diff --git a/.github/workflows/doc.yml b/.github/workflows/doc.yml
index 06c926c8..0bedd49f 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/doc.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/doc.yml
@@ -26,9 +26,7 @@ jobs:
with:
enable-cache: true
- name: Install dependencies
- run: |
- uv venv
- uv pip install ".[doc,cli]"
+ run: uv sync --extra doc --extra cli
- name: Build documentation
run: uv run sphinx-build -N -bhtml doc/ doc/_build -W
- name: Upload Pages artifact
@@ -46,4 +44,4 @@ jobs:
steps:
- name: Deploy to GitHub Pages
id: deployment
- uses: actions/deploy-pages@v4
+ uses: actions/deploy-pages@v5
diff --git a/.github/workflows/publish-pypi.yml b/.github/workflows/publish-pypi.yml
index 7423fb91..41aa5ebc 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/publish-pypi.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/publish-pypi.yml
@@ -17,10 +17,12 @@ jobs:
uses: actions/setup-python@v6
with:
python-version: "3.12"
- - name: Install build
- run: pip install build
+ - name: Install uv
+ uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v7
+ with:
+ enable-cache: true
- name: Build distribution
- run: python -m build
+ run: uv build
- name: Upload artifact
uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
with:
diff --git a/.github/workflows/publish-test-pypi.yml b/.github/workflows/publish-test-pypi.yml
index 7d7763d1..22328ef7 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/publish-test-pypi.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/publish-test-pypi.yml
@@ -16,10 +16,12 @@ jobs:
uses: actions/setup-python@v6
with:
python-version: "3.12"
- - name: Install build
- run: pip install build
+ - name: Install uv
+ uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v7
+ with:
+ enable-cache: true
- name: Build distribution
- run: python -m build
+ run: uv build
- name: Upload artifact
uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
with:
diff --git a/.github/workflows/source-build.yml b/.github/workflows/source-build.yml
index 0d369840..a258d04f 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/source-build.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/source-build.yml
@@ -23,13 +23,9 @@ jobs:
uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v7
with:
enable-cache: true
- - name: Install build tools
- run: |
- uv venv
- uv pip install build
- name: Create source tarball
run: |
- uv run python -m build . --sdist
+ uv build --sdist
- name: Upload artifacts
uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
diff --git a/.github/workflows/test.yml b/.github/workflows/test.yml
index d0374832..66c592c0 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/test.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test.yml
@@ -28,14 +28,6 @@ jobs:
with:
enable-cache: true
- name: Install dependencies
- run: |
- uv venv --python python${{ matrix.python-version }}
- uv pip install ".[test]"
+ run: uv sync --extra test --extra s7commplus --python python${{ matrix.python-version }}
- name: Run pytest
- run: uv run pytest --cov=snap7 --cov-report=xml --cov-report=term
- - name: Upload coverage report
- if: matrix.python-version == '3.13' && matrix.runs-on == 'ubuntu-24.04'
- uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
- with:
- name: coverage-report
- path: coverage.xml
+ run: uv run pytest --cov=snap7 --cov-report=term
diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index ee611258..0ff96c0c 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -62,3 +62,4 @@ venv*/
snap7.dll
.claude/
+.hypothesis/
diff --git a/CHANGES.md b/CHANGES.md
index b52afd85..d3baabb3 100644
--- a/CHANGES.md
+++ b/CHANGES.md
@@ -5,21 +5,43 @@ CHANGES
-----
Major release: python-snap7 is now a pure Python S7 communication library.
+This version completely breaks with the previous approach of wrapping the C snap7
+shared library. The entire S7 protocol stack is now implemented in pure Python,
+greatly improving portability and making it easier to install and extend.
* **Breaking**: The C snap7 library is no longer required or used
* Complete rewrite of the S7 protocol stack in pure Python
* Native Python implementation of TPKT (RFC 1006) and COTP (ISO 8073) layers
* Native S7 protocol PDU encoding/decoding
* Pure Python server implementation for testing and simulation
-* No platform-specific binary dependencies
+* No platform-specific binary dependencies — works on any platform that runs Python
* Improved error handling and connection management
* Full type annotations with mypy strict mode
* CLI interface for running an S7 server emulator (`pip install "python-snap7[cli]"`)
-If you experience issues with 3.0, pin to the last pre-3.0 release:
+If you experience issues with 3.0, please report them on the
+[issue tracker](https://github.com/gijzelaerr/python-snap7/issues) with a clear
+description and the version you are using. As a workaround, pin to the last
+pre-3.0 release:
$ pip install "python-snap7<3"
+### Thanks
+
+Special thanks to the following people for testing, reporting issues, and providing
+feedback during the 3.0 development:
+
+* [@lupaulus](https://github.com/lupaulus) — extensive testing and bug reports
+* [@spreeker](https://github.com/spreeker) — testing and feedback
+* [@nikteliy](https://github.com/nikteliy) — review and feedback on the rewrite
+* [@amorelettronico](https://github.com/amorelettronico) — testing
+* [@razour08](https://github.com/razour08) — testing
+* [@core-engineering](https://github.com/core-engineering) — bug reports (#553)
+* [@AndreasScharf](https://github.com/AndreasScharf) — bug reports (#572)
+* [@Robatronic](https://github.com/Robatronic) — bug reports (#574)
+* [@hirotasoshu](https://github.com/hirotasoshu) — feedback (#545)
+* [@PoitrasJ](https://github.com/PoitrasJ) — bug reports (#479)
+
1.2
---
diff --git a/CLAUDE.md b/CLAUDE.md
index 5353da6e..4998f4a8 100644
--- a/CLAUDE.md
+++ b/CLAUDE.md
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ Python-snap7 is a pure Python S7 communication library for interfacing with Siem
## Key Architecture
+### snap7/ — Legacy S7 protocol (S7-300/400, PUT/GET on S7-1200/1500)
- **snap7/client.py**: Main Client class for connecting to S7 PLCs
- **snap7/server.py**: Server implementation for PLC simulation
- **snap7/logo.py**: Logo PLC communication
@@ -19,6 +20,20 @@ Python-snap7 is a pure Python S7 communication library for interfacing with Siem
- **snap7/type.py**: Type definitions and enums (Area, Block, WordLen, etc.)
- **snap7/error.py**: Error handling and exceptions
+### s7/ — Unified client with S7CommPlus + legacy fallback
+- **s7/client.py**: Unified Client — tries S7CommPlus, falls back to snap7.Client
+- **s7/async_client.py**: Unified AsyncClient — same pattern, async
+- **s7/server.py**: Unified Server wrapping both legacy and S7CommPlus
+- **s7/_protocol.py**: Protocol enum (AUTO/LEGACY/S7COMMPLUS)
+- **s7/_s7commplus_client.py**: Pure S7CommPlus sync client (internal)
+- **s7/_s7commplus_async_client.py**: Pure S7CommPlus async client (internal)
+- **s7/_s7commplus_server.py**: S7CommPlus server emulator (internal)
+- **s7/connection.py**: S7CommPlus low-level connection
+- **s7/protocol.py**: S7CommPlus protocol constants/enums
+- **s7/codec.py**: S7CommPlus encoding/decoding
+- **s7/vlq.py**: Variable-Length Quantity encoding
+- **s7/legitimation.py**: Authentication helpers
+
## Implementation Details
### Protocol Stack
@@ -41,24 +56,31 @@ The library implements the complete S7 protocol stack:
- Block operations (list, info, upload, download)
- Date/time operations
-### Usage
+### Usage (unified s7 package — recommended for S7-1200/1500)
+
+```python
+from s7 import Client
+
+client = Client()
+client.connect("192.168.1.10", 0, 1) # auto-detects S7CommPlus vs legacy
+data = client.db_read(1, 0, 4)
+client.disconnect()
+```
+
+### Usage (legacy snap7 package — S7-300/400)
```python
import snap7
-# Create and connect client
client = snap7.Client()
client.connect("192.168.1.10", 0, 1)
-# Read/write operations
data = client.db_read(1, 0, 4)
client.db_write(1, 0, bytearray([1, 2, 3, 4]))
-# Memory area access
marker_data = client.mb_read(0, 4)
client.mb_write(0, 4, bytearray([1, 2, 3, 4]))
-# Disconnect
client.disconnect()
```
@@ -98,15 +120,15 @@ pytest tests/test_client.py
### Code Quality
```bash
# Type checking
-mypy snap7 tests example
+mypy snap7 s7 tests example
# Linting and formatting check
-ruff check snap7 tests example
-ruff format --diff snap7 tests example
+ruff check snap7 s7 tests example
+ruff format --diff snap7 s7 tests example
# Auto-format code
-ruff format snap7 tests example
-ruff check --fix snap7 tests example
+ruff format snap7 s7 tests example
+ruff check --fix snap7 s7 tests example
```
### Development with tox
diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index ab74d2ee..fcaf4b07 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -29,8 +29,8 @@ doc: .venv/bin/sphinx-build
.PHONY: check
check: .venv/bin/pytest
- uv run ruff check snap7 tests example
- uv run ruff format --diff snap7 tests example
+ uv run ruff check snap7 s7 tests example
+ uv run ruff format --diff snap7 s7 tests example
.PHONY: ruff
ruff: .venv/bin/tox
diff --git a/README.rst b/README.rst
index adf68d91..91145a2a 100644
--- a/README.rst
+++ b/README.rst
@@ -1,25 +1,32 @@
-About
-=====
+.. image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/python-snap7.svg
+ :target: https://pypi.org/project/python-snap7/
-Python-snap7 is a pure Python S7 communication library for interfacing with Siemens S7 PLCs.
+.. image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/pyversions/python-snap7.svg
+ :target: https://pypi.org/project/python-snap7/
-Python-snap7 is tested with Python 3.10+, on Windows, Linux and OS X.
+.. image:: https://img.shields.io/github/license/gijzelaerr/python-snap7.svg
+ :target: https://github.com/gijzelaerr/python-snap7/blob/master/LICENSE
-The full documentation is available on `Read The Docs `_.
+.. image:: https://github.com/gijzelaerr/python-snap7/actions/workflows/test.yml/badge.svg
+ :target: https://github.com/gijzelaerr/python-snap7/actions/workflows/test.yml
+.. image:: https://readthedocs.org/projects/python-snap7/badge/
+ :target: https://python-snap7.readthedocs.io/en/latest/
-Version 3.0 - Breaking Changes
-===============================
-Version 3.0 is a major release that rewrites python-snap7 as a pure Python
-implementation. The C snap7 library is no longer required.
+python-snap7
+============
-This release may contain breaking changes. If you experience issues, you can
-pin to the last pre-3.0 release::
+Python-snap7 is a pure Python S7 communication library for interfacing with
+Siemens S7 PLCs. It supports Python 3.10+ and runs on Windows, Linux, and macOS
+without any native dependencies.
- $ pip install "python-snap7<3"
+The name "python-snap7" is historical — the library originally started as a
+Python wrapper around the `Snap7 `_ C library.
+As of version 3.0, the C library is no longer used, but the name is kept for
+backwards compatibility.
-The latest stable pre-3.0 release is version 2.1.0.
+The full documentation is available on `Read The Docs `_.
Installation
@@ -29,4 +36,71 @@ Install using pip::
$ pip install python-snap7
-No native libraries or platform-specific dependencies are required - python-snap7 is a pure Python package that works on all platforms.
+No native libraries or platform-specific dependencies are required — python-snap7
+is a pure Python package that works on all platforms.
+
+
+Version 3.0 — Pure Python Rewrite
+==================================
+
+Version 3.0 was a ground-up rewrite of python-snap7. The library no longer wraps
+the C snap7 shared library — instead, the entire S7 protocol stack (TPKT, COTP,
+and S7) is implemented in pure Python.
+
+* **Portability**: No more platform-specific shared libraries (``.dll``, ``.so``, ``.dylib``).
+ Works on any platform that runs Python — including ARM, Alpine Linux, and other
+ environments where the C library was difficult or impossible to install.
+* **Easier installation**: Just ``pip install python-snap7``. No native dependencies,
+ no compiler toolchains, no manual library setup.
+* **Easier to extend**: New features and protocol support can be added directly in Python.
+
+**If you experience issues with 3.0:**
+
+1. Please report them on the `issue tracker `_.
+2. As a workaround, you can pin to the last pre-3.0 release::
+
+ $ pip install "python-snap7<3"
+
+ Documentation for pre-3.0 versions is available at
+ `Read The Docs `_.
+
+
+Version 3.1 — S7CommPlus Protocol Support (unreleased)
+=======================================================
+
+Version 3.1 adds support for the S7CommPlus protocol (up to V3), which is required
+for communicating with newer Siemens S7-1200 and S7-1500 PLCs that have PUT/GET
+disabled. This is fully backwards compatible with 3.0.
+
+The biggest change is the new ``s7`` module, which is now the recommended entry point
+for connecting to any supported S7 PLC::
+
+ from s7 import Client
+
+ client = Client()
+ client.connect("192.168.1.10", 0, 1) # auto-detects S7CommPlus vs legacy S7
+ data = client.db_read(1, 0, 4)
+ client.disconnect()
+
+The ``s7.Client`` automatically tries S7CommPlus first, and falls back to legacy S7
+if the PLC does not support it. The existing ``snap7.Client`` continues to work
+unchanged for legacy S7 connections.
+
+**Help us test!** Version 3.1 needs more real-world testing before release. If you
+have access to any of the following PLCs, we would greatly appreciate testing and
+feedback:
+
+* S7-1200 (any firmware version)
+* S7-1500 (any firmware version)
+* S7-1500 with TLS enabled
+* S7-300
+* S7-400
+* S7-1200/1500 with PUT/GET disabled (S7CommPlus-only)
+* LOGO! 0BA8 and newer
+
+Please report your results — whether it works or not — on the
+`issue tracker `_.
+
+To install the development version::
+
+ $ pip install git+https://github.com/gijzelaerr/python-snap7.git@master
diff --git a/doc/API/async_client.rst b/doc/API/async_client.rst
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0cf130fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/API/async_client.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+AsyncClient
+===========
+
+.. warning::
+
+ The ``AsyncClient`` is **experimental**. The API may change in future
+ releases. If you encounter problems, please `open an issue
+ `_.
+
+The :class:`~snap7.async_client.AsyncClient` provides a native ``asyncio``
+interface for communicating with Siemens S7 PLCs. It has feature parity with
+the synchronous :class:`~snap7.client.Client` and is safe for concurrent use
+via ``asyncio.gather()``.
+
+Quick start
+-----------
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+ import asyncio
+ import snap7
+
+ async def main():
+ async with snap7.AsyncClient() as client:
+ await client.connect("192.168.1.10", 0, 1)
+ data = await client.db_read(1, 0, 4)
+ print(data)
+
+ asyncio.run(main())
+
+Concurrent reads
+----------------
+
+An internal ``asyncio.Lock`` serialises each send/receive cycle so that
+multiple coroutines can safely share a single connection:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+ results = await asyncio.gather(
+ client.db_read(1, 0, 4),
+ client.db_read(1, 10, 4),
+ )
+
+API reference
+-------------
+
+.. automodule:: snap7.async_client
+ :members:
+ :exclude-members: AsyncISOTCPConnection
diff --git a/doc/API/discovery.rst b/doc/API/discovery.rst
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..184a5636
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/API/discovery.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Discovery
+=========
+
+.. automodule:: snap7.discovery
+ :members:
+ :undoc-members:
+ :show-inheritance:
diff --git a/doc/API/s7commplus.rst b/doc/API/s7commplus.rst
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..48066e91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/API/s7commplus.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+S7CommPlus (S7-1200/1500)
+=========================
+
+.. warning::
+
+ S7CommPlus support is **experimental**. The API may change in future
+ releases. If you encounter problems, please `open an issue
+ `_.
+
+The ``s7`` package provides a unified client for Siemens S7-1200 and S7-1500
+PLCs. It automatically tries the S7CommPlus protocol first and falls back to
+the legacy S7 protocol when needed.
+
+Synchronous client
+------------------
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+ from s7 import Client
+
+ client = Client()
+ client.connect("192.168.1.10", 0, 1)
+ data = client.db_read(1, 0, 4)
+ print(client.protocol) # Protocol.S7COMMPLUS or Protocol.LEGACY
+ client.disconnect()
+
+Asynchronous client
+-------------------
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+ import asyncio
+ from s7 import AsyncClient
+
+ async def main():
+ client = AsyncClient()
+ await client.connect("192.168.1.10", 0, 1)
+ data = await client.db_read(1, 0, 4)
+ await client.disconnect()
+
+ asyncio.run(main())
+
+V2 connection with TLS
+----------------------
+
+S7-1500 PLCs with firmware 2.x use S7CommPlus V2, which requires TLS. Pass
+``use_tls=True`` to the ``connect()`` method:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+ from s7 import Client
+
+ client = Client()
+ client.connect("192.168.1.10", 0, 1, use_tls=True)
+ data = client.db_read(1, 0, 4)
+ client.disconnect()
+
+For PLCs with custom certificates, provide the certificate paths:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+ client.connect(
+ "192.168.1.10", 0, 1,
+ use_tls=True,
+ tls_cert="/path/to/client.pem",
+ tls_key="/path/to/client.key",
+ tls_ca="/path/to/ca.pem",
+ )
+
+Password authentication
+-----------------------
+
+Password-protected PLCs require the ``password`` keyword argument:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+ from s7 import Client
+
+ client = Client()
+ client.connect("192.168.1.10", 0, 1, use_tls=True, password="my_plc_password")
+ data = client.db_read(1, 0, 4)
+ client.disconnect()
+
+Protocol selection
+------------------
+
+By default the client uses ``Protocol.AUTO`` which tries S7CommPlus first.
+You can force a specific protocol:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+ from s7 import Client, Protocol
+
+ # Force legacy S7 only
+ client = Client()
+ client.connect("192.168.1.10", 0, 1, protocol=Protocol.LEGACY)
+
+ # Force S7CommPlus (raises on failure)
+ client.connect("192.168.1.10", 0, 1, protocol=Protocol.S7COMMPLUS)
+
+API reference
+-------------
+
+.. automodule:: s7.client
+ :members:
+
+.. automodule:: s7.async_client
+ :members:
diff --git a/doc/cli.rst b/doc/cli.rst
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..21c152d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/cli.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+Command-Line Interface
+======================
+
+python-snap7 includes a CLI tool called ``s7`` for interacting with Siemens S7 PLCs
+from the terminal. Install the CLI dependencies with::
+
+ pip install python-snap7[cli]
+
+All subcommands are available via ``s7 ``. Use ``s7 --help`` to see
+available commands, or ``s7 --help`` for detailed usage.
+
+Common Options
+--------------
+
+.. option:: -v, --verbose
+
+ Enable debug logging output.
+
+.. option:: --version
+
+ Show the python-snap7 version and exit.
+
+server
+------
+
+Start an emulated S7 PLC server with default values::
+
+ s7 server
+ s7 server --port 1102
+
+.. option:: -p, --port PORT
+
+ Port the server will listen on (default: 1102).
+
+read
+----
+
+Read data from a PLC data block::
+
+ # Read 16 raw bytes from DB1 at offset 0
+ s7 read 192.168.1.10 --db 1 --offset 0 --size 16
+
+ # Read a typed value
+ s7 read 192.168.1.10 --db 1 --offset 0 --type int
+ s7 read 192.168.1.10 --db 1 --offset 4 --type real
+
+ # Read a boolean (bit 3 of byte at offset 0)
+ s7 read 192.168.1.10 --db 1 --offset 0 --type bool --bit 3
+
+.. option:: --db DB
+
+ DB number to read from (required).
+
+.. option:: --offset OFFSET
+
+ Byte offset to start reading (required).
+
+.. option:: --size SIZE
+
+ Number of bytes to read (required for ``--type bytes``).
+
+.. option:: --type TYPE
+
+ Data type to read. Choices: ``bool``, ``byte``, ``int``, ``uint``, ``word``,
+ ``dint``, ``udint``, ``dword``, ``real``, ``lreal``, ``string``, ``bytes``
+ (default: ``bytes``).
+
+.. option:: --bit BIT
+
+ Bit offset within the byte (only for ``bool`` type, default: 0).
+
+.. option:: --rack RACK
+
+ PLC rack number (default: 0).
+
+.. option:: --slot SLOT
+
+ PLC slot number (default: 1).
+
+.. option:: --port PORT
+
+ PLC TCP port (default: 102).
+
+write
+-----
+
+Write data to a PLC data block::
+
+ # Write raw bytes (hex)
+ s7 write 192.168.1.10 --db 1 --offset 0 --type bytes --value "01 02 03 04"
+
+ # Write a typed value
+ s7 write 192.168.1.10 --db 1 --offset 0 --type int --value 42
+ s7 write 192.168.1.10 --db 1 --offset 4 --type real --value 3.14
+
+ # Write a boolean
+ s7 write 192.168.1.10 --db 1 --offset 0 --type bool --bit 3 --value true
+
+.. option:: --db DB
+
+ DB number to write to (required).
+
+.. option:: --offset OFFSET
+
+ Byte offset to start writing (required).
+
+.. option:: --type TYPE
+
+ Data type to write (required). Same choices as ``read``.
+
+.. option:: --value VALUE
+
+ Value to write (required). For ``bytes`` type, provide hex (e.g. ``"01 02 FF"``).
+ For ``bool``, use ``true``/``false``/``1``/``0``.
+
+.. option:: --bit, --rack, --slot, --port
+
+ Same as ``read``.
+
+dump
+----
+
+Dump the contents of a data block as a hex dump::
+
+ s7 dump 192.168.1.10 --db 1
+ s7 dump 192.168.1.10 --db 1 --size 512 --format hex
+
+.. option:: --db DB
+
+ DB number to dump (required).
+
+.. option:: --size SIZE
+
+ Number of bytes to dump (default: 256).
+
+.. option:: --format FORMAT
+
+ Output format: ``hex`` (default) or ``bytes`` (raw hex string).
+
+.. option:: --rack, --slot, --port
+
+ Same as ``read``.
+
+info
+----
+
+Get PLC information including CPU info, state, order code, protection level,
+and block counts::
+
+ s7 info 192.168.1.10
+ s7 info 192.168.1.10 --rack 0 --slot 2
+
+.. option:: --rack, --slot, --port
+
+ Same as ``read``.
+
+discover
+--------
+
+Discover PROFINET devices on the local network using DCP (Discovery and basic
+Configuration Protocol). Requires the ``discovery`` extra::
+
+ pip install python-snap7[discovery]
+
+Usage::
+
+ # Discover all devices (IP is the local network interface to use)
+ s7 discover 192.168.1.1
+ s7 discover 192.168.1.1 --timeout 10
+
+.. option:: --timeout SECONDS
+
+ How long to listen for responses (default: 5.0).
