cartesian.py

#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""
The standard Cartesian axes used for most ultraplot figures.
"""
import copy
import inspect
from dataclasses import dataclass, field
from typing import Any, Dict, Optional, Tuple, Union

import matplotlib.axis as maxis
import matplotlib.dates as mdates
import matplotlib.ticker as mticker
import numpy as np
from packaging import version

from .. import constructor
from .. import scale as pscale
from .. import ticker as pticker
from ..config import rc
from ..internals import (
    _not_none,
    _pop_rc,
    _version_mpl,
    docstring,
    ic,  # noqa: F401
    labels,
    warnings,
)
from ..utils import units
from . import plot, shared

__all__ = ["CartesianAxes"]


# Tuple of date converters
DATE_CONVERTERS = (mdates.DateConverter,)
if hasattr(mdates, "_SwitchableDateConverter"):
    DATE_CONVERTERS += (mdates._SwitchableDateConverter,)

# Opposite side keywords
OPPOSITE_SIDE = {
    "left": "right",
    "right": "left",
    "bottom": "top",
    "top": "bottom",
}


# Format docstring
_format_docstring = """
aspect : {'auto', 'equal'} or float, optional
    The data aspect ratio. See :func:`~matplotlib.axes.Axes.set_aspect`
    for details.
xlabel, ylabel : str, optional
    The x and y axis labels. Applied with `~matplotlib.axes.Axes.set_xlabel`
    and `~matplotlib.axes.Axes.set_ylabel`.
xlabel_kw, ylabel_kw : dict-like, optional
    Additional axis label settings applied with `~matplotlib.axes.Axes.set_xlabel`
    and `~matplotlib.axes.Axes.set_ylabel`. See also `labelpad`, `labelcolor`,
    `labelsize`, and `labelweight` below.
xlim, ylim : 2-tuple of floats or None, optional
    The x and y axis data limits. Applied with :func:`~matplotlib.axes.Axes.set_xlim`
    and :func:`~matplotlib.axes.Axes.set_ylim`.
xmin, ymin : float, optional
    The x and y minimum data limits. Useful if you do not want
    to set the maximum limits.
xmax, ymax : float, optional
    The x and y maximum data limits. Useful if you do not want
    to set the minimum limits.
xreverse, yreverse : bool, optional
    Whether to "reverse" the x and y axis direction. Makes the x and
    y axes ascend left-to-right and top-to-bottom, respectively.
xscale, yscale : scale-spec, optional
    The x and y axis scales. Passed to the `~ultraplot.scale.Scale` constructor.
    For example, ``xscale='log'`` applies logarithmic scaling, and
    ``xscale=('cutoff', 100, 2)`` applies a `~ultraplot.scale.CutoffScale`.
xscale_kw, yscale_kw : dict-like, optional
    The x and y axis scale settings. Passed to `~ultraplot.scale.Scale`.
xmargin, ymargin, margin : float, default: :rc:`margin`
    The default margin between plotted content and the x and y axis spines in
    axes-relative coordinates. This is useful if you don't witch to explicitly set
    axis limits. Use the keyword `margin` to set both at once.
xbounds, ybounds : 2-tuple of float, optional
    The x and y axis data bounds within which to draw the spines. For example,
    ``xlim=(0, 4)`` combined with ``xbounds=(2, 4)`` will prevent the spines
    from meeting at the origin. This also applies ``xspineloc='bottom'`` and
    ``yspineloc='left'`` by default if both spines are currently visible.
xtickrange, ytickrange : 2-tuple of float, optional
    The x and y axis data ranges within which major tick marks are labelled.
    For example, ``xlim=(-5, 5)`` combined with ``xtickrange=(-1, 1)`` and a
    tick interval of 1 will only label the ticks marks at -1, 0, and 1. See
    `~ultraplot.ticker.AutoFormatter` for details.
xwraprange, ywraprange : 2-tuple of float, optional
    The x and y axis data ranges with which major tick mark values are wrapped. For
    example, ``xwraprange=(0, 3)`` causes the values 0 through 9 to be formatted as
    0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2, 0. See `~ultraplot.ticker.AutoFormatter` for details. This
    can be combined with `xtickrange` and `ytickrange` to make "stacked" line plots.
xloc, yloc : optional
    Shorthands for `xspineloc`, `yspineloc`.
xspineloc, yspineloc : {'b', 't', 'l', 'r', 'bottom', 'top', 'left', 'right', \
'both', 'neither', 'none', 'zero', 'center'} or 2-tuple, optional
    The x and y spine locations. Applied with `~matplotlib.spines.Spine.set_position`.
    Propagates to `tickloc` unless specified otherwise.
xtickloc, ytickloc : {'b', 't', 'l', 'r', 'bottom', 'top', 'left', 'right', \
'both', 'neither', 'none'}, optional
    Which x and y axis spines should have major and minor tick marks. Inherits from
    `spineloc` by default and propagates to `ticklabelloc` unless specified otherwise.
xticklabelloc, yticklabelloc : {'b', 't', 'l', 'r', 'bottom', 'top', 'left', 'right', \
'both', 'neither', 'none'}, optional
    Which x and y axis spines should have major tick labels. Inherits from `tickloc`
    by default and propagates to `labelloc` and `offsetloc` unless specified otherwise.
xlabelloc, ylabelloc : \
{'b', 't', 'l', 'r', 'bottom', 'top', 'left', 'right'}, optional
    Which x and y axis spines should have axis labels. Inherits from
    `ticklabelloc` by default (if `ticklabelloc` is a single side).
xoffsetloc, yoffsetloc : \
{'b', 't', 'l', 'r', 'bottom', 'top', 'left', 'right'}, optional
    Which x and y axis spines should have the axis offset indicator. Inherits from
    `ticklabelloc` by default (if `ticklabelloc` is a single side).
xtickdir, ytickdir, tickdir : {'out', 'in', 'inout'}, optional
    Direction that major and minor tick marks point for the x and y axis.
    Use the keyword `tickdir` to control both.
xticklabeldir, yticklabeldir : {'in', 'out'}, optional
    Whether to place x and y axis tick label text inside or outside the axes.
    Propagates to `xtickdir` and `ytickdir` unless specified otherwise.
xrotation, yrotation : float, default: 0
    The rotation for x and y axis tick labels.
    for normal axes, :rc:`formatter.timerotation` for time x axes.
xgrid, ygrid, grid : bool, default: :rc:`grid`
    Whether to draw major gridlines on the x and y axis.
    Use the keyword `grid` to toggle both.
xgridminor, ygridminor, gridminor : bool, default: :rc:`gridminor`
    Whether to draw minor gridlines for the x and y axis.
    Use the keyword `gridminor` to toggle both.
xtickminor, ytickminor, tickminor : bool, default: :rc:`tick.minor`
    Whether to draw minor ticks on the x and y axes.
    Use the keyword `tickminor` to toggle both.
xticks, yticks : optional
    Aliases for `xlocator`, `ylocator`.
xlocator, ylocator : locator-spec, optional
    Used to determine the x and y axis tick mark positions. Passed
    to the `~ultraplot.constructor.Locator` constructor.  Can be float,
    list of float, string, or `matplotlib.ticker.Locator` instance.
    Use ``[]``, ``'null'``, or ``'none'`` for no ticks.
xlocator_kw, ylocator_kw : dict-like, optional
    Keyword arguments passed to the `matplotlib.ticker.Locator` class.
xminorticks, yminorticks : optional
    Aliases for `xminorlocator`, `yminorlocator`.
xminorlocator, yminorlocator : optional
    As for `xlocator`, `ylocator`, but for the minor ticks.
xminorlocator_kw, yminorlocator_kw
    As for `xlocator_kw`, `ylocator_kw`, but for the minor locator.
xticklabels, yticklabels : optional
    Aliases for `xformatter`, `yformatter`.
xformatter, yformatter : formatter-spec, optional
    Used to determine the x and y axis tick label string format.
    Passed to the `~ultraplot.constructor.Formatter` constructor.
    Can be string, list of strings, or `matplotlib.ticker.Formatter` instance.
    Use ``[]``, ``'null'``, or ``'none'`` for no labels.
xformatter_kw, yformatter_kw : dict-like, optional
    Keyword arguments passed to the `matplotlib.ticker.Formatter` class.
xcolor, ycolor, color : color-spec, default: :rc:`meta.color`
    Color for the x and y axis spines, ticks, tick labels, and axis labels.
    Use the keyword `color` to set both at once.
xgridcolor, ygridcolor, gridcolor : color-spec, default: :rc:`grid.color`
    Color for the x and y axis major and minor gridlines.
    Use the keyword `gridcolor` to set both at once.
xlinewidth, ylinewidth, linewidth : color-spec, default: :rc:`meta.width`
    Line width for the x and y axis spines and major ticks. Propagates to `tickwidth`
    unless specified otherwise. Use the keyword `linewidth` to set both at once.
xtickcolor, ytickcolor, tickcolor : color-spec, default: :rc:`tick.color`
    Color for the x and y axis ticks. Defaults are `xcolor`, `ycolor`, and `color`
    if they were passed. Use the keyword `tickcolor` to set both at once.
xticklen, yticklen, ticklen : unit-spec, default: :rc:`tick.len`
    Major tick lengths for the x and y axis.
    %(units.pt)s
    Use the keyword `ticklen` to set both at once.
xticklenratio, yticklenratio, ticklenratio : float, default: :rc:`tick.lenratio`
    Relative scaling of `xticklen` and `yticklen` used to determine minor
    tick lengths. Use the keyword `ticklenratio` to set both at once.
xtickwidth, ytickwidth, tickwidth, : unit-spec, default: :rc:`tick.width`
    Major tick widths for the x ans y axis. Default is `linewidth` if it was passed.
    %(units.pt)s
    Use the keyword `tickwidth` to set both at once.
xtickwidthratio, ytickwidthratio, tickwidthratio : float, default: :rc:`tick.widthratio`
    Relative scaling of `xtickwidth` and `ytickwidth` used to determine
    minor tick widths. Use the keyword `tickwidthratio` to set both at once.
xticklabelpad, yticklabelpad, ticklabelpad : unit-spec, default: :rc:`tick.labelpad`
    The padding between the x and y axis ticks and tick labels. Use the
    keyword `ticklabelpad` to set both at once.
    %(units.pt)s
xticklabelcolor, yticklabelcolor, ticklabelcolor \
: color-spec, default: :rc:`tick.labelcolor`
    Color for the x and y tick labels. Defaults are `xcolor`, `ycolor`, and `color`
    if they were passed. Use the keyword `ticklabelcolor` to set both at once.
xticklabelsize, yticklabelsize, ticklabelsize \
: unit-spec or str, default: :rc:`tick.labelsize`
    Font size for the x and y tick labels.
    %(units.pt)s
    Use the keyword `ticklabelsize` to set both at once.
xticklabelweight, yticklabelweight, ticklabelweight \
: str, default: :rc:`tick.labelweight`
    Font weight for the x and y tick labels.
    Use the keyword `ticklabelweight` to set both at once.
xlabelpad, ylabelpad : unit-spec, default: :rc:`label.pad`
    The padding between the x and y axis bounding box and the x and y axis labels.
    %(units.pt)s
xlabelcolor, ylabelcolor, labelcolor : color-spec, default: :rc:`label.color`
    Color for the x and y axis labels. Defaults are `xcolor`, `ycolor`, and `color`
    if they were passed. Use the keyword `labelcolor` to set both at once.
xlabelsize, ylabelsize, labelsize : unit-spec or str, default: :rc:`label.size`
    Font size for the x and y axis labels.
    %(units.pt)s
    Use the keyword `labelsize` to set both at once.
xlabelweight, ylabelweight, labelweight : str, default: :rc:`label.weight`
    Font weight for the x and y axis labels.
    Use the keyword `labelweight` to set both at once.
fixticks : bool, default: False
    Whether to transform the tick locators to a `~matplotlib.ticker.FixedLocator`.
    If your axis ticks are doing weird things (for example, ticks are drawn
    outside of the axis spine) you can try setting this to ``True``.
"""
docstring._snippet_manager["cartesian.format"] = _format_docstring


