CoordinateTransformTests.cs

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using NUnit.Framework;
using ProjNet.CoordinateSystems;
using ProjNet.CoordinateSystems.Projections;
using ProjNet.CoordinateSystems.Transformations;
using ProjNet.Geometries;
using ProjNet.IO.CoordinateSystems;

namespace ProjNET.Tests
{
    [TestFixture]
	public class CoordinateTransformTests : CoordinateTransformTestsBase
    {
        public CoordinateTransformTests()
        {
            Verbose = true;
        }
       
        [Test]
        public void TestTransformListOfCoordinates()
        {
            var csFact = new CoordinateSystemFactory();
            var ctFact = new CoordinateTransformationFactory();

            var utm35ETRS = csFact.CreateFromWkt(
                    "PROJCS[\"ETRS89 / ETRS-TM35\",GEOGCS[\"ETRS89\",DATUM[\"D_ETRS_1989\",SPHEROID[\"GRS_1980\",6378137,298.257222101]],PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0],UNIT[\"Degree\",0.017453292519943295]],PROJECTION[\"Transverse_Mercator\"],PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_origin\",0],PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",27],PARAMETER[\"scale_factor\",0.9996],PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",500000],PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",0],UNIT[\"Meter\",1]]");

            var utm33 = ProjectedCoordinateSystem.WGS84_UTM(33, true);

            var trans = ctFact.CreateFromCoordinateSystems(utm35ETRS, utm33);

            XY[] points =
            {
                new XY(290586.087, 6714000), new XY(290586.392, 6713996.224),
                new XY(290590.133, 6713973.772), new XY(290594.111, 6713957.416),
                new XY(290596.615, 6713943.567), new XY(290596.701, 6713939.485)
            };

            var tpoints = (XY[])points.Clone();
            trans.MathTransform.Transform(tpoints);
            for (int i = 0; i < points.Length; i++)
            {
                double expectedX = points[i].X;
                double expectedY = points[i].Y;
                trans.MathTransform.Transform(ref expectedX, ref expectedY);

                double actualX = tpoints[i].X;
                double actualY = tpoints[i].Y;

                Assert.That(actualX, Is.EqualTo(expectedX).Within(1E-8));
                Assert.That(actualY, Is.EqualTo(expectedY).Within(1E-8));
            }
        }

        [Test]
        public void TestTransformListOfDoubleArray()
        {
            var csFact = new CoordinateSystemFactory();
            var ctFact = new CoordinateTransformationFactory();

            var utm35ETRS = csFact.CreateFromWkt(
                    "PROJCS[\"ETRS89 / ETRS-TM35\",GEOGCS[\"ETRS89\",DATUM[\"D_ETRS_1989\",SPHEROID[\"GRS_1980\",6378137,298.257222101]],PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0],UNIT[\"Degree\",0.017453292519943295]],PROJECTION[\"Transverse_Mercator\"],PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_origin\",0],PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",27],PARAMETER[\"scale_factor\",0.9996],PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",500000],PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",0],UNIT[\"Meter\",1]]");

            var utm33 = ProjectedCoordinateSystem.WGS84_UTM(33, true);

            var trans = ctFact.CreateFromCoordinateSystems(utm35ETRS, utm33);

            double[][] points =
            {
                new[] {290586.087, 6714000 }, new[] {90586.392, 6713996.224},
                new[] {290590.133, 6713973.772}, new[] {290594.111, 6713957.416},
                new[] {290596.615, 6713943.567}, new[] {290596.701, 6713939.485}
            };

            double[][] tpoints = trans.MathTransform.TransformList(points).ToArray();
            for (int i = 0; i < points.Length; i++)
            {
                double expectedX = points[i][0];
                double expectedY = points[i][1];
                trans.MathTransform.Transform(ref expectedX, ref expectedY);

                double actualX = tpoints[i][0];
                double actualY = tpoints[i][1];

                Assert.That(actualX, Is.EqualTo(expectedX).Within(1E-8));
                Assert.That(actualY, Is.EqualTo(expectedY).Within(1E-8));
            }
        }

        [Test]
	    public void TestCentralMeridianParse()
	    {
            const string strSouthPole = "PROJCS[\"South_Pole_Lambert_Azimuthal_Equal_Area\",GEOGCS[\"GCS_WGS_1984\",DATUM[\"D_WGS_1984\",SPHEROID[\"WGS_1984\",6378137,298.257223563]],PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0],UNIT[\"Degree\",0.017453292519943295]],PROJECTION[\"Lambert_Azimuthal_Equal_Area\"],PARAMETER[\"False_Easting\",0],PARAMETER[\"False_Northing\",0],PARAMETER[\"Central_Meridian\",-127],PARAMETER[\"Latitude_Of_Origin\",-90],UNIT[\"Meter\",1]]";

            var pCoordSysFactory = new CoordinateSystemFactory();
            var pSouthPole = pCoordSysFactory.CreateFromWkt(strSouthPole);
            Assert.IsNotNull(pSouthPole);
        }
        
        [Test]
		public void TestAlbersProjection()
		{
			var ellipsoid = CoordinateSystemFactory.CreateFlattenedSphere("Clarke 1866", 6378206.4, 294.9786982138982, LinearUnit.Metre);

			var datum = CoordinateSystemFactory.CreateHorizontalDatum("Clarke 1866", DatumType.HD_Geocentric, ellipsoid, null);
			var gcs = CoordinateSystemFactory.CreateGeographicCoordinateSystem("Clarke 1866", AngularUnit.Degrees, datum,
				PrimeMeridian.Greenwich, new AxisInfo("Lon", AxisOrientationEnum.East),
				new AxisInfo("Lat", AxisOrientationEnum.North));
			var parameters = new List<ProjectionParameter>(5)
			                     {
			                         new ProjectionParameter("central_meridian", -96),
			                         new ProjectionParameter("latitude_of_center", 23),
			                         new ProjectionParameter("standard_parallel_1", 29.5),
			                         new ProjectionParameter("standard_parallel_2", 45.5),
			                         new ProjectionParameter("false_easting", 0),
			                         new ProjectionParameter("false_northing", 0)
			                     };
            var projection = CoordinateSystemFactory.CreateProjection("Albers Conical Equal Area", "albers", parameters);

			var coordsys = CoordinateSystemFactory.CreateProjectedCoordinateSystem("Albers Conical Equal Area", gcs, projection, LinearUnit.Metre, new AxisInfo("East", AxisOrientationEnum.East), new AxisInfo("North", AxisOrientationEnum.North));

			var trans1 = new CoordinateTransformationFactory().CreateFromCoordinateSystems(gcs, coordsys);
            var trans2 = new CoordinateTransformationFactory().CreateFromCoordinateSystems(coordsys, gcs);

            double[] pGeo = new double[] { -75, 35 };
			double[] pUtm = trans1.MathTransform.Transform(pGeo);
            double[] pGeo2 = trans2.MathTransform.Transform(pUtm);

			double[] expected = new[] { 1885472.7, 1535925 };
            Assert.IsTrue(ToleranceLessThan(pUtm, expected, 0.05), TransformationError("Albers", expected, pUtm, false));
            Assert.IsTrue(ToleranceLessThan(pGeo, pGeo2, 0.0000001), TransformationError("Albers", pGeo, pGeo2, true));
		}

		[Test]
		public void TestAlbersProjectionFeet()
		{
			var ellipsoid = CoordinateSystemFactory.CreateFlattenedSphere("Clarke 1866", 6378206.4, 294.9786982138982, LinearUnit.Metre);

			var datum = CoordinateSystemFactory.CreateHorizontalDatum("Clarke 1866", DatumType.HD_Geocentric, ellipsoid, null);
			var gcs = CoordinateSystemFactory.CreateGeographicCoordinateSystem("Clarke 1866", AngularUnit.Degrees, datum,
				PrimeMeridian.Greenwich, new AxisInfo("Lon", AxisOrientationEnum.East),
				new AxisInfo("Lat", AxisOrientationEnum.North));
			var parameters = new List<ProjectionParameter>(5)
			                     {
			                         new ProjectionParameter("central_meridian", -96),
			                         new ProjectionParameter("latitude_of_center", 23),
			                         new ProjectionParameter("standard_parallel_1", 29.5),
			                         new ProjectionParameter("standard_parallel_2", 45.5),
			                         new ProjectionParameter("false_easting", 0),
			                         new ProjectionParameter("false_northing", 0)
			                     };
		    var projection = CoordinateSystemFactory.CreateProjection("Albers Conical Equal Area", "albers", parameters);

			var coordsys = CoordinateSystemFactory.CreateProjectedCoordinateSystem("Albers Conical Equal Area", gcs, projection, LinearUnit.Foot, new AxisInfo("East", AxisOrientationEnum.East), new AxisInfo("North", AxisOrientationEnum.North));

            var trans = CoordinateTransformationFactory.CreateFromCoordinateSystems(gcs, coordsys);

			double[] pGeo = new double[] { -75, 35 };
			double[] pUtm = trans.MathTransform.Transform(pGeo);
			double[] pGeo2 = trans.MathTransform.Inverse().Transform(pUtm);

			double[] expected = new[] { 1885472.7 / LinearUnit.Foot.MetersPerUnit, 1535925 / LinearUnit.Foot.MetersPerUnit };
            Assert.IsTrue(ToleranceLessThan(pUtm, expected, 0.1), TransformationError("Albers", expected, pUtm, false));
            Assert.IsTrue(ToleranceLessThan(pGeo, pGeo2, 0.0000001), TransformationError("Albers", pGeo, pGeo2, true));
        }

