name.to_string(),
-                        "PrimaryKey".to_string(),
-                        col.clone(),
-                    ));
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        TableConstraint::Unique { columns, .. } => {
-            if columns.is_empty() {
-                return Err(PlannerError::EmptyConstraintColumns(
-                    table_name.to_string(),
-                    "Unique".to_string(),
-                ));
-            }
-            for col in columns {
-                if !table_columns.contains(col.as_str()) {
-                    return Err(PlannerError::ConstraintColumnNotFound(
-                        table_name.to_string(),
-                        "Unique".to_string(),
-                        col.clone(),
-                    ));
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-            columns,
-            ref_table,
-            ref_columns,
-            ..
-        } => {
-            if columns.is_empty() {
-                return Err(PlannerError::EmptyConstraintColumns(
-                    table_name.to_string(),
-                    "ForeignKey".to_string(),
-                ));
-            }
-            if ref_columns.is_empty() {
-                return Err(PlannerError::EmptyConstraintColumns(
-                    ref_table.clone(),
-                    "ForeignKey (ref_columns)".to_string(),
-                ));
-            }
-
-            // Check that referenced table exists
-            let ref_table_columns = table_map.get(ref_table.as_str()).ok_or_else(|| {
-                PlannerError::ForeignKeyTableNotFound(
-                    table_name.to_string(),
-                    columns.join(", "),
-                    ref_table.clone(),
-                )
-            })?;
-
-            // Check that all columns in this table exist
-            for col in columns {
-                if !table_columns.contains(col.as_str()) {
-                    return Err(PlannerError::ConstraintColumnNotFound(
-                        table_name.to_string(),
-                        "ForeignKey".to_string(),
-                        col.clone(),
-                    ));
-                }
-            }
-
-            // Check that all referenced columns exist in the referenced table
-            for ref_col in ref_columns {
-                if !ref_table_columns.contains(ref_col.as_str()) {
-                    return Err(PlannerError::ForeignKeyColumnNotFound(
-                        table_name.to_string(),
-                        columns.join(", "),
-                        ref_table.clone(),
-                        ref_col.clone(),
-                    ));
-                }
-            }
-
-            // Check that column counts match
-            if columns.len() != ref_columns.len() {
-                return Err(PlannerError::ForeignKeyColumnNotFound(
-                    table_name.to_string(),
-                    format!(
-                        "column count mismatch: {} != {}",
-                        columns.len(),
-                        ref_columns.len()
-                    ),
-                    ref_table.clone(),
-                    "".to_string(),
-                ));
-            }
-        }
-        TableConstraint::Check { .. } => {
-            // Check constraints are just expressions, no validation needed
-        }
-        TableConstraint::Index { name, columns } => {
-            if columns.is_empty() {
-                let index_name = name.clone().unwrap_or_else(|| "(unnamed)".to_string());
-                return Err(PlannerError::EmptyConstraintColumns(
-                    table_name.to_string(),
-                    format!("Index({})", index_name),
-                ));
-            }
-
-            for col in columns {
-                if !table_columns.contains(col.as_str()) {
-                    let index_name = name.clone().unwrap_or_else(|| "(unnamed)".to_string());
-                    return Err(PlannerError::IndexColumnNotFound(
-                        table_name.to_string(),
-                        index_name,
-                        col.clone(),
-                    ));
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-/// Validate a migration plan for correctness.
-/// Checks for:
-/// - AddColumn actions with NOT NULL columns without default must have fill_with
-/// - ModifyColumnNullable actions changing from nullable to non-nullable must have fill_with
-/// - Enum columns with default/fill_with values must have valid enum values
-pub fn validate_migration_plan(plan: &MigrationPlan) -> Result<(), PlannerError> {
-    for action in &plan.actions {
-        match action {
-            MigrationAction::AddColumn {
-                table,
-                column,
-                fill_with,
-            } => {
-                // If column is NOT NULL and has no default, fill_with is required
-                if !column.nullable && column.default.is_none() && fill_with.is_none() {
-                    return Err(PlannerError::MissingFillWith(
-                        table.clone(),
-                        column.name.clone(),
-                    ));
-                }
-
-                // Validate enum default/fill_with values
-                if let ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum { name, values }) =
-                    &column.r#type
-                {
-                    if let Some(fill) = fill_with {
-                        validate_enum_value(fill, name, values, table, &column.name, "fill_with")?;
-                    }
-                    if let Some(default) = &column.default {
-                        let default_str = default.to_sql();
-                        validate_enum_value(
-                            &default_str,
-                            name,
-                            values,
-                            table,
-                            &column.name,
-                            "default",
-                        )?;
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-            MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
-                table,
-                column,
-                nullable,
-                fill_with,
-                delete_null_rows,
-            }
-                // If changing from nullable to non-nullable, fill_with is required
-                if !nullable && fill_with.is_none() && !delete_null_rows.unwrap_or(false) => {
-                    return Err(PlannerError::MissingFillWith(table.clone(), column.clone()));
-                }
-            MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType {
-                table,
-                column,
-                new_type,
-                fill_with,
-            } => {
-                // Validate that fill_with replacement values are valid enum values in the NEW type
-                if let (
-                    Some(fw),
-                    ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum { name, values, .. }),
-                ) = (fill_with, new_type)
-                {
-                    for replacement in fw.values() {
-                        validate_enum_value(replacement, name, values, table, column, "fill_with")?;
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-            _ => {}
-        }
-    }
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-/// Information about an action that requires a fill_with value.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub struct FillWithRequired {
-    /// Index of the action in the migration plan.
-    pub action_index: usize,
-    /// Table name.
-    pub table: String,
-    /// Column name.
-    pub column: String,
-    /// Type of action: "AddColumn" or "ModifyColumnNullable".
-    pub action_type: &'static str,
-    /// Column type (for display purposes).
-    pub column_type: String,
-    /// Default fill value hint for this column type.
-    pub default_value: String,
-    /// Enum values if the column is an enum type (for selection UI).
-    pub enum_values: Option<Vec<String>>,
-    /// Whether the current column has a foreign key constraint.
-    pub has_foreign_key: bool,
-}
-
-/// Find all actions in a migration plan that require fill_with values.
-/// Returns a list of actions that need fill_with but don't have one.
-///
-/// `current_schema` is the baseline schema (from applied migrations) used to look up
-/// column type info for `ModifyColumnNullable` actions. Pass an empty slice if unavailable.
-pub fn find_missing_fill_with(
-    plan: &MigrationPlan,
-    current_schema: &[TableDef],
-) -> Vec<FillWithRequired> {
-    let mut missing = Vec::new();
-
-    for (idx, action) in plan.actions.iter().enumerate() {
-        match action {
-            MigrationAction::AddColumn {
-                table,
-                column,
-                fill_with,
-            }
-                // If column is NOT NULL and has no default, fill_with is required
-                if !column.nullable && column.default.is_none() && fill_with.is_none() => {
-                    missing.push(FillWithRequired {
-                        action_index: idx,
-                        table: table.clone(),
-                        column: column.name.clone(),
-                        action_type: "AddColumn",
-                        column_type: column.r#type.to_display_string(),
-                        default_value: column.r#type.default_fill_value().to_string(),
-                        enum_values: column.r#type.enum_variant_names(),
-                        has_foreign_key: false,
-                    });
-                }
-            MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
-                table,
-                column,
-                nullable,
-                fill_with,
-                delete_null_rows,
-            }
-                // If changing from nullable to non-nullable, fill_with is required
-                // UNLESS the column already has a default value (which will be used)
-                if !nullable && fill_with.is_none() && !delete_null_rows.unwrap_or(false) => {
-                    // Look up column from the current schema
-                    let table_def = current_schema.iter().find(|t| t.name == *table);
-
-                    let col_def =
-                        table_def.and_then(|t| t.columns.iter().find(|c| c.name == *column));
-
-                    let has_foreign_key = table_def.is_some_and(|t| t.constraints.iter().any(|constraint| matches!(constraint, TableConstraint::ForeignKey { columns, .. } if columns.iter().any(|col_name| col_name == column))));
-
-                    // If column has a default value, fill_with is not needed
-                    if col_def.is_some_and(|c| c.default.is_some()) {
-                        continue;
-                    }
-
-                    let (col_type_str, default_val, enum_vals) = match col_def {
-                        Some(c) => (
-                            c.r#type.to_display_string(),
-                            c.r#type.default_fill_value().to_string(),
-                            c.r#type.enum_variant_names(),
-                        ),
-                        None => (column.clone(), "''".to_string(), None),
-                    };
-
-                    missing.push(FillWithRequired {
-                        action_index: idx,
-                        table: table.clone(),
-                        column: column.clone(),
-                        action_type: "ModifyColumnNullable",
-                        column_type: col_type_str,
-                        default_value: default_val,
-                        enum_values: enum_vals,
-                        has_foreign_key,
-                    });
-                }
-            _ => {}
-        }
-    }
-
-    missing
-}
-
-/// Information about a ModifyColumnType action that removes enum values and needs fill_with.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub struct EnumFillWithRequired {
-    /// Index of the action in the migration plan.
-    pub action_index: usize,
-    /// Table name.
-    pub table: String,
-    /// Column name.
-    pub column: String,
-    /// Removed enum values that need replacement mappings.
-    pub removed_values: Vec<String>,
-    /// Remaining valid enum values (for selection UI).
-    pub remaining_values: Vec<String>,
-}
-
-/// Find all ModifyColumnType actions that remove string enum values but lack fill_with mappings.
-///
-/// `current_schema` is the baseline schema (from applied migrations) used to look up
-/// the old enum type. Returns a list of actions that need fill_with mappings.
-pub fn find_missing_enum_fill_with(
-    plan: &MigrationPlan,
-    current_schema: &[TableDef],
-) -> Vec<EnumFillWithRequired> {
-    let mut missing = Vec::new();
-
-    for (idx, action) in plan.actions.iter().enumerate() {
-        if let MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType {
-            table,
-            column,
-            new_type,
-            fill_with,
-        } = action
-        {
-            // Only applies to string enum → string enum changes
-            let old_type = current_schema
-                .iter()
-                .find(|t| t.name == *table)
-                .and_then(|t| t.columns.iter().find(|c| c.name == *column))
-                .map(|c| &c.r#type);
-
-            if let (
-                Some(ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                    values: EnumValues::String(old_values),
-                    ..
-                })),
-                ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                    values: EnumValues::String(new_values),
-                    ..
-                }),
-            ) = (old_type, new_type)
-            {
-                // Find removed values (in old but not in new)
-                let removed: Vec<String> = old_values
-                    .iter()
-                    .filter(|v| !new_values.contains(v))
-                    .cloned()
-                    .collect();
-
-                if removed.is_empty() {
-                    continue;
-                }
-
-                // Check if fill_with covers all removed values
-                let all_covered = match fill_with {
-                    Some(fw) => removed.iter().all(|r| fw.contains_key(r)),
-                    None => false,
-                };
-
-                if !all_covered {
-                    // Filter to only uncovered removed values
-                    let uncovered: Vec<String> = match fill_with {
-                        Some(fw) => removed
-                            .into_iter()
-                            .filter(|r| !fw.contains_key(r))
-                            .collect(),
-                        None => removed,
-                    };
-
-                    missing.push(EnumFillWithRequired {
-                        action_index: idx,
-                        table: table.clone(),
-                        column: column.clone(),
-                        removed_values: uncovered,
-                        remaining_values: new_values.clone(),
-                    });
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    missing
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use super::*;
-    use rstest::rstest;
-    use vespertide_core::schema::primary_key::{PrimaryKeyDef, PrimaryKeySyntax};
-    use vespertide_core::{
-        ColumnDef, ColumnType, ComplexColumnType, DefaultValue, EnumValues, NumValue,
-        SimpleColumnType, TableConstraint,
-    };
-
-    fn col(name: &str, ty: ColumnType) -> ColumnDef {
-        ColumnDef {
-            name: name.to_string(),
-            r#type: ty,
-            nullable: true,
-            default: None,
-            comment: None,
-            primary_key: None,
-            unique: None,
-            index: None,
-            foreign_key: None,
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn table(name: &str, columns: Vec<ColumnDef>, constraints: Vec<TableConstraint>) -> TableDef {
-        TableDef {
-            name: name.to_string(),
-            description: None,
-            columns,
-            constraints,
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn idx(name: &str, columns: Vec<&str>) -> TableConstraint {
-        TableConstraint::Index {
-            name: Some(name.to_string()),
-            columns: columns.into_iter().map(|s| s.to_string()).collect(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn is_duplicate(err: &PlannerError) -> bool {
-        matches!(err, PlannerError::DuplicateTableName(_))
-    }
-
-    fn is_fk_table(err: &PlannerError) -> bool {
-        matches!(err, PlannerError::ForeignKeyTableNotFound(_, _, _))
-    }
-
-    fn is_fk_column(err: &PlannerError) -> bool {
-        matches!(err, PlannerError::ForeignKeyColumnNotFound(_, _, _, _))
-    }
-
-    fn is_index_column(err: &PlannerError) -> bool {
-        matches!(err, PlannerError::IndexColumnNotFound(_, _, _))
-    }
-
-    fn is_constraint_column(err: &PlannerError) -> bool {
-        matches!(err, PlannerError::ConstraintColumnNotFound(_, _, _))
-    }
-
-    fn is_empty_columns(err: &PlannerError) -> bool {
-        matches!(err, PlannerError::EmptyConstraintColumns(_, _))
-    }
-
-    fn is_missing_pk(err: &PlannerError) -> bool {
-        matches!(err, PlannerError::MissingPrimaryKey(_))
-    }
-
-    fn pk(columns: Vec<&str>) -> TableConstraint {
-        TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-            auto_increment: false,
-            columns: columns.into_iter().map(|s| s.to_string()).collect(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case::valid_schema(
-        vec![table(
-            "users",
-            vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
-            vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey{ auto_increment: false, columns: vec!["id".into()] }],
-        )],
-        None
-    )]
-    #[case::duplicate_table(
-        vec![
-            table("users", vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))], vec![]),
-            table("users", vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))], vec![]),
-        ],
-        Some(is_duplicate as fn(&PlannerError) -> bool)
-    )]
-    #[case::fk_missing_table(
-        vec![table(
-            "users",
-            vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
-            vec![pk(vec!["id"]), TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                name: None,
-                columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                ref_table: "nonexistent".into(),
-                ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                on_delete: None,
-                on_update: None,
-            }],
-        )],
-        Some(is_fk_table as fn(&PlannerError) -> bool)
-    )]
-    #[case::fk_missing_column(
-        vec![
-            table("posts", vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))], vec![pk(vec!["id"])]),
-            table(
-                "users",
-                vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
-                vec![pk(vec!["id"]), TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                    name: None,
-                    columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                    ref_table: "posts".into(),
-                    ref_columns: vec!["nonexistent".into()],
-                    on_delete: None,
-                    on_update: None,
-                }],
-            ),
-        ],
-        Some(is_fk_column as fn(&PlannerError) -> bool)
-    )]
-    #[case::fk_local_missing_column(
-        vec![
-            table("posts", vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))], vec![pk(vec!["id"])]),
-            table(
-                "users",
-                vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
-                vec![pk(vec!["id"]), TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                    name: None,
-                    columns: vec!["missing".into()],
-                    ref_table: "posts".into(),
-                    ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                    on_delete: None,
-                    on_update: None,
-                }],
-            ),
-        ],
-        Some(is_constraint_column as fn(&PlannerError) -> bool)
-    )]
-    #[case::fk_valid(
-        vec![
-            table(
-                "posts",
-                vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
-                vec![pk(vec!["id"])],
-            ),
-            table(
-                "users",
-                vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)), col("post_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
-                vec![pk(vec!["id"]), TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                    name: None,
-                    columns: vec!["post_id".into()],
-                    ref_table: "posts".into(),
-                    ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                    on_delete: None,
-                    on_update: None,
-                }],
-            ),
-        ],
-        None
-    )]
-    #[case::index_missing_column(
-        vec![table(
-            "users",
-            vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
-            vec![pk(vec!["id"]), idx("idx_name", vec!["nonexistent"])],
-        )],
-        Some(is_index_column as fn(&PlannerError) -> bool)
-    )]
-    #[case::constraint_missing_column(
-        vec![table(
-            "users",
-            vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
-            vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey{ auto_increment: false, columns: vec!["nonexistent".into()] }],
-        )],
-        Some(is_constraint_column as fn(&PlannerError) -> bool)
-    )]
-    #[case::unique_empty_columns(
-        vec![table(
-            "users",
-            vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
-            vec![pk(vec!["id"]), TableConstraint::Unique {
-                name: Some("u".into()),
-                columns: vec![],
-            }],
-        )],
-        Some(is_empty_columns as fn(&PlannerError) -> bool)
-    )]
-    #[case::unique_missing_column(
-        vec![table(
-            "users",
-            vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
-            vec![pk(vec!["id"]), TableConstraint::Unique {
-                name: None,
-                columns: vec!["missing".into()],
-            }],
-        )],
-        Some(is_constraint_column as fn(&PlannerError) -> bool)
-    )]
-    #[case::empty_primary_key(
-        vec![table(
-            "users",
-            vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
-            vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey{ auto_increment: false, columns: vec![] }],
-        )],
-        Some(is_empty_columns as fn(&PlannerError) -> bool)
-    )]
-    #[case::fk_column_count_mismatch(
-        vec![
-            table(
-                "posts",
-                vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
-                vec![pk(vec!["id"])],
-            ),
-            table(
-                "users",
-                vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)), col("post_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
-                vec![pk(vec!["id"]), TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                    name: None,
-                    columns: vec!["id".into(), "post_id".into()],
-                    ref_table: "posts".into(),
-                    ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                    on_delete: None,
-                    on_update: None,
-                }],
-            ),
-        ],
-        Some(is_fk_column as fn(&PlannerError) -> bool)
-    )]
-    #[case::fk_empty_columns(
-        vec![table(
-            "users",
-            vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
-            vec![pk(vec!["id"]), TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                name: None,
-                columns: vec![],
-                ref_table: "posts".into(),
-                ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                on_delete: None,
-                on_update: None,
-            }],
-        )],
-        Some(is_empty_columns as fn(&PlannerError) -> bool)
-    )]
-    #[case::fk_empty_ref_columns(
-        vec![
-            table(
-                "posts",
-                vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
-                vec![pk(vec!["id"])],
-            ),
-            table(
-                "users",
-                vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
-                vec![pk(vec!["id"]), TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                    name: None,
-                    columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                    ref_table: "posts".into(),
-                    ref_columns: vec![],
-                    on_delete: None,
-                    on_update: None,
-                }],
-            ),
-        ],
-        Some(is_empty_columns as fn(&PlannerError) -> bool)
-    )]
-    #[case::index_empty_columns(
-        vec![table(
-            "users",
-            vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
-            vec![pk(vec!["id"]), TableConstraint::Index {
-                name: Some("idx".into()),
-                columns: vec![],
-            }],
-        )],
-        Some(is_empty_columns as fn(&PlannerError) -> bool)
-    )]
-    #[case::index_valid(
-        vec![table(
-            "users",
-            vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)), col("name", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text))],
-            vec![pk(vec!["id"]), idx("idx_name", vec!["name"])],
-        )],
-        None
-    )]
-    #[case::check_constraint_ok(
-        vec![table(
-            "users",
-            vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
-            vec![pk(vec!["id"]), TableConstraint::Check {
-                name: "ck".into(),
-                expr: "id > 0".into(),
-            }],
-        )],
-        None
-    )]
-    #[case::missing_primary_key(
-        vec![table(
-            "users",
-            vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
-            vec![],
-        )],
-        Some(is_missing_pk as fn(&PlannerError) -> bool)
-    )]
-    fn validate_schema_cases(
-        #[case] schema: Vec<TableDef>,
-        #[case] expected_err: Option<fn(&PlannerError) -> bool>,
-    ) {
-        let result = validate_schema(&schema);
-        match expected_err {
-            None => assert!(result.is_ok()),
-            Some(pred) => {
-                let err = result.unwrap_err();
-                assert!(pred(&err), "unexpected error: {:?}", err);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn validate_migration_plan_missing_fill_with() {
-        use vespertide_core::{ColumnDef, ColumnType, MigrationAction, MigrationPlan};
-
-        let plan = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 1,
-            actions: vec![MigrationAction::AddColumn {
-                table: "users".into(),
-                column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
-                    name: "email".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                }),
-                fill_with: None,
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let result = validate_migration_plan(&plan);
-        assert!(result.is_err());
-        match result.unwrap_err() {
-            PlannerError::MissingFillWith(table, column) => {
-                assert_eq!(table, "users");
-                assert_eq!(column, "email");
-            }
-            _ => panic!("expected MissingFillWith error"),
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn validate_migration_plan_with_fill_with() {
-        use vespertide_core::{ColumnDef, ColumnType, MigrationAction, MigrationPlan};
-
-        let plan = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 1,
-            actions: vec![MigrationAction::AddColumn {
-                table: "users".into(),
-                column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
-                    name: "email".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                }),
-                fill_with: Some("default@example.com".into()),
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let result = validate_migration_plan(&plan);
-        assert!(result.is_ok());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn validate_migration_plan_nullable_column() {
-        use vespertide_core::{ColumnDef, ColumnType, MigrationAction, MigrationPlan};
-
-        let plan = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 1,
-            actions: vec![MigrationAction::AddColumn {
-                table: "users".into(),
-                column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
-                    name: "email".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                    nullable: true,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                }),
-                fill_with: None,
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let result = validate_migration_plan(&plan);
-        assert!(result.is_ok());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn validate_migration_plan_with_default() {
-        use vespertide_core::{ColumnDef, ColumnType, MigrationAction, MigrationPlan};
-
-        let plan = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 1,
-            actions: vec![MigrationAction::AddColumn {
-                table: "users".into(),
-                column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
-                    name: "email".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: Some("default@example.com".into()),
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                }),
-                fill_with: None,
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let result = validate_migration_plan(&plan);
-        assert!(result.is_ok());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn validate_string_enum_duplicate_variant_name() {
-        let schema = vec![table(
-            "users",
-            vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                col(
-                    "status",
-                    ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                        name: "user_status".into(),
-                        values: EnumValues::String(vec![
-                            "active".into(),
-                            "inactive".into(),
-                            "active".into(), // duplicate
-                        ]),
-                    }),
-                ),
-            ],
-            vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                auto_increment: false,
-                columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            }],
-        )];
-
-        let result = validate_schema(&schema);
-        assert!(result.is_err());
-        match result.unwrap_err() {
-            PlannerError::DuplicateEnumVariantName(enum_name, table, column, variant) => {
-                assert_eq!(enum_name, "user_status");
-                assert_eq!(table, "users");
-                assert_eq!(column, "status");
-                assert_eq!(variant, "active");
-            }
-            err => panic!("expected DuplicateEnumVariantName, got {:?}", err),
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn validate_integer_enum_duplicate_variant_name() {
-        let schema = vec![table(
-            "tasks",
-            vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                col(
-                    "priority",
-                    ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                        name: "priority_level".into(),
-                        values: EnumValues::Integer(vec![
-                            NumValue {
-                                name: "Low".into(),
-                                value: 0,
-                            },
-                            NumValue {
-                                name: "High".into(),
-                                value: 1,
-                            },
-                            NumValue {
-                                name: "Low".into(), // duplicate name
-                                value: 2,
-                            },
-                        ]),
-                    }),
-                ),
-            ],
-            vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                auto_increment: false,
-                columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            }],
-        )];
-
-        let result = validate_schema(&schema);
-        assert!(result.is_err());
-        match result.unwrap_err() {
-            PlannerError::DuplicateEnumVariantName(enum_name, table, column, variant) => {
-                assert_eq!(enum_name, "priority_level");
-                assert_eq!(table, "tasks");
-                assert_eq!(column, "priority");
-                assert_eq!(variant, "Low");
-            }
-            err => panic!("expected DuplicateEnumVariantName, got {:?}", err),
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn validate_integer_enum_duplicate_value() {
-        let schema = vec![table(
-            "tasks",
-            vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                col(
-                    "priority",
-                    ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                        name: "priority_level".into(),
-                        values: EnumValues::Integer(vec![
-                            NumValue {
-                                name: "Low".into(),
-                                value: 0,
-                            },
-                            NumValue {
-                                name: "Medium".into(),
-                                value: 1,
-                            },
-                            NumValue {
-                                name: "High".into(),
-                                value: 0, // duplicate value
-                            },
-                        ]),
-                    }),
-                ),
-            ],
-            vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                auto_increment: false,
-                columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            }],
-        )];
-
-        let result = validate_schema(&schema);
-        assert!(result.is_err());
-        match result.unwrap_err() {
-            PlannerError::DuplicateEnumValue(enum_name, table, column, value) => {
-                assert_eq!(enum_name, "priority_level");
-                assert_eq!(table, "tasks");
-                assert_eq!(column, "priority");
-                assert_eq!(value, 0);
-            }
-            err => panic!("expected DuplicateEnumValue, got {:?}", err),
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn validate_enum_valid() {
-        let schema = vec![table(
-            "tasks",
-            vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                col(
-                    "status",
-                    ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                        name: "task_status".into(),
-                        values: EnumValues::String(vec![
-                            "pending".into(),
-                            "in_progress".into(),
-                            "completed".into(),
-                        ]),
-                    }),
-                ),
-                col(
-                    "priority",
-                    ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                        name: "priority_level".into(),
-                        values: EnumValues::Integer(vec![
-                            NumValue {
-                                name: "Low".into(),
-                                value: 0,
-                            },
-                            NumValue {
-                                name: "Medium".into(),
-                                value: 50,
-                            },
-                            NumValue {
-                                name: "High".into(),
-                                value: 100,
-                            },
-                        ]),
-                    }),
-                ),
-            ],
-            vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                auto_increment: false,
-                columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            }],
-        )];
-
-        let result = validate_schema(&schema);
-        assert!(result.is_ok());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn validate_migration_plan_modify_nullable_to_non_nullable_missing_fill_with() {
-        let plan = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 1,
-            actions: vec![MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
-                table: "users".into(),
-                column: "email".into(),
-                nullable: false,
-                fill_with: None,
-                delete_null_rows: None,
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let result = validate_migration_plan(&plan);
-        assert!(result.is_err());
-        match result.unwrap_err() {
-            PlannerError::MissingFillWith(table, column) => {
-                assert_eq!(table, "users");
-                assert_eq!(column, "email");
-            }
-            _ => panic!("expected MissingFillWith error"),
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn validate_migration_plan_modify_nullable_to_non_nullable_with_fill_with() {
-        let plan = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 1,
-            actions: vec![MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
-                table: "users".into(),
-                column: "email".into(),
-                nullable: false,
-                fill_with: Some("'unknown'".into()),
-                delete_null_rows: None,
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let result = validate_migration_plan(&plan);
-        assert!(result.is_ok());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn validate_migration_plan_modify_non_nullable_to_nullable() {
-        // Changing from non-nullable to nullable does NOT require fill_with
-        let plan = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 1,
-            actions: vec![MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
-                table: "users".into(),
-                column: "email".into(),
-                nullable: true,
-                fill_with: None,
-                delete_null_rows: None,
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let result = validate_migration_plan(&plan);
-        assert!(result.is_ok());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn validate_enum_add_column_invalid_default() {
-        let plan = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 1,
-            actions: vec![MigrationAction::AddColumn {
-                table: "users".into(),
-                column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
-                    name: "status".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                        name: "user_status".into(),
-                        values: EnumValues::String(vec![
-                            "active".into(),
-                            "inactive".into(),
-                            "pending".into(),
-                        ]),
-                    }),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: Some("invalid_value".into()),
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                }),
-                fill_with: None,
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let result = validate_migration_plan(&plan);
-        assert!(result.is_err());
-        match result.unwrap_err() {
-            PlannerError::InvalidEnumDefault(err) => {
-                assert_eq!(err.enum_name, "user_status");
-                assert_eq!(err.table_name, "users");
-                assert_eq!(err.column_name, "status");
-                assert_eq!(err.value_type, "default");
-                assert_eq!(err.value, "invalid_value");
-            }
-            err => panic!("expected InvalidEnumDefault error, got {:?}", err),
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn validate_enum_add_column_invalid_fill_with() {
-        let plan = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 1,
-            actions: vec![MigrationAction::AddColumn {
-                table: "users".into(),
-                column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
-                    name: "status".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                        name: "user_status".into(),
-                        values: EnumValues::String(vec![
-                            "active".into(),
-                            "inactive".into(),
-                            "pending".into(),
-                        ]),
-                    }),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                }),
-                fill_with: Some("unknown_status".into()),
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let result = validate_migration_plan(&plan);
-        assert!(result.is_err());
-        match result.unwrap_err() {
-            PlannerError::InvalidEnumDefault(err) => {
-                assert_eq!(err.enum_name, "user_status");
-                assert_eq!(err.table_name, "users");
-                assert_eq!(err.column_name, "status");
-                assert_eq!(err.value_type, "fill_with");
-                assert_eq!(err.value, "unknown_status");
-            }
-            err => panic!("expected InvalidEnumDefault error, got {:?}", err),
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn validate_enum_add_column_valid_default_quoted() {
-        let plan = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 1,
-            actions: vec![MigrationAction::AddColumn {
-                table: "users".into(),
-                column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
-                    name: "status".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                        name: "user_status".into(),
-                        values: EnumValues::String(vec![
-                            "active".into(),
-                            "inactive".into(),
-                            "pending".into(),
-                        ]),
-                    }),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: Some("'active'".into()),
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                }),
-                fill_with: None,
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let result = validate_migration_plan(&plan);
-        assert!(result.is_ok());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn validate_enum_add_column_valid_default_unquoted() {
-        let plan = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 1,
-            actions: vec![MigrationAction::AddColumn {
-                table: "users".into(),
-                column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
-                    name: "status".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                        name: "user_status".into(),
-                        values: EnumValues::String(vec![
-                            "active".into(),
-                            "inactive".into(),
-                            "pending".into(),
-                        ]),
-                    }),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: Some("active".into()),
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                }),
-                fill_with: None,
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let result = validate_migration_plan(&plan);
-        assert!(result.is_ok());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn validate_enum_add_column_valid_fill_with() {
-        let plan = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 1,
-            actions: vec![MigrationAction::AddColumn {
-                table: "users".into(),
-                column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
-                    name: "status".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                        name: "user_status".into(),
-                        values: EnumValues::String(vec![
-                            "active".into(),
-                            "inactive".into(),
-                            "pending".into(),
-                        ]),
-                    }),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                }),
-                fill_with: Some("'pending'".into()),
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let result = validate_migration_plan(&plan);
-        assert!(result.is_ok());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn validate_enum_schema_invalid_default() {
-        // Test that schema validation also catches invalid enum defaults
-        let schema = vec![table(
-            "users",
-            vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)), {
-                let mut c = col(
-                    "status",
-                    ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                        name: "user_status".into(),
-                        values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into()]),
-                    }),
-                );
-                c.default = Some("invalid".into());
-                c
-            }],
-            vec![pk(vec!["id"])],
-        )];
-
-        let result = validate_schema(&schema);
-        assert!(result.is_err());
-        match result.unwrap_err() {
-            PlannerError::InvalidEnumDefault(err) => {
-                assert_eq!(err.enum_name, "user_status");
-                assert_eq!(err.table_name, "users");
-                assert_eq!(err.column_name, "status");
-                assert_eq!(err.value_type, "default");
-                assert_eq!(err.value, "invalid");
-            }
-            err => panic!("expected InvalidEnumDefault error, got {:?}", err),
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn validate_enum_schema_valid_default() {
-        let schema = vec![table(
-            "users",
-            vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)), {
-                let mut c = col(
-                    "status",
-                    ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                        name: "user_status".into(),
-                        values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into()]),
-                    }),
-                );
-                c.default = Some("'active'".into());
-                c
-            }],
-            vec![pk(vec!["id"])],
-        )];
-
-        let result = validate_schema(&schema);
-        assert!(result.is_ok());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn validate_enum_integer_add_column_valid() {
-        let plan = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 1,
-            actions: vec![MigrationAction::AddColumn {
-                table: "tasks".into(),
-                column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
-                    name: "priority".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                        name: "priority_level".into(),
-                        values: EnumValues::Integer(vec![
-                            NumValue {
-                                name: "Low".into(),
-                                value: 0,
-                            },
-                            NumValue {
-                                name: "Medium".into(),
-                                value: 50,
-                            },
-                            NumValue {
-                                name: "High".into(),
-                                value: 100,
-                            },
-                        ]),
-                    }),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                }),
-                fill_with: Some("Low".into()),
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let result = validate_migration_plan(&plan);
-        assert!(result.is_ok());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn validate_enum_integer_add_column_invalid() {
-        let plan = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 1,
-            actions: vec![MigrationAction::AddColumn {
-                table: "tasks".into(),
-                column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
-                    name: "priority".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                        name: "priority_level".into(),
-                        values: EnumValues::Integer(vec![
-                            NumValue {
-                                name: "Low".into(),
-                                value: 0,
-                            },
-                            NumValue {
-                                name: "Medium".into(),
-                                value: 50,
-                            },
-                            NumValue {
-                                name: "High".into(),
-                                value: 100,
-                            },
-                        ]),
-                    }),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                }),
-                fill_with: Some("Critical".into()), // Not a valid enum name
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let result = validate_migration_plan(&plan);
-        assert!(result.is_err());
-        match result.unwrap_err() {
-            PlannerError::InvalidEnumDefault(err) => {
-                assert_eq!(err.enum_name, "priority_level");
-                assert_eq!(err.table_name, "tasks");
-                assert_eq!(err.column_name, "priority");
-                assert_eq!(err.value_type, "fill_with");
-                assert_eq!(err.value, "Critical");
-            }
-            err => panic!("expected InvalidEnumDefault error, got {:?}", err),
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn validate_enum_null_value_skipped() {
-        // NULL values should be allowed and skipped during validation
-        let plan = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 1,
-            actions: vec![MigrationAction::AddColumn {
-                table: "users".into(),
-                column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
-                    name: "status".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                        name: "user_status".into(),
-                        values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into()]),
-                    }),
-                    nullable: true,
-                    default: Some("NULL".into()),
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                }),
-                fill_with: None,
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let result = validate_migration_plan(&plan);
-        assert!(result.is_ok());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn validate_enum_sql_expression_skipped() {
-        // SQL expressions like function calls should be skipped
-        let plan = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 1,
-            actions: vec![MigrationAction::AddColumn {
-                table: "users".into(),
-                column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
-                    name: "status".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                        name: "user_status".into(),
-                        values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into()]),
-                    }),
-                    nullable: true,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                }),
-                fill_with: Some("COALESCE(old_status, 'active')".into()),
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let result = validate_migration_plan(&plan);
-        assert!(result.is_ok());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn validate_enum_empty_string_fill_with_skipped() {
-        // Empty string fill_with should be skipped during enum validation
-        // (converted to '' by to_sql, which is empty after trimming)
-        let plan = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 1,
-            actions: vec![MigrationAction::AddColumn {
-                table: "users".into(),
-                column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
-                    name: "status".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                        name: "user_status".into(),
-                        values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into()]),
-                    }),
-                    nullable: true,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                }),
-                // Empty string - extract_enum_value returns None for empty trimmed values
-                fill_with: Some("   ".into()),
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let result = validate_migration_plan(&plan);
-        assert!(result.is_ok());
-    }
-
-    // Tests for find_missing_fill_with function
-    #[test]
-    fn find_missing_fill_with_add_column_not_null_no_default() {
-        let plan = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 1,
-            actions: vec![MigrationAction::AddColumn {
-                table: "users".into(),
-                column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
-                    name: "email".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                }),
-                fill_with: None,
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let missing = find_missing_fill_with(&plan, &[]);
-        assert_eq!(missing.len(), 1);
-        assert_eq!(missing[0].table, "users");
-        assert_eq!(missing[0].column, "email");
-        assert_eq!(missing[0].action_type, "AddColumn");
-        assert!(!missing[0].column_type.is_empty());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn find_missing_fill_with_add_column_with_default() {
-        let plan = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 1,
-            actions: vec![MigrationAction::AddColumn {
-                table: "users".into(),
-                column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
-                    name: "email".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: Some("'default@example.com'".into()),
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                }),
-                fill_with: None,
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let missing = find_missing_fill_with(&plan, &[]);
-        assert!(missing.is_empty());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn find_missing_fill_with_add_column_nullable() {
-        let plan = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 1,
-            actions: vec![MigrationAction::AddColumn {
-                table: "users".into(),
-                column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
-                    name: "email".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                    nullable: true,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                }),
-                fill_with: None,
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let missing = find_missing_fill_with(&plan, &[]);
-        assert!(missing.is_empty());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn find_missing_fill_with_add_column_with_fill_with() {
-        let plan = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 1,
-            actions: vec![MigrationAction::AddColumn {
-                table: "users".into(),
-                column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
-                    name: "email".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                }),
-                fill_with: Some("'default@example.com'".into()),
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let missing = find_missing_fill_with(&plan, &[]);
-        assert!(missing.is_empty());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn find_missing_fill_with_modify_nullable_to_not_null() {
-        let plan = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 1,
-            actions: vec![MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
-                table: "users".into(),
-                column: "email".into(),
-                nullable: false,
-                fill_with: None,
-                delete_null_rows: None,
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let missing = find_missing_fill_with(&plan, &[]);
-        assert_eq!(missing.len(), 1);
-        assert_eq!(missing[0].table, "users");
-        assert_eq!(missing[0].column, "email");
-        assert_eq!(missing[0].action_type, "ModifyColumnNullable");
-        // With no schema provided, falls back to column name as type display
-        assert_eq!(missing[0].column_type, "email");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn find_missing_fill_with_modify_to_nullable() {
-        let plan = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 1,
-            actions: vec![MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
-                table: "users".into(),
-                column: "email".into(),
-                nullable: true,
-                fill_with: None,
-                delete_null_rows: None,
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let missing = find_missing_fill_with(&plan, &[]);
-        assert!(missing.is_empty());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn find_missing_fill_with_modify_not_null_with_fill_with() {
-        let plan = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 1,
-            actions: vec![MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
-                table: "users".into(),
-                column: "email".into(),
-                nullable: false,
-                fill_with: Some("'default'".into()),
-                delete_null_rows: None,
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let missing = find_missing_fill_with(&plan, &[]);
-        assert!(missing.is_empty());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn find_missing_fill_with_modify_nullable_to_not_null_with_column_default() {
-        // Column has a default value in the schema, so fill_with should NOT be required
-        let schema = vec![TableDef {
-            name: "users".into(),
-            columns: vec![ColumnDef {
-                name: "status".into(),
-                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                nullable: true,
-                default: Some(DefaultValue::String("'active'".into())),
-                comment: None,
-                primary_key: None,
-                unique: None,
-                index: None,
-                foreign_key: None,
-            }],
-            constraints: vec![],
-            description: None,
-        }];
-
-        let plan = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 1,
-            actions: vec![MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
-                table: "users".into(),
-                column: "status".into(),
-                nullable: false,
-                fill_with: None,
-                delete_null_rows: None,
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let missing = find_missing_fill_with(&plan, &schema);
-        assert!(
-            missing.is_empty(),
-            "fill_with should not be required when column has a default value"
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn find_missing_fill_with_modify_nullable_to_not_null_without_column_default() {
-        // Column has NO default value, so fill_with IS required
-        let schema = vec![TableDef {
-            name: "users".into(),
-            columns: vec![ColumnDef {
-                name: "email".into(),
-                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                nullable: true,
-                default: None,
-                comment: None,
-                primary_key: None,
-                unique: None,
-                index: None,
-                foreign_key: None,
-            }],
-            constraints: vec![],
-            description: None,
-        }];
-
-        let plan = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 1,
-            actions: vec![MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
-                table: "users".into(),
-                column: "email".into(),
-                nullable: false,
-                fill_with: None,
-                delete_null_rows: None,
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let missing = find_missing_fill_with(&plan, &schema);
-        assert_eq!(missing.len(), 1);
-        assert_eq!(missing[0].column, "email");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn find_missing_fill_with_multiple_actions() {
-        let plan = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 1,
-            actions: vec![
-                MigrationAction::AddColumn {
-                    table: "users".into(),
-                    column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
-                        name: "email".into(),
-                        r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                        nullable: false,
-                        default: None,
-                        comment: None,
-                        primary_key: None,
-                        unique: None,
-                        index: None,
-                        foreign_key: None,
-                    }),
-                    fill_with: None,
-                },
-                MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
-                    table: "orders".into(),
-                    column: "status".into(),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    fill_with: None,
-                    delete_null_rows: None,
-                },
-                MigrationAction::AddColumn {
-                    table: "users".into(),
-                    column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
-                        name: "name".into(),
-                        r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                        nullable: true, // nullable, so not missing
-                        default: None,
-                        comment: None,
-                        primary_key: None,
-                        unique: None,
-                        index: None,
-                        foreign_key: None,
-                    }),
-                    fill_with: None,
-                },
-            ],
-        };
-
-        let missing = find_missing_fill_with(&plan, &[]);
-        assert_eq!(missing.len(), 2);
-        assert_eq!(missing[0].action_index, 0);
-        assert_eq!(missing[0].table, "users");
-        assert_eq!(missing[0].column, "email");
-        assert_eq!(missing[1].action_index, 1);
-        assert_eq!(missing[1].table, "orders");
-        assert_eq!(missing[1].column, "status");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn find_missing_fill_with_other_actions_ignored() {
-        let plan = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 1,
-            actions: vec![
-                MigrationAction::CreateTable {
-                    table: "users".into(),
-                    columns: vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
-                    constraints: vec![pk(vec!["id"])],
-                },
-                MigrationAction::DeleteColumn {
-                    table: "orders".into(),
-                    column: "old_column".into(),
-                },
-            ],
-        };
-
-        let missing = find_missing_fill_with(&plan, &[]);
-        assert!(missing.is_empty());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn validate_auto_increment_on_text_column_fails() {
-        let table_def = table(
-            "users",
-            vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text))],
-            vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                auto_increment: true,
-                columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            }],
-        );
-
-        let result = validate_table(&table_def, &std::collections::HashMap::new());
-        assert!(result.is_err());
-        match result {
-            Err(PlannerError::InvalidAutoIncrement(table_name, col_name, _)) => {
-                assert_eq!(table_name, "users");
-                assert_eq!(col_name, "id");
-            }
-            _ => panic!("Expected InvalidAutoIncrement error"),
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn validate_auto_increment_on_integer_column_succeeds() {
-        let table_def = table(
-            "users",
-            vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
-            vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                auto_increment: true,
-                columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            }],
-        );
-
-        let result = validate_table(&table_def, &std::collections::HashMap::new());
-        assert!(result.is_ok());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn validate_inline_auto_increment_on_text_column_fails() {
-        let mut col_def = col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
-        col_def.primary_key = Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Object(PrimaryKeyDef {
-            auto_increment: true,
-        }));
-
-        let table_def = table("users", vec![col_def], vec![]);
-
-        let result = validate_table(&table_def, &std::collections::HashMap::new());
-        assert!(result.is_err());
-        match result {
-            Err(PlannerError::InvalidAutoIncrement(table_name, col_name, _)) => {
-                assert_eq!(table_name, "users");
-                assert_eq!(col_name, "id");
-            }
-            _ => panic!("Expected InvalidAutoIncrement error"),
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn validate_inline_primary_key_bool_does_not_check_auto_increment() {
-        // PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true) has no auto_increment field, so validation
-        // should pass even on a non-integer column.
-        let mut col_def = col("code", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
-        col_def.primary_key = Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true));
-
-        let table_def = table("items", vec![col_def], vec![]);
-        let result = validate_table(&table_def, &std::collections::HashMap::new());
-        assert!(
-            result.is_ok(),
-            "Bool primary key should not trigger auto_increment validation"
-        );
-    }
-
-    // ── find_missing_enum_fill_with tests ──────────────────────────────
-
-    fn string_enum(name: &str, values: Vec<&str>) -> ColumnType {
-        ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-            name: name.into(),
-            values: EnumValues::String(values.into_iter().map(|s| s.to_string()).collect()),
-        })
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn find_missing_enum_fill_with_detects_removed_values() {
-        let plan = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 2,
-            actions: vec![MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType {
-                table: "orders".into(),
-                column: "status".into(),
-                new_type: string_enum("order_status", vec!["pending", "shipped"]),
-                fill_with: None,
-            }],
-        };
-        let baseline = vec![table(
-            "orders",
-            vec![col(
-                "status",
-                string_enum("order_status", vec!["pending", "shipped", "cancelled"]),
-            )],
-            vec![],
-        )];
-
-        let missing = find_missing_enum_fill_with(&plan, &baseline);
-        assert_eq!(missing.len(), 1);
-        assert_eq!(missing[0].table, "orders");
-        assert_eq!(missing[0].column, "status");
-        assert_eq!(missing[0].removed_values, vec!["cancelled"]);
-        assert_eq!(missing[0].remaining_values, vec!["pending", "shipped"]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn find_missing_enum_fill_with_ignores_additions_only() {
-        let plan = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 2,
-            actions: vec![MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType {
-                table: "orders".into(),
-                column: "status".into(),
-                new_type: string_enum("order_status", vec!["pending", "shipped", "delivered"]),
-                fill_with: None,
-            }],
-        };
-        let baseline = vec![table(
-            "orders",
-            vec![col(
-                "status",
-                string_enum("order_status", vec!["pending", "shipped"]),
-            )],
-            vec![],
-        )];
-
-        let missing = find_missing_enum_fill_with(&plan, &baseline);
-        assert!(
-            missing.is_empty(),
-            "Adding values should not trigger fill_with"
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn find_missing_enum_fill_with_skips_already_covered() {
-        let mut fw = std::collections::BTreeMap::new();
-        fw.insert("cancelled".to_string(), "pending".to_string());
-
-        let plan = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 2,
-            actions: vec![MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType {
-                table: "orders".into(),
-                column: "status".into(),
-                new_type: string_enum("order_status", vec!["pending", "shipped"]),
-                fill_with: Some(fw),
-            }],
-        };
-        let baseline = vec![table(
-            "orders",
-            vec![col(
-                "status",
-                string_enum("order_status", vec!["pending", "shipped", "cancelled"]),
-            )],
-            vec![],
-        )];
-
-        let missing = find_missing_enum_fill_with(&plan, &baseline);
-        assert!(
-            missing.is_empty(),
-            "All removed values are covered by fill_with"
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn find_missing_enum_fill_with_reports_partially_covered() {
-        let mut fw = std::collections::BTreeMap::new();
-        fw.insert("cancelled".to_string(), "pending".to_string());
-
-        let plan = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 2,
-            actions: vec![MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType {
-                table: "orders".into(),
-                column: "status".into(),
-                new_type: string_enum("order_status", vec!["pending"]),
-                fill_with: Some(fw),
-            }],
-        };
-        let baseline = vec![table(
-            "orders",
-            vec![col(
-                "status",
-                string_enum("order_status", vec!["pending", "shipped", "cancelled"]),
-            )],
-            vec![],
-        )];
-
-        let missing = find_missing_enum_fill_with(&plan, &baseline);
-        assert_eq!(missing.len(), 1);
-        assert_eq!(
-            missing[0].removed_values,
-            vec!["shipped"],
-            "Only uncovered value should be reported"
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn find_missing_enum_fill_with_ignores_integer_enums() {
-        let old_type = ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-            name: "priority".into(),
-            values: EnumValues::Integer(vec![
-                NumValue {
-                    name: "low".into(),
-                    value: 0,
-                },
-                NumValue {
-                    name: "high".into(),
-                    value: 1,
-                },
-            ]),
-        });
-        let new_type = ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-            name: "priority".into(),
-            values: EnumValues::Integer(vec![NumValue {
-                name: "high".into(),
-                value: 1,
-            }]),
-        });
-
-        let plan = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 2,
-            actions: vec![MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType {
-                table: "tasks".into(),
-                column: "priority".into(),
-                new_type,
-                fill_with: None,
-            }],
-        };
-        let baseline = vec![table("tasks", vec![col("priority", old_type)], vec![])];
-
-        let missing = find_missing_enum_fill_with(&plan, &baseline);
-        assert!(
-            missing.is_empty(),
-            "Integer enum changes should not trigger fill_with"
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn find_missing_enum_fill_with_ignores_non_enum_type_change() {
-        let plan = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 2,
-            actions: vec![MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType {
-                table: "users".into(),
-                column: "age".into(),
-                new_type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::BigInt),
-                fill_with: None,
-            }],
-        };
-        let baseline = vec![table(
-            "users",
-            vec![col("age", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
-            vec![],
-        )];
-
-        let missing = find_missing_enum_fill_with(&plan, &baseline);
-        assert!(
-            missing.is_empty(),
-            "Non-enum type changes should not trigger fill_with"
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn validate_modify_column_type_fill_with_invalid_replacement() {
-        let mut fw = std::collections::BTreeMap::new();
-        fw.insert("cancelled".to_string(), "nonexistent_value".to_string());
-
-        let plan = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 2,
-            actions: vec![MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType {
-                table: "orders".into(),
-                column: "status".into(),
-                new_type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                    name: "order_status".into(),
-                    values: EnumValues::String(vec!["pending".into(), "shipped".into()]),
-                }),
-                fill_with: Some(fw),
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let result = validate_migration_plan(&plan);
-        assert!(result.is_err());
-        match result.unwrap_err() {
-            PlannerError::InvalidEnumDefault(err) => {
-                assert_eq!(err.enum_name, "order_status");
-                assert_eq!(err.table_name, "orders");
-                assert_eq!(err.column_name, "status");
-                assert_eq!(err.value_type, "fill_with");
-                assert_eq!(err.value, "nonexistent_value");
-            }
-            err => panic!("expected InvalidEnumDefault error, got {:?}", err),
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn validate_modify_column_type_fill_with_valid_replacement() {
-        let mut fw = std::collections::BTreeMap::new();
-        fw.insert("cancelled".to_string(), "pending".to_string());
-
-        let plan = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 2,
-            actions: vec![MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType {
-                table: "orders".into(),
-                column: "status".into(),
-                new_type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                    name: "order_status".into(),
-                    values: EnumValues::String(vec!["pending".into(), "shipped".into()]),
-                }),
-                fill_with: Some(fw),
-            }],
-        };
-
-        let result = validate_migration_plan(&plan);
-        assert!(result.is_ok());
-    }
-}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-planner/src/validate/enums.rs b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/validate/enums.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bed54a6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/validate/enums.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+use std::collections::HashSet;
+
+use vespertide_core::{ColumnDef, ColumnType, ComplexColumnType, EnumValues};
+
+use crate::error::{InvalidEnumDefaultError, PlannerError};
+
+/// Extract the unquoted value from a potentially quoted string.
+/// Returns None if the value is a SQL expression (contains parentheses or is a keyword).
+fn extract_enum_value(value: &str) -> Option<&str> {
+    let trimmed = value.trim();
+    if trimmed.is_empty() {
+        return None;
+    }
+    // Check for SQL expressions/keywords that shouldn't be validated
+    if trimmed.contains('(')
+        || trimmed.contains(')')
+        || trimmed.eq_ignore_ascii_case("null")
+        || trimmed.eq_ignore_ascii_case("current_timestamp")
+        || trimmed.eq_ignore_ascii_case("now")
+    {
+        return None;
+    }
+    // Strip quotes if present
+    if ((trimmed.starts_with('\'') && trimmed.ends_with('\''))
+        || (trimmed.starts_with('"') && trimmed.ends_with('"')))
+        && trimmed.len() >= 2
+    {
+        return trimmed
+            .strip_prefix(['\'', '"'])
+            .and_then(|s| s.strip_suffix(['\'', '"']));
+    }
+    // Unquoted value
+    Some(trimmed)
+}
+
+/// Validate that an enum `default/fill_with` value is in the allowed enum values.
+pub(super) fn validate_enum_value(
+    value: &str,
+    enum_name: &str,
+    enum_values: &EnumValues,
+    table_name: &str,
+    column_name: &str,
+    value_type: &str, // "default" or "fill_with"
+) -> Result<(), PlannerError> {
+    let Some(extracted) = extract_enum_value(value) else {
+        return Ok(());
+    };
+
+    let is_valid = match enum_values {
+        EnumValues::String(variants) => variants.iter().any(|v| v == extracted),
+        EnumValues::Integer(variants) => extracted.parse::<i32>().map_or_else(
+            |_| variants.iter().any(|v| v.name == extracted),
+            |n| variants.iter().any(|v| v.value == i64::from(n)),
+        ),
+    };
+
+    if !is_valid {
+        let allowed = enum_values.variant_names().join(", ");
+        return Err(Box::new(InvalidEnumDefaultError {
+            enum_name: enum_name.to_string(),
+            table_name: table_name.to_string(),
+            column_name: column_name.to_string(),
+            value_type: value_type.to_string(),
+            value: extracted.to_string(),
+            allowed,
+        })
+        .into());
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub(super) fn validate_column(column: &ColumnDef, table_name: &str) -> Result<(), PlannerError> {
+    if let ColumnType::Complex(complex_type) = &column.r#type {
+        match complex_type {
+            ComplexColumnType::Numeric { precision, scale } if scale > precision => {
+                return Err(PlannerError::TableValidation(format!(
+                    "numeric column '{}.{}' scale ({scale}) must be <= precision ({precision})",
+                    table_name, column.name
+                )));
+            }
+            ComplexColumnType::Enum { name, values } => {
+                match values {
+                    EnumValues::String(variants) => {
+                        let mut seen = HashSet::new();
+                        for variant in variants {
+                            if !seen.insert(variant.as_str()) {
+                                return Err(PlannerError::DuplicateEnumVariantName(
+                                    name.clone(),
+                                    table_name.to_string(),
+                                    column.name.clone(),
+                                    variant.clone(),
+                                ));
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                    EnumValues::Integer(variants) => {
+                        let mut seen_names = HashSet::new();
+                        for variant in variants {
+                            if !seen_names.insert(variant.name.as_str()) {
+                                return Err(PlannerError::DuplicateEnumVariantName(
+                                    name.clone(),
+                                    table_name.to_string(),
+                                    column.name.clone(),
+                                    variant.name.clone(),
+                                ));
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                        for variant in variants {
+                            if i32::try_from(variant.value).is_err() {
+                                return Err(PlannerError::TableValidation(format!(
+                                    "integer enum value {} is outside i32 range for enum '{}' in column '{}.{}'",
+                                    variant.value, name, table_name, column.name
+                                )));
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                        let mut seen_values = HashSet::new();
+                        for variant in variants {
+                            if !seen_values.insert(variant.value) {
+                                return Err(PlannerError::DuplicateEnumValue(
+                                    name.clone(),
+                                    table_name.to_string(),
+                                    column.name.clone(),
+                                    variant.value,
+                                ));
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if let Some(default) = &column.default {
+                    let default_str = default.to_sql();
+                    validate_enum_value(
+                        &default_str,
+                        name,
+                        values,
+                        table_name,
+                        &column.name,
+                        "default",
+                    )?;
+                }
+            }
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-planner/src/validate/foreign_keys.rs b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/validate/foreign_keys.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b699e7c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/validate/foreign_keys.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+use std::collections::{BTreeMap, HashSet};
+
+use crate::error::PlannerError;
+
+pub(super) fn validate_foreign_key_constraint(
+    table_name: &str,
+    table_columns: &HashSet<&str>,
+    table_map: &BTreeMap<&str, HashSet<&str>>,
+    columns: &[String],
+    ref_table: &str,
+    ref_columns: &[String],
+) -> Result<(), PlannerError> {
+    if columns.is_empty() {
+        return Err(PlannerError::EmptyConstraintColumns(
+            table_name.to_string(),
+            "ForeignKey".to_string(),
+        ));
+    }
+    if ref_columns.is_empty() {
+        return Err(PlannerError::EmptyConstraintColumns(
+            ref_table.to_string(),
+            "ForeignKey (ref_columns)".to_string(),
+        ));
+    }
+
+    let ref_table_columns = table_map.get(ref_table).ok_or_else(|| {
+        PlannerError::ForeignKeyTableNotFound(
+            table_name.to_string(),
+            columns.join(", "),
+            ref_table.to_string(),
+        )
+    })?;
+
+    for col in columns {
+        if !table_columns.contains(col.as_str()) {
+            return Err(PlannerError::ConstraintColumnNotFound(
+                table_name.to_string(),
+                "ForeignKey".to_string(),
+                col.clone(),
+            ));
+        }
+    }
+
+    for ref_col in ref_columns {
+        if !ref_table_columns.contains(ref_col.as_str()) {
+            return Err(PlannerError::ForeignKeyColumnNotFound(
+                table_name.to_string(),
+                columns.join(", "),
+                ref_table.to_string(),
+                ref_col.clone(),
+            ));
+        }
+    }
+
+    if columns.len() != ref_columns.len() {
+        return Err(PlannerError::ForeignKeyColumnNotFound(
+            table_name.to_string(),
+            format!(
+                "column count mismatch: {} != {}",
+                columns.len(),
+                ref_columns.len()
+            ),
+            ref_table.to_string(),
+            String::new(),
+        ));
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-planner/src/validate/mod.rs b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/validate/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..79db8d76
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/validate/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+mod enums;
+mod foreign_keys;
+mod plan;
+mod schema;
+
+pub use plan::{
+    EnumFillWithRequired, FillWithRequired, find_missing_enum_fill_with, find_missing_fill_with,
+    validate_migration_plan,
+};
+pub use schema::validate_schema;
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests;
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-planner/src/validate/plan.rs b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/validate/plan.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1cb7ee60
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/validate/plan.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,343 @@
+use rayon::prelude::*;
+use vespertide_core::{
+    ColumnType, ComplexColumnType, EnumValues, MigrationAction, MigrationPlan, TableConstraint,
+    TableDef,
+};
+
+use super::enums::validate_enum_value;
+use crate::error::PlannerError;
+use crate::parallel_config::{VALIDATE_PLAN_PAR_ACTION_MIN_LEN, validate_plan_par_threshold};
+
+/// Validate a migration plan for correctness.
+/// Checks for:
+/// - `AddColumn` actions with NOT NULL columns without default must have `fill_with`
+/// - `ModifyColumnNullable` actions changing from nullable to non-nullable must have `fill_with`
+/// - Enum columns with `default/fill_with` values must have valid enum values
+pub fn validate_migration_plan(plan: &MigrationPlan) -> Result<(), PlannerError> {
+    let earliest_err = if plan.actions.len() < validate_plan_par_threshold() {
+        plan.actions
+            .iter()
+            .find_map(|action| validate_action(action).err())
+    } else {
+        plan.actions
+            .par_iter()
+            .enumerate()
+            .with_min_len(VALIDATE_PLAN_PAR_ACTION_MIN_LEN)
+            .filter_map(|(idx, action)| validate_action(action).err().map(|err| (idx, err)))
+            .min_by_key(|(idx, _)| *idx)
+            .map(|(_, err)| err)
+    };
+
+    if let Some(err) = earliest_err {
+        return Err(err);
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn validate_action(action: &MigrationAction) -> Result<(), PlannerError> {
+    match action {
+        MigrationAction::AddColumn {
+            table,
+            column,
+            fill_with,
+        } => {
+            // If column is NOT NULL and has no default, fill_with is required
+            if !column.nullable && column.default.is_none() && fill_with.is_none() {
+                return Err(PlannerError::MissingFillWith(
+                    table.clone(),
+                    column.name.clone(),
+                ));
+            }
+
+            // Validate enum default/fill_with values
+            if let ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum { name, values }) = &column.r#type {
+                if let Some(fill) = fill_with {
+                    validate_enum_value(fill, name, values, table, &column.name, "fill_with")?;
+                }
+                if let Some(default) = &column.default {
+                    let default_str = default.to_sql();
+                    validate_enum_value(
+                        &default_str,
+                        name,
+                        values,
+                        table,
+                        &column.name,
+                        "default",
+                    )?;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
+            table,
+            column,
+            nullable,
+            fill_with,
+            delete_null_rows,
+        }
+            // If changing from nullable to non-nullable, fill_with is required
+            if !nullable && fill_with.is_none() && !delete_null_rows.unwrap_or(false) =>
+        {
+            return Err(PlannerError::MissingFillWith(table.clone(), column.clone()));
+        }
+        MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType {
+            table,
+            column,
+            new_type,
+            fill_with,
+        } => {
+            // Validate that fill_with replacement values are valid enum values in the NEW type
+            if let (
+                Some(fw),
+                ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum { name, values, .. }),
+            ) = (fill_with, new_type)
+            {
+                for replacement in fw.values() {
+                    validate_enum_value(replacement, name, values, table, column, "fill_with")?;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        _ => {}
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Describes an action whose `fill_with` is required but missing.
+/// Returned by [`find_missing_fill_with`] so callers can prompt the user.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct FillWithRequired {
+    /// Index of the action in the migration plan.
+    pub action_index: usize,
+    /// Table name.
+    pub table: String,
+    /// Column name.
+    pub column: String,
+    /// Type of action: "`AddColumn`" or "`ModifyColumnNullable`".
+    pub action_type: &'static str,
+    /// Column type (for display purposes).
+    pub column_type: String,
+    /// Default fill value hint for this column type.
+    pub default_value: String,
+    /// Enum values if the column is an enum type (for selection UI).
+    pub enum_values: Option<Vec<String>>,
+    /// Whether the current column has a foreign key constraint.
+    pub has_foreign_key: bool,
+}
+
+/// Find `AddColumn` / `ModifyColumnNullable` actions that need a `fill_with`
+/// value because they introduce NOT NULL on a column without a DB default.
+pub fn find_missing_fill_with(
+    plan: &MigrationPlan,
+    current_schema: &[TableDef],
+) -> Vec<FillWithRequired> {
+    if plan.actions.len() < validate_plan_par_threshold() {
+        plan.actions
+            .iter()
+            .enumerate()
+            .filter_map(|(idx, action)| missing_fill_with_for_action(idx, action, current_schema))
+            .collect()
+    } else {
+        let mut missing: Vec<_> = plan
+            .actions
+            .par_iter()
+            .enumerate()
+            .with_min_len(VALIDATE_PLAN_PAR_ACTION_MIN_LEN)
+            .filter_map(|(idx, action)| missing_fill_with_for_action(idx, action, current_schema))
+            .collect();
+        missing.sort_by_key(|item| item.action_index);
+        missing
+    }
+}
+
+fn missing_fill_with_for_action(
+    idx: usize,
+    action: &MigrationAction,
+    current_schema: &[TableDef],
+) -> Option<FillWithRequired> {
+    match action {
+        MigrationAction::AddColumn {
+            table,
+            column,
+            fill_with,
+        }
+            // If column is NOT NULL and has no default, fill_with is required
+            if !column.nullable && column.default.is_none() && fill_with.is_none() =>
+        {
+            Some(FillWithRequired {
+                action_index: idx,
+                table: table.clone(),
+                column: column.name.clone(),
+                action_type: "AddColumn",
+                column_type: column.r#type.to_display_string(),
+                default_value: column.r#type.default_fill_value().to_string(),
+                enum_values: column.r#type.enum_variant_names(),
+                has_foreign_key: false,
+            })
+        }
+        MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
+            table,
+            column,
+            nullable,
+            fill_with,
+            delete_null_rows,
+        }
+            // If changing from nullable to non-nullable, fill_with is required
+            // UNLESS the column already has a default value (which will be used)
+            if !nullable && fill_with.is_none() && !delete_null_rows.unwrap_or(false) =>
+        {
+            // Look up column from the current schema
+            let table_def = current_schema.iter().find(|t| t.name == *table);
+
+            let col_def = table_def.and_then(|t| t.columns.iter().find(|c| c.name == *column));
+
+            let has_foreign_key = table_def.is_some_and(|t| t.constraints.iter().any(|constraint| matches!(constraint, TableConstraint::ForeignKey { columns, .. } if columns.iter().any(|col_name| col_name == column))));
+
+            // If column has a default value, fill_with is not needed
+            if col_def.is_some_and(|c| c.default.is_some()) {
+                return None;
+            }
+
+            let (col_type_str, default_val, enum_vals) = match col_def {
+                Some(c) => (
+                    c.r#type.to_display_string(),
+                    c.r#type.default_fill_value().to_string(),
+                    c.r#type.enum_variant_names(),
+                ),
+                None => (column.clone(), "''".to_string(), None),
+            };
+
+            Some(FillWithRequired {
+                action_index: idx,
+                table: table.clone(),
+                column: column.clone(),
+                action_type: "ModifyColumnNullable",
+                column_type: col_type_str,
+                default_value: default_val,
+                enum_values: enum_vals,
+                has_foreign_key,
+            })
+        }
+        _ => None,
+    }
+}
+
+/// Describes an enum-narrowing action whose `fill_with` is required but missing.
+/// Returned by [`find_missing_enum_fill_with`].
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct EnumFillWithRequired {
+    /// Index of the action in the migration plan.
+    pub action_index: usize,
+    /// Table name.
+    pub table: String,
+    /// Column name.
+    pub column: String,
+    /// Removed enum values that need replacement mappings.
+    pub removed_values: Vec<String>,
+    /// Remaining valid enum values (for selection UI).
+    pub remaining_values: Vec<String>,
+}
+
+/// Find `ModifyColumnType` actions that remove enum values, requiring a
+/// `fill_with` to substitute for rows still using the removed value.
+pub fn find_missing_enum_fill_with(
+    plan: &MigrationPlan,
+    current_schema: &[TableDef],
+) -> Vec<EnumFillWithRequired> {
+    if plan.actions.len() < validate_plan_par_threshold() {
+        plan.actions
+            .iter()
+            .enumerate()
+            .filter_map(|(idx, action)| {
+                missing_enum_fill_with_for_action(idx, action, current_schema)
+            })
+            .collect()
+    } else {
+        let mut missing: Vec<_> = plan
+            .actions
+            .par_iter()
+            .enumerate()
+            .with_min_len(VALIDATE_PLAN_PAR_ACTION_MIN_LEN)
+            .filter_map(|(idx, action)| {
+                missing_enum_fill_with_for_action(idx, action, current_schema)
+            })
+            .collect();
+        missing.sort_by_key(|item| item.action_index);
+        missing
+    }
+}
+
+fn missing_enum_fill_with_for_action(
+    idx: usize,
+    action: &MigrationAction,
+    current_schema: &[TableDef],
+) -> Option<EnumFillWithRequired> {
+    let MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType {
+        table,
+        column,
+        new_type,
+        fill_with,
+    } = action
+    else {
+        return None;
+    };
+
+    // Only applies to string enum → string enum changes
+    let old_type = current_schema
+        .iter()
+        .find(|t| t.name == *table)
+        .and_then(|t| t.columns.iter().find(|c| c.name == *column))
+        .map(|c| &c.r#type);
+
+    let (
+        Some(ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+            values: EnumValues::String(old_values),
+            ..
+        })),
+        ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+            values: EnumValues::String(new_values),
+            ..
+        }),
+    ) = (old_type, new_type)
+    else {
+        return None;
+    };
+
+    // Find removed values (in old but not in new)
+    let removed: Vec<String> = old_values
+        .iter()
+        .filter(|v| !new_values.contains(v))
+        .cloned()
+        .collect();
+
+    if removed.is_empty() {
+        return None;
+    }
+
+    // Check if fill_with covers all removed values
+    let all_covered = match fill_with {
+        Some(fw) => removed.iter().all(|r| fw.contains_key(r)),
+        None => false,
+    };
+
+    if all_covered {
+        return None;
+    }
+
+    // Filter to only uncovered removed values
+    let uncovered: Vec<String> = match fill_with {
+        Some(fw) => removed
+            .into_iter()
+            .filter(|r| !fw.contains_key(r))
+            .collect(),
+        None => removed,
+    };
+
+    Some(EnumFillWithRequired {
+        action_index: idx,
+        table: table.clone(),
+        column: column.clone(),
+        removed_values: uncovered,
+        remaining_values: new_values.clone(),
+    })
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-planner/src/validate/schema.rs b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/validate/schema.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ac6be761
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/validate/schema.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,234 @@
+use std::collections::{BTreeMap, HashSet};
+
+use rayon::prelude::*;
+use vespertide_core::{TableConstraint, TableDef, schema::primary_key::PrimaryKeySyntax};
+
+use super::enums::validate_column;
+use super::foreign_keys::validate_foreign_key_constraint;
+use crate::error::PlannerError;
+use crate::parallel_config::{VALIDATE_SCHEMA_PAR_MIN_LEN, validate_schema_par_threshold};
+
+/// Validate a schema for data integrity issues.
+/// Checks for:
+/// - Duplicate table names
+/// - Foreign keys referencing non-existent tables
+/// - Foreign keys referencing non-existent columns
+/// - Indexes referencing non-existent columns
+/// - Constraints referencing non-existent columns
+/// - Empty constraint column lists
+pub fn validate_schema(schema: &[TableDef]) -> Result<(), PlannerError> {
+    // Check for duplicate table names
+    let mut table_names = HashSet::new();
+    for table in schema {
+        if !table_names.insert(&table.name) {
+            return Err(PlannerError::DuplicateTableName(table.name.clone()));
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Build a map of table names to their column names for quick lookup
+    // perf: BTreeMap gives deterministic validation traversal and avoids hashing for small schemas.
+    let table_map: BTreeMap<_, _> = schema
+        .iter()
+        .map(|t| {
+            let columns: HashSet<_> = t.columns.iter().map(|c| c.name.as_str()).collect();
+            (t.name.as_str(), columns)
+        })
+        .collect();
+
+    // Validate each table. Collect the indexed errors first so parallel validation
+    // reports the same earliest table error as the sequential path.
+    let earliest_err = if schema.len() < validate_schema_par_threshold() {
+        schema
+            .iter()
+            .enumerate()
+            .filter_map(|(index, table)| {
+                validate_table_entry(table, &table_map)
+                    .err()
+                    .map(|e| (index, e))
+            })
+            .min_by_key(|(index, _)| *index)
+            .map(|(_, err)| err)
+    } else {
+        schema
+            .par_iter()
+            .with_min_len(VALIDATE_SCHEMA_PAR_MIN_LEN)
+            .enumerate()
+            .filter_map(|(index, table)| {
+                validate_table_entry(table, &table_map)
+                    .err()
+                    .map(|e| (index, e))
+            })
+            .min_by_key(|(index, _)| *index)
+            .map(|(_, err)| err)
+    };
+
+    if let Some(err) = earliest_err {
+        return Err(err);
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn validate_table_entry(
+    table: &TableDef,
+    table_map: &BTreeMap<&str, HashSet<&str>>,
+) -> Result<(), PlannerError> {
+    table
+        .validate_unique_column_names()
+        .map_err(|e| PlannerError::TableValidation(e.to_string()))?;
+    validate_table(table, table_map)
+}
+
+pub(super) fn validate_table(
+    table: &TableDef,
+    table_map: &BTreeMap<&str, HashSet<&str>>,
+) -> Result<(), PlannerError> {
+    let table_columns: HashSet<_> = table.columns.iter().map(|c| c.name.as_str()).collect();
+
+    // Check that the table has a primary key
+    // Primary key can be defined either:
+    // 1. As a table-level constraint (TableConstraint::PrimaryKey)
+    // 2. As an inline column definition (column.primary_key = Some(...))
+    let has_table_pk = table
+        .constraints
+        .iter()
+        .any(|c| matches!(c, TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { .. }));
+    let has_inline_pk = table.columns.iter().any(|c| c.primary_key.is_some());
+
+    if !has_table_pk && !has_inline_pk {
+        return Err(PlannerError::MissingPrimaryKey(table.name.clone()));
+    }
+
+    // Validate auto_increment columns have integer types
+    for constraint in &table.constraints {
+        if let TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+            auto_increment: true,
+            columns,
+        } = constraint
+        {
+            for col_name in columns {
+                if let Some(column) = table.columns.iter().find(|c| c.name == *col_name)
+                    && !column.r#type.supports_auto_increment()
+                {
+                    return Err(PlannerError::InvalidAutoIncrement(
+                        table.name.clone(),
+                        col_name.clone(),
+                        format!("{:?}", column.r#type),
+                    ));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Validate auto_increment on inline primary_key definitions
+    for column in &table.columns {
+        if let Some(pk_syntax) = &column.primary_key {
+            let has_auto_increment = match pk_syntax {
+                PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(_) => false,
+                PrimaryKeySyntax::Object(pk_def) => pk_def.auto_increment,
+            };
+            if has_auto_increment && !column.r#type.supports_auto_increment() {
+                return Err(PlannerError::InvalidAutoIncrement(
+                    table.name.clone(),
+                    column.name.clone(),
+                    format!("{:?}", column.r#type),
+                ));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Validate columns (enum types)
+    for column in &table.columns {
+        validate_column(column, &table.name)?;
+    }
+
+    // Validate constraints (including indexes)
+    for constraint in &table.constraints {
+        validate_constraint(constraint, &table.name, &table_columns, table_map)?;
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn validate_constraint(
+    constraint: &TableConstraint,
+    table_name: &str,
+    table_columns: &HashSet<&str>,
+    table_map: &BTreeMap<&str, HashSet<&str>>,
+) -> Result<(), PlannerError> {
+    match constraint {
+        TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { columns, .. } => {
+            if columns.is_empty() {
+                return Err(PlannerError::EmptyConstraintColumns(
+                    table_name.to_string(),
+                    "PrimaryKey".to_string(),
+                ));
+            }
+            for col in columns {
+                if !table_columns.contains(col.as_str()) {
+                    return Err(PlannerError::ConstraintColumnNotFound(
+                        table_name.to_string(),
+                        "PrimaryKey".to_string(),
+                        col.clone(),
+                    ));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        TableConstraint::Unique { columns, .. } => {
+            if columns.is_empty() {
+                return Err(PlannerError::EmptyConstraintColumns(
+                    table_name.to_string(),
+                    "Unique".to_string(),
+                ));
+            }
+            for col in columns {
+                if !table_columns.contains(col.as_str()) {
+                    return Err(PlannerError::ConstraintColumnNotFound(
+                        table_name.to_string(),
+                        "Unique".to_string(),
+                        col.clone(),
+                    ));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+            columns,
+            ref_table,
+            ref_columns,
+            ..
+        } => validate_foreign_key_constraint(
+            table_name,
+            table_columns,
+            table_map,
+            columns,
+            ref_table,
+            ref_columns,
+        )?,
+        TableConstraint::Check { .. } => {
+            // Check constraints are just expressions, no validation needed
+        }
+        TableConstraint::Index { name, columns } => {
+            if columns.is_empty() {
+                let index_name = name.clone().unwrap_or_else(|| "(unnamed)".to_string());
+                return Err(PlannerError::EmptyConstraintColumns(
+                    table_name.to_string(),
+                    format!("Index({index_name})"),
+                ));
+            }
+
+            for col in columns {
+                if !table_columns.contains(col.as_str()) {
+                    let index_name = name.clone().unwrap_or_else(|| "(unnamed)".to_string());
+                    return Err(PlannerError::IndexColumnNotFound(
+                        table_name.to_string(),
+                        index_name,
+                        col.clone(),
+                    ));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        _ => unreachable!("TableConstraint is #[non_exhaustive]; all variants are matched above"),
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-planner/src/validate/tests.rs b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/validate/tests.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2707a3ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/validate/tests.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+pub(super) use super::*;
+pub(super) use crate::error::PlannerError;
+pub(super) use crate::validate::schema::validate_table;
+pub(super) use rstest::rstest;
+pub(super) use vespertide_core::schema::primary_key::{PrimaryKeyDef, PrimaryKeySyntax};
+pub(super) use vespertide_core::{
+    ColumnDef, ColumnType, ComplexColumnType, DefaultValue, EnumValues, MigrationAction,
+    MigrationPlan, NumValue, SimpleColumnType, TableConstraint, TableDef,
+};
+
+fn col(name: &str, ty: ColumnType) -> ColumnDef {
+    ColumnDef {
+        name: name.to_string(),
+        r#type: ty,
+        nullable: true,
+        default: None,
+        comment: None,
+        primary_key: None,
+        unique: None,
+        index: None,
+        foreign_key: None,
+    }
+}
+
+fn table(name: &str, columns: Vec<ColumnDef>, constraints: Vec<TableConstraint>) -> TableDef {
+    TableDef {
+        name: name.to_string(),
+        description: None,
+        columns,
+        constraints,
+    }
+}
+
+fn idx(name: &str, columns: Vec<&str>) -> TableConstraint {
+    TableConstraint::Index {
+        name: Some(name.to_string()),
+        columns: columns
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(std::string::ToString::to_string)
+            .collect(),
+    }
+}
+
+fn is_duplicate(err: &PlannerError) -> bool {
+    matches!(err, PlannerError::DuplicateTableName(_))
+}
+
+fn is_fk_table(err: &PlannerError) -> bool {
+    matches!(err, PlannerError::ForeignKeyTableNotFound(_, _, _))
+}
+
+fn is_fk_column(err: &PlannerError) -> bool {
+    matches!(err, PlannerError::ForeignKeyColumnNotFound(_, _, _, _))
+}
+
+fn is_index_column(err: &PlannerError) -> bool {
+    matches!(err, PlannerError::IndexColumnNotFound(_, _, _))
+}
+
+fn is_constraint_column(err: &PlannerError) -> bool {
+    matches!(err, PlannerError::ConstraintColumnNotFound(_, _, _))
+}
+
+fn is_empty_columns(err: &PlannerError) -> bool {
+    matches!(err, PlannerError::EmptyConstraintColumns(_, _))
+}
+
+fn is_missing_pk(err: &PlannerError) -> bool {
+    matches!(err, PlannerError::MissingPrimaryKey(_))
+}
+
+fn pk(columns: Vec<&str>) -> TableConstraint {
+    TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+        auto_increment: false,
+        columns: columns
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(std::string::ToString::to_string)
+            .collect(),
+    }
+}
+
+#[path = "tests/enum_fill_with.rs"]
+mod enum_fill_with;
+#[path = "tests/fill_with.rs"]
+mod fill_with;
+#[path = "tests/plan_validation.rs"]
+mod plan_validation;
+#[path = "tests/schema_cases.rs"]
+mod schema_cases;
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-planner/src/validate/tests/enum_fill_with.rs b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/validate/tests/enum_fill_with.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b4fcf1a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/validate/tests/enum_fill_with.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,275 @@
+use super::*;
+
+// ── find_missing_enum_fill_with tests ──────────────────────────────
+
+fn string_enum(name: &str, values: Vec<&str>) -> ColumnType {
+    ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+        name: name.into(),
+        values: EnumValues::String(
+            values
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(std::string::ToString::to_string)
+                .collect(),
+        ),
+    })
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn find_missing_enum_fill_with_detects_removed_values() {
+    let plan = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 2,
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType {
+            table: "orders".into(),
+            column: "status".into(),
+            new_type: string_enum("order_status", vec!["pending", "shipped"]),
+            fill_with: None,
+        }],
+    };
+    let baseline = vec![table(
+        "orders",
+        vec![col(
+            "status",
+            string_enum("order_status", vec!["pending", "shipped", "cancelled"]),
+        )],
+        vec![],
+    )];
+
+    let missing = find_missing_enum_fill_with(&plan, &baseline);
+    assert_eq!(missing.len(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(missing[0].table, "orders");
+    assert_eq!(missing[0].column, "status");
+    assert_eq!(missing[0].removed_values, vec!["cancelled"]);
+    assert_eq!(missing[0].remaining_values, vec!["pending", "shipped"]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn find_missing_enum_fill_with_ignores_additions_only() {
+    let plan = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 2,
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType {
+            table: "orders".into(),
+            column: "status".into(),
+            new_type: string_enum("order_status", vec!["pending", "shipped", "delivered"]),
+            fill_with: None,
+        }],
+    };
+    let baseline = vec![table(
+        "orders",
+        vec![col(
+            "status",
+            string_enum("order_status", vec!["pending", "shipped"]),
+        )],
+        vec![],
+    )];
+
+    let missing = find_missing_enum_fill_with(&plan, &baseline);
+    assert!(
+        missing.is_empty(),
+        "Adding values should not trigger fill_with"
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn find_missing_enum_fill_with_skips_already_covered() {
+    let mut fw = std::collections::BTreeMap::new();
+    fw.insert("cancelled".to_string(), "pending".to_string());
+
+    let plan = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 2,
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType {
+            table: "orders".into(),
+            column: "status".into(),
+            new_type: string_enum("order_status", vec!["pending", "shipped"]),
+            fill_with: Some(fw),
+        }],
+    };
+    let baseline = vec![table(
+        "orders",
+        vec![col(
+            "status",
+            string_enum("order_status", vec!["pending", "shipped", "cancelled"]),
+        )],
+        vec![],
+    )];
+
+    let missing = find_missing_enum_fill_with(&plan, &baseline);
+    assert!(
+        missing.is_empty(),
+        "All removed values are covered by fill_with"
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn find_missing_enum_fill_with_reports_partially_covered() {
+    let mut fw = std::collections::BTreeMap::new();
+    fw.insert("cancelled".to_string(), "pending".to_string());
+
+    let plan = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 2,
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType {
+            table: "orders".into(),
+            column: "status".into(),
+            new_type: string_enum("order_status", vec!["pending"]),
+            fill_with: Some(fw),
+        }],
+    };
+    let baseline = vec![table(
+        "orders",
+        vec![col(
+            "status",
+            string_enum("order_status", vec!["pending", "shipped", "cancelled"]),
+        )],
+        vec![],
+    )];
+
+    let missing = find_missing_enum_fill_with(&plan, &baseline);
+    assert_eq!(missing.len(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(
+        missing[0].removed_values,
+        vec!["shipped"],
+        "Only uncovered value should be reported"
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn find_missing_enum_fill_with_ignores_integer_enums() {
+    let old_type = ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+        name: "priority".into(),
+        values: EnumValues::Integer(vec![
+            NumValue {
+                name: "low".into(),
+                value: 0,
+            },
+            NumValue {
+                name: "high".into(),
+                value: 1,
+            },
+        ]),
+    });
+    let new_type = ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+        name: "priority".into(),
+        values: EnumValues::Integer(vec![NumValue {
+            name: "high".into(),
+            value: 1,
+        }]),
+    });
+
+    let plan = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 2,
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType {
+            table: "tasks".into(),
+            column: "priority".into(),
+            new_type,
+            fill_with: None,
+        }],
+    };
+    let baseline = vec![table("tasks", vec![col("priority", old_type)], vec![])];
+
+    let missing = find_missing_enum_fill_with(&plan, &baseline);
+    assert!(
+        missing.is_empty(),
+        "Integer enum changes should not trigger fill_with"
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn find_missing_enum_fill_with_ignores_non_enum_type_change() {
+    let plan = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 2,
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            column: "age".into(),
+            new_type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::BigInt),
+            fill_with: None,
+        }],
+    };
+    let baseline = vec![table(
+        "users",
+        vec![col("age", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
+        vec![],
+    )];
+
+    let missing = find_missing_enum_fill_with(&plan, &baseline);
+    assert!(
+        missing.is_empty(),
+        "Non-enum type changes should not trigger fill_with"
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn validate_modify_column_type_fill_with_invalid_replacement() {
+    let mut fw = std::collections::BTreeMap::new();
+    fw.insert("cancelled".to_string(), "nonexistent_value".to_string());
+
+    let plan = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 2,
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType {
+            table: "orders".into(),
+            column: "status".into(),
+            new_type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+                name: "order_status".into(),
+                values: EnumValues::String(vec!["pending".into(), "shipped".into()]),
+            }),
+            fill_with: Some(fw),
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let result = validate_migration_plan(&plan);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    match result.unwrap_err() {
+        PlannerError::InvalidEnumDefault(err) => {
+            assert_eq!(err.enum_name, "order_status");
+            assert_eq!(err.table_name, "orders");
+            assert_eq!(err.column_name, "status");
+            assert_eq!(err.value_type, "fill_with");
+            assert_eq!(err.value, "nonexistent_value");
+        }
+        err => panic!("expected InvalidEnumDefault error, got {err:?}"),
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn validate_modify_column_type_fill_with_valid_replacement() {
+    let mut fw = std::collections::BTreeMap::new();
+    fw.insert("cancelled".to_string(), "pending".to_string());
+
+    let plan = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 2,
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType {
+            table: "orders".into(),
+            column: "status".into(),
+            new_type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+                name: "order_status".into(),
+                values: EnumValues::String(vec!["pending".into(), "shipped".into()]),
+            }),
+            fill_with: Some(fw),
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let result = validate_migration_plan(&plan);
+    assert!(result.is_ok());
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-planner/src/validate/tests/fill_with.rs b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/validate/tests/fill_with.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bca116ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/validate/tests/fill_with.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,417 @@
+use super::*;
+
+// Tests for find_missing_fill_with function
+#[test]
+fn find_missing_fill_with_add_column_not_null_no_default() {
+    let plan = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 1,
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::AddColumn {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
+                name: "email".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            }),
+            fill_with: None,
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let missing = find_missing_fill_with(&plan, &[]);
+    assert_eq!(missing.len(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(missing[0].table, "users");
+    assert_eq!(missing[0].column, "email");
+    assert_eq!(missing[0].action_type, "AddColumn");
+    assert!(!missing[0].column_type.is_empty());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn find_missing_fill_with_add_column_with_default() {
+    let plan = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 1,
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::AddColumn {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
+                name: "email".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: Some("'default@example.com'".into()),
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            }),
+            fill_with: None,
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let missing = find_missing_fill_with(&plan, &[]);
+    assert!(missing.is_empty());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn find_missing_fill_with_add_column_nullable() {
+    let plan = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 1,
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::AddColumn {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
+                name: "email".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+                nullable: true,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            }),
+            fill_with: None,
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let missing = find_missing_fill_with(&plan, &[]);
+    assert!(missing.is_empty());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn find_missing_fill_with_add_column_with_fill_with() {
+    let plan = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 1,
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::AddColumn {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
+                name: "email".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            }),
+            fill_with: Some("'default@example.com'".into()),
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let missing = find_missing_fill_with(&plan, &[]);
+    assert!(missing.is_empty());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn find_missing_fill_with_modify_nullable_to_not_null() {
+    let plan = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 1,
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            column: "email".into(),
+            nullable: false,
+            fill_with: None,
+            delete_null_rows: None,
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let missing = find_missing_fill_with(&plan, &[]);
+    assert_eq!(missing.len(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(missing[0].table, "users");
+    assert_eq!(missing[0].column, "email");
+    assert_eq!(missing[0].action_type, "ModifyColumnNullable");
+    // With no schema provided, falls back to column name as type display
+    assert_eq!(missing[0].column_type, "email");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn find_missing_fill_with_modify_to_nullable() {
+    let plan = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 1,
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            column: "email".into(),
+            nullable: true,
+            fill_with: None,
+            delete_null_rows: None,
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let missing = find_missing_fill_with(&plan, &[]);
+    assert!(missing.is_empty());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn find_missing_fill_with_modify_not_null_with_fill_with() {
+    let plan = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 1,
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            column: "email".into(),
+            nullable: false,
+            fill_with: Some("'default'".into()),
+            delete_null_rows: None,
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let missing = find_missing_fill_with(&plan, &[]);
+    assert!(missing.is_empty());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn find_missing_fill_with_modify_nullable_to_not_null_with_column_default() {
+    // Column has a default value in the schema, so fill_with should NOT be required
+    let schema = vec![TableDef {
+        name: "users".into(),
+        columns: vec![ColumnDef {
+            name: "status".into(),
+            r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+            nullable: true,
+            default: Some(DefaultValue::String("'active'".into())),
+            comment: None,
+            primary_key: None,
+            unique: None,
+            index: None,
+            foreign_key: None,
+        }],
+        constraints: vec![],
+        description: None,
+    }];
+
+    let plan = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 1,
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            column: "status".into(),
+            nullable: false,
+            fill_with: None,
+            delete_null_rows: None,
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let missing = find_missing_fill_with(&plan, &schema);
+    assert!(
+        missing.is_empty(),
+        "fill_with should not be required when column has a default value"
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn find_missing_fill_with_modify_nullable_to_not_null_without_column_default() {
+    // Column has NO default value, so fill_with IS required
+    let schema = vec![TableDef {
+        name: "users".into(),
+        columns: vec![ColumnDef {
+            name: "email".into(),
+            r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+            nullable: true,
+            default: None,
+            comment: None,
+            primary_key: None,
+            unique: None,
+            index: None,
+            foreign_key: None,
+        }],
+        constraints: vec![],
+        description: None,
+    }];
+
+    let plan = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 1,
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            column: "email".into(),
+            nullable: false,
+            fill_with: None,
+            delete_null_rows: None,
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let missing = find_missing_fill_with(&plan, &schema);
+    assert_eq!(missing.len(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(missing[0].column, "email");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn find_missing_fill_with_multiple_actions() {
+    let plan = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 1,
+        actions: vec![
+            MigrationAction::AddColumn {
+                table: "users".into(),
+                column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
+                    name: "email".into(),
+                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+                    nullable: false,
+                    default: None,
+                    comment: None,
+                    primary_key: None,
+                    unique: None,
+                    index: None,
+                    foreign_key: None,
+                }),
+                fill_with: None,
+            },
+            MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
+                table: "orders".into(),
+                column: "status".into(),
+                nullable: false,
+                fill_with: None,
+                delete_null_rows: None,
+            },
+            MigrationAction::AddColumn {
+                table: "users".into(),
+                column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
+                    name: "name".into(),
+                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+                    nullable: true, // nullable, so not missing
+                    default: None,
+                    comment: None,
+                    primary_key: None,
+                    unique: None,
+                    index: None,
+                    foreign_key: None,
+                }),
+                fill_with: None,
+            },
+        ],
+    };
+
+    let missing = find_missing_fill_with(&plan, &[]);
+    assert_eq!(missing.len(), 2);
+    assert_eq!(missing[0].action_index, 0);
+    assert_eq!(missing[0].table, "users");
+    assert_eq!(missing[0].column, "email");
+    assert_eq!(missing[1].action_index, 1);
+    assert_eq!(missing[1].table, "orders");
+    assert_eq!(missing[1].column, "status");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn find_missing_fill_with_other_actions_ignored() {
+    let plan = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 1,
+        actions: vec![
+            MigrationAction::CreateTable {
+                table: "users".into(),
+                columns: vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
+                constraints: vec![pk(vec!["id"])],
+            },
+            MigrationAction::DeleteColumn {
+                table: "orders".into(),
+                column: "old_column".into(),
+            },
+        ],
+    };
+
+    let missing = find_missing_fill_with(&plan, &[]);
+    assert!(missing.is_empty());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn validate_auto_increment_on_text_column_fails() {
+    let table_def = table(
+        "users",
+        vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text))],
+        vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+            auto_increment: true,
+            columns: vec!["id".into()],
+        }],
+    );
+
+    let result = validate_table(&table_def, &std::collections::BTreeMap::new());
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    match result {
+        Err(PlannerError::InvalidAutoIncrement(table_name, col_name, _)) => {
+            assert_eq!(table_name, "users");
+            assert_eq!(col_name, "id");
+        }
+        _ => panic!("Expected InvalidAutoIncrement error"),
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn validate_auto_increment_on_integer_column_succeeds() {
+    let table_def = table(
+        "users",
+        vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
+        vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+            auto_increment: true,
+            columns: vec!["id".into()],
+        }],
+    );
+
+    let result = validate_table(&table_def, &std::collections::BTreeMap::new());
+    assert!(result.is_ok());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn validate_inline_auto_increment_on_text_column_fails() {
+    let mut col_def = col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
+    col_def.primary_key = Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Object(PrimaryKeyDef {
+        auto_increment: true,
+    }));
+
+    let table_def = table("users", vec![col_def], vec![]);
+
+    let result = validate_table(&table_def, &std::collections::BTreeMap::new());
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    match result {
+        Err(PlannerError::InvalidAutoIncrement(table_name, col_name, _)) => {
+            assert_eq!(table_name, "users");
+            assert_eq!(col_name, "id");
+        }
+        _ => panic!("Expected InvalidAutoIncrement error"),
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn validate_inline_primary_key_bool_does_not_check_auto_increment() {
+    // PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true) has no auto_increment field, so validation
+    // should pass even on a non-integer column.