# Shared docstring
_shared_x_keys = {
    "x": "x",
    "x1": "bottom",
    "x2": "top",
    "y": "y",
    "y1": "left",
    "y2": "right",
}
_shared_y_keys = {
    "x": "y",
    "x1": "left",
    "x2": "right",
    "y": "x",
    "y1": "bottom",
    "y2": "top",
}
_shared_docstring = """
%(descrip)s
Parameters
----------
%(extra)s**kwargs
    Passed to `~ultraplot.axes.CartesianAxes`. Supports all valid
    `~ultraplot.axes.CartesianAxes.format` keywords. You can optionally
    omit the {x} from keywords beginning with ``{x}`` -- for example
    ``ax.alt{x}(lim=(0, 10))`` is equivalent to ``ax.alt{x}({x}lim=(0, 10))``.
    You can also change the default side for the axis spine, axis tick marks,
    axis tick labels, and/or axis labels by passing ``loc`` keywords. For example,
    ``ax.alt{x}(loc='{x1}')`` changes the default side from {x2} to {x1}.

Returns
-------
ultraplot.axes.CartesianAxes
    The resulting axes.

Note
----
This enforces the following default settings:

* Places the old {x} axis on the {x1} and the new {x}
  axis on the {x2}.
* Makes the old {x2} spine invisible and the new {x1}, {y1},
  and {y2} spines invisible.
* Adjusts the {x} axis tick, tick label, and axis label positions
  according to the visible spine positions.
* Syncs the old and new {y} axis limits and scales, and makes the
  new {y} axis labels invisible.
"""

# Alt docstrings
# NOTE: Used by SubplotGrid.altx
_alt_descrip = """
Add an axis locked to the same location with a
distinct {x} axis.
This is an alias and arguably more intuitive name for
`~ultraplot.axes.CartesianAxes.twin{y}`, which generates
two {x} axes with a shared ("twin") {y} axes.
"""
_alt_docstring = _shared_docstring % {"descrip": _alt_descrip, "extra": ""}
docstring._snippet_manager["axes.altx"] = _alt_docstring.format(**_shared_x_keys)
docstring._snippet_manager["axes.alty"] = _alt_docstring.format(**_shared_y_keys)

# Twin docstrings
# NOTE: Used by SubplotGrid.twinx
_twin_descrip = """
Add an axis locked to the same location with a
distinct {x} axis.
This builds upon `matplotlib.axes.Axes.twin{y}`.
"""
_twin_docstring = _shared_docstring % {"descrip": _twin_descrip, "extra": ""}
docstring._snippet_manager["axes.twinx"] = _twin_docstring.format(**_shared_y_keys)
docstring._snippet_manager["axes.twiny"] = _twin_docstring.format(**_shared_x_keys)

# Dual docstrings
# NOTE: Used by SubplotGrid.dualx
_dual_descrip = """
Add an axes locked to the same location whose {x} axis denotes
equivalent coordinates in alternate units.
This is an alternative to `matplotlib.axes.Axes.secondary_{x}axis` with
additional convenience features.
"""
_dual_extra = """
funcscale : callable, 2-tuple of callables, or scale-spec
    The scale used to transform units from the parent axis to the secondary
    axis. This can be a `~ultraplot.scale.FuncScale` itself or a function,
    (function, function) tuple, or an axis scale specification interpreted
    by the `~ultraplot.constructor.Scale` constructor function, any of which
    will be used to build a `~ultraplot.scale.FuncScale` and applied
    to the dual axis (see `~ultraplot.scale.FuncScale` for details).
"""
_dual_docstring = _shared_docstring % {
    "descrip": _dual_descrip,
    "extra": _dual_extra.lstrip(),
}  # noqa: E501
docstring._snippet_manager["axes.dualx"] = _dual_docstring.format(**_shared_x_keys)
docstring._snippet_manager["axes.dualy"] = _dual_docstring.format(**_shared_y_keys)


@dataclass
class _AxisFormatConfig:
    """A dataclass to hold formatting options for a single axis."""

