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There is insignificant difference especially considering CHAR has a maximum length of 255 (VARCHAR is 64K). With the effective equivalent limited to 255 that is a very quick comparison in the case of this field being used as join criteria.
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The fragmentation is no longer an consideration as <768 bytes is stored inline. This is still strictly possible in utf8mb4, "InnoDB encodes fixed-length fields greater than or equal to 768 bytes in length as variable-length fields"1 so no difference between CHAR and VARCHAR.
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