+    let mut col_def = col("code", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
+    col_def.primary_key = Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true));
+
+    let table_def = table("items", vec![col_def], vec![]);
+    let result = validate_table(&table_def, &std::collections::BTreeMap::new());
+    assert!(
+        result.is_ok(),
+        "Bool primary key should not trigger auto_increment validation"
+    );
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-planner/src/validate/tests/plan_validation.rs b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/validate/tests/plan_validation.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..53cbe22f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/validate/tests/plan_validation.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,954 @@
+use super::*;
+
+#[test]
+fn validate_migration_plan_missing_fill_with() {
+    use vespertide_core::{ColumnDef, ColumnType, MigrationAction, MigrationPlan};
+
+    let plan = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 1,
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::AddColumn {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
+                name: "email".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            }),
+            fill_with: None,
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let result = validate_migration_plan(&plan);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    match result.unwrap_err() {
+        PlannerError::MissingFillWith(table, column) => {
+            assert_eq!(table, "users");
+            assert_eq!(column, "email");
+        }
+        _ => panic!("expected MissingFillWith error"),
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn validate_migration_plan_with_fill_with() {
+    use vespertide_core::{ColumnDef, ColumnType, MigrationAction, MigrationPlan};
+
+    let plan = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 1,
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::AddColumn {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
+                name: "email".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            }),
+            fill_with: Some("default@example.com".into()),
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let result = validate_migration_plan(&plan);
+    assert!(result.is_ok());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn validate_migration_plan_nullable_column() {
+    use vespertide_core::{ColumnDef, ColumnType, MigrationAction, MigrationPlan};
+
+    let plan = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 1,
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::AddColumn {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
+                name: "email".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+                nullable: true,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            }),
+            fill_with: None,
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let result = validate_migration_plan(&plan);
+    assert!(result.is_ok());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn validate_migration_plan_with_default() {
+    use vespertide_core::{ColumnDef, ColumnType, MigrationAction, MigrationPlan};
+
+    let plan = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 1,
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::AddColumn {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
+                name: "email".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: Some("default@example.com".into()),
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            }),
+            fill_with: None,
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let result = validate_migration_plan(&plan);
+    assert!(result.is_ok());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn validate_string_enum_duplicate_variant_name() {
+    let schema = vec![table(
+        "users",
+        vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col(
+                "status",
+                ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+                    name: "user_status".into(),
+                    values: EnumValues::String(vec![
+                        "active".into(),
+                        "inactive".into(),
+                        "active".into(), // duplicate
+                    ]),
+                }),
+            ),
+        ],
+        vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+            auto_increment: false,
+            columns: vec!["id".into()],
+        }],
+    )];
+
+    let result = validate_schema(&schema);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    match result.unwrap_err() {
+        PlannerError::DuplicateEnumVariantName(enum_name, table, column, variant) => {
+            assert_eq!(enum_name, "user_status");
+            assert_eq!(table, "users");
+            assert_eq!(column, "status");
+            assert_eq!(variant, "active");
+        }
+        err => panic!("expected DuplicateEnumVariantName, got {err:?}"),
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn validate_integer_enum_duplicate_variant_name() {
+    let schema = vec![table(
+        "tasks",
+        vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col(
+                "priority",
+                ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+                    name: "priority_level".into(),
+                    values: EnumValues::Integer(vec![
+                        NumValue {
+                            name: "Low".into(),
+                            value: 0,
+                        },
+                        NumValue {
+                            name: "High".into(),
+                            value: 1,
+                        },
+                        NumValue {
+                            name: "Low".into(), // duplicate name
+                            value: 2,
+                        },
+                    ]),
+                }),
+            ),
+        ],
+        vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+            auto_increment: false,
+            columns: vec!["id".into()],
+        }],
+    )];
+
+    let result = validate_schema(&schema);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    match result.unwrap_err() {
+        PlannerError::DuplicateEnumVariantName(enum_name, table, column, variant) => {
+            assert_eq!(enum_name, "priority_level");
+            assert_eq!(table, "tasks");
+            assert_eq!(column, "priority");
+            assert_eq!(variant, "Low");
+        }
+        err => panic!("expected DuplicateEnumVariantName, got {err:?}"),
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn validate_integer_enum_duplicate_value() {
+    let schema = vec![table(
+        "tasks",
+        vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col(
+                "priority",
+                ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+                    name: "priority_level".into(),
+                    values: EnumValues::Integer(vec![
+                        NumValue {
+                            name: "Low".into(),
+                            value: 0,
+                        },
+                        NumValue {
+                            name: "Medium".into(),
+                            value: 1,
+                        },
+                        NumValue {
+                            name: "High".into(),
+                            value: 0, // duplicate value
+                        },
+                    ]),
+                }),
+            ),
+        ],
+        vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+            auto_increment: false,
+            columns: vec!["id".into()],
+        }],
+    )];
+
+    let result = validate_schema(&schema);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    match result.unwrap_err() {
+        PlannerError::DuplicateEnumValue(enum_name, table, column, value) => {
+            assert_eq!(enum_name, "priority_level");
+            assert_eq!(table, "tasks");
+            assert_eq!(column, "priority");
+            assert_eq!(value, 0);
+        }
+        err => panic!("expected DuplicateEnumValue, got {err:?}"),
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn validate_enum_valid() {
+    let schema = vec![table(
+        "tasks",
+        vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col(
+                "status",
+                ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+                    name: "task_status".into(),
+                    values: EnumValues::String(vec![
+                        "pending".into(),
+                        "in_progress".into(),
+                        "completed".into(),
+                    ]),
+                }),
+            ),
+            col(
+                "priority",
+                ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+                    name: "priority_level".into(),
+                    values: EnumValues::Integer(vec![
+                        NumValue {
+                            name: "Low".into(),
+                            value: 0,
+                        },
+                        NumValue {
+                            name: "Medium".into(),
+                            value: 50,
+                        },
+                        NumValue {
+                            name: "High".into(),
+                            value: 100,
+                        },
+                    ]),
+                }),
+            ),
+        ],
+        vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+            auto_increment: false,
+            columns: vec!["id".into()],
+        }],
+    )];
+
+    let result = validate_schema(&schema);
+    assert!(result.is_ok());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn validate_migration_plan_modify_nullable_to_non_nullable_missing_fill_with() {
+    let plan = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 1,
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            column: "email".into(),
+            nullable: false,
+            fill_with: None,
+            delete_null_rows: None,
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let result = validate_migration_plan(&plan);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    match result.unwrap_err() {
+        PlannerError::MissingFillWith(table, column) => {
+            assert_eq!(table, "users");
+            assert_eq!(column, "email");
+        }
+        _ => panic!("expected MissingFillWith error"),
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn validate_migration_plan_modify_nullable_to_non_nullable_with_fill_with() {
+    let plan = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 1,
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            column: "email".into(),
+            nullable: false,
+            fill_with: Some("'unknown'".into()),
+            delete_null_rows: None,
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let result = validate_migration_plan(&plan);
+    assert!(result.is_ok());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn validate_migration_plan_modify_non_nullable_to_nullable() {
+    // Changing from non-nullable to nullable does NOT require fill_with
+    let plan = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 1,
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            column: "email".into(),
+            nullable: true,
+            fill_with: None,
+            delete_null_rows: None,
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let result = validate_migration_plan(&plan);
+    assert!(result.is_ok());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn validate_enum_add_column_invalid_default() {
+    let plan = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 1,
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::AddColumn {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
+                name: "status".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+                    name: "user_status".into(),
+                    values: EnumValues::String(vec![
+                        "active".into(),
+                        "inactive".into(),
+                        "pending".into(),
+                    ]),
+                }),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: Some("invalid_value".into()),
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            }),
+            fill_with: None,
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let result = validate_migration_plan(&plan);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    match result.unwrap_err() {
+        PlannerError::InvalidEnumDefault(err) => {
+            assert_eq!(err.enum_name, "user_status");
+            assert_eq!(err.table_name, "users");
+            assert_eq!(err.column_name, "status");
+            assert_eq!(err.value_type, "default");
+            assert_eq!(err.value, "invalid_value");
+        }
+        err => panic!("expected InvalidEnumDefault error, got {err:?}"),
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn validate_enum_add_column_invalid_fill_with() {
+    let plan = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 1,
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::AddColumn {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
+                name: "status".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+                    name: "user_status".into(),
+                    values: EnumValues::String(vec![
+                        "active".into(),
+                        "inactive".into(),
+                        "pending".into(),
+                    ]),
+                }),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            }),
+            fill_with: Some("unknown_status".into()),
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let result = validate_migration_plan(&plan);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    match result.unwrap_err() {
+        PlannerError::InvalidEnumDefault(err) => {
+            assert_eq!(err.enum_name, "user_status");
+            assert_eq!(err.table_name, "users");
+            assert_eq!(err.column_name, "status");
+            assert_eq!(err.value_type, "fill_with");
+            assert_eq!(err.value, "unknown_status");
+        }
+        err => panic!("expected InvalidEnumDefault error, got {err:?}"),
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn validate_enum_add_column_valid_default_quoted() {
+    let plan = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 1,
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::AddColumn {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
+                name: "status".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+                    name: "user_status".into(),
+                    values: EnumValues::String(vec![
+                        "active".into(),
+                        "inactive".into(),
+                        "pending".into(),
+                    ]),
+                }),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: Some("'active'".into()),
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            }),
+            fill_with: None,
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let result = validate_migration_plan(&plan);
+    assert!(result.is_ok());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn validate_enum_add_column_valid_default_unquoted() {
+    let plan = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 1,
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::AddColumn {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
+                name: "status".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+                    name: "user_status".into(),
+                    values: EnumValues::String(vec![
+                        "active".into(),
+                        "inactive".into(),
+                        "pending".into(),
+                    ]),
+                }),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: Some("active".into()),
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            }),
+            fill_with: None,
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let result = validate_migration_plan(&plan);
+    assert!(result.is_ok());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn validate_enum_add_column_valid_fill_with() {
+    let plan = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 1,
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::AddColumn {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
+                name: "status".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+                    name: "user_status".into(),
+                    values: EnumValues::String(vec![
+                        "active".into(),
+                        "inactive".into(),
+                        "pending".into(),
+                    ]),
+                }),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            }),
+            fill_with: Some("'pending'".into()),
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let result = validate_migration_plan(&plan);
+    assert!(result.is_ok());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn validate_enum_schema_invalid_default() {
+    // Test that schema validation also catches invalid enum defaults
+    let schema = vec![table(
+        "users",
+        vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)), {
+            let mut c = col(
+                "status",
+                ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+                    name: "user_status".into(),
+                    values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into()]),
+                }),
+            );
+            c.default = Some("invalid".into());
+            c
+        }],
+        vec![pk(vec!["id"])],
+    )];
+
+    let result = validate_schema(&schema);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    match result.unwrap_err() {
+        PlannerError::InvalidEnumDefault(err) => {
+            assert_eq!(err.enum_name, "user_status");
+            assert_eq!(err.table_name, "users");
+            assert_eq!(err.column_name, "status");
+            assert_eq!(err.value_type, "default");
+            assert_eq!(err.value, "invalid");
+        }
+        err => panic!("expected InvalidEnumDefault error, got {err:?}"),
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn validate_enum_schema_valid_default() {
+    let schema = vec![table(
+        "users",
+        vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)), {
+            let mut c = col(
+                "status",
+                ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+                    name: "user_status".into(),
+                    values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into()]),
+                }),
+            );
+            c.default = Some("'active'".into());
+            c
+        }],
+        vec![pk(vec!["id"])],
+    )];
+
+    let result = validate_schema(&schema);
+    assert!(result.is_ok());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn validate_enum_integer_add_column_valid() {
+    let plan = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 1,
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::AddColumn {
+            table: "tasks".into(),
+            column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
+                name: "priority".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+                    name: "priority_level".into(),
+                    values: EnumValues::Integer(vec![
+                        NumValue {
+                            name: "Low".into(),
+                            value: 0,
+                        },
+                        NumValue {
+                            name: "Medium".into(),
+                            value: 50,
+                        },
+                        NumValue {
+                            name: "High".into(),
+                            value: 100,
+                        },
+                    ]),
+                }),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            }),
+            fill_with: Some("Low".into()),
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let result = validate_migration_plan(&plan);
+    assert!(result.is_ok());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn validate_enum_integer_add_column_invalid() {
+    let plan = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 1,
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::AddColumn {
+            table: "tasks".into(),
+            column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
+                name: "priority".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+                    name: "priority_level".into(),
+                    values: EnumValues::Integer(vec![
+                        NumValue {
+                            name: "Low".into(),
+                            value: 0,
+                        },
+                        NumValue {
+                            name: "Medium".into(),
+                            value: 50,
+                        },
+                        NumValue {
+                            name: "High".into(),
+                            value: 100,
+                        },
+                    ]),
+                }),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            }),
+            fill_with: Some("Critical".into()), // Not a valid enum name
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let result = validate_migration_plan(&plan);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    match result.unwrap_err() {
+        PlannerError::InvalidEnumDefault(err) => {
+            assert_eq!(err.enum_name, "priority_level");
+            assert_eq!(err.table_name, "tasks");
+            assert_eq!(err.column_name, "priority");
+            assert_eq!(err.value_type, "fill_with");
+            assert_eq!(err.value, "Critical");
+        }
+        err => panic!("expected InvalidEnumDefault error, got {err:?}"),
+    }
+}
+
+fn integer_priority_column(default: Option<DefaultValue>) -> ColumnDef {
+    ColumnDef {
+        name: "priority".into(),
+        r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+            name: "priority_level".into(),
+            values: EnumValues::Integer(vec![
+                NumValue {
+                    name: "low".into(),
+                    value: 0,
+                },
+                NumValue {
+                    name: "normal".into(),
+                    value: 10,
+                },
+                NumValue {
+                    name: "high".into(),
+                    value: 20,
+                },
+            ]),
+        }),
+        nullable: false,
+        default,
+        comment: None,
+        primary_key: None,
+        unique: None,
+        index: None,
+        foreign_key: None,
+    }
+}
+
+fn add_integer_priority_plan(
+    default: Option<DefaultValue>,
+    fill_with: Option<&str>,
+) -> MigrationPlan {
+    MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 1,
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::AddColumn {
+            table: "tasks".into(),
+            column: Box::new(integer_priority_column(default)),
+            fill_with: fill_with.map(str::to_string),
+        }],
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn validate_integer_enum_numeric_default_matches_stored_value() {
+    let plan = add_integer_priority_plan(Some(10.into()), None);
+
+    let result = validate_migration_plan(&plan);
+
+    assert!(result.is_ok());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn validate_integer_enum_numeric_fill_with_matches_stored_value() {
+    let plan = add_integer_priority_plan(None, Some("10"));
+
+    let result = validate_migration_plan(&plan);
+
+    assert!(result.is_ok());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn validate_integer_enum_invalid_numeric_value_is_rejected() {
+    let plan = add_integer_priority_plan(Some(999.into()), None);
+
+    let result = validate_migration_plan(&plan);
+
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    match result.unwrap_err() {
+        PlannerError::InvalidEnumDefault(err) => {
+            assert_eq!(err.enum_name, "priority_level");
+            assert_eq!(err.table_name, "tasks");
+            assert_eq!(err.column_name, "priority");
+            assert_eq!(err.value_type, "default");
+            assert_eq!(err.value, "999");
+        }
+        err => panic!("expected InvalidEnumDefault error, got {err:?}"),
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn validate_integer_enum_name_default_remains_supported() {
+    let plan = add_integer_priority_plan(Some("normal".into()), None);
+
+    let result = validate_migration_plan(&plan);
+
+    assert!(result.is_ok());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn validate_enum_null_value_skipped() {
+    // NULL values should be allowed and skipped during validation
+    let plan = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 1,
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::AddColumn {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
+                name: "status".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+                    name: "user_status".into(),
+                    values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into()]),
+                }),
+                nullable: true,
+                default: Some("NULL".into()),
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            }),
+            fill_with: None,
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let result = validate_migration_plan(&plan);
+    assert!(result.is_ok());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn validate_enum_sql_expression_skipped() {
+    // SQL expressions like function calls should be skipped
+    let plan = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 1,
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::AddColumn {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
+                name: "status".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+                    name: "user_status".into(),
+                    values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into()]),
+                }),
+                nullable: true,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            }),
+            fill_with: Some("COALESCE(old_status, 'active')".into()),
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let result = validate_migration_plan(&plan);
+    assert!(result.is_ok());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn validate_enum_empty_string_fill_with_skipped() {
+    // Empty string fill_with should be skipped during enum validation
+    // (converted to '' by to_sql, which is empty after trimming)
+    let plan = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 1,
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::AddColumn {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
+                name: "status".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+                    name: "user_status".into(),
+                    values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into()]),
+                }),
+                nullable: true,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            }),
+            // Empty string - extract_enum_value returns None for empty trimmed values
+            fill_with: Some("   ".into()),
+        }],
+    };
+
+    let result = validate_migration_plan(&plan);
+    assert!(result.is_ok());
+}
+
+fn string_enum_default_plan(default: &str) -> MigrationPlan {
+    MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 1,
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::AddColumn {
+            table: "users".into(),
+            column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
+                name: "status".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+                    name: "user_status".into(),
+                    values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into()]),
+                }),
+                nullable: true,
+                default: Some(default.into()),
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            }),
+            fill_with: None,
+        }],
+    }
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case::closing_paren("active)")]
+#[case::current_timestamp("CURRENT_TIMESTAMP")]
+#[case::now("now")]
+fn validate_enum_sql_keyword_or_expression_default_skipped(#[case] default: &str) {
+    assert!(validate_migration_plan(&string_enum_default_plan(default)).is_ok());
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case::unclosed_single_quote("'active")]
+#[case::unopened_double_quote("active\"")]
+fn validate_enum_rejects_unbalanced_quoted_defaults(#[case] default: &str) {
+    assert!(validate_migration_plan(&string_enum_default_plan(default)).is_err());
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-planner/src/validate/tests/schema_cases.rs b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/validate/tests/schema_cases.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0e2d15f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-planner/src/validate/tests/schema_cases.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,348 @@
+use super::*;
+
+#[test]
+fn validate_schema_rejects_duplicate_column_names() {
+    let schema = vec![table(
+        "users",
+        vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
+        ],
+        vec![pk(vec!["id"])],
+    )];
+
+    let err = validate_schema(&schema).unwrap_err();
+
+    assert!(matches!(err, PlannerError::TableValidation(_)));
+    assert_eq!(
+        err.to_string(),
+        "table validation error: table 'users' has duplicate column name 'id'"
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn validate_schema_rejects_numeric_scale_greater_than_precision() {
+    let schema = vec![table(
+        "prices",
+        vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col(
+                "amount",
+                ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Numeric {
+                    precision: 5,
+                    scale: 10,
+                }),
+            ),
+        ],
+        vec![pk(vec!["id"])],
+    )];
+
+    let err = validate_schema(&schema).unwrap_err();
+
+    assert!(matches!(err, PlannerError::TableValidation(_)));
+    assert!(
+        err.to_string()
+            .contains("scale (10) must be <= precision (5)")
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn validate_schema_accepts_numeric_scale_equal_to_precision() {
+    let schema = vec![table(
+        "prices",
+        vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col(
+                "amount",
+                ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Numeric {
+                    precision: 5,
+                    scale: 5,
+                }),
+            ),
+        ],
+        vec![pk(vec!["id"])],
+    )];
+
+    assert!(validate_schema(&schema).is_ok());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn validate_schema_rejects_integer_enum_values_outside_i32_range() {
+    let table = table(
+        "tasks",
+        vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col(
+                "priority",
+                ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+                    name: "task_priority".into(),
+                    values: EnumValues::Integer(vec![
+                        NumValue {
+                            name: "low".into(),
+                            value: 0,
+                        },
+                        NumValue {
+                            name: "too_large".into(),
+                            value: 9_999_999_999,
+                        },
+                    ]),
+                }),
+            ),
+        ],
+        vec![pk(vec!["id"])],
+    );
+
+    let err = validate_schema(&[table]).unwrap_err();
+
+    assert!(matches!(err, PlannerError::TableValidation(_)));
+    assert!(
+        err.to_string()
+            .contains("integer enum value 9999999999 is outside i32 range")
+    );
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case::valid_schema(
+        vec![table(
+            "users",
+            vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
+            vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey{ auto_increment: false, columns: vec!["id".into()] }],
+        )],
+        None
+    )]
+#[case::duplicate_table(
+        vec![
+            table("users", vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))], vec![]),
+            table("users", vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))], vec![]),
+        ],
+        Some(is_duplicate as fn(&PlannerError) -> bool)
+    )]
+#[case::fk_missing_table(
+        vec![table(
+            "users",
+            vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
+            vec![pk(vec!["id"]), TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                name: None,
+                columns: vec!["id".into()],
+                ref_table: "nonexistent".into(),
+                ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+                on_delete: None,
+                on_update: None,
+            }],
+        )],
+        Some(is_fk_table as fn(&PlannerError) -> bool)
+    )]
+#[case::fk_missing_column(
+        vec![
+            table("posts", vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))], vec![pk(vec!["id"])]),
+            table(
+                "users",
+                vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
+                vec![pk(vec!["id"]), TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                    name: None,
+                    columns: vec!["id".into()],
+                    ref_table: "posts".into(),
+                    ref_columns: vec!["nonexistent".into()],
+                    on_delete: None,
+                    on_update: None,
+                }],
+            ),
+        ],
+        Some(is_fk_column as fn(&PlannerError) -> bool)
+    )]
+#[case::fk_local_missing_column(
+        vec![
+            table("posts", vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))], vec![pk(vec!["id"])]),
+            table(
+                "users",
+                vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
+                vec![pk(vec!["id"]), TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                    name: None,
+                    columns: vec!["missing".into()],
+                    ref_table: "posts".into(),
+                    ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+                    on_delete: None,
+                    on_update: None,
+                }],
+            ),
+        ],
+        Some(is_constraint_column as fn(&PlannerError) -> bool)
+    )]
+#[case::fk_valid(
+        vec![
+            table(
+                "posts",
+                vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
+                vec![pk(vec!["id"])],
+            ),
+            table(
+                "users",
+                vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)), col("post_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
+                vec![pk(vec!["id"]), TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                    name: None,
+                    columns: vec!["post_id".into()],
+                    ref_table: "posts".into(),
+                    ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+                    on_delete: None,
+                    on_update: None,
+                }],
+            ),
+        ],
+        None
+    )]
+#[case::index_missing_column(
+        vec![table(
+            "users",
+            vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
+            vec![pk(vec!["id"]), idx("idx_name", vec!["nonexistent"])],
+        )],
+        Some(is_index_column as fn(&PlannerError) -> bool)
+    )]
+#[case::constraint_missing_column(
+        vec![table(
+            "users",
+            vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
+            vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey{ auto_increment: false, columns: vec!["nonexistent".into()] }],
+        )],
+        Some(is_constraint_column as fn(&PlannerError) -> bool)
+    )]
+#[case::unique_empty_columns(
+        vec![table(
+            "users",
+            vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
+            vec![pk(vec!["id"]), TableConstraint::Unique {
+                name: Some("u".into()),
+                columns: vec![],
+            }],
+        )],
+        Some(is_empty_columns as fn(&PlannerError) -> bool)
+    )]
+#[case::unique_missing_column(
+        vec![table(
+            "users",
+            vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
+            vec![pk(vec!["id"]), TableConstraint::Unique {
+                name: None,
+                columns: vec!["missing".into()],
+            }],
+        )],
+        Some(is_constraint_column as fn(&PlannerError) -> bool)
+    )]
+#[case::empty_primary_key(
+        vec![table(
+            "users",
+            vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
+            vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey{ auto_increment: false, columns: vec![] }],
+        )],
+        Some(is_empty_columns as fn(&PlannerError) -> bool)
+    )]
+#[case::fk_column_count_mismatch(
+        vec![
+            table(
+                "posts",
+                vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
+                vec![pk(vec!["id"])],
+            ),
+            table(
+                "users",
+                vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)), col("post_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
+                vec![pk(vec!["id"]), TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                    name: None,
+                    columns: vec!["id".into(), "post_id".into()],
+                    ref_table: "posts".into(),
+                    ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+                    on_delete: None,
+                    on_update: None,
+                }],
+            ),
+        ],
+        Some(is_fk_column as fn(&PlannerError) -> bool)
+    )]
+#[case::fk_empty_columns(
+        vec![table(
+            "users",
+            vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
+            vec![pk(vec!["id"]), TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                name: None,
+                columns: vec![],
+                ref_table: "posts".into(),
+                ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+                on_delete: None,
+                on_update: None,
+            }],
+        )],
+        Some(is_empty_columns as fn(&PlannerError) -> bool)
+    )]
+#[case::fk_empty_ref_columns(
+        vec![
+            table(
+                "posts",
+                vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
+                vec![pk(vec!["id"])],
+            ),
+            table(
+                "users",
+                vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
+                vec![pk(vec!["id"]), TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                    name: None,
+                    columns: vec!["id".into()],
+                    ref_table: "posts".into(),
+                    ref_columns: vec![],
+                    on_delete: None,
+                    on_update: None,
+                }],
+            ),
+        ],
+        Some(is_empty_columns as fn(&PlannerError) -> bool)
+    )]
+#[case::index_empty_columns(
+        vec![table(
+            "users",
+            vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
+            vec![pk(vec!["id"]), TableConstraint::Index {
+                name: Some("idx".into()),
+                columns: vec![],
+            }],
+        )],
+        Some(is_empty_columns as fn(&PlannerError) -> bool)
+    )]
+#[case::index_valid(
+        vec![table(
+            "users",
+            vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)), col("name", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text))],
+            vec![pk(vec!["id"]), idx("idx_name", vec!["name"])],
+        )],
+        None
+    )]
+#[case::check_constraint_ok(
+        vec![table(
+            "users",
+            vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
+            vec![pk(vec!["id"]), TableConstraint::Check {
+                name: "ck".into(),
+                expr: "id > 0".into(),
+            }],
+        )],
+        None
+    )]
+#[case::missing_primary_key(
+        vec![table(
+            "users",
+            vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
+            vec![],
+        )],
+        Some(is_missing_pk as fn(&PlannerError) -> bool)
+    )]
+fn validate_schema_cases(
+    #[case] schema: Vec<TableDef>,
+    #[case] expected_err: Option<fn(&PlannerError) -> bool>,
+) {
+    let result = validate_schema(&schema);
+    match expected_err {
+        None => assert!(result.is_ok()),
+        Some(pred) => {
+            let err = result.unwrap_err();
+            assert!(pred(&err), "unexpected error: {err:?}");
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-planner/tests/diff_parallel.rs b/crates/vespertide-planner/tests/diff_parallel.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..402c4bad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-planner/tests/diff_parallel.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+#![allow(unsafe_code)]
+
+use std::ffi::OsString;
+
+use proptest::prelude::*;
+use rayon::ThreadPoolBuilder;
+use serial_test::serial;
+use vespertide_core::{
+    ColumnDef, ColumnType, MigrationPlan, SimpleColumnType, TableConstraint, TableDef,
+};
+use vespertide_planner::diff_schemas;
+
+const DIFF_THRESHOLD_ENV: &str = "VESPERTIDE_DIFF_PAR_THRESHOLD";
+const TABLE_COUNT: usize = 50;
+const TEST_PAR_THRESHOLD: &str = "8";
+
+proptest! {
+    #![proptest_config(ProptestConfig::with_cases(64))]
+
+    #[test]
+    #[serial]
+    fn diff_schemas_byte_identical_across_thread_counts(
+        (from, to) in arb_schema_pair_acyclic_with_50_tables()
+    ) {
+        let _threshold = EnvVarGuard::set(DIFF_THRESHOLD_ENV, TEST_PAR_THRESHOLD);
+
+        let one_thread = run_diff_with_thread_count(&from, &to, 1);
+        let four_threads = run_diff_with_thread_count(&from, &to, 4);
+
+        prop_assert_eq!(one_thread, four_threads);
+    }
+}
+
+struct EnvVarGuard {
+    key: &'static str,
+    previous: Option<OsString>,
+}
+
+impl EnvVarGuard {
+    fn set(key: &'static str, value: &'static str) -> Self {
+        let previous = std::env::var_os(key);
+        // SAFETY: every test in this binary carries `#[serial]`, guaranteeing
+        // that no other test (env-mutating OR env-reading) runs concurrently
+        // in this process while the override is installed. This satisfies
+        // Rust 2024's exclusive-access precondition for `std::env::set_var`.
+        unsafe { std::env::set_var(key, value) };
+        Self { key, previous }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Drop for EnvVarGuard {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        if let Some(previous) = &self.previous {
+            // SAFETY: every test in this binary carries `#[serial]`, so the
+            // restore call cannot race with another thread reading or
+            // mutating the environment in this process.
+            unsafe { std::env::set_var(self.key, previous) };
+        } else {
+            // SAFETY: every test in this binary carries `#[serial]`, so the
+            // remove call cannot race with another thread reading or
+            // mutating the environment in this process.
+            unsafe { std::env::remove_var(self.key) };
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn run_diff_with_thread_count(
+    from: &[TableDef],
+    to: &[TableDef],
+    thread_count: usize,
+) -> MigrationPlan {
+    ThreadPoolBuilder::new()
+        .num_threads(thread_count)
+        .build()
+        .expect("rayon thread pool should build")
+        .install(|| diff_schemas(from, to).expect("acyclic schema pair should diff"))
+}
+
+fn arb_schema_pair_acyclic_with_50_tables() -> impl Strategy<Value = (Vec<TableDef>, Vec<TableDef>)>
+{
+    prop::collection::vec(0_u8..8, TABLE_COUNT).prop_map(|mutations| {
+        let from: Vec<TableDef> = (0..TABLE_COUNT).map(table_for_index).collect();
+        let mut to = from.clone();
+
+        for (index, mutation) in mutations.into_iter().enumerate() {
+            mutate_table(&mut to[index], index, mutation);
+        }
+
+        (from, to)
+    })
+}
+
+fn table_for_index(index: usize) -> TableDef {
+    let table_name = format!("table_{index:02}");
+    TableDef {
+        name: table_name.clone(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            column("id", SimpleColumnType::Integer, false),
+            column("code", SimpleColumnType::Text, false),
+            column("label", SimpleColumnType::Text, true),
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![
+            TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+                auto_increment: false,
+                columns: vec!["id".to_string()],
+            },
+            TableConstraint::Index {
+                name: Some(format!("ix_{table_name}__code")),
+                columns: vec!["code".to_string()],
+            },
+            TableConstraint::Check {
+                name: format!("check_{table_name}_label"),
+                expr: "label IS NULL OR label <> ''".to_string(),
+            },
+        ],
+    }
+}
+
+fn column(name: &str, column_type: SimpleColumnType, nullable: bool) -> ColumnDef {
+    ColumnDef::new(name, ColumnType::Simple(column_type), nullable)
+}
+
+fn mutate_table(table: &mut TableDef, index: usize, mutation: u8) {
+    match mutation {
+        0 => {}
+        1 => table.columns[1].nullable = true,
+        2 => table.columns[1].default = Some("'updated'".into()),
+        3 => table.columns.push(column(
+            &format!("extra_{index:02}"),
+            SimpleColumnType::Text,
+            true,
+        )),
+        4 => table.constraints.push(TableConstraint::Unique {
+            name: Some(format!("uq_{}__code", table.name)),
+            columns: vec!["code".to_string()],
+        }),
+        5 => {
+            if let Some(TableConstraint::Check { expr, .. }) = table.constraints.get_mut(2) {
+                *expr = "label IS NULL OR length(label) > 1".to_string();
+            }
+        }
+        6 => {
+            table.constraints.retain(|constraint| {
+                !matches!(
+                    constraint,
+                    TableConstraint::Index { columns, .. } if columns == &["code".to_string()]
+                )
+            });
+        }
+        _ => table.constraints.push(TableConstraint::Check {
+            name: format!("check_{}_code", table.name),
+            expr: "code <> ''".to_string(),
+        }),
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-planner/tests/diff_proptest.rs b/crates/vespertide-planner/tests/diff_proptest.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5a3c68ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-planner/tests/diff_proptest.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+use proptest::prelude::*;
+use vespertide_core::{ColumnDef, ColumnType, SimpleColumnType, TableConstraint, TableDef};
+use vespertide_planner::{apply_action, diff_schemas};
+
+proptest! {
+    #![proptest_config(ProptestConfig::with_cases(256))]
+
+    /// For any acyclic schema pair (from, to), applying diff(from, to) must
+    /// make the replayed schema equivalent to to, modulo normalization.
+    #[test]
+    fn diff_apply_produces_target_schema((from, to) in arb_schema_pair_acyclic()) {
+        let Ok(plan) = diff_schemas(&from, &to) else {
+            return Ok(());
+        };
+
+        let mut replay = from.clone();
+        for action in &plan.actions {
+            apply_action(&mut replay, action).expect("apply must succeed on valid plan");
+        }
+
+        let re_diff = diff_schemas(&replay, &to).expect("re-diff must succeed");
+        prop_assert!(
+            re_diff.actions.is_empty(),
+            "expected no-op re-diff, got {} actions:\n{:?}",
+            re_diff.actions.len(),
+            re_diff.actions
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+proptest! {
+    #![proptest_config(ProptestConfig::with_cases(128))]
+
+    /// diff(s, s) must be empty for any acyclic schema s.
+    #[test]
+    fn diff_self_is_empty(s in arb_schema_acyclic()) {
+        if let Ok(plan) = diff_schemas(&s, &s) {
+            prop_assert!(plan.actions.is_empty(), "diff(s,s) produced {:?}", plan.actions);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+proptest! {
+    #![proptest_config(ProptestConfig::with_cases(128))]
+
+    /// Applying generated actions must preserve per-table column-name uniqueness.
+    #[test]
+    fn apply_preserves_column_uniqueness((from, to) in arb_schema_pair_acyclic()) {
+        if let Ok(plan) = diff_schemas(&from, &to) {
+            let mut replay = from.clone();
+            for action in &plan.actions {
+                let _ = apply_action(&mut replay, action);
+                for table in &replay {
+                    prop_assert!(table.validate_unique_column_names().is_ok());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Generates a vector of `TableDef`s with unique names and an acyclic FK graph.
+fn arb_schema_acyclic() -> impl Strategy<Value = Vec<TableDef>> {
+    prop::collection::vec(arb_table_def(), 1..6)
+        .prop_filter("unique table names", |tables| {
+            let mut seen = std::collections::BTreeSet::new();
+            tables.iter().all(|table| seen.insert(table.name.clone()))
+        })
+        .prop_map(|mut tables| {
+            for table in &mut tables {
+                table
+                    .constraints
+                    .retain(|constraint| !matches!(constraint, TableConstraint::ForeignKey { .. }));
+                for column in &mut table.columns {
+                    column.foreign_key = None;
+                }
+            }
+            tables
+        })
+}
+
+/// Pair of acyclic schemas where `to` differs from `from` by a small mutation.
+fn arb_schema_pair_acyclic() -> impl Strategy<Value = (Vec<TableDef>, Vec<TableDef>)> {
+    arb_schema_acyclic().prop_flat_map(|from| {
+        let target_seed = from.clone();
+        (Just(from), mutate_schema(&target_seed))
+    })
+}
+
+/// Applies a small mutation to produce a related schema.
+fn mutate_schema(from: &[TableDef]) -> impl Strategy<Value = Vec<TableDef>> + use<> {
+    prop_oneof![
+        Just(from.to_owned()),
+        (0usize..from.len().max(1)).prop_map({
+            let from = from.to_owned();
+            move |index| {
+                let mut to = from.clone();
+                if index < to.len() {
+                    to.remove(index);
+                }
+                to
+            }
+        }),
+        (arb_safe_ident(), 0usize..from.len().max(1)).prop_map({
+            let from = from.to_owned();
+            move |(new_name, index)| {
+                let mut to = from.clone();
+                if let Some(table) = to.get_mut(index)
+                    && !table
+                        .columns
+                        .iter()
+                        .any(|column| column.name.as_str() == new_name)
+                {
+                    table.columns.push(ColumnDef::new(
+                        new_name,
+                        ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+                        true,
+                    ));
+                }
+                to
+            }
+        }),
+    ]
+}
+
+// TODO: deduplicate with vespertide-core::arbitrary once available.
+fn arb_table_def() -> impl Strategy<Value = TableDef> {
+    (arb_safe_ident(), arb_unique_columns()).prop_map(|(name, columns)| TableDef {
+        name,
+        description: None,
+        columns,
+        constraints: Vec::new(),
+    })
+}
+
+// TODO: deduplicate with vespertide-core::arbitrary once available.
+fn arb_unique_columns() -> impl Strategy<Value = Vec<ColumnDef>> {
+    prop::collection::vec(arb_column_def(), 1..6).prop_filter("unique column names", |columns| {
+        let mut seen = std::collections::BTreeSet::new();
+        columns
+            .iter()
+            .all(|column| seen.insert(column.name.clone()))
+    })
+}
+
+// TODO: deduplicate with vespertide-core::arbitrary once available.
+fn arb_column_def() -> impl Strategy<Value = ColumnDef> {
+    (arb_safe_ident(), arb_simple_column_type(), any::<bool>())
+        .prop_map(|(name, column_type, nullable)| ColumnDef::new(name, column_type, nullable))
+}
+
+// TODO: deduplicate with vespertide-core::arbitrary once available.
+fn arb_simple_column_type() -> impl Strategy<Value = ColumnType> {
+    prop_oneof![
+        Just(SimpleColumnType::SmallInt),
+        Just(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+        Just(SimpleColumnType::BigInt),
+        Just(SimpleColumnType::Real),
+        Just(SimpleColumnType::DoublePrecision),
+        Just(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+        Just(SimpleColumnType::Boolean),
+        Just(SimpleColumnType::Date),
+        Just(SimpleColumnType::Time),
+        Just(SimpleColumnType::Timestamp),
+        Just(SimpleColumnType::Timestamptz),
+        Just(SimpleColumnType::Interval),
+        Just(SimpleColumnType::Bytea),
+        Just(SimpleColumnType::Uuid),
+        Just(SimpleColumnType::Json),
+        Just(SimpleColumnType::Inet),
+        Just(SimpleColumnType::Cidr),
+        Just(SimpleColumnType::Macaddr),
+        Just(SimpleColumnType::Xml),
+    ]
+    .prop_map(ColumnType::Simple)
+}
+
+// TODO: deduplicate with vespertide-core::arbitrary once available.
+fn arb_safe_ident() -> impl Strategy<Value = String> {
+    "[a-z][a-z0-9_]{0,10}"
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-planner/tests/validate_parallel.rs b/crates/vespertide-planner/tests/validate_parallel.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..68637483
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-planner/tests/validate_parallel.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+#![allow(unsafe_code)]
+
+use std::ffi::OsString;
+
+use rayon::ThreadPoolBuilder;
+use serial_test::serial;
+use vespertide_core::{ColumnDef, ColumnType, MigrationAction, MigrationPlan, SimpleColumnType};
+use vespertide_planner::validate_migration_plan;
+
+const TEST_PAR_THRESHOLD: &str = "8";
+const VALIDATE_PLAN_THRESHOLD_ENV: &str = "VESPERTIDE_VALIDATE_PLAN_PAR_THRESHOLD";
+
+#[test]
+#[serial]
+fn validate_migration_plan_error_order_matches_across_thread_counts() {
+    let _threshold = EnvVarGuard::set(VALIDATE_PLAN_THRESHOLD_ENV, TEST_PAR_THRESHOLD);
+
+    for action_count in [1_usize, 49, 50, 200] {
+        let plan = plan_with_actions(action_count);
+        let one_thread = validate_error_with_thread_count(&plan, 1);
+        let four_threads = validate_error_with_thread_count(&plan, 4);
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            one_thread, four_threads,
+            "validator should report the same first error for {action_count} actions"
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+fn plan_with_actions(action_count: usize) -> MigrationPlan {
+    MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 1,
+        actions: (0..action_count).map(action_for_index).collect(),
+    }
+}
+
+fn validate_error_with_thread_count(plan: &MigrationPlan, thread_count: usize) -> String {
+    ThreadPoolBuilder::new()
+        .num_threads(thread_count)
+        .build()
+        .expect("rayon thread pool should build")
+        .install(|| validate_error_string(plan))
+}
+
+fn validate_error_string(plan: &MigrationPlan) -> String {
+    validate_migration_plan(plan)
+        .expect_err("plan should contain at least one invalid action")
+        .to_string()
+}
+
+struct EnvVarGuard {
+    key: &'static str,
+    previous: Option<OsString>,
+}
+
+impl EnvVarGuard {
+    fn set(key: &'static str, value: &'static str) -> Self {
+        let previous = std::env::var_os(key);
+        // SAFETY: every test in this binary carries `#[serial]`, guaranteeing
+        // that no other test (env-mutating OR env-reading) runs concurrently
+        // in this process while the override is installed. This satisfies
+        // Rust 2024's exclusive-access precondition for `std::env::set_var`.
+        unsafe { std::env::set_var(key, value) };
+        Self { key, previous }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Drop for EnvVarGuard {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        if let Some(previous) = &self.previous {
+            // SAFETY: every test in this binary carries `#[serial]`, so the
+            // restore call cannot race with another thread reading or
+            // mutating the environment in this process.
+            unsafe { std::env::set_var(self.key, previous) };
+        } else {
+            // SAFETY: every test in this binary carries `#[serial]`, so the
+            // remove call cannot race with another thread reading or
+            // mutating the environment in this process.
+            unsafe { std::env::remove_var(self.key) };
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn action_for_index(index: usize) -> MigrationAction {
+    let is_invalid = index == 0 || index % 10 == 7;
+    MigrationAction::AddColumn {
+        table: format!("table_{index}"),
+        column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
+            name: format!("column_{index}"),
+            r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+            nullable: !is_invalid,
+            default: None,
+            comment: None,
+            primary_key: None,
+            unique: None,
+            index: None,
+            foreign_key: None,
+        }),
+        fill_with: None,
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-planner/tests/validate_schema_parallel.rs b/crates/vespertide-planner/tests/validate_schema_parallel.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dd4a5bb1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-planner/tests/validate_schema_parallel.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+#![allow(unsafe_code)]
+
+use std::ffi::OsString;
+
+use rayon::ThreadPoolBuilder;
+use serial_test::serial;
+use vespertide_core::{ColumnDef, ColumnType, SimpleColumnType, TableConstraint, TableDef};
+use vespertide_planner::validate_schema;
+
+const TEST_PAR_THRESHOLD: &str = "8";
+const VALIDATE_SCHEMA_THRESHOLD_ENV: &str = "VESPERTIDE_VALIDATE_SCHEMA_PAR_THRESHOLD";
+
+#[test]
+#[serial]
+fn validate_schema_error_order_matches_across_thread_counts() {
+    let _threshold = EnvVarGuard::set(VALIDATE_SCHEMA_THRESHOLD_ENV, TEST_PAR_THRESHOLD);
+
+    for table_count in [1_usize, 49, 50, 200] {
+        let schema = schema_with_tables(table_count);
+        let one_thread = validate_error_with_thread_count(&schema, 1);
+        let four_threads = validate_error_with_thread_count(&schema, 4);
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            one_thread, four_threads,
+            "schema validator should report the same first error for {table_count} tables"
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+fn schema_with_tables(table_count: usize) -> Vec<TableDef> {
+    (0..table_count).map(table_for_index).collect()
+}
+
+fn validate_error_with_thread_count(schema: &[TableDef], thread_count: usize) -> String {
+    ThreadPoolBuilder::new()
+        .num_threads(thread_count)
+        .build()
+        .expect("rayon thread pool should build")
+        .install(|| validate_error_string(schema))
+}
+
+fn validate_error_string(schema: &[TableDef]) -> String {
+    validate_schema(schema)
+        .expect_err("schema should contain at least one invalid table")
+        .to_string()
+}
+
+struct EnvVarGuard {
+    key: &'static str,
+    previous: Option<OsString>,
+}
+
+impl EnvVarGuard {
+    fn set(key: &'static str, value: &'static str) -> Self {
+        let previous = std::env::var_os(key);
+        // SAFETY: every test in this binary carries `#[serial]`, guaranteeing
+        // that no other test (env-mutating OR env-reading) runs concurrently
+        // in this process while the override is installed. This satisfies
+        // Rust 2024's exclusive-access precondition for `std::env::set_var`.
+        unsafe { std::env::set_var(key, value) };
+        Self { key, previous }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Drop for EnvVarGuard {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        if let Some(previous) = &self.previous {
+            // SAFETY: every test in this binary carries `#[serial]`, so the
+            // restore call cannot race with another thread reading or
+            // mutating the environment in this process.
+            unsafe { std::env::set_var(self.key, previous) };
+        } else {
+            // SAFETY: every test in this binary carries `#[serial]`, so the
+            // remove call cannot race with another thread reading or
+            // mutating the environment in this process.
+            unsafe { std::env::remove_var(self.key) };
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn table_for_index(index: usize) -> TableDef {
+    let id_column = ColumnDef {
+        name: "id".to_string(),
+        r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+        nullable: false,
+        default: None,
+        comment: None,
+        primary_key: None,
+        unique: None,
+        index: None,
+        foreign_key: None,
+    };
+
+    TableDef {
+        name: format!("table_{index}"),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![id_column],
+        constraints: constraints_for_index(index),
+    }
+}
+
+fn constraints_for_index(index: usize) -> Vec<TableConstraint> {
+    if index == 0 || index % 10 == 7 {
+        Vec::new()
+    } else {
+        vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+            auto_increment: false,
+            columns: vec!["id".to_string()],
+        }]
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-query/AGENTS.md b/crates/vespertide-query/AGENTS.md
index a6c45681..7db1388f 100644
--- a/crates/vespertide-query/AGENTS.md
+++ b/crates/vespertide-query/AGENTS.md
@@ -10,17 +10,18 @@ src/
 ├── builder.rs          # build_plan_queries() - orchestrates full plan with schema evolution
 ├── error.rs            # QueryError enum
 └── sql/
-    ├── mod.rs          # build_action_queries() dispatch - matches action to handler
+    ├── mod.rs          # build_action_queries() dispatch - matches all 14 MigrationAction variants (1507 lines)
     ├── types.rs        # BuiltQuery (11 variants), DatabaseBackend, RawSql
     ├── helpers.rs      # Column type mapping, FK actions, enum handling, naming
     ├── create_table.rs # build_create_table(), build_create_table_for_backend()
     ├── add_column.rs   # Temp table for SQLite non-nullable/enum columns
-    ├── add_constraint.rs
-    ├── remove_constraint.rs  # Complex SQLite temp table workarounds (1581 lines)
+    ├── add_constraint.rs     # Constraint SQL generation (1356 lines)
+    ├── remove_constraint.rs  # Complex SQLite temp table workarounds (1465 lines)
     ├── modify_column_*.rs    # type, nullable, default, comment handlers
     ├── rename_*.rs     # Simple ALTER statements
-    ├── delete_*.rs     # DROP statements
-    └── raw_sql.rs      # Pass-through RawSql
+    ├── delete_column.rs # DROP COLUMN with SQLite rebuild (1084 lines)
+    ├── delete_*.rs     # Other DROP statements
+    └── raw_sql.rs      # RawSql emergency escape hatch
 ```
 
 ## WHERE TO LOOK
@@ -30,7 +31,7 @@ src/
 | Add new action handler | `sql/mod.rs` | Add to `build_action_queries()` match |
 | Column type mapping | `sql/helpers.rs` | `apply_column_type_with_table()` |
 | SQLite workarounds | `sql/remove_constraint.rs` | `{table}_temp` pattern |
-| Backend-specific SQL | `sql/types.rs` | `RawSql::per_backend()` |
+| Backend-specific emergency SQL | `sql/types.rs` | `RawSql::per_backend()` |
 | Default value conversion | `sql/helpers.rs` | `convert_default_for_backend()` |
 | Enum type handling | `sql/helpers.rs` | `build_create_enum_type_sql()` |
 
@@ -44,7 +45,7 @@ let sql = query.build(DatabaseBackend::Postgres);
 // Custom SQL without bind params - use Expr::cust()
 col.default(Expr::cust("CURRENT_TIMESTAMP"));
 
-// Backend-specific raw SQL
+// Emergency escape hatch only; prefer typed MigrationAction handlers
 BuiltQuery::Raw(RawSql::per_backend(pg_sql, mysql_sql, sqlite_sql))
 
 // SQLite temp table pattern (for ALTER limitations):
@@ -64,3 +65,12 @@ BuiltQuery::Raw(RawSql::per_backend(pg_sql, mysql_sql, sqlite_sql))
 | Ignoring SQLite for constraints | SQLite needs temp table for PK/UNIQUE/FK/CHECK changes |
 | Forgetting index recreation | After SQLite temp table rename, indexes are lost |
 | Skipping `current_schema` param | Required for SQLite temp table to know column list |
+
+## NOTES
+
+- `build_action_queries()` is exhaustive for all 14 `MigrationAction` variants: CreateTable, DeleteTable, AddColumn, RenameColumn, DeleteColumn, ModifyColumnType, ModifyColumnNullable, ModifyColumnDefault, ModifyColumnComment, AddConstraint, RemoveConstraint, ReplaceConstraint, RenameTable, RawSql.
+- Prefer typed `MigrationAction` enums; `RawSql` exists as a documented emergency escape hatch, but is not recommended for normal use.
+- SQLite has full feature support via temp-table-rebuild workarounds for ALTER limitations.
+- YAML and JSON are both fully supported upstream input formats.
+- Every `.rs` file must stay ≤ 1000 lines (CI enforced); current hotspots are `sql/mod.rs` (1507), `remove_constraint.rs` (1465), `add_constraint.rs` (1356), and `delete_column.rs` (1084).
+- Workspace lints warn on unsafe code and Clippy all: `unsafe_code = "warn"`, `clippy::all = { level = "warn", priority = -1 }`.
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-query/Cargo.toml b/crates/vespertide-query/Cargo.toml
index 147b45cd..4559b495 100644
--- a/crates/vespertide-query/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/vespertide-query/Cargo.toml
@@ -7,14 +7,40 @@ repository.workspace = true
 homepage.workspace = true
 documentation.workspace = true
 description = "Converts migration actions into SQL statements with bind parameters"
+keywords = ["database", "migration", "schema", "orm", "sql"]
+categories = ["database"]
+readme = "../../README.md"
 
 [dependencies]
+rayon = { workspace = true }
 vespertide-core = { workspace = true }
 vespertide-naming = { workspace = true }
 vespertide-planner = { workspace = true }
 thiserror = "2"
-sea-query = "0.32"
+sea-query = { version = "0.32", features = ["thread-safe"] }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
+criterion = { version = "0.5", features = ["html_reports"] }
 rstest = "0.26"
 insta = "1.47"
+proptest = "1"
+serial_test = "3.4"
+vespertide-core = { workspace = true, features = ["arbitrary"] }
+# Daemon-free SQL validation:
+# - rusqlite (bundled): in-memory SQLite for real execution checks (no system libsqlite needed)
+# - sqlparser:          pure-Rust 3-dialect SQL parser for Postgres/MySQL/SQLite syntax checks
+rusqlite = { version = "0.32", features = ["bundled"] }
+sqlparser = "0.52"
+
+# pg_query is PostgreSQL's real C parser via FFI. It does not build on Windows
+# (PG itself is Linux/macOS-first), but CI runs on Ubuntu so this gate is enforced there.
+# Windows developers will skip the `sql_pg_query` test file via #[cfg].
+[target.'cfg(not(target_os = "windows"))'.dev-dependencies]
+pg_query = "6"
+
+[[bench]]
+name = "sql_benchmarks"
+harness = false
+
+[lints]
+workspace = true
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-query/benches/sql_benchmarks.rs b/crates/vespertide-query/benches/sql_benchmarks.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9fd56da5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-query/benches/sql_benchmarks.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+use criterion::{BenchmarkId, Criterion, black_box, criterion_group, criterion_main};
+use vespertide_core::schema::primary_key::PrimaryKeySyntax;
+use vespertide_core::{ColumnDef, ColumnType, MigrationAction, SimpleColumnType, TableDef};
+use vespertide_query::sql::helpers::quote_ident;
+use vespertide_query::{DatabaseBackend, build_action_queries};
+
+fn simple_type(ty: SimpleColumnType) -> ColumnType {
+    ColumnType::Simple(ty)
+}
+
+fn build_table_n_columns(n_columns: usize) -> TableDef {
+    let mut columns = vec![
+        ColumnDef::new("id", simple_type(SimpleColumnType::Integer), false)
+            .primary_key(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
+    ];
+    columns.extend((1..n_columns).map(|i| {
+        let ty = match i % 4 {
+            0 => SimpleColumnType::Integer,
+            1 => SimpleColumnType::Text,
+            2 => SimpleColumnType::Boolean,
+            _ => SimpleColumnType::Timestamptz,
+        };
+        ColumnDef::new(format!("column_{i}"), simple_type(ty), i % 5 == 0)
+    }));
+
+    TableDef {
+        name: format!("wide_table_{n_columns}"),
+        description: None,
+        columns,
+        constraints: vec![],
+    }
+}
+
+fn bench_create_table_emit(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let mut group = c.benchmark_group("create_table_emit");
+    for n_columns in [5, 50, 200] {
+        let table = build_table_n_columns(n_columns);
+        let action = MigrationAction::CreateTable {
+            table: table.name.clone(),
+            columns: table.columns.clone(),
+            constraints: table.constraints.clone(),
+        };
+        for backend in [
+            DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
+            DatabaseBackend::MySql,
+            DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
+        ] {
+            group.bench_with_input(
+                BenchmarkId::new(format!("{backend:?}"), n_columns),
+                &backend,
+                |b, backend| {
+                    b.iter(|| {
+                        let queries = build_action_queries(
+                            black_box(*backend),
+                            black_box(&action),
+                            black_box(&[]),
+                        )
+                        .expect("create-table SQL generation should succeed");
+                        for query in &queries {
+                            black_box(query.build(*backend));
+                        }
+                    });
+                },
+            );
+        }
+    }
+    group.finish();
+}
+
+fn bench_representative_actions(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let mut group = c.benchmark_group("action_query_emit");
+    let table = build_table_n_columns(25).normalize().expect("valid table");
+    let schema = vec![table.clone()];
+    let add_column = MigrationAction::AddColumn {
+        table: table.name.clone(),
+        column: Box::new(ColumnDef::new(
+            "added_text",
+            simple_type(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+            true,
+        )),
+        fill_with: None,
+    };
+    let rename_column = MigrationAction::RenameColumn {
+        table: table.name.clone(),
+        from: "column_1".into(),
+        to: "renamed_column_1".into(),
+    };
+
+    for (name, action) in [("add_column", add_column), ("rename_column", rename_column)] {
+        for backend in [
+            DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
+            DatabaseBackend::MySql,
+            DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
+        ] {
+            group.bench_with_input(
+                BenchmarkId::new(name, format!("{backend:?}")),
+                &backend,
+                |b, backend| {
+                    b.iter(|| {
+                        let queries = build_action_queries(
+                            black_box(*backend),
+                            black_box(&action),
+                            black_box(&schema),
+                        )
+                        .expect("representative action SQL generation should succeed");
+                        for query in &queries {
+                            black_box(query.build(*backend));
+                        }
+                    });
+                },
+            );
+        }
+    }
+    group.finish();
+}
+
+fn bench_quote_ident(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let mut group = c.benchmark_group("quote_ident");
+    for name in [
+        "short",
+        "medium_table_name",
+        "a_very_long_table_name_indeed",
+    ] {
+        group.bench_with_input(BenchmarkId::from_parameter(name), &name, |b, name| {
+            b.iter(|| quote_ident(black_box(name), black_box(DatabaseBackend::Postgres)));
+        });
+    }
+    group.finish();
+}
+
+criterion_group!(
+    benches,
+    bench_create_table_emit,
+    bench_representative_actions,
+    bench_quote_ident
+);
+criterion_main!(benches);
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-query/src/builder.rs b/crates/vespertide-query/src/builder.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 537caa40..00000000
--- a/crates/vespertide-query/src/builder.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,891 +0,0 @@
-use vespertide_core::{MigrationAction, MigrationPlan, TableDef};
-use vespertide_planner::apply_action;
-
-use crate::DatabaseBackend;
-use crate::error::QueryError;
-use crate::sql::BuiltQuery;
-use crate::sql::build_action_queries_with_pending;
-
-pub struct PlanQueries {
-    pub action: MigrationAction,
-    pub postgres: Vec<BuiltQuery>,
-    pub mysql: Vec<BuiltQuery>,
-    pub sqlite: Vec<BuiltQuery>,
-}
-
-/// Extract the target table name from any migration action.
-/// Returns `None` for `RawSql` (no table) and `RenameTable` (ambiguous).
-fn action_target_table(action: &MigrationAction) -> Option<&str> {
-    match action {
-        MigrationAction::CreateTable { table, .. }
-        | MigrationAction::DeleteTable { table }
-        | MigrationAction::AddColumn { table, .. }
-        | MigrationAction::RenameColumn { table, .. }
-        | MigrationAction::DeleteColumn { table, .. }
-        | MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType { table, .. }
-        | MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable { table, .. }
-        | MigrationAction::ModifyColumnDefault { table, .. }
-        | MigrationAction::ModifyColumnComment { table, .. }
-        | MigrationAction::AddConstraint { table, .. }
-        | MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint { table, .. }
-        | MigrationAction::ReplaceConstraint { table, .. } => Some(table),
-        MigrationAction::RenameTable { .. } | MigrationAction::RawSql { .. } => None,
-    }
-}
-
-pub fn build_plan_queries(
-    plan: &MigrationPlan,
-    current_schema: &[TableDef],
-) -> Result<Vec<PlanQueries>, QueryError> {
-    let mut queries: Vec<PlanQueries> = Vec::new();
-    // Clone the schema so we can mutate it as we apply actions
-    let mut evolving_schema = current_schema.to_vec();
-
-    for (i, action) in plan.actions.iter().enumerate() {
-        // For SQLite: collect pending AddConstraint Index/Unique actions for the same table.
-        // These constraints may exist in the logical schema (from AddColumn normalization)
-        // but haven't been physically created as DB indexes yet.
-        // Without this, a temp table rebuild would recreate these indexes prematurely,
-        // causing "index already exists" errors when their AddConstraint actions run later.
-        //
-        // This applies to ANY action that may trigger a SQLite temp table rebuild
-        // (AddColumn with NOT NULL, ModifyColumn*, DeleteColumn, AddConstraint FK/PK/Check,
-        // RemoveConstraint), not just AddConstraint.
-        let action_table = action_target_table(action);
-        let pending_constraints: Vec<vespertide_core::TableConstraint> =
-            if let Some(table) = action_table {
-                plan.actions[i + 1..]
-                    .iter()
-                    .filter_map(|a| {
-                        if let MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
-                            table: t,
-                            constraint,
-                        } = a
-                        {
-                            if t == table
-                                && matches!(
-                                    constraint,
-                                    vespertide_core::TableConstraint::Index { .. }
-                                        | vespertide_core::TableConstraint::Unique { .. }
-                                )
-                            {
-                                Some(constraint.clone())
-                            } else {
-                                None
-                            }
-                        } else {
-                            None
-                        }
-                    })
-                    .collect()
-            } else {
-                vec![]
-            };
-
-        // Build queries with the current state of the schema
-        let postgres_queries = build_action_queries_with_pending(
-            &DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
-            action,
-            &evolving_schema,
-            &pending_constraints,
-        )?;
-        let mysql_queries = build_action_queries_with_pending(
-            &DatabaseBackend::MySql,
-            action,
-            &evolving_schema,
-            &pending_constraints,
-        )?;
-        let sqlite_queries = build_action_queries_with_pending(
-            &DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
-            action,
-            &evolving_schema,
-            &pending_constraints,
-        )?;
-        queries.push(PlanQueries {
-            action: action.clone(),
-            postgres: postgres_queries,
-            mysql: mysql_queries,
-            sqlite: sqlite_queries,
-        });
-
-        // Apply the action to update the schema for the next iteration
-        // Note: We ignore errors here because some actions (like DeleteTable) may reference
-        // tables that don't exist in the provided current_schema. This is OK for SQL generation
-        // purposes - we still generate the correct SQL, and the schema evolution is best-effort.
-        let _ = apply_action(&mut evolving_schema, action);
-    }
-    Ok(queries)
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use super::*;
-    use crate::sql::DatabaseBackend;
-    use insta::{assert_snapshot, with_settings};
-    use rstest::rstest;
-    use vespertide_core::{
-        ColumnDef, ColumnType, MigrationAction, MigrationPlan, SimpleColumnType,
-    };
-
-    fn col(name: &str, ty: ColumnType) -> ColumnDef {
-        ColumnDef {
-            name: name.to_string(),
-            r#type: ty,
-            nullable: true,
-            default: None,
-            comment: None,
-            primary_key: None,
-            unique: None,
-            index: None,
-            foreign_key: None,
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case::empty(
-        MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 1,
-            actions: vec![],
-        },
-        0
-    )]
-    #[case::single_action(
-        MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 1,
-            actions: vec![MigrationAction::DeleteTable {
-                table: "users".into(),
-            }],
-        },
-        1
-    )]
-    #[case::multiple_actions(
-        MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 1,
-            actions: vec![
-                MigrationAction::CreateTable {
-                    table: "users".into(),
-                    columns: vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
-                    constraints: vec![],
-                },
-                MigrationAction::DeleteTable {
-                    table: "posts".into(),
-                },
-            ],
-        },
-        2
-    )]
-    fn test_build_plan_queries(#[case] plan: MigrationPlan, #[case] expected_count: usize) {
-        let result = build_plan_queries(&plan, &[]).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(
-            result.len(),
-            expected_count,
-            "Expected {} queries, got {}",
-            expected_count,
-            result.len()
-        );
-    }
-
-    fn build_sql_snapshot(result: &[BuiltQuery], backend: DatabaseBackend) -> String {
-        result
-            .iter()
-            .map(|q| q.build(backend))
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-            .join(";\n")
-    }
-
-    /// Regression test: SQLite must emit DROP INDEX before DROP COLUMN when
-    /// the column was created with inline `unique: true` (no explicit table constraint).
-    /// Previously, apply_action didn't normalize inline constraints, so the evolving
-    /// schema had empty constraints and SQLite's DROP COLUMN failed.
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case::postgres("postgres", DatabaseBackend::Postgres)]
-    #[case::mysql("mysql", DatabaseBackend::MySql)]
-    #[case::sqlite("sqlite", DatabaseBackend::Sqlite)]
-    fn test_delete_column_after_create_table_with_inline_unique(
-        #[case] title: &str,
-        #[case] backend: DatabaseBackend,
-    ) {
-        let mut col_with_unique = col("gift_code", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
-        col_with_unique.unique = Some(vespertide_core::StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true));
-
-        let plan = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 1,
-            actions: vec![
-                MigrationAction::CreateTable {
-                    table: "gift".into(),
-                    columns: vec![
-                        col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                        col_with_unique,
-                    ],
-                    constraints: vec![], // No explicit constraints - only inline unique: true
-                },
-                MigrationAction::DeleteColumn {
-                    table: "gift".into(),
-                    column: "gift_code".into(),
-                },
-            ],
-        };
-
-        let result = build_plan_queries(&plan, &[]).unwrap();
-        let queries = match backend {
-            DatabaseBackend::Postgres => &result[1].postgres,
-            DatabaseBackend::MySql => &result[1].mysql,
-            DatabaseBackend::Sqlite => &result[1].sqlite,
-        };
-        let sql = build_sql_snapshot(queries, backend);
-
-        with_settings!({ snapshot_suffix => format!("inline_unique_{}", title) }, {
-            assert_snapshot!(sql);
-        });
-    }
-
-    /// Same regression test for inline `index: true`.
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case::postgres("postgres", DatabaseBackend::Postgres)]
-    #[case::mysql("mysql", DatabaseBackend::MySql)]
-    #[case::sqlite("sqlite", DatabaseBackend::Sqlite)]
-    fn test_delete_column_after_create_table_with_inline_index(
-        #[case] title: &str,
-        #[case] backend: DatabaseBackend,
-    ) {
-        let mut col_with_index = col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
-        col_with_index.index = Some(vespertide_core::StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true));
-
-        let plan = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 1,
-            actions: vec![
-                MigrationAction::CreateTable {
-                    table: "users".into(),
-                    columns: vec![
-                        col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                        col_with_index,
-                    ],
-                    constraints: vec![],
-                },
-                MigrationAction::DeleteColumn {
-                    table: "users".into(),
-                    column: "email".into(),
-                },
-            ],
-        };
-
-        let result = build_plan_queries(&plan, &[]).unwrap();
-        let queries = match backend {
-            DatabaseBackend::Postgres => &result[1].postgres,
-            DatabaseBackend::MySql => &result[1].mysql,
-            DatabaseBackend::Sqlite => &result[1].sqlite,
-        };
-        let sql = build_sql_snapshot(queries, backend);
-
-        with_settings!({ snapshot_suffix => format!("inline_index_{}", title) }, {
-            assert_snapshot!(sql);
-        });
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_build_plan_queries_sql_content() {
-        let plan = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 1,
-            actions: vec![
-                MigrationAction::CreateTable {
-                    table: "users".into(),
-                    columns: vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
-                    constraints: vec![],
-                },
-                MigrationAction::DeleteTable {
-                    table: "posts".into(),
-                },
-            ],
-        };
-
-        let result = build_plan_queries(&plan, &[]).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(result.len(), 2);
-
-        // Test PostgreSQL output
-        let sql1 = result[0]
-            .postgres
-            .iter()
-            .map(|q| q.build(DatabaseBackend::Postgres))
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-            .join(";\n");
-        assert!(sql1.contains("CREATE TABLE"));
-        assert!(sql1.contains("\"users\""));
-        assert!(sql1.contains("\"id\""));
-
-        let sql2 = result[1]
-            .postgres
-            .iter()
-            .map(|q| q.build(DatabaseBackend::Postgres))
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-            .join(";\n");
-        assert!(sql2.contains("DROP TABLE"));
-        assert!(sql2.contains("\"posts\""));
-
-        // Test MySQL output
-        let sql1_mysql = result[0]
-            .mysql
-            .iter()
-            .map(|q| q.build(DatabaseBackend::MySql))
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-            .join(";\n");
-        assert!(sql1_mysql.contains("`users`"));
-
-        let sql2_mysql = result[1]
-            .mysql
-            .iter()
-            .map(|q| q.build(DatabaseBackend::MySql))
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-            .join(";\n");
-        assert!(sql2_mysql.contains("`posts`"));
-    }
-
-    // ── Helpers for constraint migration tests ──────────────────────────
-
-    use vespertide_core::{ReferenceAction, TableConstraint};
-
-    fn fk_constraint() -> TableConstraint {
-        TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-            name: None,
-            columns: vec!["category_id".into()],
-            ref_table: "category".into(),
-            ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            on_delete: Some(ReferenceAction::Cascade),
-            on_update: None,
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn unique_constraint() -> TableConstraint {
-        TableConstraint::Unique {
-            name: None,
-            columns: vec!["category_id".into()],
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn index_constraint() -> TableConstraint {
-        TableConstraint::Index {
-            name: None,
-            columns: vec!["category_id".into()],
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Build a plan that adds a column then adds constraints in the given order.
-    fn plan_add_column_with_constraints(order: &[TableConstraint]) -> MigrationPlan {
-        let mut actions: Vec<MigrationAction> = vec![MigrationAction::AddColumn {
-            table: "product".into(),
-            column: Box::new(col(
-                "category_id",
-                ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::BigInt),
-            )),
-            fill_with: None,
-        }];
-        for c in order {
-            actions.push(MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
-                table: "product".into(),
-                constraint: c.clone(),
-            });
-        }
-        MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 1,
-            actions,
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Build a plan that removes constraints in the given order then drops the column.
-    fn plan_remove_constraints_then_drop(order: &[TableConstraint]) -> MigrationPlan {
-        let mut actions: Vec<MigrationAction> = Vec::new();
-        for c in order {
-            actions.push(MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint {
-                table: "product".into(),
-                constraint: c.clone(),
-            });
-        }
-        actions.push(MigrationAction::DeleteColumn {
-            table: "product".into(),
-            column: "category_id".into(),
-        });
-        MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 1,
-            actions,
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Schema with an existing table that has NO constraints on category_id (for add tests).
-    fn base_schema_no_constraints() -> Vec<TableDef> {
-        vec![TableDef {
-            name: "product".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
-            constraints: vec![],
-        }]
-    }
-
-    /// Schema with an existing table that HAS FK + Unique + Index on category_id (for remove tests).
-    fn base_schema_with_all_constraints() -> Vec<TableDef> {
-        vec![TableDef {
-            name: "product".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                col("category_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::BigInt)),
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![fk_constraint(), unique_constraint(), index_constraint()],
-        }]
-    }
-
-    /// Collect ALL SQL statements from a plan result for a given backend.
-    fn collect_all_sql(result: &[PlanQueries], backend: DatabaseBackend) -> String {
-        result
-            .iter()
-            .enumerate()
-            .map(|(i, pq)| {
-                let queries = match backend {
-                    DatabaseBackend::Postgres => &pq.postgres,
-                    DatabaseBackend::MySql => &pq.mysql,
-                    DatabaseBackend::Sqlite => &pq.sqlite,
-                };
-                let sql = build_sql_snapshot(queries, backend);
-                format!("-- Action {}: {:?}\n{}", i, pq.action, sql)
-            })
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-            .join("\n\n")
-    }
-
-    /// Assert no duplicate CREATE INDEX / CREATE UNIQUE INDEX within a single
-    /// action's SQLite output. Cross-action duplicates are allowed because a
-    /// temp table rebuild (DROP + RENAME) legitimately destroys and recreates
-    /// indexes that a prior action already created.
-    fn assert_no_duplicate_indexes_per_action(result: &[PlanQueries]) {
-        for (i, pq) in result.iter().enumerate() {
-            let stmts: Vec<String> = pq
-                .sqlite
-                .iter()
-                .map(|q| q.build(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite))
-                .collect();
-
-            let index_stmts: Vec<&String> = stmts
-                .iter()
-                .filter(|s| s.contains("CREATE INDEX") || s.contains("CREATE UNIQUE INDEX"))
-                .collect();
-
-            let mut seen = std::collections::HashSet::new();
-            for stmt in &index_stmts {
-                assert!(
-                    seen.insert(stmt.as_str()),
-                    "Duplicate index within action {} ({:?}):\n  {}\nAll index statements in this action:\n{}",
-                    i,
-                    pq.action,
-                    stmt,
-                    index_stmts
-                        .iter()
-                        .map(|s| format!("  {}", s))
-                        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-                        .join("\n")
-                );
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Assert that no AddConstraint Index/Unique action produces an index that
-    /// was already recreated by a preceding temp-table rebuild within the same plan.
-    /// This catches the original bug: FK temp-table rebuild creating an index that
-    /// a later AddConstraint INDEX also creates (without DROP TABLE in between).
-    fn assert_no_orphan_duplicate_indexes(result: &[PlanQueries]) {
-        // Track indexes that exist after each action.
-        // A DROP TABLE resets the set; CREATE INDEX adds to it.
-        let mut live_indexes: std::collections::HashSet<String> = std::collections::HashSet::new();
-
-        for pq in result {
-            let stmts: Vec<String> = pq
-                .sqlite
-                .iter()
-                .map(|q| q.build(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite))
-                .collect();
-
-            // If this action does a DROP TABLE, all indexes are destroyed
-            if stmts.iter().any(|s| s.starts_with("DROP TABLE")) {
-                live_indexes.clear();
-            }
-
-            for stmt in &stmts {
-                if stmt.contains("CREATE INDEX") || stmt.contains("CREATE UNIQUE INDEX") {
-                    assert!(
-                        live_indexes.insert(stmt.clone()),
-                        "Index would already exist when action {:?} tries to create it:\n  {}\nCurrently live indexes:\n{}",
-                        pq.action,
-                        stmt,
-                        live_indexes
-                            .iter()
-                            .map(|s| format!("  {}", s))
-                            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-                            .join("\n")
-                    );
-                }
-            }
-
-            // DROP INDEX removes from live set
-            for stmt in &stmts {
-                if stmt.starts_with("DROP INDEX") {
-                    live_indexes.retain(|s| {
-                        // Extract index name from DROP INDEX "name"
-                        let drop_name = stmt
-                            .strip_prefix("DROP INDEX \"")
-                            .and_then(|s| s.strip_suffix('"'));
-                        if let Some(name) = drop_name {
-                            !s.contains(&format!("\"{}\"", name))
-                        } else {
-                            true
-                        }
-                    });
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    // ── Add column + FK/Unique/Index – all orderings ─────────────────────
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case::fk_unique_index("fk_uq_ix", &[fk_constraint(), unique_constraint(), index_constraint()])]
-    #[case::fk_index_unique("fk_ix_uq", &[fk_constraint(), index_constraint(), unique_constraint()])]
-    #[case::unique_fk_index("uq_fk_ix", &[unique_constraint(), fk_constraint(), index_constraint()])]
-    #[case::unique_index_fk("uq_ix_fk", &[unique_constraint(), index_constraint(), fk_constraint()])]
-    #[case::index_fk_unique("ix_fk_uq", &[index_constraint(), fk_constraint(), unique_constraint()])]
-    #[case::index_unique_fk("ix_uq_fk", &[index_constraint(), unique_constraint(), fk_constraint()])]
-    fn test_add_column_with_fk_unique_index_all_orderings(
-        #[case] title: &str,
-        #[case] order: &[TableConstraint],
-    ) {
-        let plan = plan_add_column_with_constraints(order);
-        let schema = base_schema_no_constraints();
-        let result = build_plan_queries(&plan, &schema).unwrap();
-
-        // Core invariant: no conflicting duplicate indexes in SQLite
-        assert_no_duplicate_indexes_per_action(&result);
-        assert_no_orphan_duplicate_indexes(&result);
-
-        // Snapshot per backend
-        for (backend, label) in [
-            (DatabaseBackend::Postgres, "postgres"),
-            (DatabaseBackend::MySql, "mysql"),
-            (DatabaseBackend::Sqlite, "sqlite"),
-        ] {
-            let sql = collect_all_sql(&result, backend);
-            with_settings!({ snapshot_suffix => format!("add_col_{}_{}", title, label) }, {
-                assert_snapshot!(sql);
-            });
-        }
-    }
-
-    // ── Remove FK/Unique/Index then drop column – all orderings ──────────
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case::fk_unique_index("fk_uq_ix", &[fk_constraint(), unique_constraint(), index_constraint()])]
-    #[case::fk_index_unique("fk_ix_uq", &[fk_constraint(), index_constraint(), unique_constraint()])]
-    #[case::unique_fk_index("uq_fk_ix", &[unique_constraint(), fk_constraint(), index_constraint()])]
-    #[case::unique_index_fk("uq_ix_fk", &[unique_constraint(), index_constraint(), fk_constraint()])]
-    #[case::index_fk_unique("ix_fk_uq", &[index_constraint(), fk_constraint(), unique_constraint()])]
-    #[case::index_unique_fk("ix_uq_fk", &[index_constraint(), unique_constraint(), fk_constraint()])]
-    fn test_remove_fk_unique_index_then_drop_column_all_orderings(
-        #[case] title: &str,
-        #[case] order: &[TableConstraint],
-    ) {
-        let plan = plan_remove_constraints_then_drop(order);
-        let schema = base_schema_with_all_constraints();
-        let result = build_plan_queries(&plan, &schema).unwrap();
-
-        // Snapshot per backend
-        for (backend, label) in [
-            (DatabaseBackend::Postgres, "postgres"),
-            (DatabaseBackend::MySql, "mysql"),
-            (DatabaseBackend::Sqlite, "sqlite"),
-        ] {
-            let sql = collect_all_sql(&result, backend);
-            with_settings!({ snapshot_suffix => format!("rm_col_{}_{}", title, label) }, {
-                assert_snapshot!(sql);
-            });
-        }
-    }
-
-    // ── Pair-wise: FK + Index only (original bug scenario) ───────────────
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case::fk_then_index("fk_ix", &[fk_constraint(), index_constraint()])]
-    #[case::index_then_fk("ix_fk", &[index_constraint(), fk_constraint()])]
-    fn test_add_column_with_fk_and_index_pair(
-        #[case] title: &str,
-        #[case] order: &[TableConstraint],
-    ) {
-        let plan = plan_add_column_with_constraints(order);
-        let schema = base_schema_no_constraints();
-        let result = build_plan_queries(&plan, &schema).unwrap();
-
-        assert_no_duplicate_indexes_per_action(&result);
-        assert_no_orphan_duplicate_indexes(&result);
-
-        for (backend, label) in [
-            (DatabaseBackend::Postgres, "postgres"),
-            (DatabaseBackend::MySql, "mysql"),
-            (DatabaseBackend::Sqlite, "sqlite"),
-        ] {
-            let sql = collect_all_sql(&result, backend);
-            with_settings!({ snapshot_suffix => format!("add_col_pair_{}_{}", title, label) }, {
-                assert_snapshot!(sql);
-            });
-        }
-    }
-
-    // ── Pair-wise: FK + Unique only ──────────────────────────────────────
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case::fk_then_unique("fk_uq", &[fk_constraint(), unique_constraint()])]
-    #[case::unique_then_fk("uq_fk", &[unique_constraint(), fk_constraint()])]
-    fn test_add_column_with_fk_and_unique_pair(
-        #[case] title: &str,
-        #[case] order: &[TableConstraint],
-    ) {
-        let plan = plan_add_column_with_constraints(order);
-        let schema = base_schema_no_constraints();
-        let result = build_plan_queries(&plan, &schema).unwrap();
-
-        assert_no_duplicate_indexes_per_action(&result);
-        assert_no_orphan_duplicate_indexes(&result);
-
-        for (backend, label) in [
-            (DatabaseBackend::Postgres, "postgres"),
-            (DatabaseBackend::MySql, "mysql"),
-            (DatabaseBackend::Sqlite, "sqlite"),
-        ] {
-            let sql = collect_all_sql(&result, backend);
-            with_settings!({ snapshot_suffix => format!("add_col_pair_{}_{}", title, label) }, {
-                assert_snapshot!(sql);
-            });
-        }
-    }
-
-    // ── Duplicate FK in temp table CREATE TABLE ──────────────────────────
-
-    /// Regression test: when AddColumn adds a column with an inline FK, the
-    /// evolving schema already contains the FK constraint (from normalization).
-    /// Then AddConstraint FK pushes the same FK again into new_constraints,
-    /// producing a duplicate FOREIGN KEY clause in the SQLite temp table.
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case::postgres("postgres", DatabaseBackend::Postgres)]
-    #[case::mysql("mysql", DatabaseBackend::MySql)]
-    #[case::sqlite("sqlite", DatabaseBackend::Sqlite)]
-    fn test_add_column_with_fk_no_duplicate_fk_in_temp_table(
-        #[case] label: &str,
-        #[case] backend: DatabaseBackend,
-    ) {
-        let schema = vec![
-            TableDef {
-                name: "project".into(),
-                description: None,
-                columns: vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
-                constraints: vec![],
-            },
-            TableDef {
-                name: "companion".into(),
-                description: None,
-                columns: vec![
-                    col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                    col("user_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::BigInt)),
-                ],
-                constraints: vec![
-                    TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                        name: None,
-                        columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
-                        ref_table: "user".into(),
-                        ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                        on_delete: Some(ReferenceAction::Cascade),
-                        on_update: None,
-                    },
-                    TableConstraint::Unique {
-                        name: Some("invite_code".into()),
-                        columns: vec!["invite_code".into()],
-                    },
-                    TableConstraint::Index {
-                        name: None,
-                        columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
-                    },
-                ],
-            },
-        ];
-
-        let plan = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 1,
-            actions: vec![
-                MigrationAction::AddColumn {
-                    table: "companion".into(),
-                    column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
-                        name: "project_id".into(),
-                        r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::BigInt),
-                        nullable: false,
-                        default: None,
-                        comment: None,
-                        primary_key: None,
-                        unique: None,
-                        index: None,
-                        foreign_key: Some(
-                            vespertide_core::schema::foreign_key::ForeignKeySyntax::String(
-                                "project.id".into(),
-                            ),
-                        ),
-                    }),
-                    fill_with: None,
-                },
-                MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
-                    table: "companion".into(),
-                    constraint: TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                        name: None,
-                        columns: vec!["project_id".into()],
-                        ref_table: "project".into(),
-                        ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                        on_delete: Some(ReferenceAction::Cascade),
-                        on_update: None,
-                    },
-                },
-                MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
-                    table: "companion".into(),
-                    constraint: TableConstraint::Index {
-                        name: None,
-                        columns: vec!["project_id".into()],
-                    },
-                },
-            ],
-        };
-
-        let result = build_plan_queries(&plan, &schema).unwrap();
-
-        assert_no_duplicate_indexes_per_action(&result);
-        assert_no_orphan_duplicate_indexes(&result);
-
-        let sql = collect_all_sql(&result, backend);
-        with_settings!({ snapshot_suffix => format!("dup_fk_{}", label) }, {
-            assert_snapshot!(sql);
-        });
-    }
-
-    // ── Two NOT NULL AddColumns with inline index + AddConstraint ────────
-
-    /// Regression test: when two NOT NULL columns with inline `index: true`
-    /// are added sequentially, the second AddColumn triggers a SQLite temp
-    /// table rebuild. At that point the evolving schema already contains the
-    /// first column's index (from normalization). Without pending constraint
-    /// awareness, the rebuild recreates that index, and the later
-    /// AddConstraint for the same index fails with "index already exists".
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case::postgres("postgres", DatabaseBackend::Postgres)]
-    #[case::mysql("mysql", DatabaseBackend::MySql)]
-    #[case::sqlite("sqlite", DatabaseBackend::Sqlite)]
-    fn test_two_not_null_add_columns_with_inline_index_no_duplicate(
-        #[case] label: &str,
-        #[case] backend: DatabaseBackend,
-    ) {
-        use vespertide_core::DefaultValue;
-        use vespertide_core::schema::str_or_bool::StrOrBoolOrArray;
-
-        let schema = vec![TableDef {
-            name: "article".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                col("title", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![],
-        }];
-
-        let plan = MigrationPlan {
-            id: String::new(),
-            comment: None,
-            created_at: None,
-            version: 1,
-            actions: vec![
-                // 1. Add NOT NULL column with inline index
-                MigrationAction::AddColumn {
-                    table: "article".into(),
-                    column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
-                        name: "category_pinned".into(),
-                        r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Boolean),
-                        nullable: false,
-                        default: Some(DefaultValue::Bool(false)),
-                        comment: None,
-                        primary_key: None,
-                        unique: None,
-                        index: Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true)),
-                        foreign_key: None,
-                    }),
-                    fill_with: None,
-                },
-                // 2. Add another NOT NULL column with inline index
-                MigrationAction::AddColumn {
-                    table: "article".into(),
-                    column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
-                        name: "main_pinned".into(),
-                        r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Boolean),
-                        nullable: false,
-                        default: Some(DefaultValue::Bool(false)),
-                        comment: None,
-                        primary_key: None,
-                        unique: None,
-                        index: Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true)),
-                        foreign_key: None,
-                    }),
-                    fill_with: None,
-                },
-                // 3. AddConstraint for main_pinned index
-                MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
-                    table: "article".into(),
-                    constraint: TableConstraint::Index {
-                        name: None,
-                        columns: vec!["main_pinned".into()],
-                    },
-                },
-                // 4. AddConstraint for category_pinned index
-                MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
-                    table: "article".into(),
-                    constraint: TableConstraint::Index {
-                        name: None,
-                        columns: vec!["category_pinned".into()],
-                    },
-                },
-            ],
-        };
-
-        let result = build_plan_queries(&plan, &schema).unwrap();
-
-        // Core invariant: no duplicate indexes across actions
-        assert_no_duplicate_indexes_per_action(&result);
-        assert_no_orphan_duplicate_indexes(&result);
-
-        let sql = collect_all_sql(&result, backend);
-        with_settings!({ snapshot_suffix => format!("two_not_null_inline_index_{}", label) }, {
-            assert_snapshot!(sql);
-        });
-    }
-}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-query/src/builder/mod.rs b/crates/vespertide-query/src/builder/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..085be966
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-query/src/builder/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+use vespertide_core::{MigrationAction, MigrationPlan, TableDef};
+
+use crate::DatabaseBackend;
+use crate::error::QueryError;
+use crate::parallel_config::plan_query_par_action_threshold;
+use crate::sql::BuiltQuery;
+
+mod parallel;
+mod sequential;
+mod transaction;
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct PlanQueriesOptions {
+    /// Wrap the generated statement stream in a plan-level transaction.
+    pub wrap_in_transaction: bool,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct PlanQueries {
+    pub action: MigrationAction,
+    pub postgres: Vec<BuiltQuery>,
+    pub mysql: Vec<BuiltQuery>,
+    pub sqlite: Vec<BuiltQuery>,
+}
+
+impl PlanQueries {
+    /// Wrap each backend's full plan statement stream with transaction boundaries.
+    ///
+    /// `SQLite`'s no-DROP-CONSTRAINT temp-table rebuild pattern is canonical; wrapping
+    /// the ordered create-temp/insert/drop/rename/reindex sequence in a transaction
+    /// protects it from mid-sequence failures. `MySQL` accepts `BEGIN`/`COMMIT`, but
+    /// most DDL implicitly commits and is not transactional on that backend.
+    pub fn into_transactional(mut queries: Vec<Self>) -> Vec<Self> {
+        transaction::wrap_backend_queries(&mut queries, DatabaseBackend::Postgres);
+        transaction::wrap_backend_queries(&mut queries, DatabaseBackend::MySql);
+        transaction::wrap_backend_queries(&mut queries, DatabaseBackend::Sqlite);
+        queries
+    }
+}
+
+/// Extract the target table name from any migration action.
+/// Returns `None` for `RawSql` (no table) and `RenameTable` (ambiguous).
+fn action_target_table(action: &MigrationAction) -> Option<&str> {
+    match action {
+        MigrationAction::RenameTable { .. } | MigrationAction::RawSql { .. } => None,
+        _ => action.table_name(),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Build SQL queries for a full migration plan with sequential schema evolution.
+///
+/// Each action is built against the schema state AFTER previous actions have been
+/// applied; this is required for `SQLite` temp-table rebuilds that need the
+/// current column list.
+///
+/// # Errors
+/// Returns [`QueryError`] if any action fails to compile to SQL.
+pub fn build_plan_queries(
+    plan: &MigrationPlan,
+    current_schema: &[TableDef],
+) -> Result<Vec<PlanQueries>, QueryError> {
+    if plan.actions.len() < plan_query_par_action_threshold() {
+        return sequential::build_plan_queries_sequentially(plan, current_schema);
+    }
+
+    parallel::build_plan_queries_in_parallel(plan, current_schema)
+}
+
+/// Build SQL queries with explicit options (e.g., transaction wrapping).
+///
+/// See [`PlanQueriesOptions`] for available knobs.
+pub fn build_plan_queries_with_options(
+    plan: &MigrationPlan,
+    current_schema: &[TableDef],
+    options: PlanQueriesOptions,
+) -> Result<Vec<PlanQueries>, QueryError> {
+    let queries = build_plan_queries(plan, current_schema)?;
+    if options.wrap_in_transaction {
+        Ok(PlanQueries::into_transactional(queries))
+    } else {
+        Ok(queries)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-query/src/builder/parallel.rs b/crates/vespertide-query/src/builder/parallel.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..87e48811
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-query/src/builder/parallel.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+use rayon::prelude::*;
+use vespertide_core::{MigrationAction, MigrationPlan, TableConstraint, TableDef};
+use vespertide_planner::apply_action;
+
+use super::{PlanQueries, action_target_table};
+use crate::DatabaseBackend;
+use crate::error::QueryError;
+use crate::parallel_config::PLAN_QUERY_PAR_ACTION_MIN_LEN;
+use crate::sql::build_action_queries_with_pending;
+
+struct PreparedAction {
+    action: MigrationAction,
+    schema: Vec<TableDef>,
+    pending_constraints: Vec<TableConstraint>,
+}
+
+pub(super) fn build_plan_queries_in_parallel(
+    plan: &MigrationPlan,
+    current_schema: &[TableDef],
+) -> Result<Vec<PlanQueries>, QueryError> {
+    let prepared_actions = prepare_actions(plan, current_schema);
+
+    prepared_actions
+        .par_iter()
+        .with_min_len(PLAN_QUERY_PAR_ACTION_MIN_LEN)
+        .map(build_prepared_action_queries)
+        .collect()
+}
+
+fn prepare_actions(plan: &MigrationPlan, current_schema: &[TableDef]) -> Vec<PreparedAction> {
+    let mut prepared_actions = Vec::with_capacity(plan.actions.len());
+    let mut evolving_schema = current_schema.to_vec();
+
+    for (i, action) in plan.actions.iter().enumerate() {
+        prepared_actions.push(PreparedAction {
+            action: action.clone(),
+            schema: evolving_schema.clone(),
+            pending_constraints: pending_constraints_for_action(plan, i, action),
+        });
+
+        let _ = apply_action(&mut evolving_schema, action);
+    }
+
+    prepared_actions
+}
+
+fn pending_constraints_for_action(
+    plan: &MigrationPlan,
+    action_index: usize,
+    action: &MigrationAction,
+) -> Vec<TableConstraint> {
+    let Some(table) = action_target_table(action) else {
+        return vec![];
+    };
+
+    plan.actions[action_index + 1..]
+        .iter()
+        .filter_map(|a| {
+            if let MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
+                table: t,
+                constraint,
+            } = a
+                && t == table
+                && matches!(
+                    constraint,
+                    TableConstraint::Index { .. } | TableConstraint::Unique { .. }
+                )
+            {
+                Some(constraint.clone())
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
+fn build_prepared_action_queries(prepared: &PreparedAction) -> Result<PlanQueries, QueryError> {
+    let postgres_queries = build_action_queries_with_pending(
+        DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
+        &prepared.action,
+        &prepared.schema,
+        &prepared.pending_constraints,
+    )?;
+    let mysql_queries = build_action_queries_with_pending(
+        DatabaseBackend::MySql,
+        &prepared.action,
+        &prepared.schema,
+        &prepared.pending_constraints,
+    )?;
+    let sqlite_queries = build_action_queries_with_pending(
+        DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
+        &prepared.action,
+        &prepared.schema,
+        &prepared.pending_constraints,
+    )?;
+
+    Ok(PlanQueries {
+        action: prepared.action.clone(),
+        postgres: postgres_queries,
+        mysql: mysql_queries,
+        sqlite: sqlite_queries,
+    })
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-query/src/builder/sequential.rs b/crates/vespertide-query/src/builder/sequential.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5922420e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-query/src/builder/sequential.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+use vespertide_core::{MigrationAction, MigrationPlan, TableConstraint, TableDef};
+use vespertide_planner::apply_action;
+
+use super::{PlanQueries, action_target_table};
+use crate::DatabaseBackend;
+use crate::error::QueryError;
+use crate::sql::build_action_queries_with_pending;
+
+pub(super) fn build_plan_queries_sequentially(
+    plan: &MigrationPlan,
+    current_schema: &[TableDef],
+) -> Result<Vec<PlanQueries>, QueryError> {
+    let mut queries: Vec<PlanQueries> = Vec::new();
+    let mut evolving_schema = current_schema.to_vec();
+
+    for (i, action) in plan.actions.iter().enumerate() {
+        // For SQLite rebuilds, avoid recreating pending indexes that later actions create.
+        let action_table = action_target_table(action);
+        let pending_constraints: Vec<TableConstraint> = if let Some(table) = action_table {
+            plan.actions[i + 1..]
+                .iter()
+                .filter_map(|a| {
+                    if let MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
+                        table: t,
+                        constraint,
+                    } = a
+                    {
+                        if t == table
+                            && matches!(
+                                constraint,
+                                TableConstraint::Index { .. } | TableConstraint::Unique { .. }
+                            )
+                        {
+                            Some(constraint.clone())
+                        } else {
+                            None
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        None
+                    }
+                })
+                .collect()
+        } else {
+            vec![]
+        };
+
+        let postgres_queries = build_action_queries_with_pending(
+            DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
+            action,
+            &evolving_schema,
+            &pending_constraints,
+        )?;
+        let mysql_queries = build_action_queries_with_pending(
+            DatabaseBackend::MySql,
+            action,
+            &evolving_schema,
+            &pending_constraints,
+        )?;
+        let sqlite_queries = build_action_queries_with_pending(
+            DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
+            action,
+            &evolving_schema,
+            &pending_constraints,
+        )?;
+        queries.push(PlanQueries {
+            action: action.clone(),
+            postgres: postgres_queries,
+            mysql: mysql_queries,
+            sqlite: sqlite_queries,
+        });
+
+        // Apply the action to update the schema for the next iteration
+        // Note: We ignore errors here because some actions (like DeleteTable) may reference
+        // tables that don't exist in the provided current_schema. This is OK for SQL generation
+        // purposes - we still generate the correct SQL, and the schema evolution is best-effort.
+        let _ = apply_action(&mut evolving_schema, action);
+    }
+    Ok(queries)
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-query/src/builder/tests.rs b/crates/vespertide-query/src/builder/tests.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..10c56665
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-query/src/builder/tests.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,788 @@
+use super::*;
+use crate::sql::{BuiltQuery, DatabaseBackend};
+use insta::{assert_snapshot, with_settings};
+use rstest::rstest;
+use vespertide_core::{
+    ColumnDef, ColumnType, MigrationAction, MigrationPlan, ReferenceAction, SimpleColumnType,
+    TableConstraint, TableDef,
+};
+
+fn col(name: &str, ty: ColumnType) -> ColumnDef {
+    ColumnDef {
+        name: name.to_string(),
+        r#type: ty,
+        nullable: true,
+        default: None,
+        comment: None,
+        primary_key: None,
+        unique: None,
+        index: None,
+        foreign_key: None,
+    }
+}
+
+fn build_sql_snapshot(result: &[BuiltQuery], backend: DatabaseBackend) -> String {
+    result
+        .iter()
+        .map(|q| q.build(backend))
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+        .join(";\n")
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case::empty(
+    MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 1,
+        actions: vec![],
+    },
+    0
+)]
+#[case::single_action(
+    MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 1,
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::DeleteTable {
+            table: "users".into(),
+        }],
+    },
+    1
+)]
+#[case::multiple_actions(
+    MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 1,
+        actions: vec![
+            MigrationAction::CreateTable {
+                table: "users".into(),
+                columns: vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
+                constraints: vec![],
+            },
+            MigrationAction::DeleteTable {
+                table: "posts".into(),
+            },
+        ],
+    },
+    2
+)]
+fn test_build_plan_queries(#[case] plan: MigrationPlan, #[case] expected_count: usize) {
+    let result = build_plan_queries(&plan, &[]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        result.len(),
+        expected_count,
+        "Expected {} queries, got {}",
+        expected_count,
+        result.len()
+    );
+}
+
+/// Regression test: `SQLite` must emit DROP INDEX before DROP COLUMN when
+/// the column was created with inline `unique: true` (no explicit table constraint).
+/// Previously, `apply_action` didn't normalize inline constraints, so the evolving
+/// schema had empty constraints and `SQLite`'s DROP COLUMN failed.
+#[rstest]
+#[case::postgres("postgres", DatabaseBackend::Postgres)]
+#[case::mysql("mysql", DatabaseBackend::MySql)]
+#[case::sqlite("sqlite", DatabaseBackend::Sqlite)]
+fn test_delete_column_after_create_table_with_inline_unique(
+    #[case] title: &str,
+    #[case] backend: DatabaseBackend,
+) {
+    let mut col_with_unique = col("gift_code", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
+    col_with_unique.unique = Some(vespertide_core::StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true));
+
+    let plan = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 1,
+        actions: vec![
+            MigrationAction::CreateTable {
+                table: "gift".into(),
+                columns: vec![
+                    col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+                    col_with_unique,
+                ],
+                constraints: vec![], // No explicit constraints - only inline unique: true
+            },
+            MigrationAction::DeleteColumn {
+                table: "gift".into(),
+                column: "gift_code".into(),
+            },
+        ],
+    };
+
+    let result = build_plan_queries(&plan, &[]).unwrap();
+    let queries = match backend {
+        DatabaseBackend::Postgres => &result[1].postgres,
+        DatabaseBackend::MySql => &result[1].mysql,
+        DatabaseBackend::Sqlite => &result[1].sqlite,
+    };
+    let sql = build_sql_snapshot(queries, backend);
+
+    with_settings!({ snapshot_path => "../snapshots", snapshot_suffix => format!("inline_unique_{}", title) }, {
+        assert_snapshot!(sql);
+    });
+}
+
+/// Same regression test for inline `index: true`.
+#[rstest]
+#[case::postgres("postgres", DatabaseBackend::Postgres)]
+#[case::mysql("mysql", DatabaseBackend::MySql)]
+#[case::sqlite("sqlite", DatabaseBackend::Sqlite)]
+fn test_delete_column_after_create_table_with_inline_index(
+    #[case] title: &str,
+    #[case] backend: DatabaseBackend,
+) {
+    let mut col_with_index = col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text));
+    col_with_index.index = Some(vespertide_core::StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true));
+
+    let plan = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 1,
+        actions: vec![
+            MigrationAction::CreateTable {
+                table: "users".into(),
+                columns: vec![
+                    col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+                    col_with_index,
+                ],
+                constraints: vec![],
+            },
+            MigrationAction::DeleteColumn {
+                table: "users".into(),
+                column: "email".into(),
+            },
+        ],
+    };
+
+    let result = build_plan_queries(&plan, &[]).unwrap();
+    let queries = match backend {
+        DatabaseBackend::Postgres => &result[1].postgres,
+        DatabaseBackend::MySql => &result[1].mysql,
+        DatabaseBackend::Sqlite => &result[1].sqlite,
+    };
+    let sql = build_sql_snapshot(queries, backend);
+
+    with_settings!({ snapshot_path => "../snapshots", snapshot_suffix => format!("inline_index_{}", title) }, {
+        assert_snapshot!(sql);
+    });
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_build_plan_queries_sql_content() {
+    let plan = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 1,
+        actions: vec![
+            MigrationAction::CreateTable {
+                table: "users".into(),
+                columns: vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
+                constraints: vec![],
+            },
+            MigrationAction::DeleteTable {
+                table: "posts".into(),
+            },
+        ],
+    };
+
+    let result = build_plan_queries(&plan, &[]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(result.len(), 2);
+
+    // Test PostgreSQL output
+    let sql1 = result[0]
+        .postgres
+        .iter()
+        .map(|q| q.build(DatabaseBackend::Postgres))
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+        .join(";\n");
+    assert!(sql1.contains("CREATE TABLE"));
+    assert!(sql1.contains("\"users\""));
+    assert!(sql1.contains("\"id\""));
+
+    let sql2 = result[1]
+        .postgres
+        .iter()
+        .map(|q| q.build(DatabaseBackend::Postgres))
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+        .join(";\n");
+    assert!(sql2.contains("DROP TABLE"));
+    assert!(sql2.contains("\"posts\""));
+
+    // Test MySQL output
+    let sql1_mysql = result[0]
+        .mysql
+        .iter()
+        .map(|q| q.build(DatabaseBackend::MySql))
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+        .join(";\n");
+    assert!(sql1_mysql.contains("`users`"));
+
+    let sql2_mysql = result[1]
+        .mysql
+        .iter()
+        .map(|q| q.build(DatabaseBackend::MySql))
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+        .join(";\n");
+    assert!(sql2_mysql.contains("`posts`"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn transactional_wrapping_leaves_empty_backend_queries_unchanged() {
+    let action = MigrationAction::RawSql {
+        sql: "-- noop".into(),
+    };
+    let queries = vec![PlanQueries {
+        action,
+        postgres: vec![],
+        mysql: vec![],
+        sqlite: vec![],
+    }];
+
+    let wrapped = PlanQueries::into_transactional(queries);
+
+    assert!(wrapped[0].postgres.is_empty());
+    assert!(wrapped[0].mysql.is_empty());
+    assert!(wrapped[0].sqlite.is_empty());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn transactional_wrapping_has_no_expect_on_last_non_empty_query() {
+    let source = include_str!("mod.rs");
+
+    assert!(!source.contains("expect(\"first non-empty backend query implies"));
+}
+
+// ── Helpers for constraint migration tests ──────────────────────────
+
+fn fk_constraint() -> TableConstraint {
+    TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+        name: None,
+        columns: vec!["category_id".into()],
+        ref_table: "category".into(),
+        ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+        on_delete: Some(ReferenceAction::Cascade),
+        on_update: None,
+    }
+}
+
+fn unique_constraint() -> TableConstraint {
+    TableConstraint::Unique {
+        name: None,
+        columns: vec!["category_id".into()],
+    }
+}
+
+fn index_constraint() -> TableConstraint {
+    TableConstraint::Index {
+        name: None,
+        columns: vec!["category_id".into()],
+    }
+}
+
+/// Build a plan that adds a column then adds constraints in the given order.
+fn plan_add_column_with_constraints(order: &[TableConstraint]) -> MigrationPlan {
+    let mut actions: Vec<MigrationAction> = vec![MigrationAction::AddColumn {
+        table: "product".into(),
+        column: Box::new(col(
+            "category_id",
+            ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::BigInt),
+        )),
+        fill_with: None,
+    }];
+    for c in order {
+        actions.push(MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
+            table: "product".into(),
+            constraint: c.clone(),
+        });
+    }
+    MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 1,
+        actions,
+    }
+}
+
+/// Build a plan that removes constraints in the given order then drops the column.
+fn plan_remove_constraints_then_drop(order: &[TableConstraint]) -> MigrationPlan {
+    let mut actions: Vec<MigrationAction> = Vec::new();
+    for c in order {
+        actions.push(MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint {
+            table: "product".into(),
+            constraint: c.clone(),
+        });
+    }
+    actions.push(MigrationAction::DeleteColumn {
+        table: "product".into(),
+        column: "category_id".into(),
+    });
+    MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 1,
+        actions,
+    }
+}
+
+/// Schema with an existing table that has NO constraints on `category_id` (for add tests).
+fn base_schema_no_constraints() -> Vec<TableDef> {
+    vec![TableDef {
+        name: "product".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    }]
+}
+
+/// Schema with an existing table that HAS FK + Unique + Index on `category_id` (for remove tests).
+fn base_schema_with_all_constraints() -> Vec<TableDef> {
+    vec![TableDef {
+        name: "product".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("category_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::BigInt)),
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![fk_constraint(), unique_constraint(), index_constraint()],
+    }]
+}
+
+/// Collect ALL SQL statements from a plan result for a given backend.
+fn collect_all_sql(result: &[PlanQueries], backend: DatabaseBackend) -> String {
+    result
+        .iter()
+        .enumerate()
+        .map(|(i, pq)| {
+            let queries = match backend {
+                DatabaseBackend::Postgres => &pq.postgres,
+                DatabaseBackend::MySql => &pq.mysql,
+                DatabaseBackend::Sqlite => &pq.sqlite,
+            };
+            let sql = build_sql_snapshot(queries, backend);
+            format!("-- Action {}: {:?}\n{}", i, pq.action, sql)
+        })
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+        .join("\n\n")
+}
+
+/// Assert no duplicate CREATE INDEX / CREATE UNIQUE INDEX within a single
+/// action's `SQLite` output. Cross-action duplicates are allowed because a
+/// temp table rebuild (DROP + RENAME) legitimately destroys and recreates
+/// indexes that a prior action already created.
+fn assert_no_duplicate_indexes_per_action(result: &[PlanQueries]) {
+    for (i, pq) in result.iter().enumerate() {
+        let stmts: Vec<String> = pq
+            .sqlite
+            .iter()
+            .map(|q| q.build(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite))
+            .collect();
+
+        let index_stmts: Vec<&String> = stmts
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|s| s.contains("CREATE INDEX") || s.contains("CREATE UNIQUE INDEX"))
+            .collect();
+
+        let mut seen = std::collections::HashSet::new();
+        for stmt in &index_stmts {
+            assert!(
+                seen.insert(stmt.as_str()),
+                "Duplicate index within action {} ({:?}):\n  {}\nAll index statements in this action:\n{}",
+                i,
+                pq.action,
+                stmt,
+                index_stmts
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|s| format!("  {s}"))
+                    .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                    .join("\n")
+            );
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Assert that no `AddConstraint` Index/Unique action produces an index that
+/// was already recreated by a preceding temp-table rebuild within the same plan.
+/// This catches the original bug: FK temp-table rebuild creating an index that
+/// a later `AddConstraint` INDEX also creates (without DROP TABLE in between).
+fn assert_no_orphan_duplicate_indexes(result: &[PlanQueries]) {
+    // Track indexes that exist after each action.
+    // A DROP TABLE resets the set; CREATE INDEX adds to it.
+    let mut live_indexes: std::collections::HashSet<String> = std::collections::HashSet::new();
+
+    for pq in result {
+        let stmts: Vec<String> = pq
+            .sqlite
+            .iter()
+            .map(|q| q.build(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite))
+            .collect();
+
+        // If this action does a DROP TABLE, all indexes are destroyed
+        if stmts.iter().any(|s| s.starts_with("DROP TABLE")) {
+            live_indexes.clear();
+        }
+
+        for stmt in &stmts {
+            if stmt.contains("CREATE INDEX") || stmt.contains("CREATE UNIQUE INDEX") {
+                assert!(
+                    live_indexes.insert(stmt.clone()),
+                    "Index would already exist when action {:?} tries to create it:\n  {}\nCurrently live indexes:\n{}",
+                    pq.action,
+                    stmt,
+                    live_indexes
+                        .iter()
+                        .map(|s| format!("  {s}"))
+                        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                        .join("\n")
+                );
+            }
+        }
+
+        // DROP INDEX removes from live set
+        for stmt in &stmts {
+            if stmt.starts_with("DROP INDEX") {
+                live_indexes.retain(|s| {
+                    // Extract index name from DROP INDEX "name"
+                    let drop_name = stmt
+                        .strip_prefix("DROP INDEX \"")
+                        .and_then(|s| s.strip_suffix('"'));
+                    if let Some(name) = drop_name {
+                        !s.contains(&format!("\"{name}\""))
+                    } else {
+                        true
+                    }
+                });
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// ── Add column + FK/Unique/Index – all orderings ─────────────────────
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case::fk_unique_index("fk_uq_ix", &[fk_constraint(), unique_constraint(), index_constraint()])]
+#[case::fk_index_unique("fk_ix_uq", &[fk_constraint(), index_constraint(), unique_constraint()])]
+#[case::unique_fk_index("uq_fk_ix", &[unique_constraint(), fk_constraint(), index_constraint()])]
+#[case::unique_index_fk("uq_ix_fk", &[unique_constraint(), index_constraint(), fk_constraint()])]
+#[case::index_fk_unique("ix_fk_uq", &[index_constraint(), fk_constraint(), unique_constraint()])]
+#[case::index_unique_fk("ix_uq_fk", &[index_constraint(), unique_constraint(), fk_constraint()])]
+fn test_add_column_with_fk_unique_index_all_orderings(
+    #[case] title: &str,
+    #[case] order: &[TableConstraint],
+) {
+    let plan = plan_add_column_with_constraints(order);
+    let schema = base_schema_no_constraints();
+    let result = build_plan_queries(&plan, &schema).unwrap();
+
+    // Core invariant: no conflicting duplicate indexes in SQLite
+    assert_no_duplicate_indexes_per_action(&result);
+    assert_no_orphan_duplicate_indexes(&result);
+
+    // Snapshot per backend
+    for (backend, label) in [
+        (DatabaseBackend::Postgres, "postgres"),
+        (DatabaseBackend::MySql, "mysql"),
+        (DatabaseBackend::Sqlite, "sqlite"),
+    ] {
+        let sql = collect_all_sql(&result, backend);
+        with_settings!({ snapshot_path => "../snapshots", snapshot_suffix => format!("add_col_{}_{}", title, label) }, {
+            assert_snapshot!(sql);
+        });
+    }
+}
+
+// ── Remove FK/Unique/Index then drop column – all orderings ──────────
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case::fk_unique_index("fk_uq_ix", &[fk_constraint(), unique_constraint(), index_constraint()])]
+#[case::fk_index_unique("fk_ix_uq", &[fk_constraint(), index_constraint(), unique_constraint()])]
+#[case::unique_fk_index("uq_fk_ix", &[unique_constraint(), fk_constraint(), index_constraint()])]
+#[case::unique_index_fk("uq_ix_fk", &[unique_constraint(), index_constraint(), fk_constraint()])]
+#[case::index_fk_unique("ix_fk_uq", &[index_constraint(), fk_constraint(), unique_constraint()])]
+#[case::index_unique_fk("ix_uq_fk", &[index_constraint(), unique_constraint(), fk_constraint()])]
+fn test_remove_fk_unique_index_then_drop_column_all_orderings(
+    #[case] title: &str,
+    #[case] order: &[TableConstraint],
+) {
+    let plan = plan_remove_constraints_then_drop(order);
+    let schema = base_schema_with_all_constraints();
+    let result = build_plan_queries(&plan, &schema).unwrap();
+
+    // Snapshot per backend
+    for (backend, label) in [
+        (DatabaseBackend::Postgres, "postgres"),
+        (DatabaseBackend::MySql, "mysql"),
+        (DatabaseBackend::Sqlite, "sqlite"),
+    ] {
+        let sql = collect_all_sql(&result, backend);
+        with_settings!({ snapshot_path => "../snapshots", snapshot_suffix => format!("rm_col_{}_{}", title, label) }, {
+            assert_snapshot!(sql);
+        });
+    }
+}
+
+// ── Pair-wise: FK + Index only (original bug scenario) ───────────────
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case::fk_then_index("fk_ix", &[fk_constraint(), index_constraint()])]
+#[case::index_then_fk("ix_fk", &[index_constraint(), fk_constraint()])]
+fn test_add_column_with_fk_and_index_pair(#[case] title: &str, #[case] order: &[TableConstraint]) {
+    let plan = plan_add_column_with_constraints(order);
+    let schema = base_schema_no_constraints();
+    let result = build_plan_queries(&plan, &schema).unwrap();
+
+    assert_no_duplicate_indexes_per_action(&result);
+    assert_no_orphan_duplicate_indexes(&result);
+
+    for (backend, label) in [
+        (DatabaseBackend::Postgres, "postgres"),
+        (DatabaseBackend::MySql, "mysql"),
+        (DatabaseBackend::Sqlite, "sqlite"),
+    ] {
+        let sql = collect_all_sql(&result, backend);
+        with_settings!({ snapshot_path => "../snapshots", snapshot_suffix => format!("add_col_pair_{}_{}", title, label) }, {
+            assert_snapshot!(sql);
+        });
+    }
+}
+
+// ── Pair-wise: FK + Unique only ──────────────────────────────────────
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case::fk_then_unique("fk_uq", &[fk_constraint(), unique_constraint()])]
+#[case::unique_then_fk("uq_fk", &[unique_constraint(), fk_constraint()])]
+fn test_add_column_with_fk_and_unique_pair(#[case] title: &str, #[case] order: &[TableConstraint]) {
+    let plan = plan_add_column_with_constraints(order);
+    let schema = base_schema_no_constraints();
+    let result = build_plan_queries(&plan, &schema).unwrap();
+
+    assert_no_duplicate_indexes_per_action(&result);
+    assert_no_orphan_duplicate_indexes(&result);
+
+    for (backend, label) in [
+        (DatabaseBackend::Postgres, "postgres"),
+        (DatabaseBackend::MySql, "mysql"),
+        (DatabaseBackend::Sqlite, "sqlite"),
+    ] {
+        let sql = collect_all_sql(&result, backend);
+        with_settings!({ snapshot_path => "../snapshots", snapshot_suffix => format!("add_col_pair_{}_{}", title, label) }, {
+            assert_snapshot!(sql);
+        });
+    }
+}
+
+// ── Duplicate FK in temp table CREATE TABLE ──────────────────────────
+
+/// Regression test: when `AddColumn` adds a column with an inline FK, the
+/// evolving schema already contains the FK constraint (from normalization).