    # Limits and scale
    min_: Optional[float] = None
    max_: Optional[float] = None
    lim: Optional[Tuple[Optional[float], Optional[float]]] = None
    reverse: Optional[bool] = None
    margin: Optional[float] = None
    bounds: Optional[Tuple[float, float]] = None
    tickrange: Optional[Tuple[float, float]] = None
    wraprange: Optional[Tuple[float, float]] = None
    scale: Any = None  # scale-spec, e.g., 'log' or ('cutoff', 100, 2)
    scale_kw: Dict[str, Any] = field(default_factory=dict)

    # Spines and locations
    spineloc: Any = None  # e.g., 'bottom', 'zero', 'center'
    tickloc: Any = None
    ticklabelloc: Any = None
    labelloc: Any = None
    offsetloc: Any = None

    # Grid
    grid: Optional[bool] = None
    gridminor: Optional[bool] = None
    gridcolor: Any = None  # color-spec

    # Locators and Formatters
    locator: Any = None  # locator-spec
    locator_kw: Dict[str, Any] = field(default_factory=dict)
    minorlocator: Any = None  # locator-spec
    minorlocator_kw: Dict[str, Any] = field(default_factory=dict)
    formatter: Any = None  # formatter-spec
    formatter_kw: Dict[str, Any] = field(default_factory=dict)

    # Label properties
    label: Optional[str] = None
    label_kw: Dict[str, Any] = field(default_factory=dict)
    labelpad: Any = None  # unit-spec
    labelcolor: Any = None  # color-spec
    labelsize: Any = None  # unit-spec or str
    labelweight: Optional[str] = None

    # General appearance
    color: Any = None  # color-spec
    linewidth: Any = None  # unit-spec
    rotation: Optional[Union[float, str]] = None

    # Tick properties
    tickminor: Optional[bool] = None
    tickdir: Optional[str] = None
    tickcolor: Any = None  # color-spec
    ticklen: Any = None  # unit-spec
    ticklenratio: Optional[float] = None
    tickwidth: Any = None  # unit-spec
    tickwidthratio: Optional[float] = None

    # Tick label properties
    ticklabeldir: Optional[str] = None
    ticklabelpad: Any = None  # unit-spec
    ticklabelcolor: Any = None  # color-spec
    ticklabelsize: Any = None  # unit-spec or str
    ticklabelweight: Optional[str] = None


class CartesianAxes(shared._SharedAxes, plot.PlotAxes):
    """
    Axes subclass for plotting in ordinary Cartesian coordinates. Adds the
    `~CartesianAxes.format` method and overrides several existing methods.

    Important
    ---------
    This is the default axes subclass. It can be specified explicitly by passing
    ``proj='cart'``, ``proj='cartesian'``, ``proj='rect'``, or ``proj='rectilinear'``
    to axes-creation commands like `~ultraplot.figure.Figure.add_axes`,
    `~ultraplot.figure.Figure.add_subplot`, and `~ultraplot.figure.Figure.subplots`.
    """

    _name = "cartesian"
    _name_aliases = ("cart", "rect", "rectilinar")  # include matplotlib name

    @docstring._snippet_manager
    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        """
        Parameters
        ----------
        *args
            Passed to `matplotlib.axes.Axes`.
        %(cartesian.format)s

        Other parameters
        ----------------
        %(axes.format)s
        %(rc.init)s

        See also
        --------
        CartesianAxes.format
        ultraplot.axes.Axes
        ultraplot.axes.PlotAxes
        ultraplot.figure.Figure.subplot
        ultraplot.figure.Figure.add_subplot
        """
        # Initialize axes
        self._xaxis_current_rotation = "horizontal"  # current rotation
        self._yaxis_current_rotation = "horizontal"
        self._xaxis_isdefault_rotation = True  # whether to auto rotate the axis
        self._yaxis_isdefault_rotation = True
        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)

        # Apply default formatter
        if self.xaxis.isDefault_majfmt:
            self.xaxis.set_major_formatter(pticker.AutoFormatter())
            self.xaxis.isDefault_majfmt = True
        if self.yaxis.isDefault_majfmt:
            self.yaxis.set_major_formatter(pticker.AutoFormatter())
            self.yaxis.isDefault_majfmt = True

        # Dual axes utilities
        self._dualx_funcscale = None  # for scaling units on dual axes
        self._dualx_prevstate = None  # prevent excess _dualy_scale calls
        self._dualy_funcscale = None
        self._dualy_prevstate = None

    def _apply_axis_sharing(self):
        """
        Enforce the "shared" axis labels and axis tick labels. If this is not
        called at drawtime, "shared" labels can be inadvertantly turned off.
        """
        # NOTE: Critical to apply labels to *shared* axes attributes rather
        # than testing extents or we end up sharing labels with twin axes.
        # NOTE: Similar to how _align_super_labels() calls _apply_title_above() this
        # is called inside _align_axis_labels() so we align the correct text.
        # NOTE: The "panel sharing group" refers to axes and panels *above* the
        # bottommost or to the *right* of the leftmost panel. But the sharing level
        # used for the leftmost and bottommost is the *figure* sharing level.

        # Get border axes once for efficiency
        border_axes = self.figure._get_border_axes()

        # Apply X axis sharing
        self._apply_axis_sharing_for_axis("x", border_axes)

        # Apply Y axis sharing
        self._apply_axis_sharing_for_axis("y", border_axes)

    def _apply_axis_sharing_for_axis(
        self,
        axis_name: str,
        border_axes: dict[str, plot.PlotAxes],
    ) -> None:
        """
        Apply axis sharing for a specific axis (x or y).

        Parameters
        ----------
        axis_name : str
            Either 'x' or 'y'
        border_axes : dict
            Dictionary from _get_border_axes() containing border information
        """
        if axis_name == "x":
            axis = self.xaxis
            shared_axis = self._sharex
            panel_group = self._panel_sharex_group
            sharing_level = self.figure._sharex
            label_params = ["labeltop", "labelbottom"]
            border_sides = ["top", "bottom"]
        else:  # axis_name == 'y'
            axis = self.yaxis
            shared_axis = self._sharey
            panel_group = self._panel_sharey_group
            sharing_level = self.figure._sharey
            label_params = ["labelleft", "labelright"]
            border_sides = ["left", "right"]

        if shared_axis is None or not axis.get_visible():
            return

        level = 3 if panel_group else sharing_level

        # Handle axis label sharing (level > 0)
        if level > 0:
            if self.figure._is_share_label_group_member(self, axis_name):
                pass
            elif self.figure._is_share_label_group_member(shared_axis, axis_name):
                axis.label.set_visible(False)
            else:
                shared_axis_obj = getattr(shared_axis, f"{axis_name}axis")
                labels._transfer_label(axis.label, shared_axis_obj.label)
                axis.label.set_visible(False)

        # Handle tick label sharing (level > 2)
        if level > 2:
            label_visibility = self._determine_tick_label_visibility(
                axis,
                shared_axis,
                axis_name,
                label_params,
                border_sides,
                border_axes,
            )
            axis.set_tick_params(which="both", **label_visibility)
        # Turn minor ticks off
        axis.set_minor_formatter(mticker.NullFormatter())

    def _determine_tick_label_visibility(
        self,
        axis: maxis.Axis,
        shared_axis: maxis.Axis,
        axis_name: str,
        label_params: list[str],
        border_sides: list[str],
        border_axes: dict[str, list[plot.PlotAxes]],
    ) -> dict[str, bool]:
        """
        Determine which tick labels should be visible based on sharing rules and borders.