+
+.. note::
+
+ Network discovery uses raw sockets and may require elevated privileges
+ (root/administrator) depending on your platform.
diff --git a/doc/connecting.rst b/doc/connecting.rst
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..34f2310e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/connecting.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+Connecting to PLCs
+==================
+
+This page shows how to connect to different Siemens PLC models using
+python-snap7.
+
+.. contents:: On this page
+ :local:
+ :depth: 2
+
+
+Rack/Slot Reference
+-------------------
+
+.. list-table::
+ :header-rows: 1
+ :widths: 20 10 10 60
+
+ * - PLC Model
+ - Rack
+ - Slot
+ - Notes
+ * - S7-300
+ - 0
+ - 2
+ -
+ * - S7-400
+ - 0
+ - 3
+ - May vary with multi-rack configurations
+ * - S7-1200
+ - 0
+ - 1
+ - PUT/GET access must be enabled in TIA Portal
+ * - S7-1500
+ - 0
+ - 1
+ - PUT/GET access must be enabled in TIA Portal
+ * - S7-200 / Logo
+ - --
+ - --
+ - Use ``set_connection_params`` with TSAP addressing
+
+.. warning::
+
+ S7-1200 and S7-1500 PLCs ship with PUT/GET communication disabled by
+ default. Enable it in TIA Portal under the CPU properties before
+ connecting. See :doc:`tia-portal-config` for step-by-step instructions.
+
+
+S7-300
+------
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+ import snap7
+
+ client = snap7.Client()
+ client.connect("192.168.1.10", 0, 2)
+
+S7-400
+------
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+ import snap7
+
+ client = snap7.Client()
+ client.connect("192.168.1.10", 0, 3)
+
+S7-1200 / S7-1500
+------------------
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+ import snap7
+
+ client = snap7.Client()
+ client.connect("192.168.1.10", 0, 1)
+
+.. tip::
+
+ For S7-1200/1500 PLCs you can also use the **experimental** ``s7`` package,
+ which automatically tries the newer S7CommPlus protocol and falls back to
+ legacy S7 when needed::
+
+ from s7 import Client
+
+ client = Client()
+ client.connect("192.168.1.10", 0, 1)
+ print(client.protocol) # Protocol.S7COMMPLUS or Protocol.LEGACY
+
+ See :doc:`API/s7commplus` for full details.
+
+S7-200 / Logo (TSAP Connection)
+--------------------------------
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+ import snap7
+
+ client = snap7.Client()
+ client.set_connection_params("192.168.1.10", 0x1000, 0x2000)
+ client.connect("192.168.1.10", 0, 0)
+
+Using a Non-Standard Port
+--------------------------
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+ import snap7
+
+ client = snap7.Client()
+ client.connect("192.168.1.10", 0, 1, tcp_port=1102)
diff --git a/doc/connection-issues.rst b/doc/connection-issues.rst
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c20cf8f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/connection-issues.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+Connection Issues
+=================
+
+.. contents:: On this page
+ :local:
+ :depth: 2
+
+
+.. _connection-recovery:
+
+Automatic Reconnection
+----------------------
+
+The :class:`~snap7.client.Client` has built-in auto-reconnect with exponential
+backoff and optional heartbeat monitoring. This is the recommended approach for
+long-running applications:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+ import snap7
+
+ def on_disconnect():
+ print("Connection lost!")
+
+ def on_reconnect():
+ print("Reconnected!")
+
+ client = snap7.Client(
+ auto_reconnect=True, # Enable automatic reconnection
+ max_retries=5, # Retry up to 5 times (default: 3)
+ retry_delay=1.0, # Initial delay between retries in seconds
+ backoff_factor=2.0, # Double the delay after each failure
+ max_delay=30.0, # Cap delay at 30 seconds
+ heartbeat_interval=10.0, # Probe connection every 10 seconds (0=disabled)
+ on_disconnect=on_disconnect,
+ on_reconnect=on_reconnect,
+ )
+ client.connect("192.168.1.10", 0, 1)
+
+ # If the connection drops, read/write operations will automatically
+ # reconnect before retrying. The heartbeat detects silent disconnects.
+ data = client.db_read(1, 0, 10)
+
+The parameters:
+
+- **auto_reconnect**: Enable automatic reconnection on connection loss.
+- **max_retries**: Maximum reconnection attempts before raising an error.
+- **retry_delay**: Initial delay (seconds) between reconnection attempts.
+- **backoff_factor**: Multiplier applied to the delay after each failed attempt.
+- **max_delay**: Upper bound on the delay between attempts.
+- **heartbeat_interval**: Interval (seconds) for background heartbeat probes.
+ Set to ``0`` to disable (default).
+- **on_disconnect**: Callback invoked when the connection is lost.
+- **on_reconnect**: Callback invoked after a successful reconnection.
+
+
+Manual Reconnection
+-------------------
+
+If you need full control over reconnection behavior, you can implement it
+manually:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+ import snap7
+ import time
+ import logging
+
+ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+ client = snap7.Client()
+
+ def connect(address: str = "192.168.1.10", rack: int = 0, slot: int = 1) -> None:
+ client.connect(address, rack, slot)
+
+ def safe_read(db: int, start: int, size: int) -> bytearray:
+ """Read from DB with automatic reconnection on failure."""
+ try:
+ return client.db_read(db, start, size)
+ except Exception:
+ logger.warning("Read failed, attempting reconnection...")
+ try:
+ client.disconnect()
+ except Exception:
+ pass
+ time.sleep(1)
+ connect()
+ return client.db_read(db, start, size)
+
+For long-running applications, wrap your main loop with reconnection logic:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+ while True:
+ try:
+ data = safe_read(1, 0, 10)
+ # process data...
+ time.sleep(0.5)
+ except Exception:
+ logger.error("Failed after reconnection attempt, retrying in 5s...")
+ time.sleep(5)
+
+
+Connection Timeout
+------------------
+
+The default connection timeout is 5 seconds. You can configure it by accessing
+the underlying connection object:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+ import snap7
+
+ client = snap7.Client()
+
+ # Connect with a custom timeout (in seconds)
+ client.connect("192.168.1.10", 0, 1)
+
+ # The timeout is set on the underlying connection
+ # Default is 5.0 seconds
+ client.connection.timeout = 10.0 # Set to 10 seconds
+
+To set the timeout **before** connecting, use ``set_connection_params`` and then
+connect manually, or simply reconnect after adjusting:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+ client = snap7.Client()
+ client.connect("192.168.1.10", 0, 1)
+
+ # Adjust timeout for slow networks
+ client.connection.timeout = 15.0
+
+.. note::
+
+ If you are experiencing frequent timeouts, check your network quality first.
+ Typical S7 communication on a local network should respond within
+ milliseconds.
diff --git a/doc/error-reference.rst b/doc/error-reference.rst
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..812b28f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/error-reference.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+Error Message Reference
+=======================
+
+The following table maps common S7 error strings to their likely cause and fix.
+
+.. list-table::
+ :header-rows: 1
+ :widths: 35 30 35
+
+ * - Error message
+ - Likely cause
+ - Fix
+ * - ``CLI : function refused by CPU (Unknown error)``
+ - PUT/GET communication is not enabled on the PLC, or the data block
+ still has optimized block access enabled.
+ - Enable PUT/GET in TIA Portal and disable optimized block access on each
+ DB. See :doc:`tia-portal-config`.
+ * - ``CPU : Function not available``
+ - The requested function is not supported on this PLC model. S7-1200 and
+ S7-1500 PLCs restrict certain operations.
+ - Check Siemens documentation for your PLC model. Some functions are only
+ available on S7-300/400.
+ * - ``CPU : Item not available``
+ - Wrong DB number, the DB does not exist, or the address is out of range.
+ - Verify the DB number exists on the PLC and that the offset and size are
+ within bounds.
+ * - ``CPU : Address out of range``
+ - Reading or writing past the end of a DB or memory area.
+ - Check the DB size in TIA Portal and ensure ``start + size`` does not
+ exceed it.
+ * - ``CPU : Function not authorized for current protection level``
+ - The PLC has password protection enabled.
+ - Remove or lower the protection level in TIA Portal under
+ Protection & Security.
+ * - ``ISO : An error occurred during recv TCP : Connection timed out``
+ - Network issue: PLC is unreachable, a firewall is blocking port 102, or
+ the PLC is not responding.
+ - Check network connectivity (``ping``), verify firewall rules, and ensure
+ the PLC is powered on and reachable.
+ * - ``ISO : An error occurred during send TCP : Connection timed out``
+ - Same as above.
+ - Same as above.
+ * - ``TCP : Unreachable peer``
+ - The PLC is not reachable on the network.
+ - Verify IP address, subnet, and routing. Ensure the PLC Ethernet port is
+ connected and configured.
+ * - ``TCP : Connection reset`` / Socket error 32 (broken pipe)
+ - The connection to the PLC was lost unexpectedly.
+ - The PLC may have been restarted, the cable disconnected, or another
+ client took over the connection. See :doc:`connection-issues`.
diff --git a/doc/index.rst b/doc/index.rst
index fd34584b..5e98a829 100644
--- a/doc/index.rst
+++ b/doc/index.rst
@@ -1,16 +1,47 @@
Welcome to python-snap7's documentation!
========================================
-Contents:
-
.. toctree::
:maxdepth: 2
+ :caption: Getting Started
introduction
installation
+ plc-support
+
+.. toctree::
+ :maxdepth: 2
+ :caption: User Guide
+
+ connecting
+ reading-writing
+ multi-variable
+ server
+ cli
+ tia-portal-config
+
+.. toctree::
+ :maxdepth: 2
+ :caption: Troubleshooting
+
+ error-reference
+ connection-issues
+ thread-safety
+ limitations
+
+.. toctree::
+ :maxdepth: 2
+ :caption: Development
+
development
+.. toctree::
+ :maxdepth: 2
+ :caption: API Reference
+
API/client
+ API/async_client
+ API/s7commplus
API/server
API/partner
API/logo
@@ -19,7 +50,7 @@ Contents:
API/connection
API/s7protocol
API/datatypes
-
+ API/discovery
Indices and tables
diff --git a/doc/installation.rst b/doc/installation.rst
index f6a4a9f5..eaaccb43 100644
--- a/doc/installation.rst
+++ b/doc/installation.rst
@@ -10,12 +10,23 @@ If you want to use the CLI interface for running an emulator, install it with::
$ pip install "python-snap7[cli]"
-That's it! No native libraries or platform-specific setup is required.
+That's it! No native libraries or platform-specific setup is required. This works
+on any platform that supports Python 3.10+, including ARM, Alpine Linux, and other
+environments where the old C library was hard to install.
Upgrading from 2.x
-------------------
-Version 3.0 is a major rewrite. If you experience issues after upgrading,
-you can pin to the last pre-3.0 release::
+Version 3.0 is a complete rewrite. Previous versions wrapped the C snap7 shared
+library; version 3.0 implements the entire protocol stack in pure Python. While
+the public API is largely the same, this is a fundamental change under the hood.
- $ pip install "python-snap7<3"
+If you experience issues after upgrading:
+
+1. Please report them on the `issue tracker `_
+ with a clear description and your version (``python -c "import snap7; print(snap7.__version__)"``).
+2. As a workaround, pin to the last pre-3.0 release::
+
+ $ pip install "python-snap7<3"
+
+ The latest stable pre-3.0 release is version 2.1.0.
diff --git a/doc/introduction.rst b/doc/introduction.rst
index 6994592b..e2583d46 100644
--- a/doc/introduction.rst
+++ b/doc/introduction.rst
@@ -6,7 +6,39 @@ natively with Siemens S7 PLCs. The library implements the complete S7
protocol stack including TPKT (RFC 1006), COTP (ISO 8073), and S7
protocol layers.
+The name "python-snap7" is historical: the library originally started as a
+Python wrapper around the `Snap7 `_ C library.
+As of version 3.0, the C library is no longer used, but the name is kept for
+backwards compatibility.
+
python-snap7 requires Python 3.10+ and runs on Windows, macOS and Linux
without any native dependencies.
+The library provides two packages:
+
+- **snap7** -- the original S7 protocol implementation, supporting S7-300,
+ S7-400, S7-1200 and S7-1500 PLCs via the classic PUT/GET interface.
+- **s7** -- a newer unified client that automatically tries the S7CommPlus
+ protocol (used natively by S7-1200/1500) and falls back to legacy S7 when
+ needed. ``s7.Client`` is a drop-in replacement for ``snap7.Client``.
+
+.. note::
+
+ The ``s7`` package and its S7CommPlus support are **experimental**.
+ The legacy ``snap7`` package remains fully supported and is the safe choice
+ for production use. See :doc:`API/s7commplus` for details.
+
+.. note::
+
+ **Version 3.0 is a complete rewrite.** Previous versions of python-snap7
+ were a wrapper around the C snap7 shared library. Starting with version 3.0,
+ the entire protocol stack is implemented in pure Python. This eliminates the
+ need for platform-specific shared libraries and makes the library portable to
+ any platform that runs Python.
+
+ If you experience issues, please report them on the
+ `issue tracker `_ with a
+ clear description and the version you are using. As a workaround, you can
+ install the last pre-3.0 release with ``pip install "python-snap7<3"``.
+
The project development is centralized on `github `_.
diff --git a/doc/limitations.rst b/doc/limitations.rst
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..03a220a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/limitations.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+Protocol Limitations and FAQ
+============================
+
+python-snap7 implements the S7 protocol over TCP/IP. The following operations
+are **not possible** with this protocol:
+
+.. list-table::
+ :header-rows: 1
+ :widths: 40 60
+
+ * - Limitation
+ - Explanation
+ * - Read tag/symbol names from PLC
+ - Symbol names exist only in the TIA Portal project file, not in the PLC.
+ The S7 protocol only addresses data by area, DB number, and byte offset.
+ * - Get DB structure or layout from PLC
+ - The PLC stores only raw bytes. The structure definition lives in the TIA
+ Portal project. You must define your data layout in your Python code.
+ * - Discover PLCs on the network
+ - The classic S7 protocol has no broadcast discovery mechanism. However,
+ python-snap7 provides PROFINET DCP discovery via the ``s7 discover``
+ CLI command (requires ``pip install python-snap7[discovery]``).
+ See :doc:`cli` for details.
+ * - Create PLC backups
+ - Full project backup requires TIA Portal. python-snap7 can upload
+ individual blocks, but this is not a complete backup.
+ * - Access S7-1200/1500 PLCs with S7CommPlus security
+ - python-snap7 supports S7CommPlus V1 and V2 (with TLS) via
+ the ``s7`` package. V3 is not yet supported. For PLCs that only
+ support V3, enable PUT/GET as a fallback or use OPC UA.
diff --git a/doc/multi-variable.rst b/doc/multi-variable.rst
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b83f35c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/multi-variable.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+Multi-Variable Read
+===================
+
+The ``read_multi_vars`` method reads multiple variables in a single PDU
+request, which is significantly faster than individual reads.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+ import snap7
+ from snap7.type import Area, WordLen, S7DataItem
+ from ctypes import c_uint8, cast, POINTER
+
+ client = snap7.Client()
+ client.connect("192.168.1.10", 0, 1)
+
+ # Prepare items to read
+ items = []
+
+ # Item 1: 4 bytes from DB1, offset 0
+ item1 = S7DataItem()
+ item1.Area = Area.DB
+ item1.WordLen = WordLen.Byte
+ item1.DBNumber = 1
+ item1.Start = 0
+ item1.Amount = 4
+ buffer1 = (c_uint8 * 4)()
+ item1.pData = cast(buffer1, POINTER(c_uint8))
+ items.append(item1)
+
+ # Item 2: 2 bytes from DB2, offset 10
+ item2 = S7DataItem()
+ item2.Area = Area.DB
+ item2.WordLen = WordLen.Byte
+ item2.DBNumber = 2
+ item2.Start = 10
+ item2.Amount = 2
+ buffer2 = (c_uint8 * 2)()
+ item2.pData = cast(buffer2, POINTER(c_uint8))
+ items.append(item2)
+
+ # Execute the multi-read
+ result, data_items = client.read_multi_vars(items)
+
+ # Access the returned data
+ value1 = bytearray(buffer1)
+ value2 = bytearray(buffer2)
+
+.. warning::
+
+ The S7 protocol limits multi-variable reads to **20 items** per request.
+ If you need more, split them across multiple calls.
diff --git a/doc/plc-support.rst b/doc/plc-support.rst
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3df53e30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/plc-support.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+PLC Support Matrix
+==================
+
+This page documents which Siemens PLC families are supported by python-snap7,
+the communication protocols they use, and any configuration requirements.
+
+Supported PLCs
+--------------
+
+.. list-table::
+ :header-rows: 1
+ :widths: 20 10 10 10 10 15 25
+
+ * - PLC Family
+ - Introduced
+ - S7 (classic)
+ - S7CommPlus V1
+ - S7CommPlus V2/V3
+ - python-snap7 support
+ - Notes
+ * - S7-300
+ - ~1994
+ - Yes
+ - No
+ - No
+ - **Full**
+ - Works out of the box.
+ * - S7-400
+ - ~1996
+ - Yes
+ - No
+ - No
+ - **Full**
+ - Works out of the box.
+ * - S7-1200 (FW ≤3)
+ - 2009
+ - Yes
+ - No
+ - No
+ - **Full**
+ - Enable PUT/GET access in TIA Portal.
+ * - S7-1200 (FW 4+)
+ - ~2014
+ - Yes
+ - Yes
+ - No
+ - **Full**
+ - Enable PUT/GET access in TIA Portal. Uses classic S7.
+ * - S7-1500 (FW 1.x)
+ - 2012
+ - PUT/GET only
+ - Yes
+ - No
+ - **Full** (experimental S7CommPlus)
+ - S7CommPlus V1 session + legacy S7 fallback for data.
+ * - S7-1500 (FW 2.x)
+ - ~2016
+ - PUT/GET only
+ - No
+ - V2
+ - **Full** (S7CommPlus V2)
+ - S7CommPlus V2 with TLS is supported via the ``s7`` package.
+ * - S7-1500 (FW 3.x+)
+ - ~2022
+ - PUT/GET only
+ - No
+ - V3
+ - **PUT/GET only**
+ - S7CommPlus V3 uses proprietary crypto; not yet supported.
+ * - S7-1500R/H
+ - ~2019
+ - No
+ - No
+ - V2/V3
+ - **Not supported**
+ - Redundant CPUs; no classic S7 fallback available.
+ * - ET 200SP CPU
+ - ~2014
+ - PUT/GET only
+ - Yes
+ - Yes
+ - **PUT/GET only**
+ - Same behavior as S7-1500 with matching firmware.
+ * - S7-200 SMART
+ - ~2012
+ - Subset
+ - No
+ - No
+ - **Partial**
+ - Basic read/write works. Some advanced functions may not be available.
+ * - LOGO! 8
+ - ~2014
+ - Subset
+ - No
+ - No
+ - **Full**
+ - Use the :class:`~snap7.logo.Logo` class.
+
+
+Enabling PUT/GET Access
+-----------------------
+
+For S7-1200 and S7-1500 PLCs, classic S7 protocol access requires the
+**PUT/GET** option to be enabled. See :doc:`tia-portal-config` for
+step-by-step instructions.
+
+.. warning::
+
+ PUT/GET access provides unauthenticated read/write access to PLC memory.
+ Only enable this on networks that are properly segmented and secured.
+
+
+Protocol Overview
+-----------------
+
+Siemens has evolved their PLC communication protocols over time:
+
+.. list-table::
+ :header-rows: 1
+ :widths: 20 15 15 50
+
+ * - Protocol
+ - Encryption
+ - Authentication
+ - Used by
+ * - S7 (classic)
+ - None
+ - None
+ - S7-300, S7-400, S7-1200, S7-1500 (PUT/GET mode)
+ * - S7CommPlus V1
+ - None
+ - Challenge-response
+ - S7-1200 FW 4+, S7-1500 FW 1.x
+ * - S7CommPlus V2
+ - TLS 1.3
+ - Challenge-response + TLS
+ - S7-1500 FW 2.x
+ * - S7CommPlus V3
+ - TLS
+ - Certificate-based
+ - S7-1500 FW 3.x+
+
+python-snap7 implements the **classic S7 protocol** and **S7CommPlus V1/V2**.
+The classic protocol remains available on most PLC families via the PUT/GET
+mechanism. S7CommPlus V1 and V2 (with TLS) are supported via the
+``s7`` package. For PLCs that require S7CommPlus V3 (such
+as the S7-1500R/H), consider using OPC UA as an alternative.
+
+
+Alternatives for Unsupported PLCs
+---------------------------------
+
+If your PLC is not supported by python-snap7, consider these alternatives:
+
+- **OPC UA**: S7-1500 PLCs (FW 2.0+) include a built-in OPC UA server. Use
+ a Python OPC UA client such as `opcua-asyncio `_.
+- **TIA Portal**: Siemens' official engineering tool supports all protocols
+ and PLC families.
+- **PROFINET**: For real-time communication needs, PROFINET may be more
+ appropriate than S7 communication.
diff --git a/doc/reading-writing.rst b/doc/reading-writing.rst
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d07373ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/reading-writing.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,410 @@
+Reading & Writing Data
+======================
+
+This page covers address mapping, data type conversions, memory area access,
+and analog I/O — everything you need for reading from and writing to a PLC.
+
+All examples assume you have a connected client:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+ import snap7
+
+ client = snap7.Client()
+ client.connect("192.168.1.10", 0, 1)
+
+.. contents:: On this page
+ :local:
+ :depth: 2
+
+
+Address Mapping
+---------------
+
+PLC addresses in Siemens TIA Portal / STEP 7 map to python-snap7 API calls
+as follows.
+
+.. list-table::
+ :header-rows: 1
+ :widths: 25 40 35
+
+ * - PLC Address
+ - python-snap7 Call
+ - Explanation
+ * - DB1.DBB0
+ - ``db_read(1, 0, 1)``
+ - 1 byte at offset 0 of DB1
+ * - DB1.DBW10
+ - ``db_read(1, 10, 2)``
+ - 2 bytes (WORD) at offset 10
+ * - DB1.DBD20
+ - ``db_read(1, 20, 4)``
+ - 4 bytes (DWORD) at offset 20
+ * - DB1.DBX0.3
+ - ``db_read(1, 0, 1)`` then ``get_bool(data, 0, 3)``
+ - Bit 3 of byte 0
+ * - M0.0
+ - ``mb_read(0, 1)`` then ``get_bool(data, 0, 0)``
+ - Bit 0 of merker byte 0
+ * - MW10
+ - ``mb_read(10, 2)``
+ - 2 bytes (WORD) from merker byte 10
+ * - IW0 / EW0
+ - ``read_area(Area.PE, 0, 0, 2)``
+ - Analog input word at address 0
+ * - QW0 / AW0
+ - ``read_area(Area.PA, 0, 0, 2)``
+ - Analog output word at address 0
+
+.. important::
+
+ The ``byte_index`` parameter in all ``snap7.util`` getter/setter functions
+ is **relative to the returned bytearray**, not the absolute PLC address.