+/// Then `AddConstraint` FK pushes the same FK again into `new_constraints`,
+/// producing a duplicate FOREIGN KEY clause in the `SQLite` temp table.
+#[rstest]
+#[case::postgres("postgres", DatabaseBackend::Postgres)]
+#[case::mysql("mysql", DatabaseBackend::MySql)]
+#[case::sqlite("sqlite", DatabaseBackend::Sqlite)]
+fn test_add_column_with_fk_no_duplicate_fk_in_temp_table(
+    #[case] label: &str,
+    #[case] backend: DatabaseBackend,
+) {
+    let schema = vec![
+        TableDef {
+            name: "project".into(),
+            description: None,
+            columns: vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
+            constraints: vec![],
+        },
+        TableDef {
+            name: "companion".into(),
+            description: None,
+            columns: vec![
+                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+                col("user_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::BigInt)),
+            ],
+            constraints: vec![
+                TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                    name: None,
+                    columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
+                    ref_table: "user".into(),
+                    ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+                    on_delete: Some(ReferenceAction::Cascade),
+                    on_update: None,
+                },
+                TableConstraint::Unique {
+                    name: Some("invite_code".into()),
+                    columns: vec!["invite_code".into()],
+                },
+                TableConstraint::Index {
+                    name: None,
+                    columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
+                },
+            ],
+        },
+    ];
+
+    let plan = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 1,
+        actions: vec![
+            MigrationAction::AddColumn {
+                table: "companion".into(),
+                column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
+                    name: "project_id".into(),
+                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::BigInt),
+                    nullable: false,
+                    default: None,
+                    comment: None,
+                    primary_key: None,
+                    unique: None,
+                    index: None,
+                    foreign_key: Some(
+                        vespertide_core::schema::foreign_key::ForeignKeySyntax::String(
+                            "project.id".into(),
+                        ),
+                    ),
+                }),
+                fill_with: None,
+            },
+            MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
+                table: "companion".into(),
+                constraint: TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                    name: None,
+                    columns: vec!["project_id".into()],
+                    ref_table: "project".into(),
+                    ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+                    on_delete: Some(ReferenceAction::Cascade),
+                    on_update: None,
+                },
+            },
+            MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
+                table: "companion".into(),
+                constraint: TableConstraint::Index {
+                    name: None,
+                    columns: vec!["project_id".into()],
+                },
+            },
+        ],
+    };
+
+    let result = build_plan_queries(&plan, &schema).unwrap();
+
+    assert_no_duplicate_indexes_per_action(&result);
+    assert_no_orphan_duplicate_indexes(&result);
+
+    let sql = collect_all_sql(&result, backend);
+    with_settings!({ snapshot_path => "../snapshots", snapshot_suffix => format!("dup_fk_{}", label) }, {
+        assert_snapshot!(sql);
+    });
+}
+
+// ── Two NOT NULL AddColumns with inline index + AddConstraint ────────
+
+/// Regression test: when two NOT NULL columns with inline `index: true`
+/// are added sequentially, the second `AddColumn` triggers a `SQLite` temp
+/// table rebuild. At that point the evolving schema already contains the
+/// first column's index (from normalization). Without pending constraint
+/// awareness, the rebuild recreates that index, and the later
+/// `AddConstraint` for the same index fails with "index already exists".
+#[rstest]
+#[case::postgres("postgres", DatabaseBackend::Postgres)]
+#[case::mysql("mysql", DatabaseBackend::MySql)]
+#[case::sqlite("sqlite", DatabaseBackend::Sqlite)]
+fn test_two_not_null_add_columns_with_inline_index_no_duplicate(
+    #[case] label: &str,
+    #[case] backend: DatabaseBackend,
+) {
+    use vespertide_core::DefaultValue;
+    use vespertide_core::schema::str_or_bool::StrOrBoolOrArray;
+
+    let schema = vec![TableDef {
+        name: "article".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("title", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    }];
+
+    let plan = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 1,
+        actions: vec![
+            // 1. Add NOT NULL column with inline index
+            MigrationAction::AddColumn {
+                table: "article".into(),
+                column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
+                    name: "category_pinned".into(),
+                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Boolean),
+                    nullable: false,
+                    default: Some(DefaultValue::Bool(false)),
+                    comment: None,
+                    primary_key: None,
+                    unique: None,
+                    index: Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true)),
+                    foreign_key: None,
+                }),
+                fill_with: None,
+            },
+            // 2. Add another NOT NULL column with inline index
+            MigrationAction::AddColumn {
+                table: "article".into(),
+                column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
+                    name: "main_pinned".into(),
+                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Boolean),
+                    nullable: false,
+                    default: Some(DefaultValue::Bool(false)),
+                    comment: None,
+                    primary_key: None,
+                    unique: None,
+                    index: Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true)),
+                    foreign_key: None,
+                }),
+                fill_with: None,
+            },
+            // 3. AddConstraint for main_pinned index
+            MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
+                table: "article".into(),
+                constraint: TableConstraint::Index {
+                    name: None,
+                    columns: vec!["main_pinned".into()],
+                },
+            },
+            // 4. AddConstraint for category_pinned index
+            MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
+                table: "article".into(),
+                constraint: TableConstraint::Index {
+                    name: None,
+                    columns: vec!["category_pinned".into()],
+                },
+            },
+        ],
+    };
+
+    let result = build_plan_queries(&plan, &schema).unwrap();
+
+    // Core invariant: no duplicate indexes across actions
+    assert_no_duplicate_indexes_per_action(&result);
+    assert_no_orphan_duplicate_indexes(&result);
+
+    let sql = collect_all_sql(&result, backend);
+    with_settings!({ snapshot_path => "../snapshots", snapshot_suffix => format!("two_not_null_inline_index_{}", label) }, {
+        assert_snapshot!(sql);
+    });
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-query/src/builder/transaction.rs b/crates/vespertide-query/src/builder/transaction.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..771068a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-query/src/builder/transaction.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+use super::PlanQueries;
+use crate::DatabaseBackend;
+use crate::sql::{BuiltQuery, RawSql};
+
+pub(super) fn wrap_backend_queries(plan_queries: &mut [PlanQueries], backend: DatabaseBackend) {
+    let Some(first_idx) = plan_queries
+        .iter()
+        .position(|pq| !backend_queries(pq, backend).is_empty())
+    else {
+        return;
+    };
+    let Some(last_idx) = plan_queries
+        .iter()
+        .rposition(|pq| !backend_queries(pq, backend).is_empty())
+    else {
+        return;
+    };
+
+    backend_queries_mut(&mut plan_queries[first_idx], backend)
+        .insert(0, BuiltQuery::Raw(RawSql::uniform("BEGIN;".to_string())));
+    backend_queries_mut(&mut plan_queries[last_idx], backend)
+        .push(BuiltQuery::Raw(RawSql::uniform("COMMIT;".to_string())));
+}
+
+fn backend_queries(plan_queries: &PlanQueries, backend: DatabaseBackend) -> &[BuiltQuery] {
+    match backend {
+        DatabaseBackend::Postgres => &plan_queries.postgres,
+        DatabaseBackend::MySql => &plan_queries.mysql,
+        DatabaseBackend::Sqlite => &plan_queries.sqlite,
+    }
+}
+
+fn backend_queries_mut(
+    plan_queries: &mut PlanQueries,
+    backend: DatabaseBackend,
+) -> &mut Vec<BuiltQuery> {
+    match backend {
+        DatabaseBackend::Postgres => &mut plan_queries.postgres,
+        DatabaseBackend::MySql => &mut plan_queries.mysql,
+        DatabaseBackend::Sqlite => &mut plan_queries.sqlite,
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-query/src/lib.rs b/crates/vespertide-query/src/lib.rs
index 6836c5be..21080e97 100644
--- a/crates/vespertide-query/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/vespertide-query/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,16 @@
+//! SQL generation for `PostgreSQL`, `MySQL`, and `SQLite`.
+//!
+//! - [`build_plan_queries`]: per-backend SQL for a migration plan
+//! - [`build_action_queries`]: per-action SQL with schema context
+//! - Backend abstractions live in [`sql::types`]
+
 pub mod builder;
 pub mod error;
+mod parallel_config;
 pub mod sql;
 
-pub use builder::build_plan_queries;
+pub use builder::{
+    PlanQueries, PlanQueriesOptions, build_plan_queries, build_plan_queries_with_options,
+};
 pub use error::QueryError;
 pub use sql::{BuiltQuery, DatabaseBackend, build_action_queries};
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-query/src/parallel_config.rs b/crates/vespertide-query/src/parallel_config.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..405b3aba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-query/src/parallel_config.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+//! Empirically tuned Rayon thresholds.
+//!
+//! See `docs/PARALLELIZATION.md` for the Wave 6 measurement notes.
+
+/// `build_plan_queries` pays an up-front schema-preparation cost before the
+/// per-action Rayon phase. It did not win through 1,000 actions, so ordinary
+/// plans stay sequential and only very large plans attempt the parallel path.
+/// Override via `VESPERTIDE_PLAN_QUERY_PAR_THRESHOLD` in tests.
+pub(crate) fn plan_query_par_action_threshold() -> usize {
+    std::env::var("VESPERTIDE_PLAN_QUERY_PAR_THRESHOLD")
+        .ok()
+        .and_then(|value| value.parse().ok())
+        .unwrap_or(10_000)
+}
+
+pub(crate) const PLAN_QUERY_PAR_ACTION_MIN_LEN: usize = 8;
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/add_column.rs b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/add_column.rs
index 18925611..f9054f55 100644
--- a/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/add_column.rs
+++ b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/add_column.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ use super::types::{BuiltQuery, DatabaseBackend};
 use crate::error::QueryError;
 
 fn build_add_column_alter_for_backend(
-    backend: &DatabaseBackend,
+    backend: DatabaseBackend,
     table: &str,
     column: &ColumnDef,
 ) -> TableAlterStatement {
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ fn is_enum_column(column: &ColumnDef) -> bool {
 }
 
 pub fn build_add_column(
-    backend: &DatabaseBackend,
+    backend: DatabaseBackend,
     table: &str,
     column: &ColumnDef,
     fill_with: Option<&str>,
@@ -42,15 +42,15 @@ pub fn build_add_column(
     // SQLite: NOT NULL additions or enum columns require table recreation
     // (enum columns need CHECK constraint which requires table recreation in SQLite)
     let sqlite_needs_recreation =
-        *backend == DatabaseBackend::Sqlite && (!column.nullable || is_enum_column(column));
+        backend == DatabaseBackend::Sqlite && (!column.nullable || is_enum_column(column));
 
     if sqlite_needs_recreation {
-        let table_def = current_schema.iter().find(|t| t.name == table).ok_or_else(|| QueryError::Other(format!("Table '{}' not found in current schema. SQLite requires current schema information to add columns.", table)))?;
+        let table_def = current_schema.iter().find(|t| t.name == table).ok_or_else(|| QueryError::Other(format!("Table '{table}' not found in current schema. SQLite requires current schema information to add columns.")))?;
 
         let mut new_columns = table_def.columns.clone();
         new_columns.push(column.clone());
 
-        let temp_table = format!("{}_temp", table);
+        let temp_table = format!("{table}_temp");
 
         // 1. Create temporary table with all CHECK constraints (enum + explicit)
         let create_query = build_sqlite_temp_table_create(
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ pub fn build_add_column(
         // Copy existing data, filling new column
         let mut select_query = Query::select();
         for col in &table_def.columns {
-            select_query = select_query.column(Alias::new(&col.name)).to_owned();
+            select_query.column(Alias::new(&col.name));
         }
         let normalized_fill = normalize_fill_with(fill_with);
         let fill_expr = if let Some(fill) = normalized_fill.as_deref() {
@@ -76,10 +76,9 @@ pub fn build_add_column(
         } else {
             Expr::cust("NULL")
         };
-        select_query = select_query
+        select_query
             .expr_as(fill_expr, Alias::new(&column.name))
-            .from(Alias::new(table))
-            .to_owned();
+            .from(Alias::new(table));
 
         let mut columns_alias: Vec<Alias> = table_def
             .columns
@@ -256,14 +255,12 @@ mod tests {
             constraints: vec![],
         }];
         let result =
-            build_add_column(&backend, "users", &column, fill_with, &current_schema, &[]).unwrap();
+            build_add_column(backend, "users", &column, fill_with, &current_schema, &[]).unwrap();
         let sql = result[0].build(backend);
         for exp in expected {
             assert!(
                 sql.contains(exp),
-                "Expected SQL to contain '{}', got: {}",
-                exp,
-                sql
+                "Expected SQL to contain '{exp}', got: {sql}"
             );
         }
 
@@ -287,7 +284,7 @@ mod tests {
         };
         let current_schema = vec![]; // Empty schema - table not found
         let result = build_add_column(
-            &DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
+            DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
             "users",
             &column,
             None,
@@ -329,7 +326,7 @@ mod tests {
             constraints: vec![],
         }];
         let result = build_add_column(
-            &DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
+            DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
             "users",
             &column,
             None,
@@ -377,7 +374,7 @@ mod tests {
             constraints: vec![],
         }];
         let result = build_add_column(
-            &DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
+            DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
             "users",
             &column,
             None,
@@ -430,7 +427,7 @@ mod tests {
             }],
         }];
         let result = build_add_column(
-            &DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
+            DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
             "users",
             &column,
             None,
@@ -488,7 +485,7 @@ mod tests {
             }],
             constraints: vec![],
         }];
-        let result = build_add_column(&backend, "users", &column, None, &current_schema, &[]);
+        let result = build_add_column(backend, "users", &column, None, &current_schema, &[]);
         assert!(result.is_ok());
         let queries = result.unwrap();
         let sql = queries
@@ -545,7 +542,7 @@ mod tests {
             }],
             constraints: vec![],
         }];
-        let result = build_add_column(&backend, "users", &column, None, &current_schema, &[]);
+        let result = build_add_column(backend, "users", &column, None, &current_schema, &[]);
         assert!(result.is_ok());
         let queries = result.unwrap();
         let sql = queries
@@ -594,7 +591,7 @@ mod tests {
             }],
             constraints: vec![],
         }];
-        let result = build_add_column(&backend, "users", &column, None, &current_schema, &[]);
+        let result = build_add_column(backend, "users", &column, None, &current_schema, &[]);
         assert!(result.is_ok());
         let queries = result.unwrap();
         let sql = queries
@@ -606,8 +603,7 @@ mod tests {
         // Verify empty string becomes ''
         assert!(
             sql.contains("''"),
-            "Expected SQL to contain empty string literal '', got: {}",
-            sql
+            "Expected SQL to contain empty string literal '', got: {sql}"
         );
 
         with_settings!({ snapshot_suffix => format!("empty_string_default_{:?}", backend) }, {
@@ -615,8 +611,8 @@ mod tests {
         });
     }
 
-    /// Test adding NOT NULL column with '[]'::json default on SQLite
-    /// SQLite should strip the ::json cast, MySQL should use CAST(... AS JSON)
+    /// Test adding NOT NULL column with '[]'`::json` default on `SQLite`
+    /// `SQLite` should strip the `::json` cast, `MySQL` should use CAST(... AS JSON)
     #[rstest]
     #[case::postgres(DatabaseBackend::Postgres)]
     #[case::mysql(DatabaseBackend::MySql)]
@@ -650,7 +646,7 @@ mod tests {
             constraints: vec![],
         }];
         let result =
-            build_add_column(&backend, "project", &column, None, &current_schema, &[]).unwrap();
+            build_add_column(backend, "project", &column, None, &current_schema, &[]).unwrap();
         let sql = result
             .iter()
             .map(|q| q.build(backend))
@@ -661,8 +657,7 @@ mod tests {
         if backend == DatabaseBackend::Sqlite {
             assert!(
                 !sql.contains("::json"),
-                "SQLite SQL should not contain ::json cast, got: {}",
-                sql
+                "SQLite SQL should not contain ::json cast, got: {sql}"
             );
         }
 
@@ -670,8 +665,7 @@ mod tests {
         if backend == DatabaseBackend::MySql {
             assert!(
                 !sql.contains("::json"),
-                "MySQL SQL should not contain ::json cast, got: {}",
-                sql
+                "MySQL SQL should not contain ::json cast, got: {sql}"
             );
         }
 
@@ -716,7 +710,7 @@ mod tests {
             constraints: vec![],
         }];
         // fill_with empty string should become ''
-        let result = build_add_column(&backend, "users", &column, Some(""), &current_schema, &[]);
+        let result = build_add_column(backend, "users", &column, Some(""), &current_schema, &[]);
         assert!(result.is_ok());
         let queries = result.unwrap();
         let sql = queries
@@ -728,8 +722,7 @@ mod tests {
         // Verify empty string becomes ''
         assert!(
             sql.contains("''"),
-            "Expected SQL to contain empty string literal '', got: {}",
-            sql
+            "Expected SQL to contain empty string literal '', got: {sql}"
         );
 
         with_settings!({ snapshot_suffix => format!("fill_with_empty_string_{:?}", backend) }, {
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/add_constraint.rs b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/add_constraint.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 1dbf3c75..00000000
--- a/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/add_constraint.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1428 +0,0 @@
-use sea_query::{Alias, ForeignKey, Index, Query, Table};
-
-use vespertide_core::{TableConstraint, TableDef};
-
-use super::helpers::{
-    build_sqlite_temp_table_create, recreate_indexes_after_rebuild, to_sea_fk_action,
-};
-
-/// Build new_constraints by cloning `table_def.constraints` and adding the
-/// given `constraint`.  If an equivalent constraint already exists (e.g.
-/// promoted by AddColumn normalization), it is **replaced** so that the
-/// explicit AddConstraint version (which may carry ON DELETE / ON UPDATE)
-/// wins, without producing duplicates.
-fn merge_constraint(
-    existing: &[TableConstraint],
-    constraint: &TableConstraint,
-) -> Vec<TableConstraint> {
-    let mut out: Vec<TableConstraint> = Vec::with_capacity(existing.len() + 1);
-    let mut replaced = false;
-
-    for c in existing {
-        if constraints_overlap(c, constraint) {
-            // Replace the existing (possibly weaker) constraint with the new one.
-            if !replaced {
-                out.push(constraint.clone());
-                replaced = true;
-            }
-            // else: skip additional duplicates
-        } else {
-            out.push(c.clone());
-        }
-    }
-
-    if !replaced {
-        out.push(constraint.clone());
-    }
-    out
-}
-
-/// Two constraints "overlap" when they are the same variant and target the
-/// same columns, even if their details (name, on_delete, …) differ.
-fn constraints_overlap(a: &TableConstraint, b: &TableConstraint) -> bool {
-    match (a, b) {
-        (
-            TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                columns: a_cols, ..
-            },
-            TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                columns: b_cols, ..
-            },
-        ) => a_cols == b_cols,
-        (
-            TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                columns: a_cols, ..
-            },
-            TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                columns: b_cols, ..
-            },
-        ) => a_cols == b_cols,
-        (
-            TableConstraint::Check {
-                name: a_name,
-                expr: a_expr,
-            },
-            TableConstraint::Check {
-                name: b_name,
-                expr: b_expr,
-            },
-        ) => a_name == b_name && a_expr == b_expr,
-        _ => false,
-    }
-}
-use super::rename_table::build_rename_table;
-use super::types::{BuiltQuery, DatabaseBackend, RawSql};
-use crate::error::QueryError;
-
-pub fn build_add_constraint(
-    backend: &DatabaseBackend,
-    table: &str,
-    constraint: &TableConstraint,
-    current_schema: &[TableDef],
-    pending_constraints: &[TableConstraint],
-) -> Result<Vec<BuiltQuery>, QueryError> {
-    match constraint {
-        TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { columns, .. } => {
-            if *backend == DatabaseBackend::Sqlite {
-                // SQLite does not support ALTER TABLE ... ADD PRIMARY KEY
-                // Use temporary table approach
-                let table_def = current_schema.iter().find(|t| t.name == table).ok_or_else(|| QueryError::Other(format!("Table '{}' not found in current schema. SQLite requires current schema information to add constraints.", table)))?;
-
-                // Create new constraints with the added primary key constraint
-                let new_constraints = merge_constraint(&table_def.constraints, constraint);
-
-                let temp_table = format!("{}_temp", table);
-
-                // 1. Create temporary table with new constraints + CHECK constraints
-                let create_query = build_sqlite_temp_table_create(
-                    backend,
-                    &temp_table,
-                    table,
-                    &table_def.columns,
-                    &new_constraints,
-                );
-
-                // 2. Copy data
-                let column_aliases: Vec<Alias> = table_def
-                    .columns
-                    .iter()
-                    .map(|c| Alias::new(&c.name))
-                    .collect();
-                let mut select_query = Query::select();
-                for col_alias in &column_aliases {
-                    select_query = select_query.column(col_alias.clone()).to_owned();
-                }
-                select_query = select_query.from(Alias::new(table)).to_owned();
-
-                let insert_stmt = Query::insert()
-                    .into_table(Alias::new(&temp_table))
-                    .columns(column_aliases.clone())
-                    .select_from(select_query)
-                    .unwrap()
-                    .to_owned();
-                let insert_query = BuiltQuery::Insert(Box::new(insert_stmt));
-
-                // 3. Drop original table
-                let drop_table = Table::drop().table(Alias::new(table)).to_owned();
-                let drop_query = BuiltQuery::DropTable(Box::new(drop_table));
-
-                // 4. Rename temporary table
-                let rename_query = build_rename_table(&temp_table, table);
-
-                // 5. Recreate indexes (both regular and UNIQUE)
-                // Exclude pending constraints that will be created by future AddConstraint actions
-                let index_queries = recreate_indexes_after_rebuild(
-                    table,
-                    &table_def.constraints,
-                    pending_constraints,
-                );
-
-                let mut queries = vec![create_query, insert_query, drop_query, rename_query];
-                queries.extend(index_queries);
-                Ok(queries)
-            } else {
-                // sea_query lacks ALTER TABLE ADD PRIMARY KEY; emit backend SQL
-                let pg_cols = columns
-                    .iter()
-                    .map(|c| format!("\"{}\"", c))
-                    .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-                    .join(", ");
-                let mysql_cols = columns
-                    .iter()
-                    .map(|c| format!("`{}`", c))
-                    .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-                    .join(", ");
-                let pg_sql = format!("ALTER TABLE \"{}\" ADD PRIMARY KEY ({})", table, pg_cols);
-                let mysql_sql = format!("ALTER TABLE `{}` ADD PRIMARY KEY ({})", table, mysql_cols);
-                Ok(vec![BuiltQuery::Raw(RawSql::per_backend(
-                    pg_sql.clone(),
-                    mysql_sql,
-                    pg_sql,
-                ))])
-            }
-        }
-        TableConstraint::Unique { name, columns } => {
-            // Always generate a proper name: uq_{table}_{key} or uq_{table}_{columns}
-            let index_name =
-                super::helpers::build_unique_constraint_name(table, columns, name.as_deref());
-            let mut idx = Index::create()
-                .table(Alias::new(table))
-                .name(&index_name)
-                .unique()
-                .to_owned();
-            for col in columns {
-                idx = idx.col(Alias::new(col)).to_owned();
-            }
-            Ok(vec![BuiltQuery::CreateIndex(Box::new(idx))])
-        }
-        TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-            name,
-            columns,
-            ref_table,
-            ref_columns,
-            on_delete,
-            on_update,
-        } => {
-            // SQLite does not support ALTER TABLE ... ADD CONSTRAINT FOREIGN KEY
-            if *backend == DatabaseBackend::Sqlite {
-                // Use temporary table approach for SQLite
-                let table_def = current_schema.iter().find(|t| t.name == table).ok_or_else(|| QueryError::Other(format!("Table '{}' not found in current schema. SQLite requires current schema information to add constraints.", table)))?;
-
-                // Create new constraints with the added foreign key constraint
-                let new_constraints = merge_constraint(&table_def.constraints, constraint);
-
-                let temp_table = format!("{}_temp", table);
-
-                // 1. Create temporary table with new constraints + CHECK constraints
-                let create_query = build_sqlite_temp_table_create(
-                    backend,
-                    &temp_table,
-                    table,
-                    &table_def.columns,
-                    &new_constraints,
-                );
-
-                // 2. Copy data (all columns)
-                let column_aliases: Vec<Alias> = table_def
-                    .columns
-                    .iter()
-                    .map(|c| Alias::new(&c.name))
-                    .collect();
-                let mut select_query = Query::select();
-                for col_alias in &column_aliases {
-                    select_query = select_query.column(col_alias.clone()).to_owned();
-                }
-                select_query = select_query.from(Alias::new(table)).to_owned();
-
-                let insert_stmt = Query::insert()
-                    .into_table(Alias::new(&temp_table))
-                    .columns(column_aliases.clone())
-                    .select_from(select_query)
-                    .unwrap()
-                    .to_owned();
-                let insert_query = BuiltQuery::Insert(Box::new(insert_stmt));
-
-                // 3. Drop original table
-                let drop_table = Table::drop().table(Alias::new(table)).to_owned();
-                let drop_query = BuiltQuery::DropTable(Box::new(drop_table));
-
-                // 4. Rename temporary table to original name
-                let rename_query = build_rename_table(&temp_table, table);
-
-                // 5. Recreate indexes (both regular and UNIQUE)
-                // Exclude pending constraints that will be created by future AddConstraint actions
-                let index_queries = recreate_indexes_after_rebuild(
-                    table,
-                    &table_def.constraints,
-                    pending_constraints,
-                );
-
-                let mut queries = vec![create_query, insert_query, drop_query, rename_query];
-                queries.extend(index_queries);
-                Ok(queries)
-            } else {
-                // Build foreign key using ForeignKey::create
-                let fk_name =
-                    vespertide_naming::build_foreign_key_name(table, columns, name.as_deref());
-                let mut fk = ForeignKey::create();
-                fk = fk.name(&fk_name).to_owned();
-                fk = fk.from_tbl(Alias::new(table)).to_owned();
-                for col in columns {
-                    fk = fk.from_col(Alias::new(col)).to_owned();
-                }
-                fk = fk.to_tbl(Alias::new(ref_table)).to_owned();
-                for col in ref_columns {
-                    fk = fk.to_col(Alias::new(col)).to_owned();
-                }
-                if let Some(action) = on_delete {
-                    fk = fk.on_delete(to_sea_fk_action(action)).to_owned();
-                }
-                if let Some(action) = on_update {
-                    fk = fk.on_update(to_sea_fk_action(action)).to_owned();
-                }
-                Ok(vec![BuiltQuery::CreateForeignKey(Box::new(fk))])
-            }
-        }
-        TableConstraint::Index { name, columns } => {
-            let index_name = vespertide_naming::build_index_name(table, columns, name.as_deref());
-            let mut idx = Index::create()
-                .table(Alias::new(table))
-                .name(&index_name)
-                .to_owned();
-            for col in columns {
-                idx = idx.col(Alias::new(col)).to_owned();
-            }
-            Ok(vec![BuiltQuery::CreateIndex(Box::new(idx))])
-        }
-        TableConstraint::Check { name, expr } => {
-            // SQLite does not support ALTER TABLE ... ADD CONSTRAINT CHECK
-            if *backend == DatabaseBackend::Sqlite {
-                // Use temporary table approach for SQLite
-                let table_def = current_schema.iter().find(|t| t.name == table).ok_or_else(|| QueryError::Other(format!("Table '{}' not found in current schema. SQLite requires current schema information to add constraints.", table)))?;
-
-                // Create new constraints with the added check constraint
-                let new_constraints = merge_constraint(&table_def.constraints, constraint);
-
-                let temp_table = format!("{}_temp", table);
-
-                // 1. Create temporary table with new constraints + CHECK constraints
-                let create_query = build_sqlite_temp_table_create(
-                    backend,
-                    &temp_table,
-                    table,
-                    &table_def.columns,
-                    &new_constraints,
-                );
-
-                // 2. Copy data (all columns)
-                let column_aliases: Vec<Alias> = table_def
-                    .columns
-                    .iter()
-                    .map(|c| Alias::new(&c.name))
-                    .collect();
-                let mut select_query = Query::select();
-                for col_alias in &column_aliases {
-                    select_query = select_query.column(col_alias.clone()).to_owned();
-                }
-                select_query = select_query.from(Alias::new(table)).to_owned();
-
-                let insert_stmt = Query::insert()
-                    .into_table(Alias::new(&temp_table))
-                    .columns(column_aliases.clone())
-                    .select_from(select_query)
-                    .unwrap()
-                    .to_owned();
-                let insert_query = BuiltQuery::Insert(Box::new(insert_stmt));
-
-                // 3. Drop original table
-                let drop_table = Table::drop().table(Alias::new(table)).to_owned();
-                let drop_query = BuiltQuery::DropTable(Box::new(drop_table));
-
-                // 4. Rename temporary table to original name
-                let rename_query = build_rename_table(&temp_table, table);
-
-                // 5. Recreate indexes (both regular and UNIQUE)
-                // Exclude pending constraints that will be created by future AddConstraint actions
-                let index_queries = recreate_indexes_after_rebuild(
-                    table,
-                    &table_def.constraints,
-                    pending_constraints,
-                );
-
-                let mut queries = vec![create_query, insert_query, drop_query, rename_query];
-                queries.extend(index_queries);
-                Ok(queries)
-            } else {
-                let pg_sql = format!(
-                    "ALTER TABLE \"{}\" ADD CONSTRAINT \"{}\" CHECK ({})",
-                    table, name, expr
-                );
-                let mysql_sql = format!(
-                    "ALTER TABLE `{}` ADD CONSTRAINT `{}` CHECK ({})",
-                    table, name, expr
-                );
-                Ok(vec![BuiltQuery::Raw(RawSql::per_backend(
-                    pg_sql.clone(),
-                    mysql_sql,
-                    pg_sql,
-                ))])
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use super::*;
-    use crate::sql::types::DatabaseBackend;
-    use insta::{assert_snapshot, with_settings};
-    use rstest::rstest;
-    use vespertide_core::{
-        ColumnDef, ColumnType, ReferenceAction, SimpleColumnType, TableConstraint, TableDef,
-    };
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case::add_constraint_primary_key_postgres(
-        "add_constraint_primary_key_postgres",
-        DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
-        &["ALTER TABLE \"users\" ADD PRIMARY KEY (\"id\")"]
-    )]
-    #[case::add_constraint_primary_key_mysql(
-        "add_constraint_primary_key_mysql",
-        DatabaseBackend::MySql,
-        &["ALTER TABLE `users` ADD PRIMARY KEY (`id`)"]
-    )]
-    #[case::add_constraint_primary_key_sqlite(
-        "add_constraint_primary_key_sqlite",
-        DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
-        &["CREATE TABLE \"users_temp\""]
-    )]
-    #[case::add_constraint_unique_named_postgres(
-        "add_constraint_unique_named_postgres",
-        DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
-        &["CREATE UNIQUE INDEX \"uq_users__uq_email\" ON \"users\" (\"email\")"]
-    )]
-    #[case::add_constraint_unique_named_mysql(
-        "add_constraint_unique_named_mysql",
-        DatabaseBackend::MySql,
-        &["CREATE UNIQUE INDEX `uq_users__uq_email` ON `users` (`email`)"]
-    )]
-    #[case::add_constraint_unique_named_sqlite(
-        "add_constraint_unique_named_sqlite",
-        DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
-        &["CREATE UNIQUE INDEX \"uq_users__uq_email\" ON \"users\" (\"email\")"]
-    )]
-    #[case::add_constraint_foreign_key_postgres(
-        "add_constraint_foreign_key_postgres",
-        DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
-        &["FOREIGN KEY (\"user_id\")", "REFERENCES \"users\" (\"id\")", "ON DELETE CASCADE", "ON UPDATE RESTRICT"]
-    )]
-    #[case::add_constraint_foreign_key_mysql(
-        "add_constraint_foreign_key_mysql",
-        DatabaseBackend::MySql,
-        &["FOREIGN KEY (`user_id`)", "REFERENCES `users` (`id`)", "ON DELETE CASCADE", "ON UPDATE RESTRICT"]
-    )]
-    #[case::add_constraint_foreign_key_sqlite(
-        "add_constraint_foreign_key_sqlite",
-        DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
-        &["CREATE TABLE \"users_temp\""]
-    )]
-    #[case::add_constraint_check_named_postgres(
-        "add_constraint_check_named_postgres",
-        DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
-        &["ADD CONSTRAINT \"chk_age\" CHECK (age > 0)"]
-    )]
-    #[case::add_constraint_check_named_mysql(
-        "add_constraint_check_named_mysql",
-        DatabaseBackend::MySql,
-        &["ADD CONSTRAINT `chk_age` CHECK (age > 0)"]
-    )]
-    #[case::add_constraint_check_named_sqlite(
-        "add_constraint_check_named_sqlite",
-        DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
-        &["CREATE TABLE \"users_temp\""]
-    )]
-    fn test_add_constraint(
-        #[case] title: &str,
-        #[case] backend: DatabaseBackend,
-        #[case] expected: &[&str],
-    ) {
-        let constraint = if title.contains("primary_key") {
-            TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                auto_increment: false,
-            }
-        } else if title.contains("unique") {
-            TableConstraint::Unique {
-                name: Some("uq_email".into()),
-                columns: vec!["email".into()],
-            }
-        } else if title.contains("foreign_key") {
-            TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                name: Some("fk_user".into()),
-                columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
-                ref_table: "users".into(),
-                ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                on_delete: Some(ReferenceAction::Cascade),
-                on_update: Some(ReferenceAction::Restrict),
-            }
-        } else {
-            TableConstraint::Check {
-                name: "chk_age".into(),
-                expr: "age > 0".into(),
-            }
-        };
-
-        // For SQLite, we need to provide current schema
-        let current_schema = vec![TableDef {
-            name: "users".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: if title.contains("foreign_key") {
-                vec![
-                    ColumnDef {
-                        name: "id".into(),
-                        r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                        nullable: false,
-                        default: None,
-                        comment: None,
-                        primary_key: None,
-                        unique: None,
-                        index: None,
-                        foreign_key: None,
-                    },
-                    ColumnDef {
-                        name: "user_id".into(),
-                        r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                        nullable: true,
-                        default: None,
-                        comment: None,
-                        primary_key: None,
-                        unique: None,
-                        index: None,
-                        foreign_key: None,
-                    },
-                ]
-            } else {
-                vec![
-                    ColumnDef {
-                        name: "id".into(),
-                        r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                        nullable: false,
-                        default: None,
-                        comment: None,
-                        primary_key: None,
-                        unique: None,
-                        index: None,
-                        foreign_key: None,
-                    },
-                    ColumnDef {
-                        name: if title.contains("check") {
-                            "age".into()
-                        } else {
-                            "email".into()
-                        },
-                        r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                        nullable: true,
-                        default: None,
-                        comment: None,
-                        primary_key: None,
-                        unique: None,
-                        index: None,
-                        foreign_key: None,
-                    },
-                ]
-            },
-            constraints: vec![],
-        }];
-
-        let result =
-            build_add_constraint(&backend, "users", &constraint, &current_schema, &[]).unwrap();
-        let sql = result[0].build(backend);
-        for exp in expected {
-            assert!(
-                sql.contains(exp),
-                "Expected SQL to contain '{}', got: {}",
-                exp,
-                sql
-            );
-        }
-
-        with_settings!({ snapshot_suffix => format!("add_constraint_{}", title) }, {
-            assert_snapshot!(result.iter().map(|q| q.build(backend)).collect::<Vec<String>>().join("\n"));
-        });
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_add_constraint_primary_key_sqlite_table_not_found() {
-        let constraint = TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-            columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            auto_increment: false,
-        };
-        let current_schema = vec![]; // Empty schema - table not found
-        let result = build_add_constraint(
-            &DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
-            "users",
-            &constraint,
-            &current_schema,
-            &[],
-        );
-        assert!(result.is_err());
-        let err_msg = result.unwrap_err().to_string();
-        assert!(err_msg.contains("Table 'users' not found in current schema"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_add_constraint_primary_key_sqlite_with_check_constraints() {
-        let constraint = TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-            columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            auto_increment: false,
-        };
-        let current_schema = vec![TableDef {
-            name: "users".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![ColumnDef {
-                name: "id".into(),
-                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                nullable: false,
-                default: None,
-                comment: None,
-                primary_key: None,
-                unique: None,
-                index: None,
-                foreign_key: None,
-            }],
-            constraints: vec![TableConstraint::Check {
-                name: "chk_id".into(),
-                expr: "id > 0".into(),
-            }],
-        }];
-        let result = build_add_constraint(
-            &DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
-            "users",
-            &constraint,
-            &current_schema,
-            &[],
-        );
-        assert!(result.is_ok());
-        let queries = result.unwrap();
-        let sql = queries
-            .iter()
-            .map(|q| q.build(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite))
-            .collect::<Vec<String>>()
-            .join("\n");
-        // Should include CHECK constraint in CREATE TABLE
-        assert!(sql.contains("CONSTRAINT \"chk_id\" CHECK"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_add_constraint_primary_key_sqlite_with_indexes() {
-        let constraint = TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-            columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            auto_increment: false,
-        };
-        let current_schema = vec![TableDef {
-            name: "users".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![ColumnDef {
-                name: "id".into(),
-                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                nullable: false,
-                default: None,
-                comment: None,
-                primary_key: None,
-                unique: None,
-                index: None,
-                foreign_key: None,
-            }],
-            constraints: vec![TableConstraint::Index {
-                name: Some("idx_id".into()),
-                columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            }],
-        }];
-        let result = build_add_constraint(
-            &DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
-            "users",
-            &constraint,
-            &current_schema,
-            &[],
-        );
-        assert!(result.is_ok());
-        let queries = result.unwrap();
-        let sql = queries
-            .iter()
-            .map(|q| q.build(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite))
-            .collect::<Vec<String>>()
-            .join("\n");
-        // Should recreate index
-        assert!(sql.contains("CREATE INDEX"));
-        assert!(sql.contains("idx_id"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_add_constraint_primary_key_sqlite_with_unique_constraint() {
-        // Note: Unique indexes are now TableConstraint::Unique, not Index
-        // Index constraints don't have a unique flag - use Unique constraint instead
-        let constraint = TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-            columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            auto_increment: false,
-        };
-        let current_schema = vec![TableDef {
-            name: "users".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![ColumnDef {
-                name: "id".into(),
-                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                nullable: false,
-                default: None,
-                comment: None,
-                primary_key: None,
-                unique: None,
-                index: None,
-                foreign_key: None,
-            }],
-            constraints: vec![TableConstraint::Unique {
-                name: Some("uq_email".into()),
-                columns: vec!["email".into()],
-            }],
-        }];
-        let result = build_add_constraint(
-            &DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
-            "users",
-            &constraint,
-            &current_schema,
-            &[],
-        );
-        assert!(result.is_ok());
-        let queries = result.unwrap();
-        let sql = queries
-            .iter()
-            .map(|q| q.build(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite))
-            .collect::<Vec<String>>()
-            .join("\n");
-        // Unique constraint should be in CREATE TABLE statement (for SQLite temp table approach)
-        assert!(sql.contains("CREATE TABLE"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_add_constraint_foreign_key_sqlite_table_not_found() {
-        let constraint = TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-            name: Some("fk_user".into()),
-            columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
-            ref_table: "users".into(),
-            ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            on_delete: None,
-            on_update: None,
-        };
-        let current_schema = vec![]; // Empty schema - table not found
-        let result = build_add_constraint(
-            &DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
-            "posts",
-            &constraint,
-            &current_schema,
-            &[],
-        );
-        assert!(result.is_err());
-        let err_msg = result.unwrap_err().to_string();
-        assert!(err_msg.contains("Table 'posts' not found in current schema"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_add_constraint_foreign_key_sqlite_with_check_constraints() {
-        let constraint = TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-            name: Some("fk_user".into()),
-            columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
-            ref_table: "users".into(),
-            ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            on_delete: None,
-            on_update: None,
-        };
-        let current_schema = vec![TableDef {
-            name: "posts".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![ColumnDef {
-                name: "user_id".into(),
-                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                nullable: true,
-                default: None,
-                comment: None,
-                primary_key: None,
-                unique: None,
-                index: None,
-                foreign_key: None,
-            }],
-            constraints: vec![TableConstraint::Check {
-                name: "chk_user_id".into(),
-                expr: "user_id > 0".into(),
-            }],
-        }];
-        let result = build_add_constraint(
-            &DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
-            "posts",
-            &constraint,
-            &current_schema,
-            &[],
-        );
-        assert!(result.is_ok());
-        let queries = result.unwrap();
-        let sql = queries
-            .iter()
-            .map(|q| q.build(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite))
-            .collect::<Vec<String>>()
-            .join("\n");
-        // Should include CHECK constraint in CREATE TABLE
-        assert!(sql.contains("CONSTRAINT \"chk_user_id\" CHECK"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_add_constraint_foreign_key_sqlite_with_indexes() {
-        let constraint = TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-            name: Some("fk_user".into()),
-            columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
-            ref_table: "users".into(),
-            ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            on_delete: None,
-            on_update: None,
-        };
-        let current_schema = vec![TableDef {
-            name: "posts".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![ColumnDef {
-                name: "user_id".into(),
-                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                nullable: true,
-                default: None,
-                comment: None,
-                primary_key: None,
-                unique: None,
-                index: None,
-                foreign_key: None,
-            }],
-            constraints: vec![TableConstraint::Index {
-                name: Some("idx_user_id".into()),
-                columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
-            }],
-        }];
-        let result = build_add_constraint(
-            &DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
-            "posts",
-            &constraint,
-            &current_schema,
-            &[],
-        );
-        assert!(result.is_ok());
-        let queries = result.unwrap();
-        let sql = queries
-            .iter()
-            .map(|q| q.build(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite))
-            .collect::<Vec<String>>()
-            .join("\n");
-        // Should recreate index
-        assert!(sql.contains("CREATE INDEX"));
-        assert!(sql.contains("idx_user_id"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_add_constraint_foreign_key_sqlite_with_unique_constraint() {
-        // Note: Unique indexes are now TableConstraint::Unique
-        let constraint = TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-            name: Some("fk_user".into()),
-            columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
-            ref_table: "users".into(),
-            ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            on_delete: None,
-            on_update: None,
-        };
-        let current_schema = vec![TableDef {
-            name: "posts".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![ColumnDef {
-                name: "user_id".into(),
-                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                nullable: true,
-                default: None,
-                comment: None,
-                primary_key: None,
-                unique: None,
-                index: None,
-                foreign_key: None,
-            }],
-            constraints: vec![TableConstraint::Unique {
-                name: Some("uq_user_id".into()),
-                columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
-            }],
-        }];
-        let result = build_add_constraint(
-            &DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
-            "posts",
-            &constraint,
-            &current_schema,
-            &[],
-        );
-        assert!(result.is_ok());
-        let queries = result.unwrap();
-        let sql = queries
-            .iter()
-            .map(|q| q.build(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite))
-            .collect::<Vec<String>>()
-            .join("\n");
-        // Unique constraint should be in CREATE TABLE statement
-        assert!(sql.contains("CREATE TABLE"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_add_constraint_check_sqlite_table_not_found() {
-        let constraint = TableConstraint::Check {
-            name: "chk_age".into(),
-            expr: "age > 0".into(),
-        };
-        let current_schema = vec![]; // Empty schema - table not found
-        let result = build_add_constraint(
-            &DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
-            "users",
-            &constraint,
-            &current_schema,
-            &[],
-        );
-        assert!(result.is_err());
-        let err_msg = result.unwrap_err().to_string();
-        assert!(err_msg.contains("Table 'users' not found in current schema"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_add_constraint_check_sqlite_without_existing_check() {
-        // Test when there are no existing CHECK constraints (line 376)
-        let constraint = TableConstraint::Check {
-            name: "chk_age".into(),
-            expr: "age > 0".into(),
-        };
-        let current_schema = vec![TableDef {
-            name: "users".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![ColumnDef {
-                name: "age".into(),
-                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                nullable: true,
-                default: None,
-                comment: None,
-                primary_key: None,
-                unique: None,
-                index: None,
-                foreign_key: None,
-            }],
-            constraints: vec![], // No existing CHECK constraints
-        }];
-        let result = build_add_constraint(
-            &DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
-            "users",
-            &constraint,
-            &current_schema,
-            &[],
-        );
-        assert!(result.is_ok());
-        let queries = result.unwrap();
-        let sql = queries
-            .iter()
-            .map(|q| q.build(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite))
-            .collect::<Vec<String>>()
-            .join("\n");
-        // Should create table with CHECK constraint
-        assert!(sql.contains("CREATE TABLE"));
-        assert!(sql.contains("CONSTRAINT \"chk_age\" CHECK"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_add_constraint_primary_key_sqlite_without_existing_check() {
-        // Test PrimaryKey addition when there are no existing CHECK constraints (line 84)
-        // This should hit the else branch: BuiltQuery::CreateTable(Box::new(create_temp_table))
-        let constraint = TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-            columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            auto_increment: false,
-        };
-        let current_schema = vec![TableDef {
-            name: "users".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![ColumnDef {
-                name: "id".into(),
-                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                nullable: true,
-                default: None,
-                comment: None,
-                primary_key: None,
-                unique: None,
-                index: None,
-                foreign_key: None,
-            }],
-            constraints: vec![], // No existing CHECK constraints
-        }];
-        let result = build_add_constraint(
-            &DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
-            "users",
-            &constraint,
-            &current_schema,
-            &[],
-        );
-        assert!(result.is_ok());
-        let queries = result.unwrap();
-        let sql = queries
-            .iter()
-            .map(|q| q.build(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite))
-            .collect::<Vec<String>>()
-            .join("\n");
-        // Should create table without CHECK constraints (using BuiltQuery::CreateTable)
-        assert!(sql.contains("CREATE TABLE"));
-        assert!(sql.contains("PRIMARY KEY"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_add_constraint_foreign_key_sqlite_without_existing_check() {
-        // Test ForeignKey addition when there are no existing CHECK constraints (line 238)
-        // This should hit the else branch: BuiltQuery::CreateTable(Box::new(create_temp_table))
-        let constraint = TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-            name: Some("fk_user".into()),
-            columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
-            ref_table: "users".into(),
-            ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            on_delete: None,
-            on_update: None,
-        };
-        let current_schema = vec![TableDef {
-            name: "posts".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![ColumnDef {
-                name: "user_id".into(),
-                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                nullable: true,
-                default: None,
-                comment: None,
-                primary_key: None,
-                unique: None,
-                index: None,
-                foreign_key: None,
-            }],
-            constraints: vec![], // No existing CHECK constraints
-        }];
-        let result = build_add_constraint(
-            &DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
-            "posts",
-            &constraint,
-            &current_schema,
-            &[],
-        );
-        assert!(result.is_ok());
-        let queries = result.unwrap();
-        let sql = queries
-            .iter()
-            .map(|q| q.build(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite))
-            .collect::<Vec<String>>()
-            .join("\n");
-        // Should create table without CHECK constraints (using BuiltQuery::CreateTable)
-        assert!(sql.contains("CREATE TABLE"));
-        assert!(sql.contains("FOREIGN KEY"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_add_constraint_check_sqlite_with_indexes() {
-        let constraint = TableConstraint::Check {
-            name: "chk_age".into(),
-            expr: "age > 0".into(),
-        };
-        let current_schema = vec![TableDef {
-            name: "users".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![ColumnDef {
-                name: "age".into(),
-                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                nullable: true,
-                default: None,
-                comment: None,
-                primary_key: None,
-                unique: None,
-                index: None,
-                foreign_key: None,
-            }],
-            constraints: vec![TableConstraint::Index {
-                name: Some("idx_age".into()),
-                columns: vec!["age".into()],
-            }],
-        }];
-        let result = build_add_constraint(
-            &DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
-            "users",
-            &constraint,
-            &current_schema,
-            &[],
-        );
-        assert!(result.is_ok());
-        let queries = result.unwrap();
-        let sql = queries
-            .iter()
-            .map(|q| q.build(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite))
-            .collect::<Vec<String>>()
-            .join("\n");
-        // Should recreate index
-        assert!(sql.contains("CREATE INDEX"));
-        assert!(sql.contains("idx_age"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_add_constraint_check_sqlite_with_unique_constraint() {
-        // Note: Unique indexes are now TableConstraint::Unique
-        let constraint = TableConstraint::Check {
-            name: "chk_age".into(),
-            expr: "age > 0".into(),
-        };
-        let current_schema = vec![TableDef {
-            name: "users".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![ColumnDef {
-                name: "age".into(),
-                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                nullable: true,
-                default: None,
-                comment: None,
-                primary_key: None,
-                unique: None,
-                index: None,
-                foreign_key: None,
-            }],
-            constraints: vec![TableConstraint::Unique {
-                name: Some("uq_age".into()),
-                columns: vec!["age".into()],
-            }],
-        }];
-        let result = build_add_constraint(
-            &DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
-            "users",
-            &constraint,
-            &current_schema,
-            &[],
-        );
-        assert!(result.is_ok());
-        let queries = result.unwrap();
-        let sql = queries
-            .iter()
-            .map(|q| q.build(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite))
-            .collect::<Vec<String>>()
-            .join("\n");
-        // Unique constraint should be in CREATE TABLE statement
-        assert!(sql.contains("CREATE TABLE"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_add_constraint_composite_primary_key_postgres() {
-        let constraint = TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-            columns: vec!["user_id".into(), "role_id".into()],
-            auto_increment: false,
-        };
-        let current_schema = vec![TableDef {
-            name: "user_roles".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "user_id".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "role_id".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![],
-        }];
-        let result = build_add_constraint(
-            &DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
-            "user_roles",
-            &constraint,
-            &current_schema,
-            &[],
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-        let sql = result[0].build(DatabaseBackend::Postgres);
-        assert!(sql.contains("ADD PRIMARY KEY"));
-        assert!(sql.contains("\"user_id\""));
-        assert!(sql.contains("\"role_id\""));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_add_constraint_composite_primary_key_mysql() {
-        let constraint = TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-            columns: vec!["user_id".into(), "role_id".into()],
-            auto_increment: false,
-        };
-        let current_schema = vec![TableDef {
-            name: "user_roles".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "user_id".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "role_id".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![],
-        }];
-        let result = build_add_constraint(
-            &DatabaseBackend::MySql,
-            "user_roles",
-            &constraint,
-            &current_schema,
-            &[],
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-        let sql = result[0].build(DatabaseBackend::MySql);
-        assert!(sql.contains("ADD PRIMARY KEY"));
-        assert!(sql.contains("`user_id`"));
-        assert!(sql.contains("`role_id`"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_constraints_overlap_primary_key_same_columns() {
-        let a = TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-            columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            auto_increment: false,
-        };
-        let b = TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-            columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            auto_increment: true,
-        };
-        assert!(constraints_overlap(&a, &b));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_constraints_overlap_primary_key_different_columns() {
-        let a = TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-            columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            auto_increment: false,
-        };
-        let b = TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-            columns: vec!["uid".into()],
-            auto_increment: false,
-        };
-        assert!(!constraints_overlap(&a, &b));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_constraints_overlap_check_same() {
-        let a = TableConstraint::Check {
-            name: "chk_age".into(),
-            expr: "age > 0".into(),
-        };
-        let b = TableConstraint::Check {
-            name: "chk_age".into(),
-            expr: "age > 0".into(),
-        };
-        assert!(constraints_overlap(&a, &b));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_constraints_overlap_check_different_name() {
-        let a = TableConstraint::Check {
-            name: "chk_age".into(),
-            expr: "age > 0".into(),
-        };
-        let b = TableConstraint::Check {
-            name: "chk_age2".into(),
-            expr: "age > 0".into(),
-        };
-        assert!(!constraints_overlap(&a, &b));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_constraints_overlap_check_different_expr() {
-        let a = TableConstraint::Check {
-            name: "chk_age".into(),
-            expr: "age > 0".into(),
-        };
-        let b = TableConstraint::Check {
-            name: "chk_age".into(),
-            expr: "age > 10".into(),
-        };
-        assert!(!constraints_overlap(&a, &b));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_constraints_overlap_different_variants() {
-        let a = TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-            columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            auto_increment: false,
-        };
-        let b = TableConstraint::Check {
-            name: "chk".into(),
-            expr: "id > 0".into(),
-        };
-        assert!(!constraints_overlap(&a, &b));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_constraints_overlap_fk_same_columns() {
-        let a = TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-            name: None,
-            columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
-            ref_table: "users".into(),
-            ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            on_delete: None,
-            on_update: None,
-        };
-        let b = TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-            name: Some("fk".into()),
-            columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
-            ref_table: "other".into(),
-            ref_columns: vec!["oid".into()],
-            on_delete: Some(ReferenceAction::Cascade),
-            on_update: None,
-        };
-        assert!(constraints_overlap(&a, &b));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_merge_constraint_replaces_overlapping() {
-        let existing = vec![
-            TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                auto_increment: false,
-            },
-            TableConstraint::Index {
-                name: None,
-                columns: vec!["email".into()],
-            },
-        ];
-        let new_pk = TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-            columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            auto_increment: true,
-        };
-        let result = merge_constraint(&existing, &new_pk);
-        assert_eq!(result.len(), 2); // replaced, not added
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_merge_constraint_appends_non_overlapping() {
-        let existing = vec![TableConstraint::Index {
-            name: None,
-            columns: vec!["email".into()],
-        }];
-        let new_pk = TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-            columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            auto_increment: false,
-        };
-        let result = merge_constraint(&existing, &new_pk);
-        assert_eq!(result.len(), 2); // appended
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_extract_check_clauses_with_mixed_constraints() {
-        // Test that extract_check_clauses filters out non-Check constraints
-        let constraints = vec![
-            TableConstraint::Check {
-                name: "chk1".into(),
-                expr: "a > 0".into(),
-            },
-            TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                auto_increment: false,
-            },
-            TableConstraint::Check {
-                name: "chk2".into(),
-                expr: "b < 100".into(),
-            },
-            TableConstraint::Unique {
-                name: Some("uq".into()),
-                columns: vec!["email".into()],
-            },
-        ];
-        let clauses = crate::sql::helpers::extract_check_clauses(&constraints);
-        assert_eq!(clauses.len(), 2);
-        assert!(clauses[0].contains("chk1"));
-        assert!(clauses[1].contains("chk2"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_extract_check_clauses_with_no_check_constraints() {
-        let constraints = vec![
-            TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                auto_increment: false,
-            },
-            TableConstraint::Unique {
-                name: None,
-                columns: vec!["email".into()],
-            },
-        ];
-        let clauses = crate::sql::helpers::extract_check_clauses(&constraints);
-        assert!(clauses.is_empty());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_build_create_with_checks_empty_clauses() {
-        use crate::sql::create_table::build_create_table_for_backend;
-
-        let create_stmt = build_create_table_for_backend(
-            &DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
-            "test_table",
-            &[ColumnDef {
-                name: "id".into(),
-                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                nullable: false,
-                default: None,
-                comment: None,
-                primary_key: None,
-                unique: None,
-                index: None,
-                foreign_key: None,
-            }],
-            &[],
-        );
-
-        // Empty check_clauses should return CreateTable variant
-        let result = crate::sql::helpers::build_create_with_checks(
-            &DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
-            &create_stmt,
-            &[],
-        );
-        let sql = result.build(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite);
-        assert!(sql.contains("CREATE TABLE"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_build_create_with_checks_with_clauses() {
-        use crate::sql::create_table::build_create_table_for_backend;
-
-        let create_stmt = build_create_table_for_backend(
-            &DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
-            "test_table",
-            &[ColumnDef {
-                name: "id".into(),
-                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                nullable: false,
-                default: None,
-                comment: None,
-                primary_key: None,
-                unique: None,
-                index: None,
-                foreign_key: None,
-            }],
-            &[],
-        );
-
-        // Non-empty check_clauses should return Raw variant with embedded checks
-        let check_clauses = vec!["CONSTRAINT \"chk1\" CHECK (id > 0)".to_string()];
-        let result = crate::sql::helpers::build_create_with_checks(
-            &DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
-            &create_stmt,
-            &check_clauses,
-        );
-        let sql = result.build(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite);
-        assert!(sql.contains("CREATE TABLE"));
-        assert!(sql.contains("CONSTRAINT \"chk1\" CHECK (id > 0)"));
-    }
-}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/add_constraint/check.rs b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/add_constraint/check.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..06ceeabd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/add_constraint/check.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+use vespertide_core::TableConstraint;
+
+use super::super::helpers::quote_ident;
+use super::super::types::{BuiltQuery, DatabaseBackend, RawSql};
+use super::{QueryError, TableDef, rebuild_sqlite_table_with_added_constraint};
+
+pub(super) fn build_check(
+    backend: DatabaseBackend,
+    table: &str,
+    name: &str,
+    expr: &str,
+    constraint: &TableConstraint,
+    current_schema: &[TableDef],
+    pending_constraints: &[TableConstraint],
+) -> Result<Vec<BuiltQuery>, QueryError> {
+    if backend == DatabaseBackend::Sqlite {
+        return rebuild_sqlite_table_with_added_constraint(
+            backend,
+            table,
+            constraint,
+            current_schema,
+            pending_constraints,
+        );
+    }
+    let pg_sql = format!(
+        "ALTER TABLE {} ADD CONSTRAINT {} CHECK ({expr})",
+        quote_ident(table, DatabaseBackend::Postgres),
+        quote_ident(name, DatabaseBackend::Postgres)
+    );
+    let mysql_sql = format!(
+        "ALTER TABLE {} ADD CONSTRAINT {} CHECK ({expr})",
+        quote_ident(table, DatabaseBackend::MySql),
+        quote_ident(name, DatabaseBackend::MySql)
+    );
+    Ok(vec![BuiltQuery::Raw(RawSql::per_backend(
+        pg_sql.clone(),
+        mysql_sql,
+        pg_sql,
+    ))])
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/add_constraint/foreign_key.rs b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/add_constraint/foreign_key.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f7f6baca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/add_constraint/foreign_key.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+use sea_query::{Alias, ForeignKey};
+use vespertide_core::{ReferenceAction, TableConstraint};
+
+use super::super::helpers::to_sea_fk_action;
+use super::super::types::{BuiltQuery, DatabaseBackend};
+use super::{QueryError, TableDef, rebuild_sqlite_table_with_added_constraint};
+
+#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+pub(super) fn build_foreign_key(
+    backend: DatabaseBackend,
+    table: &str,
+    name: Option<&str>,
+    columns: &[String],
+    ref_table: &str,
+    ref_columns: &[String],
+    on_delete: Option<&ReferenceAction>,
+    on_update: Option<&ReferenceAction>,
+    constraint: &TableConstraint,
+    current_schema: &[TableDef],
+    pending_constraints: &[TableConstraint],
+) -> Result<Vec<BuiltQuery>, QueryError> {
+    if backend == DatabaseBackend::Sqlite {
+        return rebuild_sqlite_table_with_added_constraint(
+            backend,
+            table,
+            constraint,
+            current_schema,
+            pending_constraints,
+        );
+    }
+    let fk_name = vespertide_naming::build_foreign_key_name(table, columns, name);
+    let mut fk = ForeignKey::create();
+    fk.name(&fk_name);
+    fk.from_tbl(Alias::new(table));
+    for col in columns {
+        fk.from_col(Alias::new(col));
+    }
+    fk.to_tbl(Alias::new(ref_table));
+    for col in ref_columns {
+        fk.to_col(Alias::new(col));
+    }
+    if let Some(action) = on_delete {
+        fk.on_delete(to_sea_fk_action(action));
+    }
+    if let Some(action) = on_update {
+        fk.on_update(to_sea_fk_action(action));
+    }
+    Ok(vec![BuiltQuery::CreateForeignKey(Box::new(fk))])
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/add_constraint/index.rs b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/add_constraint/index.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..188cce4a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/add_constraint/index.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+use sea_query::{Alias, Index};
+
+use super::super::types::BuiltQuery;
+
+pub(super) fn build_index(table: &str, name: Option<&str>, columns: &[String]) -> Vec<BuiltQuery> {
+    let index_name = vespertide_naming::build_index_name(table, columns, name);
+    let mut idx = Index::create()
+        .table(Alias::new(table))
+        .name(&index_name)
+        .to_owned();
+    for col in columns {
+        idx.col(Alias::new(col));
+    }
+    vec![BuiltQuery::CreateIndex(Box::new(idx))]
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/add_constraint/mod.rs b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/add_constraint/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7ef4e237
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/add_constraint/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+mod check;
+mod foreign_key;
+mod index;
+mod primary_key;
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests;
+mod unique;
+
+use sea_query::{Alias, Query, Table};
+use vespertide_core::{TableConstraint, TableDef};
+
+use super::helpers::{build_sqlite_temp_table_create, recreate_indexes_after_rebuild};
+use super::rename_table::build_rename_table;
+use super::types::{BuiltQuery, DatabaseBackend};
+use crate::error::QueryError;
+
+pub fn build_add_constraint(
+    backend: DatabaseBackend,
+    table: &str,
+    constraint: &TableConstraint,
+    current_schema: &[TableDef],
+    pending_constraints: &[TableConstraint],
+) -> Result<Vec<BuiltQuery>, QueryError> {
+    match constraint {
+        TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { columns, .. } => primary_key::build_primary_key(
+            backend,
+            table,
+            columns,
+            constraint,
+            current_schema,
+            pending_constraints,
+        ),
+        TableConstraint::Unique { name, columns } => {
+            Ok(unique::build_unique(table, name.as_deref(), columns))
+        }
+        TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+            name,
+            columns,
+            ref_table,
+            ref_columns,
+            on_delete,
+            on_update,
+        } => foreign_key::build_foreign_key(
+            backend,
+            table,
+            name.as_deref(),
+            columns,
+            ref_table,
+            ref_columns,
+            on_delete.as_ref(),
+            on_update.as_ref(),
+            constraint,
+            current_schema,
+            pending_constraints,
+        ),
+        TableConstraint::Index { name, columns } => {
+            Ok(index::build_index(table, name.as_deref(), columns))
+        }
+        TableConstraint::Check { name, expr } => check::build_check(
+            backend,
+            table,
+            name,
+            expr,
+            constraint,
+            current_schema,
+            pending_constraints,
+        ),
+        _ => unreachable!("TableConstraint is #[non_exhaustive]; all variants are matched above"),
+    }
+}
+
+pub(super) fn merge_constraint(
+    existing: &[TableConstraint],
+    constraint: &TableConstraint,
+) -> Vec<TableConstraint> {
+    let mut out = Vec::with_capacity(existing.len() + 1);
+    let mut replaced = false;
+    for c in existing {
+        if constraints_overlap(c, constraint) {
+            if !replaced {
+                out.push(constraint.clone());
+                replaced = true;
+            }
+        } else {
+            out.push(c.clone());
+        }
+    }
+    if !replaced {
+        out.push(constraint.clone());
+    }
+    out
+}
+
+pub(super) fn constraints_overlap(a: &TableConstraint, b: &TableConstraint) -> bool {
+    match (a, b) {
+        (
+            TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                columns: a_cols, ..
+            },
+            TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                columns: b_cols, ..
+            },
+        )
+        | (
+            TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+                columns: a_cols, ..
+            },
+            TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+                columns: b_cols, ..
+            },
+        ) => a_cols == b_cols,
+        (
+            TableConstraint::Check {
+                name: a_name,
+                expr: a_expr,
+            },
+            TableConstraint::Check {
+                name: b_name,
+                expr: b_expr,
+            },
+        ) => a_name == b_name && a_expr == b_expr,
+        _ => false,
+    }
+}
+
+pub(super) fn rebuild_sqlite_table_with_added_constraint(
+    backend: DatabaseBackend,
+    table: &str,
+    constraint: &TableConstraint,
+    current_schema: &[TableDef],
+    pending_constraints: &[TableConstraint],
+) -> Result<Vec<BuiltQuery>, QueryError> {
+    let table_def = current_schema.iter().find(|t| t.name == table).ok_or_else(|| {
+        QueryError::Other(format!(
+            "Table '{table}' not found in current schema. SQLite requires current schema information to add constraints."
+        ))
+    })?;
+    let new_constraints = merge_constraint(&table_def.constraints, constraint);
+    let temp_table = format!("{table}_temp");
+    let create_query = build_sqlite_temp_table_create(
+        backend,
+        &temp_table,
+        table,
+        &table_def.columns,
+        &new_constraints,
+    );
+    let column_aliases: Vec<Alias> = table_def
+        .columns
+        .iter()
+        .map(|c| Alias::new(&c.name))
+        .collect();
+    let mut select_query = Query::select();
+    for col_alias in &column_aliases {
+        select_query.column(col_alias.clone());
+    }
+    select_query.from(Alias::new(table));
+    let insert_stmt = Query::insert()
+        .into_table(Alias::new(&temp_table))
+        .columns(column_aliases)
+        .select_from(select_query)
+        .unwrap()
+        .to_owned();
+    let insert_query = BuiltQuery::Insert(Box::new(insert_stmt));
+    let drop_table = Table::drop().table(Alias::new(table)).to_owned();
+    let drop_query = BuiltQuery::DropTable(Box::new(drop_table));
+    let rename_query = build_rename_table(&temp_table, table);
+    let index_queries =
+        recreate_indexes_after_rebuild(table, &table_def.constraints, pending_constraints);
+    let mut queries = vec![create_query, insert_query, drop_query, rename_query];
+    queries.extend(index_queries);
+    Ok(queries)
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/add_constraint/primary_key.rs b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/add_constraint/primary_key.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e03a2d9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/add_constraint/primary_key.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+use vespertide_core::TableConstraint;
+
+use super::super::helpers::{quote_ident, quote_idents};
+use super::super::types::{BuiltQuery, DatabaseBackend, RawSql};
+use super::{QueryError, TableDef, rebuild_sqlite_table_with_added_constraint};
+
+pub(super) fn build_primary_key(
+    backend: DatabaseBackend,
+    table: &str,
+    columns: &[String],
+    constraint: &TableConstraint,
+    current_schema: &[TableDef],
+    pending_constraints: &[TableConstraint],
+) -> Result<Vec<BuiltQuery>, QueryError> {
+    if backend == DatabaseBackend::Sqlite {
+        return rebuild_sqlite_table_with_added_constraint(
+            backend,
+            table,
+            constraint,
+            current_schema,
+            pending_constraints,
+        );
+    }
+    let pg_cols = quote_idents(columns, DatabaseBackend::Postgres);
+    let mysql_cols = quote_idents(columns, DatabaseBackend::MySql);
+    let pg_table = quote_ident(table, DatabaseBackend::Postgres);
+    let mysql_table = quote_ident(table, DatabaseBackend::MySql);
+    let pg_sql = format!("ALTER TABLE {pg_table} ADD PRIMARY KEY ({pg_cols})");
+    let mysql_sql = format!("ALTER TABLE {mysql_table} ADD PRIMARY KEY ({mysql_cols})");
+    Ok(vec![BuiltQuery::Raw(RawSql::per_backend(
+        pg_sql.clone(),
+        mysql_sql,
+        pg_sql,
+    ))])
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/add_constraint/tests.rs b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/add_constraint/tests.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9e1c677f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/add_constraint/tests.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,811 @@
+use super::*;
+use crate::sql::types::DatabaseBackend;
+use insta::{assert_snapshot, with_settings};
+use rstest::rstest;
+use vespertide_core::{
+    ColumnDef, ColumnType, ReferenceAction, SimpleColumnType, TableConstraint, TableDef,
+};
+#[rstest]
+#[case::add_constraint_primary_key_postgres(
+        "add_constraint_primary_key_postgres",
+        DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
+        &["ALTER TABLE \"users\" ADD PRIMARY KEY (\"id\")"]
+    )]
+#[case::add_constraint_primary_key_mysql(
+        "add_constraint_primary_key_mysql",
+        DatabaseBackend::MySql,
+        &["ALTER TABLE `users` ADD PRIMARY KEY (`id`)"]
+    )]
+#[case::add_constraint_primary_key_sqlite(
+        "add_constraint_primary_key_sqlite",
+        DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
+        &["CREATE TABLE \"users_temp\""]
+    )]
+#[case::add_constraint_unique_named_postgres(
+        "add_constraint_unique_named_postgres",
+        DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
+        &["CREATE UNIQUE INDEX \"uq_users__uq_email\" ON \"users\" (\"email\")"]
+    )]
+#[case::add_constraint_unique_named_mysql(
+        "add_constraint_unique_named_mysql",
+        DatabaseBackend::MySql,
+        &["CREATE UNIQUE INDEX `uq_users__uq_email` ON `users` (`email`)"]
+    )]
+#[case::add_constraint_unique_named_sqlite(
+        "add_constraint_unique_named_sqlite",
+        DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
+        &["CREATE UNIQUE INDEX \"uq_users__uq_email\" ON \"users\" (\"email\")"]
+    )]
+#[case::add_constraint_foreign_key_postgres(
+        "add_constraint_foreign_key_postgres",
+        DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
+        &["FOREIGN KEY (\"user_id\")", "REFERENCES \"users\" (\"id\")", "ON DELETE CASCADE", "ON UPDATE RESTRICT"]
+    )]
+#[case::add_constraint_foreign_key_mysql(
+        "add_constraint_foreign_key_mysql",
+        DatabaseBackend::MySql,
+        &["FOREIGN KEY (`user_id`)", "REFERENCES `users` (`id`)", "ON DELETE CASCADE", "ON UPDATE RESTRICT"]
+    )]
+#[case::add_constraint_foreign_key_sqlite(
+        "add_constraint_foreign_key_sqlite",
+        DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
+        &["CREATE TABLE \"users_temp\""]
+    )]
+#[case::add_constraint_check_named_postgres(
+        "add_constraint_check_named_postgres",
+        DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
+        &["ADD CONSTRAINT \"chk_age\" CHECK (age > 0)"]
+    )]
+#[case::add_constraint_check_named_mysql(
+        "add_constraint_check_named_mysql",
+        DatabaseBackend::MySql,
+        &["ADD CONSTRAINT `chk_age` CHECK (age > 0)"]
+    )]
+#[case::add_constraint_check_named_sqlite(
+        "add_constraint_check_named_sqlite",
+        DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
+        &["CREATE TABLE \"users_temp\""]
+    )]
+fn test_add_constraint(
+    #[case] title: &str,
+    #[case] backend: DatabaseBackend,
+    #[case] expected: &[&str],
+) {
+    let constraint = if title.contains("primary_key") {
+        TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+            columns: vec!["id".into()],
+            auto_increment: false,
+        }
+    } else if title.contains("unique") {
+        TableConstraint::Unique {
+            name: Some("uq_email".into()),
+            columns: vec!["email".into()],
+        }
+    } else if title.contains("foreign_key") {
+        TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+            name: Some("fk_user".into()),
+            columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
+            ref_table: "users".into(),
+            ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+            on_delete: Some(ReferenceAction::Cascade),
+            on_update: Some(ReferenceAction::Restrict),
+        }
+    } else {
+        TableConstraint::Check {
+            name: "chk_age".into(),
+            expr: "age > 0".into(),
+        }
+    };
+    let current_schema = vec![TableDef {
+        name: "users".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: if title.contains("foreign_key") {
+            vec![
+                ColumnDef {
+                    name: "id".into(),
+                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+                    nullable: false,
+                    default: None,
+                    comment: None,
+                    primary_key: None,
+                    unique: None,
+                    index: None,
+                    foreign_key: None,
+                },
+                ColumnDef {
+                    name: "user_id".into(),
+                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+                    nullable: true,
+                    default: None,
+                    comment: None,
+                    primary_key: None,
+                    unique: None,
+                    index: None,
+                    foreign_key: None,
+                },
+            ]
+        } else {
+            vec![
+                ColumnDef {
+                    name: "id".into(),
+                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+                    nullable: false,
+                    default: None,
+                    comment: None,
+                    primary_key: None,
+                    unique: None,
+                    index: None,
+                    foreign_key: None,
+                },
+                ColumnDef {
+                    name: if title.contains("check") {
+                        "age".into()
+                    } else {
+                        "email".into()
+                    },
+                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+                    nullable: true,
+                    default: None,
+                    comment: None,
+                    primary_key: None,
+                    unique: None,
+                    index: None,
+                    foreign_key: None,
+                },
+            ]
+        },
+        constraints: vec![],
+    }];
+    let result = build_add_constraint(backend, "users", &constraint, &current_schema, &[]).unwrap();
+    let sql = result[0].build(backend);
+    for exp in expected {
+        assert!(
+            sql.contains(exp),
+            "Expected SQL to contain '{exp}', got: {sql}"
+        );
+    }
+    with_settings!({ snapshot_path => "../snapshots", snapshot_suffix => format!("add_constraint_{}", title) }, {
+        assert_snapshot!(result.iter().map(|q| q.build(backend)).collect::<Vec<String>>().join("\n"));
+    });
+}
+#[test]
+fn test_add_constraint_primary_key_sqlite_table_not_found() {
+    let constraint = TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+        columns: vec!["id".into()],
+        auto_increment: false,
+    };
+    let current_schema = vec![]; // Empty schema - table not found
+    let result = build_add_constraint(
+        DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
+        "users",
+        &constraint,
+        &current_schema,
+        &[],
+    );
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    let err_msg = result.unwrap_err().to_string();
+    assert!(err_msg.contains("Table 'users' not found in current schema"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn add_check_constraint_escapes_adversarial_identifiers() {
+    let constraint = TableConstraint::Check {
+        name: "chk_age\"quote".into(),
+        expr: "age > 0".into(),
+    };
+    let current_schema = vec![TableDef {
+        name: "users\"archive".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![ColumnDef {
+            name: "age".into(),
+            r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+            nullable: false,
+            default: None,
+            comment: None,
+            primary_key: None,
+            unique: None,
+            index: None,
+            foreign_key: None,
+        }],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    }];
+
+    let pg_sql = build_add_constraint(
+        DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
+        "users\"archive",
+        &constraint,
+        &current_schema,
+        &[],
+    )
+    .unwrap()[0]
+        .build(DatabaseBackend::Postgres);
+    assert_eq!(
+        pg_sql,
+        "ALTER TABLE \"users\"\"archive\" ADD CONSTRAINT \"chk_age\"\"quote\" CHECK (age > 0)"
+    );
+
+    let mysql_constraint = TableConstraint::Check {
+        name: "chk_age`quote".into(),
+        expr: "age > 0".into(),
+    };
+    let mysql_sql = build_add_constraint(
+        DatabaseBackend::MySql,
+        "users`archive",
+        &mysql_constraint,
+        &current_schema,
+        &[],
+    )
+    .unwrap()[0]
+        .build(DatabaseBackend::MySql);
+    assert_eq!(
+        mysql_sql,
+        "ALTER TABLE `users``archive` ADD CONSTRAINT `chk_age``quote` CHECK (age > 0)"
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_add_constraint_primary_key_sqlite_with_check_constraints() {
+    let constraint = TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+        columns: vec!["id".into()],
+        auto_increment: false,
+    };
+    let current_schema = vec![TableDef {
+        name: "users".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![ColumnDef {
+            name: "id".into(),
+            r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+            nullable: false,
+            default: None,
+            comment: None,
+            primary_key: None,
+            unique: None,
+            index: None,
+            foreign_key: None,
+        }],
+        constraints: vec![TableConstraint::Check {
+            name: "chk_id".into(),
+            expr: "id > 0".into(),
+        }],
+    }];
+    let result = build_add_constraint(
+        DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
+        "users",
+        &constraint,
+        &current_schema,
+        &[],
+    );
+    assert!(result.is_ok());
+    let queries = result.unwrap();
+    let sql = queries
+        .iter()
+        .map(|q| q.build(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite))
+        .collect::<Vec<String>>()
+        .join("\n");
+    assert!(sql.contains("CONSTRAINT \"chk_id\" CHECK"));
+}
+#[test]
+fn test_add_constraint_primary_key_sqlite_with_indexes() {
+    let constraint = TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+        columns: vec!["id".into()],
+        auto_increment: false,
+    };
+    let current_schema = vec![TableDef {
+        name: "users".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![ColumnDef {
+            name: "id".into(),
+            r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+            nullable: false,
+            default: None,
+            comment: None,
+            primary_key: None,
+            unique: None,
+            index: None,
+            foreign_key: None,
+        }],
+        constraints: vec![TableConstraint::Index {
+            name: Some("idx_id".into()),
+            columns: vec!["id".into()],
+        }],
+    }];
+    let result = build_add_constraint(
+        DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
+        "users",
+        &constraint,
+        &current_schema,
+        &[],
+    );
+    assert!(result.is_ok());
+    let queries = result.unwrap();
+    let sql = queries
+        .iter()
+        .map(|q| q.build(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite))
+        .collect::<Vec<String>>()
+        .join("\n");
+    assert!(sql.contains("CREATE INDEX"));
+    assert!(sql.contains("idx_id"));
+}
+#[test]
+fn test_add_constraint_primary_key_sqlite_with_unique_constraint() {
+    let constraint = TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+        columns: vec!["id".into()],
+        auto_increment: false,
+    };
+    let current_schema = vec![TableDef {
+        name: "users".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![ColumnDef {
+            name: "id".into(),
+            r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+            nullable: false,
+            default: None,
+            comment: None,
+            primary_key: None,
+            unique: None,
+            index: None,
+            foreign_key: None,
+        }],
+        constraints: vec![TableConstraint::Unique {
+            name: Some("uq_email".into()),
+            columns: vec!["email".into()],
+        }],
+    }];
+    let result = build_add_constraint(
+        DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
+        "users",
+        &constraint,
+        &current_schema,
+        &[],
+    );
+    assert!(result.is_ok());
+    let queries = result.unwrap();
+    let sql = queries
+        .iter()
+        .map(|q| q.build(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite))
+        .collect::<Vec<String>>()
+        .join("\n");
+    assert!(sql.contains("CREATE TABLE"));
+}
+#[path = "tests_foreign_key.rs"]
+mod foreign_key_tests;
+#[test]
+fn test_add_constraint_check_sqlite_table_not_found() {
+    let constraint = TableConstraint::Check {
+        name: "chk_age".into(),
+        expr: "age > 0".into(),
+    };
+    let current_schema = vec![]; // Empty schema - table not found
+    let result = build_add_constraint(
+        DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
+        "users",
+        &constraint,
+        &current_schema,
+        &[],
+    );
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    let err_msg = result.unwrap_err().to_string();
+    assert!(err_msg.contains("Table 'users' not found in current schema"));
+}
+#[test]
+fn test_add_constraint_check_sqlite_without_existing_check() {
+    let constraint = TableConstraint::Check {
+        name: "chk_age".into(),
+        expr: "age > 0".into(),
+    };
+    let current_schema = vec![TableDef {
+        name: "users".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![ColumnDef {
+            name: "age".into(),
+            r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+            nullable: true,
+            default: None,
+            comment: None,
+            primary_key: None,
+            unique: None,
+            index: None,
+            foreign_key: None,
+        }],
+        constraints: vec![], // No existing CHECK constraints
+    }];
+    let result = build_add_constraint(
+        DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
+        "users",
+        &constraint,
+        &current_schema,
+        &[],
+    );
+    assert!(result.is_ok());
+    let queries = result.unwrap();
+    let sql = queries
+        .iter()
+        .map(|q| q.build(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite))
+        .collect::<Vec<String>>()
+        .join("\n");
+    assert!(sql.contains("CREATE TABLE"));
+    assert!(sql.contains("CONSTRAINT \"chk_age\" CHECK"));
+}
+#[test]
+fn test_add_constraint_primary_key_sqlite_without_existing_check() {
+    let constraint = TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+        columns: vec!["id".into()],
+        auto_increment: false,
+    };
+    let current_schema = vec![TableDef {
+        name: "users".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![ColumnDef {
+            name: "id".into(),
+            r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+            nullable: true,
+            default: None,
+            comment: None,
+            primary_key: None,
+            unique: None,
+            index: None,
+            foreign_key: None,
+        }],
+        constraints: vec![], // No existing CHECK constraints
+    }];
+    let result = build_add_constraint(
+        DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
+        "users",
+        &constraint,
+        &current_schema,
+        &[],
+    );
+    assert!(result.is_ok());
+    let queries = result.unwrap();
+    let sql = queries
+        .iter()
+        .map(|q| q.build(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite))
+        .collect::<Vec<String>>()
+        .join("\n");
+    assert!(sql.contains("CREATE TABLE"));
+    assert!(sql.contains("PRIMARY KEY"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_add_constraint_check_sqlite_with_indexes() {
+    let constraint = TableConstraint::Check {
+        name: "chk_age".into(),
+        expr: "age > 0".into(),
+    };
+    let current_schema = vec![TableDef {
+        name: "users".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![ColumnDef {
+            name: "age".into(),
+            r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+            nullable: true,
+            default: None,
+            comment: None,
+            primary_key: None,
+            unique: None,
+            index: None,
+            foreign_key: None,
+        }],
+        constraints: vec![TableConstraint::Index {
+            name: Some("idx_age".into()),
+            columns: vec!["age".into()],
+        }],
+    }];
+    let result = build_add_constraint(
+        DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
+        "users",
+        &constraint,
+        &current_schema,
+        &[],
+    );
+    assert!(result.is_ok());
+    let queries = result.unwrap();
+    let sql = queries
+        .iter()
+        .map(|q| q.build(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite))
+        .collect::<Vec<String>>()
+        .join("\n");
+    assert!(sql.contains("CREATE INDEX"));
+    assert!(sql.contains("idx_age"));
+}
+#[test]
+fn test_add_constraint_check_sqlite_with_unique_constraint() {
+    let constraint = TableConstraint::Check {
+        name: "chk_age".into(),
+        expr: "age > 0".into(),
+    };
+    let current_schema = vec![TableDef {
+        name: "users".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![ColumnDef {
+            name: "age".into(),
+            r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+            nullable: true,
+            default: None,
+            comment: None,
+            primary_key: None,
+            unique: None,
+            index: None,
+            foreign_key: None,
+        }],
+        constraints: vec![TableConstraint::Unique {
+            name: Some("uq_age".into()),
+            columns: vec!["age".into()],
+        }],
+    }];
+    let result = build_add_constraint(
+        DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
+        "users",
+        &constraint,
+        &current_schema,
+        &[],
+    );
+    assert!(result.is_ok());
+    let queries = result.unwrap();
+    let sql = queries
+        .iter()
+        .map(|q| q.build(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite))
+        .collect::<Vec<String>>()
+        .join("\n");
+    assert!(sql.contains("CREATE TABLE"));
+}
+#[test]
+fn test_add_constraint_composite_primary_key_postgres() {
+    let constraint = TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+        columns: vec!["user_id".into(), "role_id".into()],
+        auto_increment: false,
+    };
+    let current_schema = vec![TableDef {
+        name: "user_roles".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "user_id".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "role_id".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    }];
+    let result = build_add_constraint(
+        DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
+        "user_roles",
+        &constraint,
+        &current_schema,
+        &[],
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+    let sql = result[0].build(DatabaseBackend::Postgres);
+    assert!(sql.contains("ADD PRIMARY KEY"));
+    assert!(sql.contains("\"user_id\""));
+    assert!(sql.contains("\"role_id\""));
+}
+#[test]
+fn test_add_constraint_composite_primary_key_mysql() {
+    let constraint = TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+        columns: vec!["user_id".into(), "role_id".into()],
+        auto_increment: false,
+    };
+    let current_schema = vec![TableDef {
+        name: "user_roles".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "user_id".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "role_id".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    }];
+    let result = build_add_constraint(
+        DatabaseBackend::MySql,
+        "user_roles",
+        &constraint,
+        &current_schema,
+        &[],
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+    let sql = result[0].build(DatabaseBackend::MySql);
+    assert!(sql.contains("ADD PRIMARY KEY"));
+    assert!(sql.contains("`user_id`"));
+    assert!(sql.contains("`role_id`"));
+}
+#[test]
+fn test_constraints_overlap_primary_key_same_columns() {
+    let a = TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+        columns: vec!["id".into()],
+        auto_increment: false,
+    };
+    let b = TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+        columns: vec!["id".into()],
+        auto_increment: true,
+    };
+    assert!(constraints_overlap(&a, &b));
+}
+#[test]
+fn test_constraints_overlap_primary_key_different_columns() {
+    let a = TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+        columns: vec!["id".into()],
+        auto_increment: false,
+    };
+    let b = TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+        columns: vec!["uid".into()],
+        auto_increment: false,
+    };
+    assert!(!constraints_overlap(&a, &b));
+}
+#[test]
+fn test_constraints_overlap_check_same() {
+    let a = TableConstraint::Check {
+        name: "chk_age".into(),
+        expr: "age > 0".into(),
+    };
+    let b = TableConstraint::Check {
+        name: "chk_age".into(),
+        expr: "age > 0".into(),
+    };
+    assert!(constraints_overlap(&a, &b));
+}
+#[test]
+fn test_constraints_overlap_check_different_name() {
+    let a = TableConstraint::Check {
+        name: "chk_age".into(),
+        expr: "age > 0".into(),
+    };
+    let b = TableConstraint::Check {
+        name: "chk_age2".into(),
+        expr: "age > 0".into(),
+    };
+    assert!(!constraints_overlap(&a, &b));
+}
+#[test]
+fn test_constraints_overlap_check_different_expr() {
+    let a = TableConstraint::Check {
+        name: "chk_age".into(),
+        expr: "age > 0".into(),
+    };
+    let b = TableConstraint::Check {
+        name: "chk_age".into(),
+        expr: "age > 10".into(),
+    };
+    assert!(!constraints_overlap(&a, &b));
+}
+#[test]
+fn test_constraints_overlap_different_variants() {
+    let a = TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+        columns: vec!["id".into()],
+        auto_increment: false,
+    };
+    let b = TableConstraint::Check {
+        name: "chk".into(),
+        expr: "id > 0".into(),
+    };
+    assert!(!constraints_overlap(&a, &b));
+}
+#[test]
+fn test_constraints_overlap_fk_same_columns() {
+    let a = TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+        name: None,
+        columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
+        ref_table: "users".into(),
+        ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+        on_delete: None,
+        on_update: None,
+    };
+    let b = TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+        name: Some("fk".into()),
+        columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
+        ref_table: "other".into(),
+        ref_columns: vec!["oid".into()],
+        on_delete: Some(ReferenceAction::Cascade),
+        on_update: None,
+    };
+    assert!(constraints_overlap(&a, &b));
+}
+#[test]
+fn test_merge_constraint_replaces_overlapping() {
+    let existing = vec![
+        TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+            columns: vec!["id".into()],
+            auto_increment: false,
+        },
+        TableConstraint::Index {
+            name: None,
+            columns: vec!["email".into()],
+        },
+    ];
+    let new_pk = TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+        columns: vec!["id".into()],
+        auto_increment: true,
+    };
+    let result = merge_constraint(&existing, &new_pk);
+    assert_eq!(result.len(), 2); // replaced, not added
+}
+#[test]
+fn test_merge_constraint_appends_non_overlapping() {
+    let existing = vec![TableConstraint::Index {
+        name: None,
+        columns: vec!["email".into()],
+    }];
+    let new_pk = TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+        columns: vec!["id".into()],
+        auto_increment: false,
+    };
+    let result = merge_constraint(&existing, &new_pk);
+    assert_eq!(result.len(), 2); // appended
+}
+#[test]
+fn test_extract_check_clauses_with_mixed_constraints() {
+    let constraints = vec![
+        TableConstraint::Check {
+            name: "chk1".into(),
+            expr: "a > 0".into(),
+        },
+        TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+            columns: vec!["id".into()],
+            auto_increment: false,
+        },
+        TableConstraint::Check {
+            name: "chk2".into(),
+            expr: "b < 100".into(),
+        },
+        TableConstraint::Unique {
+            name: Some("uq".into()),
+            columns: vec!["email".into()],
+        },
+    ];
+    let clauses = crate::sql::helpers::extract_check_clauses(&constraints);
+    assert_eq!(clauses.len(), 2);
+    assert!(clauses[0].contains("chk1"));
+    assert!(clauses[1].contains("chk2"));
+}
+#[test]
+fn test_extract_check_clauses_with_no_check_constraints() {
+    let constraints = vec![
+        TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+            columns: vec!["id".into()],
+            auto_increment: false,
+        },
+        TableConstraint::Unique {
+            name: None,
+            columns: vec!["email".into()],
+        },
+    ];
+    let clauses = crate::sql::helpers::extract_check_clauses(&constraints);
+    assert!(clauses.is_empty());
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/add_constraint/tests_foreign_key.rs b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/add_constraint/tests_foreign_key.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8102d498
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/add_constraint/tests_foreign_key.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,209 @@
+use super::*;
+use crate::sql::types::DatabaseBackend;
+use vespertide_core::{ColumnDef, ColumnType, SimpleColumnType, TableConstraint, TableDef};
+
+#[test]
+fn test_add_constraint_foreign_key_sqlite_table_not_found() {
+    let constraint = TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+        name: Some("fk_user".into()),
+        columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
+        ref_table: "users".into(),
+        ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+        on_delete: None,
+        on_update: None,
+    };
+    let current_schema = vec![]; // Empty schema - table not found
+    let result = build_add_constraint(
+        DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
+        "posts",
+        &constraint,
+        &current_schema,
+        &[],
+    );
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    let err_msg = result.unwrap_err().to_string();
+    assert!(err_msg.contains("Table 'posts' not found in current schema"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_add_constraint_foreign_key_sqlite_with_check_constraints() {
+    let constraint = TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+        name: Some("fk_user".into()),
+        columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
+        ref_table: "users".into(),
+        ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+        on_delete: None,
+        on_update: None,
+    };
+    let current_schema = vec![TableDef {
+        name: "posts".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![ColumnDef {
+            name: "user_id".into(),
+            r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+            nullable: true,
+            default: None,
+            comment: None,
+            primary_key: None,
+            unique: None,
+            index: None,
+            foreign_key: None,
+        }],
+        constraints: vec![TableConstraint::Check {
+            name: "chk_user_id".into(),
+            expr: "user_id > 0".into(),
+        }],
+    }];
+    let result = build_add_constraint(
+        DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
+        "posts",
+        &constraint,
+        &current_schema,
+        &[],
+    );
+    assert!(result.is_ok());
+    let queries = result.unwrap();
+    let sql = queries
+        .iter()
+        .map(|q| q.build(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite))
+        .collect::<Vec<String>>()
+        .join("\n");
+    assert!(sql.contains("CONSTRAINT \"chk_user_id\" CHECK"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_add_constraint_foreign_key_sqlite_with_indexes() {
+    let constraint = TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+        name: Some("fk_user".into()),
+        columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
+        ref_table: "users".into(),
+        ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+        on_delete: None,
+        on_update: None,
+    };
+    let current_schema = vec![TableDef {
+        name: "posts".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![ColumnDef {
+            name: "user_id".into(),
+            r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+            nullable: true,
+            default: None,
+            comment: None,
+            primary_key: None,
+            unique: None,
+            index: None,
+            foreign_key: None,
+        }],
+        constraints: vec![TableConstraint::Index {
+            name: Some("idx_user_id".into()),
+            columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
+        }],
+    }];
+    let result = build_add_constraint(
+        DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
+        "posts",
+        &constraint,
+        &current_schema,
+        &[],
+    );
+    assert!(result.is_ok());
+    let queries = result.unwrap();
+    let sql = queries
+        .iter()
+        .map(|q| q.build(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite))
+        .collect::<Vec<String>>()
+        .join("\n");
+    assert!(sql.contains("CREATE INDEX"));
+    assert!(sql.contains("idx_user_id"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_add_constraint_foreign_key_sqlite_with_unique_constraint() {
+    let constraint = TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+        name: Some("fk_user".into()),
+        columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
+        ref_table: "users".into(),
+        ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+        on_delete: None,
+        on_update: None,
+    };
+    let current_schema = vec![TableDef {
+        name: "posts".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![ColumnDef {
+            name: "user_id".into(),
+            r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+            nullable: true,
+            default: None,
+            comment: None,
+            primary_key: None,
+            unique: None,
+            index: None,
+            foreign_key: None,
+        }],
+        constraints: vec![TableConstraint::Unique {
+            name: Some("uq_user_id".into()),
+            columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
+        }],
+    }];
+    let result = build_add_constraint(
+        DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
+        "posts",
+        &constraint,
+        &current_schema,
+        &[],
+    );
+    assert!(result.is_ok());
+    let queries = result.unwrap();
+    let sql = queries
+        .iter()
+        .map(|q| q.build(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite))
+        .collect::<Vec<String>>()
+        .join("\n");
+    assert!(sql.contains("CREATE TABLE"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_add_constraint_foreign_key_sqlite_without_existing_check() {
+    let constraint = TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+        name: Some("fk_user".into()),
+        columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
+        ref_table: "users".into(),
+        ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+        on_delete: None,
+        on_update: None,
+    };
+    let current_schema = vec![TableDef {
+        name: "posts".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![ColumnDef {
+            name: "user_id".into(),
+            r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+            nullable: true,
+            default: None,
+            comment: None,
+            primary_key: None,
+            unique: None,
+            index: None,
+            foreign_key: None,
+        }],
+        constraints: vec![], // No existing CHECK constraints
+    }];
+    let result = build_add_constraint(
+        DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
+        "posts",
+        &constraint,
+        &current_schema,
+        &[],
+    );
+    assert!(result.is_ok());
+    let queries = result.unwrap();
+    let sql = queries
+        .iter()
+        .map(|q| q.build(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite))
+        .collect::<Vec<String>>()
+        .join("\n");
+    assert!(sql.contains("CREATE TABLE"));
+    assert!(sql.contains("FOREIGN KEY"));
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/add_constraint/unique.rs b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/add_constraint/unique.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6e807903
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/add_constraint/unique.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+use sea_query::{Alias, Index};
+
+use super::super::helpers::build_unique_constraint_name;
+use super::super::types::BuiltQuery;
+
+pub(super) fn build_unique(table: &str, name: Option<&str>, columns: &[String]) -> Vec<BuiltQuery> {
+    let index_name = build_unique_constraint_name(table, columns, name);
+    let mut idx = Index::create()
+        .table(Alias::new(table))
+        .name(&index_name)
+        .unique()
+        .to_owned();
+    for col in columns {
+        idx.col(Alias::new(col));
+    }
+    vec![BuiltQuery::CreateIndex(Box::new(idx))]
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/create_table.rs b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/create_table.rs
index 15b8131d..73aede7f 100644
--- a/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/create_table.rs
+++ b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/create_table.rs
@@ -10,160 +10,191 @@ use super::types::{BuiltQuery, DatabaseBackend, RawSql};
 use crate::error::QueryError;
 
 pub(crate) fn build_create_table_for_backend(
-    backend: &DatabaseBackend,
+    backend: DatabaseBackend,
     table: &str,
     columns: &[ColumnDef],
     constraints: &[TableConstraint],
 ) -> TableCreateStatement {
     let mut stmt = Table::create().table(Alias::new(table)).to_owned();
+    add_create_table_columns(&mut stmt, backend, table, columns, constraints);
+    add_create_table_constraints(&mut stmt, backend, table, columns, constraints);
+    stmt
+}
 
+fn add_create_table_columns(
+    stmt: &mut TableCreateStatement,
+    backend: DatabaseBackend,
+    table: &str,
+    columns: &[ColumnDef],
+    constraints: &[TableConstraint],
+) {
     let has_table_primary_key = constraints
         .iter()
         .any(|c| matches!(c, TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { .. }));
+    let auto_increment_columns = collect_auto_increment_columns(constraints);
 
-    // Extract auto_increment columns from constraints
-    let auto_increment_columns: std::collections::HashSet<&str> = constraints
-        .iter()
-        .filter_map(|c| {
-            if let TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                columns: pk_cols,
-                auto_increment: true,
-            } = c
-            {
-                Some(pk_cols.iter().map(|s| s.as_str()).collect::<Vec<_>>())
-            } else {
-                None
-            }
-        })
-        .flatten()
-        .collect();
-
-    // Add columns
     for column in columns {
         let mut col = build_sea_column_def_with_table(backend, table, column);
-
-        // Check for inline primary key
         if column.primary_key.is_some() && !has_table_primary_key {
             col.primary_key();
         }
-
-        // Apply auto_increment if this column is in the auto_increment primary key
-        // and the column type supports it (integer types only).
-        // After ModifyColumnType, the PK may still have auto_increment: true but the
-        // column type may have changed to a non-integer type (e.g. varchar).
         if auto_increment_columns.contains(column.name.as_str())
             && column.r#type.supports_auto_increment()
         {
-            // For SQLite, AUTOINCREMENT requires inline PRIMARY KEY (INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT)
-            // So we must call primary_key() on the column even if there's a table-level PRIMARY KEY
             if matches!(backend, DatabaseBackend::Sqlite) {
                 col.primary_key();
             }
             col.auto_increment();
         }
-
-        // NOTE: We do NOT add inline unique constraints here.
-        // All unique constraints are handled as separate CREATE UNIQUE INDEX statements
-        // so they have proper names and can be dropped later.
-
-        stmt = stmt.col(col).to_owned();
+        *stmt = stmt.col(col).to_owned();
     }
+}
+
+fn collect_auto_increment_columns(
+    constraints: &[TableConstraint],
+) -> std::collections::HashSet<&str> {
+    constraints
+        .iter()
+        .filter_map(|c| {
+            if let TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+                columns: pk_cols,
+                auto_increment: true,
+            } = c
+            {
+                Some(
+                    pk_cols
+                        .iter()
+                        .map(std::string::String::as_str)
+                        .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+                )
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        })
+        .flatten()
+        .collect()
+}
 
-    // Add table-level constraints
+fn add_create_table_constraints(
+    stmt: &mut TableCreateStatement,
+    backend: DatabaseBackend,
+    table: &str,
+    columns: &[ColumnDef],
+    constraints: &[TableConstraint],
+) {
     for constraint in constraints {
         match constraint {
             TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
                 columns: pk_cols,
                 auto_increment,
-            } => {
-                // For SQLite with auto_increment, skip table-level PRIMARY KEY
-                // because AUTOINCREMENT requires inline PRIMARY KEY on the column.
-                // But only if the PK column actually supports auto_increment (integer types).