        Parameters
        ----------
        axis : matplotlib axis
            The current axis object
        shared_axis : Axes
            The axes this one shares with
        axis_name : str
            Either 'x' or 'y'
        label_params : list
            List of label parameter names (e.g., ['labeltop', 'labelbottom'])
        border_sides : list
            List of border side names (e.g., ['top', 'bottom'])
        border_axes : dict
            Dictionary from _get_border_axes()

        Returns
        -------
        dict
            Dictionary of label visibility parameters
        """
        ticks = axis.get_tick_params()
        shared_axis_obj = getattr(shared_axis, f"{axis_name}axis")
        sharing_ticks = shared_axis_obj.get_tick_params()

        label_visibility = {}

        def _convert_label_param(label_param: str) -> str:
            # Deal with logic not being consistent
            # in prior mpl versions
            if version.parse(str(_version_mpl)) <= version.parse("3.9"):
                if label_param == "labeltop" and axis_name == "x":
                    label_param = "labelright"
                elif label_param == "labelbottom" and axis_name == "x":
                    label_param = "labelleft"
            return label_param

        for label_param, border_side in zip(label_params, border_sides):
            # Check if user has explicitly set label location via format()
            label_visibility[label_param] = False
            has_panel = False
            for panel in self._panel_dict[border_side]:
                # Check if the panel is a colorbar
                colorbars = [
                    values
                    for key, values in self._colorbar_dict.items()
                    if border_side in key  # key is tuple (side, top | center | lower)
                ]
                if not panel in colorbars:
                    # Skip colorbar as their
                    # yaxis is not shared
                    has_panel = True
                    break
            # When we have a panel, let the panel have
            # the labels and turn-off for this axis + side.
            if has_panel:
                continue
            is_border = self in border_axes.get(border_side, [])
            is_panel = (
                self in shared_axis._panel_dict[border_side]
                and self == shared_axis._panel_dict[border_side][-1]
            )
            # Use automatic border detection logic
            # if we are a panel we "push" the labels outwards
            label_param_trans = _convert_label_param(label_param)
            is_this_tick_on = ticks[label_param_trans]
            is_parent_tick_on = sharing_ticks[label_param_trans]
            if is_panel:
                label_visibility[label_param] = is_parent_tick_on
            elif is_border:
                label_visibility[label_param] = is_this_tick_on
        return label_visibility

    def _add_alt(self, sx, **kwargs):
        """
        Add an alternate axes.
        """
        # Parse keyword arguments. Optionally omit redundant leading 'x' and 'y'
        # WARNING: We add axes as children for tight layout algorithm convenience and
        # to support eventual paradigm of arbitrarily many duplicates with spines
        # arranged in an edge stack. However this means all artists drawn there take
        # on zorder of their axes when drawn inside the "parent" (see Axes.draw()).
        # To restore matplotlib behavior, which draws "child" artists on top simply
        # because the axes was created after the "parent" one, use the inset_axes
        # zorder of 4 and make the background transparent.
        sy = "y" if sx == "x" else "x"
        sig = self._format_signatures[CartesianAxes]
        keys = tuple(key[1:] for key in sig.parameters if key[0] == sx)
        kwargs = {
            (sx + key if key in keys else key): val for key, val in kwargs.items()
        }  # noqa: E501
        if f"{sy}spineloc" not in kwargs:  # acccount for aliases
            kwargs.setdefault(f"{sy}loc", "neither")
        if f"{sx}spineloc" not in kwargs:  # account for aliases
            kwargs.setdefault(f"{sx}loc", "top" if sx == "x" else "right")
        kwargs.setdefault(f"autoscale{sy}_on", getattr(self, f"get_autoscale{sy}_on")())
        kwargs.setdefault(f"share{sy}", self)

        # Initialize child axes
        kwargs.setdefault("grid", False)  # note xgrid=True would override this
        kwargs.setdefault("zorder", 4)  # increased default zorder
        kwargs.setdefault("number", None)
        kwargs.setdefault("autoshare", False)
        if "sharex" in kwargs and "sharey" in kwargs:
            raise ValueError("Twinned axes may share only one axis.")
        locator = self._make_inset_locator([0, 0, 1, 1], self.transAxes)
        ax = CartesianAxes(self.figure, locator(self, None).bounds, **kwargs)
        ax.set_axes_locator(locator)
        ax.set_adjustable("datalim")
        self.add_child_axes(ax)  # to facilitate tight layout
        self.set_adjustable("datalim")
        self._twinned_axes.join(self, ax)

        # Format parent and child axes
        self.format(**{f"{sx}loc": OPPOSITE_SIDE.get(kwargs[f"{sx}loc"], None)})
        setattr(ax, f"_alt{sx}_parent", self)
        getattr(ax, f"{sy}axis").set_visible(False)
        getattr(ax, "patch").set_visible(False)
        return ax

    def _dual_scale(self, s, funcscale=None):
        """
        Lock the child "dual" axis limits to the parent.
        """
        # NOTE: We bypass autoscale_view because we set limits manually, and bypass
        # child.stale = True because that is done in call to set_xlim() below.
        # NOTE: We set the scale using private API to bypass application of
        # set_default_locators_and_formatters: only_if_default=True is critical
        # to prevent overriding user settings!
        # NOTE: Dual axis only needs to be constrained if the parent axis scale
        # and limits have changed, and limits are always applied before we reach
        # the child.draw() because always called after parent.draw()
        child = self
        parent = getattr(self, f"_alt{s}_parent")
        if funcscale is not None:
            setattr(self, f"_dual{s}_funcscale", funcscale)
        else:
            funcscale = getattr(self, f"_dual{s}_funcscale")
        if parent is None or funcscale is None:
            return
        olim = getattr(parent, f"get_{s}lim")()
        scale = getattr(parent, f"{s}axis")._scale
        if (scale, *olim) == getattr(child, f"_dual{s}_prevstate"):
            return
        funcscale = pscale.FuncScale(funcscale, invert=True, parent_scale=scale)
        caxis = getattr(child, f"{s}axis")
        caxis._scale = funcscale
        child._update_transScale()
        funcscale.set_default_locators_and_formatters(caxis, only_if_default=True)
        nlim = list(map(funcscale.functions[1], np.array(olim)))
        if np.sign(np.diff(olim)) != np.sign(np.diff(nlim)):
            nlim = nlim[::-1]  # if function flips limits, so will set_xlim!
        getattr(child, f"set_{s}lim")(nlim, emit=False)
        setattr(child, f"_dual{s}_prevstate", (scale, *olim))

    def _fix_ticks(self, s, fixticks=False):
        """
        Ensure there are no out-of-bounds ticks. Mostly a brute-force version of
        `~matplotlib.axis.Axis.set_smart_bounds` (which I couldn't get to work).
        """
        # NOTE: Previously triggered this every time FixedFormatter was found
        # on axis but 1) that seems heavy-handed + strange and 2) internal
        # application of FixedFormatter by boxplot resulted in subsequent format()
        # successfully calling this and messing up the ticks for some reason.
        # So avoid using this when possible, and try to make behavior consistent
        # by cacheing the locators before we use them for ticks.
        axis = getattr(self, f"{s}axis")
        sides = ("bottom", "top") if s == "x" else ("left", "right")
        l0, l1 = getattr(self, f"get_{s}lim")()
        bounds = tuple(self.spines[side].get_bounds() or (None, None) for side in sides)
        skipticks = lambda ticks: [  # noqa: E731
            x
            for x in ticks
            if not any(
                x < _not_none(b0, l0) or x > _not_none(b1, l1) for (b0, b1) in bounds
            )  # noqa: E501
        ]
        if fixticks or any(x is not None for b in bounds for x in b):
            # Major locator
            locator = getattr(axis, "_major_locator_cached", None)
            if locator is None:
                locator = axis._major_locator_cached = axis.get_major_locator()
            locator = constructor.Locator(skipticks(locator()))
            axis.set_major_locator(locator)
            # Minor locator
            locator = getattr(axis, "_minor_locator_cached", None)
            if locator is None:
                locator = axis._minor_locator_cached = axis.get_minor_locator()
            locator = constructor.Locator(skipticks(locator()))
            axis.set_minor_locator(locator)

