diff --git a/private/bufpkg/bufcheck/bufcheckserver/internal/buflintvalidate/buflintvalidate.go b/private/bufpkg/bufcheck/bufcheckserver/internal/buflintvalidate/buflintvalidate.go
index cbe7d72cae..2be8dc2b75 100644
--- a/private/bufpkg/bufcheck/bufcheckserver/internal/buflintvalidate/buflintvalidate.go
+++ b/private/bufpkg/bufcheck/bufcheckserver/internal/buflintvalidate/buflintvalidate.go
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@ func CheckMessage(
 	if messageRules == nil {
 		return nil
 	}
+	checkOneofRulesForMessage(addAnnotationFunc, messageRules, messageDescriptor, message)
 	return checkCELForMessage(
 		addAnnotationFunc,
 		messageRules,
diff --git a/private/bufpkg/bufcheck/bufcheckserver/internal/buflintvalidate/message.go b/private/bufpkg/bufcheck/bufcheckserver/internal/buflintvalidate/message.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..740918045d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/private/bufpkg/bufcheck/bufcheckserver/internal/buflintvalidate/message.go
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+// Copyright 2020-2026 Buf Technologies, Inc.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package buflintvalidate
+
+import (
+	"buf.build/gen/go/bufbuild/protovalidate/protocolbuffers/go/buf/validate"
+	"github.com/bufbuild/buf/private/bufpkg/bufprotosource"
+	"google.golang.org/protobuf/reflect/protoreflect"
+)
+
+const (
+	// https://buf.build/bufbuild/protovalidate/docs/main:buf.validate#buf.validate.MessageRules
+	oneofFieldNumberInMessageRules = 4
+	// https://buf.build/bufbuild/protovalidate/docs/main:buf.validate#buf.validate.MessageOneofRule
+	fieldsFieldNumberInMessageOneofRule = 1
+)
+
+func checkOneofRulesForMessage(
+	add func(bufprotosource.Descriptor, bufprotosource.Location, []bufprotosource.Location, string, ...any),
+	messageRules *validate.MessageRules,
+	messageDescriptor protoreflect.MessageDescriptor,
+	message bufprotosource.Message,
+) {
+	oneofRules := messageRules.GetOneof()
+	if len(oneofRules) == 0 {
+		return
+	}
+	// Track which oneof entries reference each field name, so we can report
+	// fields that appear in more than one entry.
+	fieldNameToOneofIndices := make(map[string][]int)
+	messageFields := messageDescriptor.Fields()
+	for i, oneofRule := range oneofRules {
+		oneofLocation := message.OptionExtensionLocation(
+			validate.E_Message,
+			oneofFieldNumberInMessageRules,
+			int32(i),
+		)
+		fields := oneofRule.GetFields()
+		if len(fields) == 0 {
+			add(
+				message,
+				oneofLocation,
+				nil,
+				"Message %q has a (buf.validate.message).oneof entry with no fields. Each oneof entry must specify at least one field.",
+				message.Name(),
+			)
+			continue
+		}
+		seenInThisEntry := make(map[string]struct{}, len(fields))
+		for j, fieldName := range fields {
+			fieldLocation := message.OptionExtensionLocation(
+				validate.E_Message,
+				oneofFieldNumberInMessageRules,
+				int32(i),
+				fieldsFieldNumberInMessageOneofRule,
+				int32(j),
+			)
+			if _, ok := seenInThisEntry[fieldName]; ok {
+				add(
+					message,
+					fieldLocation,
+					nil,
+					"Message %q has a (buf.validate.message).oneof entry that references field %q more than once. Duplicate field names are not permitted.",
+					message.Name(),
+					fieldName,
+				)
+				continue
+			}
+			seenInThisEntry[fieldName] = struct{}{}
+			if messageFields.ByName(protoreflect.Name(fieldName)) == nil {
+				add(
+					message,
+					fieldLocation,
+					nil,
+					"Message %q has a (buf.validate.message).oneof entry that references field %q, which is not defined in the message.",
+					message.Name(),
+					fieldName,
+				)
+				continue
+			}
+			fieldNameToOneofIndices[fieldName] = append(fieldNameToOneofIndices[fieldName], i)
+		}
+	}
+	for fieldName, indices := range fieldNameToOneofIndices {
+		if len(indices) < 2 {
+			continue