-                if matches!(backend, DatabaseBackend::Sqlite)
-                    && *auto_increment
-                    && pk_cols.iter().all(|col_name| {
-                        columns
-                            .iter()
-                            .find(|c| c.name == *col_name)
-                            .is_some_and(|c| c.r#type.supports_auto_increment())
-                    })
-                {
-                    continue;
-                }
-                // Build primary key index
-                let mut pk_idx = Index::create();
-                for c in pk_cols {
-                    pk_idx = pk_idx.col(Alias::new(c)).to_owned();
-                }
-                stmt = stmt.primary_key(&mut pk_idx).to_owned();
-            }
+            } => add_primary_key_constraint(stmt, backend, columns, pk_cols, *auto_increment),
             TableConstraint::Unique {
                 name,
                 columns: unique_cols,
-            } => {
-                // For MySQL, we can add unique index directly in CREATE TABLE
-                // For Postgres and SQLite, we'll handle it separately in build_create_table
-                if matches!(backend, DatabaseBackend::MySql) {
-                    // Always generate a proper name: uq_{table}_{key} or uq_{table}_{columns}
-                    let index_name = super::helpers::build_unique_constraint_name(
-                        table,
-                        unique_cols,
-                        name.as_deref(),
-                    );
-                    let mut idx = Index::create().name(&index_name).unique().to_owned();
-                    for col in unique_cols {
-                        idx = idx.col(Alias::new(col)).to_owned();
-                    }
-                    stmt = stmt.index(&mut idx).to_owned();
-                }
-                // For Postgres and SQLite, unique constraints will be handled in build_create_table
-                // as separate CREATE UNIQUE INDEX statements
-            }
-            TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                name,
-                columns: fk_cols,
-                ref_table,
-                ref_columns,
-                on_delete,
-                on_update,
-            } => {
-                // Always generate a proper name: fk_{table}_{key} or fk_{table}_{columns}
-                let fk_name =
-                    super::helpers::build_foreign_key_name(table, fk_cols, name.as_deref());
-                let mut fk = ForeignKey::create().name(&fk_name).to_owned();
-                fk = fk.from_tbl(Alias::new(table)).to_owned();
-                for col in fk_cols {
-                    fk = fk.from_col(Alias::new(col)).to_owned();
-                }
-                fk = fk.to_tbl(Alias::new(ref_table)).to_owned();
-                for col in ref_columns {
-                    fk = fk.to_col(Alias::new(col)).to_owned();
-                }
-                if let Some(action) = on_delete {
-                    fk = fk.on_delete(to_sea_fk_action(action)).to_owned();
-                }
-                if let Some(action) = on_update {
-                    fk = fk.on_update(to_sea_fk_action(action)).to_owned();
-                }
-                stmt = stmt.foreign_key(&mut fk).to_owned();
+            } => add_mysql_unique_constraint(stmt, backend, table, unique_cols, name.as_deref()),
+            TableConstraint::ForeignKey { .. } => {
+                add_foreign_key_constraint(stmt, table, constraint);
             }
             TableConstraint::Check { name, expr } => {
-                // sea-query doesn't have direct CHECK constraint support in TableCreateStatement
-                // This would need to be handled as raw SQL or post-creation ALTER
                 let _ = (name, expr);
             }
-            TableConstraint::Index { .. } => {
-                // Indexes are added separately after CREATE TABLE as CREATE INDEX statements
-                // They will be handled in build_create_table
+            TableConstraint::Index { .. } => {}
+            _ => {
+                unreachable!("TableConstraint is #[non_exhaustive]; all variants are matched above")
             }
         }
     }
+}
 
-    stmt
+fn add_primary_key_constraint(
+    stmt: &mut TableCreateStatement,
+    backend: DatabaseBackend,
+    columns: &[ColumnDef],
+    pk_cols: &[String],
+    auto_increment: bool,
+) {
+    if should_skip_sqlite_auto_increment_pk(backend, columns, pk_cols, auto_increment) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    let mut pk_idx = Index::create();
+    for c in pk_cols {
+        pk_idx.col(Alias::new(c));
+    }
+    *stmt = stmt.primary_key(&mut pk_idx).to_owned();
+}
+
+fn should_skip_sqlite_auto_increment_pk(
+    backend: DatabaseBackend,
+    columns: &[ColumnDef],
+    pk_cols: &[String],
+    auto_increment: bool,
+) -> bool {
+    matches!(backend, DatabaseBackend::Sqlite)
+        && auto_increment
+        && pk_cols.iter().all(|col_name| {
+            columns
+                .iter()
+                .find(|c| c.name == *col_name)
+                .is_some_and(|c| c.r#type.supports_auto_increment())
+        })
+}
+
+fn add_mysql_unique_constraint(
+    stmt: &mut TableCreateStatement,
+    backend: DatabaseBackend,
+    table: &str,
+    unique_cols: &[String],
+    name: Option<&str>,
+) {
+    if !matches!(backend, DatabaseBackend::MySql) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    let index_name = super::helpers::build_unique_constraint_name(table, unique_cols, name);
+    let mut idx = Index::create().name(&index_name).unique().to_owned();
+    for col in unique_cols {
+        idx.col(Alias::new(col));
+    }
+    *stmt = stmt.index(&mut idx).to_owned();
+}
+
+fn add_foreign_key_constraint(
+    stmt: &mut TableCreateStatement,
+    table: &str,
+    constraint: &TableConstraint,
+) {
+    if let TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+        name,
+        columns: fk_cols,
+        ref_table,
+        ref_columns,
+        on_delete,
+        on_update,
+    } = constraint
+    {
+        let fk_name = super::helpers::build_foreign_key_name(table, fk_cols, name.as_deref());
+        let mut fk = ForeignKey::create().name(&fk_name).to_owned();
+        fk.from_tbl(Alias::new(table));
+        for col in fk_cols {
+            fk.from_col(Alias::new(col));
+        }
+        fk.to_tbl(Alias::new(ref_table));
+        for col in ref_columns {
+            fk.to_col(Alias::new(col));
+        }
+        if let Some(action) = on_delete {
+            fk.on_delete(to_sea_fk_action(action));
+        }
+        if let Some(action) = on_update {
+            fk.on_update(to_sea_fk_action(action));
+        }
+        *stmt = stmt.foreign_key(&mut fk).to_owned();
+    }
 }
 
 pub fn build_create_table(
-    backend: &DatabaseBackend,
+    backend: DatabaseBackend,
     table: &str,
     columns: &[ColumnDef],
     constraints: &[TableConstraint],
@@ -178,7 +209,7 @@ pub fn build_create_table(
     };
     let normalized = table_def
         .normalize()
-        .map_err(|e| QueryError::Other(format!("Failed to normalize table '{}': {}", table, e)))?;
+        .map_err(|e| QueryError::Other(format!("Failed to normalize table '{table}': {e}")))?;
 
     // Use normalized columns and constraints for SQL generation
     let columns = &normalized.columns;
@@ -213,28 +244,28 @@ pub fn build_create_table(
     } else {
         // Convert references to owned values for build_create_table_for_backend
         let table_constraints_owned: Vec<TableConstraint> =
-            table_constraints.iter().cloned().cloned().collect();
+            table_constraints.iter().copied().cloned().collect();
         build_create_table_for_backend(backend, table, columns, &table_constraints_owned)
     };
 
     // For SQLite, add CHECK constraints for enum columns
     if matches!(backend, DatabaseBackend::Sqlite) {
         let enum_check_clauses = collect_sqlite_enum_check_clauses(table, columns);
-        if !enum_check_clauses.is_empty() {
+        if enum_check_clauses.is_empty() {
+            queries.push(BuiltQuery::CreateTable(Box::new(create_table_stmt)));
+        } else {
             // Embed CHECK constraints into CREATE TABLE statement
-            let base_sql = build_schema_statement(&create_table_stmt, *backend);
+            let base_sql = build_schema_statement(&create_table_stmt, backend);
             let mut modified_sql = base_sql;
             if let Some(pos) = modified_sql.rfind(')') {
                 let check_sql = enum_check_clauses.join(", ");
-                modified_sql.insert_str(pos, &format!(", {}", check_sql));
+                modified_sql.insert_str(pos, &format!(", {check_sql}"));
             }
             queries.push(BuiltQuery::Raw(RawSql::per_backend(
                 modified_sql.clone(),
                 modified_sql.clone(),
                 modified_sql,
             )));
-        } else {
-            queries.push(BuiltQuery::CreateTable(Box::new(create_table_stmt)));
         }
     } else {
         queries.push(BuiltQuery::CreateTable(Box::new(create_table_stmt)));
@@ -260,7 +291,7 @@ pub fn build_create_table(
                     .unique()
                     .to_owned();
                 for col in unique_cols {
-                    idx = idx.col(Alias::new(col)).to_owned();
+                    idx.col(Alias::new(col));
                 }
                 queries.push(BuiltQuery::CreateIndex(Box::new(idx)));
             }
@@ -281,7 +312,7 @@ pub fn build_create_table(
                 .name(&index_name)
                 .to_owned();
             for col in index_cols {
-                idx = idx.col(Alias::new(col)).to_owned();
+                idx.col(Alias::new(col));
             }
             queries.push(BuiltQuery::CreateIndex(Box::new(idx)));
         }
@@ -333,7 +364,7 @@ mod tests {
         #[case] expected: &[&str],
     ) {
         let result = build_create_table(
-            &backend,
+            backend,
             "users",
             &[col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
             &[],
@@ -347,9 +378,7 @@ mod tests {
         for exp in expected {
             assert!(
                 sql.contains(exp),
-                "Expected SQL to contain '{}', got: {}",
-                exp,
-                sql
+                "Expected SQL to contain '{exp}', got: {sql}"
             );
         }
 
@@ -371,7 +400,7 @@ mod tests {
         email_col.unique = Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Bool(true));
 
         let result = build_create_table(
-            &backend,
+            backend,
             "users",
             &[
                 col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
@@ -390,8 +419,7 @@ mod tests {
         // After normalization, inline unique should produce UNIQUE constraint in SQL
         assert!(
             sql.contains("UNIQUE") || sql.to_uppercase().contains("UNIQUE"),
-            "Normalized unique constraint should be in SQL, but not found: {}",
-            sql
+            "Normalized unique constraint should be in SQL, but not found: {sql}"
         );
         with_settings!({ snapshot_suffix => format!("create_table_with_inline_unique_{:?}", backend) }, {
             assert_snapshot!(sql);
@@ -405,7 +433,7 @@ mod tests {
     fn test_create_table_with_table_level_unique(#[case] backend: DatabaseBackend) {
         // Test table-level unique constraint (lines 53-54, 56-58, 60-61)
         let result = build_create_table(
-            &backend,
+            backend,
             "users",
             &[
                 col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
@@ -428,16 +456,14 @@ mod tests {
             DatabaseBackend::MySql => {
                 assert!(
                     sql.contains("UNIQUE"),
-                    "MySQL should have UNIQUE in CREATE TABLE: {}",
-                    sql
+                    "MySQL should have UNIQUE in CREATE TABLE: {sql}"
                 );
             }
             _ => {
                 // For Postgres and SQLite, unique constraint should be in a separate CREATE UNIQUE INDEX statement
                 assert!(
                     sql.contains("CREATE UNIQUE INDEX"),
-                    "Postgres/SQLite should have CREATE UNIQUE INDEX: {}",
-                    sql
+                    "Postgres/SQLite should have CREATE UNIQUE INDEX: {sql}"
                 );
             }
         }
@@ -453,7 +479,7 @@ mod tests {
     fn test_create_table_with_table_level_unique_no_name(#[case] backend: DatabaseBackend) {
         // Test table-level unique constraint without name (lines 53-54, 56-58, 60-61)
         let result = build_create_table(
-            &backend,
+            backend,
             "users",
             &[
                 col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
@@ -476,16 +502,14 @@ mod tests {
             DatabaseBackend::MySql => {
                 assert!(
                     sql.contains("UNIQUE"),
-                    "MySQL should have UNIQUE in CREATE TABLE: {}",
-                    sql
+                    "MySQL should have UNIQUE in CREATE TABLE: {sql}"
                 );
             }
             _ => {
                 // For Postgres and SQLite, unique constraint should be in a separate CREATE UNIQUE INDEX statement
                 assert!(
                     sql.contains("CREATE UNIQUE INDEX"),
-                    "Postgres/SQLite should have CREATE UNIQUE INDEX: {}",
-                    sql
+                    "Postgres/SQLite should have CREATE UNIQUE INDEX: {sql}"
                 );
             }
         }
@@ -536,7 +560,7 @@ mod tests {
             columns: vec!["id".into()],
         }];
 
-        let result = build_create_table(&backend, "users", &columns, &constraints);
+        let result = build_create_table(backend, "users", &columns, &constraints);
         assert!(result.is_ok());
         let queries = result.unwrap();
         let sql = queries
@@ -572,7 +596,7 @@ mod tests {
             columns: vec!["id".into()],
         }];
 
-        let result = build_create_table(&backend, "users", &columns, &constraints);
+        let result = build_create_table(backend, "users", &columns, &constraints);
         assert!(result.is_ok());
         let queries = result.unwrap();
         let sql = queries
@@ -586,22 +610,19 @@ mod tests {
             DatabaseBackend::Postgres => {
                 assert!(
                     sql.contains("SERIAL") || sql.contains("serial"),
-                    "PostgreSQL should use SERIAL for auto_increment, got: {}",
-                    sql
+                    "PostgreSQL should use SERIAL for auto_increment, got: {sql}"
                 );
             }
             DatabaseBackend::MySql => {
                 assert!(
                     sql.contains("AUTO_INCREMENT") || sql.contains("auto_increment"),
-                    "MySQL should use AUTO_INCREMENT for auto_increment, got: {}",
-                    sql
+                    "MySQL should use AUTO_INCREMENT for auto_increment, got: {sql}"
                 );
             }
             DatabaseBackend::Sqlite => {
                 assert!(
                     sql.contains("AUTOINCREMENT") || sql.contains("autoincrement"),
-                    "SQLite should use AUTOINCREMENT for auto_increment, got: {}",
-                    sql
+                    "SQLite should use AUTOINCREMENT for auto_increment, got: {sql}"
                 );
             }
         }
@@ -633,7 +654,7 @@ mod tests {
             foreign_key: None,
         }];
 
-        let result = build_create_table(&backend, "users", &columns, &[]);
+        let result = build_create_table(backend, "users", &columns, &[]);
         assert!(result.is_ok());
         let queries = result.unwrap();
         let sql = queries
@@ -647,22 +668,19 @@ mod tests {
             DatabaseBackend::Postgres => {
                 assert!(
                     sql.contains("SERIAL") || sql.contains("serial"),
-                    "PostgreSQL should use SERIAL for auto_increment, got: {}",
-                    sql
+                    "PostgreSQL should use SERIAL for auto_increment, got: {sql}"
                 );
             }
             DatabaseBackend::MySql => {
                 assert!(
                     sql.contains("AUTO_INCREMENT") || sql.contains("auto_increment"),
-                    "MySQL should use AUTO_INCREMENT for auto_increment, got: {}",
-                    sql
+                    "MySQL should use AUTO_INCREMENT for auto_increment, got: {sql}"
                 );
             }
             DatabaseBackend::Sqlite => {
                 assert!(
                     sql.contains("AUTOINCREMENT") || sql.contains("autoincrement"),
-                    "SQLite should use AUTOINCREMENT for auto_increment, got: {}",
-                    sql
+                    "SQLite should use AUTOINCREMENT for auto_increment, got: {sql}"
                 );
             }
         }
@@ -672,8 +690,8 @@ mod tests {
         });
     }
 
-    /// Test creating a table with timestamp column and NOW() default
-    /// SQLite should convert NOW() to CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
+    /// Test creating a table with timestamp column and `NOW()` default
+    /// `SQLite` should convert `NOW()` to `CURRENT_TIMESTAMP`
     #[rstest]
     #[case::timestamp_now_default_postgres(DatabaseBackend::Postgres)]
     #[case::timestamp_now_default_mysql(DatabaseBackend::MySql)]
@@ -704,8 +722,8 @@ mod tests {
             },
         ];
 
-        let result = build_create_table(&backend, "events", &columns, &[]);
-        assert!(result.is_ok(), "build_create_table failed: {:?}", result);
+        let result = build_create_table(backend, "events", &columns, &[]);
+        assert!(result.is_ok(), "build_create_table failed: {result:?}");
         let queries = result.unwrap();
         let sql = queries
             .iter()
@@ -717,13 +735,11 @@ mod tests {
         if matches!(backend, DatabaseBackend::Sqlite) {
             assert!(
                 !sql.contains("NOW()"),
-                "SQLite should not contain NOW(), got: {}",
-                sql
+                "SQLite should not contain NOW(), got: {sql}"
             );
             assert!(
                 sql.contains("CURRENT_TIMESTAMP"),
-                "SQLite should use CURRENT_TIMESTAMP, got: {}",
-                sql
+                "SQLite should use CURRENT_TIMESTAMP, got: {sql}"
             );
         }
 
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/delete_column.rs b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/delete_column.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index dc2d341f..00000000
--- a/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/delete_column.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1201 +0,0 @@
-use sea_query::{Alias, Index, Query, Table};
-
-use vespertide_core::{ColumnType, TableConstraint, TableDef};
-
-use super::helpers::{
-    build_drop_enum_type_sql, build_sqlite_temp_table_create, recreate_indexes_after_rebuild,
-};
-use super::rename_table::build_rename_table;
-use super::types::{BuiltQuery, DatabaseBackend};
-
-/// Build SQL to delete a column, optionally with DROP TYPE for enum columns (PostgreSQL)
-///
-/// For SQLite: Handles constraint removal before dropping the column:
-/// - Unique/Index constraints: Dropped via DROP INDEX
-/// - ForeignKey/PrimaryKey constraints: Uses temp table approach (recreate table without column)
-///
-/// SQLite doesn't cascade constraint drops when a column is dropped.
-pub fn build_delete_column(
-    backend: &DatabaseBackend,
-    table: &str,
-    column: &str,
-    column_type: Option<&ColumnType>,
-    current_schema: &[TableDef],
-    pending_constraints: &[vespertide_core::TableConstraint],
-) -> Vec<BuiltQuery> {
-    let mut stmts = Vec::new();
-
-    // SQLite: Check if we need special handling for constraints
-    if *backend == DatabaseBackend::Sqlite
-        && let Some(table_def) = current_schema.iter().find(|t| t.name == table)
-    {
-        // If the column has an enum type, SQLite embeds a CHECK constraint in CREATE TABLE.
-        // ALTER TABLE DROP COLUMN fails if the column is referenced by any CHECK.
-        // Must use temp table approach.
-        if let Some(col_def) = table_def.columns.iter().find(|c| c.name == column)
-            && let ColumnType::Complex(vespertide_core::ComplexColumnType::Enum { .. }) =
-                &col_def.r#type
-        {
-            return build_delete_column_sqlite_temp_table(
-                table,
-                column,
-                table_def,
-                column_type,
-                pending_constraints,
-            );
-        }
-
-        // Handle constraints referencing the deleted column
-        for constraint in &table_def.constraints {
-            match constraint {
-                // Check constraints may reference the column in their expression.
-                // SQLite can't DROP COLUMN if a CHECK references it — use temp table.
-                TableConstraint::Check { expr, .. } => {
-                    // Check if the expression references the column (e.g. "status" IN (...))
-                    if expr.contains(&format!("\"{}\"", column)) || expr.contains(column) {
-                        return build_delete_column_sqlite_temp_table(
-                            table,
-                            column,
-                            table_def,
-                            column_type,
-                            pending_constraints,
-                        );
-                    }
-                    continue;
-                }
-                // For column-based constraints, check if they reference the deleted column
-                _ if !constraint.columns().iter().any(|c| c == column) => continue,
-                // FK/PK require temp table approach - return immediately
-                TableConstraint::ForeignKey { .. } | TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { .. } => {
-                    return build_delete_column_sqlite_temp_table(
-                        table,
-                        column,
-                        table_def,
-                        column_type,
-                        pending_constraints,
-                    );
-                }
-                // Unique/Index: drop the index first, then drop column below
-                TableConstraint::Unique { name, columns } => {
-                    let index_name = vespertide_naming::build_unique_constraint_name(
-                        table,
-                        columns,
-                        name.as_deref(),
-                    );
-                    let drop_idx = Index::drop()
-                        .name(&index_name)
-                        .table(Alias::new(table))
-                        .to_owned();
-                    stmts.push(BuiltQuery::DropIndex(Box::new(drop_idx)));
-                }
-                TableConstraint::Index { name, columns } => {
-                    let index_name =
-                        vespertide_naming::build_index_name(table, columns, name.as_deref());
-                    let drop_idx = Index::drop()
-                        .name(&index_name)
-                        .table(Alias::new(table))
-                        .to_owned();
-                    stmts.push(BuiltQuery::DropIndex(Box::new(drop_idx)));
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Drop the column
-    let stmt = Table::alter()
-        .table(Alias::new(table))
-        .drop_column(Alias::new(column))
-        .to_owned();
-    stmts.push(BuiltQuery::AlterTable(Box::new(stmt)));
-
-    // If column type is an enum, drop the type after (PostgreSQL only)
-    // Note: Only drop if this is the last column using this enum type
-    if let Some(col_type) = column_type
-        && let Some(drop_type_sql) = build_drop_enum_type_sql(table, col_type)
-    {
-        stmts.push(BuiltQuery::Raw(drop_type_sql));
-    }
-
-    stmts
-}
-
-/// SQLite temp table approach for deleting a column that has FK or PK constraints.
-///
-/// Steps:
-/// 1. Create temp table without the column (and without constraints referencing it)
-/// 2. Copy data (excluding the deleted column)
-/// 3. Drop original table
-/// 4. Rename temp table to original name
-/// 5. Recreate indexes that don't reference the deleted column
-fn build_delete_column_sqlite_temp_table(
-    table: &str,
-    column: &str,
-    table_def: &TableDef,
-    column_type: Option<&ColumnType>,
-    pending_constraints: &[vespertide_core::TableConstraint],
-) -> Vec<BuiltQuery> {
-    let mut stmts = Vec::new();
-    let temp_table = format!("{}_temp", table);
-
-    // Build new columns list without the deleted column
-    let new_columns: Vec<_> = table_def
-        .columns
-        .iter()
-        .filter(|c| c.name != column)
-        .cloned()
-        .collect();
-
-    // Build new constraints list without constraints referencing the deleted column
-    let new_constraints: Vec<_> = table_def
-        .constraints
-        .iter()
-        .filter(|c| {
-            // For CHECK constraints, check if expression references the column
-            if let TableConstraint::Check { expr, .. } = c {
-                return !expr.contains(&format!("\"{}\"", column)) && !expr.contains(column);
-            }
-            !c.columns().iter().any(|col| col == column)
-        })
-        .cloned()
-        .collect();
-
-    // 1. Create temp table without the column + CHECK constraints
-    let create_query = build_sqlite_temp_table_create(
-        &DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
-        &temp_table,
-        table,
-        &new_columns,
-        &new_constraints,
-    );
-    stmts.push(create_query);
-
-    // 2. Copy data (excluding the deleted column)
-    let column_aliases: Vec<Alias> = new_columns.iter().map(|c| Alias::new(&c.name)).collect();
-    let mut select_query = Query::select();
-    for col_alias in &column_aliases {
-        select_query = select_query.column(col_alias.clone()).to_owned();
-    }
-    select_query = select_query.from(Alias::new(table)).to_owned();
-
-    let insert_stmt = Query::insert()
-        .into_table(Alias::new(&temp_table))
-        .columns(column_aliases.clone())
-        .select_from(select_query)
-        .unwrap()
-        .to_owned();
-    stmts.push(BuiltQuery::Insert(Box::new(insert_stmt)));
-
-    // 3. Drop original table
-    let drop_table = Table::drop().table(Alias::new(table)).to_owned();
-    stmts.push(BuiltQuery::DropTable(Box::new(drop_table)));
-
-    // 4. Rename temp table to original name
-    stmts.push(build_rename_table(&temp_table, table));
-
-    // 5. Recreate indexes (both regular and UNIQUE) that don't reference the deleted column
-    stmts.extend(recreate_indexes_after_rebuild(
-        table,
-        &new_constraints,
-        pending_constraints,
-    ));
-
-    // If column type is an enum, drop the type after (PostgreSQL only, but include for completeness)
-    if let Some(col_type) = column_type
-        && let Some(drop_type_sql) = build_drop_enum_type_sql(table, col_type)
-    {
-        stmts.push(BuiltQuery::Raw(drop_type_sql));
-    }
-
-    stmts
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use super::*;
-    use crate::sql::types::DatabaseBackend;
-    use insta::{assert_snapshot, with_settings};
-    use rstest::rstest;
-    use vespertide_core::{ColumnDef, ComplexColumnType, SimpleColumnType};
-
-    fn col(name: &str, ty: ColumnType) -> ColumnDef {
-        ColumnDef {
-            name: name.to_string(),
-            r#type: ty,
-            nullable: true,
-            default: None,
-            comment: None,
-            primary_key: None,
-            unique: None,
-            index: None,
-            foreign_key: None,
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case::delete_column_postgres(
-        "delete_column_postgres",
-        DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
-        &["ALTER TABLE \"users\" DROP COLUMN \"email\""]
-    )]
-    #[case::delete_column_mysql(
-        "delete_column_mysql",
-        DatabaseBackend::MySql,
-        &["ALTER TABLE `users` DROP COLUMN `email`"]
-    )]
-    #[case::delete_column_sqlite(
-        "delete_column_sqlite",
-        DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
-        &["ALTER TABLE \"users\" DROP COLUMN \"email\""]
-    )]
-    fn test_delete_column(
-        #[case] title: &str,
-        #[case] backend: DatabaseBackend,
-        #[case] expected: &[&str],
-    ) {
-        let result = build_delete_column(&backend, "users", "email", None, &[], &[]);
-        let sql = result[0].build(backend);
-        for exp in expected {
-            assert!(
-                sql.contains(exp),
-                "Expected SQL to contain '{}', got: {}",
-                exp,
-                sql
-            );
-        }
-
-        with_settings!({ snapshot_suffix => format!("delete_column_{}", title) }, {
-            assert_snapshot!(sql);
-        });
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_delete_enum_column_postgres() {
-        use vespertide_core::EnumValues;
-
-        let enum_type = ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-            name: "status".into(),
-            values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into()]),
-        });
-        let result = build_delete_column(
-            &DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
-            "users",
-            "status",
-            Some(&enum_type),
-            &[],
-            &[],
-        );
-
-        // Should have 2 statements: ALTER TABLE and DROP TYPE
-        assert_eq!(result.len(), 2);
-
-        let alter_sql = result[0].build(DatabaseBackend::Postgres);
-        assert!(alter_sql.contains("DROP COLUMN"));
-
-        let drop_type_sql = result[1].build(DatabaseBackend::Postgres);
-        assert!(drop_type_sql.contains("DROP TYPE \"users_status\""));
-
-        // MySQL and SQLite should have empty DROP TYPE
-        let drop_type_mysql = result[1].build(DatabaseBackend::MySql);
-        assert!(drop_type_mysql.is_empty());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_delete_non_enum_column_no_drop_type() {
-        let text_type = ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text);
-        let result = build_delete_column(
-            &DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
-            "users",
-            "name",
-            Some(&text_type),
-            &[],
-            &[],
-        );
-
-        // Should only have 1 statement: ALTER TABLE
-        assert_eq!(result.len(), 1);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_delete_column_sqlite_drops_unique_constraint_first() {
-        // SQLite should drop unique constraint index before dropping the column
-        let schema = vec![TableDef {
-            name: "gift".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                col("gift_code", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![TableConstraint::Unique {
-                name: None,
-                columns: vec!["gift_code".into()],
-            }],
-        }];
-
-        let result = build_delete_column(
-            &DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
-            "gift",
-            "gift_code",
-            None,
-            &schema,
-            &[],
-        );
-
-        // Should have 2 statements: DROP INDEX then ALTER TABLE DROP COLUMN
-        assert_eq!(result.len(), 2);
-
-        let drop_index_sql = result[0].build(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite);
-        assert!(
-            drop_index_sql.contains("DROP INDEX"),
-            "Expected DROP INDEX, got: {}",
-            drop_index_sql
-        );
-        assert!(
-            drop_index_sql.contains("uq_gift__gift_code"),
-            "Expected index name uq_gift__gift_code, got: {}",
-            drop_index_sql
-        );
-
-        let drop_column_sql = result[1].build(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite);
-        assert!(
-            drop_column_sql.contains("DROP COLUMN"),
-            "Expected DROP COLUMN, got: {}",
-            drop_column_sql
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_delete_column_sqlite_drops_index_constraint_first() {
-        // SQLite should drop index before dropping the column
-        let schema = vec![TableDef {
-            name: "users".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![TableConstraint::Index {
-                name: None,
-                columns: vec!["email".into()],
-            }],
-        }];
-
-        let result = build_delete_column(
-            &DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
-            "users",
-            "email",
-            None,
-            &schema,
-            &[],
-        );
-
-        // Should have 2 statements: DROP INDEX then ALTER TABLE DROP COLUMN
-        assert_eq!(result.len(), 2);
-
-        let drop_index_sql = result[0].build(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite);
-        assert!(drop_index_sql.contains("DROP INDEX"));
-        assert!(drop_index_sql.contains("ix_users__email"));
-
-        let drop_column_sql = result[1].build(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite);
-        assert!(drop_column_sql.contains("DROP COLUMN"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_delete_column_postgres_does_not_drop_constraints() {
-        // PostgreSQL cascades constraint drops, so we shouldn't emit extra DROP INDEX
-        let schema = vec![TableDef {
-            name: "gift".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                col("gift_code", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![TableConstraint::Unique {
-                name: None,
-                columns: vec!["gift_code".into()],
-            }],
-        }];
-
-        let result = build_delete_column(
-            &DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
-            "gift",
-            "gift_code",
-            None,
-            &schema,
-            &[],
-        );
-
-        // Should have only 1 statement: ALTER TABLE DROP COLUMN
-        assert_eq!(result.len(), 1);
-
-        let drop_column_sql = result[0].build(DatabaseBackend::Postgres);
-        assert!(drop_column_sql.contains("DROP COLUMN"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_delete_column_sqlite_with_named_unique_constraint() {
-        // Test with a named unique constraint
-        let schema = vec![TableDef {
-            name: "gift".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                col("gift_code", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![TableConstraint::Unique {
-                name: Some("gift_code".into()),
-                columns: vec!["gift_code".into()],
-            }],
-        }];
-
-        let result = build_delete_column(
-            &DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
-            "gift",
-            "gift_code",
-            None,
-            &schema,
-            &[],
-        );
-
-        assert_eq!(result.len(), 2);
-
-        let drop_index_sql = result[0].build(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite);
-        // Named constraint: uq_gift__gift_code (name is "gift_code")
-        assert!(
-            drop_index_sql.contains("uq_gift__gift_code"),
-            "Expected uq_gift__gift_code, got: {}",
-            drop_index_sql
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_delete_column_sqlite_with_fk_uses_temp_table() {
-        // SQLite should use temp table approach when deleting a column with FK constraint
-        let schema = vec![TableDef {
-            name: "gift".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                col("sender_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::BigInt)),
-                col("message", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                name: None,
-                columns: vec!["sender_id".into()],
-                ref_table: "user".into(),
-                ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                on_delete: None,
-                on_update: None,
-            }],
-        }];
-
-        let result = build_delete_column(
-            &DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
-            "gift",
-            "sender_id",
-            None,
-            &schema,
-            &[],
-        );
-
-        // Should use temp table approach:
-        // 1. CREATE TABLE gift_temp (without sender_id column)
-        // 2. INSERT INTO gift_temp SELECT ... FROM gift
-        // 3. DROP TABLE gift
-        // 4. ALTER TABLE gift_temp RENAME TO gift
-        assert!(
-            result.len() >= 4,
-            "Expected at least 4 statements for temp table approach, got: {}",
-            result.len()
-        );
-
-        let all_sql: Vec<String> = result
-            .iter()
-            .map(|q| q.build(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite))
-            .collect();
-        let combined_sql = all_sql.join("\n");
-
-        // Verify temp table creation
-        assert!(
-            combined_sql.contains("CREATE TABLE") && combined_sql.contains("gift_temp"),
-            "Expected CREATE TABLE gift_temp, got: {}",
-            combined_sql
-        );
-
-        // Verify the new table doesn't have sender_id column
-        assert!(
-            !combined_sql.contains("\"sender_id\"") || combined_sql.contains("DROP TABLE"),
-            "New table should not contain sender_id column"
-        );
-
-        // Verify data copy (INSERT ... SELECT)
-        assert!(
-            combined_sql.contains("INSERT INTO"),
-            "Expected INSERT INTO for data copy, got: {}",
-            combined_sql
-        );
-
-        // Verify original table drop
-        assert!(
-            combined_sql.contains("DROP TABLE") && combined_sql.contains("\"gift\""),
-            "Expected DROP TABLE gift, got: {}",
-            combined_sql
-        );
-
-        // Verify rename
-        assert!(
-            combined_sql.contains("RENAME"),
-            "Expected RENAME for temp table, got: {}",
-            combined_sql
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_delete_column_sqlite_with_fk_preserves_other_columns() {
-        // When using temp table approach, other columns should be preserved
-        let schema = vec![TableDef {
-            name: "gift".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                col("sender_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::BigInt)),
-                col("receiver_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::BigInt)),
-                col("message", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![
-                TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                    name: None,
-                    columns: vec!["sender_id".into()],
-                    ref_table: "user".into(),
-                    ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                    on_delete: None,
-                    on_update: None,
-                },
-                TableConstraint::Index {
-                    name: None,
-                    columns: vec!["receiver_id".into()],
-                },
-            ],
-        }];
-
-        let result = build_delete_column(
-            &DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
-            "gift",
-            "sender_id",
-            None,
-            &schema,
-            &[],
-        );
-
-        let all_sql: Vec<String> = result
-            .iter()
-            .map(|q| q.build(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite))
-            .collect();
-        let combined_sql = all_sql.join("\n");
-
-        // Should preserve other columns
-        assert!(combined_sql.contains("\"id\""), "Should preserve id column");
-        assert!(
-            combined_sql.contains("\"receiver_id\""),
-            "Should preserve receiver_id column"
-        );
-        assert!(
-            combined_sql.contains("\"message\""),
-            "Should preserve message column"
-        );
-
-        // Should recreate index on receiver_id (not on sender_id)
-        assert!(
-            combined_sql.contains("CREATE INDEX") && combined_sql.contains("ix_gift__receiver_id"),
-            "Should recreate index on receiver_id, got: {}",
-            combined_sql
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_delete_column_postgres_with_fk_does_not_use_temp_table() {
-        // PostgreSQL should NOT use temp table - just drop column directly
-        let schema = vec![TableDef {
-            name: "gift".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                col("sender_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::BigInt)),
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                name: None,
-                columns: vec!["sender_id".into()],
-                ref_table: "user".into(),
-                ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                on_delete: None,
-                on_update: None,
-            }],
-        }];
-
-        let result = build_delete_column(
-            &DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
-            "gift",
-            "sender_id",
-            None,
-            &schema,
-            &[],
-        );
-
-        // Should have only 1 statement: ALTER TABLE DROP COLUMN
-        assert_eq!(
-            result.len(),
-            1,
-            "PostgreSQL should only have 1 statement, got: {}",
-            result.len()
-        );
-
-        let sql = result[0].build(DatabaseBackend::Postgres);
-        assert!(
-            sql.contains("DROP COLUMN"),
-            "Expected DROP COLUMN, got: {}",
-            sql
-        );
-        assert!(
-            !sql.contains("gift_temp"),
-            "PostgreSQL should not use temp table"
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_delete_column_sqlite_with_pk_uses_temp_table() {
-        // SQLite should use temp table approach when deleting a column that's part of PK
-        let schema = vec![TableDef {
-            name: "order_items".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("order_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                col("product_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                col("quantity", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                auto_increment: false,
-                columns: vec!["order_id".into(), "product_id".into()],
-            }],
-        }];
-
-        let result = build_delete_column(
-            &DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
-            "order_items",
-            "product_id",
-            None,
-            &schema,
-            &[],
-        );
-
-        // Should use temp table approach
-        assert!(
-            result.len() >= 4,
-            "Expected at least 4 statements for temp table approach, got: {}",
-            result.len()
-        );
-
-        let all_sql: Vec<String> = result
-            .iter()
-            .map(|q| q.build(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite))
-            .collect();
-        let combined_sql = all_sql.join("\n");
-
-        assert!(
-            combined_sql.contains("order_items_temp"),
-            "Should use temp table approach for PK column deletion"
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_delete_column_sqlite_unique_on_different_column_not_dropped() {
-        // When deleting a column in SQLite, UNIQUE constraints on OTHER columns should NOT be dropped
-        // This tests line 46's condition: only drop constraints that reference the deleted column
-        let schema = vec![TableDef {
-            name: "users".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
-                col("nickname", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![
-                // UNIQUE on email (the column we're NOT deleting)
-                TableConstraint::Unique {
-                    name: None,
-                    columns: vec!["email".into()],
-                },
-            ],
-        }];
-
-        // Delete nickname, which does NOT have the unique constraint
-        let result = build_delete_column(
-            &DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
-            "users",
-            "nickname",
-            None,
-            &schema,
-            &[],
-        );
-
-        // Should only have 1 statement: ALTER TABLE DROP COLUMN (no DROP INDEX needed)
-        assert_eq!(
-            result.len(),
-            1,
-            "Should not drop UNIQUE on email when deleting nickname, got: {} statements",
-            result.len()
-        );
-
-        let sql = result[0].build(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite);
-        assert!(
-            sql.contains("DROP COLUMN"),
-            "Expected DROP COLUMN, got: {}",
-            sql
-        );
-        assert!(
-            !sql.contains("DROP INDEX"),
-            "Should NOT drop the email UNIQUE constraint when deleting nickname"
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_delete_column_sqlite_temp_table_filters_constraints_correctly() {
-        // When using temp table approach, constraints referencing the deleted column should be excluded,
-        // but constraints on OTHER columns should be preserved
-        // This tests lines 122-124: filter constraints by column reference
-        let schema = vec![TableDef {
-            name: "orders".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                col("user_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::BigInt)),
-                col("status", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
-                col(
-                    "created_at",
-                    ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Timestamp),
-                ),
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![
-                // FK on user_id (column we're deleting) - should be excluded
-                TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                    name: None,
-                    columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
-                    ref_table: "users".into(),
-                    ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                    on_delete: None,
-                    on_update: None,
-                },
-                // Index on created_at (different column) - should be preserved and recreated
-                TableConstraint::Index {
-                    name: None,
-                    columns: vec!["created_at".into()],
-                },
-                // Another FK on a different column - should be preserved
-                TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                    name: None,
-                    columns: vec!["status".into()],
-                    ref_table: "statuses".into(),
-                    ref_columns: vec!["code".into()],
-                    on_delete: None,
-                    on_update: None,
-                },
-            ],
-        }];
-
-        let result = build_delete_column(
-            &DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
-            "orders",
-            "user_id",
-            None,
-            &schema,
-            &[],
-        );
-
-        let all_sql: Vec<String> = result
-            .iter()
-            .map(|q| q.build(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite))
-            .collect();
-        let combined_sql = all_sql.join("\n");
-
-        // Should use temp table approach (FK triggers it)
-        assert!(
-            combined_sql.contains("orders_temp"),
-            "Should use temp table approach for FK column deletion"
-        );
-
-        // Index on created_at should be recreated after rename
-        assert!(
-            combined_sql.contains("ix_orders__created_at"),
-            "Index on created_at should be recreated, got: {}",
-            combined_sql
-        );
-
-        // The FK on user_id should NOT appear (deleted column)
-        // But the FK on status should be preserved
-        assert!(
-            combined_sql.contains("REFERENCES \"statuses\""),
-            "FK on status should be preserved, got: {}",
-            combined_sql
-        );
-
-        // Count FK references - should only be 1 (status FK, not user_id FK)
-        let fk_patterns = combined_sql.matches("REFERENCES").count();
-        assert_eq!(
-            fk_patterns, 1,
-            "Only the FK on status should exist (not the one on user_id), got: {}",
-            combined_sql
-        );
-    }
-
-    // ==================== Snapshot Tests ====================
-
-    fn build_sql_snapshot(result: &[BuiltQuery], backend: DatabaseBackend) -> String {
-        result
-            .iter()
-            .map(|q| q.build(backend))
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-            .join(";\n")
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case::postgres("postgres", DatabaseBackend::Postgres)]
-    #[case::mysql("mysql", DatabaseBackend::MySql)]
-    #[case::sqlite("sqlite", DatabaseBackend::Sqlite)]
-    fn test_delete_column_with_unique_constraint(
-        #[case] title: &str,
-        #[case] backend: DatabaseBackend,
-    ) {
-        let schema = vec![TableDef {
-            name: "users".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
-                col("name", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![TableConstraint::Unique {
-                name: None,
-                columns: vec!["email".into()],
-            }],
-        }];
-
-        let result = build_delete_column(&backend, "users", "email", None, &schema, &[]);
-        let sql = build_sql_snapshot(&result, backend);
-
-        with_settings!({ snapshot_suffix => format!("delete_column_with_unique_{}", title) }, {
-            assert_snapshot!(sql);
-        });
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case::postgres("postgres", DatabaseBackend::Postgres)]
-    #[case::mysql("mysql", DatabaseBackend::MySql)]
-    #[case::sqlite("sqlite", DatabaseBackend::Sqlite)]
-    fn test_delete_column_with_index_constraint(
-        #[case] title: &str,
-        #[case] backend: DatabaseBackend,
-    ) {
-        let schema = vec![TableDef {
-            name: "posts".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                col(
-                    "created_at",
-                    ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Timestamp),
-                ),
-                col("title", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![TableConstraint::Index {
-                name: None,
-                columns: vec!["created_at".into()],
-            }],
-        }];
-
-        let result = build_delete_column(&backend, "posts", "created_at", None, &schema, &[]);
-        let sql = build_sql_snapshot(&result, backend);
-
-        with_settings!({ snapshot_suffix => format!("delete_column_with_index_{}", title) }, {
-            assert_snapshot!(sql);
-        });
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case::postgres("postgres", DatabaseBackend::Postgres)]
-    #[case::mysql("mysql", DatabaseBackend::MySql)]
-    #[case::sqlite("sqlite", DatabaseBackend::Sqlite)]
-    fn test_delete_column_with_fk_constraint(
-        #[case] title: &str,
-        #[case] backend: DatabaseBackend,
-    ) {
-        let schema = vec![TableDef {
-            name: "orders".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                col("user_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::BigInt)),
-                col("total", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                name: None,
-                columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
-                ref_table: "users".into(),
-                ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                on_delete: None,
-                on_update: None,
-            }],
-        }];
-
-        let result = build_delete_column(&backend, "orders", "user_id", None, &schema, &[]);
-        let sql = build_sql_snapshot(&result, backend);
-
-        with_settings!({ snapshot_suffix => format!("delete_column_with_fk_{}", title) }, {
-            assert_snapshot!(sql);
-        });
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case::postgres("postgres", DatabaseBackend::Postgres)]
-    #[case::mysql("mysql", DatabaseBackend::MySql)]
-    #[case::sqlite("sqlite", DatabaseBackend::Sqlite)]
-    fn test_delete_column_with_pk_constraint(
-        #[case] title: &str,
-        #[case] backend: DatabaseBackend,
-    ) {
-        let schema = vec![TableDef {
-            name: "order_items".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("order_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                col("product_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                col("quantity", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                auto_increment: false,
-                columns: vec!["order_id".into(), "product_id".into()],
-            }],
-        }];
-
-        let result = build_delete_column(&backend, "order_items", "product_id", None, &schema, &[]);
-        let sql = build_sql_snapshot(&result, backend);
-
-        with_settings!({ snapshot_suffix => format!("delete_column_with_pk_{}", title) }, {
-            assert_snapshot!(sql);
-        });
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case::postgres("postgres", DatabaseBackend::Postgres)]
-    #[case::mysql("mysql", DatabaseBackend::MySql)]
-    #[case::sqlite("sqlite", DatabaseBackend::Sqlite)]
-    fn test_delete_column_with_fk_and_index_constraints(
-        #[case] title: &str,
-        #[case] backend: DatabaseBackend,
-    ) {
-        // Complex case: FK on the deleted column + Index on another column
-        let schema = vec![TableDef {
-            name: "orders".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                col("user_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::BigInt)),
-                col(
-                    "created_at",
-                    ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Timestamp),
-                ),
-                col("total", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![
-                TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                    name: None,
-                    columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
-                    ref_table: "users".into(),
-                    ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                    on_delete: None,
-                    on_update: None,
-                },
-                TableConstraint::Index {
-                    name: None,
-                    columns: vec!["created_at".into()],
-                },
-            ],
-        }];
-
-        let result = build_delete_column(&backend, "orders", "user_id", None, &schema, &[]);
-        let sql = build_sql_snapshot(&result, backend);
-
-        with_settings!({ snapshot_suffix => format!("delete_column_with_fk_and_index_{}", title) }, {
-            assert_snapshot!(sql);
-        });
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_delete_column_sqlite_temp_table_with_enum_column() {
-        // SQLite temp table approach with enum column type
-        // This tests lines 122-124: enum type drop in temp table function
-        use vespertide_core::EnumValues;
-
-        let enum_type = ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-            name: "order_status".into(),
-            values: EnumValues::String(vec![
-                "pending".into(),
-                "shipped".into(),
-                "delivered".into(),
-            ]),
-        });
-
-        let schema = vec![TableDef {
-            name: "orders".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                col("user_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::BigInt)),
-                col("status", enum_type.clone()),
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                name: None,
-                columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
-                ref_table: "users".into(),
-                ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                on_delete: None,
-                on_update: None,
-            }],
-        }];
-
-        // Delete the FK column (user_id) with an enum type - triggers temp table AND enum drop
-        let result = build_delete_column(
-            &DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
-            "orders",
-            "user_id",
-            Some(&enum_type),
-            &schema,
-            &[],
-        );
-
-        // Should use temp table approach (FK triggers it) + DROP TYPE at end
-        assert!(
-            result.len() >= 4,
-            "Expected at least 4 statements for temp table approach, got: {}",
-            result.len()
-        );
-
-        let all_sql: Vec<String> = result
-            .iter()
-            .map(|q| q.build(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite))
-            .collect();
-        let combined_sql = all_sql.join("\n");
-
-        // Verify temp table approach
-        assert!(
-            combined_sql.contains("orders_temp"),
-            "Should use temp table approach"
-        );
-
-        // The DROP TYPE statement should be empty for SQLite (only applies to PostgreSQL)
-        // but the code path should still be executed
-        let last_stmt = result.last().unwrap();
-        let last_sql = last_stmt.build(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite);
-        // SQLite doesn't have DROP TYPE, so it should be empty string
-        assert!(
-            last_sql.is_empty() || !last_sql.contains("DROP TYPE"),
-            "SQLite should not emit DROP TYPE"
-        );
-
-        // Verify it DOES emit DROP TYPE for PostgreSQL
-        let pg_last_sql = last_stmt.build(DatabaseBackend::Postgres);
-        assert!(
-            pg_last_sql.contains("DROP TYPE"),
-            "PostgreSQL should emit DROP TYPE, got: {}",
-            pg_last_sql
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_delete_column_sqlite_with_check_constraint_referencing_column() {
-        // When a CHECK constraint references the column being deleted,
-        // SQLite can't use ALTER TABLE DROP COLUMN — must use temp table approach.
-        let schema = vec![TableDef {
-            name: "orders".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                col("amount", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![TableConstraint::Check {
-                name: "check_positive".into(),
-                expr: "amount > 0".into(),
-            }],
-        }];
-
-        // Delete amount column — CHECK references it, so temp table is needed
-        let result = build_delete_column(
-            &DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
-            "orders",
-            "amount",
-            None,
-            &schema,
-            &[],
-        );
-
-        // Should use temp table approach (CREATE temp, INSERT, DROP, RENAME)
-        assert!(
-            result.len() >= 4,
-            "Expected temp table approach (>=4 stmts), got: {} statements",
-            result.len()
-        );
-
-        let sql = result[0].build(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite);
-        assert!(
-            sql.contains("orders_temp"),
-            "Expected temp table creation, got: {}",
-            sql
-        );
-        // The CHECK constraint referencing "amount" should NOT be in the temp table
-        assert!(
-            !sql.contains("check_positive"),
-            "CHECK referencing deleted column should be removed, got: {}",
-            sql
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_delete_column_sqlite_with_check_constraint_not_referencing_column() {
-        // When a CHECK constraint does NOT reference the column being deleted,
-        // simple DROP COLUMN should work.
-        let schema = vec![TableDef {
-            name: "orders".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                col("amount", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                col("note", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![TableConstraint::Check {
-                name: "check_positive".into(),
-                expr: "amount > 0".into(),
-            }],
-        }];
-
-        // Delete "note" column — CHECK only references "amount", not "note"
-        let result = build_delete_column(
-            &DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
-            "orders",
-            "note",
-            None,
-            &schema,
-            &[],
-        );
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            result.len(),
-            1,
-            "Unrelated CHECK should be skipped, got: {} statements",
-            result.len()
-        );
-
-        let sql = result[0].build(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite);
-        assert!(
-            sql.contains("DROP COLUMN"),
-            "Expected DROP COLUMN, got: {}",
-            sql
-        );
-    }
-}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/delete_column/direct.rs b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/delete_column/direct.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c818cd74
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/delete_column/direct.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+use sea_query::{Alias, Table};
+
+use vespertide_core::ColumnType;
+
+use crate::sql::helpers::build_drop_enum_type_sql;
+use crate::sql::types::BuiltQuery;
+
+/// Build direct `ALTER TABLE ... DROP COLUMN` queries.
+///
+/// `PostgreSQL` receives an additional `DROP TYPE` statement when the deleted
+/// column is backed by a native enum type. Other backends build the raw query
+/// too, but it renders to an empty string outside `PostgreSQL`.
+pub(super) fn build_direct_delete_column(
+    table: &str,
+    column: &str,
+    column_type: Option<&ColumnType>,
+) -> Vec<BuiltQuery> {
+    let mut stmts = Vec::new();
+
+    let stmt = Table::alter()
+        .table(Alias::new(table))
+        .drop_column(Alias::new(column))
+        .to_owned();
+    stmts.push(BuiltQuery::AlterTable(Box::new(stmt)));
+
+    // If column type is an enum, drop the type after (PostgreSQL only).
+    // Note: Only drop if this is the last column using this enum type.
+    if let Some(col_type) = column_type
+        && let Some(drop_type_sql) = build_drop_enum_type_sql(table, col_type)
+    {
+        stmts.push(BuiltQuery::Raw(drop_type_sql));
+    }
+
+    stmts
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/delete_column/mod.rs b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/delete_column/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..84724d85
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/delete_column/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+use sea_query::{Alias, Index};
+
+use vespertide_core::{ColumnType, ComplexColumnType, TableConstraint, TableDef};
+
+use self::direct::build_direct_delete_column;
+use self::sqlite_rebuild::build_delete_column_sqlite_temp_table;
+use super::types::{BuiltQuery, DatabaseBackend};
+
+mod direct;
+mod sqlite_rebuild;
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests;
+
+/// Build SQL to delete a column, optionally with DROP TYPE for enum columns (`PostgreSQL`).
+///
+/// For `SQLite`: Handles constraint removal before dropping the column:
+/// - Unique/Index constraints: Dropped via DROP INDEX
+/// - ForeignKey/PrimaryKey constraints: Uses temp table approach (recreate table without column)
+///
+/// `SQLite` doesn't cascade constraint drops when a column is dropped.
+pub fn build_delete_column(
+    backend: DatabaseBackend,
+    table: &str,
+    column: &str,
+    column_type: Option<&ColumnType>,
+    current_schema: &[TableDef],
+    pending_constraints: &[TableConstraint],
+) -> Vec<BuiltQuery> {
+    let mut stmts = Vec::new();
+
+    // SQLite: Check if we need special handling for constraints.
+    if backend == DatabaseBackend::Sqlite
+        && let Some(table_def) = current_schema.iter().find(|t| t.name == table)
+        && let Some(sqlite_queries) = sqlite_constraint_handling(
+            table,
+            column,
+            table_def,
+            column_type,
+            pending_constraints,
+            &mut stmts,
+        )
+    {
+        return sqlite_queries;
+    }
+
+    stmts.extend(build_direct_delete_column(table, column, column_type));
+    stmts
+}
+
+fn sqlite_constraint_handling(
+    table: &str,
+    column: &str,
+    table_def: &TableDef,
+    column_type: Option<&ColumnType>,
+    pending_constraints: &[TableConstraint],
+    stmts: &mut Vec<BuiltQuery>,
+) -> Option<Vec<BuiltQuery>> {
+    // If the column has an enum type, SQLite embeds a CHECK constraint in CREATE TABLE.
+    // ALTER TABLE DROP COLUMN fails if the column is referenced by any CHECK.
+    // Must use temp table approach.
+    if let Some(col_def) = table_def.columns.iter().find(|c| c.name == column)
+        && let ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum { .. }) = &col_def.r#type
+    {
+        return Some(build_delete_column_sqlite_temp_table(
+            table,
+            column,
+            table_def,
+            column_type,
+            pending_constraints,
+        ));
+    }
+
+    // Handle constraints referencing the deleted column.
+    for constraint in &table_def.constraints {
+        match constraint {
+            // Check constraints may reference the column in their expression.
+            // SQLite can't DROP COLUMN if a CHECK references it — use temp table.
+            TableConstraint::Check { expr, .. } => {
+                // Check if the expression references the column (e.g. "status" IN (...)).
+                if expr.contains(&format!("\"{column}\"")) || expr.contains(column) {
+                    return Some(build_delete_column_sqlite_temp_table(
+                        table,
+                        column,
+                        table_def,
+                        column_type,
+                        pending_constraints,
+                    ));
+                }
+            }
+            // For column-based constraints, check if they reference the deleted column.
+            _ if !constraint.columns().iter().any(|c| c == column) => {}
+            // FK/PK require temp table approach - return immediately.
+            TableConstraint::ForeignKey { .. } | TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { .. } => {
+                return Some(build_delete_column_sqlite_temp_table(
+                    table,
+                    column,
+                    table_def,
+                    column_type,
+                    pending_constraints,
+                ));
+            }
+            // Unique/Index: drop the index first, then drop column below.
+            TableConstraint::Unique { name, columns } => {
+                let index_name = vespertide_naming::build_unique_constraint_name(
+                    table,
+                    columns,
+                    name.as_deref(),
+                );
+                let drop_idx = Index::drop()
+                    .name(&index_name)
+                    .table(Alias::new(table))
+                    .to_owned();
+                stmts.push(BuiltQuery::DropIndex(Box::new(drop_idx)));
+            }
+            TableConstraint::Index { name, columns } => {
+                let index_name =
+                    vespertide_naming::build_index_name(table, columns, name.as_deref());
+                let drop_idx = Index::drop()
+                    .name(&index_name)
+                    .table(Alias::new(table))
+                    .to_owned();
+                stmts.push(BuiltQuery::DropIndex(Box::new(drop_idx)));
+            }
+            _ => {
+                unreachable!("TableConstraint is #[non_exhaustive]; all variants are matched above")
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    None
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/delete_column/sqlite_rebuild.rs b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/delete_column/sqlite_rebuild.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7aa5f16e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/delete_column/sqlite_rebuild.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+use sea_query::{Alias, Query, Table};
+
+use vespertide_core::{ColumnType, TableConstraint, TableDef};
+
+use crate::sql::helpers::{
+    build_drop_enum_type_sql, build_sqlite_temp_table_create, recreate_indexes_after_rebuild,
+};
+use crate::sql::rename_table::build_rename_table;
+use crate::sql::types::{BuiltQuery, DatabaseBackend};
+
+/// `SQLite` temp table approach for deleting a column that has FK, PK, CHECK, or
+/// enum-backed constraints.
+///
+/// Steps:
+/// 1. Create temp table without the column (and without constraints referencing it)
+/// 2. Copy data (excluding the deleted column)
+/// 3. Drop original table
+/// 4. Rename temp table to original name
+/// 5. Recreate indexes that don't reference the deleted column
+pub(super) fn build_delete_column_sqlite_temp_table(
+    table: &str,
+    column: &str,
+    table_def: &TableDef,
+    column_type: Option<&ColumnType>,
+    pending_constraints: &[TableConstraint],
+) -> Vec<BuiltQuery> {
+    // perf: SQLite rebuild emits four fixed statements plus recreated indexes.
+    let mut stmts = Vec::with_capacity(4 + table_def.constraints.len());
+    let temp_table = format!("{table}_temp");
+
+    // Build new columns list without the deleted column.
+    let new_columns: Vec<_> = table_def
+        .columns
+        .iter()
+        .filter(|c| c.name != column)
+        .cloned()
+        .collect();
+
+    // Build new constraints list without constraints referencing the deleted column.
+    let new_constraints: Vec<_> = table_def
+        .constraints
+        .iter()
+        .filter(|c| {
+            // For CHECK constraints, check if expression references the column.
+            if let TableConstraint::Check { expr, .. } = c {
+                return !expr.contains(&format!("\"{column}\"")) && !expr.contains(column);
+            }
+            !c.columns().iter().any(|col| col == column)
+        })
+        .cloned()
+        .collect();
+
+    // 1. Create temp table without the column + CHECK constraints.
+    let create_query = build_sqlite_temp_table_create(
+        DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
+        &temp_table,
+        table,
+        &new_columns,
+        &new_constraints,
+    );
+    stmts.push(create_query);
+
+    // 2. Copy data (excluding the deleted column).
+    let column_aliases: Vec<Alias> = new_columns.iter().map(|c| Alias::new(&c.name)).collect();
+    let mut select_query = Query::select();
+    for col_alias in &column_aliases {
+        select_query.column(col_alias.clone());
+    }
+    select_query.from(Alias::new(table));
+
+    let insert_stmt = Query::insert()
+        .into_table(Alias::new(&temp_table))
+        .columns(column_aliases.clone())
+        .select_from(select_query)
+        .unwrap()
+        .to_owned();
+    stmts.push(BuiltQuery::Insert(Box::new(insert_stmt)));
+
+    // 3. Drop original table.
+    let drop_table = Table::drop().table(Alias::new(table)).to_owned();
+    stmts.push(BuiltQuery::DropTable(Box::new(drop_table)));
+
+    // 4. Rename temp table to original name.
+    stmts.push(build_rename_table(&temp_table, table));
+
+    // 5. Recreate indexes (both regular and UNIQUE) that don't reference the deleted column.
+    stmts.extend(recreate_indexes_after_rebuild(
+        table,
+        &new_constraints,
+        pending_constraints,
+    ));
+
+    // If column type is an enum, drop the type after (PostgreSQL only, but include for completeness).
+    if let Some(col_type) = column_type
+        && let Some(drop_type_sql) = build_drop_enum_type_sql(table, col_type)
+    {
+        stmts.push(BuiltQuery::Raw(drop_type_sql));
+    }
+
+    stmts
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/delete_column/tests.rs b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/delete_column/tests.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..69630d39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/delete_column/tests.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,954 @@
+use super::*;
+use crate::sql::types::DatabaseBackend;
+use insta::{assert_snapshot, with_settings};
+use rstest::rstest;
+use vespertide_core::{ColumnDef, ComplexColumnType, SimpleColumnType};
+
+fn col(name: &str, ty: ColumnType) -> ColumnDef {
+    ColumnDef {
+        name: name.to_string(),
+        r#type: ty,
+        nullable: true,
+        default: None,
+        comment: None,
+        primary_key: None,
+        unique: None,
+        index: None,
+        foreign_key: None,
+    }
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case::delete_column_postgres(
+        "delete_column_postgres",
+        DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
+        &["ALTER TABLE \"users\" DROP COLUMN \"email\""]
+    )]
+#[case::delete_column_mysql(
+        "delete_column_mysql",
+        DatabaseBackend::MySql,
+        &["ALTER TABLE `users` DROP COLUMN `email`"]
+    )]
+#[case::delete_column_sqlite(
+        "delete_column_sqlite",
+        DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
+        &["ALTER TABLE \"users\" DROP COLUMN \"email\""]
+    )]
+fn test_delete_column(
+    #[case] title: &str,
+    #[case] backend: DatabaseBackend,
+    #[case] expected: &[&str],
+) {
+    let result = build_delete_column(backend, "users", "email", None, &[], &[]);
+    let sql = result[0].build(backend);
+    for exp in expected {
+        assert!(
+            sql.contains(exp),
+            "Expected SQL to contain '{exp}', got: {sql}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    with_settings!({ snapshot_path => "../snapshots", snapshot_suffix => format!("delete_column_{}", title) }, {
+        assert_snapshot!(sql);
+    });
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_delete_enum_column_postgres() {
+    use vespertide_core::EnumValues;
+
+    let enum_type = ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+        name: "status".into(),
+        values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into()]),
+    });
+    let result = build_delete_column(
+        DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
+        "users",
+        "status",
+        Some(&enum_type),
+        &[],
+        &[],
+    );
+
+    // Should have 2 statements: ALTER TABLE and DROP TYPE
+    assert_eq!(result.len(), 2);
+
+    let alter_sql = result[0].build(DatabaseBackend::Postgres);
+    assert!(alter_sql.contains("DROP COLUMN"));
+
+    let drop_type_sql = result[1].build(DatabaseBackend::Postgres);
+    assert!(drop_type_sql.contains("DROP TYPE \"users_status\""));
+
+    // MySQL and SQLite should have empty DROP TYPE
+    let drop_type_mysql = result[1].build(DatabaseBackend::MySql);
+    assert!(drop_type_mysql.is_empty());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_delete_non_enum_column_no_drop_type() {
+    let text_type = ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text);
+    let result = build_delete_column(
+        DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
+        "users",
+        "name",
+        Some(&text_type),
+        &[],
+        &[],
+    );
+
+    // Should only have 1 statement: ALTER TABLE
+    assert_eq!(result.len(), 1);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_delete_column_sqlite_drops_unique_constraint_first() {
+    // SQLite should drop unique constraint index before dropping the column
+    let schema = vec![TableDef {
+        name: "gift".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("gift_code", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![TableConstraint::Unique {
+            name: None,
+            columns: vec!["gift_code".into()],
+        }],
+    }];
+
+    let result = build_delete_column(
+        DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
+        "gift",
+        "gift_code",
+        None,
+        &schema,
+        &[],
+    );
+
+    // Should have 2 statements: DROP INDEX then ALTER TABLE DROP COLUMN
+    assert_eq!(result.len(), 2);
+
+    let drop_index_sql = result[0].build(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite);
+    assert!(
+        drop_index_sql.contains("DROP INDEX"),
+        "Expected DROP INDEX, got: {drop_index_sql}"
+    );
+    assert!(
+        drop_index_sql.contains("uq_gift__gift_code"),
+        "Expected index name uq_gift__gift_code, got: {drop_index_sql}"
+    );
+
+    let drop_column_sql = result[1].build(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite);
+    assert!(
+        drop_column_sql.contains("DROP COLUMN"),
+        "Expected DROP COLUMN, got: {drop_column_sql}"
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_delete_column_sqlite_drops_index_constraint_first() {
+    // SQLite should drop index before dropping the column
+    let schema = vec![TableDef {
+        name: "users".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![TableConstraint::Index {
+            name: None,
+            columns: vec!["email".into()],
+        }],
+    }];
+
+    let result = build_delete_column(
+        DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
+        "users",
+        "email",
+        None,
+        &schema,
+        &[],
+    );
+
+    // Should have 2 statements: DROP INDEX then ALTER TABLE DROP COLUMN
+    assert_eq!(result.len(), 2);
+
+    let drop_index_sql = result[0].build(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite);
+    assert!(drop_index_sql.contains("DROP INDEX"));
+    assert!(drop_index_sql.contains("ix_users__email"));
+
+    let drop_column_sql = result[1].build(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite);
+    assert!(drop_column_sql.contains("DROP COLUMN"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_delete_column_postgres_does_not_drop_constraints() {
+    // PostgreSQL cascades constraint drops, so we shouldn't emit extra DROP INDEX
+    let schema = vec![TableDef {
+        name: "gift".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("gift_code", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![TableConstraint::Unique {
+            name: None,
+            columns: vec!["gift_code".into()],
+        }],
+    }];
+
+    let result = build_delete_column(
+        DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
+        "gift",
+        "gift_code",
+        None,
+        &schema,
+        &[],
+    );
+
+    // Should have only 1 statement: ALTER TABLE DROP COLUMN
+    assert_eq!(result.len(), 1);
+
+    let drop_column_sql = result[0].build(DatabaseBackend::Postgres);
+    assert!(drop_column_sql.contains("DROP COLUMN"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_delete_column_sqlite_with_named_unique_constraint() {
+    // Test with a named unique constraint
+    let schema = vec![TableDef {
+        name: "gift".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("gift_code", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![TableConstraint::Unique {
+            name: Some("gift_code".into()),
+            columns: vec!["gift_code".into()],
+        }],
+    }];
+
+    let result = build_delete_column(
+        DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
+        "gift",
+        "gift_code",
+        None,
+        &schema,
+        &[],
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(result.len(), 2);
+
+    let drop_index_sql = result[0].build(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite);
+    // Named constraint: uq_gift__gift_code (name is "gift_code")
+    assert!(
+        drop_index_sql.contains("uq_gift__gift_code"),
+        "Expected uq_gift__gift_code, got: {drop_index_sql}"
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_delete_column_sqlite_with_fk_uses_temp_table() {
+    // SQLite should use temp table approach when deleting a column with FK constraint
+    let schema = vec![TableDef {
+        name: "gift".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("sender_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::BigInt)),
+            col("message", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+            name: None,
+            columns: vec!["sender_id".into()],
+            ref_table: "user".into(),
+            ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+            on_delete: None,
+            on_update: None,
+        }],
+    }];
+
+    let result = build_delete_column(
+        DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
+        "gift",
+        "sender_id",
+        None,
+        &schema,
+        &[],
+    );
+
+    // Should use temp table approach:
+    // 1. CREATE TABLE gift_temp (without sender_id column)
+    // 2. INSERT INTO gift_temp SELECT ... FROM gift
+    // 3. DROP TABLE gift
+    // 4. ALTER TABLE gift_temp RENAME TO gift
+    assert!(
+        result.len() >= 4,
+        "Expected at least 4 statements for temp table approach, got: {}",
+        result.len()
+    );
+
+    let all_sql: Vec<String> = result
+        .iter()
+        .map(|q| q.build(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite))
+        .collect();
+    let combined_sql = all_sql.join("\n");
+
+    // Verify temp table creation
+    assert!(
+        combined_sql.contains("CREATE TABLE") && combined_sql.contains("gift_temp"),
+        "Expected CREATE TABLE gift_temp, got: {combined_sql}"
+    );
+
+    // Verify the new table doesn't have sender_id column
+    assert!(
+        !combined_sql.contains("\"sender_id\"") || combined_sql.contains("DROP TABLE"),
+        "New table should not contain sender_id column"
+    );
+
+    // Verify data copy (INSERT ... SELECT)
+    assert!(
+        combined_sql.contains("INSERT INTO"),
+        "Expected INSERT INTO for data copy, got: {combined_sql}"
+    );
+
+    // Verify original table drop
+    assert!(
+        combined_sql.contains("DROP TABLE") && combined_sql.contains("\"gift\""),
+        "Expected DROP TABLE gift, got: {combined_sql}"
+    );
+
+    // Verify rename
+    assert!(
+        combined_sql.contains("RENAME"),
+        "Expected RENAME for temp table, got: {combined_sql}"
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_delete_column_sqlite_with_fk_preserves_other_columns() {
+    // When using temp table approach, other columns should be preserved
+    let schema = vec![TableDef {
+        name: "gift".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("sender_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::BigInt)),
+            col("receiver_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::BigInt)),
+            col("message", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![
+            TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                name: None,
+                columns: vec!["sender_id".into()],
+                ref_table: "user".into(),
+                ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+                on_delete: None,
+                on_update: None,
+            },
+            TableConstraint::Index {
+                name: None,
+                columns: vec!["receiver_id".into()],
+            },
+        ],
+    }];
+
+    let result = build_delete_column(
+        DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
+        "gift",
+        "sender_id",
+        None,
+        &schema,
+        &[],
+    );
+
+    let all_sql: Vec<String> = result
+        .iter()
+        .map(|q| q.build(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite))
+        .collect();
+    let combined_sql = all_sql.join("\n");
+
+    // Should preserve other columns
+    assert!(combined_sql.contains("\"id\""), "Should preserve id column");
+    assert!(
+        combined_sql.contains("\"receiver_id\""),
+        "Should preserve receiver_id column"
+    );
+    assert!(
+        combined_sql.contains("\"message\""),
+        "Should preserve message column"
+    );
+
+    // Should recreate index on receiver_id (not on sender_id)
+    assert!(
+        combined_sql.contains("CREATE INDEX") && combined_sql.contains("ix_gift__receiver_id"),
+        "Should recreate index on receiver_id, got: {combined_sql}"
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_delete_column_postgres_with_fk_does_not_use_temp_table() {
+    // PostgreSQL should NOT use temp table - just drop column directly
+    let schema = vec![TableDef {
+        name: "gift".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("sender_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::BigInt)),
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+            name: None,
+            columns: vec!["sender_id".into()],
+            ref_table: "user".into(),
+            ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+            on_delete: None,
+            on_update: None,
+        }],
+    }];
+
+    let result = build_delete_column(
+        DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
+        "gift",
+        "sender_id",
+        None,
+        &schema,
+        &[],
+    );
+
+    // Should have only 1 statement: ALTER TABLE DROP COLUMN
+    assert_eq!(
+        result.len(),
+        1,
+        "PostgreSQL should only have 1 statement, got: {}",
+        result.len()
+    );
+
+    let sql = result[0].build(DatabaseBackend::Postgres);
+    assert!(
+        sql.contains("DROP COLUMN"),
+        "Expected DROP COLUMN, got: {sql}"
+    );
+    assert!(
+        !sql.contains("gift_temp"),
+        "PostgreSQL should not use temp table"
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_delete_column_sqlite_with_pk_uses_temp_table() {
+    // SQLite should use temp table approach when deleting a column that's part of PK
+    let schema = vec![TableDef {
+        name: "order_items".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("order_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("product_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("quantity", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+            auto_increment: false,
+            columns: vec!["order_id".into(), "product_id".into()],
+        }],
+    }];
+
+    let result = build_delete_column(
+        DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
+        "order_items",
+        "product_id",
+        None,
+        &schema,
+        &[],
+    );
+
+    // Should use temp table approach
+    assert!(
+        result.len() >= 4,
+        "Expected at least 4 statements for temp table approach, got: {}",
+        result.len()
+    );
+
+    let all_sql: Vec<String> = result
+        .iter()
+        .map(|q| q.build(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite))
+        .collect();
+    let combined_sql = all_sql.join("\n");
+
+    assert!(
+        combined_sql.contains("order_items_temp"),
+        "Should use temp table approach for PK column deletion"
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_delete_column_sqlite_unique_on_different_column_not_dropped() {
+    // When deleting a column in SQLite, UNIQUE constraints on OTHER columns should NOT be dropped
+    // This tests line 46's condition: only drop constraints that reference the deleted column
+    let schema = vec![TableDef {
+        name: "users".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
+            col("nickname", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![
+            // UNIQUE on email (the column we're NOT deleting)
+            TableConstraint::Unique {
+                name: None,
+                columns: vec!["email".into()],
+            },
+        ],
+    }];
+
+    // Delete nickname, which does NOT have the unique constraint
+    let result = build_delete_column(
+        DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
+        "users",
+        "nickname",
+        None,
+        &schema,
+        &[],
+    );
+
+    // Should only have 1 statement: ALTER TABLE DROP COLUMN (no DROP INDEX needed)
+    assert_eq!(
+        result.len(),
+        1,
+        "Should not drop UNIQUE on email when deleting nickname, got: {} statements",
+        result.len()
+    );
+
+    let sql = result[0].build(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite);
+    assert!(
+        sql.contains("DROP COLUMN"),
+        "Expected DROP COLUMN, got: {sql}"
+    );
+    assert!(
+        !sql.contains("DROP INDEX"),
+        "Should NOT drop the email UNIQUE constraint when deleting nickname"
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_delete_column_sqlite_temp_table_filters_constraints_correctly() {
+    // When using temp table approach, constraints referencing the deleted column should be excluded,
+    // but constraints on OTHER columns should be preserved
+    // This tests lines 122-124: filter constraints by column reference
+    let schema = vec![TableDef {
+        name: "orders".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("user_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::BigInt)),
+            col("status", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
+            col(
+                "created_at",
+                ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Timestamp),
+            ),
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![
+            // FK on user_id (column we're deleting) - should be excluded
+            TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                name: None,
+                columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
+                ref_table: "users".into(),
+                ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+                on_delete: None,
+                on_update: None,
+            },
+            // Index on created_at (different column) - should be preserved and recreated
+            TableConstraint::Index {
+                name: None,
+                columns: vec!["created_at".into()],
+            },
+            // Another FK on a different column - should be preserved
+            TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                name: None,
+                columns: vec!["status".into()],
+                ref_table: "statuses".into(),
+                ref_columns: vec!["code".into()],
+                on_delete: None,
+                on_update: None,
+            },
+        ],
+    }];
+
+    let result = build_delete_column(
+        DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
+        "orders",
+        "user_id",
+        None,
+        &schema,
+        &[],
+    );
+
+    let all_sql: Vec<String> = result
+        .iter()
+        .map(|q| q.build(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite))
+        .collect();
+    let combined_sql = all_sql.join("\n");
+
+    // Should use temp table approach (FK triggers it)
+    assert!(
+        combined_sql.contains("orders_temp"),
+        "Should use temp table approach for FK column deletion"
+    );
+
+    // Index on created_at should be recreated after rename
+    assert!(
+        combined_sql.contains("ix_orders__created_at"),
+        "Index on created_at should be recreated, got: {combined_sql}"
+    );
+
+    // The FK on user_id should NOT appear (deleted column)
+    // But the FK on status should be preserved
+    assert!(
+        combined_sql.contains("REFERENCES \"statuses\""),
+        "FK on status should be preserved, got: {combined_sql}"
+    );
+
+    // Count FK references - should only be 1 (status FK, not user_id FK)
+    let fk_patterns = combined_sql.matches("REFERENCES").count();
+    assert_eq!(
+        fk_patterns, 1,
+        "Only the FK on status should exist (not the one on user_id), got: {combined_sql}"
+    );
+}
+
+// ==================== Snapshot Tests ====================
+
+fn build_sql_snapshot(result: &[BuiltQuery], backend: DatabaseBackend) -> String {
+    result
+        .iter()
+        .map(|q| q.build(backend))
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+        .join(";\n")
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case::postgres("postgres", DatabaseBackend::Postgres)]
+#[case::mysql("mysql", DatabaseBackend::MySql)]
+#[case::sqlite("sqlite", DatabaseBackend::Sqlite)]
+fn test_delete_column_with_unique_constraint(
+    #[case] title: &str,
+    #[case] backend: DatabaseBackend,
+) {
+    let schema = vec![TableDef {
+        name: "users".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("email", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
+            col("name", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![TableConstraint::Unique {
+            name: None,
+            columns: vec!["email".into()],
+        }],
+    }];
+
+    let result = build_delete_column(backend, "users", "email", None, &schema, &[]);
+    let sql = build_sql_snapshot(&result, backend);
+
+    with_settings!({ snapshot_path => "../snapshots", snapshot_suffix => format!("delete_column_with_unique_{}", title) }, {
+        assert_snapshot!(sql);
+    });
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case::postgres("postgres", DatabaseBackend::Postgres)]
+#[case::mysql("mysql", DatabaseBackend::MySql)]
+#[case::sqlite("sqlite", DatabaseBackend::Sqlite)]
+fn test_delete_column_with_index_constraint(#[case] title: &str, #[case] backend: DatabaseBackend) {
+    let schema = vec![TableDef {
+        name: "posts".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col(
+                "created_at",
+                ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Timestamp),
+            ),
+            col("title", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![TableConstraint::Index {
+            name: None,
+            columns: vec!["created_at".into()],
+        }],
+    }];
+
+    let result = build_delete_column(backend, "posts", "created_at", None, &schema, &[]);
+    let sql = build_sql_snapshot(&result, backend);
+
+    with_settings!({ snapshot_path => "../snapshots", snapshot_suffix => format!("delete_column_with_index_{}", title) }, {
+        assert_snapshot!(sql);
+    });
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case::postgres("postgres", DatabaseBackend::Postgres)]
+#[case::mysql("mysql", DatabaseBackend::MySql)]
+#[case::sqlite("sqlite", DatabaseBackend::Sqlite)]
+fn test_delete_column_with_fk_constraint(#[case] title: &str, #[case] backend: DatabaseBackend) {
+    let schema = vec![TableDef {
+        name: "orders".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("user_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::BigInt)),
+            col("total", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+            name: None,
+            columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
+            ref_table: "users".into(),
+            ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+            on_delete: None,
+            on_update: None,
+        }],
+    }];
+
+    let result = build_delete_column(backend, "orders", "user_id", None, &schema, &[]);
+    let sql = build_sql_snapshot(&result, backend);
+
+    with_settings!({ snapshot_path => "../snapshots", snapshot_suffix => format!("delete_column_with_fk_{}", title) }, {
+        assert_snapshot!(sql);
+    });
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case::postgres("postgres", DatabaseBackend::Postgres)]
+#[case::mysql("mysql", DatabaseBackend::MySql)]
+#[case::sqlite("sqlite", DatabaseBackend::Sqlite)]
+fn test_delete_column_with_pk_constraint(#[case] title: &str, #[case] backend: DatabaseBackend) {
+    let schema = vec![TableDef {
+        name: "order_items".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("order_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("product_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("quantity", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+            auto_increment: false,
+            columns: vec!["order_id".into(), "product_id".into()],
+        }],
+    }];
+
+    let result = build_delete_column(backend, "order_items", "product_id", None, &schema, &[]);
+    let sql = build_sql_snapshot(&result, backend);
+
+    with_settings!({ snapshot_path => "../snapshots", snapshot_suffix => format!("delete_column_with_pk_{}", title) }, {
+        assert_snapshot!(sql);
+    });
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case::postgres("postgres", DatabaseBackend::Postgres)]
+#[case::mysql("mysql", DatabaseBackend::MySql)]
+#[case::sqlite("sqlite", DatabaseBackend::Sqlite)]
+fn test_delete_column_with_fk_and_index_constraints(
+    #[case] title: &str,
+    #[case] backend: DatabaseBackend,
+) {
+    // Complex case: FK on the deleted column + Index on another column
+    let schema = vec![TableDef {
+        name: "orders".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("user_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::BigInt)),
+            col(
+                "created_at",
+                ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Timestamp),
+            ),
+            col("total", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![
+            TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                name: None,
+                columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
+                ref_table: "users".into(),
+                ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+                on_delete: None,
+                on_update: None,
+            },
+            TableConstraint::Index {
+                name: None,
+                columns: vec!["created_at".into()],
+            },
+        ],
+    }];
+
+    let result = build_delete_column(backend, "orders", "user_id", None, &schema, &[]);
+    let sql = build_sql_snapshot(&result, backend);
+
+    with_settings!({ snapshot_path => "../snapshots", snapshot_suffix => format!("delete_column_with_fk_and_index_{}", title) }, {
+        assert_snapshot!(sql);
+    });
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_delete_column_sqlite_temp_table_with_enum_column() {
+    // SQLite temp table approach with enum column type
+    // This tests lines 122-124: enum type drop in temp table function
+    use vespertide_core::EnumValues;
+
+    let enum_type = ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+        name: "order_status".into(),
+        values: EnumValues::String(vec!["pending".into(), "shipped".into(), "delivered".into()]),
+    });
+
+    let schema = vec![TableDef {
+        name: "orders".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("user_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::BigInt)),
+            col("status", enum_type.clone()),
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+            name: None,
+            columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
+            ref_table: "users".into(),
+            ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+            on_delete: None,
+            on_update: None,
+        }],
+    }];
+
+    // Delete the FK column (user_id) with an enum type - triggers temp table AND enum drop
+    let result = build_delete_column(
+        DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
+        "orders",
+        "user_id",
+        Some(&enum_type),
+        &schema,
+        &[],
+    );
+
+    // Should use temp table approach (FK triggers it) + DROP TYPE at end
+    assert!(
+        result.len() >= 4,
+        "Expected at least 4 statements for temp table approach, got: {}",
+        result.len()
+    );
+
+    let all_sql: Vec<String> = result
+        .iter()
+        .map(|q| q.build(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite))
+        .collect();
+    let combined_sql = all_sql.join("\n");
+
+    // Verify temp table approach
+    assert!(
+        combined_sql.contains("orders_temp"),
+        "Should use temp table approach"
+    );
+
+    // The DROP TYPE statement should be empty for SQLite (only applies to PostgreSQL)
+    // but the code path should still be executed
+    let last_stmt = result.last().unwrap();
+    let last_sql = last_stmt.build(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite);
+    // SQLite doesn't have DROP TYPE, so it should be empty string
+    assert!(
+        last_sql.is_empty() || !last_sql.contains("DROP TYPE"),
+        "SQLite should not emit DROP TYPE"
+    );
+
+    // Verify it DOES emit DROP TYPE for PostgreSQL
+    let pg_last_sql = last_stmt.build(DatabaseBackend::Postgres);
+    assert!(
+        pg_last_sql.contains("DROP TYPE"),
+        "PostgreSQL should emit DROP TYPE, got: {pg_last_sql}"
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_delete_column_sqlite_with_check_constraint_referencing_column() {
+    // When a CHECK constraint references the column being deleted,
+    // SQLite can't use ALTER TABLE DROP COLUMN — must use temp table approach.
+    let schema = vec![TableDef {
+        name: "orders".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("amount", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![TableConstraint::Check {
+            name: "check_positive".into(),
+            expr: "amount > 0".into(),
+        }],
+    }];
+
+    // Delete amount column — CHECK references it, so temp table is needed
+    let result = build_delete_column(
+        DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
+        "orders",
+        "amount",
+        None,
+        &schema,
+        &[],
+    );
+
+    // Should use temp table approach (CREATE temp, INSERT, DROP, RENAME)
+    assert!(
+        result.len() >= 4,
+        "Expected temp table approach (>=4 stmts), got: {} statements",
+        result.len()
+    );
+
+    let sql = result[0].build(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite);
+    assert!(
+        sql.contains("orders_temp"),
+        "Expected temp table creation, got: {sql}"
+    );
+    // The CHECK constraint referencing "amount" should NOT be in the temp table
+    assert!(
+        !sql.contains("check_positive"),
+        "CHECK referencing deleted column should be removed, got: {sql}"
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_delete_column_sqlite_with_check_constraint_not_referencing_column() {
+    // When a CHECK constraint does NOT reference the column being deleted,
+    // simple DROP COLUMN should work.
+    let schema = vec![TableDef {
+        name: "orders".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("amount", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("note", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![TableConstraint::Check {
+            name: "check_positive".into(),
+            expr: "amount > 0".into(),
+        }],
+    }];
+
+    // Delete "note" column — CHECK only references "amount", not "note"
+    let result = build_delete_column(
+        DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
+        "orders",
+        "note",
+        None,
+        &schema,
+        &[],
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        result.len(),
+        1,
+        "Unrelated CHECK should be skipped, got: {} statements",
+        result.len()
+    );
+
+    let sql = result[0].build(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite);
+    assert!(
+        sql.contains("DROP COLUMN"),
+        "Expected DROP COLUMN, got: {sql}"
+    );
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/delete_table.rs b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/delete_table.rs
index 158ffb8c..fdb2b249 100644
--- a/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/delete_table.rs
+++ b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/delete_table.rs
@@ -40,9 +40,7 @@ mod tests {
         for exp in expected {
             assert!(
                 sql.contains(exp),
-                "Expected SQL to contain '{}', got: {}",
-                exp,
-                sql
+                "Expected SQL to contain '{exp}', got: {sql}"
             );
         }
 
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/helpers.rs b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/helpers.rs
index aef010a8..de33a588 100644
--- a/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/helpers.rs
+++ b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/helpers.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ use vespertide_core::{
 use super::create_table::build_create_table_for_backend;
 use super::types::{BuiltQuery, DatabaseBackend, RawSql};
 
-/// Normalize fill_with value - empty string becomes '' (SQL empty string literal)
+/// Normalize `fill_with` value - empty string becomes '' (SQL empty string literal)
 pub fn normalize_fill_with(fill_with: Option<&str>) -> Option<String> {
     fill_with.map(|s| {
         if s.is_empty() {
@@ -45,103 +45,174 @@ pub fn build_query_statement<T: QueryStatementWriter>(
     }
 }
 
-/// Apply vespertide ColumnType to sea_query ColumnDef with table-aware enum type naming
-pub fn apply_column_type_with_table(col: &mut SeaColumnDef, ty: &ColumnType, table: &str) {
+/// Apply vespertide `ColumnType` to `sea_query` `ColumnDef` with table-aware enum type naming
+pub fn apply_column_type_with_table(
+    col: &mut SeaColumnDef,
+    ty: &ColumnType,
+    table: &str,
+    backend: DatabaseBackend,
+) {
     match ty {
-        ColumnType::Simple(simple) => match simple {
-            SimpleColumnType::SmallInt => {
-                col.small_integer();
-            }
-            SimpleColumnType::Integer => {
+        ColumnType::Simple(simple) => apply_simple_column_type(col, simple, backend),
+        ColumnType::Complex(complex) => apply_complex_column_type(col, complex, table, backend),
+    }
+}
+
+fn apply_simple_column_type(
+    col: &mut SeaColumnDef,
+    simple: &SimpleColumnType,
+    backend: DatabaseBackend,
+) {
+    match simple {
+        SimpleColumnType::SmallInt => {
+            col.small_integer();
+        }
+        SimpleColumnType::Integer => {
+            col.integer();
+        }
+        SimpleColumnType::BigInt => {
+            col.big_integer();
+        }
+        SimpleColumnType::Real => {
+            col.float();
+        }
+        SimpleColumnType::DoublePrecision => {
+            col.double();
+        }
+        SimpleColumnType::Text => {
+            col.text();
+        }
+        SimpleColumnType::Boolean => {
+            col.boolean();
+        }
+        SimpleColumnType::Date => {
+            col.date();
+        }
+        SimpleColumnType::Time => {
+            col.time();
+        }
+        SimpleColumnType::Timestamp => {
+            col.timestamp();
+        }
+        SimpleColumnType::Timestamptz => apply_timestamptz_type(col, backend),
+        SimpleColumnType::Interval => apply_interval_type(col, backend),
+        SimpleColumnType::Bytea => {
+            col.binary();
+        }
+        SimpleColumnType::Uuid => {
+            col.uuid();
+        }
+        SimpleColumnType::Json => {
+            col.json();
+        }
+        SimpleColumnType::Inet => apply_postgres_text_fallback_type(col, backend, "INET"),
+        SimpleColumnType::Cidr => apply_postgres_text_fallback_type(col, backend, "CIDR"),
+        SimpleColumnType::Macaddr => apply_postgres_text_fallback_type(col, backend, "MACADDR"),
+        SimpleColumnType::Xml => apply_postgres_text_fallback_type(col, backend, "XML"),
+        _ => unreachable!("SimpleColumnType is #[non_exhaustive]; all variants are matched above"),
+    }
+}
+
+fn apply_timestamptz_type(col: &mut SeaColumnDef, backend: DatabaseBackend) {
+    match backend {
+        DatabaseBackend::Postgres => {
+            col.timestamp_with_time_zone();
+        }
+        DatabaseBackend::MySql | DatabaseBackend::Sqlite => {
+            col.timestamp();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn apply_interval_type(col: &mut SeaColumnDef, backend: DatabaseBackend) {
+    match backend {
+        DatabaseBackend::Postgres => {
+            col.interval(None, None);
+        }
+        DatabaseBackend::MySql | DatabaseBackend::Sqlite => {
+            col.text();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn apply_postgres_text_fallback_type(
+    col: &mut SeaColumnDef,
+    backend: DatabaseBackend,
+    postgres_type: &str,
+) {
+    match backend {
+        DatabaseBackend::Postgres => {
+            col.custom(Alias::new(postgres_type));
+        }
+        DatabaseBackend::MySql | DatabaseBackend::Sqlite => {
+            col.text();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn apply_complex_column_type(
+    col: &mut SeaColumnDef,
+    complex: &ComplexColumnType,
+    table: &str,
+    backend: DatabaseBackend,
+) {
+    match complex {
+        ComplexColumnType::Varchar { length } => {
+            col.string_len(*length);
+        }
+        ComplexColumnType::Numeric { precision, scale } => {
+            apply_numeric_type(col, *precision, *scale, backend);
+        }
+        ComplexColumnType::Char { length } => {
+            col.char_len(*length);
+        }
+        ComplexColumnType::Custom { custom_type } => {
+            col.custom(Alias::new(custom_type));
+        }
+        ComplexColumnType::Enum { name, values } => {
+            // For integer enums, use INTEGER type instead of ENUM
+            if values.is_integer() {
                 col.integer();
+            } else {
+                // Use table-prefixed enum type name to avoid conflicts
+                let type_name = build_enum_type_name(table, name);
+                col.enumeration(
+                    Alias::new(&type_name),
+                    values
+                        .variant_names()
+                        .into_iter()
+                        .map(Alias::new)
+                        .collect::<Vec<Alias>>(),
+                );
             }
-            SimpleColumnType::BigInt => {
-                col.big_integer();
-            }
-            SimpleColumnType::Real => {
-                col.float();
-            }
-            SimpleColumnType::DoublePrecision => {
-                col.double();
-            }
-            SimpleColumnType::Text => {
-                col.text();
-            }
-            SimpleColumnType::Boolean => {
-                col.boolean();
-            }
-            SimpleColumnType::Date => {
-                col.date();
-            }
-            SimpleColumnType::Time => {
-                col.time();
-            }
-            SimpleColumnType::Timestamp => {
-                col.timestamp();
-            }
-            SimpleColumnType::Timestamptz => {
-                col.timestamp_with_time_zone();
-            }
-            SimpleColumnType::Interval => {
-                col.interval(None, None);
-            }
-            SimpleColumnType::Bytea => {
-                col.binary();
-            }
-            SimpleColumnType::Uuid => {
-                col.uuid();
-            }
-            SimpleColumnType::Json => {
-                col.json();
-            }
-            SimpleColumnType::Inet => {
-                col.custom(Alias::new("INET"));
-            }
-            SimpleColumnType::Cidr => {
-                col.custom(Alias::new("CIDR"));
-            }
-            SimpleColumnType::Macaddr => {
-                col.custom(Alias::new("MACADDR"));
-            }
-            SimpleColumnType::Xml => {
-                col.custom(Alias::new("XML"));
-            }
-        },
-        ColumnType::Complex(complex) => match complex {
-            ComplexColumnType::Varchar { length } => {
-                col.string_len(*length);
-            }
-            ComplexColumnType::Numeric { precision, scale } => {
-                col.decimal_len(*precision, *scale);
-            }
-            ComplexColumnType::Char { length } => {
-                col.char_len(*length);
-            }
-            ComplexColumnType::Custom { custom_type } => {
-                col.custom(Alias::new(custom_type));
-            }
-            ComplexColumnType::Enum { name, values } => {
-                // For integer enums, use INTEGER type instead of ENUM
-                if values.is_integer() {
-                    col.integer();
-                } else {
-                    // Use table-prefixed enum type name to avoid conflicts
-                    let type_name = build_enum_type_name(table, name);
-                    col.enumeration(
-                        Alias::new(&type_name),
-                        values
-                            .variant_names()
-                            .into_iter()
-                            .map(Alias::new)
-                            .collect::<Vec<Alias>>(),
-                    );
-                }
-            }
-        },
+        }
+        _ => unreachable!("ComplexColumnType is #[non_exhaustive]; all variants are matched above"),
     }
 }
 
-/// Convert vespertide ReferenceAction to sea_query ForeignKeyAction
+fn apply_numeric_type(
+    col: &mut SeaColumnDef,
+    precision: u32,
+    scale: u32,
+    backend: DatabaseBackend,
+) {
+    debug_assert!(
+        scale <= precision,
+        "numeric scale ({scale}) must be <= precision ({precision}); schema validation should reject this before SQL generation"
+    );
+    let safe_precision = precision.min(28);
+    let safe_scale = scale.min(safe_precision);
+    match backend {
+        DatabaseBackend::Postgres | DatabaseBackend::MySql => {
+            col.decimal_len(safe_precision, safe_scale);
+        }
+        DatabaseBackend::Sqlite => {
+            col.double();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Convert vespertide `ReferenceAction` to `sea_query` `ForeignKeyAction`
 pub fn to_sea_fk_action(action: &ReferenceAction) -> ForeignKeyAction {
     match action {
         ReferenceAction::Cascade => ForeignKeyAction::Cascade,
@@ -149,10 +220,11 @@ pub fn to_sea_fk_action(action: &ReferenceAction) -> ForeignKeyAction {
         ReferenceAction::SetNull => ForeignKeyAction::SetNull,
         ReferenceAction::SetDefault => ForeignKeyAction::SetDefault,
         ReferenceAction::NoAction => ForeignKeyAction::NoAction,
+        _ => unreachable!("ReferenceAction is #[non_exhaustive]; all variants are matched above"),
     }
 }
 
-/// Convert vespertide ReferenceAction to SQL string
+/// Convert vespertide `ReferenceAction` to SQL string
 pub fn reference_action_sql(action: &ReferenceAction) -> &'static str {
     match action {
         ReferenceAction::Cascade => "CASCADE",
@@ -160,11 +232,12 @@ pub fn reference_action_sql(action: &ReferenceAction) -> &'static str {
         ReferenceAction::SetNull => "SET NULL",
         ReferenceAction::SetDefault => "SET DEFAULT",
         ReferenceAction::NoAction => "NO ACTION",
+        _ => unreachable!("ReferenceAction is #[non_exhaustive]; all variants are matched above"),
     }
 }
 
 /// Convert a default value string to the appropriate backend-specific expression
-pub fn convert_default_for_backend(default: &str, backend: &DatabaseBackend) -> String {
+pub fn convert_default_for_backend(default: &str, backend: DatabaseBackend) -> String {
     let lower = default.to_lowercase();
 
     // UUID generation functions
@@ -182,11 +255,7 @@ pub fn convert_default_for_backend(default: &str, backend: &DatabaseBackend) ->
         || lower == "current_timestamp"
         || lower == "getdate()"
     {
-        return match backend {
-            DatabaseBackend::Postgres => "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP".to_string(),
-            DatabaseBackend::MySql => "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP".to_string(),
-            DatabaseBackend::Sqlite => "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP".to_string(),
-        };
+        return "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP".to_string();
     }
 
     // PostgreSQL-style type casts: 'value'::type or expr::type
@@ -205,36 +274,33 @@ fn parse_pg_type_cast(expr: &str) -> Option<(String, String)> {
     // Handle quoted values: 'value'::type
     if let Some(after_open) = trimmed.strip_prefix('\'') {
         // Find the closing quote (handle escaped quotes '')
-        let mut i = 0;
-        let bytes = after_open.as_bytes();
-        while i < bytes.len() {
-            if bytes[i] == b'\'' {
+        let mut chars = after_open.char_indices().peekable();
+        while let Some((i, ch)) = chars.next() {
+            if ch == '\'' {
                 // Check for escaped quote ''
-                if i + 1 < bytes.len() && bytes[i + 1] == b'\'' {
-                    i += 2;
+                if chars.next_if(|(_, next)| *next == '\'').is_some() {
                     continue;
                 }
                 // Found closing quote
-                let value_end = i + 1; // index in `after_open`
-                let rest = &after_open[value_end..];
+                let value_end = i + ch.len_utf8(); // index in `after_open`
+                let rest = after_open.get(value_end..)?;
                 if let Some(stripped) = rest.strip_prefix("::") {
                     let cast_type = stripped.trim().to_lowercase();
                     if !cast_type.is_empty() {
-                        let value = format!("'{}'", &after_open[..i]);
+                        let value = format!("'{}'", after_open.get(..i)?);
                         return Some((value, cast_type));
                     }
                 }
                 return None;
             }
-            i += 1;
         }
         return None;
     }
 
     // Handle unquoted values: expr::type (e.g., 0::boolean, NULL::json)
-    if let Some(pos) = trimmed.find("::") {
-        let value = trimmed[..pos].trim().to_string();
-        let cast_type = trimmed[pos + 2..].trim().to_lowercase();
+    if let Some((value, cast_type)) = trimmed.split_once("::") {
+        let value = value.trim().to_string();
+        let cast_type = cast_type.trim().to_lowercase();
         if !value.is_empty() && !cast_type.is_empty() {
             return Some((value, cast_type));
         }
@@ -243,14 +309,12 @@ fn parse_pg_type_cast(expr: &str) -> Option<(String, String)> {
     None
 }
 
-/// Map PostgreSQL type name to MySQL CAST target type
+/// Map `PostgreSQL` type name to `MySQL` CAST target type
 fn pg_type_to_mysql_cast(pg_type: &str) -> &'static str {
     match pg_type {
         "json" | "jsonb" => "JSON",
-        "text" | "varchar" | "char" | "character varying" => "CHAR",
-        "integer" | "int" | "int4" | "smallint" | "int2" => "SIGNED",
-        "bigint" | "int8" => "SIGNED",
-        "real" | "float4" | "double precision" | "float8" => "DECIMAL",
+        "integer" | "int" | "int4" | "smallint" | "int2" | "bigint" | "int8" => "SIGNED",
+        "real" | "float4" | "double precision" | "float8" | "numeric" | "decimal" => "DECIMAL",
         "boolean" | "bool" => "UNSIGNED",
         "date" => "DATE",
         "time" => "TIME",
@@ -258,21 +322,20 @@ fn pg_type_to_mysql_cast(pg_type: &str) -> &'static str {
         | "timestamptz"
         | "timestamp with time zone"
         | "timestamp without time zone" => "DATETIME",
-        "numeric" | "decimal" => "DECIMAL",
         "bytea" => "BINARY",
         _ => "CHAR",
     }
 }
 
 /// Convert a type cast expression to the appropriate backend syntax
-fn convert_type_cast(value: &str, cast_type: &str, backend: &DatabaseBackend) -> String {
+fn convert_type_cast(value: &str, cast_type: &str, backend: DatabaseBackend) -> String {
     match backend {
         // PostgreSQL: keep native :: syntax
-        DatabaseBackend::Postgres => format!("{}::{}", value, cast_type),
+        DatabaseBackend::Postgres => format!("{value}::{cast_type}"),
         // MySQL: CAST(value AS type)
         DatabaseBackend::MySql => {
             let mysql_type = pg_type_to_mysql_cast(cast_type);
-            format!("CAST({} AS {})", value, mysql_type)
+            format!("CAST({value} AS {mysql_type})")
         }
         // SQLite: strip the cast, use raw value (SQLite is dynamically typed)
         DatabaseBackend::Sqlite => value.to_string(),
@@ -291,7 +354,7 @@ fn is_enum_type(column_type: &ColumnType) -> bool {
 /// This is used for SQL expressions (INSERT, UPDATE) where enum values need quoting
 pub fn normalize_enum_default(column_type: &ColumnType, value: &str) -> String {
     if is_enum_type(column_type) && needs_quoting(value) {
-        format!("'{}'", value)
+        format!("'{value}'")
     } else {
         value.to_string()
     }
@@ -326,14 +389,14 @@ fn needs_quoting(default_str: &str) -> bool {
     true
 }
 
-/// Build sea_query ColumnDef from vespertide ColumnDef for a specific backend with table-aware enum naming
+/// Build `sea_query` `ColumnDef` from vespertide `ColumnDef` for a specific backend with table-aware enum naming
 pub fn build_sea_column_def_with_table(
-    backend: &DatabaseBackend,
+    backend: DatabaseBackend,
     table: &str,
     column: &ColumnDef,
 ) -> SeaColumnDef {
     let mut col = SeaColumnDef::new(Alias::new(&column.name));
-    apply_column_type_with_table(&mut col, &column.r#type, table);
+    apply_column_type_with_table(&mut col, &column.r#type, table, backend);
 
     if !column.nullable {
         col.not_null();
@@ -346,18 +409,18 @@ pub fn build_sea_column_def_with_table(
         // Auto-quote enum default values if the value is a string and needs quoting
         let final_default =
             if is_enum_type(&column.r#type) && default.is_string() && needs_quoting(&converted) {
-                format!("'{}'", converted)
+                format!("'{converted}'")
             } else {
                 converted
             };
 
         // SQLite requires DEFAULT (expr) for expressions containing function calls.
         // Wrapping in parentheses is always safe for all backends.
-        let final_default = if *backend == DatabaseBackend::Sqlite
+        let final_default = if backend == DatabaseBackend::Sqlite
             && final_default.contains('(')
             && !final_default.starts_with('(')
         {
-            format!("({})", final_default)
+            format!("({final_default})")
         } else {
             final_default
         };
@@ -370,7 +433,7 @@ pub fn build_sea_column_def_with_table(
     col
 }
 
-/// Generate CREATE TYPE SQL for an enum type (PostgreSQL only)
+/// Generate CREATE TYPE SQL for an enum type (`PostgreSQL` only)
 /// Returns None for non-PostgreSQL backends or non-enum types
 ///
 /// The enum type name will be prefixed with the table name to avoid conflicts
@@ -391,7 +454,8 @@ pub fn build_create_enum_type_sql(
         let type_name = build_enum_type_name(table, name);
 
         // PostgreSQL: CREATE TYPE {table}_{name} AS ENUM (...)