    def _get_spine_side(self, s, loc):
        """
        Get the spine side implied by the input location or position. This
        propagates to tick mark, tick label, and axis label positions.
        """
        # NOTE: Could defer error to CartesianAxes.format but instead use our
        # own error message with info on coordinate position options.
        sides = ("bottom", "top") if s == "x" else ("left", "right")
        centers = ("zero", "center")
        options = (*(s[0] for s in sides), *sides, "both", "neither", "none")
        if np.iterable(loc) and len(loc) == 2 and loc[0] in ("axes", "data", "outward"):
            lim = getattr(self, f"get_{s}lim")()
            if loc[0] == "outward":  # ambiguous so just choose first side
                side = sides[0]
            elif loc[0] == "axes":
                side = sides[int(loc[1] > 0.5)]
            else:
                side = sides[int(loc[1] > lim[0] + 0.5 * (lim[1] - lim[0]))]
        elif loc in centers:  # ambiguous so just choose the first side
            side = sides[0]
        elif loc is None or loc in options:
            side = loc
        else:
            raise ValueError(
                f"Invalid {s} spine location {loc!r}. Options are: "
                + ", ".join(map(repr, (*options, *centers)))
                + " or a coordinate position ('axes', coord), "
                + " ('data', coord), or ('outward', coord)."
            )
        return side

    def _sharex_limits(self, sharex):
        """
        Safely share limits and tickers without resetting things.
        """
        # Copy non-default limits and scales. Either this axes or the input
        # axes could be a newly-created subplot while the other is a subplot
        # with possibly-modified user settings we are careful to preserve.
        for ax1, ax2 in ((self, sharex), (sharex, self)):
            if ax1.get_xscale() == "linear" and ax2.get_xscale() != "linear":
                ax1.set_xscale(ax2.get_xscale())  # non-default scale
            if ax1.get_autoscalex_on() and not ax2.get_autoscalex_on():
                ax1.set_xlim(ax2.get_xlim())  # non-default limits
        # Copy non-default locators and formatters
        self.sharex(sharex)
        if sharex.xaxis.isDefault_majloc and not self.xaxis.isDefault_majloc:
            sharex.xaxis.set_major_locator(self.xaxis.get_major_locator())
        if sharex.xaxis.isDefault_minloc and not self.xaxis.isDefault_minloc:
            sharex.xaxis.set_minor_locator(self.xaxis.get_minor_locator())
        if sharex.xaxis.isDefault_majfmt and not self.xaxis.isDefault_majfmt:
            sharex.xaxis.set_major_formatter(self.xaxis.get_major_formatter())
        if sharex.xaxis.isDefault_minfmt and not self.xaxis.isDefault_minfmt:
            sharex.xaxis.set_minor_formatter(self.xaxis.get_minor_formatter())
        self.xaxis.major = sharex.xaxis.major
        self.xaxis.minor = sharex.xaxis.minor

    def _sharey_limits(self, sharey):
        """
        Safely share limits and tickers without resetting things.
        """
        # NOTE: See _sharex_limits for notes
        for ax1, ax2 in ((self, sharey), (sharey, self)):
            if ax1.get_yscale() == "linear" and ax2.get_yscale() != "linear":
                ax1.set_yscale(ax2.get_yscale())
            if ax1.get_autoscaley_on() and not ax2.get_autoscaley_on():
                ax1.set_ylim(ax2.get_ylim())
        self.sharey(sharey)
        if sharey.yaxis.isDefault_majloc and not self.yaxis.isDefault_majloc:
            sharey.yaxis.set_major_locator(self.yaxis.get_major_locator())
        if sharey.yaxis.isDefault_minloc and not self.yaxis.isDefault_minloc:
            sharey.yaxis.set_minor_locator(self.yaxis.get_minor_locator())
        if sharey.yaxis.isDefault_majfmt and not self.yaxis.isDefault_majfmt:
            sharey.yaxis.set_major_formatter(self.yaxis.get_major_formatter())
        if sharey.yaxis.isDefault_minfmt and not self.yaxis.isDefault_minfmt:
            sharey.yaxis.set_minor_formatter(self.yaxis.get_minor_formatter())
        self.yaxis.major = sharey.yaxis.major
        self.yaxis.minor = sharey.yaxis.minor

    def _sharex_setup(self, sharex, *, labels=True, limits=True):
        """
        Configure shared axes accounting. Input is the 'parent' axes from which this
        one will draw its properties. Use keyword args to override settings.
        """
        # Share panels across *different* subplots
        super()._sharex_setup(sharex)
        # Get the axis sharing level
        level = (
            3
            if self._panel_sharex_group and self._is_panel_group_member(sharex)
            else self.figure._sharex
        )
        if level not in range(5):  # must be internal error
            raise ValueError(f"Invalid sharing level sharex={level!r}.")
        if sharex in (None, self) or not isinstance(sharex, CartesianAxes):
            return
        # Share future axis label changes. Implemented in _apply_axis_sharing().
        # Matplotlib only uses these attributes in __init__() and cla() to share
        # tickers -- all other builtin sharing features derives from shared x axes
        if level > 0 and labels:
            self._sharex = sharex
        # Share future axis tickers, limits, and scales
        # NOTE: Only difference between levels 2 and 3 is level 3 hides tick
        # labels. But this is done after the fact -- tickers are still shared.
        if level > 1 and limits:
            self._sharex_limits(sharex)

    def _sharey_setup(self, sharey, *, labels=True, limits=True):
        """
        Configure shared axes accounting for panels. The input is the
        'parent' axes, from which this one will draw its properties.
        """
        # NOTE: See _sharex_setup for notes
        super()._sharey_setup(sharey)
        level = (
            3
            if self._panel_sharey_group and self._is_panel_group_member(sharey)
            else self.figure._sharey
        )
        if level not in range(5):  # must be internal error
            raise ValueError(f"Invalid sharing level sharey={level!r}.")
        if sharey in (None, self) or not isinstance(sharey, CartesianAxes):
            return
        if level > 0 and labels:
            self._sharey = sharey
        if level > 1 and limits:
            self._sharey_limits(sharey)

    def _apply_log_formatter_on_scale(self, s):
        """
        Enforce log formatter when log scale is set and rc is enabled.
        """
        if not rc.find("formatter.log", context=True):
            return
        if getattr(self, f"get_{s}scale")() != "log":
            return
        self._update_formatter(s, "log")

    def set_xscale(self, value, **kwargs):
        result = super().set_xscale(value, **kwargs)
        self._apply_log_formatter_on_scale("x")
        return result

    def set_yscale(self, value, **kwargs):
        result = super().set_yscale(value, **kwargs)
        self._apply_log_formatter_on_scale("y")
        return result

    def _update_formatter(
        self,
        s,
        formatter=None,
        *,
        formatter_kw=None,
        tickrange=None,
        wraprange=None,
    ):
        """
        Update the axis formatter. Passes `formatter` through `Formatter` with kwargs.
        """
        # Test if this is date axes
        # See: https://matplotlib.org/api/units_api.html
        # And: https://matplotlib.org/api/dates_api.html
        axis = getattr(self, f"{s}axis")
        # TODO(compat): Drop this function when mpl 3.12 is deprecated.
        # Introduced in mpl 3.10 and deprecated in mpl 3.12
        # Save the original if it exists
        converter = (
            axis.converter if hasattr(axis, "converter") else axis.get_converter()
        )
        date = isinstance(converter, DATE_CONVERTERS)

        # Major formatter
        # NOTE: The default axis formatter accepts lots of keywords. So unlike
        # everywhere else that uses constructor functions we also allow only
        # formatter_kw input without formatter and use 'auto' as the default.
        formatter_kw = formatter_kw or {}
        formatter_kw = formatter_kw.copy()
        if (
            formatter is not None
            or tickrange is not None
            or wraprange is not None
            or formatter_kw
        ):  # noqa: E501
            # Tick range
            formatter = _not_none(formatter, "auto")
            if tickrange is not None or wraprange is not None:
                if formatter != "auto":
                    warnings._warn_ultraplot(
                        "The tickrange and autorange features require "
                        "ultraplot.AutoFormatter formatter. Overriding the input."
                    )
                if tickrange is not None:
                    formatter_kw.setdefault("tickrange", tickrange)
                if wraprange is not None:
                    formatter_kw.setdefault("wraprange", wraprange)