		[Test]
		public void TestMercator_1SP_Projection()
		{
			var ellipsoid = CoordinateSystemFactory.CreateFlattenedSphere("Bessel 1840", 6377397.155, 299.15281, LinearUnit.Metre);

			var datum = CoordinateSystemFactory.CreateHorizontalDatum("Bessel 1840", DatumType.HD_Geocentric, ellipsoid, null);
			var gcs = CoordinateSystemFactory.CreateGeographicCoordinateSystem("Bessel 1840", AngularUnit.Degrees, datum,
				PrimeMeridian.Greenwich, new AxisInfo("Lon", AxisOrientationEnum.East),
				new AxisInfo("Lat", AxisOrientationEnum.North));
			var parameters = new List<ProjectionParameter>(5)
			                     {
			                         new ProjectionParameter("latitude_of_origin", 0),
			                         new ProjectionParameter("central_meridian", 110),
			                         new ProjectionParameter("scale_factor", 0.997),
			                         new ProjectionParameter("false_easting", 3900000),
			                         new ProjectionParameter("false_northing", 900000)
			                     };
		    var projection = CoordinateSystemFactory.CreateProjection("Mercator_1SP", "Mercator_1SP", parameters);

			var coordsys = CoordinateSystemFactory.CreateProjectedCoordinateSystem("Makassar / NEIEZ", gcs, projection, LinearUnit.Metre, new AxisInfo("East", AxisOrientationEnum.East), new AxisInfo("North", AxisOrientationEnum.North));

            var trans = CoordinateTransformationFactory.CreateFromCoordinateSystems(gcs, coordsys);

			double[] pGeo = new double[] { 120, -3 };
			double[] pUtm = trans.MathTransform.Transform(pGeo);
			double[] pGeo2 = trans.MathTransform.Inverse().Transform(pUtm);

			double[] expected = new[] { 5009726.58, 569150.82 };
            Assert.IsTrue(ToleranceLessThan(pUtm, expected, 0.02), TransformationError("Mercator_1SP", expected, pUtm, false));
            Assert.IsTrue(ToleranceLessThan(pGeo, pGeo2, 0.0000001), TransformationError("Mercator_1SP", pGeo, pGeo2, true));
		}
		[Test]
		public void TestMercator_1SP_Projection_Feet()
		{
			var ellipsoid = CoordinateSystemFactory.CreateFlattenedSphere("Bessel 1840", 6377397.155, 299.15281, LinearUnit.Metre);

			var datum = CoordinateSystemFactory.CreateHorizontalDatum("Bessel 1840", DatumType.HD_Geocentric, ellipsoid, null);
			var gcs = CoordinateSystemFactory.CreateGeographicCoordinateSystem("Bessel 1840", AngularUnit.Degrees, datum,
				PrimeMeridian.Greenwich, new AxisInfo("Lon", AxisOrientationEnum.East),
				new AxisInfo("Lat", AxisOrientationEnum.North));
			var parameters = new List<ProjectionParameter>(5)
			                     {
			                         new ProjectionParameter("latitude_of_origin", 0),
			                         new ProjectionParameter("central_meridian", 110),
			                         new ProjectionParameter("scale_factor", 0.997),
			                         new ProjectionParameter("false_easting", 3900000/LinearUnit.Foot.MetersPerUnit),
			                         new ProjectionParameter("false_northing", 900000/LinearUnit.Foot.MetersPerUnit)
			                     };
		    var projection = CoordinateSystemFactory.CreateProjection("Mercator_1SP", "Mercator_1SP", parameters);

			var coordsys = CoordinateSystemFactory.CreateProjectedCoordinateSystem("Makassar / NEIEZ", gcs, projection, LinearUnit.Foot, new AxisInfo("East", AxisOrientationEnum.East), new AxisInfo("North", AxisOrientationEnum.North));

            var trans = CoordinateTransformationFactory.CreateFromCoordinateSystems(gcs, coordsys);

			double[] pGeo = new[] { 120d, -3d };
			double[] pUtm = trans.MathTransform.Transform(pGeo);
			double[] pGeo2 = trans.MathTransform.Inverse().Transform(pUtm);

			double[] expected = new[] { 5009726.58 / LinearUnit.Foot.MetersPerUnit, 569150.82 / LinearUnit.Foot.MetersPerUnit };
            Assert.IsTrue(ToleranceLessThan(pUtm, expected, 0.02), TransformationError("Mercator_1SP", expected, pUtm, false));
            Assert.IsTrue(ToleranceLessThan(pGeo, pGeo2, 0.0000001), TransformationError("Mercator_1SP", pGeo, pGeo2, true));
		}
		[Test]
		public void TestMercator_2SP_Projection()
		{
			var ellipsoid = CoordinateSystemFactory.CreateFlattenedSphere("Krassowski 1940", 6378245.0, 298.3, LinearUnit.Metre);

			var datum = CoordinateSystemFactory.CreateHorizontalDatum("Krassowski 1940", DatumType.HD_Geocentric, ellipsoid, null);
			var gcs = CoordinateSystemFactory.CreateGeographicCoordinateSystem("Krassowski 1940", AngularUnit.Degrees, datum,
				PrimeMeridian.Greenwich, new AxisInfo("Lon", AxisOrientationEnum.East),
				new AxisInfo("Lat", AxisOrientationEnum.North));
			var parameters = new List<ProjectionParameter>(5)
			                     {
			                         new ProjectionParameter("latitude_of_origin", 42),
			                         new ProjectionParameter("central_meridian", 51),
			                         new ProjectionParameter("false_easting", 0),
			                         new ProjectionParameter("false_northing", 0)
			                     };
		    var projection = CoordinateSystemFactory.CreateProjection("Mercator_2SP", "Mercator_2SP", parameters);

			var coordsys = CoordinateSystemFactory.CreateProjectedCoordinateSystem("Pulkovo 1942 / Mercator Caspian Sea", gcs, projection, LinearUnit.Metre, new AxisInfo("East", AxisOrientationEnum.East), new AxisInfo("North", AxisOrientationEnum.North));

            var trans = CoordinateTransformationFactory.CreateFromCoordinateSystems(gcs, coordsys);

			double[] pGeo = new[] { 53d, 53d };
			double[] pUtm = trans.MathTransform.Transform(pGeo);
			double[] pGeo2 = trans.MathTransform.Inverse().Transform(pUtm);

			double[] expected = new[] { 165704.29, 5171848.07 };
            Assert.IsTrue(ToleranceLessThan(pUtm, expected, 0.02), TransformationError("Mercator_2SP", expected, pUtm, false));
            Assert.IsTrue(ToleranceLessThan(pGeo, pGeo2, 0.0000001), TransformationError("Mercator_2SP", pGeo, pGeo2, true));
        }
		[Test]
		public void TestTransverseMercator_Projection()
		{
			var ellipsoid = CoordinateSystemFactory.CreateFlattenedSphere("Airy 1830", 6377563.396, 299.32496, LinearUnit.Metre);

			var datum = CoordinateSystemFactory.CreateHorizontalDatum("Airy 1830", DatumType.HD_Geocentric, ellipsoid, null);
			var gcs = CoordinateSystemFactory.CreateGeographicCoordinateSystem("Airy 1830", AngularUnit.Degrees, datum,
				PrimeMeridian.Greenwich, new AxisInfo("Lon", AxisOrientationEnum.East),
				new AxisInfo("Lat", AxisOrientationEnum.North));
			var parameters = new List<ProjectionParameter>(5)
			                     {
			                         new ProjectionParameter("latitude_of_origin", 49),
			                         new ProjectionParameter("central_meridian", -2),
			                         new ProjectionParameter("scale_factor", 0.9996012717 /* 0.9996*/),
			                         new ProjectionParameter("false_easting", 400000),
			                         new ProjectionParameter("false_northing", -100000)
			                     };
		    var projection = CoordinateSystemFactory.CreateProjection("Transverse Mercator", "Transverse_Mercator", parameters);

			var coordsys = CoordinateSystemFactory.CreateProjectedCoordinateSystem("OSGB 1936 / British National Grid", gcs, projection, LinearUnit.Metre, new AxisInfo("East", AxisOrientationEnum.East), new AxisInfo("North", AxisOrientationEnum.North));

            var trans = CoordinateTransformationFactory.CreateFromCoordinateSystems(gcs, coordsys);

			double[] pGeo = new[] { 0.5, 50.5 };
			double[] pUtm = trans.MathTransform.Transform(pGeo);
			double[] pGeo2 = trans.MathTransform.Inverse().Transform(pUtm);
            //"POINT(577393.372775651 69673.621953601)"
            double[] expected = new[] { 577274.98, 69740.49 };
			Assert.IsTrue(ToleranceLessThan(pUtm, expected, 0.01), TransformationError("TransverseMercator", expected, pUtm));
			Assert.IsTrue(ToleranceLessThan(pGeo, pGeo2, 1E-6), TransformationError("TransverseMercator", pGeo, pGeo2, true));
		}
		[Test]
		public void TestLambertConicConformal2SP_Projection()
		{
		    var ellipsoid = /*Ellipsoid.Clarke1866;*/
                CoordinateSystemFactory.CreateFlattenedSphere("Clarke 1866", 20925832.16, 294.97470, LinearUnit.USSurveyFoot);

			var datum = CoordinateSystemFactory.CreateHorizontalDatum("Clarke 1866", DatumType.HD_Geocentric, ellipsoid, null);
			var gcs = CoordinateSystemFactory.CreateGeographicCoordinateSystem("Clarke 1866", AngularUnit.Degrees, datum,
				PrimeMeridian.Greenwich, new AxisInfo("Lon", AxisOrientationEnum.East),
				new AxisInfo("Lat", AxisOrientationEnum.North));
			var parameters = new List<ProjectionParameter>(5)
			                     {
			                         new ProjectionParameter("latitude_of_origin", 27.833333333),
			                         new ProjectionParameter("central_meridian", -99),
			                         new ProjectionParameter("standard_parallel_1", 28.3833333333),
			                         new ProjectionParameter("standard_parallel_2", 30.2833333333),
			                         new ProjectionParameter("false_easting", 2000000/LinearUnit.USSurveyFoot.MetersPerUnit),
			                         new ProjectionParameter("false_northing", 0)
			                     };
		    var projection = CoordinateSystemFactory.CreateProjection("Lambert Conic Conformal (2SP)", "lambert_conformal_conic_2sp", parameters);

			var coordsys = CoordinateSystemFactory.CreateProjectedCoordinateSystem("NAD27 / Texas South Central", gcs, projection, LinearUnit.USSurveyFoot, new AxisInfo("East", AxisOrientationEnum.East), new AxisInfo("North", AxisOrientationEnum.North));

            var trans = CoordinateTransformationFactory.CreateFromCoordinateSystems(gcs, coordsys);

			double[] pGeo = new[] { -96, 28.5 };
			double[] pUtm = trans.MathTransform.Transform(pGeo);
			double[] pGeo2 = trans.MathTransform.Inverse().Transform(pUtm);

			double[] expected = new[] { 2963503.91 / LinearUnit.USSurveyFoot.MetersPerUnit, 254759.80 / LinearUnit.USSurveyFoot.MetersPerUnit };
			Assert.IsTrue(ToleranceLessThan(pUtm, expected, 0.05), TransformationError("LambertConicConformal2SP", expected, pUtm));
		    Assert.IsTrue(ToleranceLessThan(pGeo, pGeo2, 0.0000001), TransformationError("LambertConicConformal2SP", pGeo, pGeo2, true));