+
+ For example, to read DB1.DBX10.3:
+
+ .. code-block:: python
+
+ data = client.db_read(1, 10, 1) # Read 1 byte starting at offset 10
+ value = snap7.util.get_bool(data, 0, 3) # byte_index=0, NOT 10
+
+ You read from PLC offset 10, but ``data[0]`` *is* byte 10 from the PLC.
+
+
+Data Types
+----------
+
+Each example below shows a complete read and write cycle.
+
+BOOL
+^^^^
+
+Booleans require a **read-modify-write** pattern. You cannot write a single
+bit to the PLC; you must read the enclosing byte, change the bit, then write
+the whole byte back.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+ # Read DB1.DBX0.3 (bit 3 of byte 0)
+ data = client.db_read(1, 0, 1)
+ value = snap7.util.get_bool(data, 0, 3)
+ print(f"DB1.DBX0.3 = {value}")
+
+ # Write DB1.DBX0.3 -- read first, then modify, then write
+ data = client.db_read(1, 0, 1)
+ snap7.util.set_bool(data, 0, 3, True)
+ client.db_write(1, 0, data)
+
+.. warning::
+
+ Never write a freshly created ``bytearray`` for booleans. Always read the
+ current byte first to avoid overwriting neighboring bits.
+
+BYTE (1 byte, unsigned 0--255)
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+ # Read DB1.DBB0 (1 byte at offset 0)
+ data = client.db_read(1, 0, 1)
+ value = snap7.util.get_byte(data, 0)
+ print(f"DB1.DBB0 = {value}")
+
+ # Write
+ data = bytearray(1)
+ snap7.util.set_byte(data, 0, 200)
+ client.db_write(1, 0, data)
+
+INT (2 bytes, signed -32768 to 32767)
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+ # Read DB1.DBW10
+ data = client.db_read(1, 10, 2)
+ value = snap7.util.get_int(data, 0)
+ print(f"DB1.DBW10 = {value}")
+
+ # Write
+ data = bytearray(2)
+ snap7.util.set_int(data, 0, -1234)
+ client.db_write(1, 10, data)
+
+WORD (2 bytes, unsigned 0--65535)
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+ # Read DB1.DBW20
+ data = client.db_read(1, 20, 2)
+ value = snap7.util.get_word(data, 0)
+ print(f"DB1.DBW20 = {value}")
+
+ # Write
+ data = bytearray(2)
+ snap7.util.set_word(data, 0, 50000)
+ client.db_write(1, 20, data)
+
+DINT (4 bytes, signed -2147483648 to 2147483647)
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+ # Read DB1.DBD30
+ data = client.db_read(1, 30, 4)
+ value = snap7.util.get_dint(data, 0)
+ print(f"DB1.DBD30 = {value}")
+
+ # Write
+ data = bytearray(4)
+ snap7.util.set_dint(data, 0, 100000)
+ client.db_write(1, 30, data)
+
+DWORD (4 bytes, unsigned 0--4294967295)
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+ # Read DB1.DBD40
+ data = client.db_read(1, 40, 4)
+ value = snap7.util.get_dword(data, 0)
+ print(f"DB1.DBD40 = {value}")
+
+ # Write
+ data = bytearray(4)
+ snap7.util.set_dword(data, 0, 3000000000)
+ client.db_write(1, 40, data)
+
+LINT (8 bytes, signed -9223372036854775808 to 9223372036854775807)
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+ # Read 8 bytes from DB1 at offset 60
+ data = client.db_read(1, 60, 8)
+ value = snap7.util.get_lint(data, 0)
+ print(f"LINT = {value}")
+
+ # Write (no set_lint helper -- use struct directly)
+ import struct
+ data = bytearray(struct.pack(">q", 123456789012345))
+ client.db_write(1, 60, data)
+
+ULINT (8 bytes, unsigned 0--18446744073709551615)
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+ # Read 8 bytes from DB1 at offset 68
+ data = client.db_read(1, 68, 8)
+ value = snap7.util.get_ulint(data, 0)
+ print(f"ULINT = {value}")
+
+ # Write (no set_ulint helper -- use struct directly)
+ import struct
+ data = bytearray(struct.pack(">Q", 9876543210))
+ client.db_write(1, 68, data)
+
+REAL (4 bytes, IEEE 754 float)
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+ # Read DB1.DBD50
+ data = client.db_read(1, 50, 4)
+ value = snap7.util.get_real(data, 0)
+ print(f"DB1.DBD50 = {value}")
+
+ # Write
+ data = bytearray(4)
+ snap7.util.set_real(data, 0, 3.14)
+ client.db_write(1, 50, data)
+
+LREAL (8 bytes, IEEE 754 double)
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+ # Read DB1, offset 60, 8 bytes
+ data = client.db_read(1, 60, 8)
+ value = snap7.util.get_lreal(data, 0)
+ print(f"LREAL = {value}")
+
+ # Write
+ data = bytearray(8)
+ snap7.util.set_lreal(data, 0, 3.141592653589793)
+ client.db_write(1, 60, data)
+
+STRING (2 header bytes + characters)
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+S7 strings have a specific format:
+
+- **Byte 0**: Maximum length (set when the variable is declared in the PLC)
+- **Byte 1**: Actual (current) length of the string content
+- **Bytes 2+**: ASCII characters
+
+When reading, always request ``max_length + 2`` bytes to include the header.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+ # Read a string at DB1, offset 10, declared as STRING[20] in the PLC
+ max_length = 20
+ data = client.db_read(1, 10, max_length + 2) # 20 + 2 header bytes = 22
+ text = snap7.util.get_string(data, 0)
+ print(f"String = '{text}'")
+
+ # Write a string
+ data = client.db_read(1, 10, max_length + 2)
+ snap7.util.set_string(data, 0, "Hello", max_length)
+ client.db_write(1, 10, data)
+
+.. note::
+
+ Always read the existing data before writing a string. The
+ ``set_string`` function preserves the max-length header byte and pads
+ unused characters with spaces.
+
+DATE_AND_TIME (8 bytes, BCD encoded)
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+ from datetime import datetime
+
+ # Read DATE_AND_TIME at DB1, offset 70 (returns ISO 8601 string)
+ data = client.db_read(1, 70, 8)
+ dt_string = snap7.util.get_dt(data, 0)
+ print(f"DATE_AND_TIME = {dt_string}") # e.g. '2024-06-15T14:30:00.000000'
+
+ # Parse to Python datetime if needed
+ dt_obj = datetime.fromisoformat(dt_string)
+
+ # Write DATE_AND_TIME
+ data = client.db_read(1, 70, 8)
+ snap7.util.set_dt(data, 0, datetime(2024, 6, 15, 14, 30, 0))
+ client.db_write(1, 70, data)
+
+
+Memory Areas
+------------
+
+python-snap7 provides convenience methods for data blocks and merkers, and
+the generic ``read_area`` / ``write_area`` for all other areas.
+
+Data Blocks (DB)
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+ # Read 10 bytes from DB1 starting at offset 0
+ data = client.db_read(1, 0, 10)
+
+ # Write 4 bytes to DB1 starting at offset 0
+ client.db_write(1, 0, bytearray([0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04]))
+
+Merkers / Flags (M)
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+ # Read 4 merker bytes starting at MB0
+ data = client.mb_read(0, 4)
+
+ # Write 2 bytes starting at MB10
+ client.mb_write(10, 2, bytearray([0xFF, 0x00]))
+
+Inputs (I / E)
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+ from snap7.type import Area
+
+ # Read 2 input bytes starting at IB0
+ data = client.read_area(Area.PE, 0, 0, 2)
+
+Outputs (Q / A)
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+ from snap7.type import Area
+
+ # Read 2 output bytes starting at QB0
+ data = client.read_area(Area.PA, 0, 0, 2)
+
+ # Write to QB0
+ client.write_area(Area.PA, 0, 0, bytearray([0x00, 0xFF]))
+
+Timers (T)
+^^^^^^^^^^
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+ from snap7.type import Area
+
+ # Read timer T0 (1 timer = 2 bytes)
+ data = client.read_area(Area.TM, 0, 0, 1)
+
+Counters (C)
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+ from snap7.type import Area
+
+ # Read counter C0 (1 counter = 2 bytes)
+ data = client.read_area(Area.CT, 0, 0, 1)
+
+
+Analog I/O
+----------
+
+Analog inputs are typically 16-bit integers in the peripheral input area
+(``Area.PE``). The raw value from the PLC needs to be scaled to engineering
+units.
+
+Reading Analog Inputs
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+ import snap7
+ from snap7.type import Area
+
+ client = snap7.Client()
+ client.connect("192.168.1.10", 0, 1)
+
+ # Read AIW0 (analog input word at address 0)
+ data = client.read_area(Area.PE, 0, 0, 2)
+ raw_value = snap7.util.get_int(data, 0)
+ print(f"Raw value: {raw_value}")
+
+ # Scale to engineering units
+ # S7 analog modules typically use 0-27648 for 0-100% range
+ min_range = 0.0 # e.g., 0 bar
+ max_range = 10.0 # e.g., 10 bar
+ scaled = raw_value * (max_range - min_range) / 27648.0 + min_range
+ print(f"Pressure: {scaled:.2f} bar")
+
+ # Read AIW2 (second analog input)
+ data = client.read_area(Area.PE, 0, 2, 2)
+ raw_value = snap7.util.get_int(data, 0)
+
+Writing Analog Outputs
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+ from snap7.type import Area
+
+ # Write to AQW0 (analog output word at address 0)
+ data = bytearray(2)
+ snap7.util.set_int(data, 0, 13824) # ~50% of 27648
+ client.write_area(Area.PA, 0, 0, data)
+
+.. note::
+
+ The standard scaling factor 27648 applies to most Siemens analog I/O
+ modules. Check your module documentation for the actual range.
diff --git a/doc/server.rst b/doc/server.rst
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f46e1649
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/server.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+Server Setup for Testing
+========================
+
+The built-in server lets you test your client code without a physical PLC.
+
+.. contents:: On this page
+ :local:
+ :depth: 2
+
+
+Basic Server Example
+--------------------
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+ from snap7.server import Server
+ from snap7.type import SrvArea
+ from ctypes import c_char
+
+ # Create and configure the server
+ server = Server()
+
+ # Register a data block (DB1) with 100 bytes
+ db_size = 100
+ db_data = bytearray(db_size)
+ db_array = (c_char * db_size).from_buffer(db_data)
+ server.register_area(SrvArea.DB, 1, db_array)
+
+ # Start the server on a non-privileged port
+ server.start(tcp_port=1102)
+
+
+Client-Server Round Trip
+-------------------------
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+ import snap7
+ from snap7.server import Server
+ from snap7.type import SrvArea
+ from ctypes import c_char
+
+ # --- Server setup ---
+ server = Server()
+ db_size = 100
+ db_data = bytearray(db_size)
+ db_array = (c_char * db_size).from_buffer(db_data)
+ server.register_area(SrvArea.DB, 1, db_array)
+ server.start(tcp_port=1102)
+
+ # --- Client connection ---
+ client = snap7.Client()
+ client.connect("127.0.0.1", 0, 1, tcp_port=1102)
+
+ # Write data
+ client.db_write(1, 0, bytearray([0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04]))
+
+ # Read it back
+ data = client.db_read(1, 0, 4)
+ print(f"Read back: {list(data)}") # [1, 2, 3, 4]
+
+ # Clean up
+ client.disconnect()
+ server.stop()
+
+
+Registering Multiple Areas
+---------------------------
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+ from snap7.server import Server
+ from snap7.type import SrvArea
+ from ctypes import c_char
+
+ server = Server()
+
+ # Register DB1
+ db1_data = bytearray(100)
+ db1 = (c_char * 100).from_buffer(db1_data)
+ server.register_area(SrvArea.DB, 1, db1)
+
+ # Register DB2
+ db2_data = bytearray(200)
+ db2 = (c_char * 200).from_buffer(db2_data)
+ server.register_area(SrvArea.DB, 2, db2)
+
+ # Register merker area (256 bytes)
+ mk_data = bytearray(256)
+ mk = (c_char * 256).from_buffer(mk_data)
+ server.register_area(SrvArea.MK, 0, mk)
+
+ server.start(tcp_port=1102)
+
+.. note::
+
+ Use a port number above 1024 (e.g., 1102) to avoid requiring root/admin
+ privileges. Port 102 is the standard S7 port but is in the privileged
+ range.
+
+
+Using the Mainloop Helper
+--------------------------
+
+For quick testing, the ``mainloop`` function starts a server with common
+data blocks pre-registered:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+ from snap7.server import mainloop
+
+ # Blocks the current thread
+ mainloop(tcp_port=1102)
diff --git a/doc/thread-safety.rst b/doc/thread-safety.rst
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..235a89f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/thread-safety.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+Thread Safety
+=============
+
+The ``Client`` class is **not** thread-safe. Concurrent calls from multiple
+threads on the same ``Client`` instance will corrupt the TCP connection state
+and cause unpredictable errors.
+
+**Option 1: One client per thread**
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+ import threading
+ import snap7
+
+ def worker(address: str, rack: int, slot: int) -> None:
+ client = snap7.Client()
+ client.connect(address, rack, slot)
+ data = client.db_read(1, 0, 10)
+ client.disconnect()
+
+ t1 = threading.Thread(target=worker, args=("192.168.1.10", 0, 1))
+ t2 = threading.Thread(target=worker, args=("192.168.1.10", 0, 1))
+ t1.start()
+ t2.start()
+
+**Option 2: Shared client with a lock**
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+ import threading
+ import snap7
+
+ client = snap7.Client()
+ client.connect("192.168.1.10", 0, 1)
+ lock = threading.Lock()
+
+ def safe_read(db: int, start: int, size: int) -> bytearray:
+ with lock:
+ return client.db_read(db, start, size)
diff --git a/doc/tia-portal-config.rst b/doc/tia-portal-config.rst
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..73932db6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/tia-portal-config.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+.. _tia-portal-config:
+
+TIA Portal Configuration
+=========================
+
+S7-1200 and S7-1500 PLCs require specific configuration in TIA Portal before
+python-snap7 can communicate with them. Without these settings, you will get
+``CLI : function refused by CPU`` errors.
+
+.. contents:: On this page
+ :local:
+ :depth: 2
+
+
+Step 1: Enable PUT/GET Communication
+-------------------------------------
+
+1. Open your project in TIA Portal.
+2. In the project tree, double-click on the PLC device.
+3. Go to **Properties** > **Protection & Security** > **Connection mechanisms**.
+4. Check **Permit access with PUT/GET communication from remote partner**.
+5. Compile and download to the PLC.
+
+.. warning::
+
+ This setting allows any network client to read and write PLC memory without
+ authentication. Only enable this on isolated industrial networks.
+
+
+Step 2: Disable Optimized Block Access
+---------------------------------------
+
+This must be done for **each** data block you want to access:
+
+1. In the project tree, right-click on the data block (e.g., DB1).
+2. Select **Properties**.
+3. Go to the **Attributes** tab.
+4. **Uncheck** "Optimized block access".
+5. Click OK.
+6. Compile and download to the PLC.
+
+.. warning::
+
+ Changing the "Optimized block access" setting reinitializes the data block,
+ which resets all values in that DB to their defaults. Do this before
+ commissioning, or back up your data first.
+
+
+Step 3: Compile and Download
+-----------------------------
+
+After making both changes:
+
+1. Compile the project (**Build** > **Compile**).
+2. Download to the PLC (**Online** > **Download to device**).
+3. The PLC may need to restart depending on the changes.
diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index ef5d6767..ca23f81a 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -32,18 +32,22 @@ Homepage = "https://github.com/gijzelaerr/python-snap7"
Documentation = "https://python-snap7.readthedocs.io/en/latest/"
[project.optional-dependencies]
-test = ["pytest", "pytest-cov", "pytest-html", "mypy", "types-setuptools", "ruff", "tox", "tox-uv", "types-click", "uv"]
+test = ["pytest", "pytest-asyncio", "pytest-cov", "pytest-html", "hypothesis", "mypy", "types-setuptools", "ruff", "tox", "tox-uv", "types-click", "uv"]
+s7commplus = ["cryptography"]
cli = ["rich", "click" ]
doc = ["sphinx", "sphinx_rtd_theme"]
+discovery = ["pnio-dcp"]
[tool.setuptools.package-data]
snap7 = ["py.typed"]
+s7 = ["py.typed"]
[tool.setuptools.packages.find]
-include = ["snap7*"]
+include = ["snap7*", "s7*"]
[project.scripts]
snap7-server = "snap7.server:mainloop"
+s7 = "snap7.cli:main"
[tool.pytest.ini_options]
testpaths = ["tests"]
@@ -51,12 +55,15 @@ markers =[
"client",
"common",
"e2e: end-to-end tests requiring a real PLC connection",
+ "hypothesis: property-based tests using Hypothesis",
"logo",
"mainloop",
"partner",
"server",
- "util"
+ "util",
+ "conformance: protocol conformance tests"
]
+asyncio_mode = "auto"
[tool.mypy]
ignore_missing_imports = true
@@ -64,6 +71,9 @@ strict = true
# https://github.com/python/mypy/issues/2427#issuecomment-1419206807
disable_error_code = ["method-assign", "attr-defined"]
+[tool.coverage.report]
+fail_under = 75
+
[tool.ruff]
output-format = "full"
line-length = 130
diff --git a/s7/__init__.py b/s7/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1cfaa189
--- /dev/null
+++ b/s7/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+"""Unified S7 communication library.
+
+Provides protocol-agnostic access to Siemens S7 PLCs with automatic
+protocol discovery (S7CommPlus vs legacy S7).
+
+Usage::
+
+ from s7 import Client
+
+ client = Client()
+ client.connect("192.168.1.10", 0, 1)
+ data = client.db_read(1, 0, 4)
+"""
+
+from .client import Client
+from .async_client import AsyncClient
+from .server import Server
+from ._protocol import Protocol
+
+from snap7.type import Area, Block, WordLen, SrvEvent, SrvArea
+from snap7.util.db import Row, DB
+
+__all__ = [
+ "Client",
+ "AsyncClient",
+ "Server",
+ "Protocol",
+ "Area",
+ "Block",
+ "WordLen",
+ "SrvEvent",
+ "SrvArea",
+ "Row",
+ "DB",
+]
diff --git a/s7/_protocol.py b/s7/_protocol.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bad2be02
--- /dev/null
+++ b/s7/_protocol.py
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+"""Protocol enum for unified S7 client."""
+
+from enum import Enum
+
+
+class Protocol(Enum):
+ """S7 communication protocol selection.
+
+ Attributes:
+ AUTO: Try S7CommPlus first, fall back to legacy S7 if unsupported.
+ LEGACY: Use legacy S7 protocol only (S7-300/400, basic S7-1200/1500).
+ S7COMMPLUS: Use S7CommPlus protocol only (S7-1200/1500 with full access).
+ """
+
+ AUTO = "auto"
+ LEGACY = "legacy"
+ S7COMMPLUS = "s7commplus"
diff --git a/s7/_s7commplus_async_client.py b/s7/_s7commplus_async_client.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..25559c44
--- /dev/null
+++ b/s7/_s7commplus_async_client.py
@@ -0,0 +1,715 @@
+"""Pure async S7CommPlus client for S7-1200/1500 PLCs (no legacy fallback).
+
+This is an internal module used by the unified ``s7.AsyncClient``. It provides
+raw S7CommPlus data operations without any fallback logic -- the unified
+client is responsible for deciding when to fall back to legacy S7.
+
+Reference: thomas-v2/S7CommPlusDriver (C#, LGPL-3.0)
+"""
+
+import asyncio
+import logging
+import ssl
+import struct
+from typing import Any, Optional
+
+from .protocol import (
+ DataType,
+ ElementID,
+ FunctionCode,
+ ObjectId,
+ Opcode,
+ ProtocolVersion,
+ READ_FUNCTION_CODES,
+ S7COMMPLUS_LOCAL_TSAP,
+ S7COMMPLUS_REMOTE_TSAP,
+)
+from .codec import encode_header, decode_header, encode_typed_value, encode_object_qualifier
+from .vlq import encode_uint32_vlq, decode_uint32_vlq, decode_uint64_vlq
+from ._s7commplus_client import _build_read_payload, _parse_read_response, _build_write_payload, _parse_write_response
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+# COTP constants
+_COTP_CR = 0xE0
+_COTP_CC = 0xD0
+_COTP_DT = 0xF0
+
+
+class S7CommPlusAsyncClient:
+ """Pure async S7CommPlus client without legacy fallback.
+
+ Use ``s7.AsyncClient`` for automatic protocol selection.
+ """
+
+ def __init__(self) -> None:
+ self._reader: Optional[asyncio.StreamReader] = None
+ self._writer: Optional[asyncio.StreamWriter] = None
+ self._session_id: int = 0
+ self._sequence_number: int = 0
+ self._protocol_version: int = 0
+ self._connected = False
+ self._lock = asyncio.Lock()
+
+ # V2+ IntegrityId tracking
+ self._integrity_id_read: int = 0
+ self._integrity_id_write: int = 0
+ self._with_integrity_id: bool = False
+
+ # TLS state
+ self._tls_active: bool = False
+ self._oms_secret: Optional[bytes] = None
+ self._server_session_version: Optional[int] = None
+ self._session_setup_ok: bool = False
+
+ @property
+ def connected(self) -> bool:
+ return self._connected
+
+ @property
+ def protocol_version(self) -> int:
+ return self._protocol_version
+
+ @property
+ def session_id(self) -> int:
+ return self._session_id
+
+ @property
+ def session_setup_ok(self) -> bool:
+ """Whether the S7CommPlus session setup succeeded for data operations."""
+ return self._session_setup_ok
+
+ @property
+ def tls_active(self) -> bool:
+ """Whether TLS is active on the connection."""
+ return self._tls_active
+
+ @property
+ def oms_secret(self) -> Optional[bytes]:
+ """OMS exporter secret from TLS session (None if TLS not active)."""
+ return self._oms_secret
+
+ async def connect(
+ self,
+ host: str,
+ port: int = 102,
+ rack: int = 0,
+ slot: int = 1,
+ *,
+ use_tls: bool = False,
+ tls_cert: Optional[str] = None,
+ tls_key: Optional[str] = None,
+ tls_ca: Optional[str] = None,
+ ) -> None:
+ """Connect to an S7-1200/1500 PLC using S7CommPlus.
+
+ Args:
+ host: PLC IP address or hostname
+ port: TCP port (default 102)
+ rack: PLC rack number (unused, kept for API symmetry)
+ slot: PLC slot number (unused, kept for API symmetry)
+ use_tls: Whether to activate TLS after InitSSL.
