diff --git a/dart/packages/fory/lib/src/context/meta_string_reader.dart b/dart/packages/fory/lib/src/context/meta_string_reader.dart
index 40d6d3aedb..fa17fe1345 100644
--- a/dart/packages/fory/lib/src/context/meta_string_reader.dart
+++ b/dart/packages/fory/lib/src/context/meta_string_reader.dart
@@ -54,7 +54,11 @@ final class MetaStringReader {
     final header = buffer.readVarUint32Small7();
     final length = header >>> 1;
     if ((header & 1) == 1) {
-      return _dynamicReadMetaStrings[length - 1];
+      final index = length - 1;
+      if (index < 0 || index >= _dynamicReadMetaStrings.length) {
+        throw StateError('Meta string ref index $index is out of range.');
+      }
+      return _dynamicReadMetaStrings[index];
     }
     final encoded = length > metaStringSmallThreshold
         ? _readBigMetaString(buffer, length, expected)
diff --git a/dart/packages/fory/lib/src/context/ref_reader.dart b/dart/packages/fory/lib/src/context/ref_reader.dart
index 09aaaf7feb..d7b0870b94 100644
--- a/dart/packages/fory/lib/src/context/ref_reader.dart
+++ b/dart/packages/fory/lib/src/context/ref_reader.dart
@@ -26,12 +26,19 @@ final class RefReader {
   Object? _resolved;
   int? _resolvedId;
 
+  Object? _readRefAt(int id) {
+    if (id < 0 || id >= _refs.length) {
+      throw StateError('Read ref id $id is out of range.');
+    }
+    return _refs[id];
+  }
+
   int readRefOrNull(Buffer buffer) {
     final flag = buffer.readByte();
     if (flag == RefWriter.refFlag) {
       final id = buffer.readVarUint32();
       _resolvedId = id;
-      _resolved = _refs[id];
+      _resolved = _readRefAt(id);
       return flag;
     }
     _resolvedId = null;
@@ -68,9 +75,9 @@ final class RefReader {
 
   int? get readRefId => _resolvedId;
 
-  Object? getReadRef([int? id]) => id == null ? _resolved : _refs[id];
+  Object? getReadRef([int? id]) => id == null ? _resolved : _readRefAt(id);
 
-  Object? readRefAt(int id) => _refs[id];
+  Object? readRefAt(int id) => _readRefAt(id);
 
   void reference(Object? value) {
     if (_preservedIds.isEmpty) {
@@ -86,6 +93,9 @@ final class RefReader {
   }
 
   void setReadRef(int id, Object? value) {
+    if (id < 0 || id >= _refs.length) {
+      throw StateError('Read ref id $id is out of range.');
+    }
     _refs[id] = value;
   }
 
diff --git a/dart/packages/fory/test/context/meta_string_reader_test.dart b/dart/packages/fory/test/context/meta_string_reader_test.dart
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..840eab39dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dart/packages/fory/test/context/meta_string_reader_test.dart
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+
+import 'package:fory/src/config.dart';
+import 'package:fory/src/context/meta_string_reader.dart';
+import 'package:fory/src/memory/buffer.dart';
+import 'package:fory/src/meta/meta_string.dart';
+import 'package:fory/src/resolver/type_resolver.dart';
+import 'package:test/test.dart';
+
+void main() {
+  test('readMetaString rejects a negative dynamic reference index', () {
+    final reader = MetaStringReader(TypeResolver(const Config()));
+    final buffer = Buffer();
+
+    buffer.writeVarUint32Small7(1);
+    bufferSetReaderIndex(buffer, 0);
+
+    expect(
+      () => reader.readMetaString(buffer),
+      throwsA(isA<StateError>()),
+    );
+  });
+
+  test('readMetaString still resolves a valid dynamic reference', () {
+    final reader = MetaStringReader(TypeResolver(const Config()));
+    final buffer = Buffer();
+
+    buffer.writeVarUint32Small7(2);
+    buffer.writeByte(metaStringUtf8Encoding);
+    buffer.writeBytes([0x61]);
+    buffer.writeVarUint32Small7(3);
+    bufferSetReaderIndex(buffer, 0);
+
+    final value = reader.readMetaString(buffer);
+    expect(value.bytes, orderedEquals(<int>[0x61]));
+    expect(reader.readMetaString(buffer).bytes, orderedEquals(<int>[0x61]));
+  });
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/dart/packages/fory/test/context/ref_reader_test.dart b/dart/packages/fory/test/context/ref_reader_test.dart
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a1e4417c8a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dart/packages/fory/test/context/ref_reader_test.dart
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+
+import 'package:fory/src/context/ref_reader.dart';
+import 'package:fory/src/context/ref_writer.dart';
+import 'package:fory/src/memory/buffer.dart';
+import 'package:test/test.dart';
+
+void main() {
+  test('readRefOrNull rejects out-of-range ref ids', () {
+    final reader = RefReader();
+    final buffer = Buffer();
+
+    buffer.writeByte(RefWriter.refFlag);
+    buffer.writeVarUint32(9999);
+    bufferSetReaderIndex(buffer, 0);
+
+    expect(
+      () => reader.readRefOrNull(buffer),
+      throwsA(isA<StateError>()),
+    );
+  });
+
+  test('getReadRef rejects out-of-range ref ids', () {
+    final reader = RefReader();
+
+    expect(
+      () => reader.getReadRef(9999),
+      throwsA(isA<StateError>()),
+    );
+  });
+}
\ No newline at end of file