		}

		private ICoordinateTransformation CreateGeo2Laea(double centralMeridian, double latitudeOfOrigin)
		{
			var wgs84 = GeographicCoordinateSystem.WGS84;

			var coordsys = CoordinateSystemFactory.CreateFromWkt("" +
					"PROJCS[\"Lambert_Azimuthal_Equal_Area_Custom\"," +
						"GEOGCS[\"GCS_WGS_1984\"," +
							"DATUM[\"D_WGS_1984\"," +
						"SPHEROID[\"WGS_1984\",6378137.0,298.257223563]]," +
							"PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0.0]," +
							"UNIT[\"Degree\",0.0174532925199433]]," +
						"PROJECTION[\"Lambert_Azimuthal_Equal_Area\"]," +
						"PARAMETER[\"False_Easting\",0.0]," +
						"PARAMETER[\"False_Northing\",0.0]," +
						$"PARAMETER[\"Central_Meridian\",{centralMeridian}]," +
						$"PARAMETER[\"Latitude_Of_Origin\",{latitudeOfOrigin}]," +
						"UNIT[\"Meter\",1.0]]");

			return CoordinateTransformationFactory.CreateFromCoordinateSystems(wgs84, coordsys);
		}

		[Test]
		[Repeat(1000)]
		public void TestLambertAzimuthalEqualArea_Projection_round_trip_on_origin()
		{
			double centralMeridian = Random.Next(-180, +180);
			double latitudeOfOrigin = Random.Next(-90, +90);

			var trans = CreateGeo2Laea(centralMeridian, latitudeOfOrigin);

			var forward = trans.MathTransform;
			var reverse = forward.Inverse();

			double[] pGeo = new[] { centralMeridian, latitudeOfOrigin };

			double[] pLaea = forward.Transform(pGeo);

			double[] pGeo2 = reverse.Transform(pLaea);

			double[] expectedPLaea = new double[2] { 0, 0 };

			Assert.IsTrue(ToleranceLessThan(pLaea, expectedPLaea, 0.05), TransformationError("Lambert_Azimuthal_Equal_Area", expectedPLaea, pLaea));
			Assert.IsTrue(ToleranceLessThan(pGeo, pGeo2, 0.0000001), TransformationError("Lambert_Azimuthal_Equal_Area", pGeo, pGeo2, true));
		}

		[Test]
		[Repeat(1000)]
		public void TestLambertAzimuthalEqualArea_Projection_round_trip_on_arbitrary_point()
		{
			int GetRandomSign()
			{
				return Random.Next() % 2 == 0 ? -1 : +1;
			}

			double centralMeridian = Random.Next(-150, +150);
			double latitudeOfOrigin = Random.Next(-70, +70);

			var trans = CreateGeo2Laea(centralMeridian, latitudeOfOrigin);

			var forward = trans.MathTransform;
			var reverse = forward.Inverse();

			double lat = latitudeOfOrigin + (0.01 + Random.NextDouble()) * GetRandomSign();
			double lon = centralMeridian + (0.01 + Random.NextDouble()) * GetRandomSign();

			double[] pGeo = new[] { lon, lat };

			double[] pLaea = forward.Transform(pGeo);

			double[] pGeo2 = reverse.Transform(pLaea);

			Assert.NotZero(pLaea[0]);
			Assert.NotZero(pLaea[1]);
			Assert.IsTrue(ToleranceLessThan(pGeo, pGeo2, 0.0000001), TransformationError("Lambert_Azimuthal_Equal_Area", pGeo, pGeo2, true));
		}

		[Test]
		public void TestGeocentric()
		{
			var gcs = CoordinateSystemFactory.CreateGeographicCoordinateSystem("ETRF89 Geographic", AngularUnit.Degrees, HorizontalDatum.ETRF89, PrimeMeridian.Greenwich,
				new AxisInfo("East", AxisOrientationEnum.East), new AxisInfo("North", AxisOrientationEnum.North));
			var gcenCs = CoordinateSystemFactory.CreateGeocentricCoordinateSystem("ETRF89 Geocentric", HorizontalDatum.ETRF89, LinearUnit.Metre, PrimeMeridian.Greenwich);
			var ct = CoordinateTransformationFactory.CreateFromCoordinateSystems(gcs, gcenCs);
			double[] pExpected = new[] { 2 + 7.0 / 60 + 46.38 / 3600, 53 + 48.0 / 60 + 33.82/3600 }; // Point.FromDMS(2, 7, 46.38, 53, 48, 33.82);
			double[] pExpected3D = new[] { pExpected[0], pExpected[1], 73.0 };
			double[] p0 = new[] { 3771793.97, 140253.34, 5124304.35 };
			double[] p1 = ct.MathTransform.Transform(pExpected3D);
			double[] p2 = ct.MathTransform.Inverse().Transform(p1);
			Assert.IsTrue(ToleranceLessThan(p1, p0, 0.01));
			Assert.IsTrue(ToleranceLessThan(p2, pExpected, 0.00001));
        }

		[Test]
		public void TestDatumTransform()
		{
			//Define datums, set parameters
            var wgs72 = HorizontalDatum.WGS72;
            wgs72.Wgs84Parameters = new Wgs84ConversionInfo(0, 0, 4.5, 0, 0, 0.554, 0.219);
            var ed50 = HorizontalDatum.ED50;
            ed50.Wgs84Parameters = new Wgs84ConversionInfo(-81.0703, -89.3603, -115.7526,
                                                           -0.48488, -0.02436, -0.41321,
                                                           -0.540645); //Parameters for Denmark
			//Define geographic coordinate systems
			var gcsWGS72 = CoordinateSystemFactory.CreateGeographicCoordinateSystem("WGS72 Geographic", AngularUnit.Degrees, wgs72, PrimeMeridian.Greenwich,
				new AxisInfo("East", AxisOrientationEnum.East), new AxisInfo("North", AxisOrientationEnum.North));

			var gcsWGS84 = CoordinateSystemFactory.CreateGeographicCoordinateSystem("WGS84 Geographic", AngularUnit.Degrees, HorizontalDatum.WGS84, PrimeMeridian.Greenwich,
				new AxisInfo("East", AxisOrientationEnum.East), new AxisInfo("North", AxisOrientationEnum.North));

			var gcsED50 = CoordinateSystemFactory.CreateGeographicCoordinateSystem("ED50 Geographic", AngularUnit.Degrees, ed50, PrimeMeridian.Greenwich,
				new AxisInfo("East", AxisOrientationEnum.East), new AxisInfo("North", AxisOrientationEnum.North));

			//Define geocentric coordinate systems
			var gcenCsWGS72 = CoordinateSystemFactory.CreateGeocentricCoordinateSystem("WGS72 Geocentric", wgs72, LinearUnit.Metre, PrimeMeridian.Greenwich);
			var gcenCsWGS84 = CoordinateSystemFactory.CreateGeocentricCoordinateSystem("WGS84 Geocentric", HorizontalDatum.WGS84, LinearUnit.Metre, PrimeMeridian.Greenwich);
			var gcenCsED50 = CoordinateSystemFactory.CreateGeocentricCoordinateSystem("ED50 Geocentric", ed50, LinearUnit.Metre, PrimeMeridian.Greenwich);

			//Define projections
			var parameters = new List<ProjectionParameter>(5)
			                     {
			                         new ProjectionParameter("latitude_of_origin", 0),
			                         new ProjectionParameter("central_meridian", 9),
			                         new ProjectionParameter("scale_factor", 0.9996),
			                         new ProjectionParameter("false_easting", 500000),
			                         new ProjectionParameter("false_northing", 0)
			                     };
		    var projection = CoordinateSystemFactory.CreateProjection("Transverse Mercator", "Transverse_Mercator", parameters);
			var utmED50 = CoordinateSystemFactory.CreateProjectedCoordinateSystem("ED50 UTM Zone 32N", gcsED50, projection, LinearUnit.Metre, new AxisInfo("East", AxisOrientationEnum.East), new AxisInfo("North", AxisOrientationEnum.North));
			var utmWGS84 = CoordinateSystemFactory.CreateProjectedCoordinateSystem("WGS84 UTM Zone 32N", gcsWGS84, projection, LinearUnit.Metre, new AxisInfo("East", AxisOrientationEnum.East), new AxisInfo("North", AxisOrientationEnum.North));

            ////Set up coordinate transformations
            //var ctForw = _coordinateTransformationFactory.CreateFromCoordinateSystems(gcsWGS72, gcenCsWGS72); //Geographic->Geocentric (WGS72)
            //var ctWGS84_Gcen2Geo = _coordinateTransformationFactory.CreateFromCoordinateSystems(gcenCsWGS84, gcsWGS84);  //Geocentric->Geographic (WGS84)
            //var ctWGS84_Geo2UTM = _coordinateTransformationFactory.CreateFromCoordinateSystems(gcsWGS84, utmWGS84);  //UTM ->Geographic (WGS84)
            //var ctED50_UTM2Geo = _coordinateTransformationFactory.CreateFromCoordinateSystems(utmED50, gcsED50);  //UTM ->Geographic (ED50)
            //var ctED50_Geo2Gcen = _coordinateTransformationFactory.CreateFromCoordinateSystems(gcsED50, gcenCsED50); //Geographic->Geocentric (ED50)