+ tls_cert: Path to client TLS certificate (PEM)
+ tls_key: Path to client private key (PEM)
+ tls_ca: Path to CA certificate for PLC verification (PEM)
+ """
+ self._host = host
+
+ # TCP connect
+ self._reader, self._writer = await asyncio.open_connection(host, port)
+
+ try:
+ # Step 1: COTP handshake with S7CommPlus TSAP values
+ await self._cotp_connect(S7COMMPLUS_LOCAL_TSAP, S7COMMPLUS_REMOTE_TSAP)
+
+ # Step 2: InitSSL handshake
+ await self._init_ssl()
+
+ # Step 3: TLS activation (between InitSSL and CreateObject)
+ if use_tls:
+ await self._activate_tls(tls_cert=tls_cert, tls_key=tls_key, tls_ca=tls_ca)
+
+ # Step 4: S7CommPlus session setup (CreateObject)
+ await self._create_session()
+
+ # Step 5: Version-specific validation
+ if self._protocol_version >= ProtocolVersion.V3:
+ if not use_tls:
+ logger.warning(
+ "PLC reports V3 protocol but TLS is not enabled. Connection may not work without use_tls=True."
+ )
+ elif self._protocol_version == ProtocolVersion.V2:
+ if not self._tls_active:
+ from snap7.error import S7ConnectionError
+
+ raise S7ConnectionError("PLC reports V2 protocol but TLS is not active. V2 requires TLS. Use use_tls=True.")
+ self._with_integrity_id = True
+ self._integrity_id_read = 0
+ self._integrity_id_write = 0
+ logger.info("V2 IntegrityId tracking enabled")
+
+ self._connected = True
+
+ # Step 6: Session setup - echo ServerSessionVersion back to PLC
+ if self._server_session_version is not None:
+ self._session_setup_ok = await self._setup_session()
+ else:
+ logger.warning("PLC did not provide ServerSessionVersion - session setup incomplete")
+ self._session_setup_ok = False
+ logger.info(
+ f"Async S7CommPlus connected to {host}:{port}, "
+ f"version=V{self._protocol_version}, session={self._session_id}, "
+ f"tls={self._tls_active}"
+ )
+
+ except Exception:
+ await self.disconnect()
+ raise
+
+ async def authenticate(self, password: str, username: str = "") -> None:
+ """Perform PLC password authentication (legitimation).
+
+ Args:
+ password: PLC password
+ username: Username for new-style auth (optional)
+
+ Raises:
+ S7ConnectionError: If not connected, TLS not active, or auth fails
+ """
+ if not self._connected:
+ from snap7.error import S7ConnectionError
+
+ raise S7ConnectionError("Not connected")
+
+ if not self._tls_active or self._oms_secret is None:
+ from snap7.error import S7ConnectionError
+
+ raise S7ConnectionError("Legitimation requires TLS. Connect with use_tls=True.")
+
+ challenge = await self._get_legitimation_challenge()
+ logger.info(f"Received legitimation challenge ({len(challenge)} bytes)")
+
+ from .legitimation import build_legacy_response, build_new_response
+
+ if username:
+ response_data = build_new_response(password, challenge, self._oms_secret, username)
+ await self._send_legitimation_new(response_data)
+ else:
+ try:
+ response_data = build_new_response(password, challenge, self._oms_secret, "")
+ await self._send_legitimation_new(response_data)
+ except NotImplementedError:
+ response_data = build_legacy_response(password, challenge)
+ await self._send_legitimation_legacy(response_data)
+
+ logger.info("PLC legitimation completed successfully")
+
+ async def _activate_tls(
+ self,
+ tls_cert: Optional[str] = None,
+ tls_key: Optional[str] = None,
+ tls_ca: Optional[str] = None,
+ ) -> None:
+ """Activate TLS 1.3 over the COTP connection."""
+ if self._writer is None:
+ from snap7.error import S7ConnectionError
+
+ raise S7ConnectionError("Cannot activate TLS: not connected")
+
+ ctx = ssl.SSLContext(ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENT)
+ ctx.minimum_version = ssl.TLSVersion.TLSv1_3
+
+ if hasattr(ctx, "set_ciphersuites"):
+ ctx.set_ciphersuites("TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384:TLS_AES_128_GCM_SHA256")
+
+ if tls_cert and tls_key:
+ ctx.load_cert_chain(tls_cert, tls_key)
+
+ if tls_ca:
+ ctx.load_verify_locations(tls_ca)
+ else:
+ ctx.check_hostname = False
+ ctx.verify_mode = ssl.CERT_NONE
+
+ transport = self._writer.transport
+ loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
+ new_transport = await loop.start_tls(
+ transport,
+ transport.get_protocol(),
+ ctx,
+ server_hostname=self._host,
+ )
+
+ self._writer._transport = new_transport
+ self._tls_active = True
+
+ if new_transport is None:
+ from snap7.error import S7ConnectionError
+
+ raise S7ConnectionError("TLS handshake failed: no transport returned")
+
+ ssl_object = new_transport.get_extra_info("ssl_object")
+ if ssl_object is not None:
+ try:
+ self._oms_secret = ssl_object.export_keying_material("EXPERIMENTAL_OMS", 32, None)
+ logger.debug("OMS exporter secret extracted from TLS session")
+ except (AttributeError, ssl.SSLError) as e:
+ logger.warning(f"Could not extract OMS exporter secret: {e}")
+ self._oms_secret = None
+
+ logger.info("TLS 1.3 activated on async COTP connection")
+
+ async def _get_legitimation_challenge(self) -> bytes:
+ """Request legitimation challenge from PLC."""
+ from .protocol import LegitimationId, DataType as DT
+
+ payload = bytearray()
+ payload += struct.pack(">I", self._session_id)
+ payload += encode_uint32_vlq(1)
+ payload += encode_uint32_vlq(1)
+ payload += encode_uint32_vlq(LegitimationId.SERVER_SESSION_REQUEST)
+ payload += struct.pack(">I", 0)
+
+ resp_payload = await self._send_request(FunctionCode.GET_VAR_SUBSTREAMED, bytes(payload))
+
+ offset = 0
+ return_value, consumed = decode_uint64_vlq(resp_payload, offset)
+ offset += consumed
+
+ if return_value != 0:
+ from snap7.error import S7ConnectionError
+
+ raise S7ConnectionError(f"GetVarSubStreamed for challenge failed: return_value={return_value}")
+
+ if offset + 2 > len(resp_payload):
+ from snap7.error import S7ConnectionError
+
+ raise S7ConnectionError("Challenge response too short")
+
+ _flags = resp_payload[offset]
+ datatype = resp_payload[offset + 1]
+ offset += 2
+
+ if datatype == DT.BLOB:
+ length, consumed = decode_uint32_vlq(resp_payload, offset)
+ offset += consumed
+ return bytes(resp_payload[offset : offset + length])
+ else:
+ count, consumed = decode_uint32_vlq(resp_payload, offset)
+ offset += consumed
+ return bytes(resp_payload[offset : offset + count])
+
+ async def _send_legitimation_new(self, encrypted_response: bytes) -> None:
+ """Send new-style legitimation response (AES-256-CBC encrypted)."""
+ from .protocol import LegitimationId, DataType as DT
+
+ payload = bytearray()
+ payload += struct.pack(">I", self._session_id)
+ payload += encode_uint32_vlq(1)
+ payload += encode_uint32_vlq(LegitimationId.LEGITIMATE)
+ payload += bytes([0x00, DT.BLOB])
+ payload += encode_uint32_vlq(len(encrypted_response))
+ payload += encrypted_response
+ payload += struct.pack(">I", 0)
+
+ resp_payload = await self._send_request(FunctionCode.SET_VARIABLE, bytes(payload))
+
+ if len(resp_payload) >= 1:
+ return_value, _ = decode_uint64_vlq(resp_payload, 0)
+ if return_value < 0:
+ from snap7.error import S7ConnectionError
+
+ raise S7ConnectionError(f"Legitimation rejected by PLC: return_value={return_value}")
+ logger.debug(f"New legitimation return_value={return_value}")
+
+ async def _send_legitimation_legacy(self, response: bytes) -> None:
+ """Send legacy legitimation response (SHA-1 XOR)."""
+ from .protocol import LegitimationId, DataType as DT
+
+ payload = bytearray()
+ payload += struct.pack(">I", self._session_id)
+ payload += encode_uint32_vlq(1)
+ payload += encode_uint32_vlq(LegitimationId.SERVER_SESSION_RESPONSE)
+ payload += bytes([0x10, DT.USINT]) # flags=0x10 (array)
+ payload += encode_uint32_vlq(len(response))
+ payload += response
+ payload += struct.pack(">I", 0)
+
+ resp_payload = await self._send_request(FunctionCode.SET_VARIABLE, bytes(payload))
+
+ if len(resp_payload) >= 1:
+ return_value, _ = decode_uint64_vlq(resp_payload, 0)
+ if return_value < 0:
+ from snap7.error import S7ConnectionError
+
+ raise S7ConnectionError(f"Legacy legitimation rejected by PLC: return_value={return_value}")
+ logger.debug(f"Legacy legitimation return_value={return_value}")
+
+ async def disconnect(self) -> None:
+ """Disconnect from PLC."""
+ if self._connected and self._session_id:
+ try:
+ await self._delete_session()
+ except Exception:
+ pass
+
+ self._connected = False
+ self._session_id = 0
+ self._sequence_number = 0
+ self._protocol_version = 0
+ self._with_integrity_id = False
+ self._integrity_id_read = 0
+ self._integrity_id_write = 0
+ self._tls_active = False
+ self._oms_secret = None
+ self._server_session_version = None
+ self._session_setup_ok = False
+
+ if self._writer:
+ try:
+ self._writer.close()
+ await self._writer.wait_closed()
+ except Exception:
+ pass
+ self._writer = None
+ self._reader = None
+
+ async def db_read(self, db_number: int, start: int, size: int) -> bytes:
+ """Read raw bytes from a data block."""
+ payload = _build_read_payload([(db_number, start, size)])
+ response = await self._send_request(FunctionCode.GET_MULTI_VARIABLES, payload)
+
+ results = _parse_read_response(response)
+ if not results:
+ raise RuntimeError("Read returned no data")
+ if results[0] is None:
+ raise RuntimeError("Read failed: PLC returned error for item")
+ return results[0]
+
+ async def db_write(self, db_number: int, start: int, data: bytes) -> None:
+ """Write raw bytes to a data block."""
+ payload = _build_write_payload([(db_number, start, data)])
+ response = await self._send_request(FunctionCode.SET_MULTI_VARIABLES, payload)
+ _parse_write_response(response)
+
+ async def db_read_multi(self, items: list[tuple[int, int, int]]) -> list[bytes]:
+ """Read multiple data block regions in a single request."""
+ payload = _build_read_payload(items)
+ response = await self._send_request(FunctionCode.GET_MULTI_VARIABLES, payload)
+ parsed = _parse_read_response(response)
+ return [r if r is not None else b"" for r in parsed]
+
+ async def explore(self) -> bytes:
+ """Browse the PLC object tree."""
+ return await self._send_request(FunctionCode.EXPLORE, b"")
+
+ # -- Internal methods --
+
+ async def _send_request(self, function_code: int, payload: bytes) -> bytes:
+ """Send an S7CommPlus request and receive the response."""
+ async with self._lock:
+ if not self._connected or self._writer is None or self._reader is None:
+ raise RuntimeError("Not connected")
+
+ seq_num = self._next_sequence_number()
+
+ request_header = struct.pack(
+ ">BHHHHIB",
+ Opcode.REQUEST,
+ 0x0000,
+ function_code,
+ 0x0000,
+ seq_num,
+ self._session_id,
+ 0x36,
+ )
+
+ integrity_id_bytes = b""
+ if self._with_integrity_id and self._protocol_version >= ProtocolVersion.V2:
+ is_read = function_code in READ_FUNCTION_CODES
+ integrity_id = self._integrity_id_read if is_read else self._integrity_id_write
+ integrity_id_bytes = encode_uint32_vlq(integrity_id)
+
+ request = request_header + integrity_id_bytes + payload
+
+ frame = encode_header(self._protocol_version, len(request)) + request
+ frame += struct.pack(">BBH", 0x72, self._protocol_version, 0x0000)
+ await self._send_cotp_dt(frame)
+
+ if self._with_integrity_id and self._protocol_version >= ProtocolVersion.V2:
+ if function_code in READ_FUNCTION_CODES:
+ self._integrity_id_read = (self._integrity_id_read + 1) & 0xFFFFFFFF
+ else:
+ self._integrity_id_write = (self._integrity_id_write + 1) & 0xFFFFFFFF
+
+ response_data = await self._recv_cotp_dt()
+
+ version, data_length, consumed = decode_header(response_data)
+ response = response_data[consumed : consumed + data_length]
+
+ if len(response) < 14:
+ raise RuntimeError("Response too short")
+
+ resp_offset = 14
+ if self._with_integrity_id and self._protocol_version >= ProtocolVersion.V2:
+ if resp_offset < len(response):
+ _resp_iid, iid_consumed = decode_uint32_vlq(response, resp_offset)
+ resp_offset += iid_consumed
+
+ return response[resp_offset:]
+
+ async def _cotp_connect(self, local_tsap: int, remote_tsap: bytes) -> None:
+ """Perform COTP Connection Request / Confirm handshake."""
+ if self._writer is None or self._reader is None:
+ raise RuntimeError("Not connected")
+
+ base_pdu = struct.pack(">BBHHB", 6, _COTP_CR, 0x0000, 0x0001, 0x00)
+ calling_tsap = struct.pack(">BBH", 0xC1, 2, local_tsap)
+ called_tsap = struct.pack(">BB", 0xC2, len(remote_tsap)) + remote_tsap
+ pdu_size_param = struct.pack(">BBB", 0xC0, 1, 0x0A)
+
+ params = calling_tsap + called_tsap + pdu_size_param
+ cr_pdu = struct.pack(">B", 6 + len(params)) + base_pdu[1:] + params
+
+ tpkt = struct.pack(">BBH", 3, 0, 4 + len(cr_pdu)) + cr_pdu
+ self._writer.write(tpkt)
+ await self._writer.drain()
+
+ tpkt_header = await self._reader.readexactly(4)
+ _, _, length = struct.unpack(">BBH", tpkt_header)
+ payload = await self._reader.readexactly(length - 4)
+
+ if len(payload) < 7 or payload[1] != _COTP_CC:
+ raise RuntimeError(f"Expected COTP CC, got {payload[1]:#04x}")
+
+ async def _init_ssl(self) -> None:
+ """Send InitSSL request (required before CreateObject)."""
+ seq_num = self._next_sequence_number()
+
+ request = struct.pack(
+ ">BHHHHIB",
+ Opcode.REQUEST,
+ 0x0000,
+ FunctionCode.INIT_SSL,
+ 0x0000,
+ seq_num,
+ 0x00000000,
+ 0x30,
+ )
+ request += struct.pack(">I", 0)
+
+ frame = encode_header(ProtocolVersion.V1, len(request)) + request
+ frame += struct.pack(">BBH", 0x72, ProtocolVersion.V1, 0x0000)
+ await self._send_cotp_dt(frame)
+
+ response_data = await self._recv_cotp_dt()
+ version, data_length, consumed = decode_header(response_data)
+ response = response_data[consumed : consumed + data_length]
+
+ if len(response) < 14:
+ raise RuntimeError("InitSSL response too short")
+
+ logger.debug(f"InitSSL response received, version=V{version}")
+
+ async def _create_session(self) -> None:
+ """Send CreateObject to establish S7CommPlus session."""
+ seq_num = self._next_sequence_number()
+
+ request = struct.pack(
+ ">BHHHHIB",
+ Opcode.REQUEST,
+ 0x0000,
+ FunctionCode.CREATE_OBJECT,
+ 0x0000,
+ seq_num,
+ ObjectId.OBJECT_NULL_SERVER_SESSION,
+ 0x36,
+ )
+
+ request += struct.pack(">I", ObjectId.OBJECT_SERVER_SESSION_CONTAINER)
+ request += bytes([0x00, DataType.UDINT]) + encode_uint32_vlq(0)
+ request += struct.pack(">I", 0)
+
+ request += bytes([ElementID.START_OF_OBJECT])
+ request += struct.pack(">I", ObjectId.GET_NEW_RID_ON_SERVER)
+ request += encode_uint32_vlq(ObjectId.CLASS_SERVER_SESSION)
+ request += encode_uint32_vlq(0)
+ request += encode_uint32_vlq(0)
+
+ request += bytes([ElementID.ATTRIBUTE])
+ request += encode_uint32_vlq(ObjectId.SERVER_SESSION_CLIENT_RID)
+ request += encode_typed_value(DataType.RID, 0x80C3C901)
+
+ request += bytes([ElementID.START_OF_OBJECT])
+ request += struct.pack(">I", ObjectId.GET_NEW_RID_ON_SERVER)
+ request += encode_uint32_vlq(ObjectId.CLASS_SUBSCRIPTIONS)
+ request += encode_uint32_vlq(0)
+ request += encode_uint32_vlq(0)
+ request += bytes([ElementID.TERMINATING_OBJECT])
+
+ request += bytes([ElementID.TERMINATING_OBJECT])
+ request += struct.pack(">I", 0)
+
+ frame = encode_header(ProtocolVersion.V1, len(request)) + request
+ frame += struct.pack(">BBH", 0x72, ProtocolVersion.V1, 0x0000)
+ await self._send_cotp_dt(frame)
+
+ response_data = await self._recv_cotp_dt()
+ version, data_length, consumed = decode_header(response_data)
+ response = response_data[consumed : consumed + data_length]
+
+ if len(response) < 14:
+ raise RuntimeError("CreateObject response too short")
+
+ self._session_id = struct.unpack_from(">I", response, 9)[0]
+ self._protocol_version = version
+
+ self._parse_create_object_response(response[14:])
+
+ def _parse_create_object_response(self, payload: bytes) -> None:
+ """Parse CreateObject response to extract ServerSessionVersion (attribute 306)."""
+ offset = 0
+ while offset < len(payload):
+ tag = payload[offset]
+
+ if tag == ElementID.ATTRIBUTE:
+ offset += 1
+ if offset >= len(payload):
+ break
+ attr_id, consumed = decode_uint32_vlq(payload, offset)
+ offset += consumed
+
+ if attr_id == ObjectId.SERVER_SESSION_VERSION:
+ if offset + 2 > len(payload):
+ break
+ _flags = payload[offset]
+ datatype = payload[offset + 1]
+ offset += 2
+ if datatype in (DataType.UDINT, DataType.DWORD):
+ value, consumed = decode_uint32_vlq(payload, offset)
+ offset += consumed
+ self._server_session_version = value
+ logger.info(f"ServerSessionVersion = {value}")
+ return
+ else:
+ if offset + 2 > len(payload):
+ break
+ _flags = payload[offset]
+ _dt = payload[offset + 1]
+ offset += 2
+ if offset < len(payload):
+ _, consumed = decode_uint32_vlq(payload, offset)
+ offset += consumed
+
+ elif tag == ElementID.START_OF_OBJECT:
+ offset += 1
+ if offset + 4 > len(payload):
+ break
+ offset += 4
+ _, consumed = decode_uint32_vlq(payload, offset)
+ offset += consumed
+ _, consumed = decode_uint32_vlq(payload, offset)
+ offset += consumed
+ _, consumed = decode_uint32_vlq(payload, offset)
+ offset += consumed
+
+ elif tag == ElementID.TERMINATING_OBJECT:
+ offset += 1
+ elif tag == 0x00:
+ offset += 1
+ else:
+ offset += 1
+
+ logger.debug("ServerSessionVersion not found in CreateObject response")
+
+ async def _setup_session(self) -> bool:
+ """Echo ServerSessionVersion back to the PLC via SetMultiVariables."""
+ if self._server_session_version is None:
+ return False
+
+ payload = bytearray()
+ payload += struct.pack(">I", self._session_id)
+ payload += encode_uint32_vlq(1)
+ payload += encode_uint32_vlq(1)
+ payload += encode_uint32_vlq(ObjectId.SERVER_SESSION_VERSION)
+ payload += encode_uint32_vlq(1)
+ payload += bytes([0x00, DataType.UDINT])
+ payload += encode_uint32_vlq(self._server_session_version)
+ payload += bytes([0x00])
+ payload += encode_object_qualifier()
+ payload += struct.pack(">I", 0)
+
+ try:
+ resp_payload = await self._send_request(FunctionCode.SET_MULTI_VARIABLES, bytes(payload))
+ if len(resp_payload) >= 1:
+ return_value, _ = decode_uint64_vlq(resp_payload, 0)
+ if return_value != 0:
+ logger.warning(f"SetupSession: PLC returned error {return_value}")
+ return False
+ else:
+ logger.info("Session setup completed successfully")
+ return True
+ return False
+ except Exception as e:
+ logger.warning(f"SetupSession failed: {e}")
+ return False
+
+ async def _delete_session(self) -> None:
+ """Send DeleteObject to close the session."""
+ seq_num = self._next_sequence_number()
+
+ request = struct.pack(
+ ">BHHHHIB",
+ Opcode.REQUEST,
+ 0x0000,
+ FunctionCode.DELETE_OBJECT,
+ 0x0000,
+ seq_num,
+ self._session_id,
+ 0x36,
+ )
+ request += struct.pack(">I", 0)
+
+ frame = encode_header(self._protocol_version, len(request)) + request
+ frame += struct.pack(">BBH", 0x72, self._protocol_version, 0x0000)
+ await self._send_cotp_dt(frame)
+
+ try:
+ await asyncio.wait_for(self._recv_cotp_dt(), timeout=1.0)
+ except Exception:
+ pass
+
+ async def _send_cotp_dt(self, data: bytes) -> None:
+ """Send data wrapped in COTP DT + TPKT."""
+ if self._writer is None:
+ raise RuntimeError("Not connected")
+
+ cotp_dt = struct.pack(">BBB", 2, _COTP_DT, 0x80) + data
+ tpkt = struct.pack(">BBH", 3, 0, 4 + len(cotp_dt)) + cotp_dt
+ self._writer.write(tpkt)
+ await self._writer.drain()
+
+ async def _recv_cotp_dt(self) -> bytes:
+ """Receive TPKT + COTP DT and return the payload."""
+ if self._reader is None:
+ raise RuntimeError("Not connected")
+
+ tpkt_header = await self._reader.readexactly(4)
+ _, _, length = struct.unpack(">BBH", tpkt_header)
+ payload = await self._reader.readexactly(length - 4)
+
+ if len(payload) < 3 or payload[1] != _COTP_DT:
+ raise RuntimeError(f"Expected COTP DT, got {payload[1]:#04x}")
+
+ return payload[3:]
+
+ def _next_sequence_number(self) -> int:
+ seq = self._sequence_number
+ self._sequence_number = (self._sequence_number + 1) & 0xFFFF
+ return seq
+
+ async def __aenter__(self) -> "S7CommPlusAsyncClient":
+ return self
+
+ async def __aexit__(self, *args: Any) -> None:
+ await self.disconnect()
diff --git a/s7/_s7commplus_client.py b/s7/_s7commplus_client.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d70e9458
--- /dev/null
+++ b/s7/_s7commplus_client.py
@@ -0,0 +1,333 @@
+"""Pure S7CommPlus client for S7-1200/1500 PLCs (no legacy fallback).
