diff --git a/system/Model.php b/system/Model.php
index f4ddd75276d3..0e1cf9da9c3b 100644
--- a/system/Model.php
+++ b/system/Model.php
@@ -713,7 +713,7 @@ public function update($id = null, $row = null): bool
 
     protected function objectToRawArray($object, bool $onlyChanged = true, bool $recursive = false): array
     {
-        return parent::objectToRawArray($object, $onlyChanged);
+        return parent::objectToRawArray($object, $onlyChanged, $recursive);
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/tests/system/Models/ObjectToRawArrayModelTest.php b/tests/system/Models/ObjectToRawArrayModelTest.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..7ea2ad24dcf2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/system/Models/ObjectToRawArrayModelTest.php
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Models;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Entity\Entity;
+use CodeIgniter\Model;
+use CodeIgniter\Test\CIUnitTestCase;
+use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Group;
+use ReflectionMethod;
+
+/**
+ * @internal
+ */
+#[Group('Models')]
+final class ObjectToRawArrayModelTest extends CIUnitTestCase
+{
+    private function createModel(): Model
+    {
+        return new class () extends Model {
+            public function __construct()
+            {
+                // Skip DB connection — we only test objectToRawArray
+            }
+
+            protected $table          = 'test';
+            protected $allowedFields  = ['name', 'nested', 'entity'];
+            protected $returnType     = 'array';
+            protected $useSoftDeletes = false;
+        };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Call protected objectToRawArray via reflection.
+     */
+    private function callObjectToRawArray(Model $model, object $object, bool $onlyChanged, bool $recursive): array
+    {
+        $method = new ReflectionMethod(Model::class, 'objectToRawArray');
+
+        return $method->invoke($model, $object, $onlyChanged, $recursive);
+    }
+
+    public function testObjectToRawArrayPassesRecursiveTrue(): void
+    {
+        $model = $this->createModel();
+
+        $inner       = new class () extends Entity {
+            protected $attributes = ['name' => 'inner'];
+            protected $original   = ['name' => 'inner'];
+        };
+
+        $outer            = new class () extends Entity {
+            protected $attributes = ['name' => 'outer', 'nested' => null];
+            protected $original   = ['name' => 'outer', 'nested' => null];
+        };
+        $outer->nested = $inner;
+
+        $result = $this->callObjectToRawArray($model, $outer, false, true);
+
+        $this->assertArrayHasKey('name', $result);
+        $this->assertSame('outer', $result['name']);
+        $this->assertArrayHasKey('nested', $result);
+        $this->assertIsArray($result['nested']);
+        $this->assertSame(['name' => 'inner'], $result['nested']);
+    }
+
+    public function testObjectToRawArrayPassesRecursiveFalse(): void
+    {
+        $model = $this->createModel();
+
+        $inner       = new class () extends Entity {
+            protected $attributes = ['name' => 'inner'];
+            protected $original   = ['name' => 'inner'];
+        };
+
+        $outer            = new class () extends Entity {
+            protected $attributes = ['name' => 'outer', 'nested' => null];
+            protected $original   = ['name' => 'outer', 'nested' => null];
+        };
+        $outer->nested = $inner;
+
+        $result = $this->callObjectToRawArray($model, $outer, false, false);
+
+        $this->assertArrayHasKey('name', $result);
+        $this->assertSame('outer', $result['name']);
+        $this->assertArrayHasKey('nested', $result);
+        // With recursive=false, nested Entity should remain as object
+        $this->assertInstanceOf(Entity::class, $result['nested']);
+    }
+
+    public function testObjectToRawArrayNonEntity(): void
+    {
+        $model = $this->createModel();
+
+        $obj = new class () {
+            public string $name  = 'test';
+            public string $value = '123';
+        };
+
+        $result = $this->callObjectToRawArray($model, $obj, false, false);
+
+        $this->assertSame(['name' => 'test', 'value' => '123'], $result);
+    }
+
+    public function testObjectToRawArrayOnlyChanged(): void
+    {
+        $model = $this->createModel();
+
+        $entity = new class () extends Entity {
+            protected $attributes = ['name' => 'original', 'value' => 'keep'];
+            protected $original   = ['name' => 'original', 'value' => 'keep'];
+        };
+        $entity->name = 'modified';
+
+        $result = $this->callObjectToRawArray($model, $entity, true, false);
+
+        $this->assertSame(['name' => 'modified'], $result);
+    }
+}