			//Test datum-shift from WGS72 to WGS84
			//Point3D pGeoCenWGS72 = ctForw.MathTransform.Transform(pLongLatWGS72) as Point3D;
			double[] pGeoCenWGS72 = new[] {3657660.66, 255768.55, 5201382.11};
			var geocen_ed50_2_Wgs84 = CoordinateTransformationFactory.CreateFromCoordinateSystems(gcenCsWGS72, gcenCsWGS84);
			double[] pGeoCenWGS84 = geocen_ed50_2_Wgs84.MathTransform.Transform(pGeoCenWGS72);
			//Point3D pGeoCenWGS84 = wgs72.Wgs84Parameters.Apply(pGeoCenWGS72);
		    double[] pExpected = new[] {3657660.78, 255778.43, 5201387.75};
            Assert.IsTrue(ToleranceLessThan(pExpected, pGeoCenWGS84, 0.01), TransformationError("Datum WGS72->WGS84", pExpected, pGeoCenWGS84));
            //and inverse
            double[] pGeoCenWGS72calc = geocen_ed50_2_Wgs84.MathTransform.Inverse().Transform(pGeoCenWGS84);
            Assert.IsTrue(ToleranceLessThan(pGeoCenWGS72, pGeoCenWGS72calc, 0.001), TransformationError("Datum WGS84->WGS72", pGeoCenWGS72, pGeoCenWGS72calc));

			var utm_ed50_2_Wgs84 = CoordinateTransformationFactory.CreateFromCoordinateSystems(utmED50, utmWGS84);
			double[] pUTMED50 = new double[] {600000, 6100000};
			double[] pUTMWGS84 = utm_ed50_2_Wgs84.MathTransform.Transform(pUTMED50);
            pExpected = new[] { 599928.6, 6099790.2};
            Assert.IsTrue(ToleranceLessThan(pExpected, pUTMWGS84, 0.1), TransformationError("Datum ED50->WGS84", pExpected, pUTMWGS84));
            //and inverse
            double[] pUTMED50calc = utm_ed50_2_Wgs84.MathTransform.Inverse().Transform(pUTMWGS84);
            Assert.IsTrue(ToleranceLessThan(pUTMED50, pUTMED50calc, 0.01), TransformationError("Datum WGS84->ED50", pUTMED50, pUTMED50calc));


			//Perform reverse
			var utm_Wgs84_2_Ed50 = CoordinateTransformationFactory.CreateFromCoordinateSystems(utmWGS84, utmED50);
			pUTMED50 = utm_Wgs84_2_Ed50.MathTransform.Transform(pUTMWGS84);
		    pExpected = new double[] {600000, 6100000};
            Assert.IsTrue(ToleranceLessThan(pExpected, pUTMED50, 0.1), TransformationError("Datum", pExpected, pUTMED50));
            //and inverse
            double[] pUTMWGS84calc = utm_Wgs84_2_Ed50.MathTransform.Inverse().Transform(pUTMED50);
            Assert.IsTrue(ToleranceLessThan(pUTMWGS84, pUTMWGS84calc, 0.1), TransformationError("Datum", pUTMWGS84, pUTMWGS84calc));


			//Assert.IsTrue(Math.Abs((pUTMWGS84 as Point3D).Z - 36.35) < 0.5);
			//Point pExpected = Point.FromDMS(2, 7, 46.38, 53, 48, 33.82);
			//ED50_to_WGS84_Denmark: datum.Wgs84Parameters = new Wgs84ConversionInfo(-89.5, -93.8, 127.6, 0, 0, 4.5, 1.2);

		}

		[Test]
        public void TestKrovak_Greenwich_Projection()
		{
            //test case for epsg 5514 (102067)

            var gcsWGS84 = CoordinateSystemFactory.CreateGeographicCoordinateSystem("WGS84 Geographic", AngularUnit.Degrees, HorizontalDatum.WGS84, PrimeMeridian.Greenwich,
                 new AxisInfo("East", AxisOrientationEnum.East), new AxisInfo("North", AxisOrientationEnum.North));


			var ellipsoid = CoordinateSystemFactory.CreateFlattenedSphere("Bessel 1840", 6377397.155, 299.15281, LinearUnit.Metre);

			var datum = CoordinateSystemFactory.CreateHorizontalDatum("Bessel 1840", DatumType.HD_Geocentric, ellipsoid, null);
            datum.Wgs84Parameters = new Wgs84ConversionInfo(570.8, 85.7, 462.8, 4.998, 1.587, 5.261, 3.56);

			var gcsKrovak = CoordinateSystemFactory.CreateGeographicCoordinateSystem("Bessel 1840", AngularUnit.Degrees, datum,
				PrimeMeridian.Greenwich, new AxisInfo("Lon", AxisOrientationEnum.East),
				new AxisInfo("Lat", AxisOrientationEnum.North));
            
			var parameters = new List<ProjectionParameter>(5)
			                     {
			                         new ProjectionParameter("latitude_of_center", 49.5),
			                         new ProjectionParameter("longitude_of_center", 24.83333333333333),
			                         new ProjectionParameter("azimuth", 30.28813972222222),
			                         new ProjectionParameter("pseudo_standard_parallel_1", 78.5),
			                         new ProjectionParameter("scale_factor", 0.9999),
			                         new ProjectionParameter("false_easting", 0),
			                         new ProjectionParameter("false_northing", 0)
			                     };
		    var projection = CoordinateSystemFactory.CreateProjection("Krovak", "Krovak", parameters);

			var coordsys = CoordinateSystemFactory.CreateProjectedCoordinateSystem("Krovak", gcsKrovak, projection, LinearUnit.Metre, new AxisInfo("East", AxisOrientationEnum.East), new AxisInfo("North", AxisOrientationEnum.North));

            var trans = new CoordinateTransformationFactory().CreateFromCoordinateSystems(gcsWGS84, coordsys);
            var trans2 = new CoordinateTransformationFactory().CreateFromCoordinateSystems(gcsWGS84, coordsys);

			// test case 1
			double[] pGeo = new[] { 12d, 48d };
            double[] expected = new[] { -953116.2548718402, -1245513.5788112187 };

			double[] pUtm = trans.MathTransform.Transform(pGeo);
            //can't inverse trans - Inverse() of ConcateratedTransform makes shallow copy and call Invert on each ICoordinateTransformation.MathTransform - this changes original transformation!
			double[] pGeo2 = trans2.MathTransform.Inverse().Transform(pUtm);

		    Assert.IsTrue(ToleranceLessThan(pUtm, expected, 0.2), TransformationError("Krovak", expected, pUtm));
            Assert.IsTrue(ToleranceLessThan(pGeo, pGeo2, 0.001), TransformationError("Krovak", pGeo, pGeo2, true));

			// test case 2
			pGeo = new double[] { 18, 49 };
            expected = new double[] { -499143.4909304862, -1192340.009253714 };

			pUtm = trans.MathTransform.Transform(pGeo);
		    pGeo2 = trans2.MathTransform.Inverse().Transform(pUtm);

            Assert.IsTrue(ToleranceLessThan(pUtm, expected, 0.2), TransformationError("Krovak", expected, pUtm));
			Assert.IsTrue(ToleranceLessThan(pGeo, pGeo2, 0.001), TransformationError("Krovak", pGeo, pGeo2));
		}

        [Test]
        public void TestKrovak_Ferro_Projection()
        {
            //test case for epsg 2065 (prime meridian at Ferro)
            var gcsWGS84 = CoordinateSystemFactory.CreateGeographicCoordinateSystem("WGS84 Geographic", AngularUnit.Degrees, HorizontalDatum.WGS84, PrimeMeridian.Greenwich,
                new AxisInfo("East", AxisOrientationEnum.East), new AxisInfo("North", AxisOrientationEnum.North));


            var ellipsoid = CoordinateSystemFactory.CreateFlattenedSphere("Bessel 1840", 6377397.155, 299.15281, LinearUnit.Metre);

            var datum = CoordinateSystemFactory.CreateHorizontalDatum("Bessel 1840", DatumType.HD_Geocentric, ellipsoid, null);
            datum.Wgs84Parameters = new Wgs84ConversionInfo(570.8, 85.7, 462.8, 4.998, 1.587, 5.261, 3.56);

            var gcsKrovak = CoordinateSystemFactory.CreateGeographicCoordinateSystem("Bessel 1840", AngularUnit.Degrees, datum,
                PrimeMeridian.Greenwich, new AxisInfo("Lon", AxisOrientationEnum.East),
                new AxisInfo("Lat", AxisOrientationEnum.North));
            gcsKrovak.PrimeMeridian = PrimeMeridian.Ferro;

            var parameters = new List<ProjectionParameter>(5)
			                     {
			                         new ProjectionParameter("latitude_of_center", 49.5),
			                         new ProjectionParameter("longitude_of_center", 42.5),
			                         new ProjectionParameter("azimuth", 30.28813972222222),
			                         new ProjectionParameter("pseudo_standard_parallel_1", 78.5),
			                         new ProjectionParameter("scale_factor", 0.9999),
			                         new ProjectionParameter("false_easting", 0),
			                         new ProjectionParameter("false_northing", 0)
			                     };
            var projection = CoordinateSystemFactory.CreateProjection("Krovak", "Krovak", parameters);

            var coordsys = CoordinateSystemFactory.CreateProjectedCoordinateSystem("Krovak", gcsKrovak, projection, LinearUnit.Metre, new AxisInfo("East", AxisOrientationEnum.East), new AxisInfo("North", AxisOrientationEnum.North));

            var trans = new CoordinateTransformationFactory().CreateFromCoordinateSystems(gcsWGS84, coordsys);
            var trans2 = new CoordinateTransformationFactory().CreateFromCoordinateSystems(gcsWGS84, coordsys);