            # Set the formatter
            # Note some formatters require 'locator' as keyword arg
            if formatter in ("date", "concise"):
                locator = axis.get_major_locator()
                formatter_kw.setdefault("locator", locator)
            formatter = constructor.Formatter(formatter, date=date, **formatter_kw)
            axis.set_major_formatter(formatter)

    def _update_labels(self, s, *args, **kwargs):
        """
        Apply axis labels to the relevant shared axis. If spanning labels are toggled
        this keeps the labels synced for all subplots in the same row or column. Label
        positions will be adjusted at draw-time with figure._align_axislabels.
        """
        # NOTE: Critical to test whether arguments are None or else this
        # will set isDefault_label to False every time format() is called.
        # NOTE: This always updates the *current* labels and sharing is handled
        # later so that labels set with set_xlabel() and set_ylabel() are shared too.
        # See notes in _align_axis_labels() and _apply_axis_sharing().
        kwargs = rc._get_label_props(**kwargs)
        no_args = all(a is None for a in args)
        no_kwargs = all(v is None for v in kwargs.values())
        if no_args and no_kwargs:
            return  # also returns if args and kwargs are empty
        setter = getattr(self, f"set_{s}label")
        getter = getattr(self, f"get_{s}label")
        if no_args:  # otherwise label text is reset!
            args = (getter(),)
        setter(*args, **kwargs)

    def _update_locators(
        self,
        s,
        locator=None,
        minorlocator=None,
        *,
        tickminor=None,
        locator_kw=None,
        minorlocator_kw=None,
    ):
        """
        Update the locators. Requires `Locator` instances.
        """
        # Apply input major locator
        axis = getattr(self, f"{s}axis")
        locator_kw = locator_kw or {}
        if locator is not None:
            locator = constructor.Locator(locator, **locator_kw)
            axis.set_major_locator(locator)
            if isinstance(locator, (mticker.IndexLocator, pticker.IndexLocator)):
                tickminor = _not_none(tickminor, False)  # disable 'index' minor ticks

        # Apply input or default minor locator
        # NOTE: Parts of API (dualxy) rely on minor tick toggling preserving the
        # isDefault_minloc setting. In future should override mpl minorticks_on()
        # NOTE: Unlike matplotlib when "turning on" minor ticks we *always* use the
        # scale default, thanks to scale classes refactoring with _ScaleBase.
        isdefault = minorlocator is None
        minorlocator_kw = minorlocator_kw or {}
        if not isdefault:
            minorlocator = constructor.Locator(minorlocator, **minorlocator_kw)
        elif tickminor:
            minorlocator = getattr(axis._scale, "_default_minor_locator", None)
            minorlocator = copy.copy(minorlocator)
            minorlocator = constructor.Locator(minorlocator or "minor")
        if minorlocator is not None:
            axis.set_minor_locator(minorlocator)
            axis.isDefault_minloc = isdefault

        # Disable minor ticks
        # NOTE: Generally if you *enable* minor ticks on a dual axis, want to
        # allow FuncScale updates to change the minor tick locators. If you
        # *disable* minor ticks, do not want FuncScale applications to turn them
        # on. So we allow below to set isDefault_minloc to False.
        if tickminor is not None and not tickminor:
            axis.set_minor_locator(constructor.Locator("null"))

    def _update_limits(self, s, *, min_=None, max_=None, lim=None, reverse=None):
        """
        Update the axis limits.
        """
        # Set limits for just one side or both at once
        lim = self._min_max_lim(s, min_, max_, lim)
        if any(_ is not None for _ in lim):
            getattr(self, f"set_{s}lim")(lim)

        # Reverse direction
        # NOTE: 3.1+ has axis.set_inverted(), below is from source code
        if reverse is not None:
            axis = getattr(self, f"{s}axis")
            lo, hi = axis.get_view_interval()
            if reverse:
                lim = (max(lo, hi), min(lo, hi))
            else:
                lim = (min(lo, hi), max(lo, hi))
            axis.set_view_interval(*lim, ignore=True)

    def _update_rotation(self, s, *, rotation=None):
        """
        Rotate the tick labels. Rotate 90 degrees by default for datetime *x* axes.
        """
        # Apply rotation for datetime axes.
        # NOTE: Rotation is done *before* horizontal/vertical alignment. Cannot
        # change alignment with set_tick_params so we must apply to text objects.
        # Note fig.autofmt_date calls subplots_adjust, so we cannot use it.
        current = f"_{s}axis_current_rotation"
        default = f"_{s}axis_isdefault_rotation"
        axis = getattr(self, f"{s}axis")
        # TODO(compat): Drop this function when mpl 3.12 is deprecated.
        # Introduced in mpl 3.10 and deprecated in mpl 3.12
        # Save the original if it exists
        converter = (
            axis.converter if hasattr(axis, "converter") else axis.get_converter()
        )
        if rotation is not None:
            setattr(self, default, False)
        elif not getattr(self, default):
            return  # do not rotate
        elif s == "x" and isinstance(converter, DATE_CONVERTERS):
            rotation = rc["formatter.timerotation"]
        else:
            rotation = "horizontal"

        # Apply tick label rotation if necessary
        if rotation != getattr(self, current):
            rotation = {"horizontal": 0, "vertical": 90}.get(rotation, rotation)
            kw = {"rotation": rotation}
            if rotation not in (0, 90, -90):
                kw["ha"] = "right" if rotation > 0 else "left"
                kw["rotation_mode"] = "anchor"
            for label in axis.get_ticklabels():
                label.update(kw)
            setattr(self, current, rotation)

    def _update_spines(self, s, *, loc=None, bounds=None):
        """
        Update the spine settings.
        """
        # Change default spine location from 'both' to the first
        # relevant side if the user passes 'bounds'.
        sides = ("bottom", "top") if s == "x" else ("left", "right")
        opts = (*(s[0] for s in sides), *sides)  # see _get_spine_side()
        side = self._get_spine_side(s, loc)  # side for set_position()
        if bounds is not None and all(self.spines[s].get_visible() for s in sides):
            loc = _not_none(loc, sides[0])
        for key in sides:
            # Simple spine location that just toggles the side(s). Do not bother
            # with the _get_spine_side stuff.
            spine = self.spines[key]
            if loc is None:
                pass
            elif loc == "neither" or loc == "none":
                spine.set_visible(False)
            elif loc == "both":
                spine.set_visible(True)
            elif loc in opts:
                spine.set_visible(key[0] == loc[0])
            # Special spine location, usually 'zero', 'center', or tuple with
            # (units, location) where 'units' can be 'axes', 'data', or 'outward'.
            elif key != side:
                spine.set_visible(False)  # special position is for other spine
            else:
                spine.set_visible(True)  # special position uses this spine
                spine.set_position(loc)
            # Apply spine bounds
            if bounds is not None:
                spine.set_bounds(*bounds)

    def _update_locs(
        self, s, *, tickloc=None, ticklabelloc=None, labelloc=None, offsetloc=None
    ):
        """
        Update the tick, tick label, and axis label locations.
        """

        # Helper function and initial stuff
        def _validate_loc(loc, opts, descrip):
            try:
                return opts[loc]
            except KeyError:
                raise ValueError(
                    f"Invalid {descrip} location {loc!r}. Options are "
                    + ", ".join(map(repr, sides + tuple(opts)))
                    + "."
                )

        sides = ("bottom", "top") if s == "x" else ("left", "right")
        sides_active = tuple(side for side in sides if self.spines[side].get_visible())
        label_opts = {s[:i]: s for s in sides for i in (1, None)}
        tick_opts = {"both": sides, "neither": (), "none": (), None: None}
        tick_opts.update({k: (v,) for k, v in label_opts.items()})

        # Apply the tick mark and tick label locations
        kw = {}
        kw.update({side: False for side in sides if side not in sides_active})
        kw.update({"label" + side: False for side in sides if side not in sides_active})
        if ticklabelloc is not None:
            ticklabelloc = _validate_loc(ticklabelloc, tick_opts, "tick label")
            kw.update({"label" + side: side in ticklabelloc for side in sides})
        if tickloc is not None:  # possibly overrides ticklabelloc
            tickloc = _validate_loc(tickloc, tick_opts, "tick mark")
            kw.update({side: side in tickloc for side in sides})
            kw.update({"label" + side: False for side in sides if side not in tickloc})
        self.tick_params(axis=s, which="both", **kw)