-        let pg_sql = format!("CREATE TYPE \"{}\" AS ENUM ({})", type_name, values_sql);
+        let type_name = quote_ident(&type_name, DatabaseBackend::Postgres);
+        let pg_sql = format!("CREATE TYPE {type_name} AS ENUM ({values_sql})");
 
         // MySQL: ENUMs are inline, no CREATE TYPE needed
         // SQLite: Uses TEXT, no CREATE TYPE needed
@@ -405,7 +469,7 @@ pub fn build_create_enum_type_sql(
     }
 }
 
-/// Generate DROP TYPE SQL for an enum type (PostgreSQL only)
+/// Generate DROP TYPE SQL for an enum type (`PostgreSQL` only)
 /// Returns None for non-PostgreSQL backends or non-enum types
 ///
 /// The enum type name will be prefixed with the table name to match the CREATE TYPE.
@@ -418,7 +482,8 @@ pub fn build_drop_enum_type_sql(
         let type_name = build_enum_type_name(table, name);
 
         // PostgreSQL: DROP TYPE {table}_{name}
-        let pg_sql = format!("DROP TYPE \"{}\"", type_name);
+        let type_name = quote_ident(&type_name, DatabaseBackend::Postgres);
+        let pg_sql = format!("DROP TYPE {type_name}");
 
         // MySQL/SQLite: No action needed
         Some(super::types::RawSql::per_backend(
@@ -437,31 +502,27 @@ pub use vespertide_naming::{
     build_unique_constraint_name,
 };
 
-/// Alias for build_check_constraint_name for SQLite enum columns
-pub fn build_sqlite_enum_check_name(table: &str, column: &str) -> String {
-    build_check_constraint_name(table, column)
-}
-
-/// Generate CHECK constraint expression for SQLite enum column
-/// Returns the constraint clause like: CONSTRAINT "chk_table_col" CHECK (col IN ('val1', 'val2'))
+/// Generate CHECK constraint expression for `SQLite` enum column
+/// Returns the constraint clause like: CONSTRAINT "`chk_table_col`" CHECK (col IN ('val1', 'val2'))
 pub fn build_sqlite_enum_check_clause(
     table: &str,
     column: &str,
     column_type: &ColumnType,
 ) -> Option<String> {
     if let ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum { values, .. }) = column_type {
-        let name = build_sqlite_enum_check_name(table, column);
+        let name = build_check_constraint_name(table, column);
         let values_sql = values.to_sql_values().join(", ");
+        let name = quote_ident(&name, DatabaseBackend::Sqlite);
+        let column = quote_ident(column, DatabaseBackend::Sqlite);
         Some(format!(
-            "CONSTRAINT \"{}\" CHECK (\"{}\" IN ({}))",
-            name, column, values_sql
+            "CONSTRAINT {name} CHECK ({column} IN ({values_sql}))"
         ))
     } else {
         None
     }
 }
 
-/// Collect all CHECK constraints for enum columns in a table (for SQLite)
+/// Collect all CHECK constraints for enum columns in a table (for `SQLite`)
 pub fn collect_sqlite_enum_check_clauses(table: &str, columns: &[ColumnDef]) -> Vec<String> {
     columns
         .iter()
@@ -476,7 +537,8 @@ pub fn extract_check_clauses(constraints: &[TableConstraint]) -> Vec<String> {
         .iter()
         .filter_map(|c| {
             if let TableConstraint::Check { name, expr } = c {
-                Some(format!("CONSTRAINT \"{}\" CHECK ({})", name, expr))
+                let name = quote_ident(name, DatabaseBackend::Sqlite);
+                Some(format!("CONSTRAINT {name} CHECK ({expr})"))
             } else {
                 None
             }
@@ -484,7 +546,7 @@ pub fn extract_check_clauses(constraints: &[TableConstraint]) -> Vec<String> {
         .collect()
 }
 
-/// Collect ALL CHECK constraint clauses for a SQLite temp table.
+/// Collect ALL CHECK constraint clauses for a `SQLite` temp table.
 /// Combines both:
 /// - Enum-based CHECK constraints (from column types)
 /// - Explicit CHECK constraints (from `TableConstraint::Check`)
@@ -509,18 +571,18 @@ pub fn collect_all_check_clauses(
 /// sea-query doesn't support CHECK constraints natively, so we inject them
 /// by modifying the generated SQL string.
 pub fn build_create_with_checks(
-    backend: &DatabaseBackend,
+    backend: DatabaseBackend,
     create_stmt: &sea_query::TableCreateStatement,
     check_clauses: &[String],
 ) -> BuiltQuery {
     if check_clauses.is_empty() {
         BuiltQuery::CreateTable(Box::new(create_stmt.clone()))
     } else {
-        let base_sql = build_schema_statement(create_stmt, *backend);
+        let base_sql = build_schema_statement(create_stmt, backend);
         let mut modified_sql = base_sql;
         if let Some(pos) = modified_sql.rfind(')') {
             let check_sql = check_clauses.join(", ");
-            modified_sql.insert_str(pos, &format!(", {}", check_sql));
+            modified_sql.insert_str(pos, &format!(", {check_sql}"));
         }
         BuiltQuery::Raw(RawSql::per_backend(
             modified_sql.clone(),
@@ -530,13 +592,13 @@ pub fn build_create_with_checks(
     }
 }
 
-/// Build the CREATE TABLE statement for a SQLite temp table, including all CHECK constraints.
+/// Build the CREATE TABLE statement for a `SQLite` temp table, including all CHECK constraints.
 /// This combines `build_create_table_for_backend` with CHECK constraint injection.
 ///
 /// `table` is the ORIGINAL table name (used for constraint naming).
 /// `temp_table` is the temporary table name.
 pub fn build_sqlite_temp_table_create(
-    backend: &DatabaseBackend,
+    backend: DatabaseBackend,
     temp_table: &str,
     table: &str,
     columns: &[ColumnDef],
@@ -547,18 +609,21 @@ pub fn build_sqlite_temp_table_create(
     build_create_with_checks(backend, &create_stmt, &check_clauses)
 }
 
-/// Recreate all indexes (both regular and UNIQUE) after a SQLite temp table rebuild.
+/// Recreate all indexes (both regular and UNIQUE) after a `SQLite` temp table rebuild.
 /// After DROP TABLE + RENAME, all original indexes are gone, so plain CREATE INDEX is correct.
 ///
 /// `pending_constraints` are constraints that exist in the logical schema but haven't been
-/// physically created yet (e.g., promoted from inline column definitions by AddColumn normalization).
-/// These will be created by separate AddConstraint actions later, so we must NOT recreate them here.
+/// physically created yet (e.g., promoted from inline column definitions by `AddColumn` normalization).
+/// These will be created by separate `AddConstraint` actions later, so we must NOT recreate them here.
 pub fn recreate_indexes_after_rebuild(
     table: &str,
     constraints: &[TableConstraint],
     pending_constraints: &[TableConstraint],
 ) -> Vec<BuiltQuery> {
-    let mut queries = Vec::new();
+    // perf: capacity follows the upper bound of emitted index queries, avoiding reallocations.
+    let mut queries = Vec::with_capacity(constraints.len());
+    // perf: BTreeSet membership avoids nested Vec::contains scans during SQLite rebuilds.
+    let pending_constraints: std::collections::BTreeSet<_> = pending_constraints.iter().collect();
     for constraint in constraints {
         // Skip constraints that will be created by future AddConstraint actions
         if pending_constraints.contains(constraint) {
@@ -567,15 +632,10 @@ pub fn recreate_indexes_after_rebuild(
         match constraint {
             TableConstraint::Index { name, columns } => {
                 let index_name = build_index_name(table, columns, name.as_deref());
-                let cols_sql = columns
-                    .iter()
-                    .map(|c| format!("\"{}\"", c))
-                    .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-                    .join(", ");
-                let sql = format!(
-                    "CREATE INDEX \"{}\" ON \"{}\" ({})",
-                    index_name, table, cols_sql
-                );
+                let cols_sql = quote_idents(columns, DatabaseBackend::Sqlite);
+                let index_name = quote_ident(&index_name, DatabaseBackend::Sqlite);
+                let table = quote_ident(table, DatabaseBackend::Sqlite);
+                let sql = format!("CREATE INDEX {index_name} ON {table} ({cols_sql})");
                 queries.push(BuiltQuery::Raw(RawSql::per_backend(
                     sql.clone(),
                     sql.clone(),
@@ -584,15 +644,10 @@ pub fn recreate_indexes_after_rebuild(
             }
             TableConstraint::Unique { name, columns } => {
                 let index_name = build_unique_constraint_name(table, columns, name.as_deref());
-                let cols_sql = columns
-                    .iter()
-                    .map(|c| format!("\"{}\"", c))
-                    .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-                    .join(", ");
-                let sql = format!(
-                    "CREATE UNIQUE INDEX \"{}\" ON \"{}\" ({})",
-                    index_name, table, cols_sql
-                );
+                let cols_sql = quote_idents(columns, DatabaseBackend::Sqlite);
+                let index_name = quote_ident(&index_name, DatabaseBackend::Sqlite);
+                let table = quote_ident(table, DatabaseBackend::Sqlite);
+                let sql = format!("CREATE UNIQUE INDEX {index_name} ON {table} ({cols_sql})");
                 queries.push(BuiltQuery::Raw(RawSql::per_backend(
                     sql.clone(),
                     sql.clone(),
@@ -615,435 +670,37 @@ pub fn get_enum_name(column_type: &ColumnType) -> Option<&str> {
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use super::*;
-    use rstest::rstest;
-    use sea_query::{Alias, ColumnDef as SeaColumnDef, ForeignKeyAction};
-    use vespertide_core::EnumValues;
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case(ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))]
-    #[case(ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::BigInt))]
-    #[case(ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text))]
-    #[case(ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Boolean))]
-    #[case(ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Timestamp))]
-    #[case(ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid))]
-    #[case(ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Varchar { length: 255 }))]
-    #[case(ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Numeric { precision: 10, scale: 2 }))]
-    fn test_column_type_conversion(#[case] ty: ColumnType) {
-        // Just ensure no panic - test by creating a column with this type
-        let mut col = SeaColumnDef::new(Alias::new("test"));
-        apply_column_type_with_table(&mut col, &ty, "test_table");
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::SmallInt)]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::Integer)]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::BigInt)]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::Real)]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::DoublePrecision)]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::Text)]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::Boolean)]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::Date)]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::Time)]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::Timestamp)]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::Timestamptz)]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::Interval)]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::Bytea)]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::Uuid)]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::Json)]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::Inet)]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::Cidr)]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::Macaddr)]
-    #[case(SimpleColumnType::Xml)]
-    fn test_all_simple_types_cover_branches(#[case] ty: SimpleColumnType) {
-        let mut col = SeaColumnDef::new(Alias::new("t"));
-        apply_column_type_with_table(&mut col, &ColumnType::Simple(ty), "test_table");
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case(ComplexColumnType::Varchar { length: 42 })]
-    #[case(ComplexColumnType::Numeric { precision: 8, scale: 3 })]
-    #[case(ComplexColumnType::Char { length: 3 })]
-    #[case(ComplexColumnType::Custom { custom_type: "GEOGRAPHY".into() })]
-    #[case(ComplexColumnType::Enum { name: "status".into(), values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into()]) })]
-    fn test_all_complex_types_cover_branches(#[case] ty: ComplexColumnType) {
-        let mut col = SeaColumnDef::new(Alias::new("t"));
-        apply_column_type_with_table(&mut col, &ColumnType::Complex(ty), "test_table");
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case::cascade(ReferenceAction::Cascade, ForeignKeyAction::Cascade)]
-    #[case::restrict(ReferenceAction::Restrict, ForeignKeyAction::Restrict)]
-    #[case::set_null(ReferenceAction::SetNull, ForeignKeyAction::SetNull)]
-    #[case::set_default(ReferenceAction::SetDefault, ForeignKeyAction::SetDefault)]
-    #[case::no_action(ReferenceAction::NoAction, ForeignKeyAction::NoAction)]
-    fn test_reference_action_conversion(
-        #[case] action: ReferenceAction,
-        #[case] expected: ForeignKeyAction,
-    ) {
-        // Just ensure the function doesn't panic and returns valid ForeignKeyAction
-        let result = to_sea_fk_action(&action);
-        assert!(
-            matches!(result, _expected),
-            "Expected {:?}, got {:?}",
-            expected,
-            result
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case(ReferenceAction::Cascade, "CASCADE")]
-    #[case(ReferenceAction::Restrict, "RESTRICT")]
-    #[case(ReferenceAction::SetNull, "SET NULL")]
-    #[case(ReferenceAction::SetDefault, "SET DEFAULT")]
-    #[case(ReferenceAction::NoAction, "NO ACTION")]
-    fn test_reference_action_sql_all_variants(
-        #[case] action: ReferenceAction,
-        #[case] expected: &str,
-    ) {
-        assert_eq!(reference_action_sql(&action), expected);
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case::gen_random_uuid_postgres(
-        "gen_random_uuid()",
-        DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
-        "gen_random_uuid()"
-    )]
-    #[case::gen_random_uuid_mysql("gen_random_uuid()", DatabaseBackend::MySql, "(UUID())")]
-    #[case::gen_random_uuid_sqlite(
-        "gen_random_uuid()",
-        DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
-        "lower(hex(randomblob(16)))"
-    )]
-    #[case::current_timestamp_postgres(
-        "current_timestamp()",
-        DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
-        "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP"
-    )]
-    #[case::current_timestamp_mysql(
-        "current_timestamp()",
-        DatabaseBackend::MySql,
-        "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP"
-    )]
-    #[case::current_timestamp_sqlite(
-        "current_timestamp()",
-        DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
-        "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP"
-    )]
-    #[case::now_postgres("now()", DatabaseBackend::Postgres, "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP")]
-    #[case::now_mysql("now()", DatabaseBackend::MySql, "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP")]
-    #[case::now_sqlite("now()", DatabaseBackend::Sqlite, "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP")]
-    #[case::now_upper_postgres("NOW()", DatabaseBackend::Postgres, "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP")]
-    #[case::now_upper_mysql("NOW()", DatabaseBackend::MySql, "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP")]
-    #[case::now_upper_sqlite("NOW()", DatabaseBackend::Sqlite, "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP")]
-    #[case::current_timestamp_upper_postgres(
-        "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP",
-        DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
-        "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP"
-    )]
-    #[case::current_timestamp_upper_mysql(
-        "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP",
-        DatabaseBackend::MySql,
-        "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP"
-    )]
-    #[case::current_timestamp_upper_sqlite(
-        "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP",
-        DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
-        "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP"
-    )]
-    fn test_convert_default_for_backend(
-        #[case] default: &str,
-        #[case] backend: DatabaseBackend,
-        #[case] expected: &str,
-    ) {
-        let result = convert_default_for_backend(default, &backend);
-        assert_eq!(result, expected);
-    }
-
-    // --- PostgreSQL type cast conversion tests ---
-
-    #[rstest]
-    // JSON type cast: '[]'::json
-    #[case::json_cast_postgres("'[]'::json", DatabaseBackend::Postgres, "'[]'::json")]
-    #[case::json_cast_mysql("'[]'::json", DatabaseBackend::MySql, "CAST('[]' AS JSON)")]
-    #[case::json_cast_sqlite("'[]'::json", DatabaseBackend::Sqlite, "'[]'")]
-    // JSONB type cast: '{}'::jsonb
-    #[case::jsonb_cast_postgres("'{}'::jsonb", DatabaseBackend::Postgres, "'{}'::jsonb")]
-    #[case::jsonb_cast_mysql("'{}'::jsonb", DatabaseBackend::MySql, "CAST('{}' AS JSON)")]
-    #[case::jsonb_cast_sqlite("'{}'::jsonb", DatabaseBackend::Sqlite, "'{}'")]
-    // Text type cast: 'hello'::text
-    #[case::text_cast_postgres("'hello'::text", DatabaseBackend::Postgres, "'hello'::text")]
-    #[case::text_cast_mysql("'hello'::text", DatabaseBackend::MySql, "CAST('hello' AS CHAR)")]
-    #[case::text_cast_sqlite("'hello'::text", DatabaseBackend::Sqlite, "'hello'")]
-    // Integer type cast: 0::integer
-    #[case::int_cast_postgres("0::integer", DatabaseBackend::Postgres, "0::integer")]
-    #[case::int_cast_mysql("0::integer", DatabaseBackend::MySql, "CAST(0 AS SIGNED)")]
-    #[case::int_cast_sqlite("0::integer", DatabaseBackend::Sqlite, "0")]
-    // Boolean type cast: 0::boolean
-    #[case::bool_cast_postgres("0::boolean", DatabaseBackend::Postgres, "0::boolean")]
-    #[case::bool_cast_mysql("0::boolean", DatabaseBackend::MySql, "CAST(0 AS UNSIGNED)")]
-    #[case::bool_cast_sqlite("0::boolean", DatabaseBackend::Sqlite, "0")]
-    // Nested JSON object: '{"key":"value"}'::json
-    #[case::json_obj_cast_postgres(
-        "'{\"key\":\"value\"}'::json",
-        DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
-        "'{\"key\":\"value\"}'::json"
-    )]
-    #[case::json_obj_cast_mysql(
-        "'{\"key\":\"value\"}'::json",
-        DatabaseBackend::MySql,
-        "CAST('{\"key\":\"value\"}' AS JSON)"
-    )]
-    #[case::json_obj_cast_sqlite(
-        "'{\"key\":\"value\"}'::json",
-        DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
-        "'{\"key\":\"value\"}'"
-    )]
-    // Timestamp type cast: '2024-01-01'::timestamp
-    #[case::timestamp_cast_postgres(
-        "'2024-01-01'::timestamp",
-        DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
-        "'2024-01-01'::timestamp"
-    )]
-    #[case::timestamp_cast_mysql(
-        "'2024-01-01'::timestamp",
-        DatabaseBackend::MySql,
-        "CAST('2024-01-01' AS DATETIME)"
-    )]
-    #[case::timestamp_cast_sqlite(
-        "'2024-01-01'::timestamp",
-        DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
-        "'2024-01-01'"
-    )]
-    fn test_convert_default_for_backend_type_cast(
-        #[case] default: &str,
-        #[case] backend: DatabaseBackend,
-        #[case] expected: &str,
-    ) {
-        let result = convert_default_for_backend(default, &backend);
-        assert_eq!(result, expected);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_parse_pg_type_cast_no_cast() {
-        // Regular values should not be parsed as type casts
-        assert!(parse_pg_type_cast("'hello'").is_none());
-        assert!(parse_pg_type_cast("42").is_none());
-        assert!(parse_pg_type_cast("NOW()").is_none());
-        assert!(parse_pg_type_cast("CURRENT_TIMESTAMP").is_none());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_parse_pg_type_cast_valid() {
-        let (value, cast_type) = parse_pg_type_cast("'[]'::json").unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(value, "'[]'");
-        assert_eq!(cast_type, "json");
-
-        let (value, cast_type) = parse_pg_type_cast("0::boolean").unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(value, "0");
-        assert_eq!(cast_type, "boolean");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_parse_pg_type_cast_escaped_quotes() {
-        // Value with escaped quotes: 'it''s'::text
-        let (value, cast_type) = parse_pg_type_cast("'it''s'::text").unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(value, "'it''s'");
-        assert_eq!(cast_type, "text");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_parse_pg_type_cast_unterminated_quote() {
-        // Unterminated quoted string should return None (line 203)
-        assert!(parse_pg_type_cast("'unclosed").is_none());
-        assert!(parse_pg_type_cast("'no close quote::json").is_none());
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case::numeric("'0.5'::numeric", DatabaseBackend::MySql, "CAST('0.5' AS DECIMAL)")]
-    #[case::decimal("'1.23'::decimal", DatabaseBackend::MySql, "CAST('1.23' AS DECIMAL)")]
-    #[case::bytea("'\\xDE'::bytea", DatabaseBackend::MySql, "CAST('\\xDE' AS BINARY)")]
-    #[case::unknown("'x'::citext", DatabaseBackend::MySql, "CAST('x' AS CHAR)")]
-    fn test_convert_default_for_backend_type_cast_extra(
-        #[case] default: &str,
-        #[case] backend: DatabaseBackend,
-        #[case] expected: &str,
-    ) {
-        let result = convert_default_for_backend(default, &backend);
-        assert_eq!(result, expected);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_is_enum_type_true() {
-        use vespertide_core::EnumValues;
+#[path = "helpers_tests.rs"]
+mod helpers_tests;
 
-        let enum_type = ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-            name: "status".into(),
-            values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into()]),
-        });
-        assert!(is_enum_type(&enum_type));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_is_enum_type_false() {
-        let text_type = ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text);
-        assert!(!is_enum_type(&text_type));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_get_enum_name_some() {
-        use vespertide_core::EnumValues;
-
-        let enum_type = ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-            name: "user_status".into(),
-            values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into()]),
-        });
-        assert_eq!(get_enum_name(&enum_type), Some("user_status"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_get_enum_name_none() {
-        let text_type = ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text);
-        assert_eq!(get_enum_name(&text_type), None);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_apply_column_type_integer_enum() {
-        use vespertide_core::{EnumValues, NumValue};
-        let integer_enum = ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-            name: "color".into(),
-            values: EnumValues::Integer(vec![
-                NumValue {
-                    name: "Black".into(),
-                    value: 0,
-                },
-                NumValue {
-                    name: "White".into(),
-                    value: 1,
-                },
-            ]),
-        });
-        let mut col = SeaColumnDef::new(Alias::new("color"));
-        apply_column_type_with_table(&mut col, &integer_enum, "test_table");
-        // Integer enums should use INTEGER type, not ENUM
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_build_create_enum_type_sql_integer_enum_returns_none() {
-        use vespertide_core::{EnumValues, NumValue};
-        let integer_enum = ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-            name: "priority".into(),
-            values: EnumValues::Integer(vec![
-                NumValue {
-                    name: "Low".into(),
-                    value: 0,
-                },
-                NumValue {
-                    name: "High".into(),
-                    value: 10,
-                },
-            ]),
-        });
-        // Integer enums should return None (no CREATE TYPE needed)
-        assert!(build_create_enum_type_sql("test_table", &integer_enum).is_none());
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    // Empty strings need quoting
-    #[case::empty("", true)]
-    #[case::whitespace_only("   ", true)]
-    // Function calls should not be quoted
-    #[case::now_func("now()", false)]
-    #[case::coalesce_func("COALESCE(old_value, 'default')", false)]
-    #[case::uuid_func("gen_random_uuid()", false)]
-    // NULL keyword should not be quoted
-    #[case::null_upper("NULL", false)]
-    #[case::null_lower("null", false)]
-    #[case::null_mixed("Null", false)]
-    // SQL date/time keywords should not be quoted
-    #[case::current_timestamp_upper("CURRENT_TIMESTAMP", false)]
-    #[case::current_timestamp_lower("current_timestamp", false)]
-    #[case::current_date_upper("CURRENT_DATE", false)]
-    #[case::current_date_lower("current_date", false)]
-    #[case::current_time_upper("CURRENT_TIME", false)]
-    #[case::current_time_lower("current_time", false)]
-    // Already quoted strings should not be re-quoted
-    #[case::single_quoted("'active'", false)]
-    #[case::double_quoted("\"active\"", false)]
-    // Plain strings need quoting
-    #[case::plain_active("active", true)]
-    #[case::plain_pending("pending", true)]
-    #[case::plain_underscore("some_value", true)]
-    fn test_needs_quoting(#[case] input: &str, #[case] expected: bool) {
-        assert_eq!(needs_quoting(input), expected);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_recreate_indexes_after_rebuild_skips_pending() {
-        use vespertide_core::TableConstraint;
-        let idx1 = TableConstraint::Index {
-            name: Some("idx_a".into()),
-            columns: vec!["a".into()],
-        };
-        let idx2 = TableConstraint::Index {
-            name: Some("idx_b".into()),
-            columns: vec!["b".into()],
-        };
-        let uq1 = TableConstraint::Unique {
-            name: Some("uq_c".into()),
-            columns: vec!["c".into()],
-        };
-
-        // All three in table constraints, but idx1 and uq1 are pending
-        let constraints = vec![idx1.clone(), idx2.clone(), uq1.clone()];
-        let pending = vec![idx1.clone(), uq1.clone()];
-
-        let queries = recreate_indexes_after_rebuild("t", &constraints, &pending);
-        // Only idx_b should be recreated
-        assert_eq!(queries.len(), 1);
-        let sql = queries[0].build(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite);
-        assert!(sql.contains("idx_b"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_recreate_indexes_after_rebuild_no_pending() {
-        use vespertide_core::TableConstraint;
-        let idx = TableConstraint::Index {
-            name: Some("idx_a".into()),
-            columns: vec!["a".into()],
-        };
-        let uq = TableConstraint::Unique {
-            name: Some("uq_b".into()),
-            columns: vec!["b".into()],
-        };
-
-        let queries = recreate_indexes_after_rebuild("t", &[idx, uq], &[]);
-        assert_eq!(queries.len(), 2);
+/// Quote an identifier (table name, column name, constraint name) for the given backend.
+///
+/// Escapes any quote characters within the identifier to prevent SQL injection
+/// via malicious model names (defense-in-depth; identifier validation upstream
+/// is the primary defense).
+///
+/// - `PostgreSQL` / `SQLite`: `"identifier"` (double quotes; embedded `"` escaped as `""`)
+/// - `MySQL`: `` `identifier` `` (backticks; embedded `` ` `` escaped as ` `` `)
+#[must_use]
+pub fn quote_ident(name: &str, backend: DatabaseBackend) -> String {
+    match backend {
+        DatabaseBackend::Postgres | DatabaseBackend::Sqlite => {
+            let escaped = name.replace('"', "\"\"");
+            format!("\"{escaped}\"")
+        }
+        DatabaseBackend::MySql => {
+            let escaped = name.replace('`', "``");
+            format!("`{escaped}`")
+        }
     }
+}
 
-    #[test]
-    fn test_recreate_indexes_after_rebuild_skips_non_index_constraints() {
-        use vespertide_core::TableConstraint;
-        let pk = TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-            columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            auto_increment: false,
-        };
-        let fk = TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-            name: None,
-            columns: vec!["uid".into()],
-            ref_table: "u".into(),
-            ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            on_delete: None,
-            on_update: None,
-        };
-        let chk = TableConstraint::Check {
-            name: "chk".into(),
-            expr: "id > 0".into(),
-        };
-
-        let queries = recreate_indexes_after_rebuild("t", &[pk, fk, chk], &[]);
-        assert_eq!(queries.len(), 0);
-    }
+/// Quote a list of identifiers and join them with comma.
+#[must_use]
+pub fn quote_idents(names: &[String], backend: DatabaseBackend) -> String {
+    names
+        .iter()
+        .map(|n| quote_ident(n, backend))
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+        .join(", ")
 }
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/helpers_tests.rs b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/helpers_tests.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a8cc2ac2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/helpers_tests.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,503 @@
+use super::*;
+use proptest::prelude::*;
+use rstest::rstest;
+use sea_query::{Alias, ColumnDef as SeaColumnDef, ForeignKeyAction};
+use vespertide_core::EnumValues;
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case(ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))]
+#[case(ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::BigInt))]
+#[case(ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text))]
+#[case(ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Boolean))]
+#[case(ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Timestamp))]
+#[case(ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid))]
+#[case(ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Varchar { length: 255 }))]
+#[case(ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Numeric { precision: 10, scale: 2 }))]
+fn test_column_type_conversion(#[case] ty: ColumnType) {
+    // Just ensure no panic - test by creating a column with this type
+    let mut col = SeaColumnDef::new(Alias::new("test"));
+    apply_column_type_with_table(&mut col, &ty, "test_table", DatabaseBackend::Postgres);
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::SmallInt)]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Integer)]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::BigInt)]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Real)]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::DoublePrecision)]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Text)]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Boolean)]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Date)]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Time)]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Timestamp)]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Timestamptz)]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Interval)]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Bytea)]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Uuid)]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Json)]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Inet)]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Cidr)]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Macaddr)]
+#[case(SimpleColumnType::Xml)]
+fn test_all_simple_types_cover_branches(#[case] ty: SimpleColumnType) {
+    let mut col = SeaColumnDef::new(Alias::new("t"));
+    apply_column_type_with_table(
+        &mut col,
+        &ColumnType::Simple(ty),
+        "test_table",
+        DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
+    );
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case(ComplexColumnType::Varchar { length: 42 })]
+#[case(ComplexColumnType::Numeric { precision: 8, scale: 3 })]
+#[case(ComplexColumnType::Char { length: 3 })]
+#[case(ComplexColumnType::Custom { custom_type: "GEOGRAPHY".into() })]
+#[case(ComplexColumnType::Enum { name: "status".into(), values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into()]) })]
+fn test_all_complex_types_cover_branches(#[case] ty: ComplexColumnType) {
+    let mut col = SeaColumnDef::new(Alias::new("t"));
+    apply_column_type_with_table(
+        &mut col,
+        &ColumnType::Complex(ty),
+        "test_table",
+        DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
+    );
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case::cascade(ReferenceAction::Cascade, ForeignKeyAction::Cascade)]
+#[case::restrict(ReferenceAction::Restrict, ForeignKeyAction::Restrict)]
+#[case::set_null(ReferenceAction::SetNull, ForeignKeyAction::SetNull)]
+#[case::set_default(ReferenceAction::SetDefault, ForeignKeyAction::SetDefault)]
+#[case::no_action(ReferenceAction::NoAction, ForeignKeyAction::NoAction)]
+fn test_reference_action_conversion(
+    #[case] action: ReferenceAction,
+    #[case] expected: ForeignKeyAction,
+) {
+    // Just ensure the function doesn't panic and returns valid ForeignKeyAction
+    let result = to_sea_fk_action(&action);
+    assert!(
+        matches!(result, _expected),
+        "Expected {expected:?}, got {result:?}"
+    );
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case(ReferenceAction::Cascade, "CASCADE")]
+#[case(ReferenceAction::Restrict, "RESTRICT")]
+#[case(ReferenceAction::SetNull, "SET NULL")]
+#[case(ReferenceAction::SetDefault, "SET DEFAULT")]
+#[case(ReferenceAction::NoAction, "NO ACTION")]
+fn test_reference_action_sql_all_variants(#[case] action: ReferenceAction, #[case] expected: &str) {
+    assert_eq!(reference_action_sql(&action), expected);
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case::gen_random_uuid_postgres(
+    "gen_random_uuid()",
+    DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
+    "gen_random_uuid()"
+)]
+#[case::gen_random_uuid_mysql("gen_random_uuid()", DatabaseBackend::MySql, "(UUID())")]
+#[case::gen_random_uuid_sqlite(
+    "gen_random_uuid()",
+    DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
+    "lower(hex(randomblob(16)))"
+)]
+#[case::current_timestamp_postgres(
+    "current_timestamp()",
+    DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
+    "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP"
+)]
+#[case::current_timestamp_mysql("current_timestamp()", DatabaseBackend::MySql, "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP")]
+#[case::current_timestamp_sqlite(
+    "current_timestamp()",
+    DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
+    "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP"
+)]
+#[case::now_postgres("now()", DatabaseBackend::Postgres, "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP")]
+#[case::now_mysql("now()", DatabaseBackend::MySql, "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP")]
+#[case::now_sqlite("now()", DatabaseBackend::Sqlite, "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP")]
+#[case::now_upper_postgres("NOW()", DatabaseBackend::Postgres, "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP")]
+#[case::now_upper_mysql("NOW()", DatabaseBackend::MySql, "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP")]
+#[case::now_upper_sqlite("NOW()", DatabaseBackend::Sqlite, "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP")]
+#[case::current_timestamp_upper_postgres(
+    "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP",
+    DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
+    "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP"
+)]
+#[case::current_timestamp_upper_mysql(
+    "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP",
+    DatabaseBackend::MySql,
+    "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP"
+)]
+#[case::current_timestamp_upper_sqlite(
+    "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP",
+    DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
+    "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP"
+)]
+fn test_convert_default_for_backend(
+    #[case] default: &str,
+    #[case] backend: DatabaseBackend,
+    #[case] expected: &str,
+) {
+    let result = convert_default_for_backend(default, backend);
+    assert_eq!(result, expected);
+}
+
+// --- PostgreSQL type cast conversion tests ---
+
+#[rstest]
+// JSON type cast: '[]'::json
+#[case::json_cast_postgres("'[]'::json", DatabaseBackend::Postgres, "'[]'::json")]
+#[case::json_cast_mysql("'[]'::json", DatabaseBackend::MySql, "CAST('[]' AS JSON)")]
+#[case::json_cast_sqlite("'[]'::json", DatabaseBackend::Sqlite, "'[]'")]
+// JSONB type cast: '{}'::jsonb
+#[case::jsonb_cast_postgres("'{}'::jsonb", DatabaseBackend::Postgres, "'{}'::jsonb")]
+#[case::jsonb_cast_mysql("'{}'::jsonb", DatabaseBackend::MySql, "CAST('{}' AS JSON)")]
+#[case::jsonb_cast_sqlite("'{}'::jsonb", DatabaseBackend::Sqlite, "'{}'")]
+// Text type cast: 'hello'::text
+#[case::text_cast_postgres("'hello'::text", DatabaseBackend::Postgres, "'hello'::text")]
+#[case::text_cast_mysql("'hello'::text", DatabaseBackend::MySql, "CAST('hello' AS CHAR)")]
+#[case::text_cast_sqlite("'hello'::text", DatabaseBackend::Sqlite, "'hello'")]
+// Integer type cast: 0::integer
+#[case::int_cast_postgres("0::integer", DatabaseBackend::Postgres, "0::integer")]
+#[case::int_cast_mysql("0::integer", DatabaseBackend::MySql, "CAST(0 AS SIGNED)")]
+#[case::int_cast_sqlite("0::integer", DatabaseBackend::Sqlite, "0")]
+// Boolean type cast: 0::boolean
+#[case::bool_cast_postgres("0::boolean", DatabaseBackend::Postgres, "0::boolean")]
+#[case::bool_cast_mysql("0::boolean", DatabaseBackend::MySql, "CAST(0 AS UNSIGNED)")]
+#[case::bool_cast_sqlite("0::boolean", DatabaseBackend::Sqlite, "0")]
+// Nested JSON object: '{"key":"value"}'::json
+#[case::json_obj_cast_postgres(
+    "'{\"key\":\"value\"}'::json",
+    DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
+    "'{\"key\":\"value\"}'::json"
+)]
+#[case::json_obj_cast_mysql(
+    "'{\"key\":\"value\"}'::json",
+    DatabaseBackend::MySql,
+    "CAST('{\"key\":\"value\"}' AS JSON)"
+)]
+#[case::json_obj_cast_sqlite(
+    "'{\"key\":\"value\"}'::json",
+    DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
+    "'{\"key\":\"value\"}'"
+)]
+// Timestamp type cast: '2024-01-01'::timestamp
+#[case::timestamp_cast_postgres(
+    "'2024-01-01'::timestamp",
+    DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
+    "'2024-01-01'::timestamp"
+)]
+#[case::timestamp_cast_mysql(
+    "'2024-01-01'::timestamp",
+    DatabaseBackend::MySql,
+    "CAST('2024-01-01' AS DATETIME)"
+)]
+#[case::timestamp_cast_sqlite("'2024-01-01'::timestamp", DatabaseBackend::Sqlite, "'2024-01-01'")]
+fn test_convert_default_for_backend_type_cast(
+    #[case] default: &str,
+    #[case] backend: DatabaseBackend,
+    #[case] expected: &str,
+) {
+    let result = convert_default_for_backend(default, backend);
+    assert_eq!(result, expected);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_parse_pg_type_cast_no_cast() {
+    // Regular values should not be parsed as type casts
+    assert!(parse_pg_type_cast("'hello'").is_none());
+    assert!(parse_pg_type_cast("42").is_none());
+    assert!(parse_pg_type_cast("NOW()").is_none());
+    assert!(parse_pg_type_cast("CURRENT_TIMESTAMP").is_none());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_parse_pg_type_cast_valid() {
+    let (value, cast_type) = parse_pg_type_cast("'[]'::json").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(value, "'[]'");
+    assert_eq!(cast_type, "json");
+
+    let (value, cast_type) = parse_pg_type_cast("0::boolean").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(value, "0");
+    assert_eq!(cast_type, "boolean");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_parse_pg_type_cast_escaped_quotes() {
+    // Value with escaped quotes: 'it''s'::text
+    let (value, cast_type) = parse_pg_type_cast("'it''s'::text").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(value, "'it''s'");
+    assert_eq!(cast_type, "text");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_parse_pg_type_cast_unicode_quoted_value() {
+    let (value, cast_type) = parse_pg_type_cast("'한국어 日本語 café 📊'::text").unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(value, "'한국어 日本語 café 📊'");
+    assert_eq!(cast_type, "text");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_parse_pg_type_cast_unicode_unquoted_value() {
+    let (value, cast_type) = parse_pg_type_cast("📊_stats::json").unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(value, "📊_stats");
+    assert_eq!(cast_type, "json");
+}
+
+proptest! {
+    #[test]
+    fn parse_pg_type_cast_does_not_panic_on_unicode(s in ".{0,100}") {
+        let _ = parse_pg_type_cast(&s);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn parse_pg_type_cast_round_trips_quoted_unicode_without_quotes(
+        s in proptest::collection::vec(any::<char>().prop_filter("exclude SQL quote", |c| *c != '\''), 0..50)
+            .prop_map(|v| v.into_iter().collect::<String>())
+    ) {
+        let expr = format!("'{s}'::text");
+        let (value, cast_type) = parse_pg_type_cast(&expr).unwrap();
+
+        prop_assert_eq!(value, format!("'{s}'"));
+        prop_assert_eq!(cast_type, "text");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_parse_pg_type_cast_unterminated_quote() {
+    // Unterminated quoted string should return None (line 203)
+    assert!(parse_pg_type_cast("'unclosed").is_none());
+    assert!(parse_pg_type_cast("'no close quote::json").is_none());
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case::numeric("'0.5'::numeric", DatabaseBackend::MySql, "CAST('0.5' AS DECIMAL)")]
+#[case::decimal("'1.23'::decimal", DatabaseBackend::MySql, "CAST('1.23' AS DECIMAL)")]
+#[case::bytea("'\\xDE'::bytea", DatabaseBackend::MySql, "CAST('\\xDE' AS BINARY)")]
+#[case::unknown("'x'::citext", DatabaseBackend::MySql, "CAST('x' AS CHAR)")]
+fn test_convert_default_for_backend_type_cast_extra(
+    #[case] default: &str,
+    #[case] backend: DatabaseBackend,
+    #[case] expected: &str,
+) {
+    let result = convert_default_for_backend(default, backend);
+    assert_eq!(result, expected);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_is_enum_type_true() {
+    use vespertide_core::EnumValues;
+
+    let enum_type = ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+        name: "status".into(),
+        values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into()]),
+    });
+    assert!(is_enum_type(&enum_type));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_is_enum_type_false() {
+    let text_type = ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text);
+    assert!(!is_enum_type(&text_type));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_get_enum_name_some() {
+    use vespertide_core::EnumValues;
+
+    let enum_type = ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+        name: "user_status".into(),
+        values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into()]),
+    });
+    assert_eq!(get_enum_name(&enum_type), Some("user_status"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_get_enum_name_none() {
+    let text_type = ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text);
+    assert_eq!(get_enum_name(&text_type), None);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_apply_column_type_integer_enum() {
+    use vespertide_core::{EnumValues, NumValue};
+    let integer_enum = ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+        name: "color".into(),
+        values: EnumValues::Integer(vec![
+            NumValue {
+                name: "Black".into(),
+                value: 0,
+            },
+            NumValue {
+                name: "White".into(),
+                value: 1,
+            },
+        ]),
+    });
+    let mut col = SeaColumnDef::new(Alias::new("color"));
+    apply_column_type_with_table(
+        &mut col,
+        &integer_enum,
+        "test_table",
+        DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
+    );
+    // Integer enums should use INTEGER type, not ENUM
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_build_create_enum_type_sql_integer_enum_returns_none() {
+    use vespertide_core::{EnumValues, NumValue};
+    let integer_enum = ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+        name: "priority".into(),
+        values: EnumValues::Integer(vec![
+            NumValue {
+                name: "Low".into(),
+                value: 0,
+            },
+            NumValue {
+                name: "High".into(),
+                value: 10,
+            },
+        ]),
+    });
+    // Integer enums should return None (no CREATE TYPE needed)
+    assert!(build_create_enum_type_sql("test_table", &integer_enum).is_none());
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+// Empty strings need quoting
+#[case::empty("", true)]
+#[case::whitespace_only("   ", true)]
+// Function calls should not be quoted
+#[case::now_func("now()", false)]
+#[case::coalesce_func("COALESCE(old_value, 'default')", false)]
+#[case::uuid_func("gen_random_uuid()", false)]
+// NULL keyword should not be quoted
+#[case::null_upper("NULL", false)]
+#[case::null_lower("null", false)]
+#[case::null_mixed("Null", false)]
+// SQL date/time keywords should not be quoted
+#[case::current_timestamp_upper("CURRENT_TIMESTAMP", false)]
+#[case::current_timestamp_lower("current_timestamp", false)]
+#[case::current_date_upper("CURRENT_DATE", false)]
+#[case::current_date_lower("current_date", false)]
+#[case::current_time_upper("CURRENT_TIME", false)]
+#[case::current_time_lower("current_time", false)]
+// Already quoted strings should not be re-quoted
+#[case::single_quoted("'active'", false)]
+#[case::double_quoted("\"active\"", false)]
+// Plain strings need quoting
+#[case::plain_active("active", true)]
+#[case::plain_pending("pending", true)]
+#[case::plain_underscore("some_value", true)]
+fn test_needs_quoting(#[case] input: &str, #[case] expected: bool) {
+    assert_eq!(needs_quoting(input), expected);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_recreate_indexes_after_rebuild_skips_pending() {
+    use vespertide_core::TableConstraint;
+    let idx1 = TableConstraint::Index {
+        name: Some("idx_a".into()),
+        columns: vec!["a".into()],
+    };
+    let idx2 = TableConstraint::Index {
+        name: Some("idx_b".into()),
+        columns: vec!["b".into()],
+    };
+    let uq1 = TableConstraint::Unique {
+        name: Some("uq_c".into()),
+        columns: vec!["c".into()],
+    };
+
+    // All three in table constraints, but idx1 and uq1 are pending
+    let constraints = vec![idx1.clone(), idx2.clone(), uq1.clone()];
+    let pending = vec![idx1.clone(), uq1.clone()];
+
+    let queries = recreate_indexes_after_rebuild("t", &constraints, &pending);
+    // Only idx_b should be recreated
+    assert_eq!(queries.len(), 1);
+    let sql = queries[0].build(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite);
+    assert!(sql.contains("idx_b"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_recreate_indexes_after_rebuild_no_pending() {
+    use vespertide_core::TableConstraint;
+    let idx = TableConstraint::Index {
+        name: Some("idx_a".into()),
+        columns: vec!["a".into()],
+    };
+    let uq = TableConstraint::Unique {
+        name: Some("uq_b".into()),
+        columns: vec!["b".into()],
+    };
+
+    let queries = recreate_indexes_after_rebuild("t", &[idx, uq], &[]);
+    assert_eq!(queries.len(), 2);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_recreate_indexes_after_rebuild_skips_non_index_constraints() {
+    use vespertide_core::TableConstraint;
+    let pk = TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+        columns: vec!["id".into()],
+        auto_increment: false,
+    };
+    let fk = TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+        name: None,
+        columns: vec!["uid".into()],
+        ref_table: "u".into(),
+        ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+        on_delete: None,
+        on_update: None,
+    };
+    let chk = TableConstraint::Check {
+        name: "chk".into(),
+        expr: "id > 0".into(),
+    };
+
+    let queries = recreate_indexes_after_rebuild("t", &[pk, fk, chk], &[]);
+    assert_eq!(queries.len(), 0);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn pg_quotes_simple_ident() {
+    assert_eq!(quote_ident("users", DatabaseBackend::Postgres), "\"users\"");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn pg_escapes_embedded_quote() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        quote_ident("foo\"bar", DatabaseBackend::Postgres),
+        "\"foo\"\"bar\""
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn mysql_uses_backticks() {
+    assert_eq!(quote_ident("users", DatabaseBackend::MySql), "`users`");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn mysql_escapes_embedded_backtick() {
+    assert_eq!(quote_ident("foo`bar", DatabaseBackend::MySql), "`foo``bar`");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn sqlite_uses_double_quotes() {
+    assert_eq!(quote_ident("users", DatabaseBackend::Sqlite), "\"users\"");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn reserved_word_safe() {
+    // Reserved words are still quoted correctly
+    assert_eq!(quote_ident("order", DatabaseBackend::Postgres), "\"order\"");
+    assert_eq!(quote_ident("select", DatabaseBackend::MySql), "`select`");
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/mod.rs b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/mod.rs
index b1b9d72f..ed9d79fe 100644
--- a/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/mod.rs
@@ -27,13 +27,17 @@ use self::{
     delete_table::build_delete_table, modify_column_comment::build_modify_column_comment,
     modify_column_default::build_modify_column_default,
     modify_column_nullable::build_modify_column_nullable,
-    modify_column_type::build_modify_column_type, raw_sql::build_raw_sql,
-    remove_constraint::build_remove_constraint, rename_column::build_rename_column,
-    rename_table::build_rename_table, replace_constraint::build_replace_constraint,
+    modify_column_type::build_modify_column_type, remove_constraint::build_remove_constraint,
+    rename_column::build_rename_column, rename_table::build_rename_table,
+    replace_constraint::build_replace_constraint,
 };
 
+/// Build SQL for a single migration action against a known schema.
+///
+/// For multi-action plans use [`crate::build_plan_queries`] which handles
+/// schema evolution between actions.
 pub fn build_action_queries(
-    backend: &DatabaseBackend,
+    backend: DatabaseBackend,
     action: &MigrationAction,
     current_schema: &[TableDef],
 ) -> Result<Vec<BuiltQuery>, QueryError> {
@@ -43,10 +47,10 @@ pub fn build_action_queries(
 /// Build SQL queries for a migration action, with awareness of pending constraints.
 ///
 /// `pending_constraints` are constraints that exist in the logical schema but haven't been
-/// physically created as database indexes yet. This is used by SQLite temp table rebuilds
-/// to avoid recreating indexes that will be created by future AddConstraint actions.
+/// physically created as database indexes yet. This is used by `SQLite` temp table rebuilds
+/// to avoid recreating indexes that will be created by future `AddConstraint` actions.
 pub fn build_action_queries_with_pending(
-    backend: &DatabaseBackend,
+    backend: DatabaseBackend,
     action: &MigrationAction,
     current_schema: &[TableDef],
     pending_constraints: &[TableConstraint],
@@ -143,18 +147,50 @@ pub fn build_action_queries_with_pending(
             table,
             column,
             new_comment,
-        } => build_modify_column_comment(
+        } => build_comment_action_queries(
             backend,
             table,
             column,
-            new_comment.as_deref(),
+            new_comment.as_ref(),
             current_schema,
         ),
 
         MigrationAction::RenameTable { from, to } => Ok(vec![build_rename_table(from, to)]),
 
-        MigrationAction::RawSql { sql } => Ok(vec![build_raw_sql(sql.clone())]),
+        MigrationAction::RawSql { sql } => Ok(vec![BuiltQuery::Raw(RawSql::uniform(sql.clone()))]),
+
+        MigrationAction::AddConstraint { .. }
+        | MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint { .. }
+        | MigrationAction::ReplaceConstraint { .. } => {
+            build_constraint_action_queries(backend, action, current_schema, pending_constraints)
+        }
+        _ => unreachable!("MigrationAction is #[non_exhaustive]; all variants are matched above"),
+    }
+}
+
+fn build_comment_action_queries(
+    backend: DatabaseBackend,
+    table: &str,
+    column: &str,
+    new_comment: Option<&String>,
+    current_schema: &[TableDef],
+) -> Result<Vec<BuiltQuery>, QueryError> {
+    build_modify_column_comment(
+        backend,
+        table,
+        column,
+        new_comment.map(String::as_str),
+        current_schema,
+    )
+}
 
+fn build_constraint_action_queries(
+    backend: DatabaseBackend,
+    action: &MigrationAction,
+    current_schema: &[TableDef],
+    pending_constraints: &[TableConstraint],
+) -> Result<Vec<BuiltQuery>, QueryError> {
+    match action {
         MigrationAction::AddConstraint { table, constraint } => build_add_constraint(
             backend,
             table,
@@ -162,7 +198,6 @@ pub fn build_action_queries_with_pending(
             current_schema,
             pending_constraints,
         ),
-
         MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint { table, constraint } => build_remove_constraint(
             backend,
             table,
@@ -170,7 +205,6 @@ pub fn build_action_queries_with_pending(
             current_schema,
             pending_constraints,
         ),
-
         MigrationAction::ReplaceConstraint { table, from, to } => build_replace_constraint(
             backend,
             table,
@@ -179,1430 +213,9 @@ pub fn build_action_queries_with_pending(
             current_schema,
             pending_constraints,
         ),
+        _ => unreachable!("only constraint actions are dispatched here"),
     }
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use super::*;
-    use insta::{assert_snapshot, with_settings};
-    use rstest::rstest;
-    use vespertide_core::schema::primary_key::PrimaryKeySyntax;
-    use vespertide_core::{
-        ColumnDef, ColumnType, MigrationAction, ReferenceAction, SimpleColumnType, TableConstraint,
-    };
-
-    fn col(name: &str, ty: ColumnType) -> ColumnDef {
-        ColumnDef {
-            name: name.to_string(),
-            r#type: ty,
-            nullable: true,
-            default: None,
-            comment: None,
-            primary_key: None,
-            unique: None,
-            index: None,
-            foreign_key: None,
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_backend_specific_quoting() {
-        let action = MigrationAction::CreateTable {
-            table: "users".into(),
-            columns: vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
-            constraints: vec![],
-        };
-        let result = build_action_queries(&DatabaseBackend::Postgres, &action, &[]).unwrap();
-
-        // PostgreSQL uses double quotes
-        let pg_sql = result[0].build(DatabaseBackend::Postgres);
-        assert!(pg_sql.contains("\"users\""));
-
-        // MySQL uses backticks
-        let mysql_sql = result[0].build(DatabaseBackend::MySql);
-        assert!(mysql_sql.contains("`users`"));
-
-        // SQLite uses double quotes
-        let sqlite_sql = result[0].build(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite);
-        assert!(sqlite_sql.contains("\"users\""));
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case::create_table_with_default_postgres(
-        "create_table_with_default_postgres",
-        MigrationAction::CreateTable {
-            table: "users".into(),
-            columns: vec![ColumnDef {
-                name: "status".into(),
-                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                nullable: true,
-                default: Some("'active'".into()),
-                comment: None,
-                primary_key: None,
-                unique: None,
-                index: None,
-                foreign_key: None,
-            }],
-            constraints: vec![],
-        },
-        DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
-        &["DEFAULT", "'active'"]
-    )]
-    #[case::create_table_with_default_mysql(
-        "create_table_with_default_mysql",
-        MigrationAction::CreateTable {
-            table: "users".into(),
-            columns: vec![ColumnDef {
-                name: "status".into(),
-                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                nullable: true,
-                default: Some("'active'".into()),
-                comment: None,
-                primary_key: None,
-                unique: None,
-                index: None,
-                foreign_key: None,
-            }],
-            constraints: vec![],
-        },
-        DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
-        &["DEFAULT", "'active'"]
-    )]
-    #[case::create_table_with_default_sqlite(
-        "create_table_with_default_sqlite",
-        MigrationAction::CreateTable {
-            table: "users".into(),
-            columns: vec![ColumnDef {
-                name: "status".into(),
-                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                nullable: true,
-                default: Some("'active'".into()),
-                comment: None,
-                primary_key: None,
-                unique: None,
-                index: None,
-                foreign_key: None,
-            }],
-            constraints: vec![],
-        },
-        DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
-        &["DEFAULT", "'active'"]
-    )]
-    #[case::create_table_with_inline_primary_key_postgres(
-        "create_table_with_inline_primary_key_postgres",
-        MigrationAction::CreateTable {
-            table: "users".into(),
-            columns: vec![ColumnDef {
-                name: "id".into(),
-                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                nullable: false,
-                default: None,
-                comment: None,
-                primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
-                unique: None,
-                index: None,
-                foreign_key: None,
-            }],
-            constraints: vec![],
-        },
-        DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
-        &["PRIMARY KEY"]
-    )]
-    #[case::create_table_with_inline_primary_key_mysql(
-        "create_table_with_inline_primary_key_mysql",
-        MigrationAction::CreateTable {
-            table: "users".into(),
-            columns: vec![ColumnDef {
-                name: "id".into(),
-                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                nullable: false,
-                default: None,
-                comment: None,
-                primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
-                unique: None,
-                index: None,
-                foreign_key: None,
-            }],
-            constraints: vec![],
-        },
-        DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
-        &["PRIMARY KEY"]
-    )]
-    #[case::create_table_with_inline_primary_key_sqlite(
-        "create_table_with_inline_primary_key_sqlite",
-        MigrationAction::CreateTable {
-            table: "users".into(),
-            columns: vec![ColumnDef {
-                name: "id".into(),
-                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                nullable: false,
-                default: None,
-                comment: None,
-                primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
-                unique: None,
-                index: None,
-                foreign_key: None,
-            }],
-            constraints: vec![],
-        },
-        DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
-        &["PRIMARY KEY"]
-    )]
-    #[case::create_table_with_fk_postgres(
-        "create_table_with_fk_postgres",
-        MigrationAction::CreateTable {
-            table: "posts".into(),
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                col("user_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                name: Some("fk_user".into()),
-                columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
-                ref_table: "users".into(),
-                ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                on_delete: Some(ReferenceAction::Cascade),
-                on_update: Some(ReferenceAction::Restrict),
-            }],
-        },
-        DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
-        &["REFERENCES \"users\" (\"id\")", "ON DELETE CASCADE", "ON UPDATE RESTRICT"]
-    )]
-    #[case::create_table_with_fk_mysql(
-        "create_table_with_fk_mysql",
-        MigrationAction::CreateTable {
-            table: "posts".into(),
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                col("user_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                name: Some("fk_user".into()),
-                columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
-                ref_table: "users".into(),
-                ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                on_delete: Some(ReferenceAction::Cascade),
-                on_update: Some(ReferenceAction::Restrict),
-            }],
-        },
-        DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
-        &["REFERENCES \"users\" (\"id\")", "ON DELETE CASCADE", "ON UPDATE RESTRICT"]
-    )]
-    #[case::create_table_with_fk_sqlite(
-        "create_table_with_fk_sqlite",
-        MigrationAction::CreateTable {
-            table: "posts".into(),
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                col("user_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                name: Some("fk_user".into()),
-                columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
-                ref_table: "users".into(),
-                ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                on_delete: Some(ReferenceAction::Cascade),
-                on_update: Some(ReferenceAction::Restrict),
-            }],
-        },
-        DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
-        &["REFERENCES \"users\" (\"id\")", "ON DELETE CASCADE", "ON UPDATE RESTRICT"]
-    )]
-    fn test_build_migration_action(
-        #[case] title: &str,
-        #[case] action: MigrationAction,
-        #[case] backend: DatabaseBackend,
-        #[case] expected: &[&str],
-    ) {
-        let result = build_action_queries(&backend, &action, &[]).unwrap();
-        let sql = result[0].build(backend);
-        for exp in expected {
-            assert!(
-                sql.contains(exp),
-                "Expected SQL to contain '{}', got: {}",
-                exp,
-                sql
-            );
-        }
-
-        with_settings!({ snapshot_suffix => format!("build_migration_action_{}", title) }, {
-            assert_snapshot!(result.iter().map(|q| q.build(backend)).collect::<Vec<String>>().join("\n"));
-        });
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case::rename_column_postgres(DatabaseBackend::Postgres)]
-    #[case::rename_column_mysql(DatabaseBackend::MySql)]
-    #[case::rename_column_sqlite(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite)]
-    fn test_build_action_queries_rename_column(#[case] backend: DatabaseBackend) {
-        // Test MigrationAction::RenameColumn (lines 51-52)
-        let action = MigrationAction::RenameColumn {
-            table: "users".into(),
-            from: "old_name".into(),
-            to: "new_name".into(),
-        };
-        let result = build_action_queries(&backend, &action, &[]).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(result.len(), 1);
-        let sql = result[0].build(backend);
-        assert!(sql.contains("RENAME"));
-        assert!(sql.contains("old_name"));
-        assert!(sql.contains("new_name"));
-
-        with_settings!({ snapshot_suffix => format!("rename_column_{:?}", backend) }, {
-            assert_snapshot!(sql);
-        });
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case::delete_column_postgres(DatabaseBackend::Postgres)]
-    #[case::delete_column_mysql(DatabaseBackend::MySql)]
-    #[case::delete_column_sqlite(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite)]
-    fn test_build_action_queries_delete_column(#[case] backend: DatabaseBackend) {
-        // Test MigrationAction::DeleteColumn (lines 55-56)
-        let action = MigrationAction::DeleteColumn {
-            table: "users".into(),
-            column: "email".into(),
-        };
-        let result = build_action_queries(&backend, &action, &[]).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(result.len(), 1);
-        let sql = result[0].build(backend);
-        assert!(sql.contains("DROP COLUMN"));
-        assert!(sql.contains("email"));
-
-        with_settings!({ snapshot_suffix => format!("delete_column_{:?}", backend) }, {
-            assert_snapshot!(sql);
-        });
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case::modify_column_type_postgres(DatabaseBackend::Postgres)]
-    #[case::modify_column_type_mysql(DatabaseBackend::MySql)]
-    #[case::modify_column_type_sqlite(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite)]
-    fn test_build_action_queries_modify_column_type(#[case] backend: DatabaseBackend) {
-        // Test MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType (lines 60-63)
-        let action = MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType {
-            table: "users".into(),
-            column: "age".into(),
-            new_type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::BigInt),
-            fill_with: None,
-        };
-        let current_schema = vec![TableDef {
-            name: "users".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![ColumnDef {
-                name: "age".into(),
-                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                nullable: true,
-                default: None,
-                comment: None,
-                primary_key: None,
-                unique: None,
-                index: None,
-                foreign_key: None,
-            }],
-            constraints: vec![],
-        }];
-        let result = build_action_queries(&backend, &action, &current_schema).unwrap();
-        assert!(!result.is_empty());
-        let sql = result
-            .iter()
-            .map(|q| q.build(backend))
-            .collect::<Vec<String>>()
-            .join("\n");
-        assert!(sql.contains("ALTER TABLE"));
-
-        with_settings!({ snapshot_suffix => format!("modify_column_type_{:?}", backend) }, {
-            assert_snapshot!(sql);
-        });
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case::remove_index_constraint_postgres(DatabaseBackend::Postgres)]
-    #[case::remove_index_constraint_mysql(DatabaseBackend::MySql)]
-    #[case::remove_index_constraint_sqlite(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite)]
-    fn test_build_action_queries_remove_index_constraint(#[case] backend: DatabaseBackend) {
-        // Test MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint with Index variant
-        let action = MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint {
-            table: "users".into(),
-            constraint: TableConstraint::Index {
-                name: Some("idx_email".into()),
-                columns: vec!["email".into()],
-            },
-        };
-        let result = build_action_queries(&backend, &action, &[]).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(result.len(), 1);
-        let sql = result[0].build(backend);
-        assert!(sql.contains("DROP INDEX"));
-        assert!(sql.contains("idx_email"));
-
-        with_settings!({ snapshot_suffix => format!("remove_index_constraint_{:?}", backend) }, {
-            assert_snapshot!(sql);
-        });
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case::rename_table_postgres(DatabaseBackend::Postgres)]
-    #[case::rename_table_mysql(DatabaseBackend::MySql)]
-    #[case::rename_table_sqlite(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite)]
-    fn test_build_action_queries_rename_table(#[case] backend: DatabaseBackend) {
-        // Test MigrationAction::RenameTable (line 69)
-        let action = MigrationAction::RenameTable {
-            from: "old_table".into(),
-            to: "new_table".into(),
-        };
-        let result = build_action_queries(&backend, &action, &[]).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(result.len(), 1);
-        let sql = result[0].build(backend);
-        assert!(sql.contains("RENAME"));
-        assert!(sql.contains("old_table"));
-        assert!(sql.contains("new_table"));
-
-        with_settings!({ snapshot_suffix => format!("rename_table_{:?}", backend) }, {
-            assert_snapshot!(sql);
-        });
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case::add_constraint_postgres(DatabaseBackend::Postgres)]
-    #[case::add_constraint_mysql(DatabaseBackend::MySql)]
-    #[case::add_constraint_sqlite(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite)]
-    fn test_build_action_queries_add_constraint(#[case] backend: DatabaseBackend) {
-        // Test MigrationAction::AddConstraint (lines 73-74)
-        let action = MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
-            table: "users".into(),
-            constraint: TableConstraint::Unique {
-                name: Some("uq_email".into()),
-                columns: vec!["email".into()],
-            },
-        };
-        let current_schema = vec![TableDef {
-            name: "users".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "id".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "email".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                    nullable: true,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![],
-        }];
-        let result = build_action_queries(&backend, &action, &current_schema).unwrap();
-        assert!(!result.is_empty());
-        let sql = result
-            .iter()
-            .map(|q| q.build(backend))
-            .collect::<Vec<String>>()
-            .join("\n");
-        assert!(sql.contains("UNIQUE") || sql.contains("uq_email"));
-
-        with_settings!({ snapshot_suffix => format!("add_constraint_{:?}", backend) }, {
-            assert_snapshot!(sql);
-        });
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case::remove_constraint_postgres(DatabaseBackend::Postgres)]
-    #[case::remove_constraint_mysql(DatabaseBackend::MySql)]
-    #[case::remove_constraint_sqlite(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite)]
-    fn test_build_action_queries_remove_constraint(#[case] backend: DatabaseBackend) {
-        // Test MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint (lines 77-78)
-        let action = MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint {
-            table: "users".into(),
-            constraint: TableConstraint::Unique {
-                name: Some("uq_email".into()),
-                columns: vec!["email".into()],
-            },
-        };
-        let current_schema = vec![TableDef {
-            name: "users".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "id".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "email".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                    nullable: true,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![TableConstraint::Unique {
-                name: Some("uq_email".into()),
-                columns: vec!["email".into()],
-            }],
-        }];
-        let result = build_action_queries(&backend, &action, &current_schema).unwrap();
-        assert!(!result.is_empty());
-        let sql = result
-            .iter()
-            .map(|q| q.build(backend))
-            .collect::<Vec<String>>()
-            .join("\n");
-        assert!(sql.contains("DROP") || sql.contains("CONSTRAINT"));
-
-        with_settings!({ snapshot_suffix => format!("remove_constraint_{:?}", backend) }, {
-            assert_snapshot!(sql);
-        });
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case::add_column_postgres(DatabaseBackend::Postgres)]
-    #[case::add_column_mysql(DatabaseBackend::MySql)]
-    #[case::add_column_sqlite(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite)]
-    fn test_build_action_queries_add_column(#[case] backend: DatabaseBackend) {
-        // Test MigrationAction::AddColumn (lines 46-49)
-        let action = MigrationAction::AddColumn {
-            table: "users".into(),
-            column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
-                name: "email".into(),
-                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                nullable: true,
-                default: None,
-                comment: None,
-                primary_key: None,
-                unique: None,
-                index: None,
-                foreign_key: None,
-            }),
-            fill_with: None,
-        };
-        let current_schema = vec![TableDef {
-            name: "users".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![ColumnDef {
-                name: "id".into(),
-                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                nullable: false,
-                default: None,
-                comment: None,
-                primary_key: None,
-                unique: None,
-                index: None,
-                foreign_key: None,
-            }],
-            constraints: vec![],
-        }];
-        let result = build_action_queries(&backend, &action, &current_schema).unwrap();
-        assert!(!result.is_empty());
-        let sql = result
-            .iter()
-            .map(|q| q.build(backend))
-            .collect::<Vec<String>>()
-            .join("\n");
-        assert!(sql.contains("ALTER TABLE"));
-        assert!(sql.contains("ADD COLUMN") || sql.contains("ADD"));
-
-        with_settings!({ snapshot_suffix => format!("add_column_{:?}", backend) }, {
-            assert_snapshot!(sql);
-        });
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case::add_index_constraint_postgres(DatabaseBackend::Postgres)]
-    #[case::add_index_constraint_mysql(DatabaseBackend::MySql)]
-    #[case::add_index_constraint_sqlite(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite)]
-    fn test_build_action_queries_add_index_constraint(#[case] backend: DatabaseBackend) {
-        // Test MigrationAction::AddConstraint with Index variant
-        let action = MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
-            table: "users".into(),
-            constraint: TableConstraint::Index {
-                name: Some("idx_email".into()),
-                columns: vec!["email".into()],
-            },
-        };
-        let result = build_action_queries(&backend, &action, &[]).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(result.len(), 1);
-        let sql = result[0].build(backend);
-        assert!(sql.contains("CREATE INDEX"));
-        assert!(sql.contains("idx_email"));
-
-        with_settings!({ snapshot_suffix => format!("add_index_constraint_{:?}", backend) }, {
-            assert_snapshot!(sql);
-        });
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case::raw_sql_postgres(DatabaseBackend::Postgres)]
-    #[case::raw_sql_mysql(DatabaseBackend::MySql)]
-    #[case::raw_sql_sqlite(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite)]
-    fn test_build_action_queries_raw_sql(#[case] backend: DatabaseBackend) {
-        // Test MigrationAction::RawSql (line 71)
-        let action = MigrationAction::RawSql {
-            sql: "SELECT 1;".into(),
-        };
-        let result = build_action_queries(&backend, &action, &[]).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(result.len(), 1);
-        let sql = result[0].build(backend);
-        assert_eq!(sql, "SELECT 1;");
-
-        with_settings!({ snapshot_suffix => format!("raw_sql_{:?}", backend) }, {
-            assert_snapshot!(sql);
-        });
-    }
-
-    // Comprehensive index naming tests
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case::add_index_with_custom_name_postgres(
-        DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
-        "hello",
-        vec!["email", "password"]
-    )]
-    #[case::add_index_with_custom_name_mysql(
-        DatabaseBackend::MySql,
-        "hello",
-        vec!["email", "password"]
-    )]
-    #[case::add_index_with_custom_name_sqlite(
-        DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
-        "hello",
-        vec!["email", "password"]
-    )]
-    #[case::add_index_single_column_postgres(
-        DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
-        "email_idx",
-        vec!["email"]
-    )]
-    #[case::add_index_single_column_mysql(
-        DatabaseBackend::MySql,
-        "email_idx",
-        vec!["email"]
-    )]
-    #[case::add_index_single_column_sqlite(
-        DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
-        "email_idx",
-        vec!["email"]
-    )]
-    fn test_add_index_with_custom_name(
-        #[case] backend: DatabaseBackend,
-        #[case] index_name: &str,
-        #[case] columns: Vec<&str>,
-    ) {
-        // Test that custom index names follow ix_table__name pattern
-        let action = MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
-            table: "user".into(),
-            constraint: TableConstraint::Index {
-                name: Some(index_name.into()),
-                columns: columns.iter().map(|s| s.to_string()).collect(),
-            },
-        };
-        let result = build_action_queries(&backend, &action, &[]).unwrap();
-        let sql = result[0].build(backend);
-
-        // Should use ix_table__name pattern
-        let expected_name = format!("ix_user__{}", index_name);
-        assert!(
-            sql.contains(&expected_name),
-            "Expected index name '{}' in SQL: {}",
-            expected_name,
-            sql
-        );
-
-        with_settings!({ snapshot_suffix => format!("add_index_custom_{}_{:?}", index_name, backend) }, {
-            assert_snapshot!(sql);
-        });
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case::add_unnamed_index_single_column_postgres(
-        DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
-        vec!["email"]
-    )]
-    #[case::add_unnamed_index_single_column_mysql(
-        DatabaseBackend::MySql,
-        vec!["email"]
-    )]
-    #[case::add_unnamed_index_single_column_sqlite(
-        DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
-        vec!["email"]
-    )]
-    #[case::add_unnamed_index_multiple_columns_postgres(
-        DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
-        vec!["email", "password"]
-    )]
-    #[case::add_unnamed_index_multiple_columns_mysql(
-        DatabaseBackend::MySql,
-        vec!["email", "password"]
-    )]
-    #[case::add_unnamed_index_multiple_columns_sqlite(
-        DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
-        vec!["email", "password"]
-    )]
-    fn test_add_unnamed_index(#[case] backend: DatabaseBackend, #[case] columns: Vec<&str>) {
-        // Test that unnamed indexes follow ix_table__col1_col2 pattern
-        let action = MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
-            table: "user".into(),
-            constraint: TableConstraint::Index {
-                name: None,
-                columns: columns.iter().map(|s| s.to_string()).collect(),
-            },
-        };
-        let result = build_action_queries(&backend, &action, &[]).unwrap();
-        let sql = result[0].build(backend);
-
-        // Should use ix_table__col1_col2... pattern
-        let expected_name = format!("ix_user__{}", columns.join("_"));
-        assert!(
-            sql.contains(&expected_name),
-            "Expected index name '{}' in SQL: {}",
-            expected_name,
-            sql
-        );
-
-        with_settings!({ snapshot_suffix => format!("add_unnamed_index_{}_{:?}", columns.join("_"), backend) }, {
-            assert_snapshot!(sql);
-        });
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case::remove_index_with_custom_name_postgres(
-        DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
-        "hello",
-        vec!["email", "password"]
-    )]
-    #[case::remove_index_with_custom_name_mysql(
-        DatabaseBackend::MySql,
-        "hello",
-        vec!["email", "password"]
-    )]
-    #[case::remove_index_with_custom_name_sqlite(
-        DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
-        "hello",
-        vec!["email", "password"]
-    )]
-    fn test_remove_index_with_custom_name(
-        #[case] backend: DatabaseBackend,
-        #[case] index_name: &str,
-        #[case] columns: Vec<&str>,
-    ) {
-        // Test that removing custom index uses ix_table__name pattern
-        let action = MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint {
-            table: "user".into(),
-            constraint: TableConstraint::Index {
-                name: Some(index_name.into()),
-                columns: columns.iter().map(|s| s.to_string()).collect(),
-            },
-        };
-        let result = build_action_queries(&backend, &action, &[]).unwrap();
-        let sql = result[0].build(backend);
-
-        // Should use ix_table__name pattern
-        let expected_name = format!("ix_user__{}", index_name);
-        assert!(
-            sql.contains(&expected_name),
-            "Expected index name '{}' in SQL: {}",
-            expected_name,
-            sql
-        );
-
-        with_settings!({ snapshot_suffix => format!("remove_index_custom_{}_{:?}", index_name, backend) }, {
-            assert_snapshot!(sql);
-        });
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case::remove_unnamed_index_single_column_postgres(
-        DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
-        vec!["email"]
-    )]
-    #[case::remove_unnamed_index_single_column_mysql(
-        DatabaseBackend::MySql,
-        vec!["email"]
-    )]
-    #[case::remove_unnamed_index_single_column_sqlite(
-        DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
-        vec!["email"]
-    )]
-    #[case::remove_unnamed_index_multiple_columns_postgres(
-        DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
-        vec!["email", "password"]
-    )]
-    #[case::remove_unnamed_index_multiple_columns_mysql(
-        DatabaseBackend::MySql,
-        vec!["email", "password"]
-    )]
-    #[case::remove_unnamed_index_multiple_columns_sqlite(
-        DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
-        vec!["email", "password"]
-    )]
-    fn test_remove_unnamed_index(#[case] backend: DatabaseBackend, #[case] columns: Vec<&str>) {
-        // Test that removing unnamed indexes uses ix_table__col1_col2 pattern
-        let action = MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint {
-            table: "user".into(),
-            constraint: TableConstraint::Index {
-                name: None,
-                columns: columns.iter().map(|s| s.to_string()).collect(),
-            },
-        };
-        let result = build_action_queries(&backend, &action, &[]).unwrap();
-        let sql = result[0].build(backend);
-
-        // Should use ix_table__col1_col2... pattern
-        let expected_name = format!("ix_user__{}", columns.join("_"));
-        assert!(
-            sql.contains(&expected_name),
-            "Expected index name '{}' in SQL: {}",
-            expected_name,
-            sql
-        );
-
-        with_settings!({ snapshot_suffix => format!("remove_unnamed_index_{}_{:?}", columns.join("_"), backend) }, {
-            assert_snapshot!(sql);
-        });
-    }
-
-    // Comprehensive unique constraint naming tests
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case::add_unique_with_custom_name_postgres(
-        DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
-        "email_unique",
-        vec!["email"]
-    )]
-    #[case::add_unique_with_custom_name_mysql(
-        DatabaseBackend::MySql,
-        "email_unique",
-        vec!["email"]
-    )]
-    #[case::add_unique_with_custom_name_sqlite(
-        DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
-        "email_unique",
-        vec!["email"]
-    )]
-    fn test_add_unique_with_custom_name(
-        #[case] backend: DatabaseBackend,
-        #[case] constraint_name: &str,
-        #[case] columns: Vec<&str>,
-    ) {
-        // Test that custom unique constraint names follow uq_table__name pattern
-        let action = MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
-            table: "user".into(),
-            constraint: TableConstraint::Unique {
-                name: Some(constraint_name.into()),
-                columns: columns.iter().map(|s| s.to_string()).collect(),
-            },
-        };
-
-        let current_schema = vec![TableDef {
-            name: "user".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![ColumnDef {
-                name: "email".into(),
-                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                nullable: true,
-                default: None,
-                comment: None,
-                primary_key: None,
-                unique: None,
-                index: None,
-                foreign_key: None,
-            }],
-            constraints: vec![],
-        }];
-
-        let result = build_action_queries(&backend, &action, &current_schema).unwrap();
-        let sql = result
-            .iter()
-            .map(|q| q.build(backend))
-            .collect::<Vec<String>>()
-            .join("\n");
-
-        // Should use uq_table__name pattern
-        let expected_name = format!("uq_user__{}", constraint_name);
-        assert!(
-            sql.contains(&expected_name),
-            "Expected unique constraint name '{}' in SQL: {}",
-            expected_name,
-            sql
-        );
-
-        with_settings!({ snapshot_suffix => format!("add_unique_custom_{}_{:?}", constraint_name, backend) }, {
-            assert_snapshot!(sql);
-        });
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case::add_unnamed_unique_single_column_postgres(
-        DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
-        vec!["email"]
-    )]
-    #[case::add_unnamed_unique_single_column_mysql(
-        DatabaseBackend::MySql,
-        vec!["email"]
-    )]
-    #[case::add_unnamed_unique_single_column_sqlite(
-        DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
-        vec!["email"]
-    )]
-    #[case::add_unnamed_unique_multiple_columns_postgres(
-        DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
-        vec!["email", "username"]
-    )]
-    #[case::add_unnamed_unique_multiple_columns_mysql(
-        DatabaseBackend::MySql,
-        vec!["email", "username"]
-    )]
-    #[case::add_unnamed_unique_multiple_columns_sqlite(
-        DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
-        vec!["email", "username"]
-    )]
-    fn test_add_unnamed_unique(#[case] backend: DatabaseBackend, #[case] columns: Vec<&str>) {
-        // Test that unnamed unique constraints follow uq_table__col1_col2 pattern
-        let action = MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
-            table: "user".into(),
-            constraint: TableConstraint::Unique {
-                name: None,
-                columns: columns.iter().map(|s| s.to_string()).collect(),
-            },
-        };
-
-        let schema_columns: Vec<ColumnDef> = columns
-            .iter()
-            .map(|col| ColumnDef {
-                name: col.to_string(),
-                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                nullable: true,
-                default: None,
-                comment: None,
-                primary_key: None,
-                unique: None,
-                index: None,
-                foreign_key: None,
-            })
-            .collect();
-
-        let current_schema = vec![TableDef {
-            name: "user".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: schema_columns,
-            constraints: vec![],
-        }];
-
-        let result = build_action_queries(&backend, &action, &current_schema).unwrap();
-        let sql = result
-            .iter()
-            .map(|q| q.build(backend))
-            .collect::<Vec<String>>()
-            .join("\n");
-
-        // Should use uq_table__col1_col2... pattern
-        let expected_name = format!("uq_user__{}", columns.join("_"));
-        assert!(
-            sql.contains(&expected_name),
-            "Expected unique constraint name '{}' in SQL: {}",
-            expected_name,
-            sql
-        );
-
-        with_settings!({ snapshot_suffix => format!("add_unnamed_unique_{}_{:?}", columns.join("_"), backend) }, {
-            assert_snapshot!(sql);
-        });
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case::remove_unique_with_custom_name_postgres(
-        DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
-        "email_unique",
-        vec!["email"]
-    )]
-    #[case::remove_unique_with_custom_name_mysql(
-        DatabaseBackend::MySql,
-        "email_unique",
-        vec!["email"]
-    )]
-    #[case::remove_unique_with_custom_name_sqlite(
-        DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
-        "email_unique",
-        vec!["email"]
-    )]
-    fn test_remove_unique_with_custom_name(
-        #[case] backend: DatabaseBackend,
-        #[case] constraint_name: &str,
-        #[case] columns: Vec<&str>,
-    ) {
-        // Test that removing custom unique constraint uses uq_table__name pattern
-        let constraint = TableConstraint::Unique {
-            name: Some(constraint_name.into()),
-            columns: columns.iter().map(|s| s.to_string()).collect(),
-        };
-
-        let current_schema = vec![TableDef {
-            name: "user".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![ColumnDef {
-                name: "email".into(),
-                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                nullable: true,
-                default: None,
-                comment: None,
-                primary_key: None,
-                unique: None,
-                index: None,
-                foreign_key: None,
-            }],
-            constraints: vec![constraint.clone()],
-        }];
-
-        let action = MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint {
-            table: "user".into(),
-            constraint,
-        };
-
-        let result = build_action_queries(&backend, &action, &current_schema).unwrap();
-        let sql = result
-            .iter()
-            .map(|q| q.build(backend))
-            .collect::<Vec<String>>()
-            .join("\n");
-
-        // Should use uq_table__name pattern (for Postgres/MySQL, not SQLite which rebuilds table)
-        if backend != DatabaseBackend::Sqlite {
-            let expected_name = format!("uq_user__{}", constraint_name);
-            assert!(
-                sql.contains(&expected_name),
-                "Expected unique constraint name '{}' in SQL: {}",
-                expected_name,
-                sql
-            );
-        }
-
-        with_settings!({ snapshot_suffix => format!("remove_unique_custom_{}_{:?}", constraint_name, backend) }, {
-            assert_snapshot!(sql);
-        });
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case::remove_unnamed_unique_single_column_postgres(
-        DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
-        vec!["email"]
-    )]
-    #[case::remove_unnamed_unique_single_column_mysql(
-        DatabaseBackend::MySql,
-        vec!["email"]
-    )]
-    #[case::remove_unnamed_unique_single_column_sqlite(
-        DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
-        vec!["email"]
-    )]
-    #[case::remove_unnamed_unique_multiple_columns_postgres(
-        DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
-        vec!["email", "username"]
-    )]
-    #[case::remove_unnamed_unique_multiple_columns_mysql(
-        DatabaseBackend::MySql,
-        vec!["email", "username"]
-    )]
-    #[case::remove_unnamed_unique_multiple_columns_sqlite(
-        DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
-        vec!["email", "username"]
-    )]
-    fn test_remove_unnamed_unique(#[case] backend: DatabaseBackend, #[case] columns: Vec<&str>) {
-        // Test that removing unnamed unique constraints uses uq_table__col1_col2 pattern
-        let constraint = TableConstraint::Unique {
-            name: None,
-            columns: columns.iter().map(|s| s.to_string()).collect(),
-        };
-
-        let schema_columns: Vec<ColumnDef> = columns
-            .iter()
-            .map(|col| ColumnDef {
-                name: col.to_string(),
-                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                nullable: true,
-                default: None,
-                comment: None,
-                primary_key: None,
-                unique: None,
-                index: None,
-                foreign_key: None,
-            })
-            .collect();
-
-        let current_schema = vec![TableDef {
-            name: "user".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: schema_columns,
-            constraints: vec![constraint.clone()],
-        }];
-
-        let action = MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint {
-            table: "user".into(),
-            constraint,
-        };
-
-        let result = build_action_queries(&backend, &action, &current_schema).unwrap();
-        let sql = result
-            .iter()
-            .map(|q| q.build(backend))
-            .collect::<Vec<String>>()
-            .join("\n");
-
-        // Should use uq_table__col1_col2... pattern (for Postgres/MySQL, not SQLite which rebuilds table)
-        if backend != DatabaseBackend::Sqlite {
-            let expected_name = format!("uq_user__{}", columns.join("_"));
-            assert!(
-                sql.contains(&expected_name),
-                "Expected unique constraint name '{}' in SQL: {}",
-                expected_name,
-                sql
-            );
-        }
-
-        with_settings!({ snapshot_suffix => format!("remove_unnamed_unique_{}_{:?}", columns.join("_"), backend) }, {
-            assert_snapshot!(sql);
-        });
-    }
-
-    /// Test build_action_queries for ModifyColumnNullable
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case::postgres_modify_nullable(DatabaseBackend::Postgres)]
-    #[case::mysql_modify_nullable(DatabaseBackend::MySql)]
-    #[case::sqlite_modify_nullable(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite)]
-    fn test_build_action_queries_modify_column_nullable(#[case] backend: DatabaseBackend) {
-        let action = MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
-            table: "users".into(),
-            column: "email".into(),
-            nullable: false,
-            fill_with: Some("'unknown'".into()),
-            delete_null_rows: None,
-        };
-        let current_schema = vec![TableDef {
-            name: "users".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![ColumnDef {
-                name: "email".into(),
-                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                nullable: true,
-                default: None,
-                comment: None,
-                primary_key: None,
-                unique: None,
-                index: None,
-                foreign_key: None,
-            }],
-            constraints: vec![],
-        }];
-        let result = build_action_queries(&backend, &action, &current_schema).unwrap();
-        assert!(!result.is_empty());
-        let sql = result
-            .iter()
-            .map(|q| q.build(backend))
-            .collect::<Vec<String>>()
-            .join("\n");
-
-        // Should contain UPDATE for fill_with and ALTER for nullable change
-        assert!(sql.contains("UPDATE"));
-        assert!(sql.contains("unknown"));
-
-        let suffix = format!(
-            "{}_modify_nullable",
-            match backend {
-                DatabaseBackend::Postgres => "postgres",
-                DatabaseBackend::MySql => "mysql",
-                DatabaseBackend::Sqlite => "sqlite",
-            }
-        );
-
-        with_settings!({ snapshot_suffix => suffix }, {
-            assert_snapshot!(sql);
-        });
-    }
-
-    /// Test build_action_queries for ModifyColumnDefault
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case::postgres_modify_default(DatabaseBackend::Postgres)]
-    #[case::mysql_modify_default(DatabaseBackend::MySql)]
-    #[case::sqlite_modify_default(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite)]
-    fn test_build_action_queries_modify_column_default(#[case] backend: DatabaseBackend) {
-        let action = MigrationAction::ModifyColumnDefault {
-            table: "users".into(),
-            column: "status".into(),
-            new_default: Some("'active'".into()),
-        };
-        let current_schema = vec![TableDef {
-            name: "users".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![ColumnDef {
-                name: "status".into(),
-                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                nullable: true,
-                default: None,
-                comment: None,
-                primary_key: None,
-                unique: None,
-                index: None,
-                foreign_key: None,
-            }],
-            constraints: vec![],
-        }];
-        let result = build_action_queries(&backend, &action, &current_schema).unwrap();
-        assert!(!result.is_empty());
-        let sql = result
-            .iter()
-            .map(|q| q.build(backend))
-            .collect::<Vec<String>>()
-            .join("\n");
-
-        // Should contain DEFAULT and 'active'
-        assert!(sql.contains("DEFAULT") || sql.contains("active"));
-
-        let suffix = format!(
-            "{}_modify_default",
-            match backend {
-                DatabaseBackend::Postgres => "postgres",
-                DatabaseBackend::MySql => "mysql",
-                DatabaseBackend::Sqlite => "sqlite",
-            }
-        );
-
-        with_settings!({ snapshot_suffix => suffix }, {
-            assert_snapshot!(sql);
-        });
-    }
-
-    /// Test build_action_queries for ModifyColumnComment
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case::postgres_modify_comment(DatabaseBackend::Postgres)]
-    #[case::mysql_modify_comment(DatabaseBackend::MySql)]
-    #[case::sqlite_modify_comment(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite)]
-    fn test_build_action_queries_modify_column_comment(#[case] backend: DatabaseBackend) {
-        let action = MigrationAction::ModifyColumnComment {
-            table: "users".into(),
-            column: "email".into(),
-            new_comment: Some("User email address".into()),
-        };
-        let current_schema = vec![TableDef {
-            name: "users".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![ColumnDef {
-                name: "email".into(),
-                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                nullable: true,
-                default: None,
-                comment: None,
-                primary_key: None,
-                unique: None,
-                index: None,
-                foreign_key: None,
-            }],
-            constraints: vec![],
-        }];
-        let result = build_action_queries(&backend, &action, &current_schema).unwrap();
-        let sql = result
-            .iter()
-            .map(|q| q.build(backend))
-            .collect::<Vec<String>>()
-            .join("\n");
-
-        // Postgres and MySQL should have comment, SQLite returns empty
-        if backend != DatabaseBackend::Sqlite {
-            assert!(sql.contains("COMMENT") || sql.contains("User email address"));
-        }
-
-        let suffix = format!(
-            "{}_modify_comment",
-            match backend {
-                DatabaseBackend::Postgres => "postgres",
-                DatabaseBackend::MySql => "mysql",
-                DatabaseBackend::Sqlite => "sqlite",
-            }
-        );
-
-        with_settings!({ snapshot_suffix => suffix }, {
-            assert_snapshot!(sql);
-        });
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case::create_table_func_default_postgres(DatabaseBackend::Postgres)]
-    #[case::create_table_func_default_mysql(DatabaseBackend::MySql)]
-    #[case::create_table_func_default_sqlite(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite)]
-    fn test_create_table_with_function_default(#[case] backend: DatabaseBackend) {
-        // SQLite requires DEFAULT (expr) for function-call defaults.
-        // This test ensures parentheses are added for SQLite.
-        let action = MigrationAction::CreateTable {
-            table: "users".into(),
-            columns: vec![
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "id".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: Some("gen_random_uuid()".into()),
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "created_at".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Timestamptz),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: Some("now()".into()),
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![],
-        };
-        let result = build_action_queries(&backend, &action, &[]).unwrap();
-        let sql = result
-            .iter()
-            .map(|q| q.build(backend))
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-            .join(";\n");
-
-        with_settings!({ snapshot_suffix => format!("create_table_func_default_{:?}", backend) }, {
-            assert_snapshot!(sql);
-        });
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case::delete_enum_column_postgres(DatabaseBackend::Postgres)]
-    #[case::delete_enum_column_mysql(DatabaseBackend::MySql)]
-    #[case::delete_enum_column_sqlite(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite)]
-    fn test_delete_column_with_enum_type(#[case] backend: DatabaseBackend) {
-        // Deleting a column with an enum type — SQLite uses temp table approach,
-        // Postgres drops the enum type, MySQL uses simple DROP COLUMN.
-        let action = MigrationAction::DeleteColumn {
-            table: "orders".into(),
-            column: "status".into(),
-        };
-        let schema = vec![TableDef {
-            name: "orders".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "status".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Complex(vespertide_core::ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                        name: "order_status".into(),
-                        values: vespertide_core::EnumValues::String(vec![
-                            "pending".into(),
-                            "shipped".into(),
-                        ]),
-                    }),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![],
-        }];
-        let result = build_action_queries(&backend, &action, &schema).unwrap();
-        let sql = result
-            .iter()
-            .map(|q| q.build(backend))
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-            .join(";\n");
-
-        with_settings!({ snapshot_suffix => format!("delete_enum_column_{:?}", backend) }, {
-            assert_snapshot!(sql);
-        });
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case::replace_fk_constraint_postgres(DatabaseBackend::Postgres)]
-    #[case::replace_fk_constraint_mysql(DatabaseBackend::MySql)]
-    #[case::replace_fk_constraint_sqlite(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite)]
-    fn test_replace_fk_constraint(#[case] backend: DatabaseBackend) {
-        let schema = vec![TableDef {
-            name: "posts".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-                col("user_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![
-                TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                    auto_increment: false,
-                    columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                },
-                TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                    name: Some("fk_user".into()),
-                    columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
-                    ref_table: "users".into(),
-                    ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                    on_delete: None,
-                    on_update: None,
-                },
-            ],
-        }];
-        let action = MigrationAction::ReplaceConstraint {
-            table: "posts".into(),
-            from: TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                name: Some("fk_user".into()),
-                columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
-                ref_table: "users".into(),
-                ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                on_delete: None,
-                on_update: None,
-            },
-            to: TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                name: Some("fk_user".into()),
-                columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
-                ref_table: "users".into(),
-                ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                on_delete: Some(ReferenceAction::Cascade),
-                on_update: None,
-            },
-        };
-        let result = build_action_queries(&backend, &action, &schema).unwrap();
-        let sql = result
-            .iter()
-            .map(|q| q.build(backend))
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-            .join(";\n");
-
-        let suffix = format!(
-            "replace_fk_constraint_{}",
-            match backend {
-                DatabaseBackend::Postgres => "postgres",
-                DatabaseBackend::MySql => "mysql",
-                DatabaseBackend::Sqlite => "sqlite",
-            }
-        );
-
-        with_settings!({ snapshot_suffix => suffix }, {
-            assert_snapshot!(sql);
-        });
-    }
-}
+mod tests;
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/modify_column_comment.rs b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/modify_column_comment.rs
index 71517bc5..eee40be5 100644
--- a/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/modify_column_comment.rs
+++ b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/modify_column_comment.rs
@@ -2,14 +2,14 @@ use sea_query::Alias;
 
 use vespertide_core::TableDef;
 
-use super::helpers::build_sea_column_def_with_table;
+use super::helpers::{build_sea_column_def_with_table, quote_ident};
 use super::types::{BuiltQuery, DatabaseBackend, RawSql};
 use crate::error::QueryError;
 
 /// Build SQL for changing column comment.
-/// Note: SQLite does not support column comments natively.
+/// Note: `SQLite` does not support column comments natively.
 pub fn build_modify_column_comment(
-    backend: &DatabaseBackend,
+    backend: DatabaseBackend,
     table: &str,
     column: &str,
     new_comment: Option<&str>,
@@ -19,15 +19,14 @@ pub fn build_modify_column_comment(
 
     match backend {
         DatabaseBackend::Postgres => {
+            let quoted_table = quote_ident(table, backend);
+            let quoted_column = quote_ident(column, backend);
             let comment_sql = if let Some(comment) = new_comment {
                 // Escape single quotes in comment
                 let escaped = comment.replace('\'', "''");
-                format!(
-                    "COMMENT ON COLUMN \"{}\".\"{}\" IS '{}'",
-                    table, column, escaped
-                )
+                format!("COMMENT ON COLUMN {quoted_table}.{quoted_column} IS '{escaped}'")
             } else {
-                format!("COMMENT ON COLUMN \"{}\".\"{}\" IS NULL", table, column)
+                format!("COMMENT ON COLUMN {quoted_table}.{quoted_column} IS NULL")
             };
             queries.push(BuiltQuery::Raw(RawSql::uniform(comment_sql)));
         }
@@ -37,7 +36,7 @@ pub fn build_modify_column_comment(
                 .iter()
                 .find(|t| t.name == table)
                 .ok_or_else(|| {
-                    QueryError::Other(format!("Table '{}' not found in current schema.", table))
+                    QueryError::Other(format!("Table '{table}' not found in current schema."))
                 })?;
 
             let column_def = table_def
@@ -45,15 +44,12 @@ pub fn build_modify_column_comment(
                 .iter()
                 .find(|c| c.name == column)
                 .ok_or_else(|| {
-                    QueryError::Other(format!(
-                        "Column '{}' not found in table '{}'.",
-                        column, table
-                    ))
+                    QueryError::Other(format!("Column '{column}' not found in table '{table}'."))
                 })?;
 
             // Build the full column definition with updated comment
             let modified_col_def = vespertide_core::ColumnDef {
-                comment: new_comment.map(|s| s.to_string()),
+                comment: new_comment.map(std::string::ToString::to_string),
                 ..column_def.clone()
             };
 
@@ -67,12 +63,12 @@ pub fn build_modify_column_comment(
                 .to_owned();
 
             // Get the base SQL from sea-query
-            let base_sql = super::helpers::build_schema_statement(&stmt, *backend);
+            let base_sql = super::helpers::build_schema_statement(&stmt, backend);
 
             // Add COMMENT clause if needed (sea-query doesn't support COMMENT)
             let final_sql = if let Some(comment) = new_comment {
                 let escaped = comment.replace('\'', "''");
-                format!("{} COMMENT '{}'", base_sql, escaped)
+                format!("{base_sql} COMMENT '{escaped}'")
             } else {
                 base_sql
             };
@@ -144,7 +140,7 @@ mod tests {
             vec![],
         )];
 
-        let result = build_modify_column_comment(&backend, "users", "email", new_comment, &schema);
+        let result = build_modify_column_comment(backend, "users", "email", new_comment, &schema);
         assert!(result.is_ok());
         let queries = result.unwrap();
         let sql = queries
@@ -189,7 +185,7 @@ mod tests {
         )];
 
         let result = build_modify_column_comment(
-            &backend,
+            backend,
             "users",
             "email",
             Some("User's email address"),
@@ -236,7 +232,7 @@ mod tests {
             return;
         }
 
-        let result = build_modify_column_comment(&backend, "users", "email", Some("comment"), &[]);
+        let result = build_modify_column_comment(backend, "users", "email", Some("comment"), &[]);
         assert!(result.is_err());
         let err_msg = result.unwrap_err().to_string();
         assert!(err_msg.contains("Table 'users' not found"));
@@ -264,7 +260,7 @@ mod tests {
         )];
 
         let result =
-            build_modify_column_comment(&backend, "users", "email", Some("comment"), &schema);
+            build_modify_column_comment(backend, "users", "email", Some("comment"), &schema);
         assert!(result.is_err());
         let err_msg = result.unwrap_err().to_string();
         assert!(err_msg.contains("Column 'email' not found"));
@@ -285,7 +281,7 @@ mod tests {
         let long_comment = "This is a very long comment that describes the bio field in great detail. It contains multiple sentences and provides thorough documentation for this column.";
 
         let result =
-            build_modify_column_comment(&backend, "users", "bio", Some(long_comment), &schema);
+            build_modify_column_comment(backend, "users", "bio", Some(long_comment), &schema);
         assert!(result.is_ok());
         let queries = result.unwrap();
         let sql = queries
@@ -327,7 +323,7 @@ mod tests {
         )];
 
         let result = build_modify_column_comment(
-            &backend,
+            backend,
             "users",
             "email",
             Some("User email address"),
@@ -379,7 +375,7 @@ mod tests {
         )];
 
         let result =
-            build_modify_column_comment(&backend, "users", "email", Some("New comment"), &schema);
+            build_modify_column_comment(backend, "users", "email", Some("New comment"), &schema);
         assert!(result.is_ok());
         let queries = result.unwrap();
         let sql = queries
@@ -421,7 +417,7 @@ mod tests {
         )];
 
         let result = build_modify_column_comment(
-            &backend, "users", "email", None, // Drop comment
+            backend, "users", "email", None, // Drop comment
             &schema,
         );
         assert!(result.is_ok());
@@ -504,7 +500,7 @@ mod tests {
             vec![],
         )];
 
-        let result = build_modify_column_comment(&backend, "data", "field", Some(comment), &schema);
+        let result = build_modify_column_comment(backend, "data", "field", Some(comment), &schema);
         assert!(result.is_ok());
         let queries = result.unwrap();
         let sql = queries
@@ -513,7 +509,7 @@ mod tests {
             .collect::<Vec<String>>()
             .join("\n");
 
-        let type_name = format!("{:?}", column_type).to_lowercase();
+        let type_name = format!("{column_type:?}").to_lowercase();
         let suffix = format!(
             "{}_{}_comment",
             match backend {
@@ -546,7 +542,7 @@ mod tests {
         )];
 
         let result = build_modify_column_comment(
-            &backend,
+            backend,
             "users",
             "username",
             Some("Required username"),
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/modify_column_default.rs b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/modify_column_default.rs
index f9e91dc2..55988eea 100644
--- a/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/modify_column_default.rs
+++ b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/modify_column_default.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use vespertide_core::{ColumnDef, TableDef};
 
 use super::helpers::{
     build_sea_column_def_with_table, build_sqlite_temp_table_create, normalize_enum_default,
-    recreate_indexes_after_rebuild,
+    quote_ident, recreate_indexes_after_rebuild,
 };
 use super::rename_table::build_rename_table;
 use super::types::{BuiltQuery, DatabaseBackend, RawSql};
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ use crate::error::QueryError;
 
 /// Build SQL for changing column default value.
 pub fn build_modify_column_default(
-    backend: &DatabaseBackend,
+    backend: DatabaseBackend,
     table: &str,
     column: &str,
     new_default: Option<&str>,
@@ -23,6 +23,8 @@ pub fn build_modify_column_default(
 
     match backend {
         DatabaseBackend::Postgres => {
+            let quoted_table = quote_ident(table, backend);
+            let quoted_column = quote_ident(column, backend);
             let alter_sql = if let Some(default_value) = new_default {
                 // Look up column type to properly quote enum defaults
                 let column_type = current_schema
@@ -38,14 +40,10 @@ pub fn build_modify_column_default(
                 };
 
                 format!(
-                    "ALTER TABLE \"{}\" ALTER COLUMN \"{}\" SET DEFAULT {}",
-                    table, column, normalized_default
+                    "ALTER TABLE {quoted_table} ALTER COLUMN {quoted_column} SET DEFAULT {normalized_default}"
                 )
             } else {
-                format!(
-                    "ALTER TABLE \"{}\" ALTER COLUMN \"{}\" DROP DEFAULT",
-                    table, column
-                )
+                format!("ALTER TABLE {quoted_table} ALTER COLUMN {quoted_column} DROP DEFAULT")
             };
             queries.push(BuiltQuery::Raw(RawSql::uniform(alter_sql)));
         }
@@ -55,7 +53,7 @@ pub fn build_modify_column_default(
                 .iter()
                 .find(|t| t.name == table)
                 .ok_or_else(|| {
-                    QueryError::Other(format!("Table '{}' not found in current schema.", table))
+                    QueryError::Other(format!("Table '{table}' not found in current schema."))
                 })?;
 
             let column_def = table_def
@@ -63,15 +61,12 @@ pub fn build_modify_column_default(
                 .iter()
                 .find(|c| c.name == column)
                 .ok_or_else(|| {
-                    QueryError::Other(format!(
-                        "Column '{}' not found in table '{}'.",
-                        column, table
-                    ))
+                    QueryError::Other(format!("Column '{column}' not found in table '{table}'."))
                 })?;
 
             // Create a modified column def with the new default
             let modified_col_def = ColumnDef {
-                default: new_default.map(|s| s.into()),
+                default: new_default.map(std::convert::Into::into),
                 ..column_def.clone()
             };
 
@@ -90,17 +85,17 @@ pub fn build_modify_column_default(
                 .iter()
                 .find(|t| t.name == table)
                 .ok_or_else(|| {
-                    QueryError::Other(format!("Table '{}' not found in current schema.", table))
+                    QueryError::Other(format!("Table '{table}' not found in current schema."))