            // test case 1
            double[] pGeo = new[] { 12d, 48d };
            double[] expected = new[] { -953116.2548718402, -1245513.5788112187 };

            double[] pUtm = trans.MathTransform.Transform(pGeo);
            //can't inverse trans - Inverse() of ConcateratedTransform makes shallow copy and call Invert on each ICoordinateTransformation.MathTransform - this changes original transformation!
            double[] pGeo2 = trans2.MathTransform.Inverse().Transform(pUtm);

            Assert.IsTrue(ToleranceLessThan(pUtm, expected, 0.2), TransformationError("Krovak", expected, pUtm));
            Assert.IsTrue(ToleranceLessThan(pGeo, pGeo2, 0.001), TransformationError("Krovak", pGeo, pGeo2, true));

            // test case 2
            pGeo = new double[] { 18, 49 };
            expected = new double[] { -499143.4909304862, -1192340.009253714 };

            pUtm = trans.MathTransform.Transform(pGeo);
            pGeo2 = trans2.MathTransform.Inverse().Transform(pUtm);

            Assert.IsTrue(ToleranceLessThan(pUtm, expected, 0.2), TransformationError("Krovak", expected, pUtm));
            Assert.IsTrue(ToleranceLessThan(pGeo, pGeo2, 0.001), TransformationError("Krovak", pGeo, pGeo2));
        }

        [Test]
        public void TestObliqueStereographicProjection()
        {
            //test data from http://www.spatialreference.org/ref/epsg/2171/
            double[] Coord2171 = new double[] { 4615496.325851, 5605702.221723 };
            double[] Coord4326 = new double[] { 20.78002815042, 50.25299100927 };


            string wkt4326 = "GEOGCS[\"WGS 84\",DATUM[\"WGS_1984\",SPHEROID[\"WGS 84\",6378137,298.257223563,AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"7030\"]],AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6326\"]],PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"8901\"]],UNIT[\"degree\",0.01745329251994328,AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9122\"]],AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"4326\"]]";
            string wkt2171 = "PROJCS[\"Pulkovo 1942(58) / Poland zone I\",GEOGCS[\"Pulkovo 1942(58)\",DATUM[\"Pulkovo_1942_58\",SPHEROID[\"Krassowsky 1940\",6378245,298.3,AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"7024\"]],TOWGS84[33.4,-146.6,-76.3,-0.359,-0.053,0.844,-0.84],AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6179\"]],PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"8901\"]],UNIT[\"degree\",0.01745329251994328,AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9122\"]],AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"4179\"]],PROJECTION[\"Oblique_Stereographic\"],PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_origin\",50.625],PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",21.08333333333333],PARAMETER[\"scale_factor\",0.9998],PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",4637000],PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",5647000],UNIT[\"metre\",1,AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9001\"]],AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"2171\"]]";

            var cs1 = CoordinateSystemFactory.CreateFromWkt(wkt4326);
            var cs2 = CoordinateSystemFactory.CreateFromWkt(wkt2171);

            var ctf = new CoordinateTransformationFactory();
            var ict = ctf.CreateFromCoordinateSystems(cs2, cs1);

            double[] transformedCoord4326 = ict.MathTransform.Transform(Coord2171);


            Assert.AreEqual(Coord4326[0], transformedCoord4326[0], 0.01);
            Assert.AreEqual(Coord4326[1], transformedCoord4326[1], 0.01);


            var ict2 = ctf.CreateFromCoordinateSystems(cs1, cs2);
            double[] transformedCoord2171 = ict2.MathTransform.Transform(Coord4326);

            Assert.AreEqual(Coord2171[0], transformedCoord2171[0], 1);
            Assert.AreEqual(Coord2171[1], transformedCoord2171[1], 1);
        }

		[Test]
		public void TestUniversalPolarStereographicProjection()
		{
            //test data from http://epsg.io/transform
            double[] Coord4326 = new double[] { 15.00, 73.00 };
            double[] Coord32661 = new double[] { 2491967.01029204, 163954.12194234435 };

            string wkt4326 = "" +
                "GEOGCS[\"WGS 84\"," +
                "DATUM[\"WGS_1984\"," +
                "SPHEROID[\"WGS 84\",6378137,298.257223563," +
                "AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"7030\"]]," +
                "AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6326\"]]," +
                "PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0," +
                "AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"8901\"]]," +
                "UNIT[\"degree\",0.01745329251994328," +
                "AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9122\"]]," +
                "AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"4326\"]]";

            string wkt32661 = "" +
                "PROJCS[\"WGS 84 / UPS North (N,E)\"," +
                "GEOGCS[\"WGS 84\"," +
                "DATUM[\"WGS_1984\"," +
                "SPHEROID[\"WGS 84\",6378137,298.257223563," +
                "AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"7030\"]]," +
                "AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6326\"]]," +
                "PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0," +
                "AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"8901\"]]," +
                "UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433," +
                "AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9122\"]]," +
                "AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"4326\"]]," +
                "PROJECTION[\"Polar_Stereographic\"]," +
                "PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_origin\",90]," +
                "PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",0]," +
                "PARAMETER[\"scale_factor\",0.994]," +
                "PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",2000000]," +
                "PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",2000000]," +
                "UNIT[\"metre\",1," +
                "AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9001\"]]," +
                "AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"32661\"]]";

            var cs1 = CoordinateSystemFactory.CreateFromWkt(wkt4326);
            var cs2 = CoordinateSystemFactory.CreateFromWkt(wkt32661);
            var ctf = new CoordinateTransformationFactory();

            var ict = ctf.CreateFromCoordinateSystems(cs2, cs1);
            var ict2 = ctf.CreateFromCoordinateSystems(cs1, cs2);
            double[] transformedCoord4326 = ict.MathTransform.Transform(Coord32661);
            double[] transformedCoord32661 = ict2.MathTransform.Transform(Coord4326);

            Assert.AreEqual(Coord4326[0], transformedCoord4326[0], 0.01);
            Assert.AreEqual(Coord4326[1], transformedCoord4326[1], 0.01);
            Assert.AreEqual(Coord32661[0], transformedCoord32661[0], 1);
            Assert.AreEqual(Coord32661[1], transformedCoord32661[1], 1);
		}

		[Test]
		public void TestAustralianAntarcticPolarStereographicProjection()
		{
            //test data from http://epsg.io/transform
            double[] Coord4326 = new double[] { 15.00, -73.00 };
            double[] Coord3032 = new double[] { 4476201.247377692, 7066975.373300694 };

            string wkt4326 = "" +
                "GEOGCS[\"WGS 84\"," +
                "DATUM[\"WGS_1984\"," +
                "SPHEROID[\"WGS 84\",6378137,298.257223563," +
                "AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"7030\"]]," +
                "AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6326\"]]," +
                "PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0," +
                "AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"8901\"]]," +
                "UNIT[\"degree\",0.01745329251994328," +
                "AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9122\"]]," +
                "AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"4326\"]]";

            string wkt3032 = "" +
                "PROJCS[\"WGS 84 / Australian Antarctic Polar Stereographic\"," +
                "GEOGCS[\"WGS 84\"," +
                "DATUM[\"WGS_1984\"," +
                "SPHEROID[\"WGS 84\",6378137,298.257223563," +
                "AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"7030\"]]," +
                "AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6326\"]]," +
                "PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0," +
                "AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"8901\"]]," +
                "UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433," +
                "AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9122\"]]," +
                "AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"4326\"]]," +
                "PROJECTION[\"Polar_Stereographic\"]," +
                "PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_origin\",-71]," +
                "PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",70]," +
                "PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",6000000]," +
                "PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",6000000]," +
                "UNIT[\"metre\",1," +
                "AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9001\"]]," +
                "AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"3032\"]]";

            var cs1 = CoordinateSystemFactory.CreateFromWkt(wkt4326);
            var cs2 = CoordinateSystemFactory.CreateFromWkt(wkt3032);
            var ctf = new CoordinateTransformationFactory();

            var ict = ctf.CreateFromCoordinateSystems(cs2, cs1);
            var ict2 = ctf.CreateFromCoordinateSystems(cs1, cs2);
            double[] transformedCoord4326 = ict.MathTransform.Transform(Coord3032);
            double[] transformedCoord3032 = ict2.MathTransform.Transform(Coord4326);

            Assert.AreEqual(Coord4326[0], transformedCoord4326[0], 0.01);
            Assert.AreEqual(Coord4326[1], transformedCoord4326[1], 0.01);
            Assert.AreEqual(Coord3032[0], transformedCoord3032[0], 1);
            Assert.AreEqual(Coord3032[1], transformedCoord3032[1], 1);
		}

	    [Test]
        public void TestUnitTransforms()
        {
			var nadUTM = SRIDReader.GetCSbyID(2868); //UTM Arizona Central State Plane using Feet as units
			var wgs84GCS = SRIDReader.GetCSbyID(4326); //GCS WGS84
			var trans = new CoordinateTransformationFactory().CreateFromCoordinateSystems(wgs84GCS, nadUTM);

			double[] p0 = new[] { -111.89, 34.165 };
            //var expected = new[] { 708066.19058, 1151461.51413 };
            double[] expected = new[] { 708066.19057935325, 1151426.4460563776 };

			
			double[] p1 = trans.MathTransform.Transform(p0);
			double[] p2 = trans.MathTransform.Inverse().Transform(p1);

			Assert.IsTrue(ToleranceLessThan(p1, expected, 0.013), TransformationError("Unit", expected, p1));
			//WARNING: This accuracy is too poor!
            Assert.IsTrue(ToleranceLessThan(p0, p2, 0.0001), TransformationError("Unit", expected, p1, true));
        }