        # Apply the axis label and offset label locations
        # Uses ugly mpl 3.3+ tick_top() tick_bottom() kludge for offset location
        # See: https://matplotlib.org/3.3.1/users/whats_new.html
        axis = getattr(self, f"{s}axis")
        options = tuple(
            _ for _ in sides if tickloc and _ in tickloc and _ in sides_active
        )  # noqa: E501
        if tickloc is not None and len(options) == 1:
            labelloc = _not_none(labelloc, options[0])
            offsetloc = _not_none(offsetloc, options[0])
        if labelloc is not None:
            labelloc = _validate_loc(labelloc, label_opts, "axis label")
            axis.set_label_position(labelloc)
        if offsetloc is not None:
            offsetloc = _not_none(offsetloc, options[0])
            if hasattr(axis, "set_offset_position"):  # y axis (and future x axis?)
                axis.set_offset_position(offsetloc)
            elif s == "x" and _version_mpl >= "3.3":  # ugly x axis kludge
                axis._tick_position = offsetloc
                axis.offsetText.set_verticalalignment(OPPOSITE_SIDE[offsetloc])

    def _format_axis(self, s: str, config: _AxisFormatConfig, fixticks: bool):
        """Helper for `format` that applies settings to a single axis."""
        # Axis scale
        # WARNING: This relies on monkey patch of mscale.scale_factory
        # that allows it to accept a custom scale class!
        # WARNING: Changing axis scale also changes default locators
        # and formatters, and restricts possible range of axis limits,
        # so critical to do it first.
        scale_requested = config.scale is not None
        if config.scale is not None:
            scale = constructor.Scale(config.scale, **config.scale_kw)
            getattr(self, f"set_{s}scale")(scale)

        # Explicitly sanitize unit-accepting arguments for this axis
        ticklen = units(config.ticklen)
        ticklabelpad = units(config.ticklabelpad)
        labelpad = units(config.labelpad)
        tickwidth = units(config.tickwidth)
        labelsize = units(config.labelsize)
        ticklabelsize = units(config.ticklabelsize)

        # Axis limits
        self._update_limits(
            s,
            min_=config.min_,
            max_=config.max_,
            lim=config.lim,
            reverse=config.reverse,
        )
        if config.margin is not None:
            self.margins(**{s: config.margin})

        # Axis spine settings
        # NOTE: This sets spine-specific color and linewidth settings. For
        # non-specific settings _update_background is called in Axes.format()
        self._update_spines(s, loc=config.spineloc, bounds=config.bounds)
        self._update_background(
            s,
            edgecolor=config.color,
            linewidth=config.linewidth,
            tickwidth=tickwidth,
            tickwidthratio=config.tickwidthratio,
        )

        # Axis tick settings
        self._update_locs(
            s,
            tickloc=config.tickloc,
            ticklabelloc=config.ticklabelloc,
            labelloc=config.labelloc,
            offsetloc=config.offsetloc,
        )
        self._update_rotation(s, rotation=config.rotation)
        self._update_ticks(
            s,
            grid=config.grid,
            gridminor=config.gridminor,
            ticklen=ticklen,
            ticklenratio=config.ticklenratio,
            tickdir=config.tickdir,
            labeldir=config.ticklabeldir,
            labelpad=ticklabelpad,
            tickcolor=config.tickcolor,
            gridcolor=config.gridcolor,
            labelcolor=config.ticklabelcolor,
            labelsize=ticklabelsize,
            labelweight=config.ticklabelweight,
        )

        # Axis label settings
        # NOTE: This must come after set_label_position, or any ha and va
        # overrides in label_kw are overwritten.
        kw = dict(
            labelpad=labelpad,
            color=config.labelcolor,
            size=labelsize,
            weight=config.labelweight,
            **config.label_kw,
        )
        self._update_labels(s, config.label, **kw)

        # Axis locator
        minorlocator = config.minorlocator
        if minorlocator is True or minorlocator is False:  # must test identity
            warnings._warn_ultraplot(
                f"You passed {s}minorticks={minorlocator}, but this argument "
                "is used to specify the tick locations. If you just want to "
                f"toggle minor ticks, please use {s}tickminor={minorlocator}."
            )
            minorlocator = None
        self._update_locators(
            s,
            config.locator,
            minorlocator,
            tickminor=config.tickminor,
            locator_kw=config.locator_kw,
            minorlocator_kw=config.minorlocator_kw,
        )

        # Axis formatter
        self._update_formatter(
            s,
            config.formatter,
            formatter_kw=config.formatter_kw,
            tickrange=config.tickrange,
            wraprange=config.wraprange,
        )
        if (
            scale_requested
            and config.formatter is None
            and not config.formatter_kw
            and config.tickrange is None
            and config.wraprange is None
            and rc.find("formatter.log", context=True)
            and getattr(self, f"get_{s}scale")() == "log"
        ):
            self._update_formatter(s, "log")

        # Ensure ticks are within axis bounds
        self._fix_ticks(s, fixticks=fixticks)

    def _resolve_axis_format(self, axis, params, rc_kw):
        """
        Resolve formatting parameters for a single axis (x or y).
        """
        p = params

        # Color resolution
        color = p.get("color")
        axis_color = _not_none(p.get(f"{axis}color"), color)

        # Helper to get axis-specific or generic param
        def get(name):
            return p.get(f"{axis}{name}")

        # Resolve colors
        tickcolor = get("tickcolor")
        if "tick.color" not in rc_kw:
            tickcolor = _not_none(tickcolor, axis_color)

        ticklabelcolor = get("ticklabelcolor")
        if "tick.labelcolor" not in rc_kw:
            ticklabelcolor = _not_none(ticklabelcolor, axis_color)

        labelcolor = get("labelcolor")
        if "label.color" not in rc_kw:
            labelcolor = _not_none(labelcolor, axis_color)

        # Flexible keyword args
        margin = _not_none(
            get("margin"), p.get("margin"), rc.find(f"axes.{axis}margin", context=True)
        )

        tickdir = _not_none(
            get("tickdir"), rc.find(f"{axis}tick.direction", context=True)
        )

        locator = _not_none(get("locator"), p.get(f"{axis}ticks"))
        minorlocator = _not_none(get("minorlocator"), p.get(f"{axis}minorticks"))

        formatter = _not_none(get("formatter"), p.get(f"{axis}ticklabels"))

        # Tick minor default logic
        tickminor = get("tickminor")
        tickminor_default = None
        if (
            isinstance(formatter, mticker.FixedFormatter)
            or np.iterable(formatter)
            and not isinstance(formatter, str)
        ):
            tickminor_default = False

        tickminor = _not_none(
            tickminor,
            tickminor_default,
            rc.find(f"{axis}tick.minor.visible", context=True),
        )

        # Tick label dir logic
        ticklabeldir = p.get("ticklabeldir")
        axis_ticklabeldir = _not_none(get("ticklabeldir"), ticklabeldir)
        tickdir = _not_none(tickdir, axis_ticklabeldir)

        # Spine locations
        loc = get("loc")
        spineloc = get("spineloc")
        spineloc = _not_none(loc, spineloc)

        # Spine side inference
        side = self._get_spine_side(axis, spineloc)

        tickloc = get("tickloc")
        if side is not None and side not in ("zero", "center", "both"):
            tickloc = _not_none(tickloc, side)

        # Infer other locations
        ticklabelloc = get("ticklabelloc")
        labelloc = get("labelloc")
        offsetloc = get("offsetloc")

        if tickloc != "both":
            ticklabelloc = _not_none(ticklabelloc, tickloc)
            valid_sides = ("bottom", "top") if axis == "x" else ("left", "right")

            if ticklabelloc in valid_sides:
                labelloc = _not_none(labelloc, ticklabelloc)
                # Note: original code likely had typo relating xoffset to yticklabels
                # We assume standard behavior here: follow ticklabelloc
                offsetloc = _not_none(offsetloc, ticklabelloc)

        tickloc = _not_none(tickloc, rc._get_loc_string(axis, f"{axis}tick"))
        spineloc = _not_none(spineloc, rc._get_loc_string(axis, "axes.spines"))