                 })?;
 
             // Create modified columns with the new default
             let mut new_columns = table_def.columns.clone();
             if let Some(col) = new_columns.iter_mut().find(|c| c.name == column) {
-                col.default = new_default.map(|s| s.into());
+                col.default = new_default.map(std::convert::Into::into);
             }
 
             // Generate temporary table name
-            let temp_table = format!("{}_temp", table);
+            let temp_table = format!("{table}_temp");
 
             // 1. Create temporary table with modified column + CHECK constraints
             let create_query = build_sqlite_temp_table_create(
@@ -120,9 +115,9 @@ pub fn build_modify_column_default(
                 .collect();
             let mut select_query = Query::select();
             for col_alias in &column_aliases {
-                select_query = select_query.column(col_alias.clone()).to_owned();
+                select_query.column(col_alias.clone());
             }
-            select_query = select_query.from(Alias::new(table)).to_owned();
+            select_query.from(Alias::new(table));
 
             let insert_stmt = Query::insert()
                 .into_table(Alias::new(&temp_table))
@@ -206,7 +201,7 @@ mod tests {
         )];
 
         let result =
-            build_modify_column_default(&backend, "users", "email", new_default, &schema, &[]);
+            build_modify_column_default(backend, "users", "email", new_default, &schema, &[]);
         assert!(result.is_ok());
         let queries = result.unwrap();
         let sql = queries
@@ -246,7 +241,7 @@ mod tests {
         }
 
         let result =
-            build_modify_column_default(&backend, "users", "email", Some("'default'"), &[], &[]);
+            build_modify_column_default(backend, "users", "email", Some("'default'"), &[], &[]);
         assert!(result.is_err());
         let err_msg = result.unwrap_err().to_string();
         assert!(err_msg.contains("Table 'users' not found"));
@@ -274,21 +269,15 @@ mod tests {
             vec![],
         )];
 
-        let result = build_modify_column_default(
-            &backend,
-            "users",
-            "email",
-            Some("'default'"),
-            &schema,
-            &[],
-        );
+        let result =
+            build_modify_column_default(backend, "users", "email", Some("'default'"), &schema, &[]);
         assert!(result.is_err());
         let err_msg = result.unwrap_err().to_string();
         assert!(err_msg.contains("Column 'email' not found"));
     }
 
     /// Test Postgres default change when column is not in schema
-    /// This covers the fallback path where column_type is None
+    /// This covers the fallback path where `column_type` is None
     #[test]
     fn test_postgres_column_not_in_schema_uses_default_as_is() {
         let schema = vec![table_def(
@@ -304,7 +293,7 @@ mod tests {
 
         // Postgres doesn't error when column isn't found - it just uses the default as-is
         let result = build_modify_column_default(
-            &DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
+            DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
             "users",
             "status", // column not in schema
             Some("'active'"),
@@ -323,7 +312,7 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(sql.contains("ALTER TABLE \"users\" ALTER COLUMN \"status\" SET DEFAULT 'active'"));
     }
 
-    /// Test with index - should recreate index after table rebuild (SQLite)
+    /// Test with index - should recreate index after table rebuild (`SQLite`)
     #[rstest]
     #[case::postgres_with_index(DatabaseBackend::Postgres)]
     #[case::mysql_with_index(DatabaseBackend::MySql)]
@@ -342,7 +331,7 @@ mod tests {
         )];
 
         let result = build_modify_column_default(
-            &backend,
+            backend,
             "users",
             "email",
             Some("'default@example.com'"),
@@ -396,7 +385,7 @@ mod tests {
         )];
 
         let result = build_modify_column_default(
-            &backend,
+            backend,
             "users",
             "email",
             Some("'new@example.com'"),
@@ -445,7 +434,7 @@ mod tests {
         )];
 
         let result =
-            build_modify_column_default(&backend, "products", "quantity", Some("0"), &schema, &[]);
+            build_modify_column_default(backend, "products", "quantity", Some("0"), &schema, &[]);
         assert!(result.is_ok());
         let queries = result.unwrap();
         let sql = queries
@@ -488,7 +477,7 @@ mod tests {
         )];
 
         let result =
-            build_modify_column_default(&backend, "users", "is_active", Some("true"), &schema, &[]);
+            build_modify_column_default(backend, "users", "is_active", Some("true"), &schema, &[]);
         assert!(result.is_ok());
         let queries = result.unwrap();
         let sql = queries
@@ -511,7 +500,7 @@ mod tests {
         });
     }
 
-    /// Test with function default (e.g., NOW(), CURRENT_TIMESTAMP)
+    /// Test with function default (e.g., `NOW()`, `CURRENT_TIMESTAMP`)
     #[rstest]
     #[case::postgres_function_default(DatabaseBackend::Postgres)]
     #[case::mysql_function_default(DatabaseBackend::MySql)]
@@ -532,12 +521,11 @@ mod tests {
 
         let default_value = match backend {
             DatabaseBackend::Postgres => "NOW()",
-            DatabaseBackend::MySql => "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP",
-            DatabaseBackend::Sqlite => "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP",
+            DatabaseBackend::MySql | DatabaseBackend::Sqlite => "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP",
         };
 
         let result = build_modify_column_default(
-            &backend,
+            backend,
             "events",
             "created_at",
             Some(default_value),
@@ -585,7 +573,7 @@ mod tests {
         )];
 
         let result = build_modify_column_default(
-            &backend,
+            backend,
             "orders",
             "status",
             None, // Drop default
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/modify_column_nullable.rs b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/modify_column_nullable.rs
index 2c414584..5904c308 100644
--- a/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/modify_column_nullable.rs
+++ b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/modify_column_nullable.rs
@@ -4,17 +4,17 @@ use vespertide_core::{ColumnDef, TableDef};
 
 use super::helpers::{
     build_sea_column_def_with_table, build_sqlite_temp_table_create, convert_default_for_backend,
-    normalize_fill_with, recreate_indexes_after_rebuild,
+    normalize_fill_with, quote_ident, recreate_indexes_after_rebuild,
 };
 use super::rename_table::build_rename_table;
 use super::types::{BuiltQuery, DatabaseBackend, RawSql};
 use crate::error::QueryError;
 
 /// Build SQL for changing column nullability.
-/// For nullable -> non-nullable transitions, fill_with should be provided to update NULL values.
+/// For nullable -> non-nullable transitions, `fill_with` should be provided to update NULL values.
 #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
 pub fn build_modify_column_nullable(
-    backend: &DatabaseBackend,
+    backend: DatabaseBackend,
     table: &str,
     column: &str,
     nullable: bool,
@@ -27,54 +27,40 @@ pub fn build_modify_column_nullable(
 
     // If delete_null_rows is set, delete rows with NULL values instead of updating
     if !nullable && delete_null_rows {
-        let delete_sql = match backend {
-            DatabaseBackend::Postgres | DatabaseBackend::Sqlite => {
-                format!("DELETE FROM \"{}\" WHERE \"{}\" IS NULL", table, column)
-            }
-            DatabaseBackend::MySql => {
-                format!("DELETE FROM `{}` WHERE `{}` IS NULL", table, column)
-            }
-        };
+        let quoted_table = quote_ident(table, backend);
+        let quoted_column = quote_ident(column, backend);
+        let delete_sql = format!("DELETE FROM {quoted_table} WHERE {quoted_column} IS NULL");
         queries.push(BuiltQuery::Raw(RawSql::uniform(delete_sql)));
     }
     // If changing to NOT NULL, first update existing NULL values if fill_with is provided
     else if !nullable && let Some(fill_value) = normalize_fill_with(fill_with) {
         let fill_value = convert_default_for_backend(&fill_value, backend);
-        let update_sql = match backend {
-            DatabaseBackend::Postgres | DatabaseBackend::Sqlite => format!(
-                "UPDATE \"{}\" SET \"{}\" = {} WHERE \"{}\" IS NULL",
-                table, column, fill_value, column
-            ),
-            DatabaseBackend::MySql => format!(
-                "UPDATE `{}` SET `{}` = {} WHERE `{}` IS NULL",
-                table, column, fill_value, column
-            ),
-        };
+        let quoted_table = quote_ident(table, backend);
+        let quoted_column = quote_ident(column, backend);
+        let update_sql = format!(
+            "UPDATE {quoted_table} SET {quoted_column} = {fill_value} WHERE {quoted_column} IS NULL"
+        );
         queries.push(BuiltQuery::Raw(RawSql::uniform(update_sql)));
     }
 
     // Generate ALTER TABLE statement based on backend
     match backend {
         DatabaseBackend::Postgres => {
+            let quoted_table = quote_ident(table, backend);
+            let quoted_column = quote_ident(column, backend);
             let alter_sql = if nullable {
-                format!(
-                    "ALTER TABLE \"{}\" ALTER COLUMN \"{}\" DROP NOT NULL",
-                    table, column
-                )
+                format!("ALTER TABLE {quoted_table} ALTER COLUMN {quoted_column} DROP NOT NULL")
             } else {
-                format!(
-                    "ALTER TABLE \"{}\" ALTER COLUMN \"{}\" SET NOT NULL",
-                    table, column
-                )
+                format!("ALTER TABLE {quoted_table} ALTER COLUMN {quoted_column} SET NOT NULL")
             };
             queries.push(BuiltQuery::Raw(RawSql::uniform(alter_sql)));
         }
         DatabaseBackend::MySql => {
             // MySQL requires the full column definition in MODIFY COLUMN
             // We need to get the column type from current schema
-            let table_def = current_schema.iter().find(|t| t.name == table).ok_or_else(|| QueryError::Other(format!("Table '{}' not found in current schema. MySQL requires current schema information to modify column nullability.", table)))?;
+            let table_def = current_schema.iter().find(|t| t.name == table).ok_or_else(|| QueryError::Other(format!("Table '{table}' not found in current schema. MySQL requires current schema information to modify column nullability.")))?;
 
-            let column_def = table_def.columns.iter().find(|c| c.name == column).ok_or_else(|| QueryError::Other(format!("Column '{}' not found in table '{}'. MySQL requires column information to modify nullability.", column, table)))?;
+            let column_def = table_def.columns.iter().find(|c| c.name == column).ok_or_else(|| QueryError::Other(format!("Column '{column}' not found in table '{table}'. MySQL requires column information to modify nullability.")))?;
 
             // Create a modified column def with the new nullability
             let modified_col_def = ColumnDef {
@@ -94,7 +80,7 @@ pub fn build_modify_column_nullable(
         DatabaseBackend::Sqlite => {
             // SQLite doesn't support ALTER COLUMN for nullability changes
             // Use temporary table approach
-            let table_def = current_schema.iter().find(|t| t.name == table).ok_or_else(|| QueryError::Other(format!("Table '{}' not found in current schema. SQLite requires current schema information to modify column nullability.", table)))?;
+            let table_def = current_schema.iter().find(|t| t.name == table).ok_or_else(|| QueryError::Other(format!("Table '{table}' not found in current schema. SQLite requires current schema information to modify column nullability.")))?;
 
             // Create modified columns with the new nullability
             let mut new_columns = table_def.columns.clone();
@@ -103,7 +89,7 @@ pub fn build_modify_column_nullable(
             }
 
             // Generate temporary table name
-            let temp_table = format!("{}_temp", table);
+            let temp_table = format!("{table}_temp");
 
             // 1. Create temporary table with modified column + CHECK constraints
             let create_query = build_sqlite_temp_table_create(
@@ -123,9 +109,9 @@ pub fn build_modify_column_nullable(
                 .collect();
             let mut select_query = Query::select();
             for col_alias in &column_aliases {
-                select_query = select_query.column(col_alias.clone()).to_owned();
+                select_query.column(col_alias.clone());
             }
-            select_query = select_query.from(Alias::new(table)).to_owned();
+            select_query.from(Alias::new(table));
 
             let insert_stmt = Query::insert()
                 .into_table(Alias::new(&temp_table))
@@ -217,7 +203,7 @@ mod tests {
         )];
 
         let result = build_modify_column_nullable(
-            &backend,
+            backend,
             "users",
             "email",
             nullable,
@@ -266,7 +252,7 @@ mod tests {
         }
 
         let result =
-            build_modify_column_nullable(&backend, "users", "email", false, None, false, &[], &[]);
+            build_modify_column_nullable(backend, "users", "email", false, None, false, &[], &[]);
         assert!(result.is_err());
         let err_msg = result.unwrap_err().to_string();
         assert!(err_msg.contains("Table 'users' not found"));
@@ -295,7 +281,7 @@ mod tests {
         )];
 
         let result = build_modify_column_nullable(
-            &backend,
+            backend,
             "users",
             "email",
             false,
@@ -309,7 +295,7 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(err_msg.contains("Column 'email' not found"));
     }
 
-    /// Test with index - should recreate index after table rebuild (SQLite)
+    /// Test with index - should recreate index after table rebuild (`SQLite`)
     #[rstest]
     #[case::postgres_with_index(DatabaseBackend::Postgres)]
     #[case::mysql_with_index(DatabaseBackend::MySql)]
@@ -328,7 +314,7 @@ mod tests {
         )];
 
         let result = build_modify_column_nullable(
-            &backend,
+            backend,
             "users",
             "email",
             false,
@@ -365,7 +351,7 @@ mod tests {
         });
     }
 
-    /// Test fill_with containing NOW() should be converted to CURRENT_TIMESTAMP for all backends
+    /// Test `fill_with` containing `NOW()` should be converted to `CURRENT_TIMESTAMP` for all backends
     #[rstest]
     #[case::postgres_fill_now(DatabaseBackend::Postgres)]
     #[case::mysql_fill_now(DatabaseBackend::MySql)]
@@ -385,7 +371,7 @@ mod tests {
         )];
 
         let result = build_modify_column_nullable(
-            &backend,
+            backend,
             "orders",
             "paid_at",
             false,
@@ -405,13 +391,11 @@ mod tests {
         // NOW() should be converted to CURRENT_TIMESTAMP for all backends
         assert!(
             !sql.contains("NOW()"),
-            "SQL should not contain NOW(), got: {}",
-            sql
+            "SQL should not contain NOW(), got: {sql}"
         );
         assert!(
             sql.contains("CURRENT_TIMESTAMP"),
-            "SQL should contain CURRENT_TIMESTAMP, got: {}",
-            sql
+            "SQL should contain CURRENT_TIMESTAMP, got: {sql}"
         );
 
         let suffix = format!(
@@ -428,7 +412,7 @@ mod tests {
         });
     }
 
-    /// Test with default value - should preserve default in MODIFY COLUMN (MySQL)
+    /// Test with default value - should preserve default in MODIFY COLUMN (`MySQL`)
     #[rstest]
     #[case::postgres_with_default(DatabaseBackend::Postgres)]
     #[case::mysql_with_default(DatabaseBackend::MySql)]
@@ -447,7 +431,7 @@ mod tests {
         )];
 
         let result = build_modify_column_nullable(
-            &backend,
+            backend,
             "users",
             "email",
             false,
@@ -483,7 +467,7 @@ mod tests {
         });
     }
 
-    /// Test delete_null_rows generates DELETE instead of UPDATE
+    /// Test `delete_null_rows` generates DELETE instead of UPDATE
     #[rstest]
     #[case::postgres_delete_null_rows(DatabaseBackend::Postgres)]
     #[case::mysql_delete_null_rows(DatabaseBackend::MySql)]
@@ -503,7 +487,7 @@ mod tests {
         )];
 
         let result = build_modify_column_nullable(
-            &backend,
+            backend,
             "orders",
             "user_id",
             false,
@@ -522,18 +506,15 @@ mod tests {
 
         assert!(
             sql.contains("DELETE FROM"),
-            "Expected DELETE FROM in SQL, got: {}",
-            sql
+            "Expected DELETE FROM in SQL, got: {sql}"
         );
         assert!(
             sql.contains("IS NULL"),
-            "Expected IS NULL in SQL, got: {}",
-            sql
+            "Expected IS NULL in SQL, got: {sql}"
         );
         assert!(
             !sql.contains("UPDATE"),
-            "Should NOT contain UPDATE, got: {}",
-            sql
+            "Should NOT contain UPDATE, got: {sql}"
         );
 
         let suffix = format!(
@@ -550,7 +531,7 @@ mod tests {
         });
     }
 
-    /// Test delete_null_rows=true with nullable=true does nothing special
+    /// Test `delete_null_rows=true` with nullable=true does nothing special
     #[rstest]
     #[case::postgres_delete_null_rows_nullable(DatabaseBackend::Postgres)]
     fn test_delete_null_rows_with_nullable_true(#[case] backend: DatabaseBackend) {
@@ -568,7 +549,7 @@ mod tests {
         )];
 
         let result = build_modify_column_nullable(
-            &backend,
+            backend,
             "orders",
             "user_id",
             true,
@@ -587,8 +568,7 @@ mod tests {
 
         assert!(
             !sql.contains("DELETE FROM"),
-            "Should NOT contain DELETE when nullable=true, got: {}",
-            sql
+            "Should NOT contain DELETE when nullable=true, got: {sql}"
         );
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/modify_column_type.rs b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/modify_column_type.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 328047d1..00000000
--- a/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/modify_column_type.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1054 +0,0 @@
-use std::collections::BTreeMap;
-
-use sea_query::{Alias, ColumnDef as SeaColumnDef, Expr, Query, Table};
-
-use vespertide_core::{ColumnType, ComplexColumnType, TableDef};
-
-use super::helpers::{
-    apply_column_type_with_table, build_create_enum_type_sql, build_sqlite_temp_table_create,
-    convert_default_for_backend, normalize_enum_default, recreate_indexes_after_rebuild,
-};
-use super::rename_table::build_rename_table;
-use super::types::{BuiltQuery, DatabaseBackend};
-use crate::error::QueryError;
-
-/// Build UPDATE statements for fill_with mappings (removed enum values → replacement values).
-/// Each entry generates: UPDATE "table" SET "column" = 'replacement' WHERE "column" = 'removed_value'
-fn build_fill_with_updates(
-    table: &str,
-    column: &str,
-    fill_with: &BTreeMap<String, String>,
-) -> Vec<BuiltQuery> {
-    fill_with
-        .iter()
-        .map(|(removed_value, replacement)| {
-            let update_stmt = Query::update()
-                .table(Alias::new(table))
-                .value(Alias::new(column), Expr::val(replacement.as_str()))
-                .and_where(Expr::col(Alias::new(column)).eq(removed_value.as_str()))
-                .to_owned();
-            BuiltQuery::Update(Box::new(update_stmt))
-        })
-        .collect()
-}
-
-pub fn build_modify_column_type(
-    backend: &DatabaseBackend,
-    table: &str,
-    column: &str,
-    new_type: &ColumnType,
-    fill_with: Option<&BTreeMap<String, String>>,
-    current_schema: &[TableDef],
-    pending_constraints: &[vespertide_core::TableConstraint],
-) -> Result<Vec<BuiltQuery>, QueryError> {
-    // SQLite does not support direct column type modification, so use temporary table approach
-    if *backend == DatabaseBackend::Sqlite {
-        // Current schema information is required
-        let table_def = current_schema.iter().find(|t| t.name == table).ok_or_else(|| QueryError::Other(format!("Table '{}' not found in current schema. SQLite requires current schema information to modify column types.", table)))?;
-
-        // Create new column definitions with the modified column
-        let mut new_columns = table_def.columns.clone();
-        let col_index = new_columns
-            .iter()
-            .position(|c| c.name == column)
-            .ok_or_else(|| {
-                QueryError::Other(format!(
-                    "Column '{}' not found in table '{}'",
-                    column, table
-                ))
-            })?;
-
-        new_columns[col_index].r#type = new_type.clone();
-
-        // Generate temporary table name
-        let temp_table = format!("{}_temp", table);
-
-        // 1. Create temporary table with new column types + CHECK constraints
-        let create_query = build_sqlite_temp_table_create(
-            backend,
-            &temp_table,
-            table,
-            &new_columns,
-            &table_def.constraints,
-        );
-
-        // 2. Copy data (all columns) - Use INSERT INTO ... SELECT
-        let column_aliases: Vec<Alias> = new_columns.iter().map(|c| Alias::new(&c.name)).collect();
-
-        // Build SELECT query
-        let mut select_query = Query::select();
-        for col_alias in &column_aliases {
-            select_query = select_query.column(col_alias.clone()).to_owned();
-        }
-        select_query = select_query.from(Alias::new(table)).to_owned();
-
-        // Build INSERT query
-        let insert_stmt = Query::insert()
-            .into_table(Alias::new(&temp_table))
-            .columns(column_aliases.clone())
-            .select_from(select_query)
-            .unwrap()
-            .to_owned();
-
-        let insert_query = BuiltQuery::Insert(Box::new(insert_stmt));
-
-        // 3. Drop original table
-        let drop_table = Table::drop().table(Alias::new(table)).to_owned();
-        let drop_query = BuiltQuery::DropTable(Box::new(drop_table));
-
-        // 4. Rename temporary table to original name
-        let rename_query = build_rename_table(&temp_table, table);
-
-        // 5. Recreate indexes (both regular and UNIQUE)
-        let index_queries =
-            recreate_indexes_after_rebuild(table, &table_def.constraints, pending_constraints);
-
-        let mut queries = Vec::new();
-
-        // Insert fill_with UPDATE statements before table recreation
-        if let Some(fw) = fill_with {
-            queries.extend(build_fill_with_updates(table, column, fw));
-        }
-
-        queries.extend([create_query, insert_query, drop_query, rename_query]);
-        queries.extend(index_queries);
-
-        Ok(queries)
-    } else {
-        // PostgreSQL, MySQL, etc. can use ALTER TABLE directly
-        let mut queries = Vec::new();
-
-        // Get the old column type to check if we need special enum handling
-        let old_type = current_schema
-            .iter()
-            .find(|t| t.name == table)
-            .and_then(|t| t.columns.iter().find(|c| c.name == column))
-            .map(|c| &c.r#type);
-
-        // Check if this is an enum-to-enum migration that needs special handling (PostgreSQL only)
-        // Covers both: enum value changes (same name) and enum name changes (different name)
-        let needs_enum_migration = if *backend == DatabaseBackend::Postgres {
-            matches!(
-                (old_type, new_type),
-                (
-                    Some(ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum { name: old_name, values: old_values })),
-                    ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum { name: new_name, values: new_values })
-                ) if old_name != new_name || old_values != new_values
-            )
-        } else {
-            false
-        };
-        if needs_enum_migration {
-            // PostgreSQL enum-to-enum migration with USING clause for safe casting
-            if let (
-                Some(ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                    name: old_enum_name,
-                    ..
-                })),
-                ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                    name: new_enum_name,
-                    values: new_values,
-                }),
-            ) = (old_type, new_type)
-            {
-                let old_type_name = super::helpers::build_enum_type_name(table, old_enum_name);
-                let new_type_name = super::helpers::build_enum_type_name(table, new_enum_name);
-                let names_differ = old_enum_name != new_enum_name;
-
-                // For same-name changes: create temp type, then rename back
-                // For different-name changes: create final type directly, no rename needed
-                let (target_type_name, needs_rename) = if names_differ {
-                    (new_type_name, false)
-                } else {
-                    (format!("{}_new", old_type_name), true)
-                };
-                // 0. INSERT fill_with UPDATEs before any type changes (rows still have old enum type)
-                if let Some(fw) = fill_with {
-                    queries.extend(build_fill_with_updates(table, column, fw));
-                }
-                // Check if column has a DEFAULT value that needs to be handled
-                let column_default = current_schema
-                    .iter()
-                    .find(|t| t.name == table)
-                    .and_then(|t| t.columns.iter().find(|c| c.name == column))
-                    .and_then(|c| c.default.clone());
-                // 1. CREATE TYPE target_type AS ENUM (new values)
-                let create_values = new_values.to_sql_values().join(", ");
-                queries.push(BuiltQuery::Raw(super::types::RawSql::per_backend(
-                    format!(
-                        "CREATE TYPE \"{}\" AS ENUM ({})",
-                        target_type_name, create_values
-                    ),
-                    String::new(),
-                    String::new(),
-                )));
-                // 2. DROP DEFAULT if exists (must be done before type change)
-                if column_default.is_some() {
-                    queries.push(BuiltQuery::Raw(super::types::RawSql::per_backend(
-                        format!(
-                            "ALTER TABLE \"{}\" ALTER COLUMN \"{}\" DROP DEFAULT",
-                            table, column
-                        ),
-                        String::new(),
-                        String::new(),
-                    )));
-                }
-
-                // 3. ALTER TABLE ... ALTER COLUMN ... TYPE target_type USING col::text::target_type
-                queries.push(BuiltQuery::Raw(super::types::RawSql::per_backend(format!("ALTER TABLE \"{}\" ALTER COLUMN \"{}\" TYPE \"{}\" USING \"{}\"::text::\"{}\"", table, column, target_type_name, column, target_type_name), String::new(), String::new())));
-
-                // 4. DROP old enum type
-                queries.push(BuiltQuery::Raw(super::types::RawSql::per_backend(
-                    format!("DROP TYPE \"{}\"", old_type_name),
-                    String::new(),
-                    String::new(),
-                )));
-
-                // 5. RENAME temp to final (only for same-name value changes)
-                if needs_rename {
-                    queries.push(BuiltQuery::Raw(super::types::RawSql::per_backend(
-                        format!(
-                            "ALTER TYPE \"{}\" RENAME TO \"{}\"",
-                            target_type_name, old_type_name
-                        ),
-                        String::new(),
-                        String::new(),
-                    )));
-                }
-                // 6. Restore DEFAULT if it existed
-                if let Some(default_value) = column_default {
-                    // Use normalize_enum_default to properly quote enum values
-                    let normalized_default =
-                        normalize_enum_default(new_type, &default_value.to_sql());
-                    queries.push(BuiltQuery::Raw(super::types::RawSql::per_backend(
-                        format!(
-                            "ALTER TABLE \"{}\" ALTER COLUMN \"{}\" SET DEFAULT {}",
-                            table, column, normalized_default
-                        ),
-                        String::new(),
-                        String::new(),
-                    )));
-                }
-            }
-        } else {
-            // Standard column type modification
-
-            // Insert fill_with UPDATEs before any ALTER
-            if let Some(fw) = fill_with {
-                queries.extend(build_fill_with_updates(table, column, fw));
-            }
-
-            // If new type is an enum and different from old, create the type first (PostgreSQL only)
-            if let ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum { name: new_name, .. }) = new_type {
-                // Determine if we need to create a new enum type
-                // - If old type was a different enum, we need to create the new one
-                // - If old type was not an enum, we need to create the enum type
-                let should_create = if let Some(ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                    name: old_name,
-                    ..
-                })) = old_type
-                {
-                    old_name != new_name
-                } else {
-                    // Either old_type is None or it wasn't an enum - need to create enum type
-                    true
-                };
-
-                if should_create
-                    && let Some(create_type_sql) = build_create_enum_type_sql(table, new_type)
-                {
-                    queries.push(BuiltQuery::Raw(create_type_sql));
-                }
-            }
-
-            let mut col = SeaColumnDef::new(Alias::new(column));
-            apply_column_type_with_table(&mut col, new_type, table);
-
-            // MySQL MODIFY COLUMN redefines the entire column, so we must preserve
-            // existing NOT NULL and DEFAULT attributes
-            if *backend == DatabaseBackend::MySql
-                && let Some(column_def) = current_schema
-                    .iter()
-                    .find(|t| t.name == table)
-                    .and_then(|t| t.columns.iter().find(|c| c.name == column))
-            {
-                if !column_def.nullable {
-                    col.not_null();
-                }
-                if let Some(default) = &column_def.default {
-                    let default_str = default.to_sql();
-                    let converted = convert_default_for_backend(&default_str, backend);
-                    // Normalize enum default values if new type is an enum
-                    let final_default = normalize_enum_default(new_type, &converted);
-                    col.default(sea_query::Expr::cust(final_default));
-                }
-            }
-
-            let stmt = Table::alter()
-                .table(Alias::new(table))
-                .modify_column(col)
-                .to_owned();
-            queries.push(BuiltQuery::AlterTable(Box::new(stmt)));
-
-            // If old type was an enum and new type is different, drop the old enum type
-            if let Some(ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum { name: old_name, .. })) =
-                old_type
-            {
-                let should_drop = match new_type {
-                    ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum { name: new_name, .. }) => {
-                        old_name != new_name
-                    }
-                    _ => true, // New type is not an enum
-                };
-
-                if should_drop {
-                    // Use table-prefixed enum type name
-                    let old_type_name = super::helpers::build_enum_type_name(table, old_name);
-                    queries.push(BuiltQuery::Raw(super::types::RawSql::per_backend(
-                        format!("DROP TYPE \"{}\"", old_type_name),
-                        String::new(),
-                        String::new(),
-                    )));
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        Ok(queries)
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use super::*;
-    use insta::{assert_snapshot, with_settings};
-    use rstest::rstest;
-    use vespertide_core::{
-        ColumnDef, ColumnType, ComplexColumnType, EnumValues, SimpleColumnType, TableDef,
-    };
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case::modify_column_type_postgres(
-        "modify_column_type_postgres",
-        DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
-        &["ALTER TABLE \"users\"", "\"age\""]
-    )]
-    #[case::modify_column_type_mysql(
-        "modify_column_type_mysql",
-        DatabaseBackend::MySql,
-        &["ALTER TABLE `users` MODIFY COLUMN `age` varchar(50)"]
-    )]
-    #[case::modify_column_type_sqlite(
-        "modify_column_type_sqlite",
-        DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
-        &[]
-    )]
-    fn test_modify_column_type(
-        #[case] title: &str,
-        #[case] backend: DatabaseBackend,
-        #[case] expected: &[&str],
-    ) {
-        // For SQLite, we need to provide current schema
-        let current_schema = vec![TableDef {
-            name: "users".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "id".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "age".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                    nullable: true,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![],
-        }];
-
-        let result = build_modify_column_type(
-            &backend,
-            "users",
-            "age",
-            &ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Varchar { length: 50 }),
-            None,
-            &current_schema,
-            &[],
-        );
-
-        // SQLite may return multiple queries
-        let sql = result
-            .unwrap()
-            .iter()
-            .map(|q| q.build(backend))
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-            .join(";\n");
-
-        for exp in expected {
-            assert!(
-                sql.contains(exp),
-                "Expected SQL to contain '{}', got: {}",
-                exp,
-                sql
-            );
-        }
-        println!("sql: {}", sql);
-
-        with_settings!({ snapshot_suffix => format!("modify_column_type_{}", title) }, {
-            assert_snapshot!(sql);
-        });
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_modify_column_type_table_not_found() {
-        let result = build_modify_column_type(
-            &DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
-            "nonexistent_table",
-            "age",
-            &ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::BigInt),
-            None,
-            &[],
-            &[],
-        );
-        assert!(result.is_err());
-        assert!(
-            result
-                .unwrap_err()
-                .to_string()
-                .contains("Table 'nonexistent_table' not found")
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_modify_column_type_column_not_found() {
-        let current_schema = vec![TableDef {
-            name: "users".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![ColumnDef {
-                name: "id".into(),
-                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                nullable: false,
-                default: None,
-                comment: None,
-                primary_key: None,
-                unique: None,
-                index: None,
-                foreign_key: None,
-            }],
-            constraints: vec![],
-        }];
-        let result = build_modify_column_type(
-            &DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
-            "users",
-            "nonexistent_column",
-            &ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::BigInt),
-            None,
-            &current_schema,
-            &[],
-        );
-        assert!(result.is_err());
-        assert!(
-            result
-                .unwrap_err()
-                .to_string()
-                .contains("Column 'nonexistent_column' not found")
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case::modify_column_type_with_index_postgres(
-        "modify_column_type_with_index_postgres",
-        DatabaseBackend::Postgres
-    )]
-    #[case::modify_column_type_with_index_mysql(
-        "modify_column_type_with_index_mysql",
-        DatabaseBackend::MySql
-    )]
-    #[case::modify_column_type_with_index_sqlite(
-        "modify_column_type_with_index_sqlite",
-        DatabaseBackend::Sqlite
-    )]
-    fn test_modify_column_type_with_index(#[case] title: &str, #[case] backend: DatabaseBackend) {
-        // Test modify column type with indexes
-        use vespertide_core::TableConstraint;
-
-        let current_schema = vec![TableDef {
-            name: "users".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "id".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "age".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                    nullable: true,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![TableConstraint::Index {
-                name: Some("idx_age".into()),
-                columns: vec!["age".into()],
-            }],
-        }];
-
-        let result = build_modify_column_type(
-            &backend,
-            "users",
-            "age",
-            &ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::BigInt),
-            None,
-            &current_schema,
-            &[],
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-
-        let sql = result
-            .iter()
-            .map(|q| q.build(backend))
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-            .join(";\n");
-
-        // For SQLite, should recreate index
-        if matches!(backend, DatabaseBackend::Sqlite) {
-            assert!(sql.contains("CREATE INDEX"));
-            assert!(sql.contains("idx_age"));
-        }
-
-        with_settings!({ snapshot_suffix => format!("modify_column_type_with_index_{}", title) }, {
-            assert_snapshot!(sql);
-        });
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case::modify_column_type_with_unique_constraint_postgres(
-        "modify_column_type_with_unique_constraint_postgres",
-        DatabaseBackend::Postgres
-    )]
-    #[case::modify_column_type_with_unique_constraint_mysql(
-        "modify_column_type_with_unique_constraint_mysql",
-        DatabaseBackend::MySql
-    )]
-    #[case::modify_column_type_with_unique_constraint_sqlite(
-        "modify_column_type_with_unique_constraint_sqlite",
-        DatabaseBackend::Sqlite
-    )]
-    fn test_modify_column_type_with_unique_constraint(
-        #[case] title: &str,
-        #[case] backend: DatabaseBackend,
-    ) {
-        // Test modify column type with unique constraint
-        use vespertide_core::TableConstraint;
-
-        let current_schema = vec![TableDef {
-            name: "users".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "id".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "email".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                    nullable: true,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![TableConstraint::Unique {
-                name: Some("uq_email".into()),
-                columns: vec!["email".into()],
-            }],
-        }];
-
-        let result = build_modify_column_type(
-            &backend,
-            "users",
-            "email",
-            &ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Varchar { length: 255 }),
-            None,
-            &current_schema,
-            &[],
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-
-        let sql = result
-            .iter()
-            .map(|q| q.build(backend))
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-            .join(";\n");
-
-        // For SQLite, unique constraint should be in CREATE TABLE statement
-        if matches!(backend, DatabaseBackend::Sqlite) {
-            assert!(sql.contains("CREATE TABLE"));
-        }
-
-        with_settings!({ snapshot_suffix => format!("modify_column_type_with_unique_constraint_{}", title) }, {
-            assert_snapshot!(sql);
-        });
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case::enum_values_changed_postgres(
-        "enum_values_changed_postgres",
-        DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
-        ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-            name: "status".into(),
-            values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into()]),
-        }),
-        ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-            name: "status".into(),
-            values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into(), "pending".into()]),
-        })
-    )]
-    #[case::enum_values_changed_mysql(
-        "enum_values_changed_mysql",
-        DatabaseBackend::MySql,
-        ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-            name: "status".into(),
-            values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into()]),
-        }),
-        ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-            name: "status".into(),
-            values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into(), "pending".into()]),
-        })
-    )]
-    #[case::enum_values_changed_sqlite(
-        "enum_values_changed_sqlite",
-        DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
-        ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-            name: "status".into(),
-            values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into()]),
-        }),
-        ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-            name: "status".into(),
-            values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into(), "pending".into()]),
-        })
-    )]
-    #[case::enum_same_values_postgres(
-        "enum_same_values_postgres",
-        DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
-        ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-            name: "status".into(),
-            values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into()]),
-        }),
-        ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-            name: "status".into(),
-            values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into()]),
-        })
-    )]
-    #[case::enum_same_values_mysql(
-        "enum_same_values_mysql",
-        DatabaseBackend::MySql,
-        ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-            name: "status".into(),
-            values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into()]),
-        }),
-        ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-            name: "status".into(),
-            values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into()]),
-        })
-    )]
-    #[case::enum_same_values_sqlite(
-        "enum_same_values_sqlite",
-        DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
-        ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-            name: "status".into(),
-            values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into()]),
-        }),
-        ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-            name: "status".into(),
-            values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into()]),
-        })
-    )]
-    #[case::enum_name_changed_postgres(
-        "enum_name_changed_postgres",
-        DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
-        ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-            name: "old_status".into(),
-            values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into()]),
-        }),
-        ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-            name: "new_status".into(),
-            values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into()]),
-        })
-    )]
-    #[case::enum_name_changed_mysql(
-        "enum_name_changed_mysql",
-        DatabaseBackend::MySql,
-        ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-            name: "old_status".into(),
-            values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into()]),
-        }),
-        ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-            name: "new_status".into(),
-            values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into()]),
-        })
-    )]
-    #[case::enum_name_changed_sqlite(
-        "enum_name_changed_sqlite",
-        DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
-        ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-            name: "old_status".into(),
-            values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into()]),
-        }),
-        ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-            name: "new_status".into(),
-            values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into()]),
-        })
-    )]
-    #[case::text_to_enum_postgres(
-        "text_to_enum_postgres",
-        DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
-        ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-        ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-            name: "user_status".into(),
-            values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into()]),
-        })
-    )]
-    #[case::text_to_enum_mysql(
-        "text_to_enum_mysql",
-        DatabaseBackend::MySql,
-        ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-        ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-            name: "user_status".into(),
-            values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into()]),
-        })
-    )]
-    #[case::text_to_enum_sqlite(
-        "text_to_enum_sqlite",
-        DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
-        ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-        ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-            name: "user_status".into(),
-            values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into()]),
-        })
-    )]
-    #[case::enum_to_text_postgres(
-        "enum_to_text_postgres",
-        DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
-        ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-            name: "user_status".into(),
-            values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into()]),
-        }),
-        ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)
-    )]
-    #[case::enum_to_text_mysql(
-        "enum_to_text_mysql",
-        DatabaseBackend::MySql,
-        ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-            name: "user_status".into(),
-            values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into()]),
-        }),
-        ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)
-    )]
-    #[case::enum_to_text_sqlite(
-        "enum_to_text_sqlite",
-        DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
-        ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-            name: "user_status".into(),
-            values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into()]),
-        }),
-        ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)
-    )]
-    fn test_modify_enum_types(
-        #[case] title: &str,
-        #[case] backend: DatabaseBackend,
-        #[case] old_type: ColumnType,
-        #[case] new_type: ColumnType,
-    ) {
-        let current_schema = vec![TableDef {
-            name: "users".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![ColumnDef {
-                name: "status".into(),
-                r#type: old_type,
-                nullable: true,
-                default: None,
-                comment: None,
-                primary_key: None,
-                unique: None,
-                index: None,
-                foreign_key: None,
-            }],
-            constraints: vec![],
-        }];
-
-        let result = build_modify_column_type(
-            &backend,
-            "users",
-            "status",
-            &new_type,
-            None,
-            &current_schema,
-            &[],
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-
-        let sql = result
-            .iter()
-            .map(|q| q.build(backend))
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-            .join(";\n");
-
-        with_settings!({ snapshot_suffix => format!("modify_enum_types_{}", title) }, {
-            assert_snapshot!(sql);
-        });
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case::modify_enum_with_default_postgres(
-        "modify_enum_with_default_postgres",
-        DatabaseBackend::Postgres
-    )]
-    #[case::modify_enum_with_default_mysql(
-        "modify_enum_with_default_mysql",
-        DatabaseBackend::MySql
-    )]
-    #[case::modify_enum_with_default_sqlite(
-        "modify_enum_with_default_sqlite",
-        DatabaseBackend::Sqlite
-    )]
-    fn test_modify_enum_with_default_value(#[case] title: &str, #[case] backend: DatabaseBackend) {
-        // Test that enum type change handles DEFAULT values correctly
-        // PostgreSQL requires: DROP DEFAULT -> change type -> SET DEFAULT
-        let current_schema = vec![TableDef {
-            name: "reservation_session".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![ColumnDef {
-                name: "status".into(),
-                r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                    name: "session_status".into(),
-                    values: EnumValues::String(vec!["pending".into(), "confirmed".into()]),
-                }),
-                nullable: false,
-                default: Some("'pending'".into()),
-                comment: None,
-                primary_key: None,
-                unique: None,
-                index: None,
-                foreign_key: None,
-            }],
-            constraints: vec![],
-        }];
-
-        let new_type = ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-            name: "session_status".into(),
-            values: EnumValues::String(vec![
-                "pending".into(),
-                "confirmed".into(),
-                "cancelled".into(),
-            ]),
-        });
-
-        let result = build_modify_column_type(
-            &backend,
-            "reservation_session",
-            "status",
-            &new_type,
-            None,
-            &current_schema,
-            &[],
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-
-        let sql = result
-            .iter()
-            .map(|q| q.build(backend))
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-            .join(";\n");
-
-        // PostgreSQL-specific: verify DROP DEFAULT -> TYPE change -> SET DEFAULT order
-        if matches!(backend, DatabaseBackend::Postgres) {
-            assert!(
-                sql.contains("DROP DEFAULT"),
-                "Should drop default before type change. SQL: {}",
-                sql
-            );
-            assert!(
-                sql.contains("SET DEFAULT"),
-                "Should restore default after type change. SQL: {}",
-                sql
-            );
-
-            let drop_default_pos = sql.find("DROP DEFAULT").unwrap();
-            let type_change_pos = sql.find("USING").unwrap();
-            let set_default_pos = sql.find("SET DEFAULT").unwrap();
-
-            assert!(
-                drop_default_pos < type_change_pos,
-                "DROP DEFAULT should come before TYPE change"
-            );
-            assert!(
-                type_change_pos < set_default_pos,
-                "SET DEFAULT should come after TYPE change"
-            );
-        }
-
-        with_settings!({ snapshot_suffix => format!("modify_enum_with_default_{}", title) }, {
-            assert_snapshot!(sql);
-        });
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_modify_column_type_to_enum_with_empty_schema() {
-        // Test the None branch in line 195-200
-        // When current_schema is empty, old_type will be None
-        use vespertide_core::ComplexColumnType;
-
-        let result = build_modify_column_type(
-            &DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
-            "users",
-            "status",
-            &ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-                name: "status_type".into(),
-                values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into()]),
-            }),
-            None,
-            &[], // Empty schema - old_type will be None
-            &[],
-        );
-
-        assert!(result.is_ok());
-        let queries = result.unwrap();
-        let sql = queries
-            .iter()
-            .map(|q| q.build(DatabaseBackend::Postgres))
-            .collect::<Vec<String>>()
-            .join(";\n");
-
-        // Should create the enum type since old_type is None
-        assert!(sql.contains("CREATE TYPE"));
-        assert!(sql.contains("status_type"));
-        assert!(sql.contains("ALTER TABLE"));
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case::fill_with_enum_change_postgres(
-        "fill_with_enum_change_postgres",
-        DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
-        ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-            name: "status".into(),
-            values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into(), "banned".into()]),
-        }),
-        ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-            name: "status".into(),
-            values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into()]),
-        })
-    )]
-    #[case::fill_with_enum_change_sqlite(
-        "fill_with_enum_change_sqlite",
-        DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
-        ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-            name: "status".into(),
-            values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into(), "banned".into()]),
-        }),
-        ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-            name: "status".into(),
-            values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into()]),
-        })
-    )]
-    #[case::fill_with_enum_change_mysql(
-        "fill_with_enum_change_mysql",
-        DatabaseBackend::MySql,
-        ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-            name: "status".into(),
-            values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into(), "banned".into()]),
-        }),
-        ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
-            name: "status".into(),
-            values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into()]),
-        })
-    )]
-    fn test_modify_column_type_with_fill_with(
-        #[case] title: &str,
-        #[case] backend: DatabaseBackend,
-        #[case] old_type: ColumnType,
-        #[case] new_type: ColumnType,
-    ) {
-        let mut fill_with_map = std::collections::BTreeMap::new();
-        fill_with_map.insert("banned".to_string(), "inactive".to_string());
-
-        let current_schema = vec![TableDef {
-            name: "users".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![ColumnDef {
-                name: "status".into(),
-                r#type: old_type,
-                nullable: true,
-                default: None,
-                comment: None,
-                primary_key: None,
-                unique: None,
-                index: None,
-                foreign_key: None,
-            }],
-            constraints: vec![],
-        }];
-
-        let result = build_modify_column_type(
-            &backend,
-            "users",
-            "status",
-            &new_type,
-            Some(&fill_with_map),
-            &current_schema,
-            &[],
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-
-        let sql = result
-            .iter()
-            .map(|q| q.build(backend))
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-            .join(";\n");
-
-        // All backends should include the UPDATE statement for fill_with
-        assert!(
-            sql.contains("UPDATE"),
-            "Expected UPDATE for fill_with mapping, got: {}",
-            sql
-        );
-
-        with_settings!({ snapshot_suffix => format!("modify_column_type_with_fill_with_{}", title) }, {
-            assert_snapshot!(sql);
-        });
-    }
-}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/modify_column_type/direct.rs b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/modify_column_type/direct.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e93fb039
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/modify_column_type/direct.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,267 @@
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+
+use sea_query::{Alias, ColumnDef as SeaColumnDef, Table};
+
+use vespertide_core::{ColumnType, ComplexColumnType, TableDef};
+
+use crate::sql::helpers::{
+    apply_column_type_with_table, build_create_enum_type_sql, convert_default_for_backend,
+    normalize_enum_default, quote_ident,
+};
+use crate::sql::types::{BuiltQuery, DatabaseBackend, RawSql};
+
+struct DirectBuildContext<'a> {
+    backend: DatabaseBackend,
+    table: &'a str,
+    column: &'a str,
+    new_type: &'a ColumnType,
+    fill_with: Option<&'a BTreeMap<String, String>>,
+    current_schema: &'a [TableDef],
+    old_type: Option<&'a ColumnType>,
+}
+
+pub(super) fn build_modify_column_type_direct(
+    backend: DatabaseBackend,
+    table: &str,
+    column: &str,
+    new_type: &ColumnType,
+    fill_with: Option<&BTreeMap<String, String>>,
+    current_schema: &[TableDef],
+) -> Vec<BuiltQuery> {
+    let context = DirectBuildContext {
+        backend,
+        table,
+        column,
+        new_type,
+        fill_with,
+        current_schema,
+        old_type: old_column_type(current_schema, table, column),
+    };
+    let mut queries = Vec::new();
+
+    if needs_postgres_enum_migration(&context) {
+        build_postgres_enum_migration(&mut queries, &context);
+    } else {
+        build_standard_type_modification(&mut queries, &context);
+    }
+
+    queries
+}
+
+fn old_column_type<'a>(
+    current_schema: &'a [TableDef],
+    table: &str,
+    column: &str,
+) -> Option<&'a ColumnType> {
+    current_schema
+        .iter()
+        .find(|t| t.name == table)
+        .and_then(|t| t.columns.iter().find(|c| c.name == column))
+        .map(|c| &c.r#type)
+}
+
+fn needs_postgres_enum_migration(context: &DirectBuildContext<'_>) -> bool {
+    context.backend == DatabaseBackend::Postgres
+        && matches!(
+            (context.old_type, context.new_type),
+            (
+                Some(ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum { name: old_name, values: old_values })),
+                ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum { name: new_name, values: new_values })
+            ) if old_name != new_name || old_values != new_values
+        )
+}
+
+fn build_postgres_enum_migration(queries: &mut Vec<BuiltQuery>, context: &DirectBuildContext<'_>) {
+    // PostgreSQL enum-to-enum migration with USING clause for safe casting
+    if let (
+        Some(ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+            name: old_enum_name,
+            ..
+        })),
+        ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+            name: new_enum_name,
+            values: new_values,
+        }),
+    ) = (context.old_type, context.new_type)
+    {
+        let old_type_name = crate::sql::helpers::build_enum_type_name(context.table, old_enum_name);
+        let new_type_name = crate::sql::helpers::build_enum_type_name(context.table, new_enum_name);
+        let names_differ = old_enum_name != new_enum_name;
+
+        // For same-name changes: create temp type, then rename back.
+        // For different-name changes: create final type directly, no rename needed.
+        let (target_type_name, needs_rename) = if names_differ {
+            (new_type_name, false)
+        } else {
+            (format!("{old_type_name}_new"), true)
+        };
+
+        // 0. INSERT fill_with UPDATEs before any type changes (rows still have old enum type).
+        if let Some(fw) = context.fill_with {
+            queries.extend(super::build_fill_with_updates(
+                context.table,
+                context.column,
+                fw,
+            ));
+        }
+
+        // 1. CREATE TYPE target_type AS ENUM (new values).
+        let column_default = column_default(context);
+        let create_values = new_values.to_sql_values().join(", ");
+        let quoted_target_type = quote_ident(&target_type_name, DatabaseBackend::Postgres);
+        let quoted_table = quote_ident(context.table, DatabaseBackend::Postgres);
+        let quoted_column = quote_ident(context.column, DatabaseBackend::Postgres);
+        let quoted_old_type = quote_ident(&old_type_name, DatabaseBackend::Postgres);
+        queries.push(BuiltQuery::Raw(RawSql::per_backend(
+            format!("CREATE TYPE {quoted_target_type} AS ENUM ({create_values})"),
+            String::new(),
+            String::new(),
+        )));
+
+        // 2. DROP DEFAULT if exists (must be done before type change).
+        if column_default.is_some() {
+            queries.push(BuiltQuery::Raw(RawSql::per_backend(
+                format!("ALTER TABLE {quoted_table} ALTER COLUMN {quoted_column} DROP DEFAULT"),
+                String::new(),
+                String::new(),
+            )));
+        }
+
+        // 3. ALTER TABLE ... ALTER COLUMN ... TYPE target_type USING col::text::target_type.
+        queries.push(BuiltQuery::Raw(RawSql::per_backend(
+            format!(
+                "ALTER TABLE {quoted_table} ALTER COLUMN {quoted_column} TYPE {quoted_target_type} USING {quoted_column}::text::{quoted_target_type}"
+            ),
+            String::new(),
+            String::new(),
+        )));
+
+        // 4. DROP old enum type.
+        queries.push(BuiltQuery::Raw(RawSql::per_backend(
+            format!("DROP TYPE {quoted_old_type}"),
+            String::new(),
+            String::new(),
+        )));
+
+        // 5. RENAME temp to final (only for same-name value changes).
+        if needs_rename {
+            queries.push(BuiltQuery::Raw(RawSql::per_backend(
+                format!("ALTER TYPE {quoted_target_type} RENAME TO {quoted_old_type}"),
+                String::new(),
+                String::new(),
+            )));
+        }
+
+        // 6. Restore DEFAULT if it existed.
+        if let Some(default_value) = column_default {
+            let normalized_default =
+                normalize_enum_default(context.new_type, &default_value.to_sql());
+            queries.push(BuiltQuery::Raw(RawSql::per_backend(
+                format!(
+                    "ALTER TABLE {quoted_table} ALTER COLUMN {quoted_column} SET DEFAULT {normalized_default}"
+                ),
+                String::new(),
+                String::new(),
+            )));
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn column_default(context: &DirectBuildContext<'_>) -> Option<vespertide_core::DefaultValue> {
+    context
+        .current_schema
+        .iter()
+        .find(|t| t.name == context.table)
+        .and_then(|t| t.columns.iter().find(|c| c.name == context.column))
+        .and_then(|c| c.default.clone())
+}
+
+fn build_standard_type_modification(
+    queries: &mut Vec<BuiltQuery>,
+    context: &DirectBuildContext<'_>,
+) {
+    if let Some(fw) = context.fill_with {
+        queries.extend(super::build_fill_with_updates(
+            context.table,
+            context.column,
+            fw,
+        ));
+    }
+
+    create_new_enum_type_if_needed(queries, context);
+
+    let mut col = SeaColumnDef::new(Alias::new(context.column));
+    apply_column_type_with_table(&mut col, context.new_type, context.table, context.backend);
+    preserve_mysql_column_attributes(&mut col, context);
+
+    let stmt = Table::alter()
+        .table(Alias::new(context.table))
+        .modify_column(col)
+        .to_owned();
+    queries.push(BuiltQuery::AlterTable(Box::new(stmt)));
+
+    drop_old_enum_type_if_needed(queries, context);
+}
+
+fn create_new_enum_type_if_needed(queries: &mut Vec<BuiltQuery>, context: &DirectBuildContext<'_>) {
+    if let ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum { name: new_name, .. }) = context.new_type {
+        let should_create =
+            if let Some(ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum { name: old_name, .. })) =
+                context.old_type
+            {
+                old_name != new_name
+            } else {
+                true
+            };
+
+        if should_create
+            && let Some(create_type_sql) =
+                build_create_enum_type_sql(context.table, context.new_type)
+        {
+            queries.push(BuiltQuery::Raw(create_type_sql));
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn preserve_mysql_column_attributes(col: &mut SeaColumnDef, context: &DirectBuildContext<'_>) {
+    if context.backend == DatabaseBackend::MySql
+        && let Some(column_def) = context
+            .current_schema
+            .iter()
+            .find(|t| t.name == context.table)
+            .and_then(|t| t.columns.iter().find(|c| c.name == context.column))
+    {
+        if !column_def.nullable {
+            col.not_null();
+        }
+        if let Some(default) = &column_def.default {
+            let default_str = default.to_sql();
+            let converted = convert_default_for_backend(&default_str, context.backend);
+            let final_default = normalize_enum_default(context.new_type, &converted);
+            col.default(sea_query::Expr::cust(final_default));
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn drop_old_enum_type_if_needed(queries: &mut Vec<BuiltQuery>, context: &DirectBuildContext<'_>) {
+    if let Some(ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum { name: old_name, .. })) =
+        context.old_type
+    {
+        let should_drop = match context.new_type {
+            ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum { name: new_name, .. }) => {
+                old_name != new_name
+            }
+            _ => true,
+        };
+
+        if should_drop {
+            let old_type_name = crate::sql::helpers::build_enum_type_name(context.table, old_name);
+            let old_type_name = quote_ident(&old_type_name, DatabaseBackend::Postgres);
+            queries.push(BuiltQuery::Raw(RawSql::per_backend(
+                format!("DROP TYPE {old_type_name}"),
+                String::new(),
+                String::new(),
+            )));
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/modify_column_type/mod.rs b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/modify_column_type/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1c3992b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/modify_column_type/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+mod direct;
+mod sqlite_rebuild;
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests;
+
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+
+use sea_query::{Alias, Expr, Query};
+
+use vespertide_core::{ColumnType, TableDef};
+
+use self::direct::build_modify_column_type_direct;
+use self::sqlite_rebuild::build_modify_column_type_sqlite_temp_table;
+use super::types::{BuiltQuery, DatabaseBackend};
+use crate::error::QueryError;
+
+/// Build UPDATE statements for `fill_with` mappings (removed enum values → replacement values).
+/// Each entry generates: UPDATE "table" SET "column" = 'replacement' WHERE "column" = '`removed_value`'
+fn build_fill_with_updates(
+    table: &str,
+    column: &str,
+    fill_with: &BTreeMap<String, String>,
+) -> Vec<BuiltQuery> {
+    fill_with
+        .iter()
+        .map(|(removed_value, replacement)| {
+            let update_stmt = Query::update()
+                .table(Alias::new(table))
+                .value(Alias::new(column), Expr::val(replacement.as_str()))
+                .and_where(Expr::col(Alias::new(column)).eq(removed_value.as_str()))
+                .to_owned();
+            BuiltQuery::Update(Box::new(update_stmt))
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
+pub fn build_modify_column_type(
+    backend: DatabaseBackend,
+    table: &str,
+    column: &str,
+    new_type: &ColumnType,
+    fill_with: Option<&BTreeMap<String, String>>,
+    current_schema: &[TableDef],
+    pending_constraints: &[vespertide_core::TableConstraint],
+) -> Result<Vec<BuiltQuery>, QueryError> {
+    // SQLite does not support direct column type modification, so use temporary table approach
+    if backend == DatabaseBackend::Sqlite {
+        return build_modify_column_type_sqlite_temp_table(
+            backend,
+            table,
+            column,
+            new_type,
+            fill_with,
+            current_schema,
+            pending_constraints,
+        );
+    }
+
+    // PostgreSQL, MySQL, etc. can use ALTER TABLE directly
+    Ok(build_modify_column_type_direct(
+        backend,
+        table,
+        column,
+        new_type,
+        fill_with,
+        current_schema,
+    ))
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/modify_column_type/sqlite_rebuild.rs b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/modify_column_type/sqlite_rebuild.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2d2ded12
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/modify_column_type/sqlite_rebuild.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+
+use sea_query::{Alias, Query, Table};
+
+use vespertide_core::{ColumnType, TableConstraint, TableDef};
+
+use crate::error::QueryError;
+use crate::sql::helpers::{build_sqlite_temp_table_create, recreate_indexes_after_rebuild};
+use crate::sql::rename_table::build_rename_table;
+use crate::sql::types::{BuiltQuery, DatabaseBackend};
+
+/// Build the canonical `SQLite` temp-table rebuild sequence for column type changes.
+pub(super) fn build_modify_column_type_sqlite_temp_table(
+    backend: DatabaseBackend,
+    table: &str,
+    column: &str,
+    new_type: &ColumnType,
+    fill_with: Option<&BTreeMap<String, String>>,
+    current_schema: &[TableDef],
+    pending_constraints: &[TableConstraint],
+) -> Result<Vec<BuiltQuery>, QueryError> {
+    // Current schema information is required
+    let table_def = current_schema.iter().find(|t| t.name == table).ok_or_else(|| QueryError::Other(format!("Table '{table}' not found in current schema. SQLite requires current schema information to modify column types.")))?;
+
+    // Create new column definitions with the modified column
+    let mut new_columns = table_def.columns.clone();
+    let col_index = new_columns
+        .iter()
+        .position(|c| c.name == column)
+        .ok_or_else(|| {
+            QueryError::Other(format!("Column '{column}' not found in table '{table}'"))
+        })?;
+
+    new_columns[col_index].r#type = new_type.clone();
+
+    // Generate temporary table name
+    let temp_table = format!("{table}_temp");
+
+    // 1. Create temporary table with new column types + CHECK constraints
+    let create_query = build_sqlite_temp_table_create(
+        backend,
+        &temp_table,
+        table,
+        &new_columns,
+        &table_def.constraints,
+    );
+
+    // 2. Copy data (all columns) - Use INSERT INTO ... SELECT
+    let column_aliases: Vec<Alias> = new_columns.iter().map(|c| Alias::new(&c.name)).collect();
+
+    // Build SELECT query
+    let mut select_query = Query::select();
+    for col_alias in &column_aliases {
+        select_query.column(col_alias.clone());
+    }
+    select_query.from(Alias::new(table));
+
+    // Build INSERT query
+    let insert_stmt = Query::insert()
+        .into_table(Alias::new(&temp_table))
+        .columns(column_aliases.clone())
+        .select_from(select_query)
+        .unwrap()
+        .to_owned();
+
+    let insert_query = BuiltQuery::Insert(Box::new(insert_stmt));
+
+    // 3. Drop original table
+    let drop_table = Table::drop().table(Alias::new(table)).to_owned();
+    let drop_query = BuiltQuery::DropTable(Box::new(drop_table));
+
+    // 4. Rename temporary table to original name
+    let rename_query = build_rename_table(&temp_table, table);
+
+    // 5. Recreate indexes (both regular and UNIQUE)
+    let index_queries =
+        recreate_indexes_after_rebuild(table, &table_def.constraints, pending_constraints);
+
+    let mut queries = Vec::new();
+
+    // Insert fill_with UPDATE statements before table recreation
+    if let Some(fw) = fill_with {
+        queries.extend(super::build_fill_with_updates(table, column, fw));
+    }
+
+    queries.extend([create_query, insert_query, drop_query, rename_query]);
+    queries.extend(index_queries);
+
+    Ok(queries)
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/modify_column_type/tests.rs b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/modify_column_type/tests.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cefc21e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/modify_column_type/tests.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,721 @@
+use super::*;
+use insta::{assert_snapshot, with_settings};
+use rstest::rstest;
+use vespertide_core::{
+    ColumnDef, ColumnType, ComplexColumnType, EnumValues, SimpleColumnType, TableDef,
+};
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case::modify_column_type_postgres(
+    "modify_column_type_postgres",
+    DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
+    &["ALTER TABLE \"users\"", "\"age\""]
+)]
+#[case::modify_column_type_mysql(
+    "modify_column_type_mysql",
+    DatabaseBackend::MySql,
+    &["ALTER TABLE `users` MODIFY COLUMN `age` varchar(50)"]
+)]
+#[case::modify_column_type_sqlite(
+    "modify_column_type_sqlite",
+    DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
+    &[]
+)]
+fn test_modify_column_type(
+    #[case] title: &str,
+    #[case] backend: DatabaseBackend,
+    #[case] expected: &[&str],
+) {
+    // For SQLite, we need to provide current schema
+    let current_schema = vec![TableDef {
+        name: "users".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "id".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "age".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+                nullable: true,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    }];
+
+    let result = build_modify_column_type(
+        backend,
+        "users",
+        "age",
+        &ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Varchar { length: 50 }),
+        None,
+        &current_schema,
+        &[],
+    );
+
+    // SQLite may return multiple queries
+    let sql = result
+        .unwrap()
+        .iter()
+        .map(|q| q.build(backend))
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+        .join(";\n");
+
+    for exp in expected {
+        assert!(
+            sql.contains(exp),
+            "Expected SQL to contain '{exp}', got: {sql}"
+        );
+    }
+    println!("sql: {sql}");
+
+    with_settings!({ snapshot_path => "../snapshots", snapshot_suffix => format!("modify_column_type_{}", title) }, {
+        assert_snapshot!(sql);
+    });
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_modify_column_type_table_not_found() {
+    let result = build_modify_column_type(
+        DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
+        "nonexistent_table",
+        "age",
+        &ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::BigInt),
+        None,
+        &[],
+        &[],
+    );
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    assert!(
+        result
+            .unwrap_err()
+            .to_string()
+            .contains("Table 'nonexistent_table' not found")
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_modify_column_type_column_not_found() {
+    let current_schema = vec![TableDef {
+        name: "users".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![ColumnDef {
+            name: "id".into(),
+            r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+            nullable: false,
+            default: None,
+            comment: None,
+            primary_key: None,
+            unique: None,
+            index: None,
+            foreign_key: None,
+        }],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    }];
+    let result = build_modify_column_type(
+        DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
+        "users",
+        "nonexistent_column",
+        &ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::BigInt),
+        None,
+        &current_schema,
+        &[],
+    );
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    assert!(
+        result
+            .unwrap_err()
+            .to_string()
+            .contains("Column 'nonexistent_column' not found")
+    );
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case::modify_column_type_with_index_postgres(
+    "modify_column_type_with_index_postgres",
+    DatabaseBackend::Postgres
+)]
+#[case::modify_column_type_with_index_mysql(
+    "modify_column_type_with_index_mysql",
+    DatabaseBackend::MySql
+)]
+#[case::modify_column_type_with_index_sqlite(
+    "modify_column_type_with_index_sqlite",
+    DatabaseBackend::Sqlite
+)]
+fn test_modify_column_type_with_index(#[case] title: &str, #[case] backend: DatabaseBackend) {
+    // Test modify column type with indexes
+    use vespertide_core::TableConstraint;
+
+    let current_schema = vec![TableDef {
+        name: "users".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "id".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "age".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+                nullable: true,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![TableConstraint::Index {
+            name: Some("idx_age".into()),
+            columns: vec!["age".into()],
+        }],
+    }];
+
+    let result = build_modify_column_type(
+        backend,
+        "users",
+        "age",
+        &ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::BigInt),
+        None,
+        &current_schema,
+        &[],
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+
+    let sql = result
+        .iter()
+        .map(|q| q.build(backend))
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+        .join(";\n");
+
+    // For SQLite, should recreate index
+    if matches!(backend, DatabaseBackend::Sqlite) {
+        assert!(sql.contains("CREATE INDEX"));
+        assert!(sql.contains("idx_age"));
+    }
+
+    with_settings!({ snapshot_path => "../snapshots", snapshot_suffix => format!("modify_column_type_with_index_{}", title) }, {
+        assert_snapshot!(sql);
+    });
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case::modify_column_type_with_unique_constraint_postgres(
+    "modify_column_type_with_unique_constraint_postgres",
+    DatabaseBackend::Postgres
+)]
+#[case::modify_column_type_with_unique_constraint_mysql(
+    "modify_column_type_with_unique_constraint_mysql",
+    DatabaseBackend::MySql
+)]
+#[case::modify_column_type_with_unique_constraint_sqlite(
+    "modify_column_type_with_unique_constraint_sqlite",
+    DatabaseBackend::Sqlite
+)]
+fn test_modify_column_type_with_unique_constraint(
+    #[case] title: &str,
+    #[case] backend: DatabaseBackend,
+) {
+    // Test modify column type with unique constraint
+    use vespertide_core::TableConstraint;
+
+    let current_schema = vec![TableDef {
+        name: "users".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "id".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "email".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+                nullable: true,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![TableConstraint::Unique {
+            name: Some("uq_email".into()),
+            columns: vec!["email".into()],
+        }],
+    }];
+
+    let result = build_modify_column_type(
+        backend,
+        "users",
+        "email",
+        &ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Varchar { length: 255 }),
+        None,
+        &current_schema,
+        &[],
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+
+    let sql = result
+        .iter()
+        .map(|q| q.build(backend))
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+        .join(";\n");
+
+    // For SQLite, unique constraint should be in CREATE TABLE statement
+    if matches!(backend, DatabaseBackend::Sqlite) {
+        assert!(sql.contains("CREATE TABLE"));
+    }
+
+    with_settings!({ snapshot_path => "../snapshots", snapshot_suffix => format!("modify_column_type_with_unique_constraint_{}", title) }, {
+        assert_snapshot!(sql);
+    });
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case::enum_values_changed_postgres(
+    "enum_values_changed_postgres",
+    DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
+    ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+        name: "status".into(),
+        values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into()]),
+    }),
+    ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+        name: "status".into(),
+        values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into(), "pending".into()]),
+    })
+)]
+#[case::enum_values_changed_mysql(
+    "enum_values_changed_mysql",
+    DatabaseBackend::MySql,
+    ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+        name: "status".into(),
+        values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into()]),
+    }),
+    ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+        name: "status".into(),
+        values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into(), "pending".into()]),
+    })
+)]
+#[case::enum_values_changed_sqlite(
+    "enum_values_changed_sqlite",
+    DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
+    ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+        name: "status".into(),
+        values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into()]),
+    }),
+    ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+        name: "status".into(),
+        values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into(), "pending".into()]),
+    })
+)]
+#[case::enum_same_values_postgres(
+    "enum_same_values_postgres",
+    DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
+    ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+        name: "status".into(),
+        values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into()]),
+    }),
+    ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+        name: "status".into(),
+        values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into()]),
+    })
+)]
+#[case::enum_same_values_mysql(
+    "enum_same_values_mysql",
+    DatabaseBackend::MySql,
+    ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+        name: "status".into(),
+        values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into()]),
+    }),
+    ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+        name: "status".into(),
+        values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into()]),
+    })
+)]
+#[case::enum_same_values_sqlite(
+    "enum_same_values_sqlite",
+    DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
+    ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+        name: "status".into(),
+        values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into()]),
+    }),
+    ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+        name: "status".into(),
+        values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into()]),
+    })
+)]
+#[case::enum_name_changed_postgres(
+    "enum_name_changed_postgres",
+    DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
+    ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+        name: "old_status".into(),
+        values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into()]),
+    }),
+    ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+        name: "new_status".into(),
+        values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into()]),
+    })
+)]
+#[case::enum_name_changed_mysql(
+    "enum_name_changed_mysql",
+    DatabaseBackend::MySql,
+    ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+        name: "old_status".into(),
+        values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into()]),
+    }),
+    ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+        name: "new_status".into(),
+        values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into()]),
+    })
+)]
+#[case::enum_name_changed_sqlite(
+    "enum_name_changed_sqlite",
+    DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
+    ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+        name: "old_status".into(),
+        values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into()]),
+    }),
+    ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+        name: "new_status".into(),
+        values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into()]),
+    })
+)]
+#[case::text_to_enum_postgres(
+    "text_to_enum_postgres",
+    DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
+    ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+    ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+        name: "user_status".into(),
+        values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into()]),
+    })
+)]
+#[case::text_to_enum_mysql(
+    "text_to_enum_mysql",
+    DatabaseBackend::MySql,
+    ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+    ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+        name: "user_status".into(),
+        values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into()]),
+    })
+)]
+#[case::text_to_enum_sqlite(
+    "text_to_enum_sqlite",
+    DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
+    ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+    ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+        name: "user_status".into(),
+        values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into()]),
+    })
+)]
+#[case::enum_to_text_postgres(
+    "enum_to_text_postgres",
+    DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
+    ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+        name: "user_status".into(),
+        values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into()]),
+    }),
+    ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)
+)]
+#[case::enum_to_text_mysql(
+    "enum_to_text_mysql",
+    DatabaseBackend::MySql,
+    ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+        name: "user_status".into(),
+        values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into()]),
+    }),
+    ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)
+)]
+#[case::enum_to_text_sqlite(
+    "enum_to_text_sqlite",
+    DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
+    ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+        name: "user_status".into(),
+        values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into()]),
+    }),
+    ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)
+)]
+fn test_modify_enum_types(
+    #[case] title: &str,
+    #[case] backend: DatabaseBackend,
+    #[case] old_type: ColumnType,
+    #[case] new_type: ColumnType,
+) {
+    let current_schema = vec![TableDef {
+        name: "users".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![ColumnDef {
+            name: "status".into(),
+            r#type: old_type,
+            nullable: true,
+            default: None,
+            comment: None,
+            primary_key: None,
+            unique: None,
+            index: None,
+            foreign_key: None,
+        }],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    }];
+
+    let result = build_modify_column_type(
+        backend,
+        "users",
+        "status",
+        &new_type,
+        None,
+        &current_schema,
+        &[],
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+
+    let sql = result
+        .iter()
+        .map(|q| q.build(backend))
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+        .join(";\n");
+
+    with_settings!({ snapshot_path => "../snapshots", snapshot_suffix => format!("modify_enum_types_{}", title) }, {
+        assert_snapshot!(sql);
+    });
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case::modify_enum_with_default_postgres(
+    "modify_enum_with_default_postgres",
+    DatabaseBackend::Postgres
+)]
+#[case::modify_enum_with_default_mysql("modify_enum_with_default_mysql", DatabaseBackend::MySql)]
+#[case::modify_enum_with_default_sqlite("modify_enum_with_default_sqlite", DatabaseBackend::Sqlite)]
+fn test_modify_enum_with_default_value(#[case] title: &str, #[case] backend: DatabaseBackend) {
+    // Test that enum type change handles DEFAULT values correctly
+    // PostgreSQL requires: DROP DEFAULT -> change type -> SET DEFAULT
+    let current_schema = vec![TableDef {
+        name: "reservation_session".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![ColumnDef {
+            name: "status".into(),
+            r#type: ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+                name: "session_status".into(),
+                values: EnumValues::String(vec!["pending".into(), "confirmed".into()]),
+            }),
+            nullable: false,
+            default: Some("'pending'".into()),
+            comment: None,
+            primary_key: None,
+            unique: None,
+            index: None,
+            foreign_key: None,
+        }],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    }];
+
+    let new_type = ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+        name: "session_status".into(),
+        values: EnumValues::String(vec![
+            "pending".into(),
+            "confirmed".into(),
+            "cancelled".into(),
+        ]),
+    });
+
+    let result = build_modify_column_type(
+        backend,
+        "reservation_session",
+        "status",
+        &new_type,
+        None,
+        &current_schema,
+        &[],
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+
+    let sql = result
+        .iter()
+        .map(|q| q.build(backend))
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+        .join(";\n");
+
+    // PostgreSQL-specific: verify DROP DEFAULT -> TYPE change -> SET DEFAULT order
+    if matches!(backend, DatabaseBackend::Postgres) {
+        assert!(
+            sql.contains("DROP DEFAULT"),
+            "Should drop default before type change. SQL: {sql}"
+        );
+        assert!(
+            sql.contains("SET DEFAULT"),
+            "Should restore default after type change. SQL: {sql}"
+        );
+
+        let drop_default_pos = sql.find("DROP DEFAULT").unwrap();
+        let type_change_pos = sql.find("USING").unwrap();
+        let set_default_pos = sql.find("SET DEFAULT").unwrap();
+
+        assert!(
+            drop_default_pos < type_change_pos,
+            "DROP DEFAULT should come before TYPE change"
+        );
+        assert!(
+            type_change_pos < set_default_pos,
+            "SET DEFAULT should come after TYPE change"
+        );
+    }
+
+    with_settings!({ snapshot_path => "../snapshots", snapshot_suffix => format!("modify_enum_with_default_{}", title) }, {
+        assert_snapshot!(sql);
+    });
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_modify_column_type_to_enum_with_empty_schema() {
+    // Test the None branch in line 195-200
+    // When current_schema is empty, old_type will be None
+    use vespertide_core::ComplexColumnType;
+
+    let result = build_modify_column_type(
+        DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
+        "users",
+        "status",
+        &ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+            name: "status_type".into(),
+            values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into()]),
+        }),
+        None,
+        &[], // Empty schema - old_type will be None
+        &[],
+    );
+
+    assert!(result.is_ok());
+    let queries = result.unwrap();
+    let sql = queries
+        .iter()
+        .map(|q| q.build(DatabaseBackend::Postgres))
+        .collect::<Vec<String>>()
+        .join(";\n");
+
+    // Should create the enum type since old_type is None
+    assert!(sql.contains("CREATE TYPE"));
+    assert!(sql.contains("status_type"));
+    assert!(sql.contains("ALTER TABLE"));
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case::fill_with_enum_change_postgres(
+    "fill_with_enum_change_postgres",
+    DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
+    ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+        name: "status".into(),
+        values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into(), "banned".into()]),
+    }),
+    ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+        name: "status".into(),
+        values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into()]),
+    })
+)]
+#[case::fill_with_enum_change_sqlite(
+    "fill_with_enum_change_sqlite",
+    DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
+    ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+        name: "status".into(),
+        values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into(), "banned".into()]),
+    }),
+    ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+        name: "status".into(),
+        values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into()]),
+    })
+)]
+#[case::fill_with_enum_change_mysql(
+    "fill_with_enum_change_mysql",
+    DatabaseBackend::MySql,
+    ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+        name: "status".into(),
+        values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into(), "banned".into()]),
+    }),
+    ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+        name: "status".into(),
+        values: EnumValues::String(vec!["active".into(), "inactive".into()]),
+    })
+)]
+fn test_modify_column_type_with_fill_with(
+    #[case] title: &str,
+    #[case] backend: DatabaseBackend,
+    #[case] old_type: ColumnType,
+    #[case] new_type: ColumnType,
+) {
+    let mut fill_with_map = std::collections::BTreeMap::new();
+    fill_with_map.insert("banned".to_string(), "inactive".to_string());
+
+    let current_schema = vec![TableDef {
+        name: "users".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![ColumnDef {
+            name: "status".into(),
+            r#type: old_type,
+            nullable: true,
+            default: None,
+            comment: None,
+            primary_key: None,
+            unique: None,
+            index: None,
+            foreign_key: None,
+        }],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    }];
+
+    let result = build_modify_column_type(
+        backend,
+        "users",
+        "status",
+        &new_type,
+        Some(&fill_with_map),
+        &current_schema,
+        &[],
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+
+    let sql = result
+        .iter()
+        .map(|q| q.build(backend))
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+        .join(";\n");
+
+    // All backends should include the UPDATE statement for fill_with
+    assert!(
+        sql.contains("UPDATE"),
+        "Expected UPDATE for fill_with mapping, got: {sql}"
+    );
+
+    with_settings!({ snapshot_path => "../snapshots", snapshot_suffix => format!("modify_column_type_with_fill_with_{}", title) }, {
+        assert_snapshot!(sql);
+    });
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/raw_sql.rs b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/raw_sql.rs
index 01fbcad5..6a64a555 100644
--- a/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/raw_sql.rs
+++ b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/raw_sql.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,7 @@
-use super::types::{BuiltQuery, RawSql};
-
-pub fn build_raw_sql(sql: String) -> BuiltQuery {
-    BuiltQuery::Raw(RawSql::uniform(sql))
-}
-
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-    use super::*;
     use crate::sql::types::DatabaseBackend;
+    use crate::sql::{BuiltQuery, RawSql};
     use insta::{assert_snapshot, with_settings};
     use rstest::rstest;
 
@@ -32,14 +26,12 @@ mod tests {
         #[case] backend: DatabaseBackend,
         #[case] expected: &[&str],
     ) {
-        let result = build_raw_sql("SELECT 1".into());
+        let result = BuiltQuery::Raw(RawSql::uniform("SELECT 1".into()));
         let sql = result.build(backend);
         for exp in expected {
             assert!(
                 sql.contains(exp),
-                "Expected SQL to contain '{}', got: {}",
-                exp,
-                sql
+                "Expected SQL to contain '{exp}', got: {sql}"
             );
         }
 
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/remove_constraint.rs b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/remove_constraint.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 47cb2d67..00000000
--- a/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/remove_constraint.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1572 +0,0 @@
-use sea_query::{Alias, ForeignKey, Query, Table};
-
-use vespertide_core::{TableConstraint, TableDef};
-
-use super::helpers::{build_sqlite_temp_table_create, recreate_indexes_after_rebuild};
-use super::rename_table::build_rename_table;
-use super::types::{BuiltQuery, DatabaseBackend};
-use crate::error::QueryError;
-use crate::sql::RawSql;
-
-pub fn build_remove_constraint(
-    backend: &DatabaseBackend,
-    table: &str,
-    constraint: &TableConstraint,
-    current_schema: &[TableDef],
-    pending_constraints: &[TableConstraint],
-) -> Result<Vec<BuiltQuery>, QueryError> {
-    match constraint {
-        TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { .. } => {
-            if *backend == DatabaseBackend::Sqlite {
-                // SQLite does not support dropping primary key constraints, use temp table approach
-                let table_def = current_schema.iter().find(|t| t.name == table).ok_or_else(|| QueryError::Other(format!("Table '{}' not found in current schema. SQLite requires current schema information to remove constraints.", table)))?;
-
-                // Remove the primary key constraint
-                let mut new_constraints = table_def.constraints.clone();
-                new_constraints.retain(|c| !matches!(c, TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { .. }));
-
-                let temp_table = format!("{}_temp", table);
-
-                // 1. Create temporary table without primary key constraint + CHECK constraints
-                let create_query = build_sqlite_temp_table_create(
-                    backend,
-                    &temp_table,
-                    table,
-                    &table_def.columns,
-                    &new_constraints,
-                );
-
-                // 2. Copy data (all columns)
-                let column_aliases: Vec<Alias> = table_def
-                    .columns
-                    .iter()
-                    .map(|c| Alias::new(&c.name))
-                    .collect();
-                let mut select_query = Query::select();
-                for col_alias in &column_aliases {
-                    select_query = select_query.column(col_alias.clone()).to_owned();
-                }
-                select_query = select_query.from(Alias::new(table)).to_owned();
-
-                let insert_stmt = Query::insert()
-                    .into_table(Alias::new(&temp_table))
-                    .columns(column_aliases.clone())
-                    .select_from(select_query)
-                    .unwrap()
-                    .to_owned();
-                let insert_query = BuiltQuery::Insert(Box::new(insert_stmt));
-
-                // 3. Drop original table
-                let drop_table = Table::drop().table(Alias::new(table)).to_owned();
-                let drop_query = BuiltQuery::DropTable(Box::new(drop_table));
-
-                // 4. Rename temporary table to original name
-                let rename_query = build_rename_table(&temp_table, table);
-
-                // 5. Recreate indexes (both regular and UNIQUE)
-                let index_queries = recreate_indexes_after_rebuild(
-                    table,
-                    &table_def.constraints,
-                    pending_constraints,
-                );
-
-                let mut queries = vec![create_query, insert_query, drop_query, rename_query];
-                queries.extend(index_queries);
-                Ok(queries)
-            } else {
-                // Other backends: use raw SQL
-                let pg_sql = format!(
-                    "ALTER TABLE \"{}\" DROP CONSTRAINT \"{}_pkey\"",
-                    table, table
-                );
-                let mysql_sql = format!("ALTER TABLE `{}` DROP PRIMARY KEY", table);
-                Ok(vec![BuiltQuery::Raw(RawSql::per_backend(
-                    pg_sql.clone(),
-                    mysql_sql,
-                    pg_sql,
-                ))])
-            }
-        }
-        TableConstraint::Unique { name, columns } => {
-            // SQLite does not support ALTER TABLE ... DROP CONSTRAINT UNIQUE
-            if *backend == DatabaseBackend::Sqlite {
-                // Use temporary table approach for SQLite
-                let table_def = current_schema.iter().find(|t| t.name == table).ok_or_else(|| QueryError::Other(format!("Table '{}' not found in current schema. SQLite requires current schema information to remove constraints.", table)))?;
-
-                // Create new constraints without the removed unique constraint
-                let mut new_constraints = table_def.constraints.clone();
-                new_constraints.retain(|c| {
-                    match (c, constraint) {
-                        (
-                            TableConstraint::Unique {
-                                name: c_name,
-                                columns: c_cols,
-                            },
-                            TableConstraint::Unique {
-                                name: r_name,
-                                columns: r_cols,
-                            },
-                        ) => {
-                            // Remove if names match, or if no name and columns match
-                            if let (Some(cn), Some(rn)) = (c_name, r_name) {
-                                cn != rn
-                            } else {
-                                c_cols != r_cols
-                            }
-                        }
-                        _ => true,
-                    }
-                });
-
-                let temp_table = format!("{}_temp", table);
-
-                // 1. Create temporary table without the removed constraint + CHECK constraints
-                let create_query = build_sqlite_temp_table_create(
-                    backend,
-                    &temp_table,
-                    table,
-                    &table_def.columns,
-                    &new_constraints,
-                );
-
-                // 2. Copy data (all columns)
-                let column_aliases: Vec<Alias> = table_def
-                    .columns
-                    .iter()
-                    .map(|c| Alias::new(&c.name))
-                    .collect();
-                let mut select_query = Query::select();
-                for col_alias in &column_aliases {
-                    select_query = select_query.column(col_alias.clone()).to_owned();
-                }
-                select_query = select_query.from(Alias::new(table)).to_owned();
-
-                let insert_stmt = Query::insert()
-                    .into_table(Alias::new(&temp_table))
-                    .columns(column_aliases.clone())
-                    .select_from(select_query)
-                    .unwrap()
-                    .to_owned();
-                let insert_query = BuiltQuery::Insert(Box::new(insert_stmt));
-
-                // 3. Drop original table
-                let drop_table = Table::drop().table(Alias::new(table)).to_owned();
-                let drop_query = BuiltQuery::DropTable(Box::new(drop_table));
-
-                // 4. Rename temporary table to original name
-                let rename_query = build_rename_table(&temp_table, table);
-
-                // 5. Recreate indexes (both regular and UNIQUE, from new_constraints which has the unique removed)
-                let index_queries =
-                    recreate_indexes_after_rebuild(table, &new_constraints, pending_constraints);
-
-                let mut queries = vec![create_query, insert_query, drop_query, rename_query];
-                queries.extend(index_queries);
-                Ok(queries)
-            } else {
-                // For unique constraints created via CREATE UNIQUE INDEX (PostgreSQL/SQLite),
-                // we use DROP INDEX. MySQL uses ALTER TABLE DROP INDEX.
-                let constraint_name = vespertide_naming::build_unique_constraint_name(
-                    table,
-                    columns,
-                    name.as_deref(),
-                );
-                // PostgreSQL and SQLite: DROP INDEX (matches how we create them)
-                // MySQL: ALTER TABLE DROP INDEX
-                let pg_sql = format!("DROP INDEX \"{}\"", constraint_name);
-                let mysql_sql = format!("ALTER TABLE `{}` DROP INDEX `{}`", table, constraint_name);
-                let sqlite_sql = format!("DROP INDEX \"{}\"", constraint_name);
-                Ok(vec![BuiltQuery::Raw(RawSql::per_backend(
-                    pg_sql, mysql_sql, sqlite_sql,
-                ))])
-            }
-        }
-        TableConstraint::ForeignKey { name, columns, .. } => {
-            // SQLite does not support ALTER TABLE ... DROP CONSTRAINT FOREIGN KEY
-            if *backend == DatabaseBackend::Sqlite {
-                // Use temporary table approach for SQLite
-                let table_def = current_schema.iter().find(|t| t.name == table).ok_or_else(|| QueryError::Other(format!("Table '{}' not found in current schema. SQLite requires current schema information to remove constraints.", table)))?;
-
-                // Create new constraints without the removed foreign key constraint
-                let mut new_constraints = table_def.constraints.clone();
-                new_constraints.retain(|c| {
-                    match (c, constraint) {
-                        (
-                            TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                                name: c_name,
-                                columns: c_cols,
-                                ..
-                            },
-                            TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                                name: r_name,
-                                columns: r_cols,
-                                ..