        [Test, Description("Accuracy very poor!")]
        public void TestPolyconicTransforms()
        {
            var wgs84GCS = SRIDReader.GetCSbyID(4326); //GCS WGS84
            string wkt =
                  //"PROJCS[\"SAD69 / Brazil Polyconic (deprecated)\",GEOGCS[\"SAD69\",DATUM[\"South_American_Datum_1969\",SPHEROID[\"GRS 1967\",6378160,298.247167427,AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"7036\"]],TOWGS84[-57,1,-41,0,0,0,0],AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6291\"]],PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"8901\"]],UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433,AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9108\"]],AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"4291\"]],UNIT[\"metre\",1,AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9001\"]],PROJECTION[\"Polyconic\"],PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_origin\",0],PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",-54],PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",5000000],PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",10000000],AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"29100\"],AXIS[\"X\",EAST],AXIS[\"Y\",NORTH]]";
                  //"PROJCS[\"SAD69 / Brazil Polyconic\",GEOGCS[\"SAD69\",DATUM[\"South_American_Datum_1969\",SPHEROID[\"GRS 1967 Modified\",6378160,298.25,AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"7050\"]],TOWGS84[-57,1,-41,0,0,0,0],AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6618\"]],PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"8901\"]],UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433,AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9122\"]],AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"4618\"]],UNIT[\"metre\",1,AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9001\"]],PROJECTION[\"Polyconic\"],PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_origin\",0],PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",-54],PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",5000000],PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",10000000],AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"29101\"],AXIS[\"X\",EAST],AXIS[\"Y\",NORTH]]";
                  "PROJCS[\"SAD69 / Brazil Polyconic\",GEOGCS[\"SAD69\",DATUM[\"South_American_Datum_1969\",SPHEROID[\"GRS 1967 (SAD69)\", 6378160, 298.25, AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\", \"7050\"]],AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\", \"6618\"]], PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\", 0, AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\", \"8901\"]],UNIT[\"degree\", 0.01745329251994328, AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\", \"9122\"]], AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\", \"4618\"]], PROJECTION[\"Polyconic\"],PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_origin\", 0], PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\", -54],PARAMETER[\"false_easting\", 5000000], PARAMETER[\"false_northing\", 10000000],UNIT[\"metre\", 1, AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\", \"9001\"]], AXIS[\"X\", EAST], AXIS[\"Y\", NORTH],AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\", \"29101\"]]";
                var sad69 = CoordinateSystemFactory.CreateFromWkt(wkt);

            var trans = CoordinateTransformationFactory.CreateFromCoordinateSystems(wgs84GCS, sad69);
            double[] p0 = new[] { -50.085, -14.32 };
            double[] expected = new[] { 5422386.5795,    8412674.8723 };
                          //"POINT(5422386.57956145 8412722.92229278)"
            double[] p1 = trans.MathTransform.Transform(p0);
            trans.MathTransform.Invert();
            double[] p2 = trans.MathTransform.Transform(p1);

            Assert.IsTrue(ToleranceLessThan(p1, expected, 50), TransformationError("Polyconic", expected, p1));
            Assert.IsTrue(ToleranceLessThan(p0, p2, 0.0001), TransformationError("Polyconic", expected, p1, true));
        }

        [Test]
        public void TestCassiniSoldner()
        {
            var csSource = GeographicCoordinateSystem.WGS84;
            var csTarget = CoordinateSystemFactory.CreateFromWkt(
                "PROJCS[\"DHDN / Soldner Berlin\",GEOGCS[\"DHDN\",DATUM[\"Deutsches_Hauptdreiecksnetz\",SPHEROID[\"Bessel 1841\",6377397.155,299.1528128,AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"7004\"]],TOWGS84[598.1,73.7,418.2,0.202,0.045,-2.455,6.7],AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6314\"]],PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"8901\"]],UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433,AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9122\"]],AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"4314\"]],PROJECTION[\"Cassini_Soldner\"],PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_origin\",52.41864827777778],PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",13.62720366666667],PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",40000],PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",10000],UNIT[\"metre\",1,AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9001\"]],AXIS[\"x\",NORTH],AXIS[\"y\",EAST],AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"3068\"]]");

            Test("CassiniSoldner", csSource, csTarget, 
                 new[] { 13.408055555556, 52.518611111111 }, 
                 new[] { 25244.540, 21300.969 }, 0.3, 1.0E-5);

            /*
            var ct = CoordinateTransformationFactory.CreateFromCoordinateSystems(csSource, csTarget);
            var pgeo = new[] {13.408055555556, 52.518611111111};
            var pcs = ct.MathTransform.Transform(pgeo);
            
            //Evaluated using DotSpatial.Projections
            var pcsExpected = new[] {25244.540, 21300.969};

            Assert.IsTrue(ToleranceLessThan(pcsExpected, pcs, 0.3), TransformationError("CassiniSoldner", pcsExpected, pcs));
            var pgeo2 = ct.MathTransform.Inverse().Transform(pcs);
            Assert.IsTrue(ToleranceLessThan(pgeo, pgeo2, 1.0E-5), TransformationError("CassiniSoldner", pgeo, pgeo2));
             */
        }

        [Test]
        public void TestHotineObliqueMercator()
        {
            var csSource = GeographicCoordinateSystem.WGS84;
            var csTarget = CoordinateSystemFactory.CreateFromWkt(
               "PROJCS[\"NAD83(NSRS2007) / Alaska zone 1\",GEOGCS[\"NAD83(NSRS2007)\",DATUM[\"NAD83_National_Spatial_Reference_System_2007\",SPHEROID[\"GRS 1980\",6378137,298.257222101,AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"7019\"]],TOWGS84[0,0,0,0,0,0,0],AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6759\"]],PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"8901\"]],UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433,AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9122\"]],AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"4759\"]],PROJECTION[\"Hotine_Oblique_Mercator\"],PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_center\",57],PARAMETER[\"longitude_of_center\",-133.6666666666667],PARAMETER[\"azimuth\",323.1301023611111],PARAMETER[\"rectified_grid_angle\",323.1301023611111],PARAMETER[\"scale_factor\",0.9999],PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",5000000],PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",-5000000],UNIT[\"metre\",1,AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9001\"]],AXIS[\"X\",EAST],AXIS[\"Y\",NORTH],AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"3468\"]]");
            //61.216667°, -149.883333°
            //"POINT(4136805.82642057 -4424019.78560519)"
            Test("HotineObliqueMercator", csSource, csTarget,
                 new[] { -149.883333, 61.216667 },
                 new[] { 4136805.826, -4424019.786 }, 0.01, 1.0E-5);

        }

        [Test]
        public void TestTransformListOnConcatenatedDoTransform()
        {
              var utm35ETRS =
                CoordinateSystemFactory.CreateFromWkt(
                    "PROJCS[\"ETRS89 / ETRS-TM35\",GEOGCS[\"ETRS89\",DATUM[\"D_ETRS_1989\",SPHEROID[\"GRS_1980\",6378137,298.257222101]],PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0],UNIT[\"Degree\",0.017453292519943295]],PROJECTION[\"Transverse_Mercator\"],PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_origin\",0],PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",27],PARAMETER[\"scale_factor\",0.9996],PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",500000],PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",0],UNIT[\"Meter\",1]]");

            var utm33 = ProjectedCoordinateSystem.WGS84_UTM(33, true);
            var trans = CoordinateTransformationFactory.CreateFromCoordinateSystems(utm35ETRS, utm33);

            var coords = new XY[] {
                new XY(290586.087, 6714000),
                new XY(290586.392, 6713996.224),
                new XY(290590.133, 6713973.772)
            };

            trans.MathTransform.Transform(coords);
            Assert.AreNotEqual(290586.087, coords[0].X);
            Assert.AreNotEqual(6714000, coords[0].Y);
        }

        [Test]
        public void TestTransformListOnConcatenatedDoTransformDoubleArr()
        {
            var utm35ETRS =
              CoordinateSystemFactory.CreateFromWkt(
                  "PROJCS[\"ETRS89 / ETRS-TM35\",GEOGCS[\"ETRS89\",DATUM[\"D_ETRS_1989\",SPHEROID[\"GRS_1980\",6378137,298.257222101]],PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0],UNIT[\"Degree\",0.017453292519943295]],PROJECTION[\"Transverse_Mercator\"],PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_origin\",0],PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",27],PARAMETER[\"scale_factor\",0.9996],PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",500000],PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",0],UNIT[\"Meter\",1]]");

            var utm33 = ProjectedCoordinateSystem.WGS84_UTM(33, true);
            var trans = CoordinateTransformationFactory.CreateFromCoordinateSystems(utm35ETRS, utm33);

            var coords = new List<double[]>{
                new double[]{290586.087, 6714000},
                new double[]{290586.392, 6713996.224},
                new double[]{290590.133, 6713973.772}
            };

            var transformedCoords = trans.MathTransform.TransformList(coords);
            Assert.AreNotEqual(290586.087, transformedCoords[0][0]);
            Assert.AreNotEqual(6714000, transformedCoords[0][1]);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Test transformation for affine transformation
        /// </summary>
        [Test]
        public void AffineTransformationTest ()
        {
            //Local coordinate system MNAU (Kraftwerk Mäuserich) (based on Gauß-Krüger using affine transformation)
            // affine transform
            // 1) Offset: X=-3454886,640m Y=-5479481,278m;
            // 2)Rotation: 332,0657, Rotation point  X=3456926,640m Y=5481071,278m;
            // 3) Scale: 1.0

            //TODO MathTransformFactory fac = new MathTransformFactory ();
            double[,] matrix = new double[,] {{0.883485346527455, -0.468458794848877, 3455869.17937689}, 
                                              {0.468458794848877, 0.883485346527455, 5478710.88035753},
                                              {0.0 , 0.0, 1},};
            var mt = new AffineTransform (matrix);

            Assert.IsNotNull (mt);

            Assert.AreEqual (2, mt.DimSource);
            Assert.AreEqual (2, mt.DimTarget);

            //Transformation example (MNAU -> GK)
            // Start point (MNAU) X=2040,000m Y=1590,000m]
            // Target point (GK): X=3456926,640m Y=5481071,278m;

            double[] outPt = mt.Transform (new double[] { 2040.0, 1590.0 });

