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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<title>SnapperGPS - Home</title>
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="images/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" />
<link href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap@5.0.0-beta2/dist/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet" integrity="sha384-BmbxuPwQa2lc/FVzBcNJ7UAyJxM6wuqIj61tLrc4wSX0szH/Ev+nYRRuWlolflfl" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="css/style.css" />
<link rel="manifest" href="snappergps.webmanifest">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<meta name="description" content="Home page of SnapperGPS - A small, low-cost, low-power wildlife tracking system.">
<meta name="theme-color" content="#5E2590">
<link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="images/icon-512-pink.png">
<link rel="canonical" href="https://snappergps.github.io/snappergps-app-lite" />
</head>
<body>
<!-- Nav bar -->
<nav class="navbar navbar-expand navbar-dark bg-dark fixed-top">
<div class="container-fluid">
<a class="navbar-brand" href="index.html">
<span class="full-text">SnapperGPS</span>
<span class="short-text">S</span>
</a>
<button class="navbar-toggler" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#navbarNav" aria-controls="navbarNav" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation">
<span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span>
</button>
<div class="collapse navbar-collapse" id="navbarNav">
<ul class="navbar-nav">
<li class="nav-item">
<a
class="nav-link"
href="configure.html">Configure
</a>
</li>
<li class="nav-item">
<a
class="nav-link"
href="upload.html">Upload
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</nav>
<!-- Main body -->
<main class="container">
<div class="row">
<div class="col">
<h1>Home</h1>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row bg-light">
<div class="row btnrow"></div>
<div class="col-sm btncol">
<div class="card text-center" style="height: 100%">
<div class="card-body d-flex flex-column justify-content-between align-items-center">
<h5 class="card-title">Configure</h5>
<p class="card-text">
Configure your SnapperGPS receiver for your next deployment.
</p>
<a href="configure.html" class="btn btn-primary">Go</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-sm btncol">
<div class="card text-center" style="height: 100%">
<div class="card-body d-flex flex-column justify-content-between align-items-center">
<h5 class="card-title">Upload</h5>
<p class="card-text">Upload the data from your SnapperGPS receiver after a
completed deployment.</p>
<a href="upload.html" class="btn btn-primary">Go</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row bg-light">
<div class="row" style="margin-bottom: 0px;">
<div class="col">
<h2>The SnapperGPS Receiver</h2>
The SnapperGPS receiver is a small, low-cost, and low-power GNSS receiver for non-real-time wildlife tracking.
It employs the snapshot GNSS technology,
which offloads the computationally expensive data processing
to the cloud, and:
</div>
</div>
<div class="row" style="margin-top: 0px;">
<div class="col-auto">
<ul>
<!-- <li>Measures 32.0 mm x 27.3 mm,</li> -->
<!-- <li>Operates for more than a year on a tiny 40 mAh battery,</li> -->
<li>Can operate for more than a year,</li>
<!-- <li>Has enough memory to provide almost 11,000 position fixes,</li> -->
<!-- <li>Captures fixes in user-defined time intervals or externally triggered,</li> -->
<li>Needs only 12 ms of signal reception for a fix,</li>
<li>Employs multiple satellite systems for improved reliability (GPS, Galileo, and BeiDou),</li>
<li>Achieves a median real-world tracking accuracy of about 12 m (before smoothing),</li>
<!-- <li>Maintains a real-time clock to accurately timestamp the fixes,</li> -->
<li>Measures the temperature in addition,</li>
<li>Is configured via USB in your browser without the need to install a driver or an app, and</li>
<li>Is <a href="https://certification.oshwa.org/uk000049.html" class="text-link">certified</a> open-source hardware.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="col justify-content-center align-self-center" style="text-align: center;">
<img src="images/SnapperGPS_board_1.0.0.png" class="shadow" style="max-width: 100px" alt="SnapperGPS board">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row bg-light">
<div class="row" style="margin-bottom: 0px;">
<div class="col">
<h2>Workflow</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row" style="margin-top: 0px;">
<div class="col-auto">
<ol>
<li>Get/<a href="https://github.com/SnapperGPS" class="text-link">build</a> your SnapperGPS receiver.</li>
<li><a href="configure.html" class="text-link">Configure</a> your SnapperGPS receiver in your browser for your deployment.</li>
<li>Deploy your SnapperGPS receiver.</li>
<li>The SnapperGPS receiver captures GNSS snapshots according to your configuration.</li>
<li>Recover your SnapperGPS receiver.</li>
<li><a href="upload.html" class="text-link">Upload</a> the data from your SnapperGPS receiver to your computer.</li>
<li>Process the raw data from your SnapperGPS receiver into location estimates.</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="col justify-content-center align-self-center" style="text-align: center;">
<img src="images/Screenshot_2021-06-26_232450.png" class="shadow" style="max-width: 300px" alt="Exemplary SnapperGPS track">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row bg-light">
<div class="row">
<div class="col">
<h2>Troubleshooting</h2>
<ul>
<li>
<a data-bs-toggle="collapse" href="#faq-0" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseExample" class="text-link">
The SnapperGPS website does not recognise my connected SnapperGPS receiver.