+
+This is an internal module used by the unified ``s7.Client``. It provides
+raw S7CommPlus data operations without any fallback logic -- the unified
+client is responsible for deciding when to fall back to legacy S7.
+
+Reference: thomas-v2/S7CommPlusDriver (C#, LGPL-3.0)
+"""
+
+import logging
+import struct
+from typing import Any, Optional
+
+from .connection import S7CommPlusConnection
+from .protocol import FunctionCode, Ids
+from .vlq import encode_uint32_vlq, decode_uint32_vlq, decode_uint64_vlq
+from .codec import (
+ encode_item_address,
+ encode_object_qualifier,
+ encode_pvalue_blob,
+ decode_pvalue_to_bytes,
+)
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class S7CommPlusClient:
+ """Pure S7CommPlus client without legacy fallback.
+
+ Use ``s7.Client`` for automatic protocol selection.
+ """
+
+ def __init__(self) -> None:
+ self._connection: Optional[S7CommPlusConnection] = None
+
+ @property
+ def connected(self) -> bool:
+ return self._connection is not None and self._connection.connected
+
+ @property
+ def protocol_version(self) -> int:
+ """Protocol version negotiated with the PLC."""
+ if self._connection is None:
+ return 0
+ return self._connection.protocol_version
+
+ @property
+ def session_id(self) -> int:
+ """Session ID assigned by the PLC."""
+ if self._connection is None:
+ return 0
+ return self._connection.session_id
+
+ @property
+ def session_setup_ok(self) -> bool:
+ """Whether the S7CommPlus session setup succeeded for data operations."""
+ if self._connection is None:
+ return False
+ return self._connection.session_setup_ok
+
+ @property
+ def tls_active(self) -> bool:
+ """Whether TLS is active on the connection."""
+ if self._connection is None:
+ return False
+ return self._connection.tls_active
+
+ def connect(
+ self,
+ host: str,
+ port: int = 102,
+ rack: int = 0,
+ slot: int = 1,
+ use_tls: bool = False,
+ tls_cert: Optional[str] = None,
+ tls_key: Optional[str] = None,
+ tls_ca: Optional[str] = None,
+ password: Optional[str] = None,
+ ) -> None:
+ """Connect to an S7-1200/1500 PLC using S7CommPlus.
+
+ Args:
+ host: PLC IP address or hostname
+ port: TCP port (default 102)
+ rack: PLC rack number (unused, kept for API symmetry)
+ slot: PLC slot number (unused, kept for API symmetry)
+ use_tls: Whether to activate TLS (required for V2)
+ tls_cert: Path to client TLS certificate (PEM)
+ tls_key: Path to client private key (PEM)
+ tls_ca: Path to CA certificate for PLC verification (PEM)
+ password: PLC password for legitimation (V2+ with TLS)
+ """
+ self._connection = S7CommPlusConnection(host=host, port=port)
+ self._connection.connect(
+ use_tls=use_tls,
+ tls_cert=tls_cert,
+ tls_key=tls_key,
+ tls_ca=tls_ca,
+ )
+
+ if password is not None and self._connection.tls_active:
+ logger.info("Performing PLC legitimation (password authentication)")
+ self._connection.authenticate(password)
+
+ def disconnect(self) -> None:
+ """Disconnect from PLC."""
+ if self._connection:
+ self._connection.disconnect()
+ self._connection = None
+
+ def db_read(self, db_number: int, start: int, size: int) -> bytes:
+ """Read raw bytes from a data block.
+
+ Args:
+ db_number: Data block number
+ start: Start byte offset
+ size: Number of bytes to read
+
+ Returns:
+ Raw bytes read from the data block
+ """
+ if self._connection is None:
+ raise RuntimeError("Not connected")
+
+ payload = _build_read_payload([(db_number, start, size)])
+ response = self._connection.send_request(FunctionCode.GET_MULTI_VARIABLES, payload)
+ results = _parse_read_response(response)
+ if not results:
+ raise RuntimeError("Read returned no data")
+ if results[0] is None:
+ raise RuntimeError("Read failed: PLC returned error for item")
+ return results[0]
+
+ def db_write(self, db_number: int, start: int, data: bytes) -> None:
+ """Write raw bytes to a data block.
+
+ Args:
+ db_number: Data block number
+ start: Start byte offset
+ data: Bytes to write
+ """
+ if self._connection is None:
+ raise RuntimeError("Not connected")
+
+ payload = _build_write_payload([(db_number, start, data)])
+ response = self._connection.send_request(FunctionCode.SET_MULTI_VARIABLES, payload)
+ _parse_write_response(response)
+
+ def db_read_multi(self, items: list[tuple[int, int, int]]) -> list[bytes]:
+ """Read multiple data block regions in a single request.
+
+ Args:
+ items: List of (db_number, start_offset, size) tuples
+
+ Returns:
+ List of raw bytes for each item
+ """
+ if self._connection is None:
+ raise RuntimeError("Not connected")
+
+ payload = _build_read_payload(items)
+ response = self._connection.send_request(FunctionCode.GET_MULTI_VARIABLES, payload)
+ parsed = _parse_read_response(response)
+ return [r if r is not None else b"" for r in parsed]
+
+ def explore(self) -> bytes:
+ """Browse the PLC object tree.
+
+ Returns:
+ Raw response payload
+ """
+ if self._connection is None:
+ raise RuntimeError("Not connected")
+
+ response = self._connection.send_request(FunctionCode.EXPLORE, b"")
+ return response
+
+ def __enter__(self) -> "S7CommPlusClient":
+ return self
+
+ def __exit__(self, *args: Any) -> None:
+ self.disconnect()
+
+
+# -- Request/response builders (module-level for reuse by async client) --
+
+
+def _build_read_payload(items: list[tuple[int, int, int]]) -> bytes:
+ """Build a GetMultiVariables request payload.
+
+ Args:
+ items: List of (db_number, start_offset, size) tuples
+
+ Returns:
+ Encoded payload bytes (after the 14-byte request header)
+ """
+ addresses: list[bytes] = []
+ total_field_count = 0
+ for db_number, start, size in items:
+ access_area = Ids.DB_ACCESS_AREA_BASE + (db_number & 0xFFFF)
+ addr_bytes, field_count = encode_item_address(
+ access_area=access_area,
+ access_sub_area=Ids.DB_VALUE_ACTUAL,
+ lids=[start + 1, size],
+ )
+ addresses.append(addr_bytes)
+ total_field_count += field_count
+
+ payload = bytearray()
+ payload += struct.pack(">I", 0)
+ payload += encode_uint32_vlq(len(items))
+ payload += encode_uint32_vlq(total_field_count)
+ for addr in addresses:
+ payload += addr
+ payload += encode_object_qualifier()
+ payload += struct.pack(">I", 0)
+
+ return bytes(payload)
+
+
+def _parse_read_response(response: bytes) -> list[Optional[bytes]]:
+ """Parse a GetMultiVariables response payload.
+
+ Args:
+ response: Response payload (after the 14-byte response header)
+
+ Returns:
+ List of raw bytes per item (None for errored items)
+ """
+ offset = 0
+
+ return_value, consumed = decode_uint64_vlq(response, offset)
+ offset += consumed
+
+ if return_value != 0:
+ logger.error(f"_parse_read_response: PLC returned error: {return_value}")
+ return []
+
+ values: dict[int, bytes] = {}
+ while offset < len(response):
+ item_nr, consumed = decode_uint32_vlq(response, offset)
+ offset += consumed
+ if item_nr == 0:
+ break
+ raw_bytes, consumed = decode_pvalue_to_bytes(response, offset)
+ offset += consumed
+ values[item_nr] = raw_bytes
+
+ errors: dict[int, int] = {}
+ while offset < len(response):
+ err_item_nr, consumed = decode_uint32_vlq(response, offset)
+ offset += consumed
+ if err_item_nr == 0:
+ break
+ err_value, consumed = decode_uint64_vlq(response, offset)
+ offset += consumed
+ errors[err_item_nr] = err_value
+
+ max_item = max(max(values.keys(), default=0), max(errors.keys(), default=0))
+ results: list[Optional[bytes]] = []
+ for i in range(1, max_item + 1):
+ if i in values:
+ results.append(values[i])
+ else:
+ results.append(None)
+
+ return results
+
+
+def _build_write_payload(items: list[tuple[int, int, bytes]]) -> bytes:
+ """Build a SetMultiVariables request payload.
+
+ Args:
+ items: List of (db_number, start_offset, data) tuples
+
+ Returns:
+ Encoded payload bytes
+ """
+ addresses: list[bytes] = []
+ total_field_count = 0
+ for db_number, start, data in items:
+ access_area = Ids.DB_ACCESS_AREA_BASE + (db_number & 0xFFFF)
+ addr_bytes, field_count = encode_item_address(
+ access_area=access_area,
+ access_sub_area=Ids.DB_VALUE_ACTUAL,
+ lids=[start + 1, len(data)],
+ )
+ addresses.append(addr_bytes)
+ total_field_count += field_count
+
+ payload = bytearray()
+ payload += struct.pack(">I", 0)
+ payload += encode_uint32_vlq(len(items))
+ payload += encode_uint32_vlq(total_field_count)
+ for addr in addresses:
+ payload += addr
+ for i, (_, _, data) in enumerate(items, 1):
+ payload += encode_uint32_vlq(i)
+ payload += encode_pvalue_blob(data)
+ payload += bytes([0x00])
+ payload += encode_object_qualifier()
+ payload += struct.pack(">I", 0)
+
+ return bytes(payload)
+
+
+def _parse_write_response(response: bytes) -> None:
+ """Parse a SetMultiVariables response payload.
+
+ Raises:
+ RuntimeError: If the write failed
+ """
+ offset = 0
+
+ return_value, consumed = decode_uint64_vlq(response, offset)
+ offset += consumed
+
+ if return_value != 0:
+ raise RuntimeError(f"Write failed with return value {return_value}")
+
+ errors: list[tuple[int, int]] = []
+ while offset < len(response):
+ err_item_nr, consumed = decode_uint32_vlq(response, offset)
+ offset += consumed
+ if err_item_nr == 0:
+ break
+ err_value, consumed = decode_uint64_vlq(response, offset)
+ offset += consumed
+ errors.append((err_item_nr, err_value))
+
+ if errors:
+ err_str = ", ".join(f"item {nr}: error {val}" for nr, val in errors)
+ raise RuntimeError(f"Write failed: {err_str}")
diff --git a/s7/_s7commplus_server.py b/s7/_s7commplus_server.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2af0d769
--- /dev/null
+++ b/s7/_s7commplus_server.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1033 @@
+"""
+S7CommPlus server emulator for testing.
+
+Emulates an S7-1200/1500 PLC for integration testing without real hardware.
+Handles the S7CommPlus protocol including:
+- COTP connection setup (reuses ISOTCPConnection transport)
+- CreateObject session handshake
+- Explore (browse registered data blocks and variables)
+- GetMultiVariables / SetMultiVariables (read/write by address)
+- Internal PLC memory model with thread-safe access
+- V2 protocol emulation with TLS and IntegrityId tracking
+
+Supports both V1 (no TLS) and V2 (TLS + IntegrityId) emulation.
+
+Usage::
+
+ server = S7CommPlusServer()
+ server.register_db(1, {"temperature": ("Real", 0), "pressure": ("Real", 4)})
+ server.start(port=11020)
+
+ # V2 server with TLS:
+ server = S7CommPlusServer(protocol_version=ProtocolVersion.V2)
+ server.start(port=11020, use_tls=True, tls_cert="cert.pem", tls_key="key.pem")
+"""
+
+import logging
+import socket
+import ssl
+import struct
+import threading
+from enum import IntEnum
+from typing import Any, Callable, Optional
+
+from .protocol import (
+ DataType,
+ ElementID,
+ FunctionCode,
+ Opcode,
+ ProtocolVersion,
+ READ_FUNCTION_CODES,
+ SoftDataType,
+)
+from .vlq import encode_uint32_vlq, decode_uint32_vlq, encode_uint64_vlq
+from .codec import (
+ encode_header,
+ decode_header,
+ encode_typed_value,
+ encode_pvalue_blob,
+ decode_pvalue_to_bytes,
+)
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class CPUState(IntEnum):
+ """Emulated CPU operational state."""
+
+ UNKNOWN = 0
+ STOP = 1
+ RUN = 2
+
+
+# Mapping from SoftDataType to wire DataType and byte size
+_SOFT_TO_WIRE: dict[int, tuple[int, int]] = {
+ SoftDataType.BOOL: (DataType.BOOL, 1),
+ SoftDataType.BYTE: (DataType.BYTE, 1),
+ SoftDataType.CHAR: (DataType.BYTE, 1),
+ SoftDataType.WORD: (DataType.WORD, 2),
+ SoftDataType.INT: (DataType.INT, 2),
+ SoftDataType.DWORD: (DataType.DWORD, 4),
+ SoftDataType.DINT: (DataType.DINT, 4),
+ SoftDataType.REAL: (DataType.REAL, 4),
+ SoftDataType.LREAL: (DataType.LREAL, 8),
+ SoftDataType.USINT: (DataType.USINT, 1),
+ SoftDataType.UINT: (DataType.UINT, 2),
+ SoftDataType.UDINT: (DataType.UDINT, 4),
+ SoftDataType.SINT: (DataType.SINT, 1),
+ SoftDataType.ULINT: (DataType.ULINT, 8),
+ SoftDataType.LINT: (DataType.LINT, 8),
+ SoftDataType.LWORD: (DataType.LWORD, 8),
+ SoftDataType.STRING: (DataType.S7STRING, 256),
+ SoftDataType.WSTRING: (DataType.WSTRING, 512),
+}
+
+# Map string type names to SoftDataType values
+_TYPE_NAME_MAP: dict[str, int] = {
+ "Bool": SoftDataType.BOOL,
+ "Byte": SoftDataType.BYTE,
+ "Char": SoftDataType.CHAR,
+ "Word": SoftDataType.WORD,
+ "Int": SoftDataType.INT,
+ "DWord": SoftDataType.DWORD,
+ "DInt": SoftDataType.DINT,
+ "Real": SoftDataType.REAL,
+ "LReal": SoftDataType.LREAL,
+ "USInt": SoftDataType.USINT,
+ "UInt": SoftDataType.UINT,
+ "UDInt": SoftDataType.UDINT,
+ "SInt": SoftDataType.SINT,
+ "ULInt": SoftDataType.ULINT,
+ "LInt": SoftDataType.LINT,
+ "LWord": SoftDataType.LWORD,
+ "String": SoftDataType.STRING,
+ "WString": SoftDataType.WSTRING,
+}
+
+
+class DBVariable:
+ """A variable in a data block."""
+
+ def __init__(self, name: str, soft_datatype: int, byte_offset: int):
+ self.name = name
+ self.soft_datatype = soft_datatype
+ self.byte_offset = byte_offset
+
+ wire_info = _SOFT_TO_WIRE.get(soft_datatype, (DataType.BYTE, 1))
+ self.wire_datatype = wire_info[0]
+ self.byte_size = wire_info[1]
+
+ def __repr__(self) -> str:
+ return f"DBVariable({self.name!r}, type={self.soft_datatype}, offset={self.byte_offset})"
+
+
+class DataBlock:
+ """An emulated PLC data block with named variables."""
+
+ def __init__(self, number: int, size: int = 1024):
+ self.number = number
+ self.data = bytearray(size)
+ self.variables: dict[str, DBVariable] = {}
+ self.lock = threading.Lock()
+ # Assign a unique object ID for the S7CommPlus object tree
+ self.object_id = 0x00010000 | (number & 0xFFFF)
+
+ def add_variable(self, name: str, type_name: str, byte_offset: int) -> None:
+ """Register a named variable in this data block.
+
+ Args:
+ name: Variable name (e.g. "temperature")
+ type_name: PLC type name (e.g. "Real", "Int", "Bool")
+ byte_offset: Byte offset within the data block
+ """
+ soft_type = _TYPE_NAME_MAP.get(type_name)
+ if soft_type is None:
+ raise ValueError(f"Unknown type name: {type_name!r}")
+ self.variables[name] = DBVariable(name, soft_type, byte_offset)
+
+ def read(self, offset: int, size: int) -> bytes:
+ """Read bytes from the data block."""
+ with self.lock:
+ end = min(offset + size, len(self.data))
+ result = bytes(self.data[offset:end])
+ # Pad with zeros if reading past end
+ if len(result) < size:
+ result += b"\x00" * (size - len(result))
+ return result
+
+ def write(self, offset: int, data: bytes) -> None:
+ """Write bytes to the data block."""
+ with self.lock:
+ end = min(offset + len(data), len(self.data))
+ self.data[offset:end] = data[: end - offset]
+
+ def read_variable(self, name: str) -> tuple[int, bytes]:
+ """Read a named variable.
+
+ Returns:
+ Tuple of (wire_datatype, raw_bytes)
+ """
+ var = self.variables.get(name)
+ if var is None:
+ raise KeyError(f"Variable not found: {name!r}")
+ raw = self.read(var.byte_offset, var.byte_size)
+ return var.wire_datatype, raw
+
+ def write_variable(self, name: str, data: bytes) -> None:
+ """Write a named variable."""
+ var = self.variables.get(name)
+ if var is None:
+ raise KeyError(f"Variable not found: {name!r}")
+ self.write(var.byte_offset, data)
+
+
+class S7CommPlusServer:
+ """S7CommPlus PLC emulator for testing.
+
+ Emulates an S7-1200/1500 PLC with:
+ - Internal data block storage with named variables
+ - S7CommPlus protocol handling (V1 and V2)
+ - V2 TLS support with IntegrityId tracking
+ - Multi-client support (threaded)
+ - CPU state management
+ """
+
+ def __init__(self, protocol_version: int = ProtocolVersion.V1) -> None:
+ self._data_blocks: dict[int, DataBlock] = {}
+ self._cpu_state = CPUState.RUN
+ self._protocol_version = protocol_version
+ self._next_session_id = 1
+
+ self._server_socket: Optional[socket.socket] = None
+ self._server_thread: Optional[threading.Thread] = None
+ self._client_threads: list[threading.Thread] = []
+ self._running = False
+ self._lock = threading.Lock()
+ self._event_callback: Optional[Callable[..., None]] = None
+
+ # TLS configuration (V2)
+ self._ssl_context: Optional[ssl.SSLContext] = None
+ self._use_tls: bool = False
+
+ @property
+ def cpu_state(self) -> CPUState:
+ return self._cpu_state
+
+ @cpu_state.setter
+ def cpu_state(self, state: CPUState) -> None:
+ self._cpu_state = state
+
+ def register_db(self, db_number: int, variables: dict[str, tuple[str, int]], size: int = 1024) -> DataBlock:
+ """Register a data block with named variables.
+
+ Args:
+ db_number: Data block number (e.g. 1 for DB1)
+ variables: Dict mapping variable name to (type_name, byte_offset)
+ e.g. {"temperature": ("Real", 0), "count": ("Int", 4)}
+ size: Data block size in bytes
+
+ Returns:
+ The created DataBlock
+
+ Example::
+
+ server.register_db(1, {
+ "temperature": ("Real", 0),
+ "pressure": ("Real", 4),
+ "running": ("Bool", 8),
+ "count": ("DInt", 10),
+ })
+ """
+ db = DataBlock(db_number, size)
+ for name, (type_name, offset) in variables.items():
+ db.add_variable(name, type_name, offset)
+ self._data_blocks[db_number] = db
+ return db
+
+ def register_raw_db(self, db_number: int, data: bytearray) -> DataBlock:
+ """Register a data block with raw data (no named variables).
+
+ Args:
+ db_number: Data block number
+ data: Initial data block content
+
+ Returns:
+ The created DataBlock
+ """
+ db = DataBlock(db_number, len(data))
+ db.data = data
+ self._data_blocks[db_number] = db
+ return db
+
+ def get_db(self, db_number: int) -> Optional[DataBlock]:
+ """Get a registered data block."""
+ return self._data_blocks.get(db_number)
+
+ def start(
+ self,
+ host: str = "0.0.0.0",
+ port: int = 11020,
+ use_tls: bool = False,
+ tls_cert: Optional[str] = None,
+ tls_key: Optional[str] = None,
+ tls_ca: Optional[str] = None,
+ ) -> None:
+ """Start the server.
+
+ Args:
+ host: Bind address
+ port: TCP port to listen on
+ use_tls: Whether to wrap client sockets with TLS after InitSSL
+ tls_cert: Path to server TLS certificate (PEM)
+ tls_key: Path to server private key (PEM)
+ tls_ca: Path to CA certificate for client verification (PEM)
+ """
+ if self._running:
+ raise RuntimeError("Server is already running")
+
+ self._use_tls = use_tls
+ if use_tls:
+ if not tls_cert or not tls_key:
+ raise ValueError("TLS requires tls_cert and tls_key")
+ self._ssl_context = ssl.SSLContext(ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS_SERVER)
+ self._ssl_context.minimum_version = ssl.TLSVersion.TLSv1_3
+ self._ssl_context.load_cert_chain(tls_cert, tls_key)
+ if tls_ca:
+ self._ssl_context.load_verify_locations(tls_ca)
+ self._ssl_context.verify_mode = ssl.CERT_REQUIRED
+ else:
+ self._ssl_context.verify_mode = ssl.CERT_NONE
+
+ self._server_socket = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
+ self._server_socket.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
+ self._server_socket.settimeout(1.0)
+ self._server_socket.bind((host, port))
+ self._server_socket.listen(5)
+
+ self._running = True
+ self._server_thread = threading.Thread(target=self._server_loop, daemon=True, name="s7commplus-server")
+ self._server_thread.start()
+ logger.info(f"S7CommPlus server started on {host}:{port} (TLS={use_tls}, V{self._protocol_version})")
+
+ def stop(self) -> None:
+ """Stop the server."""
+ self._running = False
+
+ if self._server_socket:
+ try:
+ self._server_socket.close()
+ except Exception:
+ pass
+ self._server_socket = None
+
+ if self._server_thread:
+ self._server_thread.join(timeout=5.0)
+ self._server_thread = None
+
+ for t in self._client_threads:
+ t.join(timeout=2.0)
+ self._client_threads.clear()
+
+ logger.info("S7CommPlus server stopped")
+
+ def _server_loop(self) -> None:
+ """Main server accept loop."""