+		}
+		locations := make([]bufprotosource.Location, 0, len(indices))
+		for _, index := range indices {
+			locations = append(locations, message.OptionExtensionLocation(
+				validate.E_Message,
+				oneofFieldNumberInMessageRules,
+				int32(index),
+			))
+		}
+		locations = deduplicateLocations(locations)
+		for _, location := range locations {
+			add(
+				message,
+				location,
+				nil,
+				"Message %q references field %q in more than one (buf.validate.message).oneof entry. A field may only appear in one oneof entry.",
+				message.Name(),
+				fieldName,
+			)
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/private/bufpkg/bufcheck/lint_test.go b/private/bufpkg/bufcheck/lint_test.go
index 43ac25ee09..6069c4a6a0 100644
--- a/private/bufpkg/bufcheck/lint_test.go
+++ b/private/bufpkg/bufcheck/lint_test.go
@@ -743,6 +743,11 @@ func TestRunProtovalidate(t *testing.T) {
 		bufanalysistesting.NewFileAnnotation(t, "number.proto", 329, 79, 329, 117, "PROTOVALIDATE"),
 		bufanalysistesting.NewFileAnnotation(t, "oneof.proto", 13, 7, 13, 43, "PROTOVALIDATE"),
 		bufanalysistesting.NewFileAnnotation(t, "oneof.proto", 19, 7, 19, 43, "PROTOVALIDATE"),
+		bufanalysistesting.NewFileAnnotation(t, "oneof.proto", 48, 3, 48, 75, "PROTOVALIDATE"),
+		bufanalysistesting.NewFileAnnotation(t, "oneof.proto", 55, 3, 55, 54, "PROTOVALIDATE"),
+		bufanalysistesting.NewFileAnnotation(t, "oneof.proto", 62, 3, 62, 67, "PROTOVALIDATE"),
+		bufanalysistesting.NewFileAnnotation(t, "oneof.proto", 70, 3, 70, 62, "PROTOVALIDATE"),
+		bufanalysistesting.NewFileAnnotation(t, "oneof.proto", 71, 3, 71, 62, "PROTOVALIDATE"),
 		bufanalysistesting.NewFileAnnotation(t, "repeated.proto", 25, 5, 25, 48, "PROTOVALIDATE"),
 		bufanalysistesting.NewFileAnnotation(t, "repeated.proto", 27, 5, 27, 48, "PROTOVALIDATE"),
 		bufanalysistesting.NewFileAnnotation(t, "repeated.proto", 45, 5, 45, 48, "PROTOVALIDATE"),
diff --git a/private/bufpkg/bufcheck/testdata/lint/protovalidate/proto/oneof.proto b/private/bufpkg/bufcheck/testdata/lint/protovalidate/proto/oneof.proto
index 83d13b2728..57207f61da 100644
--- a/private/bufpkg/bufcheck/testdata/lint/protovalidate/proto/oneof.proto
+++ b/private/bufpkg/bufcheck/testdata/lint/protovalidate/proto/oneof.proto
@@ -26,3 +26,50 @@ message OneofTest {
   optional string f5 = 5 [(buf.validate.field).required = true];
   optional google.protobuf.Duration f6 = 6 [(buf.validate.field).required = true];
 }
+
+// MessageOneofRuleValid exercises the buf.validate.message.oneof rule for the
+// success case: the rule references real fields with no duplicates and no
+// overlap between entries.
+message MessageOneofRuleValid {
+  option (buf.validate.message).oneof = {fields: ["a", "b"]};
+  option (buf.validate.message).oneof = {
+    fields: ["c", "d"],
+    required: true
+  };
+  string a = 1;
+  string b = 2;
+  string c = 3;
+  string d = 4;
+}
+
+// MessageOneofRuleUnknownField references a field that is not defined in
+// the message.
+message MessageOneofRuleUnknownField {
+  option (buf.validate.message).oneof = {fields: ["a", "does_not_exist"]};
+  string a = 1;
+  string b = 2;
+}
+
+// MessageOneofRuleEmpty has an entry with no field names.
+message MessageOneofRuleEmpty {
+  option (buf.validate.message).oneof = {fields: []};
+  string a = 1;
+  string b = 2;
+}
+
+// MessageOneofRuleDuplicateField has the same field name twice in one entry.
+message MessageOneofRuleDuplicateField {
+  option (buf.validate.message).oneof = {fields: ["a", "b", "a"]};
+  string a = 1;
+  string b = 2;
+}
+
+// MessageOneofRuleFieldInMultipleEntries has the same field in two
+// different entries.
+message MessageOneofRuleFieldInMultipleEntries {
+  option (buf.validate.message).oneof = {fields: ["a", "b"]};
+  option (buf.validate.message).oneof = {fields: ["b", "c"]};
+  string a = 1;
+  string b = 2;
+  string c = 3;
+}