            Assert.AreEqual (2, outPt.Length);
            Assert.AreEqual (3456926.640, outPt[0], 0.00000001);
            Assert.AreEqual (5481071.278, outPt[1], 0.00000001);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Test inverse transformation for affine transformation
        /// </summary>
        [Test]
        public void InverseAffineTransformationTest ()
        {
            //Local coordinate system MNAU (Kraftwerk Mäuserich) (based on Gauß-Krüger using affine transformation)
            // affine transform
            // 1) Offset: X=-3454886,640m Y=-5479481,278m;
            // 2)Rotation: 332,0657, Rotation point  X=3456926,640m Y=5481071,278m;
            // 3) Scale: 1.0

            //TODO MathTransformFactory fac = new MathTransformFactory ();
            double[,] matrix = new double[,] {{0.883485346527455, -0.468458794848877, 3455869.17937689}, 
                                              {0.468458794848877, 0.883485346527455, 5478710.88035753},
                                              {0.0 , 0.0, 1},};
            var mt = new AffineTransform (matrix);

            Assert.IsNotNull (mt);

            Assert.AreEqual (2, mt.DimSource);
            Assert.AreEqual (2, mt.DimTarget);

            //Transformation example (MNAU -> GK)
            // Start point (MNAU) X=2040,000m Y=1590,000m]
            // Target point (GK): X=3456926,640m Y=5481071,278m;

            //check source transform
            double[] outPt = mt.Transform (new double[] { 2040.0, 1590.0 });

            Assert.AreEqual (2, outPt.Length);
            Assert.AreEqual (3456926.640, outPt[0], 0.00000001);
            Assert.AreEqual (5481071.278, outPt[1], 0.00000001);

            var invMt = mt.Inverse ();

            double[] inPt = invMt.Transform (new double[] { 3456926.640, 5481071.278 });

            Assert.AreEqual (2, inPt.Length);
            Assert.AreEqual (2040.0, inPt[0], 0.00000001);
            Assert.AreEqual (1590.0, inPt[1], 0.00000001);

            //check source transform - once more
            double[] outPt2 = mt.Transform (new double[] { 2040.0, 1590.0 });

            Assert.AreEqual (2, outPt2.Length);
            Assert.AreEqual (3456926.640, outPt2[0], 0.00000001);
            Assert.AreEqual (5481071.278, outPt2[1], 0.00000001);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Coordinate transformation test for fitted coordinate system - test CS - local coordinate system MNAU
        /// </summary>
        [Test]
        public void TestTransformOnFittedCoordinateSystem ()
        {

            //Local coordinate system MNAU (Kraftwerk Mäuserich) (based on Gauß-Krüger using affine transformation)
            // affine transform
            // 1) Offset: X=-3454886,640m Y=-5479481,278m;
            // 2)Rotation: 332,0657, Rotation point  X=3456926,640m Y=5481071,278m;
            // 3) Scale: 1.0

            string ft_wkt = "FITTED_CS[\"Local coordinate system MNAU (based on Gauss-Krueger)\"," +
                                "PARAM_MT[\"Affine\"," +
                                   "PARAMETER[\"num_row\",3],PARAMETER[\"num_col\",3],PARAMETER[\"elt_0_0\", 0.883485346527455],PARAMETER[\"elt_0_1\", -0.468458794848877],PARAMETER[\"elt_0_2\", 3455869.17937689],PARAMETER[\"elt_1_0\", 0.468458794848877],PARAMETER[\"elt_1_1\", 0.883485346527455],PARAMETER[\"elt_1_2\", 5478710.88035753],PARAMETER[\"elt_2_2\", 1]]," +
                                "PROJCS[\"DHDN / Gauss-Kruger zone 3\"," +
                                   "GEOGCS[\"DHDN\"," +
                                      "DATUM[\"Deutsches_Hauptdreiecksnetz\"," +
                                         "SPHEROID[\"Bessel 1841\", 6377397.155, 299.1528128, AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\", \"7004\"]]," +
                                         "TOWGS84[612.4, 77, 440.2, -0.054, 0.057, -2.797, 0.525975255930096]," +
                                         "AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\", \"6314\"]]," +
                                       "PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\", 0, AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\", \"8901\"]]," +
                                       "UNIT[\"degree\", 0.0174532925199433, AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\", \"9122\"]]," +
                                       "AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\", \"4314\"]]," +
                                   "PROJECTION[\"Transverse_Mercator\"]," +
                                   "PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_origin\", 0]," +
                                   "PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\", 9]," +
                                   "PARAMETER[\"scale_factor\", 1]," +
                                   "PARAMETER[\"false_easting\", 3500000]," +
                                   "PARAMETER[\"false_northing\", 0]," +
                                   "UNIT[\"metre\", 1, AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\", \"9001\"]]," +
                                   "AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\", \"31467\"]]" +
                        "]";

            //string gk_wkt = "PROJCS[\"DHDN / Gauss-Kruger zone 3\",GEOGCS[\"DHDN\",DATUM[\"Deutsches_Hauptdreiecksnetz\",SPHEROID[\"Bessel 1841\",6377397.155,299.1528128,AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"7004\"]],AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6314\"]],PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"8901\"]],UNIT[\"degree\",0.01745329251994328,AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9122\"]],AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"4314\"]],PROJECTION[\"Transverse_Mercator\"],PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_origin\",0],PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",9],PARAMETER[\"scale_factor\",1],PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",3500000],PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",0],UNIT[\"metre\",1,AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9001\"]],AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"31467\"]]";

            var fac = new CoordinateSystemFactory ();
            var fcs = fac.CreateFromWkt (ft_wkt) as FittedCoordinateSystem;
            //ICoordinateSystem gkcs = fac.CreateFromWkt (gk_wkt);

            //Transformation example (MNAU -> GK)
            // Start point (MNAU) X=2040,000m Y=1590,000m]
            // Target point (GK): X=3456926,640m Y=5481071,278m;

            var trans = CoordinateTransformationFactory.CreateFromCoordinateSystems (fcs, fcs.BaseCoordinateSystem);

            var coords = new List<double[]>{
                new double[]{2040.0, 1590.0},
            };

            var transformedCoords = trans.MathTransform.TransformList (coords);
            Assert.AreEqual (3456926.640, transformedCoords[0][0], 0.00000001);
            Assert.AreEqual (5481071.278, transformedCoords[0][1], 0.00000001);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// test for epsg 21780 projection (different prime meridian)
        /// </summary>
        [Test]
        public void Test_EPSG_21780_PrimeMeredianTransformation()
        {
            string wkt4326 = "GEOGCS[\"WGS 84\",DATUM[\"WGS_1984\",SPHEROID[\"WGS 84\",6378137,298.257223563,AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"7030\"]],AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6326\"]],PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"8901\"]],UNIT[\"degree\",0.01745329251994328,AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9122\"]],AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"4326\"]]";
            string wkt21780 = "PROJCS[\"Bern 1898 (Bern) / LV03C\",GEOGCS[\"Bern 1898 (Bern)\",DATUM[\"CH1903_Bern\",SPHEROID[\"Bessel 1841\",6377397.155,299.1528128,AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"7004\"]],AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6801\"]],PRIMEM[\"Bern\",7.439583333333333,AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"8907\"]],UNIT[\"degree\",0.01745329251994328,AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9122\"]],AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"4801\"]],PROJECTION[\"Hotine_Oblique_Mercator\"],PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_center\",46.95240555555556],PARAMETER[\"longitude_of_center\",0],PARAMETER[\"azimuth\",90],PARAMETER[\"rectified_grid_angle\",90],PARAMETER[\"scale_factor\",1],PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",0],PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",0],UNIT[\"metre\",1,AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9001\"]],AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"21780\"]]";

            //test data from http://spatialreference.org/ref/epsg/21780/
            double[] sourceCoord = new double[] { 160443.329034, 23582.55586 };
            double[] expectedTargetCoord = new double[] { 9.5553588867188, 47.145080566406 };

            var cs1 = CoordinateSystemWktReader.Parse(wkt21780) as CoordinateSystem;
            var cs2 = CoordinateSystemWktReader.Parse(wkt4326) as CoordinateSystem;
            var ctf = new CoordinateTransformationFactory();
            var ict = ctf.CreateFromCoordinateSystems(cs1, cs2);

            double[] transformedCoord = ict.MathTransform.Transform(sourceCoord);

            Assert.IsTrue(transformedCoord.Length >= 2);
            Assert.AreEqual(expectedTargetCoord[0], transformedCoord[0], 0.001);
            Assert.AreEqual(expectedTargetCoord[1], transformedCoord[1], 0.001);

            //and back
            var ictb = ctf.CreateFromCoordinateSystems(cs2, cs1);
            transformedCoord = ictb.MathTransform.Transform(transformedCoord);

            Assert.IsTrue(transformedCoord.Length >= 2);
            Assert.AreEqual(sourceCoord[0], transformedCoord[0], 0.1);
            Assert.AreEqual(sourceCoord[1], transformedCoord[1], 0.1);

        }

        // https://github.com/NetTopologySuite/ProjNet4GeoAPI/issues/48
        [Test]
        public void Test_EPSG_2056_HotineObliqueMercatorAzimuthCenter_Switzerland()
        {
            var csSrc = GeographicCoordinateSystem.WGS84;
            var csTgt = SRIDReader.GetCSbyID(2056); // CH1903+ / LV95
            var transformer = CoordinateTransformationFactory.CreateFromCoordinateSystems(csSrc, csTgt);
            double x = 9.619803;
            double y = 47.408735;

            transformer.MathTransform.Transform(ref x, ref y);

            // https://epsg.io/transform#s_srs=4326&t_srs=2056&x=9.6198031&y=47.4087350
            Assert.That(x, Is.EqualTo(2764607.79).Within(0.1));
            Assert.That(y, Is.EqualTo(1253167.89).Within(0.1));
        }