+ while self._running:
+ try:
+ if self._server_socket is None:
+ break
+ client_sock, address = self._server_socket.accept()
+ logger.info(f"Client connected from {address}")
+ t = threading.Thread(
+ target=self._handle_client,
+ args=(client_sock, address),
+ daemon=True,
+ name=f"s7commplus-client-{address}",
+ )
+ self._client_threads.append(t)
+ t.start()
+ except socket.timeout:
+ continue
+ except OSError:
+ break
+
+ def _handle_client(self, client_sock: socket.socket, address: tuple[str, int]) -> None:
+ """Handle a single client connection."""
+ try:
+ client_sock.settimeout(5.0)
+
+ # Step 1: COTP handshake
+ if not self._handle_cotp_connect(client_sock):
+ return
+
+ # Step 2: S7CommPlus session
+ session_id = 0
+ tls_activated = False
+ # Per-client IntegrityId tracking (V2+)
+ integrity_id_read = 0
+ integrity_id_write = 0
+
+ while self._running:
+ try:
+ # Receive TPKT + COTP DT + S7CommPlus data
+ data = self._recv_s7commplus_frame(client_sock)
+ if data is None:
+ break
+
+ # Process the S7CommPlus request
+ response = self._process_request(data, session_id, integrity_id_read, integrity_id_write)
+
+ if response is not None:
+ # Check if session ID was assigned
+ if session_id == 0 and len(response) >= 14:
+ session_id = struct.unpack_from(">I", response, 9)[0]
+
+ self._send_s7commplus_frame(client_sock, response)
+
+ # After InitSSL response, activate TLS if configured
+ if (
+ not tls_activated
+ and self._use_tls
+ and self._ssl_context is not None
+ and data is not None
+ and len(data) >= 8
+ ):
+ # Check if this was an InitSSL request
+ try:
+ _, _, hdr_consumed = decode_header(data)
+ payload = data[hdr_consumed:]
+ if len(payload) >= 14:
+ func_code = struct.unpack_from(">H", payload, 3)[0]
+ if func_code == FunctionCode.INIT_SSL:
+ client_sock = self._ssl_context.wrap_socket(client_sock, server_side=True)
+ tls_activated = True
+ logger.debug(f"TLS activated for client {address}")
+ except (ValueError, struct.error):
+ pass
+
+ # Update IntegrityId counters based on function code (V2+)
+ if self._protocol_version >= ProtocolVersion.V2 and session_id != 0:
+ try:
+ _, _, hdr_consumed = decode_header(data)
+ payload = data[hdr_consumed:]
+ if len(payload) >= 14:
+ func_code = struct.unpack_from(">H", payload, 3)[0]
+ if func_code in READ_FUNCTION_CODES:
+ integrity_id_read = (integrity_id_read + 1) & 0xFFFFFFFF
+ elif func_code not in (
+ FunctionCode.INIT_SSL,
+ FunctionCode.CREATE_OBJECT,
+ ):
+ integrity_id_write = (integrity_id_write + 1) & 0xFFFFFFFF
+ except (ValueError, struct.error):
+ pass
+
+ except socket.timeout:
+ continue
+ except (ConnectionError, OSError):
+ break
+
+ except Exception as e:
+ logger.debug(f"Client handler error: {e}")
+ finally:
+ try:
+ client_sock.close()
+ except Exception:
+ pass
+ logger.info(f"Client disconnected: {address}")
+
+ def _handle_cotp_connect(self, sock: socket.socket) -> bool:
+ """Handle COTP Connection Request / Confirm."""
+ try:
+ # Receive TPKT header
+ tpkt_header = self._recv_exact(sock, 4)
+ version, _, length = struct.unpack(">BBH", tpkt_header)
+ if version != 3:
+ return False
+
+ # Receive COTP CR
+ payload = self._recv_exact(sock, length - 4)
+ if len(payload) < 7:
+ return False
+
+ _pdu_len, pdu_type = payload[0], payload[1]
+ if pdu_type != 0xE0: # COTP CR
+ return False
+
+ # Parse source ref from CR
+ src_ref = struct.unpack_from(">H", payload, 4)[0]
+
+ # Build COTP CC response
+ cc_pdu = struct.pack(
+ ">BBHHB",
+ 6, # PDU length
+ 0xD0, # COTP CC
+ src_ref, # Destination ref (client's src ref)
+ 0x0001, # Source ref (our ref)
+ 0x00, # Class 0
+ )
+
+ # Add PDU size parameter
+ pdu_size_param = struct.pack(">BBB", 0xC0, 1, 0x0A) # 1024 bytes
+ cc_pdu = struct.pack(">B", 6 + len(pdu_size_param)) + cc_pdu[1:] + pdu_size_param
+
+ # Send TPKT + CC
+ tpkt = struct.pack(">BBH", 3, 0, 4 + len(cc_pdu)) + cc_pdu
+ sock.sendall(tpkt)
+
+ logger.debug("COTP connection established")
+ return True
+
+ except Exception as e:
+ logger.debug(f"COTP handshake failed: {e}")
+ return False
+
+ def _recv_s7commplus_frame(self, sock: socket.socket) -> Optional[bytes]:
+ """Receive a TPKT/COTP/S7CommPlus frame, return the S7CommPlus payload."""
+ try:
+ # TPKT header
+ tpkt_header = self._recv_exact(sock, 4)
+ version, _, length = struct.unpack(">BBH", tpkt_header)
+ if version != 3 or length <= 4:
+ return None
+
+ # Remaining data
+ payload = self._recv_exact(sock, length - 4)
+
+ # Skip COTP DT header (3 bytes: length, type 0xF0, EOT)
+ if len(payload) < 3 or payload[1] != 0xF0:
+ return None
+
+ return payload[3:] # S7CommPlus data
+
+ except Exception:
+ return None
+
+ def _send_s7commplus_frame(self, sock: socket.socket, data: bytes) -> None:
+ """Send an S7CommPlus frame wrapped in TPKT/COTP."""
+ # S7CommPlus header (4 bytes) + data + trailer (4 bytes)
+ s7plus_frame = encode_header(self._protocol_version, len(data)) + data
+ s7plus_frame += struct.pack(">BBH", 0x72, self._protocol_version, 0x0000)
+
+ # COTP DT header
+ cotp_dt = struct.pack(">BBB", 2, 0xF0, 0x80) + s7plus_frame
+
+ # TPKT
+ tpkt = struct.pack(">BBH", 3, 0, 4 + len(cotp_dt)) + cotp_dt
+ sock.sendall(tpkt)
+
+ def _process_request(
+ self,
+ data: bytes,
+ session_id: int,
+ integrity_id_read: int = 0,
+ integrity_id_write: int = 0,
+ ) -> Optional[bytes]:
+ """Process an S7CommPlus request and return a response."""
+ if len(data) < 4:
+ return None
+
+ # Parse S7CommPlus frame header
+ try:
+ version, data_length, consumed = decode_header(data)
+ except ValueError:
+ return None
+
+ # Use data_length to exclude any trailer
+ payload = data[consumed : consumed + data_length]
+ if len(payload) < 14:
+ return None
+
+ # Parse request header
+ opcode = payload[0]
+ if opcode != Opcode.REQUEST:
+ return None
+
+ function_code = struct.unpack_from(">H", payload, 3)[0]
+ seq_num = struct.unpack_from(">H", payload, 7)[0]
+ req_session_id = struct.unpack_from(">I", payload, 9)[0]
+
+ # For V2+, skip IntegrityId after the 14-byte header
+ request_offset = 14
+ if (
+ self._protocol_version >= ProtocolVersion.V2
+ and session_id != 0
+ and function_code not in (FunctionCode.INIT_SSL, FunctionCode.CREATE_OBJECT)
+ ):
+ if request_offset < len(payload):
+ _req_iid, iid_consumed = decode_uint32_vlq(payload, request_offset)
+ request_offset += iid_consumed
+
+ request_data = payload[request_offset:]
+
+ if function_code == FunctionCode.INIT_SSL:
+ return self._handle_init_ssl(seq_num)
+ elif function_code == FunctionCode.CREATE_OBJECT:
+ return self._handle_create_object(seq_num, request_data)
+ elif function_code == FunctionCode.DELETE_OBJECT:
+ return self._handle_delete_object(seq_num, req_session_id)
+ elif function_code == FunctionCode.EXPLORE:
+ return self._handle_explore(seq_num, req_session_id, request_data)
+ elif function_code == FunctionCode.GET_MULTI_VARIABLES:
+ return self._handle_get_multi_variables(seq_num, req_session_id, request_data)
+ elif function_code == FunctionCode.SET_MULTI_VARIABLES:
+ return self._handle_set_multi_variables(seq_num, req_session_id, request_data)
+ else:
+ return self._build_error_response(seq_num, req_session_id, function_code)
+
+ def _build_response_header(
+ self,
+ function_code: int,
+ seq_num: int,
+ session_id: int,
+ include_integrity_id: bool = False,
+ integrity_id: int = 0,
+ ) -> bytes:
+ """Build a 14-byte response header, optionally with IntegrityId (V2+).
+
+ Args:
+ function_code: Response function code
+ seq_num: Sequence number echoed from request
+ session_id: Session ID
+ include_integrity_id: If True, append VLQ IntegrityId after header
+ integrity_id: IntegrityId value to include
+
+ Returns:
+ Response header bytes (14 bytes, or 14+VLQ for V2+)
+ """
+ header = struct.pack(
+ ">BHHHHIB",
+ Opcode.RESPONSE,
+ 0x0000,
+ function_code,
+ 0x0000,
+ seq_num,
+ session_id,
+ 0x00,
+ )
+ if include_integrity_id:
+ header += encode_uint32_vlq(integrity_id)
+ return header
+
+ def _handle_init_ssl(self, seq_num: int) -> bytes:
+ """Handle InitSSL -- respond to SSL initialization (V1 emulation, no real TLS)."""
+ response = bytearray()
+ response += struct.pack(
+ ">BHHHHIB",
+ Opcode.RESPONSE,
+ 0x0000,
+ FunctionCode.INIT_SSL,
+ 0x0000,
+ seq_num,
+ 0x00000000,
+ 0x00, # Transport flags
+ )
+ response += encode_uint32_vlq(0) # Return code: success
+ response += struct.pack(">I", 0)
+ return bytes(response)
+
+ def _handle_create_object(self, seq_num: int, request_data: bytes) -> bytes:
+ """Handle CreateObject -- establish a session."""
+ with self._lock:
+ session_id = self._next_session_id
+ self._next_session_id += 1
+
+ # Build CreateObject response
+ response = bytearray()
+
+ # Response header
+ response += struct.pack(
+ ">BHHHHIB",
+ Opcode.RESPONSE,
+ 0x0000, # Reserved
+ FunctionCode.CREATE_OBJECT,
+ 0x0000, # Reserved
+ seq_num,
+ session_id,
+ 0x00, # Transport flags
+ )
+
+ # Return code: success
+ response += encode_uint32_vlq(0)
+
+ # Object with session info
+ response += bytes([ElementID.START_OF_OBJECT])
+ response += struct.pack(">I", 0x00000001) # Relation ID
+ response += encode_uint32_vlq(0x00000000) # Class ID
+ response += encode_uint32_vlq(0x00000000) # Class flags
+ response += encode_uint32_vlq(0x00000000) # Attribute ID
+
+ # Session ID attribute
+ response += bytes([ElementID.ATTRIBUTE])
+ response += encode_uint32_vlq(0x0131) # ServerSession ID attribute
+ response += encode_typed_value(DataType.UDINT, session_id)
+
+ # Protocol version attribute
+ response += bytes([ElementID.ATTRIBUTE])
+ response += encode_uint32_vlq(0x0132) # Protocol version attribute
+ response += encode_typed_value(DataType.USINT, self._protocol_version)
+
+ # ServerSessionVersion attribute (306) - required for session setup handshake
+ from .protocol import ObjectId
+
+ response += bytes([ElementID.ATTRIBUTE])
+ response += encode_uint32_vlq(ObjectId.SERVER_SESSION_VERSION)
+ response += bytes([0x00]) # flags
+ response += encode_typed_value(DataType.UDINT, self._protocol_version)
+
+ response += bytes([ElementID.TERMINATING_OBJECT])
+
+ # Trailing zeros
+ response += struct.pack(">I", 0)
+
+ return bytes(response)
+
+ def _handle_delete_object(self, seq_num: int, session_id: int) -> bytes:
+ """Handle DeleteObject -- close a session."""
+ response = bytearray()
+ response += struct.pack(
+ ">BHHHHIB",
+ Opcode.RESPONSE,
+ 0x0000,
+ FunctionCode.DELETE_OBJECT,
+ 0x0000,
+ seq_num,
+ session_id,
+ 0x00,
+ )
+ response += encode_uint32_vlq(0) # Return code: success
+ response += struct.pack(">I", 0)
+ return bytes(response)
+
+ def _handle_explore(self, seq_num: int, session_id: int, request_data: bytes) -> bytes:
+ """Handle Explore -- return the object tree (registered data blocks)."""
+ response = bytearray()
+ response += struct.pack(
+ ">BHHHHIB",
+ Opcode.RESPONSE,
+ 0x0000,
+ FunctionCode.EXPLORE,
+ 0x0000,
+ seq_num,
+ session_id,
+ 0x00,
+ )
+ response += encode_uint32_vlq(0) # Return code: success
+
+ # Return list of data blocks as objects
+ for db_num, db in sorted(self._data_blocks.items()):
+ response += bytes([ElementID.START_OF_OBJECT])
+ response += struct.pack(">I", db.object_id) # Relation ID
+ response += encode_uint32_vlq(0x00000100) # Class: DataBlock
+ response += encode_uint32_vlq(0x00000000) # Class flags
+ response += encode_uint32_vlq(0x00000000) # Attribute ID
+
+ # DB number attribute
+ response += bytes([ElementID.ATTRIBUTE])
+ response += encode_uint32_vlq(0x0001) # DB number attribute ID
+ response += encode_typed_value(DataType.UINT, db_num)
+
+ # DB size attribute
+ response += bytes([ElementID.ATTRIBUTE])
+ response += encode_uint32_vlq(0x0002) # DB size attribute ID
+ response += encode_typed_value(DataType.UDINT, len(db.data))
+
+ # Variable list
+ if db.variables:
+ response += bytes([ElementID.VARNAME_LIST])
+ response += encode_uint32_vlq(len(db.variables))
+ for var_name, var in db.variables.items():
+ name_bytes = var_name.encode("utf-8")
+ response += encode_uint32_vlq(len(name_bytes))
+ response += name_bytes
+ response += encode_uint32_vlq(var.soft_datatype)
+ response += encode_uint32_vlq(var.byte_offset)
+
+ response += bytes([ElementID.TERMINATING_OBJECT])
+
+ # Final terminator
+ response += struct.pack(">I", 0)
+ return bytes(response)
+
+ def _handle_get_multi_variables(self, seq_num: int, session_id: int, request_data: bytes) -> bytes:
+ """Handle GetMultiVariables -- read variables from data blocks.
+
+ Parses the S7CommPlus request format with ItemAddress structures.
+ The server extracts db_number from AccessArea and byte offset/size
+ from the LID values.
+
+ Reference: thomas-v2/S7CommPlusDriver/Core/GetMultiVariablesRequest.cs
+ """
+ response = bytearray()
+ response += struct.pack(
+ ">BHHHHIB",
+ Opcode.RESPONSE,
+ 0x0000,
+ FunctionCode.GET_MULTI_VARIABLES,
+ 0x0000,
+ seq_num,
+ session_id,
+ 0x00,
+ )
+
+ # Parse request payload
+ items = _server_parse_read_request(request_data)
+
+ # ReturnValue: success
+ response += encode_uint64_vlq(0)
+
+ # Value list: ItemNumber (1-based) + PValue, terminated by ItemNumber=0
+ for i, (db_num, byte_offset, byte_size) in enumerate(items, 1):
+ db = self._data_blocks.get(db_num)
+ if db is not None:
+ data = db.read(byte_offset, byte_size)
+ response += encode_uint32_vlq(i) # ItemNumber
+ response += encode_pvalue_blob(data) # Value as BLOB
+ # Errors handled in error list below
+
+ # Terminate value list
+ response += encode_uint32_vlq(0)
+
+ # Error list
+ for i, (db_num, byte_offset, byte_size) in enumerate(items, 1):
+ db = self._data_blocks.get(db_num)
+ if db is None:
+ response += encode_uint32_vlq(i) # ErrorItemNumber
+ response += encode_uint64_vlq(0x8104) # Error: object not found
+
+ # Terminate error list
+ response += encode_uint32_vlq(0)
+
+ # IntegrityId
+ response += encode_uint32_vlq(0)
+
+ return bytes(response)
+
+ def _handle_set_multi_variables(self, seq_num: int, session_id: int, request_data: bytes) -> bytes:
+ """Handle SetMultiVariables -- write variables to data blocks.
+
+ Reference: thomas-v2/S7CommPlusDriver/Core/SetMultiVariablesRequest.cs
+ """
+ response = bytearray()
+ response += struct.pack(
+ ">BHHHHIB",
+ Opcode.RESPONSE,
+ 0x0000,
+ FunctionCode.SET_MULTI_VARIABLES,
+ 0x0000,
+ seq_num,
+ session_id,
+ 0x00,
+ )
+
+ # Parse request payload
+ items, values = _server_parse_write_request(request_data)
+
+ # Write data
+ errors: list[tuple[int, int]] = []
+ for i, ((db_num, byte_offset, _), data) in enumerate(zip(items, values), 1):
+ db = self._data_blocks.get(db_num)
+ if db is not None:
+ db.write(byte_offset, data)
+ else:
+ errors.append((i, 0x8104)) # Object not found
+
+ # ReturnValue: success
+ response += encode_uint64_vlq(0)
+
+ # Error list
+ for err_item, err_code in errors:
+ response += encode_uint32_vlq(err_item)
+ response += encode_uint64_vlq(err_code)
+
+ # Terminate error list
+ response += encode_uint32_vlq(0)
+
+ # IntegrityId
+ response += encode_uint32_vlq(0)
+
+ return bytes(response)
+
+ def _build_error_response(self, seq_num: int, session_id: int, function_code: int) -> bytes:
+ """Build a generic error response for unsupported function codes."""
+ response = bytearray()
+ response += struct.pack(
+ ">BHHHHIB",
+ Opcode.RESPONSE,
+ 0x0000,
+ FunctionCode.ERROR,
+ 0x0000,
+ seq_num,
+ session_id,
+ 0x00,
+ )
+ response += encode_uint32_vlq(0x04B1) # Error function code
+ response += struct.pack(">I", 0)
+ return bytes(response)
+
+ @staticmethod
+ def _recv_exact(sock: socket.socket, size: int) -> bytes:
+ """Receive exactly the specified number of bytes."""
+ data = bytearray()
+ while len(data) < size:
+ chunk = sock.recv(size - len(data))
+ if not chunk:
+ raise ConnectionError("Connection closed")
+ data.extend(chunk)
+ return bytes(data)
+
+ def __enter__(self) -> "S7CommPlusServer":
+ return self
+
+ def __exit__(self, *args: Any) -> None:
+ self.stop()
+
+
+# -- Server-side request parsers --
+
+
+def _server_parse_read_request(request_data: bytes) -> list[tuple[int, int, int]]:
+ """Parse a GetMultiVariables request payload on the server side.
+
+ Extracts (db_number, byte_offset, byte_size) for each item from the
+ S7CommPlus ItemAddress format.
+
+ Returns:
+ List of (db_number, byte_offset, byte_size) tuples
+ """
+ if not request_data:
+ return []
+
+ offset = 0
+ items: list[tuple[int, int, int]] = []
+
+ # LinkId (UInt32 fixed)
+ if offset + 4 > len(request_data):
+ return []
+ offset += 4
+
+ # ItemCount (VLQ)
+ item_count, consumed = decode_uint32_vlq(request_data, offset)
+ offset += consumed
+
+ # FieldCount (VLQ)
+ _field_count, consumed = decode_uint32_vlq(request_data, offset)
+ offset += consumed
+
+ # Parse each ItemAddress
+ for _ in range(item_count):
+ if offset >= len(request_data):
+ break
+
+ # SymbolCrc
+ _symbol_crc, consumed = decode_uint32_vlq(request_data, offset)
+ offset += consumed
+
+ # AccessArea
+ access_area, consumed = decode_uint32_vlq(request_data, offset)
+ offset += consumed
+
+ # NumberOfLIDs
+ num_lids, consumed = decode_uint32_vlq(request_data, offset)
+ offset += consumed
+
+ # AccessSubArea (first LID)
+ _access_sub_area, consumed = decode_uint32_vlq(request_data, offset)
+ offset += consumed
+
+ # Additional LIDs
+ lids: list[int] = []
+ for _ in range(num_lids - 1): # -1 because AccessSubArea counts as one
+ if offset >= len(request_data):
+ break
+ lid_val, consumed = decode_uint32_vlq(request_data, offset)
+ offset += consumed
+ lids.append(lid_val)
+
+ # Extract db_number from AccessArea
+ db_num = access_area & 0xFFFF
+
+ # Extract byte offset and size from LIDs (LID offsets are 1-based)
+ byte_offset = (lids[0] - 1) if len(lids) > 0 else 0
+ byte_size = lids[1] if len(lids) > 1 else 1
+
+ items.append((db_num, byte_offset, byte_size))
+
+ return items
+
+
+def _server_parse_write_request(request_data: bytes) -> tuple[list[tuple[int, int, int]], list[bytes]]:
+ """Parse a SetMultiVariables request payload on the server side.
+
+ Returns:
+ Tuple of (items, values) where items is list of (db_number, byte_offset, byte_size)
+ and values is list of raw bytes to write
+ """
+ if not request_data:
+ return [], []
+
+ offset = 0
+
+ # InObjectId (UInt32 fixed)
+ if offset + 4 > len(request_data):
+ return [], []
+ offset += 4
+
+ # ItemCount (VLQ)
+ item_count, consumed = decode_uint32_vlq(request_data, offset)
+ offset += consumed
+
+ # FieldCount (VLQ)
+ _field_count, consumed = decode_uint32_vlq(request_data, offset)
+ offset += consumed
+
+ # Parse each ItemAddress
+ items: list[tuple[int, int, int]] = []
+ for _ in range(item_count):
+ if offset >= len(request_data):
+ break
+
+ # SymbolCrc
+ _symbol_crc, consumed = decode_uint32_vlq(request_data, offset)
+ offset += consumed
+
+ # AccessArea
+ access_area, consumed = decode_uint32_vlq(request_data, offset)
+ offset += consumed
+
+ # NumberOfLIDs
+ num_lids, consumed = decode_uint32_vlq(request_data, offset)
+ offset += consumed
+
+ # AccessSubArea
+ _access_sub_area, consumed = decode_uint32_vlq(request_data, offset)
+ offset += consumed
+
+ # Additional LIDs
+ lids: list[int] = []
+ for _ in range(num_lids - 1):
+ if offset >= len(request_data):
+ break
+ lid_val, consumed = decode_uint32_vlq(request_data, offset)
+ offset += consumed
+ lids.append(lid_val)
+
+ db_num = access_area & 0xFFFF
+ byte_offset = (lids[0] - 1) if len(lids) > 0 else 0 # LID offsets are 1-based
+ byte_size = lids[1] if len(lids) > 1 else 1
+ items.append((db_num, byte_offset, byte_size))
+
+ # Parse value list: ItemNumber (VLQ, 1-based) + PValue
+ values: list[bytes] = []
+ for _ in range(item_count):
+ if offset >= len(request_data):
+ break
+ item_nr, consumed = decode_uint32_vlq(request_data, offset)
+ offset += consumed
+ if item_nr == 0:
+ break
+ raw_bytes, consumed = decode_pvalue_to_bytes(request_data, offset)
+ offset += consumed
+ values.append(raw_bytes)
+
+ return items, values
diff --git a/s7/async_client.py b/s7/async_client.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c7bbeb7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/s7/async_client.py
@@ -0,0 +1,252 @@
+"""Unified async S7 client with protocol auto-discovery.