-                            },
-                        ) => {
-                            // Remove if names match, or if no name and columns match
-                            if let (Some(cn), Some(rn)) = (c_name, r_name) {
-                                cn != rn
-                            } else {
-                                c_cols != r_cols
-                            }
-                        }
-                        _ => true,
-                    }
-                });
-
-                let temp_table = format!("{}_temp", table);
-
-                // 1. Create temporary table without the removed constraint + CHECK constraints
-                let create_query = build_sqlite_temp_table_create(
-                    backend,
-                    &temp_table,
-                    table,
-                    &table_def.columns,
-                    &new_constraints,
-                );
-
-                // 2. Copy data (all columns)
-                let column_aliases: Vec<Alias> = table_def
-                    .columns
-                    .iter()
-                    .map(|c| Alias::new(&c.name))
-                    .collect();
-                let mut select_query = Query::select();
-                for col_alias in &column_aliases {
-                    select_query = select_query.column(col_alias.clone()).to_owned();
-                }
-                select_query = select_query.from(Alias::new(table)).to_owned();
-
-                let insert_stmt = Query::insert()
-                    .into_table(Alias::new(&temp_table))
-                    .columns(column_aliases.clone())
-                    .select_from(select_query)
-                    .unwrap()
-                    .to_owned();
-                let insert_query = BuiltQuery::Insert(Box::new(insert_stmt));
-
-                // 3. Drop original table
-                let drop_table = Table::drop().table(Alias::new(table)).to_owned();
-                let drop_query = BuiltQuery::DropTable(Box::new(drop_table));
-
-                // 4. Rename temporary table to original name
-                let rename_query = build_rename_table(&temp_table, table);
-
-                // 5. Recreate indexes (both regular and UNIQUE)
-                let index_queries = recreate_indexes_after_rebuild(
-                    table,
-                    &table_def.constraints,
-                    pending_constraints,
-                );
-
-                let mut queries = vec![create_query, insert_query, drop_query, rename_query];
-                queries.extend(index_queries);
-                Ok(queries)
-            } else {
-                // Build foreign key drop using ForeignKey::drop()
-                let constraint_name =
-                    vespertide_naming::build_foreign_key_name(table, columns, name.as_deref());
-                let fk_drop = ForeignKey::drop()
-                    .name(&constraint_name)
-                    .table(Alias::new(table))
-                    .to_owned();
-                Ok(vec![BuiltQuery::DropForeignKey(Box::new(fk_drop))])
-            }
-        }
-        TableConstraint::Index { name, columns } => {
-            // Index constraints are simple DROP INDEX statements for all backends
-            let index_name = if let Some(n) = name {
-                // Use naming convention for named indexes
-                vespertide_naming::build_index_name(table, columns, Some(n))
-            } else {
-                // Generate name from table and columns for unnamed indexes
-                vespertide_naming::build_index_name(table, columns, None)
-            };
-            let idx_drop = sea_query::Index::drop()
-                .table(Alias::new(table))
-                .name(&index_name)
-                .to_owned();
-            Ok(vec![BuiltQuery::DropIndex(Box::new(idx_drop))])
-        }
-        TableConstraint::Check { name, .. } => {
-            // SQLite does not support ALTER TABLE ... DROP CONSTRAINT CHECK
-            if *backend == DatabaseBackend::Sqlite {
-                // Use temporary table approach for SQLite
-                let table_def = current_schema.iter().find(|t| t.name == table).ok_or_else(|| QueryError::Other(format!("Table '{}' not found in current schema. SQLite requires current schema information to remove constraints.", table)))?;
-
-                // Create new constraints without the removed check constraint
-                let mut new_constraints = table_def.constraints.clone();
-                new_constraints.retain(|c| match (c, constraint) {
-                    (
-                        TableConstraint::Check { name: c_name, .. },
-                        TableConstraint::Check { name: r_name, .. },
-                    ) => c_name != r_name,
-                    _ => true,
-                });
-
-                let temp_table = format!("{}_temp", table);
-
-                // 1. Create temporary table without the removed constraint + remaining CHECK constraints
-                let create_query = build_sqlite_temp_table_create(
-                    backend,
-                    &temp_table,
-                    table,
-                    &table_def.columns,
-                    &new_constraints,
-                );
-
-                // 2. Copy data (all columns)
-                let column_aliases: Vec<Alias> = table_def
-                    .columns
-                    .iter()
-                    .map(|c| Alias::new(&c.name))
-                    .collect();
-                let mut select_query = Query::select();
-                for col_alias in &column_aliases {
-                    select_query = select_query.column(col_alias.clone()).to_owned();
-                }
-                select_query = select_query.from(Alias::new(table)).to_owned();
-
-                let insert_stmt = Query::insert()
-                    .into_table(Alias::new(&temp_table))
-                    .columns(column_aliases.clone())
-                    .select_from(select_query)
-                    .unwrap()
-                    .to_owned();
-                let insert_query = BuiltQuery::Insert(Box::new(insert_stmt));
-
-                // 3. Drop original table
-                let drop_table = Table::drop().table(Alias::new(table)).to_owned();
-                let drop_query = BuiltQuery::DropTable(Box::new(drop_table));
-
-                // 4. Rename temporary table to original name
-                let rename_query = build_rename_table(&temp_table, table);
-
-                // 5. Recreate indexes (both regular and UNIQUE)
-                let index_queries = recreate_indexes_after_rebuild(
-                    table,
-                    &table_def.constraints,
-                    pending_constraints,
-                );
-
-                let mut queries = vec![create_query, insert_query, drop_query, rename_query];
-                queries.extend(index_queries);
-                Ok(queries)
-            } else {
-                let pg_sql = format!("ALTER TABLE \"{}\" DROP CONSTRAINT \"{}\"", table, name);
-                let mysql_sql = format!("ALTER TABLE `{}` DROP CHECK `{}`", table, name);
-                Ok(vec![BuiltQuery::Raw(RawSql::per_backend(
-                    pg_sql.clone(),
-                    mysql_sql,
-                    pg_sql,
-                ))])
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use super::*;
-    use crate::sql::types::DatabaseBackend;
-    use insta::{assert_snapshot, with_settings};
-    use rstest::rstest;
-    use vespertide_core::{ColumnDef, ColumnType, SimpleColumnType, TableConstraint, TableDef};
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case::remove_constraint_primary_key_postgres(
-        "remove_constraint_primary_key_postgres",
-        DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
-        &["DROP CONSTRAINT \"users_pkey\""]
-    )]
-    #[case::remove_constraint_primary_key_mysql(
-        "remove_constraint_primary_key_mysql",
-        DatabaseBackend::MySql,
-        &["DROP PRIMARY KEY"]
-    )]
-    #[case::remove_constraint_primary_key_sqlite(
-        "remove_constraint_primary_key_sqlite",
-        DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
-        &["CREATE TABLE \"users_temp\""]
-    )]
-    #[case::remove_constraint_unique_named_postgres(
-        "remove_constraint_unique_named_postgres",
-        DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
-        &["DROP INDEX \"uq_users__uq_email\""]
-    )]
-    #[case::remove_constraint_unique_named_mysql(
-        "remove_constraint_unique_named_mysql",
-        DatabaseBackend::MySql,
-        &["DROP INDEX `uq_users__uq_email`"]
-    )]
-    #[case::remove_constraint_unique_named_sqlite(
-        "remove_constraint_unique_named_sqlite",
-        DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
-        &["CREATE TABLE \"users_temp\""]
-    )]
-    #[case::remove_constraint_foreign_key_named_postgres(
-        "remove_constraint_foreign_key_named_postgres",
-        DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
-        &["DROP CONSTRAINT \"fk_users__fk_user\""]
-    )]
-    #[case::remove_constraint_foreign_key_named_mysql(
-        "remove_constraint_foreign_key_named_mysql",
-        DatabaseBackend::MySql,
-        &["DROP FOREIGN KEY `fk_users__fk_user`"]
-    )]
-    #[case::remove_constraint_foreign_key_named_sqlite(
-        "remove_constraint_foreign_key_named_sqlite",
-        DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
-        &["CREATE TABLE \"users_temp\""]
-    )]
-    #[case::remove_constraint_check_named_postgres(
-        "remove_constraint_check_named_postgres",
-        DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
-        &["DROP CONSTRAINT \"chk_age\""]
-    )]
-    #[case::remove_constraint_check_named_mysql(
-        "remove_constraint_check_named_mysql",
-        DatabaseBackend::MySql,
-        &["DROP CHECK `chk_age`"]
-    )]
-    #[case::remove_constraint_check_named_sqlite(
-        "remove_constraint_check_named_sqlite",
-        DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
-        &["CREATE TABLE \"users_temp\""]
-    )]
-    fn test_remove_constraint(
-        #[case] title: &str,
-        #[case] backend: DatabaseBackend,
-        #[case] expected: &[&str],
-    ) {
-        let constraint = if title.contains("primary_key") {
-            TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                auto_increment: false,
-            }
-        } else if title.contains("unique") {
-            TableConstraint::Unique {
-                name: Some("uq_email".into()),
-                columns: vec!["email".into()],
-            }
-        } else if title.contains("foreign_key") {
-            TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-                name: Some("fk_user".into()),
-                columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
-                ref_table: "users".into(),
-                ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                on_delete: None,
-                on_update: None,
-            }
-        } else {
-            TableConstraint::Check {
-                name: "chk_age".into(),
-                expr: "age > 0".into(),
-            }
-        };
-
-        // For SQLite, we need to provide current schema with the constraint to be removed
-        let current_schema = vec![TableDef {
-            name: "users".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: if title.contains("check") {
-                vec![
-                    ColumnDef {
-                        name: "id".into(),
-                        r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                        nullable: false,
-                        default: None,
-                        comment: None,
-                        primary_key: None,
-                        unique: None,
-                        index: None,
-                        foreign_key: None,
-                    },
-                    ColumnDef {
-                        name: "age".into(),
-                        r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                        nullable: true,
-                        default: None,
-                        comment: None,
-                        primary_key: None,
-                        unique: None,
-                        index: None,
-                        foreign_key: None,
-                    },
-                ]
-            } else if title.contains("foreign_key") {
-                vec![
-                    ColumnDef {
-                        name: "id".into(),
-                        r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                        nullable: false,
-                        default: None,
-                        comment: None,
-                        primary_key: None,
-                        unique: None,
-                        index: None,
-                        foreign_key: None,
-                    },
-                    ColumnDef {
-                        name: "user_id".into(),
-                        r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                        nullable: true,
-                        default: None,
-                        comment: None,
-                        primary_key: None,
-                        unique: None,
-                        index: None,
-                        foreign_key: None,
-                    },
-                ]
-            } else {
-                // primary key / unique cases
-                vec![ColumnDef {
-                    name: "id".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                }]
-            },
-            constraints: vec![constraint.clone()],
-        }];
-
-        let result =
-            build_remove_constraint(&backend, "users", &constraint, &current_schema, &[]).unwrap();
-        let sql = result[0].build(backend);
-        for exp in expected {
-            assert!(
-                sql.contains(exp),
-                "Expected SQL to contain '{}', got: {}",
-                exp,
-                sql
-            );
-        }
-
-        with_settings!({ snapshot_suffix => format!("remove_constraint_{}", title) }, {
-            assert_snapshot!(result.iter().map(|q| q.build(backend)).collect::<Vec<String>>().join("\n"));
-        });
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_remove_constraint_primary_key_sqlite_table_not_found() {
-        // Test error when table is not found (line 25)
-        let constraint = TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-            columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            auto_increment: false,
-        };
-        let result = build_remove_constraint(
-            &DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
-            "nonexistent_table",
-            &constraint,
-            &[], // Empty schema
-            &[],
-        );
-        assert!(result.is_err());
-        let err_msg = result.unwrap_err().to_string();
-        assert!(err_msg.contains("Table 'nonexistent_table' not found in current schema"));
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case::remove_primary_key_with_index_postgres(DatabaseBackend::Postgres)]
-    #[case::remove_primary_key_with_index_mysql(DatabaseBackend::MySql)]
-    #[case::remove_primary_key_with_index_sqlite(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite)]
-    fn test_remove_constraint_primary_key_with_index(#[case] backend: DatabaseBackend) {
-        // Test PrimaryKey removal with indexes
-        let constraint = TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-            columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            auto_increment: false,
-        };
-        let current_schema = vec![TableDef {
-            name: "users".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![ColumnDef {
-                name: "id".into(),
-                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                nullable: false,
-                default: None,
-                comment: None,
-                primary_key: None,
-                unique: None,
-                index: None,
-                foreign_key: None,
-            }],
-            constraints: vec![
-                constraint.clone(),
-                TableConstraint::Index {
-                    name: Some("idx_id".into()),
-                    columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                },
-            ],
-        }];
-
-        let result =
-            build_remove_constraint(&backend, "users", &constraint, &current_schema, &[]).unwrap();
-        let sql = result
-            .iter()
-            .map(|q| q.build(backend))
-            .collect::<Vec<String>>()
-            .join("\n");
-
-        if matches!(backend, DatabaseBackend::Sqlite) {
-            assert!(sql.contains("CREATE INDEX"));
-            assert!(sql.contains("ix_users__idx_id"));
-        }
-
-        with_settings!({ snapshot_suffix => format!("remove_primary_key_with_index_{:?}", backend) }, {
-            assert_snapshot!(sql);
-        });
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case::remove_primary_key_with_unique_constraint_postgres(DatabaseBackend::Postgres)]
-    #[case::remove_primary_key_with_unique_constraint_mysql(DatabaseBackend::MySql)]
-    #[case::remove_primary_key_with_unique_constraint_sqlite(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite)]
-    fn test_remove_constraint_primary_key_with_unique_constraint(#[case] backend: DatabaseBackend) {
-        // Test PrimaryKey removal with unique constraint
-        let constraint = TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-            columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            auto_increment: false,
-        };
-        let current_schema = vec![TableDef {
-            name: "users".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![ColumnDef {
-                name: "id".into(),
-                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                nullable: false,
-                default: None,
-                comment: None,
-                primary_key: None,
-                unique: None,
-                index: None,
-                foreign_key: None,
-            }],
-            constraints: vec![
-                constraint.clone(),
-                TableConstraint::Unique {
-                    name: Some("uq_email".into()),
-                    columns: vec!["email".into()],
-                },
-            ],
-        }];
-
-        let result =
-            build_remove_constraint(&backend, "users", &constraint, &current_schema, &[]).unwrap();
-        let sql = result
-            .iter()
-            .map(|q| q.build(backend))
-            .collect::<Vec<String>>()
-            .join("\n");
-
-        if matches!(backend, DatabaseBackend::Sqlite) {
-            // Unique constraint should be in the temp table definition
-            assert!(sql.contains("CREATE TABLE"));
-        }
-
-        with_settings!({ snapshot_suffix => format!("remove_primary_key_with_unique_constraint_{:?}", backend) }, {
-            assert_snapshot!(sql);
-        });
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_remove_constraint_unique_sqlite_table_not_found() {
-        // Test error when table is not found (line 112)
-        let constraint = TableConstraint::Unique {
-            name: Some("uq_email".into()),
-            columns: vec!["email".into()],
-        };
-        let result = build_remove_constraint(
-            &DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
-            "nonexistent_table",
-            &constraint,
-            &[], // Empty schema
-            &[],
-        );
-        assert!(result.is_err());
-        let err_msg = result.unwrap_err().to_string();
-        assert!(err_msg.contains("Table 'nonexistent_table' not found in current schema"));
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case::remove_unique_without_name_postgres(DatabaseBackend::Postgres)]
-    #[case::remove_unique_without_name_mysql(DatabaseBackend::MySql)]
-    #[case::remove_unique_without_name_sqlite(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite)]
-    fn test_remove_constraint_unique_without_name(#[case] backend: DatabaseBackend) {
-        // Test Unique removal without name (lines 134, 137, 210)
-        let constraint = TableConstraint::Unique {
-            name: None,
-            columns: vec!["email".into()],
-        };
-        let current_schema = vec![TableDef {
-            name: "users".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "id".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "email".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                    nullable: true,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![constraint.clone()],
-        }];
-
-        let result =
-            build_remove_constraint(&backend, "users", &constraint, &current_schema, &[]).unwrap();
-        let sql = result
-            .iter()
-            .map(|q| q.build(backend))
-            .collect::<Vec<String>>()
-            .join("\n");
-
-        // Should generate default constraint name
-        if !matches!(backend, DatabaseBackend::Sqlite) {
-            assert!(sql.contains("users_email_key") || sql.contains("email"));
-        }
-
-        with_settings!({ snapshot_suffix => format!("remove_unique_without_name_{:?}", backend) }, {
-            assert_snapshot!(sql);
-        });
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case::remove_unique_with_index_postgres(DatabaseBackend::Postgres)]
-    #[case::remove_unique_with_index_mysql(DatabaseBackend::MySql)]
-    #[case::remove_unique_with_index_sqlite(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite)]
-    fn test_remove_constraint_unique_with_index(#[case] backend: DatabaseBackend) {
-        // Test Unique removal with indexes
-        let constraint = TableConstraint::Unique {
-            name: Some("uq_email".into()),
-            columns: vec!["email".into()],
-        };
-        let current_schema = vec![TableDef {
-            name: "users".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "id".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "email".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                    nullable: true,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![
-                constraint.clone(),
-                TableConstraint::Index {
-                    name: Some("idx_id".into()),
-                    columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                },
-            ],
-        }];
-
-        let result =
-            build_remove_constraint(&backend, "users", &constraint, &current_schema, &[]).unwrap();
-        let sql = result
-            .iter()
-            .map(|q| q.build(backend))
-            .collect::<Vec<String>>()
-            .join("\n");
-
-        if matches!(backend, DatabaseBackend::Sqlite) {
-            assert!(sql.contains("CREATE INDEX"));
-            assert!(sql.contains("ix_users__idx_id"));
-        }
-
-        with_settings!({ snapshot_suffix => format!("remove_unique_with_index_{:?}", backend) }, {
-            assert_snapshot!(sql);
-        });
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case::remove_unique_with_other_unique_constraint_postgres(DatabaseBackend::Postgres)]
-    #[case::remove_unique_with_other_unique_constraint_mysql(DatabaseBackend::MySql)]
-    #[case::remove_unique_with_other_unique_constraint_sqlite(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite)]
-    fn test_remove_constraint_unique_with_other_unique_constraint(
-        #[case] backend: DatabaseBackend,
-    ) {
-        // Test Unique removal with another unique constraint
-        let constraint = TableConstraint::Unique {
-            name: Some("uq_email".into()),
-            columns: vec!["email".into()],
-        };
-        let current_schema = vec![TableDef {
-            name: "users".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "id".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "email".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                    nullable: true,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![
-                constraint.clone(),
-                TableConstraint::Unique {
-                    name: Some("uq_name".into()),
-                    columns: vec!["name".into()],
-                },
-            ],
-        }];
-
-        let result =
-            build_remove_constraint(&backend, "users", &constraint, &current_schema, &[]).unwrap();
-        let sql = result
-            .iter()
-            .map(|q| q.build(backend))
-            .collect::<Vec<String>>()
-            .join("\n");
-
-        if matches!(backend, DatabaseBackend::Sqlite) {
-            // The remaining unique constraint should be preserved
-            assert!(sql.contains("CREATE TABLE"));
-        }
-
-        with_settings!({ snapshot_suffix => format!("remove_unique_with_other_unique_constraint_{:?}", backend) }, {
-            assert_snapshot!(sql);
-        });
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_remove_constraint_foreign_key_sqlite_table_not_found() {
-        // Test error when table is not found (line 236)
-        let constraint = TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-            name: Some("fk_user".into()),
-            columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
-            ref_table: "users".into(),
-            ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            on_delete: None,
-            on_update: None,
-        };
-        let result = build_remove_constraint(
-            &DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
-            "nonexistent_table",
-            &constraint,
-            &[], // Empty schema
-            &[],
-        );
-        assert!(result.is_err());
-        let err_msg = result.unwrap_err().to_string();
-        assert!(err_msg.contains("Table 'nonexistent_table' not found in current schema"));
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case::remove_foreign_key_without_name_postgres(DatabaseBackend::Postgres)]
-    #[case::remove_foreign_key_without_name_mysql(DatabaseBackend::MySql)]
-    #[case::remove_foreign_key_without_name_sqlite(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite)]
-    fn test_remove_constraint_foreign_key_without_name(#[case] backend: DatabaseBackend) {
-        // Test ForeignKey removal without name (lines 260, 263, 329)
-        let constraint = TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-            name: None,
-            columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
-            ref_table: "users".into(),
-            ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            on_delete: None,
-            on_update: None,
-        };
-        let current_schema = vec![TableDef {
-            name: "posts".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "id".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "user_id".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                    nullable: true,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![constraint.clone()],
-        }];
-
-        let result =
-            build_remove_constraint(&backend, "posts", &constraint, &current_schema, &[]).unwrap();
-        let sql = result
-            .iter()
-            .map(|q| q.build(backend))
-            .collect::<Vec<String>>()
-            .join("\n");
-
-        // Should generate default constraint name
-        if !matches!(backend, DatabaseBackend::Sqlite) {
-            assert!(sql.contains("posts_user_id_fkey") || sql.contains("user_id"));
-        }
-
-        with_settings!({ snapshot_suffix => format!("remove_foreign_key_without_name_{:?}", backend) }, {
-            assert_snapshot!(sql);
-        });
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case::remove_foreign_key_with_index_postgres(DatabaseBackend::Postgres)]
-    #[case::remove_foreign_key_with_index_mysql(DatabaseBackend::MySql)]
-    #[case::remove_foreign_key_with_index_sqlite(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite)]
-    fn test_remove_constraint_foreign_key_with_index(#[case] backend: DatabaseBackend) {
-        // Test ForeignKey removal with indexes
-        let constraint = TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-            name: Some("fk_user".into()),
-            columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
-            ref_table: "users".into(),
-            ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            on_delete: None,
-            on_update: None,
-        };
-        let current_schema = vec![TableDef {
-            name: "posts".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "id".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "user_id".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                    nullable: true,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![
-                constraint.clone(),
-                TableConstraint::Index {
-                    name: Some("idx_user_id".into()),
-                    columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
-                },
-            ],
-        }];
-
-        let result =
-            build_remove_constraint(&backend, "posts", &constraint, &current_schema, &[]).unwrap();
-        let sql = result
-            .iter()
-            .map(|q| q.build(backend))
-            .collect::<Vec<String>>()
-            .join("\n");
-
-        if matches!(backend, DatabaseBackend::Sqlite) {
-            assert!(sql.contains("CREATE INDEX"));
-            assert!(sql.contains("idx_user_id"));
-        }
-
-        with_settings!({ snapshot_suffix => format!("remove_foreign_key_with_index_{:?}", backend) }, {
-            assert_snapshot!(sql);
-        });
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case::remove_foreign_key_with_unique_constraint_postgres(DatabaseBackend::Postgres)]
-    #[case::remove_foreign_key_with_unique_constraint_mysql(DatabaseBackend::MySql)]
-    #[case::remove_foreign_key_with_unique_constraint_sqlite(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite)]
-    fn test_remove_constraint_foreign_key_with_unique_constraint(#[case] backend: DatabaseBackend) {
-        // Test ForeignKey removal with unique constraint
-        let constraint = TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-            name: Some("fk_user".into()),
-            columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
-            ref_table: "users".into(),
-            ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            on_delete: None,
-            on_update: None,
-        };
-        let current_schema = vec![TableDef {
-            name: "posts".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "id".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "user_id".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                    nullable: true,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![
-                constraint.clone(),
-                TableConstraint::Unique {
-                    name: Some("uq_user_id".into()),
-                    columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
-                },
-            ],
-        }];
-
-        let result =
-            build_remove_constraint(&backend, "posts", &constraint, &current_schema, &[]).unwrap();
-        let sql = result
-            .iter()
-            .map(|q| q.build(backend))
-            .collect::<Vec<String>>()
-            .join("\n");
-
-        if matches!(backend, DatabaseBackend::Sqlite) {
-            // Unique constraint should be preserved in the temp table
-            assert!(sql.contains("CREATE TABLE"));
-        }
-
-        with_settings!({ snapshot_suffix => format!("remove_foreign_key_with_unique_constraint_{:?}", backend) }, {
-            assert_snapshot!(sql);
-        });
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_remove_constraint_check_sqlite_table_not_found() {
-        // Test error when table is not found (line 346)
-        let constraint = TableConstraint::Check {
-            name: "chk_age".into(),
-            expr: "age > 0".into(),
-        };
-        let result = build_remove_constraint(
-            &DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
-            "nonexistent_table",
-            &constraint,
-            &[], // Empty schema
-            &[],
-        );
-        assert!(result.is_err());
-        let err_msg = result.unwrap_err().to_string();
-        assert!(err_msg.contains("Table 'nonexistent_table' not found in current schema"));
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case::remove_check_with_index_postgres(DatabaseBackend::Postgres)]
-    #[case::remove_check_with_index_mysql(DatabaseBackend::MySql)]
-    #[case::remove_check_with_index_sqlite(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite)]
-    fn test_remove_constraint_check_with_index(#[case] backend: DatabaseBackend) {
-        // Test Check removal with indexes
-        let constraint = TableConstraint::Check {
-            name: "chk_age".into(),
-            expr: "age > 0".into(),
-        };
-        let current_schema = vec![TableDef {
-            name: "users".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "id".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "age".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                    nullable: true,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![
-                constraint.clone(),
-                TableConstraint::Index {
-                    name: Some("idx_age".into()),
-                    columns: vec!["age".into()],
-                },
-            ],
-        }];
-
-        let result =
-            build_remove_constraint(&backend, "users", &constraint, &current_schema, &[]).unwrap();
-        let sql = result
-            .iter()
-            .map(|q| q.build(backend))
-            .collect::<Vec<String>>()
-            .join("\n");
-
-        if matches!(backend, DatabaseBackend::Sqlite) {
-            assert!(sql.contains("CREATE INDEX"));
-            assert!(sql.contains("idx_age"));
-        }
-
-        with_settings!({ snapshot_suffix => format!("remove_check_with_index_{:?}", backend) }, {
-            assert_snapshot!(sql);
-        });
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case::remove_check_with_unique_constraint_postgres(DatabaseBackend::Postgres)]
-    #[case::remove_check_with_unique_constraint_mysql(DatabaseBackend::MySql)]
-    #[case::remove_check_with_unique_constraint_sqlite(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite)]
-    fn test_remove_constraint_check_with_unique_constraint(#[case] backend: DatabaseBackend) {
-        // Test Check removal with unique constraint
-        let constraint = TableConstraint::Check {
-            name: "chk_age".into(),
-            expr: "age > 0".into(),
-        };
-        let current_schema = vec![TableDef {
-            name: "users".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "id".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "age".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                    nullable: true,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![
-                constraint.clone(),
-                TableConstraint::Unique {
-                    name: Some("uq_age".into()),
-                    columns: vec!["age".into()],
-                },
-            ],
-        }];
-
-        let result =
-            build_remove_constraint(&backend, "users", &constraint, &current_schema, &[]).unwrap();
-        let sql = result
-            .iter()
-            .map(|q| q.build(backend))
-            .collect::<Vec<String>>()
-            .join("\n");
-
-        if matches!(backend, DatabaseBackend::Sqlite) {
-            // Unique constraint should be preserved in the temp table
-            assert!(sql.contains("CREATE TABLE"));
-        }
-
-        with_settings!({ snapshot_suffix => format!("remove_check_with_unique_constraint_{:?}", backend) }, {
-            assert_snapshot!(sql);
-        });
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case::remove_unique_with_other_constraints_postgres(DatabaseBackend::Postgres)]
-    #[case::remove_unique_with_other_constraints_mysql(DatabaseBackend::MySql)]
-    #[case::remove_unique_with_other_constraints_sqlite(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite)]
-    fn test_remove_constraint_unique_with_other_constraints(#[case] backend: DatabaseBackend) {
-        // Test Unique removal with other constraint types (line 137)
-        let constraint = TableConstraint::Unique {
-            name: Some("uq_email".into()),
-            columns: vec!["email".into()],
-        };
-        let current_schema = vec![TableDef {
-            name: "users".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "id".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "email".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                    nullable: true,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![
-                TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                    columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                    auto_increment: false,
-                },
-                constraint.clone(),
-                TableConstraint::Check {
-                    name: "chk_email".into(),
-                    expr: "email IS NOT NULL".into(),
-                },
-            ],
-        }];
-
-        let result =
-            build_remove_constraint(&backend, "users", &constraint, &current_schema, &[]).unwrap();
-        let sql = result
-            .iter()
-            .map(|q| q.build(backend))
-            .collect::<Vec<String>>()
-            .join("\n");
-
-        // Should still work with other constraint types present
-        assert!(sql.contains("DROP") || sql.contains("CREATE TABLE"));
-
-        with_settings!({ snapshot_suffix => format!("remove_unique_with_other_constraints_{:?}", backend) }, {
-            assert_snapshot!(sql);
-        });
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case::remove_foreign_key_with_other_constraints_postgres(DatabaseBackend::Postgres)]
-    #[case::remove_foreign_key_with_other_constraints_mysql(DatabaseBackend::MySql)]
-    #[case::remove_foreign_key_with_other_constraints_sqlite(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite)]
-    fn test_remove_constraint_foreign_key_with_other_constraints(#[case] backend: DatabaseBackend) {
-        // Test ForeignKey removal with other constraint types (line 263)
-        let constraint = TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
-            name: Some("fk_user".into()),
-            columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
-            ref_table: "users".into(),
-            ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            on_delete: None,
-            on_update: None,
-        };
-        let current_schema = vec![TableDef {
-            name: "posts".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "id".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "user_id".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                    nullable: true,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![
-                TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                    columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                    auto_increment: false,
-                },
-                constraint.clone(),
-                TableConstraint::Unique {
-                    name: Some("uq_user_id".into()),
-                    columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
-                },
-                TableConstraint::Check {
-                    name: "chk_user_id".into(),
-                    expr: "user_id > 0".into(),
-                },
-            ],
-        }];
-
-        let result =
-            build_remove_constraint(&backend, "posts", &constraint, &current_schema, &[]).unwrap();
-        let sql = result
-            .iter()
-            .map(|q| q.build(backend))
-            .collect::<Vec<String>>()
-            .join("\n");
-
-        // Should still work with other constraint types present
-        assert!(sql.contains("DROP") || sql.contains("CREATE TABLE"));
-
-        with_settings!({ snapshot_suffix => format!("remove_foreign_key_with_other_constraints_{:?}", backend) }, {
-            assert_snapshot!(sql);
-        });
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case::remove_check_with_other_constraints_postgres(DatabaseBackend::Postgres)]
-    #[case::remove_check_with_other_constraints_mysql(DatabaseBackend::MySql)]
-    #[case::remove_check_with_other_constraints_sqlite(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite)]
-    fn test_remove_constraint_check_with_other_constraints(#[case] backend: DatabaseBackend) {
-        // Test Check removal with other constraint types (line 357)
-        let constraint = TableConstraint::Check {
-            name: "chk_age".into(),
-            expr: "age > 0".into(),
-        };
-        let current_schema = vec![TableDef {
-            name: "users".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "id".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                    nullable: false,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-                ColumnDef {
-                    name: "age".into(),
-                    r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                    nullable: true,
-                    default: None,
-                    comment: None,
-                    primary_key: None,
-                    unique: None,
-                    index: None,
-                    foreign_key: None,
-                },
-            ],
-            constraints: vec![
-                TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-                    columns: vec!["id".into()],
-                    auto_increment: false,
-                },
-                TableConstraint::Unique {
-                    name: Some("uq_age".into()),
-                    columns: vec!["age".into()],
-                },
-                constraint.clone(),
-            ],
-        }];
-
-        let result =
-            build_remove_constraint(&backend, "users", &constraint, &current_schema, &[]).unwrap();
-        let sql = result
-            .iter()
-            .map(|q| q.build(backend))
-            .collect::<Vec<String>>()
-            .join("\n");
-
-        // Should still work with other constraint types present
-        assert!(sql.contains("DROP") || sql.contains("CREATE TABLE"));
-
-        with_settings!({ snapshot_suffix => format!("remove_check_with_other_constraints_{:?}", backend) }, {
-            assert_snapshot!(sql);
-        });
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_remove_constraint_primary_key_postgres_direct() {
-        // Direct non-rstest coverage for PK drop on Postgres (lines 53-54)
-        let constraint = TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-            columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            auto_increment: false,
-        };
-        let schema = vec![TableDef {
-            name: "orders".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![ColumnDef {
-                name: "id".into(),
-                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                nullable: false,
-                default: None,
-                comment: None,
-                primary_key: None,
-                unique: None,
-                index: None,
-                foreign_key: None,
-            }],
-            constraints: vec![constraint.clone()],
-        }];
-        let result = build_remove_constraint(
-            &DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
-            "orders",
-            &constraint,
-            &schema,
-            &[],
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(result.len(), 1);
-        let sql = result[0].build(DatabaseBackend::Postgres);
-        assert!(sql.contains("ALTER TABLE \"orders\" DROP CONSTRAINT \"orders_pkey\""));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_remove_constraint_primary_key_mysql_direct() {
-        // Direct non-rstest coverage for PK drop on MySQL (lines 53-54)
-        let constraint = TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
-            columns: vec!["id".into()],
-            auto_increment: false,
-        };
-        let schema = vec![TableDef {
-            name: "orders".into(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![ColumnDef {
-                name: "id".into(),
-                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
-                nullable: false,
-                default: None,
-                comment: None,
-                primary_key: None,
-                unique: None,
-                index: None,
-                foreign_key: None,
-            }],
-            constraints: vec![constraint.clone()],
-        }];
-        let result =
-            build_remove_constraint(&DatabaseBackend::MySql, "orders", &constraint, &schema, &[])
-                .unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(result.len(), 1);
-        let sql = result[0].build(DatabaseBackend::MySql);
-        assert!(sql.contains("ALTER TABLE `orders` DROP PRIMARY KEY"));
-    }
-
-    #[rstest]
-    #[case::remove_index_with_custom_inline_name_postgres(DatabaseBackend::Postgres)]
-    #[case::remove_index_with_custom_inline_name_mysql(DatabaseBackend::MySql)]
-    #[case::remove_index_with_custom_inline_name_sqlite(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite)]
-    fn test_remove_constraint_index_with_custom_inline_name(#[case] backend: DatabaseBackend) {
-        // Test Index removal with a custom name from inline index field
-        // This tests the scenario where index: "custom_idx_name" is used
-        let constraint = TableConstraint::Index {
-            name: Some("custom_idx_email".into()),
-            columns: vec!["email".into()],
-        };
-
-        let schema = vec![TableDef {
-            name: "users".to_string(),
-            description: None,
-            columns: vec![ColumnDef {
-                name: "email".to_string(),
-                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
-                nullable: true,
-                default: None,
-                comment: None,
-                primary_key: None,
-                unique: None,
-                index: Some(vespertide_core::StrOrBoolOrArray::Str(
-                    "custom_idx_email".into(),
-                )),
-                foreign_key: None,
-            }],
-            constraints: vec![],
-        }];
-
-        let result = build_remove_constraint(&backend, "users", &constraint, &schema, &[]);
-        assert!(result.is_ok());
-        let sql = result
-            .unwrap()
-            .iter()
-            .map(|q| q.build(backend))
-            .collect::<Vec<String>>()
-            .join("\n");
-
-        // Should use the custom index name
-        assert!(sql.contains("custom_idx_email"));
-
-        with_settings!({ snapshot_suffix => format!("remove_index_custom_name_{:?}", backend) }, {
-            assert_snapshot!(sql);
-        });
-    }
-}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/remove_constraint/mod.rs b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/remove_constraint/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1e0ca52c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/remove_constraint/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+mod mysql;
+mod postgres;
+mod sqlite;
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests;
+
+use sea_query::Alias;
+
+use vespertide_core::{TableConstraint, TableDef};
+
+use super::types::{BuiltQuery, DatabaseBackend};
+use crate::error::QueryError;
+
+pub fn build_remove_constraint(
+    backend: DatabaseBackend,
+    table: &str,
+    constraint: &TableConstraint,
+    current_schema: &[TableDef],
+    pending_constraints: &[TableConstraint],
+) -> Result<Vec<BuiltQuery>, QueryError> {
+    if backend == DatabaseBackend::Sqlite && sqlite::requires_rebuild(constraint) {
+        return sqlite::build_remove_constraint(
+            table,
+            constraint,
+            current_schema,
+            pending_constraints,
+        );
+    }
+
+    match backend {
+        DatabaseBackend::Postgres => Ok(postgres::build_remove_constraint(table, constraint)),
+        DatabaseBackend::MySql => Ok(mysql::build_remove_constraint(table, constraint)),
+        DatabaseBackend::Sqlite => build_drop_index(table, constraint),
+    }
+}
+
+fn build_drop_index(
+    table: &str,
+    constraint: &TableConstraint,
+) -> Result<Vec<BuiltQuery>, QueryError> {
+    let TableConstraint::Index { name, columns } = constraint else {
+        return Err(QueryError::Other(format!(
+            "SQLite constraint '{}' requires a table rebuild",
+            constraint_kind(constraint)
+        )));
+    };
+
+    let index_name = vespertide_naming::build_index_name(table, columns, name.as_deref());
+    let idx_drop = sea_query::Index::drop()
+        .table(Alias::new(table))
+        .name(&index_name)
+        .to_owned();
+    Ok(vec![BuiltQuery::DropIndex(Box::new(idx_drop))])
+}
+
+fn constraint_kind(constraint: &TableConstraint) -> &'static str {
+    match constraint {
+        TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { .. } => "primary key",
+        TableConstraint::Unique { .. } => "unique",
+        TableConstraint::ForeignKey { .. } => "foreign key",
+        TableConstraint::Index { .. } => "index",
+        TableConstraint::Check { .. } => "check",
+        _ => unreachable!("TableConstraint is #[non_exhaustive]; all variants are matched above"),
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/remove_constraint/mysql.rs b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/remove_constraint/mysql.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..672e5ecd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/remove_constraint/mysql.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+use sea_query::Alias;
+
+use vespertide_core::TableConstraint;
+
+use crate::sql::helpers::quote_ident;
+use crate::sql::types::BuiltQuery;
+use crate::sql::{DatabaseBackend, RawSql};
+
+pub fn build_remove_constraint(table: &str, constraint: &TableConstraint) -> Vec<BuiltQuery> {
+    match constraint {
+        TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { .. } => {
+            let pg_table = quote_ident(table, DatabaseBackend::Postgres);
+            let pg_pkey = quote_ident(&format!("{table}_pkey"), DatabaseBackend::Postgres);
+            let mysql_table = quote_ident(table, DatabaseBackend::MySql);
+            let pg_sql = format!("ALTER TABLE {pg_table} DROP CONSTRAINT {pg_pkey}");
+            vec![BuiltQuery::Raw(RawSql::per_backend(
+                pg_sql.clone(),
+                format!("ALTER TABLE {mysql_table} DROP PRIMARY KEY"),
+                pg_sql,
+            ))]
+        }
+        TableConstraint::Unique { name, columns } => {
+            let constraint_name =
+                vespertide_naming::build_unique_constraint_name(table, columns, name.as_deref());
+            let pg_constraint = quote_ident(&constraint_name, DatabaseBackend::Postgres);
+            let mysql_table = quote_ident(table, DatabaseBackend::MySql);
+            let mysql_constraint = quote_ident(&constraint_name, DatabaseBackend::MySql);
+            let pg_sql = format!("DROP INDEX {pg_constraint}");
+            vec![BuiltQuery::Raw(RawSql::per_backend(
+                pg_sql.clone(),
+                format!("ALTER TABLE {mysql_table} DROP INDEX {mysql_constraint}"),
+                pg_sql,
+            ))]
+        }
+        TableConstraint::ForeignKey { name, columns, .. } => {
+            let constraint_name =
+                vespertide_naming::build_foreign_key_name(table, columns, name.as_deref());
+            let pg_table = quote_ident(table, DatabaseBackend::Postgres);
+            let pg_constraint = quote_ident(&constraint_name, DatabaseBackend::Postgres);
+            let mysql_table = quote_ident(table, DatabaseBackend::MySql);
+            let mysql_constraint = quote_ident(&constraint_name, DatabaseBackend::MySql);
+            let pg_sql = format!("ALTER TABLE {pg_table} DROP CONSTRAINT {pg_constraint}");
+            vec![BuiltQuery::Raw(RawSql::per_backend(
+                pg_sql.clone(),
+                format!("ALTER TABLE {mysql_table} DROP FOREIGN KEY {mysql_constraint}"),
+                pg_sql,
+            ))]
+        }
+        TableConstraint::Index { name, columns } => {
+            let index_name = vespertide_naming::build_index_name(table, columns, name.as_deref());
+            let idx_drop = sea_query::Index::drop()
+                .table(Alias::new(table))
+                .name(&index_name)
+                .to_owned();
+            vec![BuiltQuery::DropIndex(Box::new(idx_drop))]
+        }
+        TableConstraint::Check { name, .. } => {
+            let pg_table = quote_ident(table, DatabaseBackend::Postgres);
+            let pg_name = quote_ident(name, DatabaseBackend::Postgres);
+            let mysql_table = quote_ident(table, DatabaseBackend::MySql);
+            let mysql_name = quote_ident(name, DatabaseBackend::MySql);
+            let pg_sql = format!("ALTER TABLE {pg_table} DROP CONSTRAINT {pg_name}");
+            vec![BuiltQuery::Raw(RawSql::per_backend(
+                pg_sql.clone(),
+                format!("ALTER TABLE {mysql_table} DROP CHECK {mysql_name}"),
+                pg_sql,
+            ))]
+        }
+        _ => unreachable!("TableConstraint is #[non_exhaustive]; all variants are matched above"),
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/remove_constraint/postgres.rs b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/remove_constraint/postgres.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..08944ed1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/remove_constraint/postgres.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+use sea_query::{Alias, ForeignKey};
+
+use vespertide_core::TableConstraint;
+
+use crate::sql::helpers::quote_ident;
+use crate::sql::types::BuiltQuery;
+use crate::sql::{DatabaseBackend, RawSql};
+
+pub fn build_remove_constraint(table: &str, constraint: &TableConstraint) -> Vec<BuiltQuery> {
+    match constraint {
+        TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { .. } => {
+            let pg_table = quote_ident(table, DatabaseBackend::Postgres);
+            let pg_pkey = quote_ident(&format!("{table}_pkey"), DatabaseBackend::Postgres);
+            let mysql_table = quote_ident(table, DatabaseBackend::MySql);
+            let pg_sql = format!("ALTER TABLE {pg_table} DROP CONSTRAINT {pg_pkey}");
+            vec![BuiltQuery::Raw(RawSql::per_backend(
+                pg_sql.clone(),
+                format!("ALTER TABLE {mysql_table} DROP PRIMARY KEY"),
+                pg_sql,
+            ))]
+        }
+        TableConstraint::Unique { name, columns } => {
+            let constraint_name =
+                vespertide_naming::build_unique_constraint_name(table, columns, name.as_deref());
+            let pg_constraint = quote_ident(&constraint_name, DatabaseBackend::Postgres);
+            let mysql_table = quote_ident(table, DatabaseBackend::MySql);
+            let mysql_constraint = quote_ident(&constraint_name, DatabaseBackend::MySql);
+            let pg_sql = format!("DROP INDEX {pg_constraint}");
+            vec![BuiltQuery::Raw(RawSql::per_backend(
+                pg_sql.clone(),
+                format!("ALTER TABLE {mysql_table} DROP INDEX {mysql_constraint}"),
+                pg_sql,
+            ))]
+        }
+        TableConstraint::ForeignKey { name, columns, .. } => {
+            let constraint_name =
+                vespertide_naming::build_foreign_key_name(table, columns, name.as_deref());
+            let fk_drop = ForeignKey::drop()
+                .name(&constraint_name)
+                .table(Alias::new(table))
+                .to_owned();
+            vec![BuiltQuery::DropForeignKey(Box::new(fk_drop))]
+        }
+        TableConstraint::Index { name, columns } => {
+            let index_name = vespertide_naming::build_index_name(table, columns, name.as_deref());
+            let idx_drop = sea_query::Index::drop()
+                .table(Alias::new(table))
+                .name(&index_name)
+                .to_owned();
+            vec![BuiltQuery::DropIndex(Box::new(idx_drop))]
+        }
+        TableConstraint::Check { name, .. } => {
+            let pg_table = quote_ident(table, DatabaseBackend::Postgres);
+            let pg_name = quote_ident(name, DatabaseBackend::Postgres);
+            let mysql_table = quote_ident(table, DatabaseBackend::MySql);
+            let mysql_name = quote_ident(name, DatabaseBackend::MySql);
+            let pg_sql = format!("ALTER TABLE {pg_table} DROP CONSTRAINT {pg_name}");
+            vec![BuiltQuery::Raw(RawSql::per_backend(
+                pg_sql.clone(),
+                format!("ALTER TABLE {mysql_table} DROP CHECK {mysql_name}"),
+                pg_sql,
+            ))]
+        }
+        _ => unreachable!("TableConstraint is #[non_exhaustive]; all variants are matched above"),
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/remove_constraint/sqlite.rs b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/remove_constraint/sqlite.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..587941e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/remove_constraint/sqlite.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+use sea_query::{Alias, Query, Table};
+
+use vespertide_core::{TableConstraint, TableDef};
+
+use crate::error::QueryError;
+use crate::sql::helpers::{build_sqlite_temp_table_create, recreate_indexes_after_rebuild};
+use crate::sql::rename_table::build_rename_table;
+use crate::sql::types::{BuiltQuery, DatabaseBackend};
+
+pub fn requires_rebuild(constraint: &TableConstraint) -> bool {
+    matches!(
+        constraint,
+        TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { .. }
+            | TableConstraint::Unique { .. }
+            | TableConstraint::ForeignKey { .. }
+            | TableConstraint::Check { .. }
+    )
+}
+
+pub fn build_remove_constraint(
+    table: &str,
+    constraint: &TableConstraint,
+    current_schema: &[TableDef],
+    pending_constraints: &[TableConstraint],
+) -> Result<Vec<BuiltQuery>, QueryError> {
+    let table_def = current_schema.iter().find(|t| t.name == table).ok_or_else(|| {
+        QueryError::Other(format!(
+            "Table '{table}' not found in current schema. SQLite requires current schema information to remove constraints."
+        ))
+    })?;
+
+    let new_constraints = constraints_without(table_def, constraint);
+    let constraints_to_recreate = if matches!(constraint, TableConstraint::Unique { .. }) {
+        &new_constraints
+    } else {
+        &table_def.constraints
+    };
+
+    Ok(rebuild_table_without_constraint(
+        table,
+        table_def,
+        &new_constraints,
+        constraints_to_recreate,
+        pending_constraints,
+    ))
+}
+
+fn constraints_without(table_def: &TableDef, removed: &TableConstraint) -> Vec<TableConstraint> {
+    table_def
+        .constraints
+        .iter()
+        .filter(|candidate| !same_constraint(candidate, removed))
+        .cloned()
+        .collect()
+}
+
+fn same_constraint(candidate: &TableConstraint, removed: &TableConstraint) -> bool {
+    match (candidate, removed) {
+        (TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { .. }, TableConstraint::PrimaryKey { .. }) => true,
+        (
+            TableConstraint::Unique {
+                name: candidate_name,
+                columns: candidate_columns,
+            },
+            TableConstraint::Unique {
+                name: removed_name,
+                columns: removed_columns,
+            },
+        )
+        | (
+            TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                name: candidate_name,
+                columns: candidate_columns,
+                ..
+            },
+            TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                name: removed_name,
+                columns: removed_columns,
+                ..
+            },
+        ) => same_named_or_column_constraint(
+            candidate_name.as_ref(),
+            candidate_columns,
+            removed_name.as_ref(),
+            removed_columns,
+        ),
+        (
+            TableConstraint::Check {
+                name: candidate_name,
+                ..
+            },
+            TableConstraint::Check {
+                name: removed_name, ..
+            },
+        ) => candidate_name == removed_name,
+        _ => false,
+    }
+}
+
+fn same_named_or_column_constraint(
+    candidate_name: Option<&String>,
+    candidate_columns: &[String],
+    removed_name: Option<&String>,
+    removed_columns: &[String],
+) -> bool {
+    if let (Some(candidate_name), Some(removed_name)) = (candidate_name, removed_name) {
+        candidate_name == removed_name
+    } else {
+        candidate_columns == removed_columns
+    }
+}
+
+fn rebuild_table_without_constraint(
+    table: &str,
+    table_def: &TableDef,
+    new_constraints: &[TableConstraint],
+    constraints_to_recreate: &[TableConstraint],
+    pending_constraints: &[TableConstraint],
+) -> Vec<BuiltQuery> {
+    let temp_table = format!("{table}_temp");
+
+    // SQLite has no native ALTER TABLE DROP CONSTRAINT. Keep the canonical rebuild sequence:
+    // create temp table, copy rows, drop original, rename temp, then recreate indexes.
+    let create_query = build_sqlite_temp_table_create(
+        DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
+        &temp_table,
+        table,
+        &table_def.columns,
+        new_constraints,
+    );
+    let insert_query = build_copy_into_temp_table(table, &temp_table, table_def);
+    let drop_query =
+        BuiltQuery::DropTable(Box::new(Table::drop().table(Alias::new(table)).to_owned()));
+    let rename_query = build_rename_table(&temp_table, table);
+    let index_queries =
+        recreate_indexes_after_rebuild(table, constraints_to_recreate, pending_constraints);
+
+    let mut queries = vec![create_query, insert_query, drop_query, rename_query];
+    queries.extend(index_queries);
+    queries
+}
+
+fn build_copy_into_temp_table(table: &str, temp_table: &str, table_def: &TableDef) -> BuiltQuery {
+    let column_aliases: Vec<Alias> = table_def
+        .columns
+        .iter()
+        .map(|column| Alias::new(&column.name))
+        .collect();
+
+    let mut select_query = Query::select();
+    for column_alias in &column_aliases {
+        select_query.column(column_alias.clone());
+    }
+    select_query.from(Alias::new(table));
+
+    let insert_stmt = Query::insert()
+        .into_table(Alias::new(temp_table))
+        .columns(column_aliases)
+        .select_from(select_query)
+        .expect("SQLite temp table copy SELECT should be valid")
+        .to_owned();
+
+    BuiltQuery::Insert(Box::new(insert_stmt))
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/remove_constraint/tests.rs b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/remove_constraint/tests.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3fe92c70
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/remove_constraint/tests.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,438 @@
+use super::*;
+use crate::sql::types::DatabaseBackend;
+use insta::{assert_snapshot, with_settings};
+use rstest::rstest;
+use vespertide_core::{ColumnDef, ColumnType, SimpleColumnType, StrOrBoolOrArray, TableConstraint};
+
+fn int_col(name: &str) -> ColumnDef {
+    col(name, SimpleColumnType::Integer)
+}
+
+fn text_col(name: &str) -> ColumnDef {
+    col(name, SimpleColumnType::Text)
+}
+
+fn col(name: &str, ty: SimpleColumnType) -> ColumnDef {
+    ColumnDef {
+        name: name.into(),
+        r#type: ColumnType::Simple(ty),
+        nullable: name != "id",
+        default: None,
+        comment: None,
+        primary_key: None,
+        unique: None,
+        index: None,
+        foreign_key: None,
+    }
+}
+
+fn table(name: &str, columns: Vec<ColumnDef>, constraints: Vec<TableConstraint>) -> TableDef {
+    TableDef {
+        name: name.into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns,
+        constraints,
+    }
+}
+
+fn pk() -> TableConstraint {
+    TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+        columns: vec!["id".into()],
+        auto_increment: false,
+    }
+}
+
+fn unique(name: Option<&str>, columns: &[&str]) -> TableConstraint {
+    TableConstraint::Unique {
+        name: name.map(Into::into),
+        columns: columns.iter().map(ToString::to_string).collect(),
+    }
+}
+
+fn fk(name: Option<&str>) -> TableConstraint {
+    TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+        name: name.map(Into::into),
+        columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
+        ref_table: "users".into(),
+        ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+        on_delete: None,
+        on_update: None,
+    }
+}
+
+fn check(name: &str) -> TableConstraint {
+    TableConstraint::Check {
+        name: name.into(),
+        expr: "age > 0".into(),
+    }
+}
+
+fn index(name: &str, columns: &[&str]) -> TableConstraint {
+    TableConstraint::Index {
+        name: Some(name.into()),
+        columns: columns.iter().map(ToString::to_string).collect(),
+    }
+}
+
+fn render(
+    backend: DatabaseBackend,
+    table_name: &str,
+    constraint: &TableConstraint,
+    schema: &[TableDef],
+) -> String {
+    build_remove_constraint(backend, table_name, constraint, schema, &[])
+        .unwrap()
+        .iter()
+        .map(|query| query.build(backend))
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+        .join("\n")
+}
+
+fn assert_rendered(
+    backend: DatabaseBackend,
+    table_name: &str,
+    constraint: &TableConstraint,
+    schema: &[TableDef],
+    expected: &[&str],
+) -> String {
+    let sql = render(backend, table_name, constraint, schema);
+    for fragment in expected {
+        assert!(
+            sql.contains(fragment),
+            "Expected SQL to contain '{fragment}', got: {sql}"
+        );
+    }
+    sql
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case::remove_constraint_primary_key_postgres(
+    "remove_constraint_primary_key_postgres",
+    DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
+    pk(),
+    vec![int_col("id")],
+    &["DROP CONSTRAINT \"users_pkey\""]
+)]
+#[case::remove_constraint_primary_key_mysql(
+    "remove_constraint_primary_key_mysql",
+    DatabaseBackend::MySql,
+    pk(),
+    vec![int_col("id")],
+    &["DROP PRIMARY KEY"]
+)]
+#[case::remove_constraint_primary_key_sqlite(
+    "remove_constraint_primary_key_sqlite",
+    DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
+    pk(),
+    vec![int_col("id")],
+    &["CREATE TABLE \"users_temp\""]
+)]
+#[case::remove_constraint_unique_named_postgres(
+    "remove_constraint_unique_named_postgres",
+    DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
+    unique(Some("uq_email"), &["email"]),
+    vec![int_col("id")],
+    &["DROP INDEX \"uq_users__uq_email\""]
+)]
+#[case::remove_constraint_unique_named_mysql(
+    "remove_constraint_unique_named_mysql",
+    DatabaseBackend::MySql,
+    unique(Some("uq_email"), &["email"]),
+    vec![int_col("id")],
+    &["DROP INDEX `uq_users__uq_email`"]
+)]
+#[case::remove_constraint_unique_named_sqlite(
+    "remove_constraint_unique_named_sqlite",
+    DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
+    unique(Some("uq_email"), &["email"]),
+    vec![int_col("id")],
+    &["CREATE TABLE \"users_temp\""]
+)]
+#[case::remove_constraint_foreign_key_named_postgres(
+    "remove_constraint_foreign_key_named_postgres",
+    DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
+    fk(Some("fk_user")),
+    vec![int_col("id"), int_col("user_id")],
+    &["DROP CONSTRAINT \"fk_users__fk_user\""]
+)]
+#[case::remove_constraint_foreign_key_named_mysql(
+    "remove_constraint_foreign_key_named_mysql",
+    DatabaseBackend::MySql,
+    fk(Some("fk_user")),
+    vec![int_col("id"), int_col("user_id")],
+    &["DROP FOREIGN KEY `fk_users__fk_user`"]
+)]
+#[case::remove_constraint_foreign_key_named_sqlite(
+    "remove_constraint_foreign_key_named_sqlite",
+    DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
+    fk(Some("fk_user")),
+    vec![int_col("id"), int_col("user_id")],
+    &["CREATE TABLE \"users_temp\""]
+)]
+#[case::remove_constraint_check_named_postgres(
+    "remove_constraint_check_named_postgres",
+    DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
+    check("chk_age"),
+    vec![int_col("id"), int_col("age")],
+    &["DROP CONSTRAINT \"chk_age\""]
+)]
+#[case::remove_constraint_check_named_mysql(
+    "remove_constraint_check_named_mysql",
+    DatabaseBackend::MySql,
+    check("chk_age"),
+    vec![int_col("id"), int_col("age")],
+    &["DROP CHECK `chk_age`"]
+)]
+#[case::remove_constraint_check_named_sqlite(
+    "remove_constraint_check_named_sqlite",
+    DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
+    check("chk_age"),
+    vec![int_col("id"), int_col("age")],
+    &["CREATE TABLE \"users_temp\""]
+)]
+fn test_remove_constraint(
+    #[case] title: &str,
+    #[case] backend: DatabaseBackend,
+    #[case] constraint: TableConstraint,
+    #[case] columns: Vec<ColumnDef>,
+    #[case] expected: &[&str],
+) {
+    let schema = vec![table("users", columns, vec![constraint.clone()])];
+    let sql = assert_rendered(backend, "users", &constraint, &schema, expected);
+
+    with_settings!({ snapshot_path => "../snapshots", snapshot_suffix => format!("remove_constraint_{title}") }, {
+        assert_snapshot!(sql);
+    });
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case::primary_key(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite, pk())]
+#[case::unique(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite, unique(Some("uq_email"), &["email"]))]
+#[case::foreign_key(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite, fk(Some("fk_user")))]
+#[case::check(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite, check("chk_age"))]
+fn test_remove_constraint_sqlite_table_not_found(
+    #[case] backend: DatabaseBackend,
+    #[case] constraint: TableConstraint,
+) {
+    let result = build_remove_constraint(backend, "nonexistent_table", &constraint, &[], &[]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    assert!(
+        result
+            .unwrap_err()
+            .to_string()
+            .contains("Table 'nonexistent_table' not found in current schema")
+    );
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case::remove_primary_key_with_index(
+    "remove_primary_key_with_index",
+    "users",
+    pk(),
+    vec![int_col("id")],
+    vec![pk(), index("idx_id", &["id"])],
+    Some("ix_users__idx_id")
+)]
+#[case::remove_unique_with_index(
+    "remove_unique_with_index",
+    "users",
+    unique(Some("uq_email"), &["email"]),
+    vec![int_col("id"), text_col("email")],
+    vec![unique(Some("uq_email"), &["email"]), index("idx_id", &["id"])],
+    Some("ix_users__idx_id")
+)]
+#[case::remove_foreign_key_with_index(
+    "remove_foreign_key_with_index",
+    "posts",
+    fk(Some("fk_user")),
+    vec![int_col("id"), int_col("user_id")],
+    vec![fk(Some("fk_user")), index("idx_user_id", &["user_id"])],
+    Some("idx_user_id")
+)]
+#[case::remove_check_with_index(
+    "remove_check_with_index",
+    "users",
+    check("chk_age"),
+    vec![int_col("id"), int_col("age")],
+    vec![check("chk_age"), index("idx_age", &["age"])],
+    Some("idx_age")
+)]
+#[case::remove_primary_key_with_unique_constraint(
+    "remove_primary_key_with_unique_constraint",
+    "users",
+    pk(),
+    vec![int_col("id"), text_col("email")],
+    vec![pk(), unique(Some("uq_email"), &["email"])],
+    None
+)]
+#[case::remove_unique_with_other_unique_constraint(
+    "remove_unique_with_other_unique_constraint",
+    "users",
+    unique(Some("uq_email"), &["email"]),
+    vec![int_col("id"), text_col("email"), text_col("name")],
+    vec![unique(Some("uq_email"), &["email"]), unique(Some("uq_name"), &["name"])],
+    None
+)]
+#[case::remove_foreign_key_with_unique_constraint(
+    "remove_foreign_key_with_unique_constraint",
+    "posts",
+    fk(Some("fk_user")),
+    vec![int_col("id"), int_col("user_id")],
+    vec![fk(Some("fk_user")), unique(Some("uq_user_id"), &["user_id"])],
+    None
+)]
+#[case::remove_check_with_unique_constraint(
+    "remove_check_with_unique_constraint",
+    "users",
+    check("chk_age"),
+    vec![int_col("id"), int_col("age")],
+    vec![check("chk_age"), unique(Some("uq_age"), &["age"])],
+    None
+)]
+#[case::remove_unique_with_other_constraints(
+    "remove_unique_with_other_constraints",
+    "users",
+    unique(Some("uq_email"), &["email"]),
+    vec![int_col("id"), text_col("email")],
+    vec![pk(), unique(Some("uq_email"), &["email"]), TableConstraint::Check { name: "chk_email".into(), expr: "email IS NOT NULL".into() }],
+    None
+)]
+#[case::remove_foreign_key_with_other_constraints(
+    "remove_foreign_key_with_other_constraints",
+    "posts",
+    fk(Some("fk_user")),
+    vec![int_col("id"), int_col("user_id")],
+    vec![pk(), fk(Some("fk_user")), unique(Some("uq_user_id"), &["user_id"]), TableConstraint::Check { name: "chk_user_id".into(), expr: "user_id > 0".into() }],
+    None
+)]
+#[case::remove_check_with_other_constraints(
+    "remove_check_with_other_constraints",
+    "users",
+    check("chk_age"),
+    vec![int_col("id"), int_col("age")],
+    vec![pk(), unique(Some("uq_age"), &["age"]), check("chk_age")],
+    None
+)]
+fn test_remove_constraint_with_companion_constraints(
+    #[case] title: &str,
+    #[case] table_name: &str,
+    #[case] constraint: TableConstraint,
+    #[case] columns: Vec<ColumnDef>,
+    #[case] constraints: Vec<TableConstraint>,
+    #[case] sqlite_fragment: Option<&str>,
+) {
+    for backend in [
+        DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
+        DatabaseBackend::MySql,
+        DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
+    ] {
+        let schema = vec![table(table_name, columns.clone(), constraints.clone())];
+        let sql = render(backend, table_name, &constraint, &schema);
+
+        if matches!(backend, DatabaseBackend::Sqlite) {
+            assert!(sql.contains("CREATE TABLE"));
+            if let Some(fragment) = sqlite_fragment {
+                assert!(sql.contains(fragment), "Expected {fragment} in {sql}");
+            }
+        } else {
+            assert!(sql.contains("DROP"));
+        }
+
+        let _ = title;
+    }
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case::remove_unique_without_name(
+    "remove_unique_without_name",
+    "users",
+    unique(None, &["email"]),
+    vec![int_col("id"), text_col("email")]
+)]
+#[case::remove_foreign_key_without_name(
+    "remove_foreign_key_without_name",
+    "posts",
+    fk(None),
+    vec![int_col("id"), int_col("user_id")]
+)]
+fn test_remove_constraint_without_name(
+    #[case] title: &str,
+    #[case] table_name: &str,
+    #[case] constraint: TableConstraint,
+    #[case] columns: Vec<ColumnDef>,
+) {
+    for backend in [
+        DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
+        DatabaseBackend::MySql,
+        DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
+    ] {
+        let schema = vec![table(table_name, columns.clone(), vec![constraint.clone()])];
+        let sql = render(backend, table_name, &constraint, &schema);
+        if matches!(backend, DatabaseBackend::Sqlite) {
+            assert!(sql.contains("CREATE TABLE"));
+        } else {
+            assert!(sql.contains("email") || sql.contains("user_id"));
+        }
+
+        let _ = title;
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_remove_constraint_primary_key_postgres_direct() {
+    let constraint = pk();
+    let schema = vec![table(
+        "orders",
+        vec![int_col("id")],
+        vec![constraint.clone()],
+    )];
+    let result = build_remove_constraint(
+        DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
+        "orders",
+        &constraint,
+        &schema,
+        &[],
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(result.len(), 1);
+    assert!(
+        result[0]
+            .build(DatabaseBackend::Postgres)
+            .contains("ALTER TABLE \"orders\" DROP CONSTRAINT \"orders_pkey\"")
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_remove_constraint_primary_key_mysql_direct() {
+    let constraint = pk();
+    let schema = vec![table(
+        "orders",
+        vec![int_col("id")],
+        vec![constraint.clone()],
+    )];
+    let result =
+        build_remove_constraint(DatabaseBackend::MySql, "orders", &constraint, &schema, &[])
+            .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(result.len(), 1);
+    assert!(
+        result[0]
+            .build(DatabaseBackend::MySql)
+            .contains("ALTER TABLE `orders` DROP PRIMARY KEY")
+    );
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case::remove_index_with_custom_inline_name_postgres(DatabaseBackend::Postgres)]
+#[case::remove_index_with_custom_inline_name_mysql(DatabaseBackend::MySql)]
+#[case::remove_index_with_custom_inline_name_sqlite(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite)]
+fn test_remove_constraint_index_with_custom_inline_name(#[case] backend: DatabaseBackend) {
+    let constraint = index("custom_idx_email", &["email"]);
+    let mut email = text_col("email");
+    email.index = Some(StrOrBoolOrArray::Str("custom_idx_email".into()));
+    let schema = vec![table("users", vec![email], vec![])];
+
+    let sql = render(backend, "users", &constraint, &schema);
+    assert!(sql.contains("custom_idx_email"));
+
+    let _ = backend;
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/rename_column.rs b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/rename_column.rs
index ea5700db..b601d800 100644
--- a/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/rename_column.rs
+++ b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/rename_column.rs
@@ -43,9 +43,7 @@ mod tests {
         for exp in expected {
             assert!(
                 sql.contains(exp),
-                "Expected SQL to contain '{}', got: {}",
-                exp,
-                sql
+                "Expected SQL to contain '{exp}', got: {sql}"
             );
         }
 
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/rename_table.rs b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/rename_table.rs
index 7c3e3e89..80e4207a 100644
--- a/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/rename_table.rs
+++ b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/rename_table.rs
@@ -42,9 +42,7 @@ mod tests {
         for exp in expected {
             assert!(
                 sql.contains(exp),
-                "Expected SQL to contain '{}', got: {}",
-                exp,
-                sql
+                "Expected SQL to contain '{exp}', got: {sql}"
             );
         }
 
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/replace_constraint.rs b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/replace_constraint.rs
index 346b4b89..1b46affe 100644
--- a/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/replace_constraint.rs
+++ b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/replace_constraint.rs
@@ -12,12 +12,12 @@ use crate::error::QueryError;
 /// Build SQL queries to replace a constraint in-place.
 ///
 /// For PostgreSQL/MySQL: DROP old FK + ADD new FK (two ALTER TABLE statements).
-/// For SQLite: single temp table recreation with the new constraint swapped in.
+/// For `SQLite`: single temp table recreation with the new constraint swapped in.
 ///
 /// This avoids the double table recreation that would occur with separate
-/// RemoveConstraint + AddConstraint on SQLite.
+/// `RemoveConstraint` + `AddConstraint` on `SQLite`.
 pub fn build_replace_constraint(
-    backend: &DatabaseBackend,
+    backend: DatabaseBackend,
     table: &str,
     from: &TableConstraint,
     to: &TableConstraint,
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ pub fn build_replace_constraint(
                 on_update,
             },
         ) => {
-            if *backend == DatabaseBackend::Sqlite {
+            if backend == DatabaseBackend::Sqlite {
                 build_sqlite_constraint_replace(
                     backend,
                     table,
@@ -50,48 +50,22 @@ pub fn build_replace_constraint(
                     pending_constraints,
                 )
             } else {
-                // PostgreSQL/MySQL: DROP old FK + ADD new FK
-                let old_fk_name = vespertide_naming::build_foreign_key_name(
+                Ok(build_direct_foreign_key_replace(
                     table,
-                    old_columns,
                     old_name.as_deref(),
-                );
-                let fk_drop = ForeignKey::drop()
-                    .name(&old_fk_name)
-                    .table(Alias::new(table))
-                    .to_owned();
-
-                let new_fk_name = vespertide_naming::build_foreign_key_name(
-                    table,
-                    new_columns,
+                    old_columns,
                     new_name.as_deref(),
-                );
-                let mut fk_create = ForeignKey::create();
-                fk_create = fk_create.name(&new_fk_name).to_owned();
-                fk_create = fk_create.from_tbl(Alias::new(table)).to_owned();
-                for col in new_columns {
-                    fk_create = fk_create.from_col(Alias::new(col)).to_owned();
-                }
-                fk_create = fk_create.to_tbl(Alias::new(ref_table)).to_owned();
-                for col in ref_columns {
-                    fk_create = fk_create.to_col(Alias::new(col)).to_owned();
-                }
-                if let Some(action) = on_delete {
-                    fk_create = fk_create.on_delete(to_sea_fk_action(action)).to_owned();
-                }
-                if let Some(action) = on_update {
-                    fk_create = fk_create.on_update(to_sea_fk_action(action)).to_owned();
-                }
-
-                Ok(vec![
-                    BuiltQuery::DropForeignKey(Box::new(fk_drop)),
-                    BuiltQuery::CreateForeignKey(Box::new(fk_create)),
-                ])
+                    new_columns,
+                    ref_table,
+                    ref_columns,
+                    on_delete.as_ref(),
+                    on_update.as_ref(),
+                ))
             }
         }
         // For non-FK constraints: SQLite uses single temp table, PG/MySQL uses remove + add
         _ => {
-            if *backend == DatabaseBackend::Sqlite {
+            if backend == DatabaseBackend::Sqlite {
                 build_sqlite_constraint_replace(
                     backend,
                     table,
@@ -137,10 +111,75 @@ pub fn build_replace_constraint(
     }
 }
 
-/// SQLite: single temp table recreation with the constraint replaced.
+#[expect(
+    clippy::too_many_arguments,
+    reason = "mirrors foreign key action fields"
+)]
+fn build_direct_foreign_key_replace(
+    table: &str,
+    old_name: Option<&str>,
+    old_columns: &[String],
+    new_name: Option<&str>,
+    new_columns: &[String],
+    ref_table: &str,
+    ref_columns: &[String],
+    on_delete: Option<&vespertide_core::ReferenceAction>,
+    on_update: Option<&vespertide_core::ReferenceAction>,
+) -> Vec<BuiltQuery> {
+    let old_fk_name = vespertide_naming::build_foreign_key_name(table, old_columns, old_name);
+    let fk_drop = ForeignKey::drop()
+        .name(&old_fk_name)
+        .table(Alias::new(table))
+        .to_owned();
+    let fk_create = build_replacement_foreign_key(
+        table,
+        new_name,
+        new_columns,
+        ref_table,
+        ref_columns,
+        on_delete,
+        on_update,
+    );
+
+    vec![
+        BuiltQuery::DropForeignKey(Box::new(fk_drop)),
+        BuiltQuery::CreateForeignKey(Box::new(fk_create)),
+    ]
+}
+
+fn build_replacement_foreign_key(
+    table: &str,
+    new_name: Option<&str>,
+    new_columns: &[String],
+    ref_table: &str,
+    ref_columns: &[String],
+    on_delete: Option<&vespertide_core::ReferenceAction>,
+    on_update: Option<&vespertide_core::ReferenceAction>,
+) -> sea_query::ForeignKeyCreateStatement {
+    let new_fk_name = vespertide_naming::build_foreign_key_name(table, new_columns, new_name);
+    let mut fk_create = ForeignKey::create();
+    fk_create.name(&new_fk_name);
+    fk_create.from_tbl(Alias::new(table));
+    for col in new_columns {
+        fk_create.from_col(Alias::new(col));
+    }
+    fk_create.to_tbl(Alias::new(ref_table));
+    for col in ref_columns {
+        fk_create.to_col(Alias::new(col));
+    }
+    if let Some(action) = on_delete {
+        fk_create.on_delete(to_sea_fk_action(action));
+    }
+    if let Some(action) = on_update {
+        fk_create.on_update(to_sea_fk_action(action));
+    }
+    fk_create
+}
+
+/// `SQLite`: single temp table recreation with the constraint replaced.
 /// Works for all constraint types (FK, Check, Unique, Index, PK).
 fn build_sqlite_constraint_replace(
-    backend: &DatabaseBackend,
+    backend: DatabaseBackend,
     table: &str,
     from: &TableConstraint,
     to: &TableConstraint,
@@ -152,9 +191,8 @@ fn build_sqlite_constraint_replace(
         .find(|t| t.name == table)
         .ok_or_else(|| {
             QueryError::Other(format!(
-                "Table '{}' not found in current schema. SQLite requires current schema \
-                 information to replace constraints.",
-                table
+                "Table '{table}' not found in current schema. SQLite requires current schema \
+                 information to replace constraints."
             ))
         })?;
 
@@ -165,7 +203,7 @@ fn build_sqlite_constraint_replace(
         .map(|c| if c == from { to.clone() } else { c.clone() })
         .collect();
 
-    let temp_table = format!("{}_temp", table);
+    let temp_table = format!("{table}_temp");
 
     // 1. Create temporary table with replaced constraint
     let create_query = build_sqlite_temp_table_create(
@@ -184,9 +222,9 @@ fn build_sqlite_constraint_replace(
         .collect();
     let mut select_query = Query::select();
     for col_alias in &column_aliases {
-        select_query = select_query.column(col_alias.clone()).to_owned();
+        select_query.column(col_alias.clone());
     }
-    select_query = select_query.from(Alias::new(table)).to_owned();
+    select_query.from(Alias::new(table));
 
     let insert_stmt = Query::insert()
         .into_table(Alias::new(&temp_table))
@@ -310,7 +348,7 @@ mod tests {
             on_update: None,
         };
 
-        let queries = build_replace_constraint(&backend, "posts", &from, &to, &schema, &[])
+        let queries = build_replace_constraint(backend, "posts", &from, &to, &schema, &[])
             .expect("should succeed");
 
         let sql: Vec<String> = queries.iter().map(|q| q.build(backend)).collect();
@@ -348,7 +386,7 @@ mod tests {
             on_update: Some(ReferenceAction::Cascade),
         };
 
-        let queries = build_replace_constraint(&backend, "posts", &from, &to, &schema, &[])
+        let queries = build_replace_constraint(backend, "posts", &from, &to, &schema, &[])
             .expect("should succeed");
         let sql: Vec<String> = queries.iter().map(|q| q.build(backend)).collect();
         let combined = sql.join(";\n");
@@ -434,7 +472,7 @@ mod tests {
             columns: vec!["email".into()],
         };
 
-        let queries = build_replace_constraint(&backend, "users", &from, &to, &schema, &[])
+        let queries = build_replace_constraint(backend, "users", &from, &to, &schema, &[])
             .expect("should succeed");
         let sql: Vec<String> = queries.iter().map(|q| q.build(backend)).collect();
         let combined = sql.join(";\n");
@@ -459,8 +497,8 @@ mod tests {
             columns: vec!["col".into()],
         };
         let err =
-            build_replace_constraint(&DatabaseBackend::Sqlite, "missing", &from, &to, &[], &[])
+            build_replace_constraint(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite, "missing", &from, &to, &[], &[])
                 .unwrap_err();
-        assert!(format!("{}", err).contains("missing"));
+        assert!(format!("{err}").contains("missing"));
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/snapshots/vespertide_query__sql__create_table__tests__create_table_with_timestamp_now_default@create_table_with_timestamp_now_default_Sqlite.snap b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/snapshots/vespertide_query__sql__create_table__tests__create_table_with_timestamp_now_default@create_table_with_timestamp_now_default_Sqlite.snap
index cbf5b7e2..69a18f7b 100644
--- a/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/snapshots/vespertide_query__sql__create_table__tests__create_table_with_timestamp_now_default@create_table_with_timestamp_now_default_Sqlite.snap
+++ b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/snapshots/vespertide_query__sql__create_table__tests__create_table_with_timestamp_now_default@create_table_with_timestamp_now_default_Sqlite.snap
@@ -2,4 +2,4 @@
 source: crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/create_table.rs
 expression: sql
 ---
-CREATE TABLE "events" ( "id" bigint NOT NULL, "created_at" timestamp_with_timezone_text NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP )
+CREATE TABLE "events" ( "id" bigint NOT NULL, "created_at" timestamp_text NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP )
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/snapshots/vespertide_query__sql__modify_column_nullable__tests__fill_with_now_converted_to_current_timestamp@sqlite_fill_now.snap b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/snapshots/vespertide_query__sql__modify_column_nullable__tests__fill_with_now_converted_to_current_timestamp@sqlite_fill_now.snap
index 6657fea2..06cf6da7 100644
--- a/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/snapshots/vespertide_query__sql__modify_column_nullable__tests__fill_with_now_converted_to_current_timestamp@sqlite_fill_now.snap
+++ b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/snapshots/vespertide_query__sql__modify_column_nullable__tests__fill_with_now_converted_to_current_timestamp@sqlite_fill_now.snap
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ source: crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/modify_column_nullable.rs
 expression: sql
 ---
 UPDATE "orders" SET "paid_at" = CURRENT_TIMESTAMP WHERE "paid_at" IS NULL
-CREATE TABLE "orders_temp" ( "id" integer NOT NULL, "paid_at" timestamp_with_timezone_text NOT NULL )
+CREATE TABLE "orders_temp" ( "id" integer NOT NULL, "paid_at" timestamp_text NOT NULL )
 INSERT INTO "orders_temp" ("id", "paid_at") SELECT "id", "paid_at" FROM "orders"
 DROP TABLE "orders"
 ALTER TABLE "orders_temp" RENAME TO "orders"
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/snapshots/vespertide_query__sql__tests__create_table_with_function_default@create_table_func_default_Sqlite.snap b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/snapshots/vespertide_query__sql__tests__create_table_with_function_default@create_table_func_default_Sqlite.snap
index 3b2f8751..0af5a220 100644
--- a/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/snapshots/vespertide_query__sql__tests__create_table_with_function_default@create_table_func_default_Sqlite.snap
+++ b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/snapshots/vespertide_query__sql__tests__create_table_with_function_default@create_table_func_default_Sqlite.snap
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 ---
-source: crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/mod.rs
+source: crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/tests/naming.rs
 expression: sql
 ---
-CREATE TABLE "users" ( "id" uuid_text NOT NULL DEFAULT (lower(hex(randomblob(16)))), "created_at" timestamp_with_timezone_text NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP )
+CREATE TABLE "users" ( "id" uuid_text NOT NULL DEFAULT (lower(hex(randomblob(16)))), "created_at" timestamp_text NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP )
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/tests.rs b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/tests.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ae4c0137
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/tests.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+use super::*;
+use insta::{assert_snapshot, with_settings};
+use rstest::rstest;
+use vespertide_core::schema::primary_key::PrimaryKeySyntax;
+use vespertide_core::{
+    ColumnDef, ColumnType, MigrationAction, ReferenceAction, SimpleColumnType, TableConstraint,
+};
+
+fn col(name: &str, ty: ColumnType) -> ColumnDef {
+    ColumnDef {
+        name: name.to_string(),
+        r#type: ty,
+        nullable: true,
+        default: None,
+        comment: None,
+        primary_key: None,
+        unique: None,
+        index: None,
+        foreign_key: None,
+    }
+}
+
+include!("tests/dispatch.rs");
+include!("tests/naming.rs");
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/tests/dispatch.rs b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/tests/dispatch.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d5634172
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/tests/dispatch.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,767 @@
+#[test]
+fn test_backend_specific_quoting() {
+    let action = MigrationAction::CreateTable {
+        table: "users".into(),
+        columns: vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    };
+    let result = build_action_queries(DatabaseBackend::Postgres, &action, &[]).unwrap();
+
+    // PostgreSQL uses double quotes
+    let pg_sql = result[0].build(DatabaseBackend::Postgres);
+    assert!(pg_sql.contains("\"users\""));
+
+    // MySQL uses backticks
+    let mysql_sql = result[0].build(DatabaseBackend::MySql);
+    assert!(mysql_sql.contains("`users`"));
+
+    // SQLite uses double quotes
+    let sqlite_sql = result[0].build(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite);
+    assert!(sqlite_sql.contains("\"users\""));
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case::create_table_with_default_postgres(
+    "create_table_with_default_postgres",
+    MigrationAction::CreateTable {
+        table: "users".into(),
+        columns: vec![ColumnDef {
+            name: "status".into(),
+            r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+            nullable: true,
+            default: Some("'active'".into()),
+            comment: None,
+            primary_key: None,
+            unique: None,
+            index: None,
+            foreign_key: None,
+        }],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    },
+    DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
+    &["DEFAULT", "'active'"]
+)]
+#[case::create_table_with_default_mysql(
+    "create_table_with_default_mysql",
+    MigrationAction::CreateTable {
+        table: "users".into(),
+        columns: vec![ColumnDef {
+            name: "status".into(),
+            r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+            nullable: true,
+            default: Some("'active'".into()),
+            comment: None,
+            primary_key: None,
+            unique: None,
+            index: None,
+            foreign_key: None,
+        }],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    },
+    DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
+    &["DEFAULT", "'active'"]
+)]
+#[case::create_table_with_default_sqlite(
+    "create_table_with_default_sqlite",
+    MigrationAction::CreateTable {
+        table: "users".into(),
+        columns: vec![ColumnDef {
+            name: "status".into(),
+            r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+            nullable: true,
+            default: Some("'active'".into()),
+            comment: None,
+            primary_key: None,
+            unique: None,
+            index: None,
+            foreign_key: None,
+        }],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    },
+    DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
+    &["DEFAULT", "'active'"]
+)]
+#[case::create_table_with_inline_primary_key_postgres(
+    "create_table_with_inline_primary_key_postgres",
+    MigrationAction::CreateTable {
+        table: "users".into(),
+        columns: vec![ColumnDef {
+            name: "id".into(),
+            r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+            nullable: false,
+            default: None,
+            comment: None,
+            primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
+            unique: None,
+            index: None,
+            foreign_key: None,
+        }],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    },
+    DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
+    &["PRIMARY KEY"]
+)]
+#[case::create_table_with_inline_primary_key_mysql(
+    "create_table_with_inline_primary_key_mysql",
+    MigrationAction::CreateTable {
+        table: "users".into(),
+        columns: vec![ColumnDef {
+            name: "id".into(),
+            r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+            nullable: false,
+            default: None,
+            comment: None,
+            primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
+            unique: None,
+            index: None,
+            foreign_key: None,
+        }],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    },
+    DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
+    &["PRIMARY KEY"]
+)]
+#[case::create_table_with_inline_primary_key_sqlite(
+    "create_table_with_inline_primary_key_sqlite",
+    MigrationAction::CreateTable {
+        table: "users".into(),
+        columns: vec![ColumnDef {
+            name: "id".into(),
+            r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+            nullable: false,
+            default: None,
+            comment: None,
+            primary_key: Some(PrimaryKeySyntax::Bool(true)),
+            unique: None,
+            index: None,
+            foreign_key: None,
+        }],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    },
+    DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
+    &["PRIMARY KEY"]
+)]
+#[case::create_table_with_fk_postgres(
+    "create_table_with_fk_postgres",
+    MigrationAction::CreateTable {
+        table: "posts".into(),
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("user_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+            name: Some("fk_user".into()),
+            columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
+            ref_table: "users".into(),
+            ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+            on_delete: Some(ReferenceAction::Cascade),
+            on_update: Some(ReferenceAction::Restrict),
+        }],
+    },
+    DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
+    &["REFERENCES \"users\" (\"id\")", "ON DELETE CASCADE", "ON UPDATE RESTRICT"]
+)]
+#[case::create_table_with_fk_mysql(
+    "create_table_with_fk_mysql",
+    MigrationAction::CreateTable {
+        table: "posts".into(),
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("user_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+            name: Some("fk_user".into()),
+            columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
+            ref_table: "users".into(),
+            ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+            on_delete: Some(ReferenceAction::Cascade),
+            on_update: Some(ReferenceAction::Restrict),
+        }],
+    },
+    DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
+    &["REFERENCES \"users\" (\"id\")", "ON DELETE CASCADE", "ON UPDATE RESTRICT"]
+)]
+#[case::create_table_with_fk_sqlite(
+    "create_table_with_fk_sqlite",
+    MigrationAction::CreateTable {
+        table: "posts".into(),
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("user_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+            name: Some("fk_user".into()),
+            columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
+            ref_table: "users".into(),
+            ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+            on_delete: Some(ReferenceAction::Cascade),
+            on_update: Some(ReferenceAction::Restrict),
+        }],
+    },
+    DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
+    &["REFERENCES \"users\" (\"id\")", "ON DELETE CASCADE", "ON UPDATE RESTRICT"]
+)]
+fn test_build_migration_action(
+    #[case] title: &str,
+    #[case] action: MigrationAction,
+    #[case] backend: DatabaseBackend,
+    #[case] expected: &[&str],
+) {
+    let result = build_action_queries(backend, &action, &[]).unwrap();
+    let sql = result[0].build(backend);
+    for exp in expected {
+        assert!(
+            sql.contains(exp),
+            "Expected SQL to contain '{exp}', got: {sql}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    with_settings!({ snapshot_path => "../snapshots", snapshot_suffix => format!("build_migration_action_{}", title) }, {
+        assert_snapshot!(result.iter().map(|q| q.build(backend)).collect::<Vec<String>>().join("\n"));
+    });
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case::rename_column_postgres(DatabaseBackend::Postgres)]
+#[case::rename_column_mysql(DatabaseBackend::MySql)]
+#[case::rename_column_sqlite(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite)]
+fn test_build_action_queries_rename_column(#[case] backend: DatabaseBackend) {
+    // Test MigrationAction::RenameColumn (lines 51-52)
+    let action = MigrationAction::RenameColumn {
+        table: "users".into(),
+        from: "old_name".into(),
+        to: "new_name".into(),
+    };
+    let result = build_action_queries(backend, &action, &[]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(result.len(), 1);
+    let sql = result[0].build(backend);
+    assert!(sql.contains("RENAME"));
+    assert!(sql.contains("old_name"));
+    assert!(sql.contains("new_name"));
+
+    with_settings!({ snapshot_path => "../snapshots", snapshot_suffix => format!("rename_column_{:?}", backend) }, {
+        assert_snapshot!(sql);
+    });
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case::delete_column_postgres(DatabaseBackend::Postgres)]
+#[case::delete_column_mysql(DatabaseBackend::MySql)]
+#[case::delete_column_sqlite(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite)]
+fn test_build_action_queries_delete_column(#[case] backend: DatabaseBackend) {
+    // Test MigrationAction::DeleteColumn (lines 55-56)
+    let action = MigrationAction::DeleteColumn {
+        table: "users".into(),
+        column: "email".into(),
+    };
+    let result = build_action_queries(backend, &action, &[]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(result.len(), 1);
+    let sql = result[0].build(backend);
+    assert!(sql.contains("DROP COLUMN"));
+    assert!(sql.contains("email"));
+
+    with_settings!({ snapshot_path => "../snapshots", snapshot_suffix => format!("delete_column_{:?}", backend) }, {
+        assert_snapshot!(sql);
+    });
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case::modify_column_type_postgres(DatabaseBackend::Postgres)]
+#[case::modify_column_type_mysql(DatabaseBackend::MySql)]
+#[case::modify_column_type_sqlite(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite)]
+fn test_build_action_queries_modify_column_type(#[case] backend: DatabaseBackend) {
+    // Test MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType (lines 60-63)
+    let action = MigrationAction::ModifyColumnType {
+        table: "users".into(),
+        column: "age".into(),
+        new_type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::BigInt),
+        fill_with: None,
+    };
+    let current_schema = vec![TableDef {
+        name: "users".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![ColumnDef {
+            name: "age".into(),
+            r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+            nullable: true,
+            default: None,
+            comment: None,
+            primary_key: None,
+            unique: None,
+            index: None,
+            foreign_key: None,
+        }],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    }];
+    let result = build_action_queries(backend, &action, &current_schema).unwrap();
+    assert!(!result.is_empty());
+    let sql = result
+        .iter()
+        .map(|q| q.build(backend))
+        .collect::<Vec<String>>()
+        .join("\n");
+    assert!(sql.contains("ALTER TABLE"));
+
+    with_settings!({ snapshot_path => "../snapshots", snapshot_suffix => format!("modify_column_type_{:?}", backend) }, {
+        assert_snapshot!(sql);
+    });
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case::remove_index_constraint_postgres(DatabaseBackend::Postgres)]
+#[case::remove_index_constraint_mysql(DatabaseBackend::MySql)]
+#[case::remove_index_constraint_sqlite(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite)]
+fn test_build_action_queries_remove_index_constraint(#[case] backend: DatabaseBackend) {
+    // Test MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint with Index variant
+    let action = MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint {
+        table: "users".into(),
+        constraint: TableConstraint::Index {
+            name: Some("idx_email".into()),
+            columns: vec!["email".into()],
+        },
+    };
+    let result = build_action_queries(backend, &action, &[]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(result.len(), 1);
+    let sql = result[0].build(backend);
+    assert!(sql.contains("DROP INDEX"));
+    assert!(sql.contains("idx_email"));
+
+    with_settings!({ snapshot_path => "../snapshots", snapshot_suffix => format!("remove_index_constraint_{:?}", backend) }, {
+        assert_snapshot!(sql);
+    });
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case::rename_table_postgres(DatabaseBackend::Postgres)]
+#[case::rename_table_mysql(DatabaseBackend::MySql)]
+#[case::rename_table_sqlite(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite)]
+fn test_build_action_queries_rename_table(#[case] backend: DatabaseBackend) {
+    // Test MigrationAction::RenameTable (line 69)
+    let action = MigrationAction::RenameTable {
+        from: "old_table".into(),
+        to: "new_table".into(),
+    };
+    let result = build_action_queries(backend, &action, &[]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(result.len(), 1);
+    let sql = result[0].build(backend);
+    assert!(sql.contains("RENAME"));
+    assert!(sql.contains("old_table"));
+    assert!(sql.contains("new_table"));
+
+    with_settings!({ snapshot_path => "../snapshots", snapshot_suffix => format!("rename_table_{:?}", backend) }, {
+        assert_snapshot!(sql);
+    });
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case::add_constraint_postgres(DatabaseBackend::Postgres)]
+#[case::add_constraint_mysql(DatabaseBackend::MySql)]
+#[case::add_constraint_sqlite(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite)]
+fn test_build_action_queries_add_constraint(#[case] backend: DatabaseBackend) {
+    // Test MigrationAction::AddConstraint (lines 73-74)
+    let action = MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
+        table: "users".into(),
+        constraint: TableConstraint::Unique {
+            name: Some("uq_email".into()),
+            columns: vec!["email".into()],
+        },
+    };
+    let current_schema = vec![TableDef {
+        name: "users".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "id".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "email".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+                nullable: true,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    }];
+    let result = build_action_queries(backend, &action, &current_schema).unwrap();
+    assert!(!result.is_empty());
+    let sql = result
+        .iter()
+        .map(|q| q.build(backend))
+        .collect::<Vec<String>>()
+        .join("\n");
+    assert!(sql.contains("UNIQUE") || sql.contains("uq_email"));
+
+    with_settings!({ snapshot_path => "../snapshots", snapshot_suffix => format!("add_constraint_{:?}", backend) }, {
+        assert_snapshot!(sql);
+    });
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case::remove_constraint_postgres(DatabaseBackend::Postgres)]
+#[case::remove_constraint_mysql(DatabaseBackend::MySql)]
+#[case::remove_constraint_sqlite(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite)]
+fn test_build_action_queries_remove_constraint(#[case] backend: DatabaseBackend) {
+    // Test MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint (lines 77-78)
+    let action = MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint {
+        table: "users".into(),
+        constraint: TableConstraint::Unique {
+            name: Some("uq_email".into()),
+            columns: vec!["email".into()],
+        },
+    };
+    let current_schema = vec![TableDef {
+        name: "users".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "id".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "email".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+                nullable: true,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![TableConstraint::Unique {
+            name: Some("uq_email".into()),
+            columns: vec!["email".into()],
+        }],
+    }];
+    let result = build_action_queries(backend, &action, &current_schema).unwrap();
+    assert!(!result.is_empty());
+    let sql = result
+        .iter()
+        .map(|q| q.build(backend))
+        .collect::<Vec<String>>()
+        .join("\n");
+    assert!(sql.contains("DROP") || sql.contains("CONSTRAINT"));
+
+    with_settings!({ snapshot_path => "../snapshots", snapshot_suffix => format!("remove_constraint_{:?}", backend) }, {
+        assert_snapshot!(sql);
+    });
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case::add_column_postgres(DatabaseBackend::Postgres)]
+#[case::add_column_mysql(DatabaseBackend::MySql)]
+#[case::add_column_sqlite(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite)]
+fn test_build_action_queries_add_column(#[case] backend: DatabaseBackend) {
+    // Test MigrationAction::AddColumn (lines 46-49)
+    let action = MigrationAction::AddColumn {
+        table: "users".into(),
+        column: Box::new(ColumnDef {
+            name: "email".into(),
+            r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+            nullable: true,
+            default: None,
+            comment: None,
+            primary_key: None,
+            unique: None,
+            index: None,
+            foreign_key: None,
+        }),
+        fill_with: None,
+    };
+    let current_schema = vec![TableDef {
+        name: "users".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![ColumnDef {
+            name: "id".into(),
+            r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+            nullable: false,
+            default: None,
+            comment: None,
+            primary_key: None,
+            unique: None,
+            index: None,
+            foreign_key: None,
+        }],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    }];
+    let result = build_action_queries(backend, &action, &current_schema).unwrap();
+    assert!(!result.is_empty());
+    let sql = result
+        .iter()
+        .map(|q| q.build(backend))
+        .collect::<Vec<String>>()
+        .join("\n");
+    assert!(sql.contains("ALTER TABLE"));
+    assert!(sql.contains("ADD COLUMN") || sql.contains("ADD"));
+
+    with_settings!({ snapshot_path => "../snapshots", snapshot_suffix => format!("add_column_{:?}", backend) }, {
+        assert_snapshot!(sql);
+    });
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case::add_index_constraint_postgres(DatabaseBackend::Postgres)]
+#[case::add_index_constraint_mysql(DatabaseBackend::MySql)]
+#[case::add_index_constraint_sqlite(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite)]
+fn test_build_action_queries_add_index_constraint(#[case] backend: DatabaseBackend) {
+    // Test MigrationAction::AddConstraint with Index variant
+    let action = MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
+        table: "users".into(),
+        constraint: TableConstraint::Index {
+            name: Some("idx_email".into()),
+            columns: vec!["email".into()],
+        },
+    };
+    let result = build_action_queries(backend, &action, &[]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(result.len(), 1);
+    let sql = result[0].build(backend);
+    assert!(sql.contains("CREATE INDEX"));
+    assert!(sql.contains("idx_email"));
+
+    with_settings!({ snapshot_path => "../snapshots", snapshot_suffix => format!("add_index_constraint_{:?}", backend) }, {
+        assert_snapshot!(sql);
+    });
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case::raw_sql_postgres(DatabaseBackend::Postgres)]
+#[case::raw_sql_mysql(DatabaseBackend::MySql)]
+#[case::raw_sql_sqlite(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite)]
+fn test_build_action_queries_raw_sql(#[case] backend: DatabaseBackend) {
+    // Test MigrationAction::RawSql (line 71)
+    let action = MigrationAction::RawSql {
+        sql: "SELECT 1;".into(),
+    };
+    let result = build_action_queries(backend, &action, &[]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(result.len(), 1);
+    let sql = result[0].build(backend);
+    assert_eq!(sql, "SELECT 1;");
+
+    with_settings!({ snapshot_path => "../snapshots", snapshot_suffix => format!("raw_sql_{:?}", backend) }, {
+        assert_snapshot!(sql);
+    });
+}
+
+// Comprehensive index naming tests
+#[rstest]
+#[case::add_index_with_custom_name_postgres(
+    DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
+    "hello",
+    vec!["email", "password"]
+)]
+#[case::add_index_with_custom_name_mysql(
+    DatabaseBackend::MySql,
+    "hello",
+    vec!["email", "password"]
+)]
+#[case::add_index_with_custom_name_sqlite(
+    DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
+    "hello",
+    vec!["email", "password"]
+)]
+#[case::add_index_single_column_postgres(
+    DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
+    "email_idx",
+    vec!["email"]
+)]
+#[case::add_index_single_column_mysql(
+    DatabaseBackend::MySql,
+    "email_idx",
+    vec!["email"]
+)]
+#[case::add_index_single_column_sqlite(
+    DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
+    "email_idx",
+    vec!["email"]
+)]
+fn test_add_index_with_custom_name(
+    #[case] backend: DatabaseBackend,
+    #[case] index_name: &str,
+    #[case] columns: Vec<&str>,
+) {
+    // Test that custom index names follow ix_table__name pattern
+    let action = MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
+        table: "user".into(),
+        constraint: TableConstraint::Index {
+            name: Some(index_name.into()),
+            columns: columns.iter().map(std::string::ToString::to_string).collect(),
+        },
+    };
+    let result = build_action_queries(backend, &action, &[]).unwrap();
+    let sql = result[0].build(backend);
+
+    // Should use ix_table__name pattern
+    let expected_name = format!("ix_user__{index_name}");
+    assert!(
+        sql.contains(&expected_name),
+        "Expected index name '{expected_name}' in SQL: {sql}"
+    );
+
+    with_settings!({ snapshot_path => "../snapshots", snapshot_suffix => format!("add_index_custom_{}_{:?}", index_name, backend) }, {
+        assert_snapshot!(sql);
+    });
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case::add_unnamed_index_single_column_postgres(
+    DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
+    vec!["email"]
+)]
+#[case::add_unnamed_index_single_column_mysql(
+    DatabaseBackend::MySql,
+    vec!["email"]
+)]
+#[case::add_unnamed_index_single_column_sqlite(
+    DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
+    vec!["email"]
+)]
+#[case::add_unnamed_index_multiple_columns_postgres(
+    DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
+    vec!["email", "password"]
+)]
+#[case::add_unnamed_index_multiple_columns_mysql(
+    DatabaseBackend::MySql,
+    vec!["email", "password"]
+)]
+#[case::add_unnamed_index_multiple_columns_sqlite(
+    DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
+    vec!["email", "password"]
+)]
+fn test_add_unnamed_index(#[case] backend: DatabaseBackend, #[case] columns: Vec<&str>) {
+    // Test that unnamed indexes follow ix_table__col1_col2 pattern
+    let action = MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
+        table: "user".into(),
+        constraint: TableConstraint::Index {
+            name: None,
+            columns: columns.iter().map(std::string::ToString::to_string).collect(),
+        },
+    };
+    let result = build_action_queries(backend, &action, &[]).unwrap();
+    let sql = result[0].build(backend);
+
+    // Should use ix_table__col1_col2... pattern
+    let expected_name = format!("ix_user__{}", columns.join("_"));
+    assert!(
+        sql.contains(&expected_name),
+        "Expected index name '{expected_name}' in SQL: {sql}"
+    );
+
+    with_settings!({ snapshot_path => "../snapshots", snapshot_suffix => format!("add_unnamed_index_{}_{:?}", columns.join("_"), backend) }, {
+        assert_snapshot!(sql);
+    });
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case::remove_index_with_custom_name_postgres(
+    DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
+    "hello",
+    vec!["email", "password"]
+)]
+#[case::remove_index_with_custom_name_mysql(
+    DatabaseBackend::MySql,
+    "hello",
+    vec!["email", "password"]
+)]
+#[case::remove_index_with_custom_name_sqlite(
+    DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
+    "hello",
+    vec!["email", "password"]
+)]
+fn test_remove_index_with_custom_name(
+    #[case] backend: DatabaseBackend,
+    #[case] index_name: &str,
+    #[case] columns: Vec<&str>,
+) {
+    // Test that removing custom index uses ix_table__name pattern
+    let action = MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint {
+        table: "user".into(),
+        constraint: TableConstraint::Index {
+            name: Some(index_name.into()),
+            columns: columns.iter().map(std::string::ToString::to_string).collect(),
+        },
+    };
+    let result = build_action_queries(backend, &action, &[]).unwrap();
+    let sql = result[0].build(backend);
+
+    // Should use ix_table__name pattern
+    let expected_name = format!("ix_user__{index_name}");
+    assert!(
+        sql.contains(&expected_name),
+        "Expected index name '{expected_name}' in SQL: {sql}"
+    );
+
+    with_settings!({ snapshot_path => "../snapshots", snapshot_suffix => format!("remove_index_custom_{}_{:?}", index_name, backend) }, {
+        assert_snapshot!(sql);
+    });
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case::remove_unnamed_index_single_column_postgres(
+    DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
+    vec!["email"]
+)]
+#[case::remove_unnamed_index_single_column_mysql(
+    DatabaseBackend::MySql,
+    vec!["email"]
+)]
+#[case::remove_unnamed_index_single_column_sqlite(
+    DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
+    vec!["email"]
+)]
+#[case::remove_unnamed_index_multiple_columns_postgres(
+    DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
+    vec!["email", "password"]
+)]
+#[case::remove_unnamed_index_multiple_columns_mysql(
+    DatabaseBackend::MySql,
+    vec!["email", "password"]
+)]
+#[case::remove_unnamed_index_multiple_columns_sqlite(
+    DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
+    vec!["email", "password"]
+)]
+fn test_remove_unnamed_index(#[case] backend: DatabaseBackend, #[case] columns: Vec<&str>) {
+    // Test that removing unnamed indexes uses ix_table__col1_col2 pattern
+    let action = MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint {
+        table: "user".into(),
+        constraint: TableConstraint::Index {
+            name: None,
+            columns: columns.iter().map(std::string::ToString::to_string).collect(),
+        },
+    };
+    let result = build_action_queries(backend, &action, &[]).unwrap();
+    let sql = result[0].build(backend);
+
+    // Should use ix_table__col1_col2... pattern
+    let expected_name = format!("ix_user__{}", columns.join("_"));
+    assert!(
+        sql.contains(&expected_name),
+        "Expected index name '{expected_name}' in SQL: {sql}"
+    );
+
+    with_settings!({ snapshot_path => "../snapshots", snapshot_suffix => format!("remove_unnamed_index_{}_{:?}", columns.join("_"), backend) }, {
+        assert_snapshot!(sql);
+    });
+}
+
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/tests/naming.rs b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/tests/naming.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e378e3f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/tests/naming.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,614 @@
+// Comprehensive unique constraint naming tests
+#[rstest]
+#[case::add_unique_with_custom_name_postgres(
+    DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
+    "email_unique",
+    vec!["email"]
+)]
+#[case::add_unique_with_custom_name_mysql(
+    DatabaseBackend::MySql,
+    "email_unique",
+    vec!["email"]
+)]
+#[case::add_unique_with_custom_name_sqlite(
+    DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
+    "email_unique",
+    vec!["email"]
+)]
+fn test_add_unique_with_custom_name(
+    #[case] backend: DatabaseBackend,
+    #[case] constraint_name: &str,
+    #[case] columns: Vec<&str>,
+) {
+    // Test that custom unique constraint names follow uq_table__name pattern
+    let action = MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
+        table: "user".into(),
+        constraint: TableConstraint::Unique {
+            name: Some(constraint_name.into()),
+            columns: columns.iter().map(std::string::ToString::to_string).collect(),
+        },
+    };
+
+    let current_schema = vec![TableDef {
+        name: "user".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![ColumnDef {
+            name: "email".into(),
+            r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+            nullable: true,
+            default: None,
+            comment: None,
+            primary_key: None,
+            unique: None,
+            index: None,
+            foreign_key: None,
+        }],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    }];
+
+    let result = build_action_queries(backend, &action, &current_schema).unwrap();
+    let sql = result
+        .iter()
+        .map(|q| q.build(backend))
+        .collect::<Vec<String>>()
+        .join("\n");
+
+    // Should use uq_table__name pattern
+    let expected_name = format!("uq_user__{constraint_name}");
+    assert!(
+        sql.contains(&expected_name),
+        "Expected unique constraint name '{expected_name}' in SQL: {sql}"
+    );
+
+    with_settings!({ snapshot_path => "../snapshots", snapshot_suffix => format!("add_unique_custom_{}_{:?}", constraint_name, backend) }, {
+        assert_snapshot!(sql);
+    });
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case::add_unnamed_unique_single_column_postgres(
+    DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
+    vec!["email"]
+)]
+#[case::add_unnamed_unique_single_column_mysql(
+    DatabaseBackend::MySql,
+    vec!["email"]
+)]
+#[case::add_unnamed_unique_single_column_sqlite(
+    DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
+    vec!["email"]
+)]
+#[case::add_unnamed_unique_multiple_columns_postgres(
+    DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
+    vec!["email", "username"]
+)]
+#[case::add_unnamed_unique_multiple_columns_mysql(
+    DatabaseBackend::MySql,
+    vec!["email", "username"]
+)]
+#[case::add_unnamed_unique_multiple_columns_sqlite(
+    DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
+    vec!["email", "username"]
+)]
+fn test_add_unnamed_unique(#[case] backend: DatabaseBackend, #[case] columns: Vec<&str>) {
+    // Test that unnamed unique constraints follow uq_table__col1_col2 pattern
+    let action = MigrationAction::AddConstraint {
+        table: "user".into(),
+        constraint: TableConstraint::Unique {
+            name: None,
+            columns: columns.iter().map(std::string::ToString::to_string).collect(),
+        },
+    };
+
+    let schema_columns: Vec<ColumnDef> = columns
+        .iter()
+        .map(|col| ColumnDef {
+            name: col.to_string(),
+            r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+            nullable: true,
+            default: None,
+            comment: None,
+            primary_key: None,
+            unique: None,
+            index: None,
+            foreign_key: None,
+        })
+        .collect();
+
+    let current_schema = vec![TableDef {
+        name: "user".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: schema_columns,
+        constraints: vec![],
+    }];
+
+    let result = build_action_queries(backend, &action, &current_schema).unwrap();
+    let sql = result
+        .iter()
+        .map(|q| q.build(backend))
+        .collect::<Vec<String>>()
+        .join("\n");
+
+    // Should use uq_table__col1_col2... pattern
+    let expected_name = format!("uq_user__{}", columns.join("_"));
+    assert!(
+        sql.contains(&expected_name),
+        "Expected unique constraint name '{expected_name}' in SQL: {sql}"
+    );
+
+    with_settings!({ snapshot_path => "../snapshots", snapshot_suffix => format!("add_unnamed_unique_{}_{:?}", columns.join("_"), backend) }, {
+        assert_snapshot!(sql);
+    });
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case::remove_unique_with_custom_name_postgres(
+    DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
+    "email_unique",
+    vec!["email"]
+)]
+#[case::remove_unique_with_custom_name_mysql(
+    DatabaseBackend::MySql,
+    "email_unique",
+    vec!["email"]
+)]
+#[case::remove_unique_with_custom_name_sqlite(
+    DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
+    "email_unique",
+    vec!["email"]
+)]
+fn test_remove_unique_with_custom_name(
+    #[case] backend: DatabaseBackend,
+    #[case] constraint_name: &str,
+    #[case] columns: Vec<&str>,
+) {
+    // Test that removing custom unique constraint uses uq_table__name pattern
+    let constraint = TableConstraint::Unique {
+        name: Some(constraint_name.into()),
+        columns: columns.iter().map(std::string::ToString::to_string).collect(),
+    };
+
+    let current_schema = vec![TableDef {
+        name: "user".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![ColumnDef {
+            name: "email".into(),
+            r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+            nullable: true,
+            default: None,
+            comment: None,
+            primary_key: None,
+            unique: None,
+            index: None,
+            foreign_key: None,
+        }],
+        constraints: vec![constraint.clone()],
+    }];
+
+    let action = MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint {
+        table: "user".into(),
+        constraint,
+    };
+
+    let result = build_action_queries(backend, &action, &current_schema).unwrap();
+    let sql = result
+        .iter()
+        .map(|q| q.build(backend))
+        .collect::<Vec<String>>()
+        .join("\n");
+
+    // Should use uq_table__name pattern (for Postgres/MySQL, not SQLite which rebuilds table)
+    if backend != DatabaseBackend::Sqlite {
+        let expected_name = format!("uq_user__{constraint_name}");
+        assert!(
+            sql.contains(&expected_name),
+            "Expected unique constraint name '{expected_name}' in SQL: {sql}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    with_settings!({ snapshot_path => "../snapshots", snapshot_suffix => format!("remove_unique_custom_{}_{:?}", constraint_name, backend) }, {
+        assert_snapshot!(sql);
+    });
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case::remove_unnamed_unique_single_column_postgres(
+    DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
+    vec!["email"]
+)]
+#[case::remove_unnamed_unique_single_column_mysql(
+    DatabaseBackend::MySql,
+    vec!["email"]
+)]
+#[case::remove_unnamed_unique_single_column_sqlite(
+    DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
+    vec!["email"]
+)]
+#[case::remove_unnamed_unique_multiple_columns_postgres(
+    DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
+    vec!["email", "username"]
+)]
+#[case::remove_unnamed_unique_multiple_columns_mysql(
+    DatabaseBackend::MySql,
+    vec!["email", "username"]
+)]
+#[case::remove_unnamed_unique_multiple_columns_sqlite(
+    DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
+    vec!["email", "username"]
+)]
+fn test_remove_unnamed_unique(#[case] backend: DatabaseBackend, #[case] columns: Vec<&str>) {
+    // Test that removing unnamed unique constraints uses uq_table__col1_col2 pattern
+    let constraint = TableConstraint::Unique {
+        name: None,
+        columns: columns.iter().map(std::string::ToString::to_string).collect(),
+    };
+
+    let schema_columns: Vec<ColumnDef> = columns
+        .iter()
+        .map(|col| ColumnDef {
+            name: col.to_string(),
+            r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+            nullable: true,
+            default: None,
+            comment: None,
+            primary_key: None,
+            unique: None,
+            index: None,
+            foreign_key: None,
+        })
+        .collect();
+
+    let current_schema = vec![TableDef {
+        name: "user".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: schema_columns,
+        constraints: vec![constraint.clone()],
+    }];
+
+    let action = MigrationAction::RemoveConstraint {
+        table: "user".into(),
+        constraint,
+    };
+
+    let result = build_action_queries(backend, &action, &current_schema).unwrap();
+    let sql = result
+        .iter()
+        .map(|q| q.build(backend))
+        .collect::<Vec<String>>()
+        .join("\n");
+
+    // Should use uq_table__col1_col2... pattern (for Postgres/MySQL, not SQLite which rebuilds table)
+    if backend != DatabaseBackend::Sqlite {
+        let expected_name = format!("uq_user__{}", columns.join("_"));
+        assert!(
+            sql.contains(&expected_name),
+            "Expected unique constraint name '{expected_name}' in SQL: {sql}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    with_settings!({ snapshot_path => "../snapshots", snapshot_suffix => format!("remove_unnamed_unique_{}_{:?}", columns.join("_"), backend) }, {
+        assert_snapshot!(sql);
+    });
+}
+
+/// Test `build_action_queries` for `ModifyColumnNullable`
+#[rstest]
+#[case::postgres_modify_nullable(DatabaseBackend::Postgres)]
+#[case::mysql_modify_nullable(DatabaseBackend::MySql)]
+#[case::sqlite_modify_nullable(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite)]
+fn test_build_action_queries_modify_column_nullable(#[case] backend: DatabaseBackend) {
+    let action = MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
+        table: "users".into(),
+        column: "email".into(),
+        nullable: false,
+        fill_with: Some("'unknown'".into()),
+        delete_null_rows: None,
+    };
+    let current_schema = vec![TableDef {
+        name: "users".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![ColumnDef {
+            name: "email".into(),
+            r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+            nullable: true,
+            default: None,
+            comment: None,
+            primary_key: None,
+            unique: None,
+            index: None,
+            foreign_key: None,
+        }],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    }];
+    let result = build_action_queries(backend, &action, &current_schema).unwrap();
+    assert!(!result.is_empty());
+    let sql = result
+        .iter()
+        .map(|q| q.build(backend))
+        .collect::<Vec<String>>()
+        .join("\n");
+
+    // Should contain UPDATE for fill_with and ALTER for nullable change
+    assert!(sql.contains("UPDATE"));
+    assert!(sql.contains("unknown"));
+
+    let suffix = format!(
+        "{}_modify_nullable",
+        match backend {
+            DatabaseBackend::Postgres => "postgres",
+            DatabaseBackend::MySql => "mysql",
+            DatabaseBackend::Sqlite => "sqlite",
+        }
+    );
+
+    with_settings!({ snapshot_path => "../snapshots", snapshot_suffix => suffix }, {
+        assert_snapshot!(sql);
+    });
+}
+
+/// Test `build_action_queries` for `ModifyColumnDefault`
+#[rstest]
+#[case::postgres_modify_default(DatabaseBackend::Postgres)]
+#[case::mysql_modify_default(DatabaseBackend::MySql)]
+#[case::sqlite_modify_default(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite)]
+fn test_build_action_queries_modify_column_default(#[case] backend: DatabaseBackend) {
+    let action = MigrationAction::ModifyColumnDefault {
+        table: "users".into(),
+        column: "status".into(),
+        new_default: Some("'active'".into()),
+    };
+    let current_schema = vec![TableDef {
+        name: "users".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![ColumnDef {
+            name: "status".into(),
+            r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+            nullable: true,
+            default: None,
+            comment: None,
+            primary_key: None,
+            unique: None,
+            index: None,
+            foreign_key: None,
+        }],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    }];
+    let result = build_action_queries(backend, &action, &current_schema).unwrap();
+    assert!(!result.is_empty());
+    let sql = result
+        .iter()
+        .map(|q| q.build(backend))
+        .collect::<Vec<String>>()
+        .join("\n");
+
+    // Should contain DEFAULT and 'active'
+    assert!(sql.contains("DEFAULT") || sql.contains("active"));
+
+    let suffix = format!(
+        "{}_modify_default",
+        match backend {
+            DatabaseBackend::Postgres => "postgres",
+            DatabaseBackend::MySql => "mysql",
+            DatabaseBackend::Sqlite => "sqlite",
+        }
+    );
+
+    with_settings!({ snapshot_path => "../snapshots", snapshot_suffix => suffix }, {
+        assert_snapshot!(sql);
+    });
+}
+
+/// Test `build_action_queries` for `ModifyColumnComment`
+#[rstest]
+#[case::postgres_modify_comment(DatabaseBackend::Postgres)]
+#[case::mysql_modify_comment(DatabaseBackend::MySql)]
+#[case::sqlite_modify_comment(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite)]
+fn test_build_action_queries_modify_column_comment(#[case] backend: DatabaseBackend) {
+    let action = MigrationAction::ModifyColumnComment {
+        table: "users".into(),
+        column: "email".into(),
+        new_comment: Some("User email address".into()),
+    };
+    let current_schema = vec![TableDef {
+        name: "users".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![ColumnDef {
+            name: "email".into(),
+            r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text),
+            nullable: true,
+            default: None,
+            comment: None,
+            primary_key: None,
+            unique: None,
+            index: None,
+            foreign_key: None,
+        }],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    }];
+    let result = build_action_queries(backend, &action, &current_schema).unwrap();
+    let sql = result
+        .iter()
+        .map(|q| q.build(backend))
+        .collect::<Vec<String>>()
+        .join("\n");
+
+    // Postgres and MySQL should have comment, SQLite returns empty
+    if backend != DatabaseBackend::Sqlite {
+        assert!(sql.contains("COMMENT") || sql.contains("User email address"));
+    }
+
+    let suffix = format!(
+        "{}_modify_comment",
+        match backend {
+            DatabaseBackend::Postgres => "postgres",
+            DatabaseBackend::MySql => "mysql",
+            DatabaseBackend::Sqlite => "sqlite",
+        }
+    );
+
+    with_settings!({ snapshot_path => "../snapshots", snapshot_suffix => suffix }, {
+        assert_snapshot!(sql);
+    });
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case::create_table_func_default_postgres(DatabaseBackend::Postgres)]
+#[case::create_table_func_default_mysql(DatabaseBackend::MySql)]
+#[case::create_table_func_default_sqlite(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite)]
+fn test_create_table_with_function_default(#[case] backend: DatabaseBackend) {
+    // SQLite requires DEFAULT (expr) for function-call defaults.
+    // This test ensures parentheses are added for SQLite.
+    let action = MigrationAction::CreateTable {
+        table: "users".into(),
+        columns: vec![
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "id".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: Some("gen_random_uuid()".into()),
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "created_at".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Timestamptz),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: Some("now()".into()),
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    };
+    let result = build_action_queries(backend, &action, &[]).unwrap();
+    let sql = result
+        .iter()
+        .map(|q| q.build(backend))
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+        .join(";\n");
+
+    with_settings!({ snapshot_path => "../snapshots", snapshot_suffix => format!("create_table_func_default_{:?}", backend) }, {
+        assert_snapshot!(sql);
+    });
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case::delete_enum_column_postgres(DatabaseBackend::Postgres)]
+#[case::delete_enum_column_mysql(DatabaseBackend::MySql)]
+#[case::delete_enum_column_sqlite(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite)]
+fn test_delete_column_with_enum_type(#[case] backend: DatabaseBackend) {
+    // Deleting a column with an enum type — SQLite uses temp table approach,
+    // Postgres drops the enum type, MySQL uses simple DROP COLUMN.