        [Test]
        public void TestEllipsoidalOrthographicTransform()
        {
            //Check equatorial projection
            var csWgs84 = GeographicCoordinateSystem.WGS84;
            var parameters = new List<ProjectionParameter>(5)
                                 {
                                     new ProjectionParameter("central_meridian", 0),
                                     new ProjectionParameter("latitude_of_origin", 0),
                                     new ProjectionParameter("scale_factor", 1),
                                     new ProjectionParameter("false_easting", 0),
                                     new ProjectionParameter("false_northing", 0)
                                 };
            var projection = CoordinateSystemFactory.CreateProjection("Orthographic", "Orthographic", parameters);
            var orthographicSystem = CoordinateSystemFactory.CreateProjectedCoordinateSystem("Orthographic centered", csWgs84, projection, LinearUnit.Metre, new AxisInfo("X", AxisOrientationEnum.East), new AxisInfo("Y", AxisOrientationEnum.North));
            var trans = CoordinateTransformationFactory.CreateFromCoordinateSystems(csWgs84, orthographicSystem);

            //Check origin remains in the same place
            double[] origin = new[] { 0.0, 0.0 };
            double[] transformedOrigin = trans.MathTransform.Transform(origin);
            double[] inverseTransformedOrigin = trans.MathTransform.Inverse().Transform(transformedOrigin);
            Assert.That(ToleranceLessThan(origin, transformedOrigin, 0.00001), TransformationError("Orthographic", origin, transformedOrigin));
            Assert.That(ToleranceLessThan(origin, inverseTransformedOrigin, 0.00001), TransformationError("Orthograhpic", origin, inverseTransformedOrigin, true));

            //Check projection works as expected away from origin
            double[] testEastWgs = new[] { 0.001, 0.0 };
            double[] expectedXOrtho = new[] { 111, 0.0}; // We should expect that .001 degrees is equal to 111 meters at origin
            double[] transEastWgs = trans.MathTransform.Transform(testEastWgs);
            double[] invTransEastWgs = trans.MathTransform.Inverse().Transform(transEastWgs);
            Assert.That(ToleranceLessThan(expectedXOrtho, transEastWgs, 1.0), TransformationError("Orthographic", expectedXOrtho, transEastWgs));
            Assert.That(ToleranceLessThan(testEastWgs, invTransEastWgs, 1.0), TransformationError("Orthographic", testEastWgs, invTransEastWgs, true));


            //Check from guidance 7.2
            var parameters2 = new List<ProjectionParameter>(5)
                                 {
                                     new ProjectionParameter("central_meridian", 5.0),
                                     new ProjectionParameter("latitude_of_origin", 55.0),
                                     new ProjectionParameter("scale_factor", 1),
                                     new ProjectionParameter("false_easting", 0),
                                     new ProjectionParameter("false_northing", 0)
                                 };
            var projection2 = CoordinateSystemFactory.CreateProjection("Orthographic", "Orthographic", parameters2);
            var orthoSystem2 = CoordinateSystemFactory.CreateProjectedCoordinateSystem("Orthographic", csWgs84, projection2, LinearUnit.Metre, new AxisInfo("X", AxisOrientationEnum.East), new AxisInfo("Y", AxisOrientationEnum.North));
            var trans2 = CoordinateTransformationFactory.CreateFromCoordinateSystems(csWgs84, orthoSystem2);
            double[] test2 = new[] { 2.1295499950867, 53.809394412498 };
            double[] expected2 = new[] { -189011.711, -128640.567 };
            double[] transTest2 = trans2.MathTransform.Transform(test2);
            double[] invTransTest2 = trans2.MathTransform.Inverse().Transform(transTest2);
            Assert.That(ToleranceLessThan(expected2, transTest2, 1.0), TransformationError("Orthographic", expected2, transTest2));
            Assert.That(ToleranceLessThan(test2, invTransTest2, 1.0), TransformationError("Orthographic", test2, invTransTest2, true));

            //Check that the algorithm correctly identifies a point that cannot be seen
            var @delegate = new TestDelegate(() => trans.MathTransform.Transform(new[] { 180.0, 0.0 }));
            Assert.Throws<ArgumentOutOfRangeException>(@delegate);

            var @delegate2 = new TestDelegate(() => trans2.MathTransform.Transform(new[] { 180.0, 0.0 }));
            Assert.Throws<ArgumentOutOfRangeException>(@delegate2);
        }

        [Test]
        public static void TestMercatorAuxilarySphereTransformation()
        {
            string sourceWkt = "PROJCS[\"WGS_1984_Web_Mercator_Auxiliary_Sphere\",GEOGCS[\"GCS_WGS_1984\",DATUM[\"D_WGS_1984\",SPHEROID[\"WGS_1984\",6378137.0,298.257223563]],PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0.0],UNIT[\"Degree\",0.0174532925199433]],PROJECTION[\"Mercator_Auxiliary_Sphere\"],PARAMETER[\"False_Easting\",0.0],PARAMETER[\"False_Northing\",0.0],PARAMETER[\"Central_Meridian\",0.0],PARAMETER[\"Standard_Parallel_1\",0.0],PARAMETER[\"Auxiliary_Sphere_Type\",0.0],UNIT[\"Meter\",1.0]]";
            var sourceCoordinateSystem = GetCoordinateSystem(sourceWkt);
            Assert.NotNull(sourceCoordinateSystem);

            string targetWkt = "PROJCS[\"TX83-NCF\",GEOGCS[\"LL83\",DATUM[\"NAD83\",SPHEROID[\"GRS1980\",6378137.000,298.25722210]],PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0],UNIT[\"Degree\",0.017453292519943295]],PROJECTION[\"Lambert_Conformal_Conic_2SP\"],PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",1968500.000],PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",6561666.667],PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",-98.50000000000000],PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_origin\",31.66666666666666],PARAMETER[\"standard_parallel_1\",33.96666666666667],PARAMETER[\"standard_parallel_2\",32.13333333333333],UNIT[\"Foot_US\",0.30480060960122]]";
            var targetCoordinateSystem = GetCoordinateSystem(targetWkt);
            Assert.NotNull(targetCoordinateSystem);

            var transformation = GetTransformation(sourceCoordinateSystem, targetCoordinateSystem);
            Assert.NotNull(transformation);

            var tranformedPoint = transformation.MathTransform.Transform(-10775704.511, 3865240.329);
            Assert.NotNull(tranformedPoint);

            Assert.AreEqual(2491034.95, tranformedPoint.x, 0.1);
            Assert.AreEqual(6968468.98, tranformedPoint.y, 0.1);
        }

        [Test]
        public void TestPopularVisualizationPseudoMercatorProjectionRegistry()
        {
            string sourceWkt = "GEOGCS[\"GCS_WGS_1984\", DATUM[\"D_WGS_1984\", SPHEROID[\"WGS_1984\",6378137.0,298.257223563]], PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0.0], UNIT[\"Degree\",0.0174532925199433]]";
            string targetWkt = "PROJCS[\"WGS84.PseudoMercator\",GEOGCS[\"LL84\",DATUM[\"WGS84\",SPHEROID[\"WGS84\",6378137.000,298.25722356]],PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0],UNIT[\"Degree\",0.017453292519943295]],PROJECTION[\"Popular Visualisation Pseudo Mercator\"],PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",0.000],PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",0.000],PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",0.00000000000000],UNIT[\"Meter\",1.00000000000000]]";

            var sourceCoordinateSystem = GetCoordinateSystem(sourceWkt);
            Assert.NotNull(sourceCoordinateSystem);

            var targetCoordinateSystem = GetCoordinateSystem(targetWkt);
            Assert.NotNull(targetCoordinateSystem);

            var transformation = GetTransformation(sourceCoordinateSystem, targetCoordinateSystem);
            Assert.NotNull(transformation);
        }

        [Test]
        public void TestLamberTangentialConformalConicProjectionRegistryAndTransformation()
        {
            string sourceWkt = "PROJCS[\"WORLD-LM-TAN\",GEOGCS[\"LL84\",DATUM[\"WGS84\",SPHEROID[\"WGS84\",6378137.000,298.25722356]],PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0],UNIT[\"Degree\",0.017453292519943295]],PROJECTION[\"Lambert Tangential Conformal Conic Projection\"],PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",0.000],PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",0.000],PARAMETER[\"scale_factor\",1.000000000000],PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",0.00000000000000],PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_origin\",1.00000000000000],UNIT[\"Meter\",1.00000000000000]]";
            string targetWkt = "PROJCS[\"WGS84.PseudoMercator\",GEOGCS[\"LL84\",DATUM[\"WGS84\",SPHEROID[\"WGS84\",6378137.000,298.25722356]],PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0],UNIT[\"Degree\",0.017453292519943295]],PROJECTION[\"Popular Visualisation Pseudo Mercator\"],PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",0.000],PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",0.000],PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",0.00000000000000],UNIT[\"Meter\",1.00000000000000]]";

            var sourceCoordinateSystem = GetCoordinateSystem(sourceWkt);
            Assert.NotNull(sourceCoordinateSystem);

            var targetCoordinateSystem = GetCoordinateSystem(targetWkt);
            Assert.NotNull(targetCoordinateSystem);

            var transformation = GetTransformation(sourceCoordinateSystem, targetCoordinateSystem);
            Assert.NotNull(transformation);

            // Test the transformation with a known points. Tested with AutoCAD map 3D
            double[] pGeo = new[] { 4101119.6855, -229063.8661 }; // Nairobi, Kenya
            double[] pUtm = transformation.MathTransform.Transform(pGeo);

            double[] expected = new[] { 4098998.6422, -142387.5532 };
            Assert.IsTrue(ToleranceLessThan(pUtm, expected, 0.05), TransformationError("LambertConicConformal2SP", expected, pUtm));
        }

        internal static CoordinateSystem GetCoordinateSystem(string wkt)
        {
            var coordinateSystemFactory = new CoordinateSystemFactory();
            return coordinateSystemFactory.CreateFromWkt(wkt);
        }

        internal static ICoordinateTransformation GetTransformation(CoordinateSystem sourceCoordinateSystem, CoordinateSystem targetCoordinateSystem)
        {
            var coordinateSystemFactory = new CoordinateSystemFactory();
            var coordinateService = new ProjNet.CoordinateSystemServices(coordinateSystemFactory, new CoordinateTransformationFactory());
            return coordinateService.CreateTransformation(sourceCoordinateSystem, targetCoordinateSystem);
        }
    }
}