</a>
<ul class="collapse" id="faq-0">
<li>Verify that your SnapperGPS receiver is not
paired with another browser tab or window already.
</li>
<li>Check your browser version and ensure that it is among
<a class=text-link href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/USB#browser_compatibility">
the ones that support the WebUSB technology</a>.
</li>
<li>Unplug the USB-C cable from your SnapperGPS receiver and plug it in again, this times upside down.
</li>
<li>Make sure that your USB cable supports data transmission,
i.e., is not a power-only cable that can only be employed
to charge USB devices.
</li>
<li>Avoid using a USB hub.
</li>
<li>If you have an operating system of the Linux family such as Ubuntu,
then make sure that you followed the steps
<a class=text-link href="#faq-1">
below</a>.
</li>
<li>Try a host device from another vendor.
For example, there are known problems with some OPPO smartphones.
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<a data-bs-toggle="collapse" href="#faq-1" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseExample" class="text-link">
Additional steps on Ubuntu as an exemplary Linux operating system.
</a><ul class="collapse" id="faq-1">
<li>Create a file /etc/udev/rules.d/50-SnapperGPS.rules, e.g., with
<br><i><b>sudo nano /etc/udev/rules.d/50-SnapperGPS.rules</b></i>
<br>in your terminal.</li>
<li>Add the following two lines to the file:
<br><i><b>SUBSYSTEM=="usb", ATTR{idVendor}=="10c4", MODE="666", GROUP="plugdev"</b></i>
<br>and
<br><i><b>SUBSYSTEM=="usb", ATTRS{idVendor}=="10c4", ATTRS{idProduct}=="0002", DRIVER=="usbhid", ACTION=="add", ATTR{authorized}="0"</b></i>
<br>and save your changes.
</li>
<li>Restart the device manager with
<br><i><b>sudo service udev restart</i></b>
</li>
<li>Plug in your SnapperGPS receiver again.</li>
<li>Add your user account to the group that you just created
with
<br><i><b>sudo adduser your_username plugdev</i></b></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<a data-bs-toggle="collapse" href="#faq-2" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseExample" class="text-link">
The fraction of successful position fixes is low /
I do not get any successful fixes.
</a><ul class="collapse" id="faq-2">
<li>Make sure that the antenna was outdoors
and had a sufficient view of the sky
at your selected start time.
</li>
<li>Check the connection between your antenna
and your SnappperGPS receiver.
</li>
<li>Avoid proximity to other electronic devices
that emit electromagnetic waves such as
WiFi routers or laptops when recording data.
</li>
<li>
Do not replace the antenna too often.
SnapperGPS' antenna connector is rated for only 30 mating cycles.
Frequent antenna replacements harm signal quality.
</li>
<li>
Do not place the board on a conductive
surface. Do not place conducting
materials directly on the board without
isolation. (This includes antenna and
battery.)
</li>
<li>
Make sure that the battery was
sufficiently charged during the
deployment. Ideally, a long deployment
should start with a battery voltage of
at least 4.1 V (SnapperGPS V1.0.0 and
V1.0.1 with LiPo battery) or 3.0 V
(SnapperGPS V2.0.0 with button
batteries). You can confirm this by
downloading your data as CSV or JSON and
inspecting the <i>battery</i> field of
the first record. A low battery voltage
can be caused by a short, see previous
note.
</li>
<li>
Check if you are operating in an area
with high levels of GPS jamming, e.g.,
<a class=text-link href="https://gpsjam.org/">here</a>.
</li>
<li>
Verify that your provided start location was within 10 kilometres of the actual start location.
</li>
<li>
Check that the clock of the device that was used for configuration is within 30 seconds of <a class=text-link href="https://time.is/">the actual time</a>.
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<a data-bs-toggle="collapse" href="#faq-5" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseExample" class="text-link">
I uploaded data that my SnapperGPS receiver
recorded today and the accuracy of the fixes
is bad / the fraction of successful fixes is
low.