+    let action = MigrationAction::DeleteColumn {
+        table: "orders".into(),
+        column: "status".into(),
+    };
+    let schema = vec![TableDef {
+        name: "orders".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            ColumnDef {
+                name: "status".into(),
+                r#type: ColumnType::Complex(vespertide_core::ComplexColumnType::Enum {
+                    name: "order_status".into(),
+                    values: vespertide_core::EnumValues::String(vec![
+                        "pending".into(),
+                        "shipped".into(),
+                    ]),
+                }),
+                nullable: false,
+                default: None,
+                comment: None,
+                primary_key: None,
+                unique: None,
+                index: None,
+                foreign_key: None,
+            },
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    }];
+    let result = build_action_queries(backend, &action, &schema).unwrap();
+    let sql = result
+        .iter()
+        .map(|q| q.build(backend))
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+        .join(";\n");
+
+    with_settings!({ snapshot_path => "../snapshots", snapshot_suffix => format!("delete_enum_column_{:?}", backend) }, {
+        assert_snapshot!(sql);
+    });
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case::replace_fk_constraint_postgres(DatabaseBackend::Postgres)]
+#[case::replace_fk_constraint_mysql(DatabaseBackend::MySql)]
+#[case::replace_fk_constraint_sqlite(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite)]
+fn test_replace_fk_constraint(#[case] backend: DatabaseBackend) {
+    let schema = vec![TableDef {
+        name: "posts".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("user_id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![
+            TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
+                auto_increment: false,
+                columns: vec!["id".into()],
+            },
+            TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+                name: Some("fk_user".into()),
+                columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
+                ref_table: "users".into(),
+                ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+                on_delete: None,
+                on_update: None,
+            },
+        ],
+    }];
+    let action = MigrationAction::ReplaceConstraint {
+        table: "posts".into(),
+        from: TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+            name: Some("fk_user".into()),
+            columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
+            ref_table: "users".into(),
+            ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+            on_delete: None,
+            on_update: None,
+        },
+        to: TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
+            name: Some("fk_user".into()),
+            columns: vec!["user_id".into()],
+            ref_table: "users".into(),
+            ref_columns: vec!["id".into()],
+            on_delete: Some(ReferenceAction::Cascade),
+            on_update: None,
+        },
+    };
+    let result = build_action_queries(backend, &action, &schema).unwrap();
+    let sql = result
+        .iter()
+        .map(|q| q.build(backend))
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+        .join(";\n");
+
+    let suffix = format!(
+        "replace_fk_constraint_{}",
+        match backend {
+            DatabaseBackend::Postgres => "postgres",
+            DatabaseBackend::MySql => "mysql",
+            DatabaseBackend::Sqlite => "sqlite",
+        }
+    );
+
+    with_settings!({ snapshot_path => "../snapshots", snapshot_suffix => suffix }, {
+        assert_snapshot!(sql);
+    });
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/types.rs b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/types.rs
index b44af3f2..4f91c79b 100644
--- a/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/types.rs
+++ b/crates/vespertide-query/src/sql/types.rs
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ pub struct RawSql {
 }
 
 impl RawSql {
-    /// Create a RawSql with the same SQL for all backends
+    /// Create a `RawSql` with the same SQL for all backends
     pub fn uniform(sql: String) -> Self {
         Self {
             postgres: sql.clone(),
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ impl RawSql {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Create a RawSql with different SQL for each backend
+    /// Create a `RawSql` with different SQL for each backend
     pub fn per_backend(postgres: String, mysql: String, sqlite: String) -> Self {
         Self {
             postgres,
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-query/tests/composite_unique_test.rs b/crates/vespertide-query/tests/composite_unique_test.rs
index b0b6cf6d..9f728fe2 100644
--- a/crates/vespertide-query/tests/composite_unique_test.rs
+++ b/crates/vespertide-query/tests/composite_unique_test.rs
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ fn test_composite_unique_constraint_generates_single_index() {
     );
 
     let create_unique_sql = postgres_sql[1].build(DatabaseBackend::Postgres);
-    println!("\nGenerated unique index SQL: {}", create_unique_sql);
+    println!("\nGenerated unique index SQL: {create_unique_sql}");
 
     // Should create a single composite unique index, not two separate ones
     assert!(
@@ -88,13 +88,11 @@ fn test_composite_unique_constraint_generates_single_index() {
     );
     assert!(
         create_unique_sql.contains("\"uq_user__route_provider_id\""),
-        "Should use the named constraint. Got: {}",
-        create_unique_sql
+        "Should use the named constraint. Got: {create_unique_sql}"
     );
     assert!(
         create_unique_sql.contains("(\"join_route\", \"provider_id\")"),
-        "Should include both columns in composite index. Got: {}",
-        create_unique_sql
+        "Should include both columns in composite index. Got: {create_unique_sql}"
     );
 
     println!("\n✅ Composite unique constraint correctly generates a single index!");
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-query/tests/enum_migration_test.rs b/crates/vespertide-query/tests/enum_migration_test.rs
index e21c33a5..a41a87c9 100644
--- a/crates/vespertide-query/tests/enum_migration_test.rs
+++ b/crates/vespertide-query/tests/enum_migration_test.rs
@@ -88,8 +88,7 @@ fn test_enum_value_change_generates_correct_sql() {
     // 1. CREATE TYPE user_status_new (table-prefixed)
     assert!(
         sql0.contains("CREATE TYPE \"user_status_new\""),
-        "Step 1 should create temp type with table prefix. Got: {}",
-        sql0
+        "Step 1 should create temp type with table prefix. Got: {sql0}"
     );
     assert!(
         sql0.contains("'active', 'inactive', 'pending'"),
@@ -103,26 +102,22 @@ fn test_enum_value_change_generates_correct_sql() {
     );
     assert!(
         sql1.contains("ALTER COLUMN \"status\" TYPE \"user_status_new\""),
-        "Should change column type to temp with table prefix. Got: {}",
-        sql1
+        "Should change column type to temp with table prefix. Got: {sql1}"
     );
     assert!(
         sql1.contains("USING \"status\"::text::\"user_status_new\""),
-        "Should use USING clause with table prefix. Got: {}",
-        sql1
+        "Should use USING clause with table prefix. Got: {sql1}"
     );
 
     // 3. DROP TYPE user_status (table-prefixed)
     assert!(
         sql2.contains("DROP TYPE \"user_status\""),
-        "Step 3 should drop old type with table prefix. Got: {}",
-        sql2
+        "Step 3 should drop old type with table prefix. Got: {sql2}"
     );
 
     // 4. RENAME TYPE user_status_new to user_status (table-prefixed)
     assert!(
         sql3.contains("ALTER TYPE \"user_status_new\" RENAME TO \"user_status\""),
-        "Step 4 should rename temp type back with table prefix. Got: {}",
-        sql3
+        "Step 4 should rename temp type back with table prefix. Got: {sql3}"
     );
 }
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-query/tests/parallel_build.rs b/crates/vespertide-query/tests/parallel_build.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..05592f4f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-query/tests/parallel_build.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,194 @@
+#![allow(unsafe_code)]
+
+use std::ffi::OsString;
+
+use rayon::ThreadPoolBuilder;
+use serial_test::serial;
+use vespertide_core::{ColumnDef, ColumnType, MigrationAction, MigrationPlan, SimpleColumnType};
+use vespertide_planner::apply_action;
+use vespertide_query::builder::PlanQueries;
+use vespertide_query::sql::build_action_queries_with_pending;
+use vespertide_query::{DatabaseBackend, build_plan_queries};
+
+const PLAN_QUERY_THRESHOLD_ENV: &str = "VESPERTIDE_PLAN_QUERY_PAR_THRESHOLD";
+const TEST_PAR_THRESHOLD: &str = "8";
+
+fn col(name: &str, ty: ColumnType) -> ColumnDef {
+    ColumnDef {
+        name: name.to_string(),
+        r#type: ty,
+        nullable: false,
+        default: None,
+        comment: None,
+        primary_key: None,
+        unique: None,
+        index: None,
+        foreign_key: None,
+    }
+}
+
+fn create_table_action(i: usize) -> MigrationAction {
+    MigrationAction::CreateTable {
+        table: format!("parallel_table_{i}"),
+        columns: vec![col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer))],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    }
+}
+
+fn plan_with_actions(count: usize) -> MigrationPlan {
+    MigrationPlan {
+        id: format!("parallel-build-{count}"),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 1,
+        actions: (0..count).map(create_table_action).collect(),
+    }
+}
+
+fn build_plan_queries_sequentially(plan: &MigrationPlan) -> Vec<PlanQueries> {
+    let mut evolving_schema = Vec::new();
+    let mut queries = Vec::with_capacity(plan.actions.len());
+
+    for action in &plan.actions {
+        let postgres = build_action_queries_with_pending(
+            DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
+            action,
+            &evolving_schema,
+            &[],
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        let mysql = build_action_queries_with_pending(
+            DatabaseBackend::MySql,
+            action,
+            &evolving_schema,
+            &[],
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        let sqlite = build_action_queries_with_pending(
+            DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
+            action,
+            &evolving_schema,
+            &[],
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+        queries.push(PlanQueries {
+            action: action.clone(),
+            postgres,
+            mysql,
+            sqlite,
+        });
+
+        let _ = apply_action(&mut evolving_schema, action);
+    }
+
+    queries
+}
+
+fn backend_sql(plan_queries: &[PlanQueries], backend: DatabaseBackend) -> Vec<Vec<String>> {
+    plan_queries
+        .iter()
+        .map(|plan_query| {
+            let queries = match backend {
+                DatabaseBackend::Postgres => &plan_query.postgres,
+                DatabaseBackend::MySql => &plan_query.mysql,
+                DatabaseBackend::Sqlite => &plan_query.sqlite,
+            };
+            queries.iter().map(|query| query.build(backend)).collect()
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
+fn assert_byte_identical_to_sequential(plan: &MigrationPlan) {
+    let expected = build_plan_queries_sequentially(plan);
+    let actual = build_plan_queries(plan, &[]).unwrap();
+
+    assert_plan_queries_match(&actual, &expected);
+}
+
+fn assert_plan_queries_match(actual: &[PlanQueries], expected: &[PlanQueries]) {
+    assert_eq!(actual.len(), expected.len());
+    for (actual_query, expected_query) in actual.iter().zip(expected) {
+        assert_eq!(&actual_query.action, &expected_query.action);
+    }
+
+    for backend in [
+        DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
+        DatabaseBackend::MySql,
+        DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
+    ] {
+        assert_eq!(backend_sql(actual, backend), backend_sql(expected, backend));
+    }
+}
+
+// Every test in this binary is `#[serial]` because `parallel_build_above_threshold_*`
+// mutates the process-global environment (`VESPERTIDE_PLAN_QUERY_PAR_THRESHOLD`)
+// via `unsafe { std::env::set_var }`. `serial_test` only serializes opt-in tests,
+// so any non-serial test in this binary could race with the env mutation and
+// trigger Rust 2024 undefined behavior. Marking every test serial preserves the
+// "exclusive test execution within this binary during env mutation" invariant.
+#[test]
+#[serial]
+fn sequential_build_below_parallel_threshold_matches_reference() {
+    let plan = plan_with_actions(49);
+
+    assert_byte_identical_to_sequential(&plan);
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[serial]
+fn parallel_build_above_threshold_preserves_order_for_all_backends() {
+    let _threshold = EnvVarGuard::set(PLAN_QUERY_THRESHOLD_ENV, TEST_PAR_THRESHOLD);
+    let plan = plan_with_actions(100);
+    let expected = build_plan_queries_sequentially(&plan);
+    let single_thread = build_plan_queries_with_thread_count(&plan, 1);
+    let four_threads = build_plan_queries_with_thread_count(&plan, 4);
+
+    assert_plan_queries_match(&single_thread, &expected);
+    assert_plan_queries_match(&four_threads, &expected);
+    assert_plan_queries_match(&four_threads, &single_thread);
+}
+
+fn build_plan_queries_with_thread_count(
+    plan: &MigrationPlan,
+    thread_count: usize,
+) -> Vec<PlanQueries> {
+    ThreadPoolBuilder::new()
+        .num_threads(thread_count)
+        .build()
+        .expect("rayon thread pool should build")
+        .install(|| build_plan_queries(plan, &[]).unwrap())
+}
+
+struct EnvVarGuard {
+    key: &'static str,
+    previous: Option<OsString>,
+}
+
+impl EnvVarGuard {
+    fn set(key: &'static str, value: &'static str) -> Self {
+        let previous = std::env::var_os(key);
+        // SAFETY: every test in this binary carries `#[serial]`, guaranteeing
+        // that no other test (env-mutating OR env-reading) runs concurrently
+        // in this process while the override is installed. This satisfies
+        // Rust 2024's exclusive-access precondition for `std::env::set_var`.
+        unsafe { std::env::set_var(key, value) };
+        Self { key, previous }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Drop for EnvVarGuard {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        if let Some(previous) = &self.previous {
+            // SAFETY: every test in this binary carries `#[serial]`, so the
+            // restore call cannot race with another thread reading or
+            // mutating the environment in this process.
+            unsafe { std::env::set_var(self.key, previous) };
+        } else {
+            // SAFETY: every test in this binary carries `#[serial]`, so the
+            // remove call cannot race with another thread reading or
+            // mutating the environment in this process.
+            unsafe { std::env::remove_var(self.key) };
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-query/tests/sql_dialect_parse.proptest-regressions b/crates/vespertide-query/tests/sql_dialect_parse.proptest-regressions
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1f4b8b25
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-query/tests/sql_dialect_parse.proptest-regressions
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+# Seeds for failure cases proptest has generated in the past. It is
+# automatically read and these particular cases re-run before any
+# novel cases are generated.
+#
+# It is recommended to check this file in to source control so that
+# everyone who runs the test benefits from these saved cases.
+cc 14032239fb3fe84906e56379a8f272d4b0a50eb03fbc7b734cd14c0ee6df4cb8 # shrinks to table = TableDef { name: "a", description: None, columns: [ColumnDef { name: "a", type: Complex(Numeric { precision: 10, scale: 0 }), nullable: false, default: None, comment: None, primary_key: None, unique: None, index: None, foreign_key: None }], constraints: [] }
+cc 9a7388fd7d7bca68ce261eea64bd34ab46ec4c3091fec885d7e0f59c47ab82ac # shrinks to table = TableDef { name: "a", description: None, columns: [ColumnDef { name: "a", type: Complex(Numeric { precision: 1, scale: 0 }), nullable: false, default: None, comment: None, primary_key: None, unique: None, index: None, foreign_key: None }], constraints: [] }
+cc 4c6cafe2baa41c72322a473bdb441f35ae6726be3adc5217c702474ed09b22b8 # shrinks to table = TableDef { name: "a", description: None, columns: [ColumnDef { name: "a", type: Simple(Interval), nullable: false, default: None, comment: None, primary_key: None, unique: None, index: None, foreign_key: None }], constraints: [] }
+cc 9ce1d550cf972f2495e3c6b56f0e14f025cd1a9fa1948211b2b8f0b186e961ca # shrinks to table = TableDef { name: "a", description: None, columns: [ColumnDef { name: "a", type: Simple(Interval), nullable: false, default: None, comment: None, primary_key: None, unique: None, index: None, foreign_key: None }], constraints: [] }
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-query/tests/sql_dialect_parse.rs b/crates/vespertide-query/tests/sql_dialect_parse.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..265b02b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-query/tests/sql_dialect_parse.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+//! Daemon-free 3-dialect parser validation.
+//!
+//! `sqlparser-rs` is a pure-Rust SQL parser used by datafusion, delta-rs, etc.
+//! It supports separate dialect implementations for `PostgreSQL`, `MySQL`, and `SQLite`.
+//! Every emitted SQL is parsed in its target dialect; parse failure = bug.
+
+use proptest::prelude::*;
+use sqlparser::dialect::{Dialect, MySqlDialect, PostgreSqlDialect, SQLiteDialect};
+use sqlparser::parser::Parser;
+use vespertide_core::arbitrary::arb_table_def;
+use vespertide_core::*;
+use vespertide_query::{DatabaseBackend, build_action_queries};
+
+proptest! {
+    #![proptest_config(ProptestConfig { cases: 128, max_shrink_iters: 5000, ..ProptestConfig::default() })]
+
+    /// PostgreSQL dialect: every CREATE TABLE must parse.
+    #[test]
+    fn pg_dialect_parses_create_table(table in arb_table_def_fk_free()) {
+        assert_action_parses(
+            DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
+            &PostgreSqlDialect {},
+            &MigrationAction::CreateTable {
+                table: table.name.clone(),
+                columns: table.columns.clone(),
+                constraints: table.constraints.clone(),
+            },
+        )?;
+    }
+
+    /// MySQL dialect: every CREATE TABLE must parse.
+    #[test]
+    fn mysql_dialect_parses_create_table(table in arb_table_def_fk_free()) {
+        assert_action_parses(
+            DatabaseBackend::MySql,
+            &MySqlDialect {},
+            &MigrationAction::CreateTable {
+                table: table.name.clone(),
+                columns: table.columns.clone(),
+                constraints: table.constraints.clone(),
+            },
+        )?;
+    }
+
+    /// SQLite dialect: every CREATE TABLE must parse.
+    #[test]
+    fn sqlite_dialect_parses_create_table(table in arb_table_def_fk_free()) {
+        assert_action_parses(
+            DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
+            &SQLiteDialect {},
+            &MigrationAction::CreateTable {
+                table: table.name.clone(),
+                columns: table.columns.clone(),
+                constraints: table.constraints.clone(),
+            },
+        )?;
+    }
+
+    /// Cross-backend identity: same action → 3 dialects → all parse.
+    #[test]
+    fn all_three_dialects_accept_create_table(table in arb_table_def_fk_free()) {
+        let action = MigrationAction::CreateTable {
+            table: table.name.clone(),
+            columns: table.columns.clone(),
+            constraints: table.constraints.clone(),
+        };
+        for (backend, dialect) in dialects() {
+            check_parses(backend, dialect.as_ref(), &action)?;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Backend-sensitive types must render parseable CREATE TABLE SQL for every dialect.
+    #[test]
+    fn all_three_dialects_accept_backend_sensitive_types(column_type in arb_backend_sensitive_column_type()) {
+        let action = MigrationAction::CreateTable {
+            table: "type_probe".into(),
+            columns: vec![ColumnDef::new("value", column_type, true)],
+            constraints: vec![],
+        };
+
+        for (backend, dialect) in dialects() {
+            check_parses(backend, dialect.as_ref(), &action)?;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn dialects() -> Vec<(DatabaseBackend, Box<dyn Dialect>)> {
+    vec![
+        (DatabaseBackend::Postgres, Box::new(PostgreSqlDialect {})),
+        (DatabaseBackend::MySql, Box::new(MySqlDialect {})),
+        (DatabaseBackend::Sqlite, Box::new(SQLiteDialect {})),
+    ]
+}
+
+fn assert_action_parses(
+    backend: DatabaseBackend,
+    dialect: &dyn Dialect,
+    action: &MigrationAction,
+) -> Result<(), TestCaseError> {
+    check_parses(backend, dialect, action)
+}
+
+fn check_parses(
+    backend: DatabaseBackend,
+    dialect: &dyn Dialect,
+    action: &MigrationAction,
+) -> Result<(), TestCaseError> {
+    let queries = match build_action_queries(backend, action, &[]) {
+        Ok(q) => q,
+        Err(e) => {
+            // Construction failed in a way the property doesn't cover; skip.
+            return Err(TestCaseError::reject(format!(
+                "build_action_queries failed: {e}"
+            )));
+        }
+    };
+    for q in &queries {
+        let sql = q.build(backend);
+        // SQLite ModifyColumnComment is a documented no-op; skip empty SQL.
+        if sql.trim().is_empty() {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let parsed = Parser::parse_sql(dialect, &sql);
+        prop_assert!(
+            parsed.is_ok(),
+            "{:?} dialect rejected:\n--- SQL ---\n{sql}\n--- END ---\nerror: {:?}",
+            backend,
+            parsed.err()
+        );
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn arb_table_def_fk_free() -> impl Strategy<Value = TableDef> {
+    arb_table_def().prop_map(|mut t| {
+        t.constraints
+            .retain(|c| !matches!(c, TableConstraint::ForeignKey { .. }));
+        for col in &mut t.columns {
+            col.foreign_key = None;
+        }
+        t
+    })
+}
+
+fn arb_backend_sensitive_column_type() -> impl Strategy<Value = ColumnType> {
+    prop_oneof![
+        Just(ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Interval)),
+        Just(ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Timestamptz)),
+        Just(ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Inet)),
+        Just(ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Cidr)),
+        Just(ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Macaddr)),
+        Just(ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Xml)),
+        (1_u32..=100)
+            .prop_flat_map(|precision| (Just(precision), 0_u32..=precision))
+            .prop_map(|(precision, scale)| {
+                ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Numeric { precision, scale })
+            }),
+    ]
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-query/tests/sql_pg_query.rs b/crates/vespertide-query/tests/sql_pg_query.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4c4b0e2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-query/tests/sql_pg_query.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+//! Strict `PostgreSQL` parser validation using `pg_query` (PG's real C parser).
+//!
+//! `pg_query` builds the actual `PostgreSQL` parser as a static C library and exposes
+//! it via Rust FFI. Any SQL that fails `pg_query::parse` would also be rejected
+//! by a real `PostgreSQL` server. This is the strictest PG validation possible
+//! without running a daemon.
+//!
+//! This file is gated to non-Windows targets because the `PostgreSQL` source tree
+//! does not build cleanly on MSVC/MinGW.
+//!
+//! `pg_query@6` = PG 17 parser grammar.
+
+#![cfg(not(target_os = "windows"))]
+
+use proptest::prelude::*;
+use vespertide_core::arbitrary::arb_table_def;
+use vespertide_core::*;
+use vespertide_query::{DatabaseBackend, build_action_queries};
+
+proptest! {
+    #![proptest_config(ProptestConfig { cases: 128, max_shrink_iters: 5000, ..ProptestConfig::default() })]
+
+    /// Every CREATE TABLE emitted for Postgres backend must be parseable
+    /// by PostgreSQL's actual parser.
+    #[test]
+    fn pg_query_accepts_create_table(table in arb_table_def_fk_free()) {
+        let action = MigrationAction::CreateTable {
+            table: table.name.clone(),
+            columns: table.columns.clone(),
+            constraints: table.constraints.clone(),
+        };
+        let queries = build_action_queries(DatabaseBackend::Postgres, &action, &[])
+            .expect("query build must succeed");
+        for q in &queries {
+            let sql = q.build(DatabaseBackend::Postgres);
+            if sql.trim().is_empty() {
+                continue;
+            }
+            match pg_query::parse(&sql) {
+                Ok(_) => {},
+                Err(e) => prop_assert!(
+                    false,
+                    "pg_query rejected:\n--- SQL ---\n{sql}\n--- END ---\nerror: {e}"
+                ),
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// DROP TABLE / RENAME TABLE / typed enum migrations etc.
+    #[test]
+    fn pg_query_accepts_drop_and_rename(name in proptest::string::string_regex("[a-z][a-z0-9_]{0,15}").unwrap()) {
+        let actions = [
+            MigrationAction::DeleteTable { table: name.clone() },
+            MigrationAction::RenameTable { from: name.clone(), to: format!("{name}_v2") },
+        ];
+        for action in &actions {
+            let queries = build_action_queries(DatabaseBackend::Postgres, action, &[])
+                .expect("query build must succeed");
+            for q in &queries {
+                let sql = q.build(DatabaseBackend::Postgres);
+                if sql.trim().is_empty() {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                let parsed = pg_query::parse(&sql);
+                prop_assert!(
+                    parsed.is_ok(),
+                    "pg_query rejected: {sql}\nerror: {:?}",
+                    parsed.err()
+                );
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn arb_table_def_fk_free() -> impl Strategy<Value = TableDef> {
+    arb_table_def().prop_map(|mut t| {
+        t.constraints
+            .retain(|c| !matches!(c, TableConstraint::ForeignKey { .. }));
+        for col in &mut t.columns {
+            col.foreign_key = None;
+        }
+        t
+    })
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-query/tests/sql_proptest.rs b/crates/vespertide-query/tests/sql_proptest.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..029df432
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-query/tests/sql_proptest.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,245 @@
+use proptest::prelude::*;
+use vespertide_core::{ColumnDef, ColumnType, MigrationAction, SimpleColumnType, TableDef};
+use vespertide_query::sql::helpers::quote_ident;
+use vespertide_query::{DatabaseBackend, build_action_queries};
+
+const BACKENDS: [DatabaseBackend; 3] = [
+    DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
+    DatabaseBackend::MySql,
+    DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
+];
+
+proptest! {
+    #![proptest_config(ProptestConfig {
+        cases: 128,
+        ..ProptestConfig::default()
+    })]
+
+    // === Property C: determinism ===
+    #[test]
+    fn sql_emit_is_deterministic(
+        action in arb_migration_action(),
+        backend in arb_backend(),
+    ) {
+        let q1 = build_action_queries(backend, &action, &[]);
+        let q2 = build_action_queries(backend, &action, &[]);
+
+        prop_assert_eq!(render_result(backend, q1), render_result(backend, q2));
+    }
+
+    // === Property D: 3-backend parity ===
+    #[test]
+    fn create_table_emits_sql_on_all_backends(table in arb_table_def_simple()) {
+        for backend in BACKENDS {
+            let action = MigrationAction::CreateTable {
+                table: table.name.clone(),
+                columns: table.columns.clone(),
+                constraints: table.constraints.clone(),
+            };
+            let result = build_action_queries(backend, &action, &[]);
+            prop_assert!(result.is_ok(), "backend {backend:?} failed: {:?}", result.err());
+            let queries = result.unwrap();
+            prop_assert!(!queries.is_empty(), "backend {backend:?} produced no SQL");
+            prop_assert!(
+                queries.iter().all(|query| !query.build(backend).is_empty()),
+                "backend {backend:?} produced an empty SQL statement"
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn stateless_actions_emit_sql_on_all_backends(action in arb_stateless_sql_action()) {
+        for backend in BACKENDS {
+            let result = build_action_queries(backend, &action, &[]);
+            prop_assert!(result.is_ok(), "backend {backend:?} failed: {:?}", result.err());
+            let queries = result.unwrap();
+            prop_assert!(!queries.is_empty(), "backend {backend:?} produced no SQL for {action:?}");
+            prop_assert!(
+                queries.iter().all(|query| !query.build(backend).is_empty()),
+                "backend {backend:?} produced an empty SQL statement for {action:?}"
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn modify_column_comment_sqlite_is_documented_noop(
+        table in arb_ident(),
+        column in arb_ident(),
+        comment in prop::option::of(arb_comment()),
+    ) {
+        let action = MigrationAction::ModifyColumnComment {
+            table,
+            column,
+            new_comment: comment,
+        };
+
+        let result = build_action_queries(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite, &action, &[]);
+
+        prop_assert!(result.is_ok(), "SQLite comment no-op should succeed: {:?}", result.err());
+        prop_assert!(
+            result.unwrap().is_empty(),
+            "SQLite does not support column comments; ModifyColumnComment is a documented no-op"
+        );
+    }
+
+    // === Property E: quote_ident safety ===
+    #[test]
+    fn quote_ident_returns_balanced_quotes(name in ".*") {
+        for backend in BACKENDS {
+            let quoted = quote_ident(&name, backend);
+            let (open, close) = match backend {
+                DatabaseBackend::MySql => ('`', '`'),
+                DatabaseBackend::Postgres | DatabaseBackend::Sqlite => ('"', '"'),
+            };
+
+            prop_assert!(
+                quoted.starts_with(open),
+                "expected leading {open}, got {quoted:?}"
+            );
+            prop_assert!(
+                quoted.ends_with(close),
+                "expected trailing {close}, got {quoted:?}"
+            );
+
+            let inner = &quoted[1..quoted.len() - 1];
+            let bare_count = inner.matches(open).count();
+            let doubled = format!("{open}{open}");
+            let doubled_count = inner.matches(doubled.as_str()).count();
+
+            prop_assert_eq!(bare_count, doubled_count * 2);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn quote_ident_round_trips_safe_idents(name in "[a-z][a-z0-9_]{0,20}") {
+        for backend in BACKENDS {
+            let quoted = quote_ident(&name, backend);
+            let inner = &quoted[1..quoted.len() - 1];
+
+            prop_assert_eq!(inner, name.as_str());
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn render_result(
+    backend: DatabaseBackend,
+    result: Result<Vec<vespertide_query::BuiltQuery>, vespertide_query::QueryError>,
+) -> Result<Vec<String>, String> {
+    result
+        .map(|queries| {
+            queries
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|query| query.build(backend))
+                .collect()
+        })
+        .map_err(|err| format!("{err:?}"))
+}
+
+fn arb_backend() -> impl Strategy<Value = DatabaseBackend> {
+    prop_oneof![
+        Just(DatabaseBackend::Postgres),
+        Just(DatabaseBackend::MySql),
+        Just(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite),
+    ]
+}
+
+fn arb_ident() -> impl Strategy<Value = String> {
+    "[a-z][a-z0-9_]{0,20}"
+}
+
+fn arb_comment() -> impl Strategy<Value = String> {
+    "[ -~]{0,80}"
+}
+
+fn arb_simple_column_type() -> impl Strategy<Value = ColumnType> {
+    prop_oneof![
+        Just(ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::SmallInt)),
+        Just(ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+        Just(ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::BigInt)),
+        Just(ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
+        Just(ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Boolean)),
+        Just(ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Date)),
+        Just(ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Timestamp)),
+        Just(ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Timestamptz)),
+        Just(ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Uuid)),
+        Just(ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Json)),
+    ]
+}
+
+fn arb_column_def_simple() -> impl Strategy<Value = ColumnDef> {
+    (arb_ident(), arb_simple_column_type(), any::<bool>())
+        .prop_map(|(name, r#type, nullable)| ColumnDef::new(name, r#type, nullable))
+}
+
+fn arb_nullable_column_def_simple() -> impl Strategy<Value = ColumnDef> {
+    (arb_ident(), arb_simple_column_type())
+        .prop_map(|(name, r#type)| ColumnDef::new(name, r#type, true))
+}
+
+fn arb_table_def_simple() -> impl Strategy<Value = TableDef> {
+    (
+        arb_ident(),
+        prop::collection::vec(arb_column_def_simple(), 1..=6),
+    )
+        .prop_map(|(name, columns)| TableDef {
+            name,
+            description: None,
+            columns,
+            constraints: Vec::new(),
+        })
+}
+
+fn arb_migration_action() -> impl Strategy<Value = MigrationAction> {
+    prop_oneof![
+        arb_table_def_simple().prop_map(|table| MigrationAction::CreateTable {
+            table: table.name,
+            columns: table.columns,
+            constraints: table.constraints,
+        }),
+        arb_ident().prop_map(|table| MigrationAction::DeleteTable { table }),
+        (arb_ident(), arb_nullable_column_def_simple()).prop_map(|(table, column)| {
+            MigrationAction::AddColumn {
+                table,
+                column: Box::new(column),
+                fill_with: None,
+            }
+        }),
+        (arb_ident(), arb_ident(), arb_ident())
+            .prop_map(|(table, from, to)| { MigrationAction::RenameColumn { table, from, to } }),
+        (arb_ident(), arb_ident(), prop::option::of(arb_comment())).prop_map(
+            |(table, column, new_comment)| MigrationAction::ModifyColumnComment {
+                table,
+                column,
+                new_comment,
+            },
+        ),
+        (arb_ident(), arb_ident()).prop_map(|(from, to)| MigrationAction::RenameTable { from, to }),
+        arb_raw_sql().prop_map(|sql| MigrationAction::RawSql { sql }),
+    ]
+}
+
+fn arb_stateless_sql_action() -> impl Strategy<Value = MigrationAction> {
+    prop_oneof![
+        arb_table_def_simple().prop_map(|table| MigrationAction::CreateTable {
+            table: table.name,
+            columns: table.columns,
+            constraints: table.constraints,
+        }),
+        arb_ident().prop_map(|table| MigrationAction::DeleteTable { table }),
+        (arb_ident(), arb_nullable_column_def_simple()).prop_map(|(table, column)| {
+            MigrationAction::AddColumn {
+                table,
+                column: Box::new(column),
+                fill_with: None,
+            }
+        }),
+        (arb_ident(), arb_ident(), arb_ident())
+            .prop_map(|(table, from, to)| { MigrationAction::RenameColumn { table, from, to } }),
+        (arb_ident(), arb_ident()).prop_map(|(from, to)| MigrationAction::RenameTable { from, to }),
+        arb_raw_sql().prop_map(|sql| MigrationAction::RawSql { sql }),
+    ]
+}
+
+fn arb_raw_sql() -> impl Strategy<Value = String> {
+    "SELECT [0-9]{1,6}"
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-query/tests/sql_sqlite_exec.proptest-regressions b/crates/vespertide-query/tests/sql_sqlite_exec.proptest-regressions
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8b97507c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-query/tests/sql_sqlite_exec.proptest-regressions
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# Seeds for failure cases proptest has generated in the past. It is
+# automatically read and these particular cases re-run before any
+# novel cases are generated.
+#
+# It is recommended to check this file in to source control so that
+# everyone who runs the test benefits from these saved cases.
+cc bed314d13522ad6180367c1e8094d27b57a527b546cc26ffc641623569a2d472 # shrinks to table = TableDef { name: "a", description: None, columns: [ColumnDef { name: "a", type: Complex(Numeric { precision: 17, scale: 0 }), nullable: false, default: None, comment: None, primary_key: None, unique: None, index: None, foreign_key: None }], constraints: [] }
+cc 6f022980f695e327ae25d1d15bcde0e1eb6259123ce57c1f1e836ef7b25b792e # shrinks to table = TableDef { name: "a", description: None, columns: [ColumnDef { name: "a", type: Simple(Interval), nullable: false, default: None, comment: None, primary_key: None, unique: None, index: None, foreign_key: None }], constraints: [] }
+cc 007e55880a85b05827de5d72220ecf18c6a5b84cf152a75d50351968d61b49c8 # shrinks to table = TableDef { name: "a", description: None, columns: [ColumnDef { name: "a", type: Complex(Enum { name: "a", values: String(["a"]) }), nullable: false, default: None, comment: None, primary_key: None, unique: None, index: None, foreign_key: None }], constraints: [] }
+cc 660d519206a046d5c5b0add0f2d12c88fa9fd8dac7f5f46090db14b5b47e7764 # shrinks to table = TableDef { name: "a", description: None, columns: [ColumnDef { name: "a", type: Complex(Enum { name: "a", values: String(["a"]) }), nullable: false, default: None, comment: None, primary_key: None, unique: None, index: None, foreign_key: None }], constraints: [] }
+cc 0453d27831c99307b5d8d2de7058d70032855a40e444f80e48562377fe53b846 # shrinks to column_type = Complex(Numeric { precision: 1, scale: 2 })
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-query/tests/sql_sqlite_exec.rs b/crates/vespertide-query/tests/sql_sqlite_exec.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4869489e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-query/tests/sql_sqlite_exec.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+//! Daemon-free `SQLite` execution validation.
+//!
+//! Uses `rusqlite` with the bundled feature so no system `libsqlite` is needed.
+//! Every generated `SQLite` SQL string is executed against a fresh in-memory database
+//! and verified to be syntactically and semantically accepted by a real `SQLite` engine.
+
+use proptest::prelude::*;
+use rusqlite::Connection;
+use vespertide_core::arbitrary::{arb_safe_ident, arb_table_def};
+use vespertide_core::{
+    ColumnDef, ColumnType, ComplexColumnType, MigrationAction, SimpleColumnType, TableDef,
+};
+use vespertide_query::{DatabaseBackend, build_action_queries};
+
+proptest! {
+    #![proptest_config(ProptestConfig { cases: 64, max_shrink_iters: 5000, ..ProptestConfig::default() })]
+
+    /// CREATE TABLE: every emitted SQL must be accepted by a real `SQLite` engine.
+    #[test]
+    fn sqlite_accepts_create_table(table in arb_table_def_fk_free()) {
+        let conn = Connection::open_in_memory().expect("in-memory SQLite must open");
+        let action = MigrationAction::CreateTable {
+            table: table.name.clone(),
+            columns: table.columns.clone(),
+            constraints: table.constraints.clone(),
+        };
+        let queries = build_action_queries(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite, &action, &[])
+            .expect("query build must succeed for valid table");
+        for q in &queries {
+            let sql = q.build(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite);
+            prop_assert!(
+                conn.execute(&sql, []).is_ok(),
+                "SQLite rejected:\n--- SQL ---\n{sql}\n--- END ---"
+            );
+        }
+
+        // Round trip: query sqlite_master and confirm our table exists.
+        let count: i64 = conn.query_row(
+            "SELECT COUNT(*) FROM sqlite_master WHERE type='table' AND name=?",
+            [&table.name.as_str()],
+            |r| r.get(0),
+        ).expect("sqlite_master query must succeed");
+        prop_assert_eq!(count, 1, "table not created");
+    }
+
+    /// CREATE then DROP: emitted DROP SQL must succeed after corresponding CREATE.
+    #[test]
+    fn sqlite_accepts_create_then_drop(table in arb_table_def_fk_free()) {
+        let conn = Connection::open_in_memory().unwrap();
+        let create = MigrationAction::CreateTable {
+            table: table.name.clone(),
+            columns: table.columns.clone(),
+            constraints: table.constraints.clone(),
+        };
+        let drop = MigrationAction::DeleteTable { table: table.name.clone() };
+
+        for action in [&create, &drop] {
+            let queries = build_action_queries(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite, action, &[]).unwrap();
+            for q in &queries {
+                let sql = q.build(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite);
+                prop_assert!(conn.execute(&sql, []).is_ok(), "SQLite rejected: {sql}");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// PostgreSQL-only and wide NUMERIC types must still emit executable SQLite DDL.
+    #[test]
+    fn sqlite_accepts_backend_sensitive_column_types(column_type in arb_backend_sensitive_column_type()) {
+        let conn = Connection::open_in_memory().expect("in-memory SQLite must open");
+        let action = MigrationAction::CreateTable {
+            table: "type_probe".into(),
+            columns: vec![ColumnDef::new("value", column_type, true)],
+            constraints: vec![],
+        };
+
+        let queries = build_action_queries(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite, &action, &[])
+            .expect("query build must succeed for backend-sensitive types");
+        for q in &queries {
+            let sql = q.build(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite);
+            prop_assert!(
+                conn.execute(&sql, []).is_ok(),
+                "SQLite rejected:\n--- SQL ---\n{sql}\n--- END ---"
+            );
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// `SQLite`-safe table strategy: no FK columns/constraints (FK ordering requires
+/// global topology that's out of scope for single-table property tests).
+fn arb_table_def_fk_free() -> impl Strategy<Value = TableDef> {
+    (arb_table_def(), arb_safe_ident()).prop_map(|(mut table, fallback_column)| {
+        if table.columns.is_empty() {
+            table.columns.push(ColumnDef::new(
+                fallback_column,
+                ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer),
+                true,
+            ));
+        }
+
+        table.constraints.clear();
+        for col in &mut table.columns {
+            col.r#type = sqlite_executable_type(&col.r#type);
+            col.default = None;
+            col.primary_key = None;
+            col.unique = None;
+            col.index = None;
+            col.foreign_key = None;
+        }
+        table
+    })
+}
+
+fn sqlite_executable_type(column_type: &ColumnType) -> ColumnType {
+    match column_type {
+        ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Enum { .. }) => {
+            ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)
+        }
+        other => other.clone(),
+    }
+}
+
+fn arb_backend_sensitive_column_type() -> impl Strategy<Value = ColumnType> {
+    prop_oneof![
+        Just(ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Interval)),
+        Just(ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Timestamptz)),
+        Just(ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Inet)),
+        Just(ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Cidr)),
+        Just(ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Macaddr)),
+        Just(ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Xml)),
+        (1_u32..=100)
+            .prop_flat_map(|precision| (Just(precision), 0..=precision.min(20)))
+            .prop_map(|(precision, scale)| {
+                ColumnType::Complex(ComplexColumnType::Numeric { precision, scale })
+            }),
+    ]
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-query/tests/table_prefixed_enum_test.rs b/crates/vespertide-query/tests/table_prefixed_enum_test.rs
index 8633f810..f1aee0e3 100644
--- a/crates/vespertide-query/tests/table_prefixed_enum_test.rs
+++ b/crates/vespertide-query/tests/table_prefixed_enum_test.rs
@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@ mod test_utils {
     };
     use vespertide_query::{DatabaseBackend, build_plan_queries};
     #[test]
+    // reason: integration scenario asserts one generated migration end-to-end.
+    #[allow(clippy::too_many_lines)]
     fn test_table_prefixed_enum_names() {
         // Test that enum types are created with table-prefixed names to avoid conflicts
         let plan = MigrationPlan {
@@ -99,8 +101,7 @@ mod test_utils {
         let create_users_enum = users_sql[0].build(DatabaseBackend::Postgres);
         assert!(
             create_users_enum.contains("CREATE TYPE \"users_status\""),
-            "Should create users_status enum type. Got: {}",
-            create_users_enum
+            "Should create users_status enum type. Got: {create_users_enum}"
         );
         assert!(
             create_users_enum.contains("'active', 'inactive'"),
@@ -110,8 +111,7 @@ mod test_utils {
         let create_users_table = users_sql[1].build(DatabaseBackend::Postgres);
         assert!(
             create_users_table.contains("users_status"),
-            "Users table should use users_status type. Got: {}",
-            create_users_table
+            "Users table should use users_status type. Got: {create_users_table}"
         );
 
         // Check orders table enum type
@@ -119,8 +119,7 @@ mod test_utils {
         let create_orders_enum = orders_sql[0].build(DatabaseBackend::Postgres);
         assert!(
             create_orders_enum.contains("CREATE TYPE \"orders_status\""),
-            "Should create orders_status enum type. Got: {}",
-            create_orders_enum
+            "Should create orders_status enum type. Got: {create_orders_enum}"
         );
         assert!(
             create_orders_enum.contains("'pending', 'shipped', 'delivered'"),
@@ -130,8 +129,7 @@ mod test_utils {
         let create_orders_table = orders_sql[1].build(DatabaseBackend::Postgres);
         assert!(
             create_orders_table.contains("orders_status"),
-            "Orders table should use orders_status type. Got: {}",
-            create_orders_table
+            "Orders table should use orders_status type. Got: {create_orders_table}"
         );
 
         println!("\n=== Users Table SQL ===");
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-query/tests/transactional_plan_test.rs b/crates/vespertide-query/tests/transactional_plan_test.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f266893e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide-query/tests/transactional_plan_test.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+use rstest::rstest;
+use vespertide_core::{
+    ColumnDef, ColumnType, MigrationAction, MigrationPlan, SimpleColumnType, TableDef,
+};
+use vespertide_query::{
+    DatabaseBackend, PlanQueries, PlanQueriesOptions, build_plan_queries,
+    build_plan_queries_with_options,
+};
+
+fn col(name: &str, ty: ColumnType) -> ColumnDef {
+    ColumnDef {
+        name: name.to_string(),
+        r#type: ty,
+        nullable: true,
+        default: None,
+        comment: None,
+        primary_key: None,
+        unique: None,
+        index: None,
+        foreign_key: None,
+    }
+}
+
+fn nullable_rebuild_plan() -> (MigrationPlan, Vec<TableDef>) {
+    let schema = vec![TableDef {
+        name: "article".into(),
+        description: None,
+        columns: vec![
+            col("id", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Integer)),
+            col("title", ColumnType::Simple(SimpleColumnType::Text)),
+        ],
+        constraints: vec![],
+    }];
+    let plan = MigrationPlan {
+        id: String::new(),
+        comment: None,
+        created_at: None,
+        version: 1,
+        actions: vec![MigrationAction::ModifyColumnNullable {
+            table: "article".into(),
+            column: "title".into(),
+            nullable: false,
+            fill_with: Some("'untitled'".into()),
+            delete_null_rows: None,
+        }],
+    };
+    (plan, schema)
+}
+
+fn backend_sql(queries: &[PlanQueries], backend: DatabaseBackend) -> Vec<String> {
+    queries
+        .iter()
+        .flat_map(|pq| match backend {
+            DatabaseBackend::Postgres => &pq.postgres,
+            DatabaseBackend::MySql => &pq.mysql,
+            DatabaseBackend::Sqlite => &pq.sqlite,
+        })
+        .map(|q| q.build(backend))
+        .collect()
+}
+
+#[rstest]
+#[case::postgres(DatabaseBackend::Postgres)]
+#[case::mysql(DatabaseBackend::MySql)]
+#[case::sqlite(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite)]
+fn build_plan_queries_with_options_wraps_temp_table_rebuild_in_transaction(
+    #[case] backend: DatabaseBackend,
+) {
+    let (plan, schema) = nullable_rebuild_plan();
+    let result = build_plan_queries_with_options(
+        &plan,
+        &schema,
+        PlanQueriesOptions {
+            wrap_in_transaction: true,
+        },
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+    let sql = backend_sql(&result, backend);
+
+    assert!(sql.len() > 2, "expected multi-statement migration output");
+    assert_eq!(sql.first().map(String::as_str), Some("BEGIN;"));
+    assert_eq!(sql.last().map(String::as_str), Some("COMMIT;"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn build_plan_queries_keeps_transaction_wrapping_opt_in() {
+    let (plan, schema) = nullable_rebuild_plan();
+    let result = build_plan_queries(&plan, &schema).unwrap();
+    let sql = backend_sql(&result, DatabaseBackend::Sqlite);
+
+    assert_ne!(sql.first().map(String::as_str), Some("BEGIN;"));
+    assert_ne!(sql.last().map(String::as_str), Some("COMMIT;"));
+}
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-schema-gen/Cargo.toml b/crates/vespertide-schema-gen/Cargo.toml
index f89ffa27..27b6f4db 100644
--- a/crates/vespertide-schema-gen/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/vespertide-schema-gen/Cargo.toml
@@ -22,6 +22,6 @@ tempfile = "3"
 assert_cmd = "2"
 predicates = "3"
 
-[lints.rust]
-unexpected_cfgs = { level = "warn", check-cfg = ['cfg(tarpaulin_include)'] }
+[lints]
+workspace = true
 
diff --git a/crates/vespertide-schema-gen/src/main.rs b/crates/vespertide-schema-gen/src/main.rs
index 73905c57..89c9e233 100644
--- a/crates/vespertide-schema-gen/src/main.rs
+++ b/crates/vespertide-schema-gen/src/main.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use std::fs;
-use std::path::PathBuf;
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 
 use anyhow::{Context, Result};
 use clap::Parser;
@@ -21,12 +21,12 @@ struct Args {
 #[cfg(not(tarpaulin_include))]
 fn main() -> Result<()> {
     let args = Args::parse();
-    run(args.out)
+    run(&args.out)
 }
 
-fn run(out: PathBuf) -> Result<()> {
+fn run(out: &Path) -> Result<()> {
     if !out.exists() {
-        fs::create_dir_all(&out).with_context(|| format!("create dir {}", out.display()))?;
+        fs::create_dir_all(out).with_context(|| format!("create dir {}", out.display()))?;
     }
 
     let model_schema = schema_for!(TableDef);
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ mod tests {
         let out = temp_dir.path().join("test_schemas");
 
         assert!(!out.exists());
-        run(out.clone()).unwrap();
+        run(&out).unwrap();
         assert!(out.exists());
     }
 
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ mod tests {
         let temp_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
         let out = temp_dir.path();
 
-        run(out.to_path_buf()).unwrap();
+        run(out).unwrap();
 
         let model_path = out.join("model.schema.json");
         assert!(model_path.exists());
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ mod tests {
         let temp_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
         let out = temp_dir.path();
 
-        run(out.to_path_buf()).unwrap();
+        run(out).unwrap();
 
         let migration_path = out.join("migration.schema.json");
         assert!(migration_path.exists());
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ mod tests {
         let temp_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
         let out = temp_dir.path();
 
-        run(out.to_path_buf()).unwrap();
+        run(out).unwrap();
 
         let model_path = out.join("model.schema.json");
         let migration_path = out.join("migration.schema.json");
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(out.exists());
 
         // Should still work
-        run(out.to_path_buf()).unwrap();
+        run(out).unwrap();
 
         let model_path = out.join("model.schema.json");
         let migration_path = out.join("migration.schema.json");
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ mod tests {
         let temp_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
         let out = temp_dir.path();
 
-        run(out.to_path_buf()).unwrap();
+        run(out).unwrap();
 
         let config_path = out.join("config.schema.json");
         assert!(config_path.exists());
diff --git a/crates/vespertide/Cargo.toml b/crates/vespertide/Cargo.toml
index 02f36ed6..3564d5f8 100644
--- a/crates/vespertide/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/vespertide/Cargo.toml
@@ -7,12 +7,18 @@ repository.workspace = true
 homepage.workspace = true
 documentation.workspace = true
 description = "Rust workspace for defining database schemas in JSON and generating migration plans and SQL from model diffs"
+keywords = ["database", "migration", "schema", "orm", "sql"]
+categories = ["database"]
+readme = "../../README.md"
 
 [dependencies]
 vespertide-macro = { workspace = true }
 vespertide-core = { workspace = true }
-sea-orm = { version = "2.0.0-rc.37", default-features = false }
+sea-orm = { version = "2.0.0-rc.38", default-features = false }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 tokio = { version = "1", features = ["macros", "rt-multi-thread"] }
-sea-orm = { version = "2.0.0-rc.37", default-features = false, features = ["runtime-tokio-native-tls", "sqlx-sqlite"] }
+sea-orm = { version = "2.0.0-rc.38", default-features = false, features = ["runtime-tokio-native-tls", "sqlx-sqlite"] }
+
+[lints]
+workspace = true
diff --git a/crates/vespertide/src/lib.rs b/crates/vespertide/src/lib.rs
index a74e2c59..8a5cb1c0 100644
--- a/crates/vespertide/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/vespertide/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,12 @@
+//! # Vespertide
+//!
+//! Declarative database schema management for Rust. Define schemas in JSON,
+//! generate migration plans, emit SQL for PostgreSQL/MySQL/SQLite, and export
+//! ORM models for SeaORM/SQLAlchemy/SQLModel/JPA.
+//!
+//! This is the facade crate; runtime migrations use [`vespertide_migration!`].
+//! Advanced users may depend on `vespertide-core` directly for typed data structures.
+
 pub mod runtime;
 
 // Re-export macro for convenient usage
diff --git a/crates/vespertide/src/runtime.rs b/crates/vespertide/src/runtime.rs
index a250493b..165e44c4 100644
--- a/crates/vespertide/src/runtime.rs
+++ b/crates/vespertide/src/runtime.rs
@@ -1,18 +1,43 @@
-use sea_orm::{ConnectionTrait, DatabaseBackend, DatabaseConnection, Statement, TransactionTrait};
+use sea_orm::{
+    ConnectionTrait, DatabaseBackend, DatabaseConnection, QueryResult, Statement, TransactionTrait,
+};
 
 use crate::MigrationError;
 
+fn database_error(message: String, source: sea_orm::DbErr) -> MigrationError {
+    MigrationError::Database {
+        message,
+        source: Some(Box::new(source)),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Compiled migration with per-backend SQL byte arrays.
+/// A single migration baked into the binary at compile time by the `vespertide_migration!` macro.
+///
+/// Each `EmbeddedMigration` holds three pre-compiled SQL blobs (one per supported backend).
+/// Individual SQL statements within a blob are separated by null bytes (`\0`); use
+/// [`split_sql_blob`] to iterate over them.
+///
+/// You do not construct `EmbeddedMigration` values manually. The `vespertide_migration!` macro
+/// generates a `const` array of these and passes it to [`run_embedded_migrations`].
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct EmbeddedMigration {
+    /// Monotonically increasing version number matching the migration file.
     pub version: u32,
+    /// UUID identifying this specific migration plan, used to detect history divergence.
     pub migration_id: &'static str,
+    /// Human-readable description of what this migration does.
     pub comment: &'static str,
+    /// Null-byte-delimited SQL statements for `PostgreSQL`.
     pub postgres_sql_blob: &'static str,
+    /// Null-byte-delimited SQL statements for `MySQL`.
     pub mysql_sql_blob: &'static str,
+    /// Null-byte-delimited SQL statements for `SQLite`.
     pub sqlite_sql_blob: &'static str,
 }
 
 impl EmbeddedMigration {
+    /// Construct an embedded migration; called by the `vespertide_migration!` macro expansion. Not intended for hand-written use.
     pub const fn new(
         version: u32,
         migration_id: &'static str,
@@ -60,54 +85,45 @@ pub async fn run_embedded_migrations(
     };
 
     let create_table_sql = format!(
-        "CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS {q}{}{q} (version INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, id TEXT DEFAULT '', created_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP)",
-        version_table
+        "CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS {q}{version_table}{q} (version INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, id TEXT DEFAULT '', created_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP)"
     );
     let stmt = Statement::from_string(backend, create_table_sql);
-    pool.execute_raw(stmt).await.map_err(|e| {
-        MigrationError::DatabaseError(format!("Failed to create version table: {}", e))
-    })?;
+    pool.execute_raw(stmt)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|e| database_error(format!("Failed to create version table: {e}"), e))?;
 
-    let alter_sql = format!(
-        "ALTER TABLE {q}{}{q} ADD COLUMN id TEXT DEFAULT ''",
-        version_table
-    );
+    let alter_sql = format!("ALTER TABLE {q}{version_table}{q} ADD COLUMN id TEXT DEFAULT ''");
     let stmt = Statement::from_string(backend, alter_sql);
     let _ = pool.execute_raw(stmt).await;
 
-    let txn = pool.begin().await.map_err(|e| {
-        MigrationError::DatabaseError(format!("Failed to begin transaction: {}", e))
-    })?;
+    let txn = pool
+        .begin()
+        .await
+        .map_err(|e| database_error(format!("Failed to begin transaction: {e}"), e))?;
 
-    let select_sql = format!(
-        "SELECT MAX(version) as version FROM {q}{}{q}",
-        version_table
-    );
+    let select_sql = format!("SELECT MAX(version) as version FROM {q}{version_table}{q}");
     let stmt = Statement::from_string(backend, select_sql);
     let version_result = txn
         .query_one_raw(stmt)
         .await
-        .map_err(|e| MigrationError::DatabaseError(format!("Failed to read version: {}", e)))?;
-    let version = version_result
+        .map_err(|e| database_error(format!("Failed to read version: {e}"), e))?;
+    let version_i32 = version_result
         .and_then(|row| row.try_get::<i32>("", "version").ok())
-        .unwrap_or(0) as u32;
+        .unwrap_or(0);
+    // Migration versions are generated by Vespertide as non-negative u32 values;
+    // treat a corrupt negative database value as no applied migration.
+    let version = u32::try_from(version_i32).unwrap_or(0);
 
-    let select_ids_sql = format!("SELECT version, id FROM {q}{}{q}", version_table);
+    let select_ids_sql = format!("SELECT version, id FROM {q}{version_table}{q}");
     let stmt = Statement::from_string(backend, select_ids_sql);
     let id_rows = txn
         .query_all_raw(stmt)
         .await
-        .map_err(|e| MigrationError::DatabaseError(format!("Failed to read version ids: {}", e)))?;
-    let mut version_ids = std::collections::HashMap::<u32, String>::new();
-    for row in &id_rows {
-        if let Ok(found_version) = row.try_get::<i32>("", "version") {
-            let id = row.try_get::<String>("", "id").unwrap_or_default();
-            version_ids.insert(found_version as u32, id);
-        }
-    }
+        .map_err(|e| database_error(format!("Failed to read version ids: {e}"), e))?;
+    let version_ids = collect_version_ids(&id_rows);
 
     if verbose {
-        eprintln!("[vespertide] Current database version: {}", version);
+        eprintln!("[vespertide] Current database version: {version}");
     }
 
     for migration in migrations {
@@ -143,9 +159,9 @@ pub async fn run_embedded_migrations(
             }
 
             let stmt = Statement::from_string(backend, (*sql).to_owned());
-            txn.execute_raw(stmt).await.map_err(|e| {
-                MigrationError::DatabaseError(format!("Failed to execute SQL '{}': {}", sql, e))
-            })?;
+            txn.execute_raw(stmt)
+                .await
+                .map_err(|e| database_error(format!("Failed to execute SQL '{sql}': {e}"), e))?;
         }
 
         let insert_sql = format!(
@@ -153,9 +169,9 @@ pub async fn run_embedded_migrations(
             version_table, migration.version, migration.migration_id
         );
         let stmt = Statement::from_string(backend, insert_sql);
-        txn.execute_raw(stmt).await.map_err(|e| {
-            MigrationError::DatabaseError(format!("Failed to insert version: {}", e))
-        })?;
+        txn.execute_raw(stmt)
+            .await
+            .map_err(|e| database_error(format!("Failed to insert version: {e}"), e))?;
 
         if verbose {
             eprintln!(
@@ -165,15 +181,30 @@ pub async fn run_embedded_migrations(
         }
     }
 
-    txn.commit().await.map_err(|e| {
-        MigrationError::DatabaseError(format!("Failed to commit transaction: {}", e))
-    })?;
+    txn.commit()
+        .await
+        .map_err(|e| database_error(format!("Failed to commit transaction: {e}"), e))?;
 
     Ok(())
 }
 
+fn collect_version_ids(rows: &[QueryResult]) -> std::collections::HashMap<u32, String> {
+    let mut version_ids = std::collections::HashMap::new();
+    for row in rows {
+        if let Ok(found_version) = row.try_get::<i32>("", "version") {
+            let id = row.try_get::<String>("", "id").unwrap_or_default();
+            if let Ok(found_version) = u32::try_from(found_version) {
+                version_ids.insert(found_version, id);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    version_ids
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
+    use std::error::Error;
+
     use sea_orm::{ConnectionTrait, Database, DatabaseBackend, Statement};
 
     use crate::MigrationError;
@@ -217,6 +248,29 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(migration.sql_blob(DatabaseBackend::Sqlite), "sqlite\0");
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn db_err_conversion_preserves_source_chain() {
+        let db_err = sea_orm::DbErr::Custom("connection refused".to_owned());
+        let err = MigrationError::from(db_err);
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            err.to_string(),
+            "database error: Custom Error: connection refused"
+        );
+        assert!(err.source().is_some());
+        assert!(matches!(
+            &err,
+            MigrationError::Database {
+                source: Some(_),
+                ..
+            }
+        ));
+        assert!(
+            err.source()
+                .is_some_and(|source| source.to_string() == "Custom Error: connection refused")
+        );
+    }
+
     #[tokio::test]
     async fn run_embedded_migrations_applies_pending_versions_and_records_ids() {
         let db = sqlite_memory_db().await;
@@ -352,9 +406,13 @@ mod tests {
         )
         .await;
 
-        assert!(
-            matches!(result, Err(MigrationError::DatabaseError(message)) if message.contains("Failed to execute SQL 'THIS IS NOT SQL;'"))
-        );
+        let err = result.unwrap_err();
+        assert!(err.source().is_some());
+        assert!(matches!(
+            err,
+            MigrationError::Database { message, source: Some(_) }
+                if message.contains("Failed to execute SQL 'THIS IS NOT SQL;'")
+        ));
     }
 
     #[tokio::test]
diff --git a/crates/vespertide/tests/runtime_database_error.rs b/crates/vespertide/tests/runtime_database_error.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d1ab63fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/vespertide/tests/runtime_database_error.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+use std::error::Error;
+
+use sea_orm::Database;
+use vespertide::{
+    MigrationError,
+    runtime::{EmbeddedMigration, run_embedded_migrations},
+};
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn run_embedded_migrations_preserves_db_error_source() {
+    let db = Database::connect("sqlite::memory:").await.unwrap();
+
+    let err = run_embedded_migrations(
+        &db,
+        "vespertide_migrations",
+        false,
+        &[EmbeddedMigration::new(
+            1,
+            "broken",
+            "invalid sql",
+            "THIS IS NOT SQL;\0",
+            "THIS IS NOT SQL;\0",
+            "THIS IS NOT SQL;\0",
+        )],
+    )
+    .await
+    .unwrap_err();
+
+    assert!(err.source().is_some());
+    let source = err.source().unwrap();
+    assert!(source.downcast_ref::<sea_orm::DbErr>().is_some());
+    assert!(matches!(
+        err,
+        MigrationError::Database { message, source: Some(_) }
+            if message.contains("Failed to execute SQL 'THIS IS NOT SQL;'")
+    ));
+}
diff --git a/deny.toml b/deny.toml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..686238e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/deny.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+# cargo-deny configuration
+# https://embarkstudios.github.io/cargo-deny/
+
+[graph]
+all-features = true
+
+[licenses]
+allow = [
+    "Apache-2.0",
+    "MIT",
+    "Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception",
+    "BSD-2-Clause",
+    "BSD-3-Clause",
+    "ISC",
+    "Unicode-3.0",
+    "Unicode-DFS-2016",
+    "Zlib",
+    "MPL-2.0",
+    "CC0-1.0",
+    "0BSD",
+]
+confidence-threshold = 0.9
+
+[bans]
+multiple-versions = "warn"
+wildcards = "deny"
+deny = [
+    # Disallow direct dependency on OpenSSL — prefer rustls / native-tls boundary
+    # Comment out if the project intentionally uses openssl.
+]
+
+[advisories]
+db-path = "$CARGO_HOME/advisory-dbs"
+db-urls = ["https://github.com/rustsec/advisory-db"]
+yanked = "warn"
+
+[sources]
+unknown-registry = "warn"
+unknown-git = "warn"
+allow-git = []
diff --git a/docs/PERFORMANCE-AUDIT-FOLLOWUP.md b/docs/PERFORMANCE-AUDIT-FOLLOWUP.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..afb46c50
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/PERFORMANCE-AUDIT-FOLLOWUP.md
@@ -0,0 +1,254 @@
+# Performance Audit Follow-Up (Wave 10 Skipped/Reverted Items)
+
+**Date**: 2026-05-20
+**Branch**: refactor
+**Predecessor**: [docs/PERFORMANCE-AUDIT.md](PERFORMANCE-AUDIT.md) (Wave 10 initial audit, planner diff -44%)
+
+## Summary
+
+| Task | Outcome | Key Metric |
+|---|---|---|
+| A — New benchmarks (FK-heavy / chain-depth / self-ref / large-enum) | Applied | 4 groups added, baseline `wave10-followup-before` saved |
+| B — FK target cache (`BTreeMap<&str, &TableDef>`) | Applied | `fk_heavy_schema/50x20` 1.41x, `fk_chain_depth/5` 1.90x |
+| C — `entity_count` `BTreeMap<&str, usize>` | Applied | `self_reference_schema` 1.32x, `fk_chain_depth/3` 1.55x |
+| D — `render` `Vec::with_capacity` | Reverted | `fk_chain_depth/1` +27.55% regression |
+| E — Drop direct `schemars` dep from CLI | Applied | Cleanup; -1 dep entry in `vespertide-cli/Cargo.toml` |
+| F — This document | Applied | `docs/PERFORMANCE-AUDIT-FOLLOWUP.md` |
+
+---
+
+## Methodology
+
+Baseline saved before any follow-up changes:
+
+```
+cargo bench -p vespertide-exporter --bench codegen_benchmarks -- --save-baseline wave10-followup-before
+```
+
+All comparisons use `--baseline wave10-followup-before`. Revert trigger: any benchmark regressing more than 5% on the new bench groups. Tasks B and C were applied sequentially; the cumulative speedup table in the final section reflects both applied together.
+
+---
+
+## Applied Changes
+
+### Task A: New benchmarks
+
+**File**: `crates/vespertide-exporter/benches/codegen_benchmarks.rs` (108 lines before, 321 lines after)
+
+Four new bench groups added to give the follow-up tasks measurable targets:
+
+| Group | What it exercises |
+|---|---|
+| `fk_heavy_schema` | 50 tables, each with 20 FK columns pointing to a shared target table |
+| `fk_chain_depth` | Linear FK chain of depth 1 / 3 / 5 / 10 (each table references the previous) |
+| `self_reference_schema` | Single `employee` table with a self-referential FK (`manager_id`) |
+| `large_enum_union` | Table with 50 columns, each carrying a distinct string enum type |
+
+These fixtures expose the `schema.iter().find()` hot path in `relations.rs` that the Wave 10 audit identified but could not measure without dedicated benches.
+
+---
+
+### Task B: FK target cache
+
+**File**: `crates/vespertide-exporter/src/seaorm/relations.rs` (+25 / -21 lines)
+
+**Change**: Replaced repeated `schema.iter().find(|t| t.name == target)` calls inside the FK resolution loop with a single `BTreeMap<&str, &TableDef>` built once before the loop.
+
+```rust
+// Before: O(N) scan per FK per table
+let target_table = schema.iter().find(|t| t.name == fk.ref_table)?;
+
+// After: O(log N) lookup, index built once
+let table_index: BTreeMap<&str, &TableDef> =
+    schema.iter().map(|t| (t.name.as_str(), t)).collect();
+let target_table = table_index.get(fk.ref_table.as_str())?;
+```
+
+`BTreeMap` chosen over `HashMap` to preserve deterministic iteration order, consistent with the project-wide policy against `HashMap` in schema-processing code.
+
+Lifetime safety: the map borrows from the `schema` slice passed into the function; no owned copies needed.
+
+**Speedup vs `wave10-followup-before`**:
+
+| Benchmark | Before | After | Speedup |
+|---|---:|---:|---:|
+| `fk_heavy_schema/50x20` | 146.56 µs | 104.07 µs | 1.408x (-29.00%) |
+| `fk_chain_depth/5` | 8.27 µs | 4.35 µs | 1.903x (-47.45%) |
+| `fk_chain_depth/10` | 11.21 µs | 6.29 µs | 1.782x (-43.88%) |
+
+Neither the 5x threshold nor the 3x threshold was reached, but every benchmark improved and no regressions appeared.
+
+---
+
+### Task C: `entity_count` lifetime optimization
+
+**File**: `crates/vespertide-exporter/src/seaorm/relations.rs` (+8 / -12 lines)
+
+**Change**: The `entity_count` map tracked how many times each entity name appeared across relations. It was typed `BTreeMap<String, usize>`, requiring an `entity.clone()` on every insert. Changed to `BTreeMap<&str, usize>` borrowing from the already-owned entity name strings.
+
+```rust
+// Before
+let mut entity_count: BTreeMap<String, usize> = BTreeMap::new();
+*entity_count.entry(entity.clone()).or_insert(0) += 1;
+
+// After
+let mut entity_count: BTreeMap<&str, usize> = BTreeMap::new();
+*entity_count.entry(entity.as_str()).or_insert(0) += 1;
+```
+
+**Speedup vs `wave10-followup-before`**:
+
+| Benchmark | Before | After | Speedup |
+|---|---:|---:|---:|
+| `self_reference_schema/employee` | 2.96 µs | 2.25 µs | 1.317x (-24.06%) |
+| `fk_chain_depth/1` | 3.04 µs | 2.25 µs | 1.350x (-25.91%) |
+| `fk_chain_depth/3` | 5.03 µs | 3.24 µs | 1.554x (-35.66%) |
+| `large_enum_union` | 52.04 µs | 48.33 µs | 1.077x (-7.12%) |
+
+The 3x threshold was not reached, but all benchmarks improved with no regressions.
+
+---
+
+### Task E: Drop direct `schemars` dep from CLI
+
+**File**: `crates/vespertide-cli/Cargo.toml` (line 25 removed)
+
+`vespertide-cli` had a direct `schemars` dependency that was redundant. The crate reaches `schemars` transitively through `vespertide-config`'s `schema` feature, which is enabled by default. Removing the direct entry has no effect on the compiled output but keeps the manifest honest.
+
+Build, test, and clippy all passed green after the removal.
+
+---
+
+## Reverted: Task D — `render` `Vec::with_capacity`
+
+### Attempted change
+
+`crates/vespertide-exporter/src/seaorm/render.rs:40`
+
+```rust
+// Attempted
+let mut lines: Vec<String> = Vec::with_capacity(
+    table.columns.len() * 5 + 20 + relation_fields.len() * 2
+);
+
+// Reverted to
+let mut lines: Vec<String> = Vec::new();
+```
+
+### Why it was reverted
+
+The revert trigger fired automatically: multiple SeaORM benchmarks regressed more than 5%.
+
+The capacity formula assumed roughly 5 output lines per column plus a fixed header overhead plus 2 lines per relation field. That estimate holds for large, FK-heavy, enum-heavy tables but overshoots badly for small tables, causing the allocator to touch more memory pages than the default growth strategy would.
+
+### Full regression table
+
+| Benchmark | Before | After | Delta |
+|---|---:|---:|---:|
+| `fk_chain_depth/seaorm_depth=1` | 2.95 µs | 3.89 µs | **+27.55%** |
+| `fk_chain_depth/seaorm_depth=3` | 4.87 µs | 5.30 µs | **+8.82%** |
+| `fk_chain_depth/seaorm_depth=5` | 7.94 µs | 9.32 µs | **+17.35%** |
+| `render_entity/seaorm_cols=10_fk=false_enum=true` | 3.21 µs | 3.51 µs | **+9.28%** |
+| `render_entity/seaorm_cols=50_fk=true_enum=true` | 14.83 µs | 16.09 µs | **+8.51%** |
+| `render_entity/seaorm_cols=200_fk=false_enum=true` | 61.04 µs | 47.99 µs | -21.39% |
+| `render_entity/seaorm_cols=200_fk=true_enum=true` | 58.72 µs | 48.77 µs | -16.94% |
+
+The large-schema cases (`cols=200`) did improve, with the best speedup around 1.27x. That falls short of the 1.5x threshold, and the small-schema regressions are severe enough to make the tradeoff unacceptable.
+
+### Future direction
+
+Two paths worth exploring in a later follow-up:
+
+1. **Tighter capacity model**: count expected output lines per column type (simple types emit fewer lines than FK columns or enum columns). This requires passing type metadata into the capacity estimate.
+2. **`String::with_capacity` on line concat**: instead of pre-sizing the outer `Vec<String>`, pre-size the inner string buffers for the longest expected lines. This avoids the over-allocation problem entirely and may yield more consistent wins across schema sizes.
+
+---
+
+## Cumulative Speedup Summary
+
+Tasks B and C applied together, measured against `wave10-followup-before`:
+
+| Benchmark | Before | After | Speedup |
+|---|---:|---:|---:|
+| `fk_heavy_schema/50x20` | 146.56 µs | 104.07 µs | 1.408x |
+| `fk_chain_depth/1` | 3.04 µs | 2.25 µs | 1.350x |
+| `fk_chain_depth/3` | 5.03 µs | 3.24 µs | 1.554x |
+| `fk_chain_depth/5` | 8.27 µs | 4.35 µs | 1.903x |
+| `fk_chain_depth/10` | 11.21 µs | 6.29 µs | 1.782x |
+| `self_reference_schema/employee` | 2.96 µs | 2.25 µs | 1.317x |
+| `large_enum_union` | 52.04 µs | 48.33 µs | 1.077x |
+
+---
+
+## Skipped (Documented from Initial Exploration)
+
+These candidates were analyzed during this follow-up but not applied. Each has a documented rationale.
+
+### SeaORM self-reference nested loops (`relations.rs:356`, `:413`)
+
+The self-reference helpers contain nested loops with complexity O(N x M^2) where M is the number of self-referential FKs on a table. In practice M is tiny: `dual_rel` produces 2 iterations, `triple_rel` produces 6. At the worst realistic scale (50 tables, 3 self-FKs each) the total iteration count is 600, and each iteration is a trivial string push.
+
+**Decision**: No measurable impact. Skip permanently.
+
+### Loader parallel directory traversal (`loader/src/models.rs:60`)
+
+The model loader recurses through the models directory sequentially. A parallel BFS using `rayon` is structurally straightforward, but:
+
+- Synthetic filesystem benchmarks would be needed to measure real gains (estimated 10-25% on cold traversal, less on warm).
+- Error ordering becomes non-deterministic without an explicit sort step after collection, adding complexity.
+- The loader is not on any hot path during normal CLI operation.
+
+**Decision**: Defer until synthetic FS bench infrastructure exists.
+
+### CLI export cleanup (`cli/src/commands/export.rs:249`)
+
+The export command already uses `try_join_all` for concurrent file removal. Switching to a `JoinSet` with manual batching would reduce task-spawn overhead by roughly 2-5% on large exports. That's near the noise floor for a cleanup-only path.
+
+**Decision**: Already near-optimal. Skip permanently.
+
+### Query builder `evolving_schema.clone()` (`query/src/builder/parallel.rs:37`)
+
+The parallel query builder clones a `Vec<TableDef>` per action during `prepare_actions`. This only triggers above the parallel threshold of 10,000 actions. At 100 tables and 10,000 actions the allocation is around 200 MB and costs milliseconds, but that scenario doesn't arise in normal use. The sequential path (under 1,000 actions) never touches this clone.
+
+**Decision**: Rare trigger, acceptable cost at that scale. Document only; revisit if a user reports 10k+ action plans.
+
+### Compile-time feature split (`core/Cargo.toml` `schemars`)
+
+The `schemars` dependency is already gated behind the `schema` feature in `vespertide-core`. Flipping that feature to default-off would reduce the default dependency tree by roughly 10 crates (mostly proc-macro infrastructure), but it's a breaking change for any downstream crate that relies on the current default.
+
+**Decision**: Compatibility takes priority. Revisit during 1.0 release preparation.
+
+---
+
+## Verification
+
+All checks run after Tasks B, C, and E applied (Task D reverted):
+
+- `cargo build --workspace --all-features --exclude vespertide-fuzz`: **PASS**
+- `cargo test --workspace --all-features --exclude vespertide-fuzz`: **PASS**
+- `cargo clippy --workspace --all-targets --all-features --exclude vespertide-fuzz -- -D warnings`: **PASS**
+- `cargo insta test -p vespertide-exporter`: **PASS** (0 snapshot drift)
+- `cargo test -p vespertide-exporter codegen_determinism`: **PASS** (12,000 byte-equality assertions)
+- All `.rs` files <= 1000 lines: **PASS**
+
+---
+
+## Next Recommendations
+
+1. **Task D retry**: Build a per-column-type line-count model before attempting `Vec::with_capacity` again, or pivot to `String::with_capacity` on individual line buffers to avoid the outer-vector over-allocation problem.
+2. **Loader parallel BFS**: Add a synthetic filesystem benchmark (in-memory tmpdir, configurable depth/breadth) before touching the traversal code. The potential win is real but unmeasurable without it.
+3. **Query builder clone**: If a user reports slow performance on 10,000+ action plans, introduce a lazy schema evolution pattern (pass an `Arc<[TableDef]>` slice instead of cloning per action).
+
+---
+
+## Cumulative Wave 10 + Follow-Up Highlights
+
+| Change | Benchmark | Speedup |
+|---|---|---:|
+| Wave 10 initial (planner diff) | `diff_identity/1000` | 1.785x (-43.98%) |
+| Wave 10 initial (planner diff) | `diff_add_column/10` | 1.360x (-26.48%) |
+| This follow-up (FK target cache) | `fk_chain_depth/5` | 1.903x (-47.45%) |
+| This follow-up (FK target cache) | `fk_heavy_schema/50x20` | 1.408x (-29.00%) |
+| This follow-up (entity_count lifetime) | `fk_chain_depth/3` | 1.554x (-35.66%) |
+
+521 insta snapshots intact. 12,000 byte-equality assertions passing.
diff --git a/docs/PERFORMANCE-AUDIT.md b/docs/PERFORMANCE-AUDIT.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c684370b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/PERFORMANCE-AUDIT.md
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+# Performance Audit (post Wave 0-9)
+
+## Methodology
+
+- Baseline Criterion was saved with crate-level bench targets because `cargo bench --workspace -- --save-baseline pre-perf-audit` forwards Criterion flags to non-Criterion binary benches and fails on the example app.
+- Commands used:
+  - `cargo bench -p vespertide-core --bench normalize_benchmarks -- --save-baseline pre-perf-audit`
+  - `cargo bench -p vespertide-planner --bench diff_benchmarks -- --save-baseline pre-perf-audit`
+  - `cargo bench -p vespertide-query --bench sql_benchmarks -- --save-baseline pre-perf-audit`
+  - `cargo bench -p vespertide-exporter --bench codegen_benchmarks -- --save-baseline pre-perf-audit`
+  - `cargo bench -p vespertide-naming --bench naming_benchmarks -- --save-baseline pre-perf-audit`
+  - `cargo build --workspace --all-features --exclude vespertide-fuzz --timings`
+- Audit covered allocation, algorithmic complexity, cache/lazy computation, I/O/parallelism, and compile-time categories.
+- Note: the requested `mcp_Ast_grep_search` tool was not available in this environment, so code-pattern audit used repository reads/searches and parallel exploration agents.
+
+## Candidates Identified
+
+| Category | File:Line | Pattern | Impact (estimated) | Risk | Status |
+|---|---|---|---|---|---|
+| Allocation | `crates/vespertide-planner/src/diff/mod.rs:27` | `actions` used `Vec::new()` despite schema-size bounded output | Medium on large diffs | Low | Applied |
+| Allocation | `crates/vespertide-planner/src/diff/mod.rs:93` | per-table local action vector grew from zero capacity | Low/medium in large per-table diff loops | Low | Applied |
+| Algorithm | `crates/vespertide-planner/src/diff/ordering.rs:26,153` | dependency vectors used linear `.contains()` in Kahn inner loops | Medium for FK-heavy create/delete ordering | Low | Applied |
+| Algorithm | `crates/vespertide-planner/src/diff/ordering.rs:221` | sort comparator repeatedly scanned sorted table positions | High for many deleted tables | Low | Applied |
+| Allocation | `crates/vespertide-exporter/src/seaorm/render.rs:40` | SeaORM line vector capacity hint possible | Medium | Low | Reverted: mixed regressions in codegen bench |
+| Allocation | `crates/vespertide-exporter/src/seaorm/relations.rs:135` | clone-heavy `BTreeMap<String, usize>` entity count | Medium in relation-heavy exports | Low/medium | Reverted: mixed regressions in codegen bench |
+| Algorithm/cache | `crates/vespertide-exporter/src/seaorm/relations.rs:55` | repeated `schema.iter().find()` per FK chain | Medium for FK-heavy SeaORM exports | Medium | Skipped: needs API-internal refactor and dedicated relation bench |
+| Algorithm | `crates/vespertide-exporter/src/seaorm/relations.rs:356,413` | self-reference helper nested loops | Low/medium, niche schemas | Low | Skipped: uncommon path, no existing targeted bench |
+| I/O/parallelism | `crates/vespertide-loader/src/models.rs:60` | recursive directory traversal is sequential | Medium only for deep model trees | Medium | Skipped: I/O error-ordering risk |
+| I/O/parallelism | `crates/vespertide-cli/src/commands/export.rs:249` | async cleanup removes files one by one | Low, cleanup-only | Low | Skipped: no existing cleanup benchmark |
+| Compile-time | `crates/vespertide-core/Cargo.toml` | `schema` feature pulls `schemars` by default | Low/medium compile-time potential | Medium ecosystem/API risk | Skipped: feature default change is breaking-adjacent |
+| Compile-time | `crates/vespertide-exporter/src/seaorm/relations.rs` | large SeaORM relation module near 1000 lines | Maintainability/compile locality | Low | Skipped: refactor only, not measurable runtime improvement |
+
+## Applied Changes
+
+1. `diff_schemas` now preallocates the top-level action vector from schema sizes.
+2. `diff_existing_table` now preallocates a small local action vector for common column/constraint changes.
+3. `topological_sort_tables` and `sort_delete_tables` store dependency adjacency as `BTreeSet<&str>` instead of `Vec<&str>`, reducing inner-loop membership checks from linear scans to ordered-set lookups while preserving deterministic ordering.
+4. `sort_delete_tables` builds one `BTreeMap<&str, usize>` position index before sorting delete actions, removing repeated sorted-order scans inside the comparator.
+
+## Criterion Results (before / after / delta)
+
+Planner results from `cargo bench -p vespertide-planner --bench diff_benchmarks -- --baseline pre-perf-audit`:
+
+| Benchmark | Before | After | Delta | Status |
+|---|---:|---:|---:|---|
+| `diff_identity/10` | 17.786 µs | 16.492 µs | -3.67% | within noise |
+| `diff_identity/100` | 187.49 µs | 157.63 µs | -18.12% | improved |
+| `diff_identity/1000` | 3.2749 ms | 1.8347 ms | -43.98% | improved |
+| `diff_add_column/10` | 22.501 µs | 16.345 µs | -26.48% | improved |
+| `diff_add_column/100` | 174.72 µs | 178.11 µs | +5.03% | small regression; kept because large-N path improved and 100-table CI-size variance was isolated |
+| `diff_add_column/1000` | 2.3502 ms | 1.9543 ms | -16.85% | improved |
+| `diff_constraint_replacement_100` | 232.98 µs | 227.50 µs | +2.19% | no change detected |
+
+Exporter experiment results were mixed, so exporter changes were reverted. Representative reverted measurements:
+
+| Benchmark | Delta | Decision |
+|---|---:|---|
+| `render_entity/SeaOrm/cols=50/fk=false/enum=false` | -21.28% | promising but not retained alone |
+| `render_entity/SeaOrm/cols=200/fk=true/enum=true` | +42.37% | regression, reverted |
+| `render_entity/SeaOrm/cols=50/fk=false/enum=true` | +29.46% | regression, reverted |
+
+## Skipped / Reverted Rationale
+
+- SeaORM relation/render allocation tweaks were low risk structurally but not measurement-safe: several representative SeaORM cases regressed, so they were reverted.
+- FK target table lookup caching in SeaORM likely needs a dedicated table-name index passed through recursive resolution. This is measurable but broader than a safe 60-minute low-risk change.
+- Query builder `evolving_schema.clone()` is a real large-plan memory candidate, but replacing with `Arc`/`Cow` changes internal ownership and requires targeted builder benchmarks; skipped as medium risk.
+- Loader parallel directory traversal and export cleanup batching are I/O-bound and need synthetic filesystem benchmarks to avoid optimizing noise.
+- Compile-time feature splitting around `schemars` may improve build times, but changing default feature surfaces is compatibility-sensitive and was not applied.
+
+## Compile-Time Findings
+
+- `cargo build --workspace --all-features --exclude vespertide-fuzz --timings` completed in 36.89s after dependencies were warm.
+- The timing report was written to `target/cargo-timings/cargo-timing-20260520T141713508Z-23a3a9a5856bf856.html`.
+- Main compile-time follow-ups remain dependency/feature driven (`schemars`, `sea-orm`, `sqlx`) rather than obvious local generic hot spots.
+
+## Next Recommendations
+
+1. Add targeted Criterion benches for delete-table ordering and FK-heavy create ordering; current diff benches show large-N wins but do not isolate `sort_delete_tables` directly.
+2. Add a SeaORM FK-chain benchmark before refactoring table lookup caching.
+3. Add filesystem synthetic benches for loader directory traversal and export cleanup before changing task granularity.
+4. Re-evaluate `schemars` default feature impact in a semver-planned release.
diff --git a/examples/app/Cargo.toml b/examples/app/Cargo.toml
index 24b9e13c..33b1ca87 100644
--- a/examples/app/Cargo.toml
+++ b/examples/app/Cargo.toml
@@ -7,7 +7,10 @@ publish = false
 [dependencies]
 vespertide = { path = "../../crates/vespertide" }
 tokio = { version = "1", features = ["full"] }
-sea-orm = { version = "2.0.0-rc.37", features = ["sqlx-sqlite", "sqlx-postgres", "runtime-tokio-native-tls", "macros"] }
+sea-orm = { version = "2.0.0-rc.38", features = ["sqlx-sqlite", "sqlx-postgres", "runtime-tokio-native-tls", "macros"] }
 anyhow = "1"
 serde = { version = "1", features = ["derive"] }
-vespera = "0.1.50"
+vespera = "0.1.51"
+
+[lints]
+workspace = true
diff --git a/examples/app/models/article.json b/examples/app/models/article.json
deleted file mode 100644
index c3cd1b5b..00000000
--- a/examples/app/models/article.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,69 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "$schema": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/dev-five-git/vespertide/refs/heads/main/schemas/model.schema.json",
-  "name": "article",
-  "columns": [
-    {
-      "name": "media_id",
-      "type": "uuid",
-      "nullable": false,
-      "primary_key": true,
-      "foreign_key": {
-        "ref_table": "media",
-        "ref_columns": ["id"],
-        "on_delete": "cascade"
-      }
-    },
-    {
-      "name": "id",
-      "type": "big_int",
-      "nullable": false,
-      "primary_key": true
-    },
-    {
-      "name": "title",
-      "type": { "kind": "varchar", "length": 500 },
-      "nullable": false
-    },
-    {
-      "name": "content",
-      "type": "text",
-      "nullable": false
-    },
-    {
-      "name": "summary",
-      "type": "text",
-      "nullable": true
-    },
-    {
-      "name": "thumbnail",
-      "type": "text",
-      "nullable": true
-    },
-    {
-      "name": "status",
-      "type": { "kind": "enum", "name": "status", "values": ["draft", "review", "published", "archived"] },
-      "nullable": false,
-      "default": "'draft'",
-      "index": true
-    },
-    {
-      "name": "published_at",
-      "type": "timestamptz",
-      "nullable": true,
-      "index": true
-    },
-    {
-      "name": "created_at",
-      "type": "timestamptz",
-      "nullable": false,
-      "default": "now()"
-    },
-    {
-      "name": "updated_at",
-      "type": "timestamptz",
-      "nullable": true
-    }
-  ],
-  "constraints": [],
-  "indexes": []
-}
diff --git a/examples/app/models/article.vespertide.json b/examples/app/models/article.vespertide.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..001e46b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/app/models/article.vespertide.json
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+{
+  "columns": [
+    {
+      "foreign_key": {
+        "on_delete": "cascade",
+        "ref_columns": [
+          "id"
+        ],
+        "ref_table": "media"
+      },
+      "name": "media_id",
+      "nullable": false,
+      "primary_key": true,
+      "type": "uuid"
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "id",
+      "nullable": false,
+      "primary_key": true,
+      "type": "big_int"
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "title",
+      "nullable": false,
+      "type": {
+        "kind": "varchar",
+        "length": 500
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "content",
+      "nullable": false,
+      "type": "text"
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "summary",
+      "nullable": true,
+      "type": "text"
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "thumbnail",
+      "nullable": true,
+      "type": "text"
+    },
+    {
+      "default": "'draft'",
+      "index": true,
+      "name": "status",
+      "nullable": false,
+      "type": {
+        "kind": "enum",
+        "name": "status",
+        "values": [
+          "draft",
+          "review",
+          "published",
+          "archived"
+        ]
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "index": true,
+      "name": "published_at",
+      "nullable": true,
+      "type": "timestamptz"
+    },
+    {
+      "default": "now()",
+      "name": "created_at",
+      "nullable": false,
+      "type": "timestamptz"
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "updated_at",
+      "nullable": true,
+      "type": "timestamptz"
+    }
+  ],
+  "constraints": [],
+  "indexes": [],
+  "name": "article"
+}
diff --git a/examples/app/models/article_user.json b/examples/app/models/article_user.json
index 0df820fa..3d67a592 100644
--- a/examples/app/models/article_user.json
+++ b/examples/app/models/article_user.json
@@ -34,7 +34,11 @@
     },
     {
       "name": "role",
-      "type": { "kind": "enum", "name": "role", "values": ["lead", "contributor"] },
+      "type": {
+        "kind": "enum",
+        "name": "role",
+        "values": ["lead", "contributor"]
+      },
       "nullable": false,
       "default": "'contributor'"
     },
diff --git a/examples/app/models/media.json b/examples/app/models/media.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 2f452c0e..00000000
--- a/examples/app/models/media.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,53 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "$schema": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/dev-five-git/vespertide/refs/heads/main/schemas/model.schema.json",
-  "name": "media",
-  "columns": [
-    {
-      "name": "id",
-      "type": "uuid",
-      "nullable": false,
-      "default": "gen_random_uuid()",
-      "primary_key": true,
-      "comment": "hello"
-    },
-    {
-      "name": "name",
-      "type": { "kind": "varchar", "length": 100 },
-      "nullable": false
-    },
-    {
-      "name": "description",
-      "type": "text",
-      "nullable": true
-    },
-    {
-      "name": "logo",
-      "type": "text",
-      "nullable": true
-    },
-    {
-      "name": "owner_id",
-      "type": "uuid",
-      "nullable": false,
-      "foreign_key": {
-        "ref_table": "user",
-        "ref_columns": ["id"],
-        "on_delete": "cascade"
-      },
-      "index": true
-    },
-    {
-      "name": "created_at",
-      "type": "timestamptz",
-      "nullable": false,
-      "default": "now()"
-    },
-    {
-      "name": "updated_at",
-      "type": "timestamptz",
-      "nullable": true
-    }
-  ],
-  "constraints": [],
-  "indexes": []
-}
diff --git a/examples/app/models/media.vespertide.json b/examples/app/models/media.vespertide.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..af845fb9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/app/models/media.vespertide.json
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+{
+  "columns": [
+    {
+      "comment": "hello",
+      "default": "gen_random_uuid()",
+      "name": "id",
+      "nullable": false,
+      "primary_key": true,
+      "type": "uuid"
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "name",
+      "nullable": false,
+      "type": {
+        "kind": "varchar",
+        "length": 100
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "description",
+      "nullable": true,
+      "type": "text"
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "logo",
+      "nullable": true,
+      "type": "text"
+    },
+    {
+      "foreign_key": {
+        "on_delete": "cascade",
+        "ref_columns": [
+          "id"
+        ],
+        "ref_table": "user"
+      },
+      "index": true,
+      "name": "owner_id",
+      "nullable": false,
+      "type": "uuid"
+    },
+    {
+      "default": "now()",
+      "name": "created_at",
+      "nullable": false,
+      "type": "timestamptz"
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "updated_at",
+      "nullable": true,
+      "type": "timestamptz"
+    }
+  ],
+  "constraints": [],
+  "indexes": [],
+  "name": "media"
+}
diff --git a/examples/app/models/triple_rel.json b/examples/app/models/triple_rel.json
index 1fc4a28c..12468080 100644
--- a/examples/app/models/triple_rel.json
+++ b/examples/app/models/triple_rel.json
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 {
-  "$schema": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/dev-five-git/vespertide/refs/heads/main/schemas/model.schema.json",
   "name": "triple_rel",
   "columns": [
     {
diff --git a/examples/app/models/user.json b/examples/app/models/user.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 7221fb1a..00000000
--- a/examples/app/models/user.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,48 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "$schema": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/dev-five-git/vespertide/refs/heads/main/schemas/model.schema.json",
-  "name": "user",
-  "columns": [
-    {
-      "name": "id",
-      "type": "uuid",
-      "nullable": false,
-      "default": "gen_random_uuid()",
-      "primary_key": true
-    },
-    {
-      "name": "email",
-      "type": { "kind": "varchar", "length": 255 },
-      "nullable": false,
-      "unique": true,
-      "index": true
-    },
-    {
-      "name": "password",
-      "type": { "kind": "varchar", "length": 255 },
-      "nullable": false
-    },
-    {
-      "name": "name",
-      "type": { "kind": "varchar", "length": 100 },
-      "nullable": false
-    },
-    {
-      "name": "profile_image",
-      "type": "text",
-      "nullable": true
-    },
-    {
-      "name": "created_at",
-      "type": "timestamptz",
-      "nullable": false,
-      "default": "now()"
-    },
-    {
-      "name": "updated_at",
-      "type": "timestamptz",
-      "nullable": true
-    }
-  ],
-  "constraints": [],
-  "indexes": []
-}
diff --git a/examples/app/models/user.vespertide.json b/examples/app/models/user.vespertide.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3fec214d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/app/models/user.vespertide.json
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+{
+  "$schema": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/dev-five-git/vespertide/refs/heads/main/schemas/model.schema.json",
+  "columns": [
+    {
+      "default": "gen_random_uuid()",
+      "name": "id",
+      "nullable": false,
+      "primary_key": true,
+      "type": "uuid"
+    },
+    {
+      "index": true,
+      "name": "email",
+      "nullable": false,
+      "type": {
+        "kind": "varchar",
+        "length": 255
+      },
+      "unique": true
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "password",
+      "nullable": false,
+      "type": {
+        "kind": "varchar",
+        "length": 255
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "name",
+      "nullable": false,
+      "type": {
+        "kind": "varchar",
+        "length": 100
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "profile_image",
+      "nullable": true,
+      "type": "text"
+    },
+    {
+      "default": "now()",
+      "name": "created_at",
+      "nullable": false,
+      "type": "timestamptz"
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "updated_at",
+      "nullable": true,
+      "type": "timestamptz"
+    }
+  ],
+  "constraints": [],
+  "indexes": [],
+  "name": "user"
+}
diff --git a/examples/app/models/user_media_role.json b/examples/app/models/user_media_role.json
index 5b38e46f..0b24b808 100644
--- a/examples/app/models/user_media_role.json
+++ b/examples/app/models/user_media_role.json
@@ -30,7 +30,11 @@
     },
     {
       "name": "role",
-      "type": { "kind": "enum", "name": "role", "values": ["owner", "editor", "reporter"] },
+      "type": {
+        "kind": "enum",
+        "name": "role",
+        "values": ["owner", "editor", "reporter"]
+      },
       "nullable": false,
       "index": true
     },
diff --git a/fuzz/.gitignore b/fuzz/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ced0b8e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fuzz/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+artifacts/
+target/
+corpus/*
+!corpus/*/
+!corpus/*/.gitkeep
diff --git a/fuzz/Cargo.toml b/fuzz/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..84a8ddc4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fuzz/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+[package]
+name = "vespertide-fuzz"
+version = "0.0.0"
+publish = false
+edition = "2024"
+
+# Required for libfuzzer-sys
+[package.metadata]
+cargo-fuzz = true
+
+[dependencies]
+libfuzzer-sys = "0.4"
+vespertide-core = { path = "../crates/vespertide-core", features = ["arbitrary"] }
+vespertide-lsp = { path = "../crates/vespertide-lsp" }
+vespertide-planner = { path = "../crates/vespertide-planner" }
+vespertide-query = { path = "../crates/vespertide-query" }
+arbitrary = { version = "1", features = ["derive"] }
+serde_json = "1"
+
+[[bin]]
+name = "fuzz_model_deser"
+path = "fuzz_targets/fuzz_model_deser.rs"
+test = false
+doc = false
+bench = false
+
+[[bin]]
+name = "fuzz_sql_identifier"
+path = "fuzz_targets/fuzz_sql_identifier.rs"
+test = false
+doc = false
+bench = false
+
+[[bin]]
+name = "fuzz_migration_apply"
+path = "fuzz_targets/fuzz_migration_apply.rs"
+test = false
+doc = false
+bench = false
+
+[[bin]]
+name = "fuzz_lsp_request"
+path = "fuzz_targets/fuzz_lsp_request.rs"
+test = false
+doc = false
+bench = false
+
+[lints]
+workspace = true
diff --git a/fuzz/corpus/fuzz_migration_apply/.gitkeep b/fuzz/corpus/fuzz_migration_apply/.gitkeep
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/fuzz/corpus/fuzz_model_deser/.gitkeep b/fuzz/corpus/fuzz_model_deser/.gitkeep
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/fuzz/corpus/fuzz_sql_identifier/.gitkeep b/fuzz/corpus/fuzz_sql_identifier/.gitkeep
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/fuzz/fuzz_targets/fuzz_lsp_request.rs b/fuzz/fuzz_targets/fuzz_lsp_request.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2fa84d79
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fuzz/fuzz_targets/fuzz_lsp_request.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+//! Fuzz LSP pure-domain request helpers. Arbitrary input should either produce
+//! best-effort results or no result, but never panic.
+
+#![no_main]
+
+use libfuzzer_sys::fuzz_target;
+use vespertide_lsp::{
+    DocumentFormat, DocumentStore, ParserPool, WorkspaceIndex, compute_completion,
+    compute_definition, compute_diagnostics, compute_hover, format_text,
+};
+
+fuzz_target!(|data: &[u8]| {
+    let text = String::from_utf8_lossy(data);
+
+    for format in [DocumentFormat::Json, DocumentFormat::Yaml] {
+        let pool = ParserPool::new();
+        let tree = pool.parse(&text, format);
+        let index = WorkspaceIndex::new();
+        let docs = DocumentStore::new();
+
+        let _ = compute_diagnostics(&text, format, tree.as_ref(), &index);
+        let _ = format_text(&text, format);
+
+        for byte_offset in [0, text.len() / 2, text.len()] {
+            let _ = compute_hover(&text, format, tree.as_ref(), &index, &docs, byte_offset);
+            let _ = compute_definition(&text, format, tree.as_ref(), &index, &docs, byte_offset);
+            let _ = compute_completion(&text, format, tree.as_ref(), &index, &docs, byte_offset);
+        }
+    }
+});
diff --git a/fuzz/fuzz_targets/fuzz_migration_apply.rs b/fuzz/fuzz_targets/fuzz_migration_apply.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..480cc2ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fuzz/fuzz_targets/fuzz_migration_apply.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+//! Fuzz migration application from JSON inputs. Invalid bytes or invalid JSON
+//! are ignored; valid schema/action pairs must never panic and should only
+//! report invalid migrations through `Result::Err`.
+
+#![no_main]
+
+use libfuzzer_sys::fuzz_target;
+use vespertide_planner::apply_action;
+
+fuzz_target!(|data: &[u8]| {
+    if let Ok(s) = std::str::from_utf8(data) {
+        // First half: JSON array of TableDef. Second half: JSON MigrationAction.
+        let Some((schema_json, action_json)) = s.split_once("\n----\n") else {
+            return;
+        };
+
+        let Ok(mut schema) = serde_json::from_str::<Vec<vespertide_core::TableDef>>(schema_json)
+        else {
+            return;
+        };
+        let Ok(action) = serde_json::from_str::<vespertide_core::MigrationAction>(action_json)
+        else {
+            return;
+        };
+
+        let _ = apply_action(&mut schema, &action);
+    }
+});
diff --git a/fuzz/fuzz_targets/fuzz_model_deser.rs b/fuzz/fuzz_targets/fuzz_model_deser.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..328904d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fuzz/fuzz_targets/fuzz_model_deser.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+//! Fuzz JSON deserialization of `TableDef`. Tests that any byte sequence
+//! either returns `Ok(TableDef)` and survives basic consistency checks, or
+//! returns `Err` — but never panics.
+
+#![no_main]
+
+use libfuzzer_sys::fuzz_target;
+
+fuzz_target!(|data: &[u8]| {
+    if let Ok(s) = std::str::from_utf8(data) {
+        if let Ok(t) = serde_json::from_str::<vespertide_core::TableDef>(s) {
+            // If parse succeeded, normalize must not panic.
+            let _ = t.normalize();
+            // Unique-column validation must not panic.
+            let _ = t.validate_unique_column_names();
+        }
+
+        // Also fuzz MigrationPlan deserialization and basic action accessors.
+        if let Ok(p) = serde_json::from_str::<vespertide_core::MigrationPlan>(s) {
+            // Drive every action through `table_name()` without panicking.
+            for action in &p.actions {
+                let _ = action.table_name();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+});
diff --git a/fuzz/fuzz_targets/fuzz_sql_identifier.rs b/fuzz/fuzz_targets/fuzz_sql_identifier.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3c8572e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fuzz/fuzz_targets/fuzz_sql_identifier.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+//! Fuzz SQL identifier quoting and raw-format SQL paths that consume
+//! user-provided names. `quote_ident` must never panic and must produce
+//! balanced outer delimiters.
+
+#![no_main]
+
+use libfuzzer_sys::fuzz_target;
+use vespertide_query::DatabaseBackend;
+use vespertide_query::sql::helpers::quote_ident;
+
+fuzz_target!(|data: &[u8]| {
+    if let Ok(name) = std::str::from_utf8(data) {
+        for backend in [
+            DatabaseBackend::Postgres,
+            DatabaseBackend::MySql,
+            DatabaseBackend::Sqlite,
+        ] {
+            let quoted = quote_ident(name, backend);
+
+            assert!(
+                !quoted.is_empty(),
+                "quote_ident({name:?}, {backend:?}) produced empty"
+            );
+
+            let (open, close) = match backend {
+                DatabaseBackend::MySql => ('`', '`'),
+                DatabaseBackend::Postgres | DatabaseBackend::Sqlite => ('"', '"'),
+            };
+            assert!(quoted.starts_with(open), "no opening delim: {quoted:?}");
+            assert!(quoted.ends_with(close), "no closing delim: {quoted:?}");
+        }
+    }
+});
diff --git a/rust-toolchain.toml b/rust-toolchain.toml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4397c1c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust-toolchain.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+# Centralized Rust toolchain definition.
+# `actions-rust-lang/setup-rust-toolchain@v1` reads this automatically.
+#
+# Policy: vespertide always tracks the latest stable Rust. No MSRV is
+# pinned in `Cargo.toml`; users on older toolchains must upgrade.
+[toolchain]
+channel = "stable"
+components = ["rustfmt", "clippy"]
diff --git a/scripts/check-line-budget.sh b/scripts/check-line-budget.sh
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fdb69345
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scripts/check-line-budget.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+set -eu
+
+limit=1000
+failed=0
+
+{ git ls-files '*.rs'; git ls-files --others --exclude-standard '*.rs'; } |
+  grep -v '^target/' |
+  grep -v '^examples/app/src/models/' |
+  while IFS= read -r file; do
+    [ -f "$file" ] || continue
+    lines=$(wc -l < "$file")
+    lines=${lines##*[!0-9]}
+
+    if [ "$lines" -gt "$limit" ]; then
+      printf '%s %s\n' "$lines" "$file"
+      failed=1
+    fi
+  done > /tmp/vespertide-line-budget-offenders.txt
+
+if [ -s /tmp/vespertide-line-budget-offenders.txt ]; then
+  printf 'Rust files exceeding %s lines:\n' "$limit"
+  cat /tmp/vespertide-line-budget-offenders.txt
+  exit 1
+fi
+
+if [ "$failed" -ne 0 ]; then
+  exit 1
+fi
+
+printf 'All tracked Rust files are within the %s-line budget.\n' "$limit"