        # Map to config fields
        # Note: min_/max_ map to xmin/xmax etc
        config_kwargs = {}
        for field in _AxisFormatConfig.__dataclass_fields__:
            val = None
            match field:
                case "min_":
                    val = p.get(f"{axis}min")
                case "max_":
                    val = p.get(f"{axis}max")
                case "color":
                    val = axis_color
                case "tickcolor":
                    val = tickcolor
                case "ticklabelcolor":
                    val = ticklabelcolor
                case "labelcolor":
                    val = labelcolor
                case "margin":
                    val = margin
                case "tickdir":
                    val = tickdir
                case "locator":
                    val = locator
                case "minorlocator":
                    val = minorlocator
                case "formatter":
                    val = formatter
                case "tickminor":
                    val = tickminor
                case "ticklabeldir":
                    val = axis_ticklabeldir
                case "spineloc":
                    val = spineloc
                case "tickloc":
                    val = tickloc
                case "ticklabelloc":
                    val = ticklabelloc
                case "labelloc":
                    val = labelloc
                case "offsetloc":
                    val = offsetloc
                case _:
                    # Direct mapping (e.g. xlinewidth -> linewidth)
                    val = get(field)

            if val is not None:
                config_kwargs[field] = val

        return _AxisFormatConfig(**config_kwargs)

    @docstring._snippet_manager
    def format(
        self,
        *,
        aspect=None,
        xloc=None,
        yloc=None,
        xspineloc=None,
        yspineloc=None,
        xoffsetloc=None,
        yoffsetloc=None,
        xwraprange=None,
        ywraprange=None,
        xreverse=None,
        yreverse=None,
        xlim=None,
        ylim=None,
        xmin=None,
        ymin=None,
        xmax=None,
        ymax=None,
        xscale=None,
        yscale=None,
        xbounds=None,
        ybounds=None,
        xmargin=None,
        ymargin=None,
        xrotation=None,
        yrotation=None,
        xformatter=None,
        yformatter=None,
        xticklabels=None,
        yticklabels=None,
        xticks=None,
        yticks=None,
        xlocator=None,
        ylocator=None,
        xminorticks=None,
        yminorticks=None,
        xminorlocator=None,
        yminorlocator=None,
        xcolor=None,
        ycolor=None,
        xlinewidth=None,
        ylinewidth=None,
        xtickloc=None,
        ytickloc=None,
        fixticks=False,
        xtickdir=None,
        ytickdir=None,
        xtickminor=None,
        ytickminor=None,
        xtickrange=None,
        ytickrange=None,
        xtickcolor=None,
        ytickcolor=None,
        xticklen=None,
        yticklen=None,
        xticklenratio=None,
        yticklenratio=None,
        xtickwidth=None,
        ytickwidth=None,
        xtickwidthratio=None,
        ytickwidthratio=None,
        xticklabelloc=None,
        yticklabelloc=None,
        xticklabeldir=None,
        yticklabeldir=None,
        xticklabelpad=None,
        yticklabelpad=None,
        xticklabelcolor=None,
        yticklabelcolor=None,
        xticklabelsize=None,
        yticklabelsize=None,
        xticklabelweight=None,
        yticklabelweight=None,
        xlabel=None,
        ylabel=None,
        xlabelloc=None,
        ylabelloc=None,
        xlabelpad=None,
        ylabelpad=None,
        xlabelcolor=None,
        ylabelcolor=None,
        xlabelsize=None,
        ylabelsize=None,
        xlabelweight=None,
        ylabelweight=None,
        xgrid=None,
        ygrid=None,
        xgridminor=None,
        ygridminor=None,
        xgridcolor=None,
        ygridcolor=None,
        xlabel_kw=None,
        ylabel_kw=None,
        xscale_kw=None,
        yscale_kw=None,
        xlocator_kw=None,
        ylocator_kw=None,
        xformatter_kw=None,
        yformatter_kw=None,
        xminorlocator_kw=None,
        yminorlocator_kw=None,
        **kwargs,
    ):
        """
        Modify axes limits, axis scales, axis labels, spine locations,
        tick locations, tick labels, and more.

        Parameters
        ----------
        %(cartesian.format)s

        Other parameters
        ----------------
        %(axes.format)s
        %(figure.format)s
        %(rc.format)s

        See also
        --------
        ultraplot.axes.Axes.format
        ultraplot.figure.Figure.format
        ultraplot.config.Configurator.context

        Note
        ----
        If you plot something with a `datetime64 \
<https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/arrays.datetime.html>`__,
        `pandas.Timestamp`, `pandas.DatetimeIndex`, `datetime.date`, `datetime.time`,
        or `datetime.datetime` array as the x or y axis coordinate, the axis ticks
        and tick labels will be automatically formatted as dates.
        """
        rc_kw, rc_mode = _pop_rc(kwargs)
        with rc.context(rc_kw, mode=rc_mode):
            # Resolve parameters for x and y axes
            # We capture locals() to pass all named arguments to the helper
            params = locals()
            params.update(kwargs)  # Include any extras in kwargs

            x_config = self._resolve_axis_format("x", params, rc_kw)
            y_config = self._resolve_axis_format("y", params, rc_kw)

            # Format axes
            self._format_axis("x", x_config, fixticks=fixticks)
            self._format_axis("y", y_config, fixticks=fixticks)

        if rc.find("formatter.log", context=True):
            if (
                xscale is not None
                and xformatter is None
                and not xformatter_kw
                and xtickrange is None
                and xwraprange is None
                and self.get_xscale() == "log"
            ):
                self._update_formatter("x", "log")
            if (
                yscale is not None
                and yformatter is None
                and not yformatter_kw
                and ytickrange is None
                and ywraprange is None
                and self.get_yscale() == "log"
            ):
                self._update_formatter("y", "log")

        # Parent format method
        if aspect is not None:
            self.set_aspect(aspect)
        super().format(rc_kw=rc_kw, rc_mode=rc_mode, **kwargs)

    @docstring._snippet_manager
    def altx(self, **kwargs):
        """
        %(axes.altx)s
        """
        return self._add_alt("x", **kwargs)

    @docstring._snippet_manager
    def alty(self, **kwargs):
        """
        %(axes.alty)s
        """
        return self._add_alt("y", **kwargs)

    @docstring._snippet_manager
    def dualx(self, funcscale, **kwargs):
        """
        %(axes.dualx)s
        """
        # NOTE: Matplotlib 3.1 has a 'secondary axis' feature. For the time
        # being, our version is more robust (see FuncScale) and simpler, since
        # we do not create an entirely separate _SecondaryAxis class.
        ax = self._add_alt("x", **kwargs)
        ax._dual_scale("x", funcscale)
        return ax

    @docstring._snippet_manager
    def dualy(self, funcscale, **kwargs):
        """
        %(axes.dualy)s
        """
        ax = self._add_alt("y", **kwargs)
        ax._dual_scale("y", funcscale)
        return ax

    @docstring._snippet_manager
    def twinx(self, **kwargs):
        """
        %(axes.twinx)s
        """
        return self._add_alt("y", **kwargs)

    @docstring._snippet_manager
    def twiny(self, **kwargs):
        """
        %(axes.twiny)s
        """
        return self._add_alt("x", **kwargs)

    def draw(self, renderer=None, *args, **kwargs):
        # Perform extra post-processing steps
        # NOTE: In *principle* axis sharing application step goes here. But should
        # already be complete because auto_layout() (called by figure pre-processor)
        # has to run it before aligning labels. So this is harmless no-op.
        self._dual_scale("x")
        self._dual_scale("y")
        self._apply_axis_sharing()
        self._update_rotation("x")

        super().draw(renderer, *args, **kwargs)

    def get_tightbbox(self, renderer, *args, **kwargs):
        # Perform extra post-processing steps
        self._dual_scale("x")
        self._dual_scale("y")
        self._apply_axis_sharing()
        self._update_rotation("x")
        return super().get_tightbbox(renderer, *args, **kwargs)


# tmp
# Apply signature obfuscation after storing previous signature
# NOTE: This is needed for __init__, altx, and alty
CartesianAxes._format_signatures[CartesianAxes] = inspect.signature(
    CartesianAxes.format
)  # noqa: E501
CartesianAxes.format = docstring._obfuscate_kwargs(CartesianAxes.format)