+
+Provides a single async client that automatically selects the best protocol
+(S7CommPlus or legacy S7) for communicating with Siemens S7 PLCs.
+
+Usage::
+
+ from s7 import AsyncClient
+
+ async with AsyncClient() as client:
+ await client.connect("192.168.1.10", 0, 1)
+ data = await client.db_read(1, 0, 4)
+"""
+
+import logging
+from typing import Any, Optional
+
+from snap7.async_client import AsyncClient as LegacyAsyncClient
+
+from ._protocol import Protocol
+from ._s7commplus_async_client import S7CommPlusAsyncClient
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class AsyncClient:
+ """Unified async S7 client with protocol auto-discovery.
+
+ Async counterpart of :class:`s7.Client`. Automatically selects the
+ best protocol for the target PLC using asyncio for non-blocking I/O.
+
+ Methods not explicitly defined are delegated to the underlying
+ legacy async client via ``__getattr__``.
+
+ Example::
+
+ from s7 import AsyncClient
+
+ async with AsyncClient() as client:
+ await client.connect("192.168.1.10", 0, 1)
+ data = await client.db_read(1, 0, 4)
+ print(client.protocol)
+ """
+
+ def __init__(self) -> None:
+ self._legacy: Optional[LegacyAsyncClient] = None
+ self._plus: Optional[S7CommPlusAsyncClient] = None
+ self._protocol: Protocol = Protocol.AUTO
+ self._host: str = ""
+ self._port: int = 102
+ self._rack: int = 0
+ self._slot: int = 1
+
+ @property
+ def protocol(self) -> Protocol:
+ """The protocol currently in use for DB operations."""
+ return self._protocol
+
+ @property
+ def connected(self) -> bool:
+ """Whether the client is connected to a PLC."""
+ if self._legacy is not None and self._legacy.connected:
+ return True
+ if self._plus is not None and self._plus.connected:
+ return True
+ return False
+
+ async def connect(
+ self,
+ address: str,
+ rack: int = 0,
+ slot: int = 1,
+ tcp_port: int = 102,
+ *,
+ protocol: Protocol = Protocol.AUTO,
+ use_tls: bool = False,
+ tls_cert: Optional[str] = None,
+ tls_key: Optional[str] = None,
+ tls_ca: Optional[str] = None,
+ ) -> "AsyncClient":
+ """Connect to an S7 PLC.
+
+ Args:
+ address: PLC IP address or hostname.
+ rack: PLC rack number.
+ slot: PLC slot number.
+ tcp_port: TCP port (default 102).
+ protocol: Protocol selection. AUTO tries S7CommPlus first,
+ then falls back to legacy S7.
+ use_tls: Whether to activate TLS after InitSSL.
+ tls_cert: Path to client TLS certificate (PEM).
+ tls_key: Path to client private key (PEM).
+ tls_ca: Path to CA certificate for PLC verification (PEM).
+
+ Returns:
+ self, for method chaining.
+ """
+ self._host = address
+ self._port = tcp_port
+ self._rack = rack
+ self._slot = slot
+
+ if protocol in (Protocol.AUTO, Protocol.S7COMMPLUS):
+ if await self._try_s7commplus(
+ address,
+ tcp_port,
+ rack,
+ slot,
+ use_tls=use_tls,
+ tls_cert=tls_cert,
+ tls_key=tls_key,
+ tls_ca=tls_ca,
+ ):
+ self._protocol = Protocol.S7COMMPLUS
+ logger.info(f"Async connected to {address}:{tcp_port} using S7CommPlus")
+ else:
+ if protocol == Protocol.S7COMMPLUS:
+ raise RuntimeError(
+ f"S7CommPlus connection to {address}:{tcp_port} failed and protocol=S7COMMPLUS was explicitly requested"
+ )
+ self._protocol = Protocol.LEGACY
+ logger.info(f"S7CommPlus not available, using legacy S7 for {address}:{tcp_port}")
+ else:
+ self._protocol = Protocol.LEGACY
+
+ # Always connect legacy client
+ self._legacy = LegacyAsyncClient()
+ await self._legacy.connect(address, rack, slot, tcp_port)
+ logger.info(f"Async legacy S7 connected to {address}:{tcp_port}")
+
+ return self
+
+ async def _try_s7commplus(
+ self,
+ address: str,
+ tcp_port: int,
+ rack: int,
+ slot: int,
+ *,
+ use_tls: bool = False,
+ tls_cert: Optional[str] = None,
+ tls_key: Optional[str] = None,
+ tls_ca: Optional[str] = None,
+ ) -> bool:
+ """Try to establish an S7CommPlus connection."""
+ plus = S7CommPlusAsyncClient()
+ try:
+ await plus.connect(
+ host=address,
+ port=tcp_port,
+ rack=rack,
+ slot=slot,
+ use_tls=use_tls,
+ tls_cert=tls_cert,
+ tls_key=tls_key,
+ tls_ca=tls_ca,
+ )
+ except Exception as e:
+ logger.debug(f"S7CommPlus connection failed: {e}")
+ return False
+
+ if not plus.session_setup_ok:
+ logger.debug("S7CommPlus session setup not OK, disconnecting")
+ await plus.disconnect()
+ return False
+
+ self._plus = plus
+ return True
+
+ async def disconnect(self) -> int:
+ """Disconnect from PLC.
+
+ Returns:
+ 0 on success (matches snap7.AsyncClient).
+ """
+ if self._plus is not None:
+ try:
+ await self._plus.disconnect()
+ except Exception:
+ pass
+ self._plus = None
+
+ if self._legacy is not None:
+ try:
+ await self._legacy.disconnect()
+ except Exception:
+ pass
+ self._legacy = None
+
+ self._protocol = Protocol.AUTO
+ return 0
+
+ async def db_read(self, db_number: int, start: int, size: int) -> bytearray:
+ """Read raw bytes from a data block."""
+ if self._protocol == Protocol.S7COMMPLUS and self._plus is not None:
+ return bytearray(await self._plus.db_read(db_number, start, size))
+ if self._legacy is not None:
+ return await self._legacy.db_read(db_number, start, size)
+ raise RuntimeError("Not connected")
+
+ async def db_write(self, db_number: int, start: int, data: bytearray) -> int:
+ """Write raw bytes to a data block.
+
+ Returns:
+ 0 on success (matches snap7.AsyncClient).
+ """
+ if self._protocol == Protocol.S7COMMPLUS and self._plus is not None:
+ await self._plus.db_write(db_number, start, bytes(data))
+ return 0
+ if self._legacy is not None:
+ return await self._legacy.db_write(db_number, start, data)
+ raise RuntimeError("Not connected")
+
+ async def db_read_multi(self, items: list[tuple[int, int, int]]) -> list[bytearray]:
+ """Read multiple data block regions in a single request."""
+ if self._protocol == Protocol.S7COMMPLUS and self._plus is not None:
+ return [bytearray(r) for r in await self._plus.db_read_multi(items)]
+ if self._legacy is not None:
+ results = []
+ for db, start, size in items:
+ results.append(await self._legacy.db_read(db, start, size))
+ return results
+ raise RuntimeError("Not connected")
+
+ async def explore(self) -> bytes:
+ """Browse the PLC object tree (S7CommPlus only).
+
+ Raises:
+ RuntimeError: If not connected via S7CommPlus.
+ """
+ if self._plus is None:
+ raise RuntimeError("explore() requires S7CommPlus connection")
+ return await self._plus.explore()
+
+ def __getattr__(self, name: str) -> Any:
+ """Delegate unknown methods to the legacy client."""
+ if name.startswith("_"):
+ raise AttributeError(name)
+ if self._legacy is not None:
+ return getattr(self._legacy, name)
+ raise AttributeError(f"'AsyncClient' object has no attribute {name!r} (not connected)")
+
+ async def __aenter__(self) -> "AsyncClient":
+ return self
+
+ async def __aexit__(self, *args: Any) -> None:
+ await self.disconnect()
+
+ def __repr__(self) -> str:
+ if self.connected:
+ return f""
+ return ""
diff --git a/s7/client.py b/s7/client.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3b624b88
--- /dev/null
+++ b/s7/client.py
@@ -0,0 +1,266 @@
+"""Unified S7 client with protocol auto-discovery.
+
+Provides a single client that automatically selects the best protocol
+(S7CommPlus or legacy S7) for communicating with Siemens S7 PLCs.
+
+Usage::
+
+ from s7 import Client
+
+ client = Client()
+ client.connect("192.168.1.10", 0, 1)
+ data = client.db_read(1, 0, 4)
+"""
+
+import logging
+from typing import Any, Optional
+
+from snap7.client import Client as LegacyClient
+
+from ._protocol import Protocol
+from ._s7commplus_client import S7CommPlusClient
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class Client:
+ """Unified S7 client with protocol auto-discovery.
+
+ Automatically selects the best protocol for the target PLC:
+ - S7CommPlus for S7-1200/1500 PLCs with full data operations
+ - Legacy S7 for S7-300/400 or when S7CommPlus is unavailable
+
+ Methods not explicitly defined are delegated to the underlying
+ legacy client via ``__getattr__``.
+
+ Example::
+
+ from s7 import Client
+
+ client = Client()
+ client.connect("192.168.1.10", 0, 1)
+ data = client.db_read(1, 0, 4)
+ print(client.protocol)
+ """
+
+ def __init__(self) -> None:
+ self._legacy: Optional[LegacyClient] = None
+ self._plus: Optional[S7CommPlusClient] = None
+ self._protocol: Protocol = Protocol.AUTO
+ self._host: str = ""
+ self._port: int = 102
+ self._rack: int = 0
+ self._slot: int = 1
+
+ @property
+ def protocol(self) -> Protocol:
+ """The protocol currently in use for DB operations."""
+ return self._protocol
+
+ @property
+ def connected(self) -> bool:
+ """Whether the client is connected to a PLC."""
+ if self._legacy is not None and self._legacy.connected:
+ return True
+ if self._plus is not None and self._plus.connected:
+ return True
+ return False
+
+ def connect(
+ self,
+ address: str,
+ rack: int = 0,
+ slot: int = 1,
+ tcp_port: int = 102,
+ *,
+ protocol: Protocol = Protocol.AUTO,
+ use_tls: bool = False,
+ tls_cert: Optional[str] = None,
+ tls_key: Optional[str] = None,
+ tls_ca: Optional[str] = None,
+ password: Optional[str] = None,
+ ) -> "Client":
+ """Connect to an S7 PLC.
+
+ Args:
+ address: PLC IP address or hostname.
+ rack: PLC rack number.
+ slot: PLC slot number.
+ tcp_port: TCP port (default 102).
+ protocol: Protocol selection. AUTO tries S7CommPlus first,
+ then falls back to legacy S7.
+ use_tls: Whether to activate TLS (required for V2+).
+ tls_cert: Path to client TLS certificate (PEM).
+ tls_key: Path to client private key (PEM).
+ tls_ca: Path to CA certificate for PLC verification (PEM).
+ password: PLC password for legitimation (V2+ with TLS).
+
+ Returns:
+ self, for method chaining.
+ """
+ self._host = address
+ self._port = tcp_port
+ self._rack = rack
+ self._slot = slot
+
+ if protocol in (Protocol.AUTO, Protocol.S7COMMPLUS):
+ if self._try_s7commplus(
+ address,
+ tcp_port,
+ rack,
+ slot,
+ use_tls=use_tls,
+ tls_cert=tls_cert,
+ tls_key=tls_key,
+ tls_ca=tls_ca,
+ password=password,
+ ):
+ self._protocol = Protocol.S7COMMPLUS
+ logger.info(f"Connected to {address}:{tcp_port} using S7CommPlus")
+ else:
+ if protocol == Protocol.S7COMMPLUS:
+ raise RuntimeError(
+ f"S7CommPlus connection to {address}:{tcp_port} failed and protocol=S7COMMPLUS was explicitly requested"
+ )
+ self._protocol = Protocol.LEGACY
+ logger.info(f"S7CommPlus not available, using legacy S7 for {address}:{tcp_port}")
+ else:
+ self._protocol = Protocol.LEGACY
+
+ # Always connect legacy client (needed for block ops, PLC control, etc.)
+ self._legacy = LegacyClient()
+ self._legacy.connect(address, rack, slot, tcp_port)
+ logger.info(f"Legacy S7 connected to {address}:{tcp_port}")
+
+ return self
+
+ def _try_s7commplus(
+ self,
+ address: str,
+ tcp_port: int,
+ rack: int,
+ slot: int,
+ *,
+ use_tls: bool = False,
+ tls_cert: Optional[str] = None,
+ tls_key: Optional[str] = None,
+ tls_ca: Optional[str] = None,
+ password: Optional[str] = None,
+ ) -> bool:
+ """Try to establish an S7CommPlus connection.
+
+ Returns True if S7CommPlus data operations are available.
+ """
+ plus = S7CommPlusClient()
+ try:
+ plus.connect(
+ host=address,
+ port=tcp_port,
+ rack=rack,
+ slot=slot,
+ use_tls=use_tls,
+ tls_cert=tls_cert,
+ tls_key=tls_key,
+ tls_ca=tls_ca,
+ password=password,
+ )
+ except Exception as e:
+ logger.debug(f"S7CommPlus connection failed: {e}")
+ return False
+
+ if not plus.session_setup_ok:
+ logger.debug("S7CommPlus session setup not OK, disconnecting")
+ plus.disconnect()
+ return False
+
+ self._plus = plus
+ return True
+
+ def disconnect(self) -> int:
+ """Disconnect from PLC.
+
+ Returns:
+ 0 on success (matches snap7.Client).
+ """
+ if self._plus is not None:
+ try:
+ self._plus.disconnect()
+ except Exception:
+ pass
+ self._plus = None
+
+ if self._legacy is not None:
+ try:
+ self._legacy.disconnect()
+ except Exception:
+ pass
+ self._legacy = None
+
+ self._protocol = Protocol.AUTO
+ return 0
+
+ def db_read(self, db_number: int, start: int, size: int) -> bytearray:
+ """Read raw bytes from a data block.
+
+ Uses S7CommPlus when available, otherwise legacy S7.
+ """
+ if self._protocol == Protocol.S7COMMPLUS and self._plus is not None:
+ return bytearray(self._plus.db_read(db_number, start, size))
+ if self._legacy is not None:
+ return self._legacy.db_read(db_number, start, size)
+ raise RuntimeError("Not connected")
+
+ def db_write(self, db_number: int, start: int, data: bytearray) -> int:
+ """Write raw bytes to a data block.
+
+ Uses S7CommPlus when available, otherwise legacy S7.
+
+ Returns:
+ 0 on success (matches snap7.Client).
+ """
+ if self._protocol == Protocol.S7COMMPLUS and self._plus is not None:
+ self._plus.db_write(db_number, start, bytes(data))
+ return 0
+ if self._legacy is not None:
+ return self._legacy.db_write(db_number, start, data)
+ raise RuntimeError("Not connected")
+
+ def db_read_multi(self, items: list[tuple[int, int, int]]) -> list[bytearray]:
+ """Read multiple data block regions in a single request.
+
+ Uses S7CommPlus native multi-read when available.
+ """
+ if self._protocol == Protocol.S7COMMPLUS and self._plus is not None:
+ return [bytearray(r) for r in self._plus.db_read_multi(items)]
+ if self._legacy is not None:
+ return [self._legacy.db_read(db, start, size) for db, start, size in items]
+ raise RuntimeError("Not connected")
+
+ def explore(self) -> bytes:
+ """Browse the PLC object tree (S7CommPlus only).
+
+ Raises:
+ RuntimeError: If not connected via S7CommPlus.
+ """
+ if self._plus is None:
+ raise RuntimeError("explore() requires S7CommPlus connection")
+ return self._plus.explore()
+
+ def __getattr__(self, name: str) -> Any:
+ """Delegate unknown methods to the legacy client."""
+ if name.startswith("_"):
+ raise AttributeError(name)
+ if self._legacy is not None:
+ return getattr(self._legacy, name)
+ raise AttributeError(f"'Client' object has no attribute {name!r} (not connected)")
+
+ def __enter__(self) -> "Client":
+ return self
+
+ def __exit__(self, *args: Any) -> None:
+ self.disconnect()
+
+ def __repr__(self) -> str:
+ if self.connected:
+ return f""
+ return ""
diff --git a/s7/codec.py b/s7/codec.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..74f94a2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/s7/codec.py
@@ -0,0 +1,495 @@
+"""
+S7CommPlus data encoding and decoding.
+
+Provides serialization for the S7CommPlus wire format including:
+- Fixed-width integers (big-endian)
+- VLQ-encoded integers
+- Floating point values
+- Strings (UTF-8 encoded WStrings)
+- Blobs (raw byte arrays)
+- S7CommPlus frame header
+
+Reference: thomas-v2/S7CommPlusDriver/Core/S7p.cs
+"""
+
+import struct
+from typing import Any
+
+from .protocol import PROTOCOL_ID, DataType, Ids
+from .vlq import (
+ encode_uint32_vlq,
+ decode_uint32_vlq,
+ encode_int32_vlq,
+ encode_uint64_vlq,
+ decode_uint64_vlq,
+ encode_int64_vlq,
+)
+
+
+def encode_header(version: int, data_length: int) -> bytes:
+ """Encode an S7CommPlus frame header.
+
+ Header format (4 bytes)::
+
+ [0] Protocol ID: 0x72
+ [1] Protocol version
+ [2-3] Data length (big-endian uint16)
+
+ Args:
+ version: Protocol version byte
+ data_length: Length of data following the header
+
+ Returns:
+ 4-byte header
+ """
+ return struct.pack(">BBH", PROTOCOL_ID, version, data_length)
+
+
+def decode_header(data: bytes, offset: int = 0) -> tuple[int, int, int]:
+ """Decode an S7CommPlus frame header.
+
+ Args:
+ data: Buffer containing the header
+ offset: Starting position
+
+ Returns:
+ Tuple of (protocol_version, data_length, bytes_consumed)
+
+ Raises:
+ ValueError: If protocol ID is not 0x72
+ """
+ if len(data) - offset < 4:
+ raise ValueError("Not enough data for S7CommPlus header")
+
+ proto_id, version, length = struct.unpack_from(">BBH", data, offset)
+
+ if proto_id != PROTOCOL_ID:
+ raise ValueError(f"Invalid protocol ID: {proto_id:#04x}, expected {PROTOCOL_ID:#04x}")
+
+ return version, length, 4
+
+
+def encode_request_header(
+ function_code: int,
+ sequence_number: int,
+ session_id: int = 0,
+ transport_flags: int = 0x36,
+) -> bytes:
+ """Encode an S7CommPlus request header (after the frame header).
+
+ Request header format::
+
+ [0] Opcode: 0x31 (Request)
+ [1-2] Reserved: 0x0000
+ [3-4] Function code (big-endian uint16)
+ [5-6] Reserved: 0x0000
+ [7-8] Sequence number (big-endian uint16)
+ [9-12] Session ID (big-endian uint32)
+ [13] Transport flags
+
+ Args:
+ function_code: S7CommPlus function code
+ sequence_number: Request sequence number
+ session_id: Session identifier (0 for initial connection)
+ transport_flags: Transport flags byte
+
+ Returns:
+ 14-byte request header
+ """
+ from .protocol import Opcode
+
+ return struct.pack(
+ ">BHHHHIB",
+ Opcode.REQUEST,
+ 0x0000, # Reserved
+ function_code,
+ 0x0000, # Reserved
+ sequence_number,
+ session_id,
+ transport_flags,
+ )
+
+
+def decode_response_header(data: bytes, offset: int = 0) -> dict[str, Any]:
+ """Decode an S7CommPlus response header.
+
+ Args:
+ data: Buffer containing the response
+ offset: Starting position
+
+ Returns:
+ Dictionary with opcode, function_code, sequence_number, session_id,
+ transport_flags, and bytes_consumed
+ """
+ if len(data) - offset < 14:
+ raise ValueError("Not enough data for S7CommPlus response header")
+
+ opcode, reserved1, function_code, reserved2, seq_num, session_id, transport_flags = struct.unpack_from(
+ ">BHHHHIB", data, offset
+ )
+
+ return {
+ "opcode": opcode,
+ "function_code": function_code,
+ "sequence_number": seq_num,
+ "session_id": session_id,
+ "transport_flags": transport_flags,
+ "bytes_consumed": 14,
+ }
+
+
+# -- Fixed-width encoding (big-endian) --
+
+
+def encode_uint8(value: int) -> bytes:
+ return struct.pack(">B", value)
+
+
+def decode_uint8(data: bytes, offset: int = 0) -> tuple[int, int]:
+ return struct.unpack_from(">B", data, offset)[0], 1
+
+
+def encode_uint16(value: int) -> bytes:
+ return struct.pack(">H", value)
+
+
+def decode_uint16(data: bytes, offset: int = 0) -> tuple[int, int]:
+ return struct.unpack_from(">H", data, offset)[0], 2
+
+
+def encode_uint32(value: int) -> bytes:
+ return struct.pack(">I", value)
+
+
+def decode_uint32(data: bytes, offset: int = 0) -> tuple[int, int]:
+ return struct.unpack_from(">I", data, offset)[0], 4
+
+
+def encode_uint64(value: int) -> bytes:
+ return struct.pack(">Q", value)
+
+
+def decode_uint64(data: bytes, offset: int = 0) -> tuple[int, int]:
+ return struct.unpack_from(">Q", data, offset)[0], 8
+
+
+def encode_int16(value: int) -> bytes:
+ return struct.pack(">h", value)
+
+
+def decode_int16(data: bytes, offset: int = 0) -> tuple[int, int]:
+ return struct.unpack_from(">h", data, offset)[0], 2
+
+
+def encode_int32(value: int) -> bytes:
+ return struct.pack(">i", value)
+
+
+def decode_int32(data: bytes, offset: int = 0) -> tuple[int, int]:
+ return struct.unpack_from(">i", data, offset)[0], 4
+
+
+def encode_int64(value: int) -> bytes:
+ return struct.pack(">q", value)
+
+
+def decode_int64(data: bytes, offset: int = 0) -> tuple[int, int]:
+ return struct.unpack_from(">q", data, offset)[0], 8
+
+
+def encode_float32(value: float) -> bytes:
+ return struct.pack(">f", value)
+
+
+def decode_float32(data: bytes, offset: int = 0) -> tuple[float, int]:
+ return struct.unpack_from(">f", data, offset)[0], 4
+
+
+def encode_float64(value: float) -> bytes:
+ return struct.pack(">d", value)
+
+
+def decode_float64(data: bytes, offset: int = 0) -> tuple[float, int]:
+ return struct.unpack_from(">d", data, offset)[0], 8
+
+
+# -- String encoding --
+
+
+def encode_wstring(value: str) -> bytes:
+ """Encode a string as UTF-8 (S7CommPlus WString wire format)."""