</a><ul class="collapse" id="faq-5">
<li>To estimate locations for your data, we
obtain information about the positions
of the navigation satellites at
the time of you recording from an
external source. If you uploaded your
data close to the point in time when it
was recorded, then the satellite data
might occasionally be imprecise, which
causes worse location estimates. Upload
that data again tomorrow.
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<a data-bs-toggle="collapse" href="#faq-3" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseExample" class="text-link">
My SnapperGPS receiver stopped recording data at some point.
</a><ul class="collapse" id="faq-3">
<li>Verify that your batteries did not completely discharge,
e.g., by downloading the data from your SnapperGPS receiver,
which includes a record of the battery voltage.
</li>
<li>Check if your SnappperGPS receiver got wet.
</li>
<li>A SnapperGPS receiver V1.0.0 cannot
record data for more than 10,901 locations
and SnapperGPS receivers V1.0.1 and V2.0.0
have a limit of 21,824 locations.
Ensure that these limits were not reached.
</li>
<li>Be sure that the start and end time on
the configuration page as well as on the upload page
were correctly set.
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<a data-bs-toggle="collapse" href="#faq-8" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseExample" class="text-link">
There are many outliers in my tracks.
</a><ul class="collapse" id="faq-8">
<li>Re-upload your data and set the <i>Max. velocity</i>
to a smaller value. You can even try something like
0.01 m/s.
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<a data-bs-toggle="collapse" href="#faq-4" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseExample" class="text-link">
The meaning of the LED patterns.
</a><ul class="collapse" id="faq-4">
<li>If your SnapperGPS receiver is connected
to a host device and recognises it, then
the green LED will permanently glow.
</li>
<li>If you interact with your SnapperGPS receiver
via the SnapperGPS website, then the red LED
will glow in addition.</li>
<li>If you unplug your configured SnapperGPS receiver
and its battery is not discharged,
then the green LED will flash several times
to indicate that it will record data soon.
</li>
<li>If you unplug your unconfigured SnapperGPS receiver
and its battery is not discharged,
then the red LED will flash several times
to indicate that it will fall into deep sleep mode.
</li>
<li>If your configured SnapperGPS receiver
is not connected to a host device and
has not started to record data, then
both, the red and the green LED, will
flash every five seconds.
</li>
<li>Whenever your SnapperGPS receiver
captures a satellite signal snapshot,
the green LED will flash once.
</li>
<li>After your SnapperGPS receiver has
captured its last satellite signal
snapshot, the red LED will flash several times
to indicate that it will fall into deep sleep mode.
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<a data-bs-toggle="collapse" href="#faq-6" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseExample" class="text-link">
How to install the SnapperGPS app.
</a><ul class="collapse" id="faq-6">
<li>The SnapperGPS app is fully functional
in a browser like Microsoft Edge or
Google Chrome. Strictly speaking, there
is no need to download and install the
app. The browser version even works
offline as long as you do not clear your
browser cache.
However, you might find it more
convenient to install the app.
For this, open this website in Microsoft
Edge or Google Chrome and proceed with
one of the three following options,
depending on which one is available to
you:
</li>
<li>A) If you see a pop-up <i>Add SnapperGPS
to Home screen</i>, click on it.
</li>
<li>B) If you have an icon <i>App available.
Install SnapperGPS</i> in the right of
your address bar, click on it.
</li>
<li>C) Click on the three dots in the
top-right corner of your browser. Then,
click on <i>Install app</i> or on
<i>Apps</i> first and then on <i>Install
SnapperGPS</i>.
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<a data-bs-toggle="collapse" href="#faq-7" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseExample" class="text-link">
The meaning of the confidence values.
</a><ul class="collapse" id="faq-7">
<li>Each location estimate comes with an uncertainty estimate when downloaded as CSV or JSON.
</li>
<li>The uncertainty estimate is a confidence radius in metres that is also shown on the map on the Download page as circle around the location estimate.
</li>
<li>A small value represents high confidence, a high value represents low confidence, and no value indicates a very uncertain fix.
</li>
<li>Originally, the confidence radius was fitted to be the one-sigma radius, i.e., there is a 68% chance that the true location is in the circle.
However, current SnapperGPS receivers with a proper antenna perform much better, i.e., the chance is higher in practice.
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
Still having issues? Start a discussion or create an issue <a class="text-link" href=https://github.com/orgs/SnapperGPS>on Github</a>.
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row bg-light">
<div class="row">
<div class="col">
<h2>Resources</h2>
<ul>
<li>SnapperGPS on <a class="text-link" href="https://github.com/SnapperGPS">GitHub</a>, including more documentation.</li>
<li>Our snapshot GNSS location estimation algorithms on <a class="text-link" href="https://github.com/JonasBchrt/snapshot-gnss-algorithms">GitHub</a>.</li>
<li>Exemplary GNSS data collected with SnapperGPS receivers in the public <a class="text-link" href="https://doi.org/10.5287/bodleian:eXrp1xydM">Oxford University Research Archive</a>.</li>
<li>More exemplary GNSS data collected with SnapperGPS receivers in the public <a class="text-link" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5287/ora-xq5b8xva7">Oxford University Research Archive</a>.</li>
<li><a class="text-link" href="flash.html">Flash</a> your SnapperGPS receiver with custom firmware.</li>
<li><a class="text-link" href="accelerometer.html">View</a> accelerometer measurements from your SnapperGPS accelerometer daughterboard.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row bg-light">
<div class="row">
<div class="col">
<h2>Publications</h2>
<h3><i>2023</i></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type:none;">
<li style="margin-bottom:1em">
Jonas Beuchert.
2023.
SnapperGPS: Collection of GNSS Signal Snapshots 2.
University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
<a class="text-link" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5287/ora-xq5b8xva7">http://dx.doi.org/10.5287/ora-xq5b8xva7</a>.
<li style="margin-bottom:1em">
Jonas Beuchert, Amanda Matthes, and Alex Rogers.
2023.
SnapperGPS: Open Hardware for Energy-Efficient, Low-Cost Wildlife Location Tracking with Snapshot GNSS.
In <i>Journal of Open Hardware, 7</i>(1): 2, Pages 1–13.
<a class="text-link" href="https://openhardware.metajnl.com/articles/10.5334/joh.48/">https://doi.org/10.5334/joh.48</a>.
</li>
</ul>
<h3><i>2022</i></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type:none;">
<li style="margin-bottom:1em">
Amanda Matthes, Jonas Beuchert, Alasdair Davies, Juan Patino-Martinez, and Alex Rogers.
2022.
SnapperGPS: Deployment of a low-cost snapshot GNSS receiver to track loggerhead sea turtles.
In <i>40th International Sea Turtle Symposium (ISTS40), March, 2022, Perth, Australia.</i>
<a class="text-link" href="https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:c9acf083-d5e5-4265-8425-67509c5e3b9b">https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:c9acf083-d5e5-4265-8425-67509c5e3b9b</a>.
</li>
</ul>
<h3><i>2021</i></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type:none;">
<li style="margin-bottom:1em">
Amanda Matthes and Jonas Beuchert.
2021.
Can we locate endangered
sea turtles using twelve
milliseconds of noisy satellite
signals?
In <i>Inspired Research: News from the Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford.</i>
Oxford, UK, Issue 19 (Winter 2021), Pages 20-21.
<a class="text-link" href="https://www.cs.ox.ac.uk/innovation/inspiredresearch/InspiredResearch-winter2021.pdf">https://www.cs.ox.ac.uk/innovation/inspiredresearch/InspiredResearch-winter2021.pdf</a>.
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom:1em">
Jonas Beuchert and Alex Rogers.
2021.
SnapperGPS: Algorithms for Energy-Efficient Low-Cost Location Estimation Using GNSS Signal Snapshots.
In <i>SenSys ’21: ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems, November, 2021, Coimbra, Portugal.</i>
ACM, New York, NY, USA, Pages 165-177.
<a class="text-link" href="https://doi.org/10.1145/3485730.3485931">https://doi.org/10.1145/3485730.3485931</a>.
</li>
<li>
Jonas Beuchert and Alex Rogers.
2021.
SnapperGPS: Collection of GNSS Signal Snapshots.
University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
<a class="text-link" href="https://doi.org/10.5287/bodleian:eXrp1xydM">https://doi.org/10.5287/bodleian:eXrp1xydM</a>.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row bg-light">
<div class="row">
<div class="col">
<h2>Acknowledgements</h2>
<a class="text-link" href="https://users.ox.ac.uk/~kell5462/">
Jonas Beuchert</a> and
<a class="text-link" href="https://www.cs.ox.ac.uk/people/alex.rogers/">
Alex Rogers</a>
work on SnapperGPS
in the Department of Computer Science
of the University of Oxford.
Get in touch via
<a class="text-link" href="mailto:theteam@snappergps.info">
theteam@snappergps.info</a>.<br>
Jonas Beuchert is
funded by the EPSRC Centre for Doctoral Training in
Autonomous Intelligent Machines and Systems and works on
SnapperGPS as part of his doctoral studies.
The implementation of SnapperGPS
was co-funded by EPSRC IAA Technology Funds.
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