+ return value.encode("utf-8")
+
+
+def decode_wstring(data: bytes, offset: int, length: int) -> tuple[str, int]:
+ """Decode a UTF-8 string.
+
+ Args:
+ data: Buffer
+ offset: Start position
+ length: Number of bytes to decode
+
+ Returns:
+ Tuple of (decoded_string, bytes_consumed)
+ """
+ return data[offset : offset + length].decode("utf-8"), length
+
+
+# -- Typed value encoding --
+
+
+def encode_typed_value(datatype: int, value: Any) -> bytes:
+ """Encode a value with its type tag.
+
+ This prepends the DataType byte before the encoded value, which is how
+ attribute values are serialized in the S7CommPlus object model.
+
+ Args:
+ datatype: DataType enum value
+ value: Value to encode
+
+ Returns:
+ Type-tagged encoded value
+ """
+ tag = struct.pack(">B", datatype)
+
+ if datatype == DataType.NULL:
+ return tag
+ elif datatype == DataType.BOOL:
+ return tag + struct.pack(">B", 1 if value else 0)
+ elif datatype == DataType.USINT or datatype == DataType.BYTE:
+ return tag + struct.pack(">B", value)
+ elif datatype == DataType.UINT or datatype == DataType.WORD:
+ return tag + struct.pack(">H", value)
+ elif datatype == DataType.UDINT or datatype == DataType.DWORD:
+ return tag + encode_uint32_vlq(value)
+ elif datatype == DataType.ULINT or datatype == DataType.LWORD:
+ return tag + encode_uint64_vlq(value)
+ elif datatype == DataType.SINT:
+ return tag + struct.pack(">b", value)
+ elif datatype == DataType.INT:
+ return tag + struct.pack(">h", value)
+ elif datatype == DataType.DINT:
+ return tag + encode_int32_vlq(value)
+ elif datatype == DataType.LINT:
+ return tag + encode_int64_vlq(value)
+ elif datatype == DataType.REAL:
+ return tag + struct.pack(">f", value)
+ elif datatype == DataType.LREAL:
+ return tag + struct.pack(">d", value)
+ elif datatype == DataType.TIMESTAMP:
+ return tag + struct.pack(">Q", value)
+ elif datatype == DataType.TIMESPAN:
+ return tag + encode_int64_vlq(value)
+ elif datatype == DataType.RID:
+ return tag + struct.pack(">I", value)
+ elif datatype == DataType.AID:
+ return tag + encode_uint32_vlq(value)
+ elif datatype == DataType.WSTRING:
+ encoded: bytes = value.encode("utf-8")
+ return tag + encode_uint32_vlq(len(encoded)) + encoded
+ elif datatype == DataType.BLOB:
+ return bytes(tag + encode_uint32_vlq(len(value)) + value)
+ else:
+ raise ValueError(f"Unsupported DataType for encoding: {datatype:#04x}")
+
+
+# -- S7CommPlus request/response payload helpers --
+
+
+def encode_object_qualifier() -> bytes:
+ """Encode the S7CommPlus ObjectQualifier structure.
+
+ This fixed structure is appended to GetMultiVariables and
+ SetMultiVariables requests.
+
+ Reference: thomas-v2/S7CommPlusDriver/Core/S7p.cs EncodeObjectQualifier
+ """
+ result = bytearray()
+ result += struct.pack(">I", Ids.OBJECT_QUALIFIER)
+ # ParentRID = RID(0)
+ result += encode_uint32_vlq(Ids.PARENT_RID)
+ result += bytes([0x00, DataType.RID]) + struct.pack(">I", 0)
+ # CompositionAID = AID(0)
+ result += encode_uint32_vlq(Ids.COMPOSITION_AID)
+ result += bytes([0x00, DataType.AID]) + encode_uint32_vlq(0)
+ # KeyQualifier = UDInt(0)
+ result += encode_uint32_vlq(Ids.KEY_QUALIFIER)
+ result += bytes([0x00, DataType.UDINT]) + encode_uint32_vlq(0)
+ # Terminator
+ result += bytes([0x00])
+ return bytes(result)
+
+
+def encode_item_address(
+ access_area: int,
+ access_sub_area: int,
+ lids: list[int] | None = None,
+ symbol_crc: int = 0,
+) -> tuple[bytes, int]:
+ """Encode an S7CommPlus ItemAddress for variable access.
+
+ Args:
+ access_area: Access area ID (e.g., 0x8A0E0001 for DB1)
+ access_sub_area: Sub-area ID (e.g., Ids.DB_VALUE_ACTUAL)
+ lids: Additional LID values for sub-addressing
+ symbol_crc: Symbol CRC (0 for no CRC check)
+
+ Returns:
+ Tuple of (encoded_bytes, field_count)
+
+ Reference: thomas-v2/S7CommPlusDriver/ClientApi/ItemAddress.cs
+ """
+ if lids is None:
+ lids = []
+ result = bytearray()
+ result += encode_uint32_vlq(symbol_crc)
+ result += encode_uint32_vlq(access_area)
+ result += encode_uint32_vlq(len(lids) + 1) # +1 for AccessSubArea
+ result += encode_uint32_vlq(access_sub_area)
+ for lid in lids:
+ result += encode_uint32_vlq(lid)
+ field_count = 4 + len(lids) # SymbolCrc + AccessArea + NumLIDs + AccessSubArea + LIDs
+ return bytes(result), field_count
+
+
+def encode_pvalue_blob(data: bytes) -> bytes:
+ """Encode raw bytes as a BLOB PValue.
+
+ PValue format: [flags:1][datatype:1][length:VLQ][data]
+ """
+ result = bytearray()
+ result += bytes([0x00, DataType.BLOB])
+ result += encode_uint32_vlq(len(data))
+ result += data
+ return bytes(result)
+
+
+def decode_pvalue_to_bytes(data: bytes, offset: int) -> tuple[bytes, int]:
+ """Decode a PValue from S7CommPlus response to raw bytes.
+
+ Supports scalar types and BLOBs. Returns the raw big-endian bytes
+ of the value regardless of type.
+
+ Args:
+ data: Response buffer
+ offset: Position of the PValue
+
+ Returns:
+ Tuple of (raw_bytes, bytes_consumed)
+ """
+ if offset + 2 > len(data):
+ raise ValueError("Not enough data for PValue header")
+
+ flags = data[offset]
+ datatype = data[offset + 1]
+ consumed = 2
+
+ is_array = bool(flags & 0x10)
+
+ if is_array:
+ # Array: read count then elements
+ count, c = decode_uint32_vlq(data, offset + consumed)
+ consumed += c
+ elem_size = _pvalue_element_size(datatype)
+ if elem_size > 0:
+ raw = data[offset + consumed : offset + consumed + count * elem_size]
+ consumed += count * elem_size
+ return bytes(raw), consumed
+ else:
+ # Variable-length elements (VLQ encoded)
+ result = bytearray()
+ for _ in range(count):
+ val, c = decode_uint32_vlq(data, offset + consumed)
+ consumed += c
+ result += encode_uint32_vlq(val)
+ return bytes(result), consumed
+
+ # Scalar types
+ if datatype == DataType.NULL:
+ return b"", consumed
+ elif datatype == DataType.BOOL:
+ return data[offset + consumed : offset + consumed + 1], consumed + 1
+ elif datatype in (DataType.USINT, DataType.BYTE, DataType.SINT):
+ return data[offset + consumed : offset + consumed + 1], consumed + 1
+ elif datatype in (DataType.UINT, DataType.WORD, DataType.INT):
+ return data[offset + consumed : offset + consumed + 2], consumed + 2
+ elif datatype in (DataType.UDINT, DataType.DWORD):
+ val, c = decode_uint32_vlq(data, offset + consumed)
+ consumed += c
+ return struct.pack(">I", val), consumed
+ elif datatype in (DataType.DINT,):
+ # Signed VLQ
+ from .vlq import decode_int32_vlq
+
+ val, c = decode_int32_vlq(data, offset + consumed)
+ consumed += c
+ return struct.pack(">i", val), consumed
+ elif datatype == DataType.REAL:
+ return data[offset + consumed : offset + consumed + 4], consumed + 4
+ elif datatype == DataType.LREAL:
+ return data[offset + consumed : offset + consumed + 8], consumed + 8
+ elif datatype in (DataType.ULINT, DataType.LWORD):
+ val, c = decode_uint64_vlq(data, offset + consumed)
+ consumed += c
+ return struct.pack(">Q", val), consumed
+ elif datatype in (DataType.LINT,):
+ from .vlq import decode_int64_vlq
+
+ val, c = decode_int64_vlq(data, offset + consumed)
+ consumed += c
+ return struct.pack(">q", val), consumed
+ elif datatype == DataType.TIMESTAMP:
+ return data[offset + consumed : offset + consumed + 8], consumed + 8
+ elif datatype == DataType.TIMESPAN:
+ from .vlq import decode_int64_vlq
+
+ val, c = decode_int64_vlq(data, offset + consumed)
+ consumed += c
+ return struct.pack(">q", val), consumed
+ elif datatype == DataType.RID:
+ return data[offset + consumed : offset + consumed + 4], consumed + 4
+ elif datatype == DataType.AID:
+ val, c = decode_uint32_vlq(data, offset + consumed)
+ consumed += c
+ return struct.pack(">I", val), consumed
+ elif datatype == DataType.BLOB:
+ length, c = decode_uint32_vlq(data, offset + consumed)
+ consumed += c
+ raw = data[offset + consumed : offset + consumed + length]
+ consumed += length
+ return bytes(raw), consumed
+ elif datatype == DataType.WSTRING:
+ length, c = decode_uint32_vlq(data, offset + consumed)
+ consumed += c
+ raw = data[offset + consumed : offset + consumed + length]
+ consumed += length
+ return bytes(raw), consumed
+ elif datatype == DataType.STRUCT:
+ # Struct: read count, then nested PValues
+ count, c = decode_uint32_vlq(data, offset + consumed)
+ consumed += c
+ result = bytearray()
+ for _ in range(count):
+ val_bytes, c = decode_pvalue_to_bytes(data, offset + consumed)
+ consumed += c
+ result += val_bytes
+ return bytes(result), consumed
+ else:
+ raise ValueError(f"Unsupported PValue datatype: {datatype:#04x}")
+
+
+def _pvalue_element_size(datatype: int) -> int:
+ """Return the fixed byte size for a PValue array element, or 0 for variable-length."""
+ if datatype in (DataType.BOOL, DataType.USINT, DataType.BYTE, DataType.SINT):
+ return 1
+ elif datatype in (DataType.UINT, DataType.WORD, DataType.INT):
+ return 2
+ elif datatype in (DataType.REAL,):
+ return 4
+ elif datatype in (DataType.LREAL, DataType.TIMESTAMP):
+ return 8
+ elif datatype in (DataType.RID,):
+ return 4
+ else:
+ return 0 # Variable-length (VLQ encoded)
diff --git a/s7/connection.py b/s7/connection.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..878890bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/s7/connection.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1056 @@
+"""
+S7CommPlus connection management.
+
+Establishes an ISO-on-TCP connection to S7-1200/1500 PLCs using the
+S7CommPlus protocol, with support for all protocol versions:
+
+- V1: Early S7-1200 (FW >= V4.0). Simple session handshake.
+- V2: Adds integrity checking and session authentication.
+- V3: Adds public-key-based key exchange.
+- V3 + TLS: TIA Portal V17+. Standard TLS 1.3 with per-device certificates.
+
+The wire protocol (VLQ encoding, data types, function codes, object model) is
+the same across all versions -- only the session authentication layer differs.
+
+Connection sequence (all versions)::
+
+ 1. TCP connect to port 102
+ 2. COTP Connection Request / Confirm
+ - Local TSAP: 0x0600
+ - Remote TSAP: "SIMATIC-ROOT-HMI" (16-byte ASCII string)
+ 3. InitSSL request / response (unencrypted)
+ 4. TLS activation (for V3/TLS PLCs)
+ 5. S7CommPlus CreateObject request (NullServer session setup)
+ - SessionId = ObjectNullServerSession (288)
+ - Proper PObject tree with ServerSession class
+ 6. PLC responds with CreateObject response containing:
+ - Protocol version (V1/V2/V3)
+ - Session ID
+ - Server session challenge (V2/V3)
+
+Version-specific authentication after step 6::
+
+ V1: No further authentication needed
+ V2: Session key derivation and integrity checking
+ V3 (no TLS): Public-key key exchange
+ V3 (TLS): TLS 1.3 handshake is already done in step 4
+
+Reference: thomas-v2/S7CommPlusDriver (C#, LGPL-3.0)
+"""
+
+import logging
+import ssl
+import struct
+from typing import Optional, Type
+from types import TracebackType
+
+from snap7.connection import ISOTCPConnection
+from .protocol import (
+ FunctionCode,
+ Opcode,
+ ProtocolVersion,
+ ElementID,
+ ObjectId,
+ S7COMMPLUS_LOCAL_TSAP,
+ S7COMMPLUS_REMOTE_TSAP,
+ READ_FUNCTION_CODES,
+)
+from .codec import encode_header, decode_header, encode_typed_value, encode_object_qualifier
+from .vlq import encode_uint32_vlq, decode_uint32_vlq, decode_uint64_vlq
+from .protocol import DataType
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def _element_size(datatype: int) -> int:
+ """Return the fixed byte size for an array element, or 0 for variable-length."""
+ if datatype in (DataType.BOOL, DataType.USINT, DataType.BYTE, DataType.SINT):
+ return 1
+ elif datatype in (DataType.UINT, DataType.WORD, DataType.INT):
+ return 2
+ elif datatype in (DataType.REAL, DataType.RID):
+ return 4
+ elif datatype in (DataType.LREAL, DataType.TIMESTAMP):
+ return 8
+ else:
+ return 0
+
+
+class S7CommPlusConnection:
+ """S7CommPlus connection with multi-version support.
+
+ Wraps an ISOTCPConnection and adds:
+ - S7CommPlus session establishment (CreateObject)
+ - Protocol version detection from PLC response
+ - Version-appropriate authentication (V1/V2/V3/TLS)
+ - Frame send/receive (TLS-encrypted when using V17+ firmware)
+
+ Currently implements V1 authentication. V2/V3/TLS authentication
+ layers are planned for future development.
+ """
+
+ def __init__(
+ self,
+ host: str,
+ port: int = 102,
+ ):
+ self.host = host
+ self.port = port
+
+ self._iso_conn = ISOTCPConnection(
+ host=host,
+ port=port,
+ local_tsap=S7COMMPLUS_LOCAL_TSAP,
+ remote_tsap=S7COMMPLUS_REMOTE_TSAP,
+ )
+
+ self._ssl_context: Optional[ssl.SSLContext] = None
+ self._ssl_socket: Optional[ssl.SSLSocket] = None
+ self._session_id: int = 0
+ self._sequence_number: int = 0
+ self._protocol_version: int = 0 # Detected from PLC response
+ self._tls_active: bool = False
+ self._connected = False
+ self._server_session_version: Optional[int] = None
+ self._session_setup_ok: bool = False
+
+ # V2+ IntegrityId tracking
+ self._integrity_id_read: int = 0
+ self._integrity_id_write: int = 0
+ self._with_integrity_id: bool = False
+
+ # TLS OMS exporter secret (for legitimation key derivation)
+ self._oms_secret: Optional[bytes] = None
+
+ @property
+ def connected(self) -> bool:
+ return self._connected
+
+ @property
+ def protocol_version(self) -> int:
+ """Protocol version negotiated with the PLC."""
+ return self._protocol_version
+
+ @property
+ def session_id(self) -> int:
+ """Session ID assigned by the PLC."""
+ return self._session_id
+
+ @property
+ def tls_active(self) -> bool:
+ """Whether TLS encryption is active on this connection."""
+ return self._tls_active
+
+ @property
+ def integrity_id_read(self) -> int:
+ """Current read IntegrityId counter (V2+)."""
+ return self._integrity_id_read
+
+ @property
+ def integrity_id_write(self) -> int:
+ """Current write IntegrityId counter (V2+)."""
+ return self._integrity_id_write
+
+ @property
+ def session_setup_ok(self) -> bool:
+ """Whether the session setup (ServerSessionVersion echo) succeeded."""
+ return self._session_setup_ok
+
+ @property
+ def oms_secret(self) -> Optional[bytes]:
+ """OMS exporter secret from TLS session (for legitimation)."""
+ return self._oms_secret
+
+ def connect(
+ self,
+ timeout: float = 5.0,
+ use_tls: bool = False,
+ tls_cert: Optional[str] = None,
+ tls_key: Optional[str] = None,
+ tls_ca: Optional[str] = None,
+ ) -> None:
+ """Establish S7CommPlus connection.
+
+ The connection sequence:
+ 1. COTP connection (same as legacy S7comm)
+ 2. InitSSL handshake
+ 3. TLS activation (if use_tls=True, required for V2)
+ 4. CreateObject to establish S7CommPlus session
+ 5. Session setup (echo ServerSessionVersion)
+ 6. Enable IntegrityId tracking (V2+)
+
+ Args:
+ timeout: Connection timeout in seconds
+ use_tls: Whether to activate TLS after InitSSL.
+ tls_cert: Path to client TLS certificate (PEM)
+ tls_key: Path to client private key (PEM)
+ tls_ca: Path to CA certificate for PLC verification (PEM)
+ """
+ try:
+ # Step 1: COTP connection (same TSAP for all S7CommPlus versions)
+ self._iso_conn.connect(timeout)
+
+ # Step 2: InitSSL handshake (required before CreateObject)
+ self._init_ssl()
+
+ # Step 3: TLS activation (between InitSSL and CreateObject)
+ if use_tls:
+ self._activate_tls(tls_cert=tls_cert, tls_key=tls_key, tls_ca=tls_ca)
+
+ # Step 4: CreateObject (S7CommPlus session setup)
+ # CreateObject always uses V1 framing
+ self._create_session()
+
+ # Step 5: Session setup - echo ServerSessionVersion back to PLC
+ if self._server_session_version is not None:
+ self._session_setup_ok = self._setup_session()
+ else:
+ logger.warning("PLC did not provide ServerSessionVersion - session setup incomplete")
+ self._session_setup_ok = False
+
+ # Step 6: Version-specific post-setup
+ if self._protocol_version >= ProtocolVersion.V3:
+ if not use_tls:
+ logger.warning(
+ "PLC reports V3 protocol but TLS is not enabled. Connection may not work without use_tls=True."
+ )
+ elif self._protocol_version == ProtocolVersion.V2:
+ if not self._tls_active:
+ from snap7.error import S7ConnectionError
+
+ raise S7ConnectionError("PLC reports V2 protocol but TLS is not active. V2 requires TLS. Use use_tls=True.")
+ # Enable IntegrityId tracking for V2+
+ self._with_integrity_id = True
+ self._integrity_id_read = 0
+ self._integrity_id_write = 0
+ logger.info("V2 IntegrityId tracking enabled")
+
+ # V1: No further authentication needed after CreateObject
+ self._connected = True
+ logger.info(
+ f"S7CommPlus connected to {self.host}:{self.port}, "
+ f"version=V{self._protocol_version}, session={self._session_id}, "
+ f"tls={self._tls_active}"
+ )
+
+ except Exception:
+ self.disconnect()
+ raise
+
+ def authenticate(self, password: str, username: str = "") -> None:
+ """Perform PLC password authentication (legitimation).
+
+ Must be called after connect() and before data operations on
+ password-protected PLCs. Requires TLS to be active (V2+).
+
+ The method auto-detects legacy vs new legitimation based on
+ the PLC's firmware version (stored in ServerSessionVersion).
+
+ Args:
+ password: PLC password
+ username: Username for new-style auth (optional)
+
+ Raises:
+ S7ConnectionError: If not connected, TLS not active, or auth fails
+ """
+ if not self._connected:
+ from snap7.error import S7ConnectionError
+
+ raise S7ConnectionError("Not connected")
+
+ if not self._tls_active or self._oms_secret is None:
+ from snap7.error import S7ConnectionError
+
+ raise S7ConnectionError("Legitimation requires TLS. Connect with use_tls=True.")
+
+ # Step 1: Get challenge from PLC via GetVarSubStreamed
+ challenge = self._get_legitimation_challenge()
+ logger.info(f"Received legitimation challenge ({len(challenge)} bytes)")
+
+ # Step 2: Build response (auto-detect legacy vs new)
+ from .legitimation import build_legacy_response, build_new_response
+
+ if username:
+ # New-style auth with username always uses AES-256-CBC
+ response_data = build_new_response(password, challenge, self._oms_secret, username)
+ self._send_legitimation_new(response_data)
+ else:
+ # Try new-style first, fall back to legacy SHA-1 XOR
+ try:
+ response_data = build_new_response(password, challenge, self._oms_secret, "")
+ self._send_legitimation_new(response_data)
+ except NotImplementedError:
+ # cryptography package not available, use legacy
+ response_data = build_legacy_response(password, challenge)
+ self._send_legitimation_legacy(response_data)
+
+ logger.info("PLC legitimation completed successfully")
+
+ def _get_legitimation_challenge(self) -> bytes:
+ """Request legitimation challenge from PLC.
+
+ Sends GetVarSubStreamed with address ServerSessionRequest (303).
+
+ Returns:
+ Challenge bytes from PLC (typically 20 bytes)
+ """
+ from .protocol import LegitimationId
+
+ # Build GetVarSubStreamed request
+ payload = bytearray()
+ # InObjectId = session ID
+ payload += struct.pack(">I", self._session_id)
+ # Item count = 1
+ payload += encode_uint32_vlq(1)
+ # Address field count = 1
+ payload += encode_uint32_vlq(1)
+ # Address = ServerSessionRequest (303)
+ payload += encode_uint32_vlq(LegitimationId.SERVER_SESSION_REQUEST)
+ # Trailing padding
+ payload += struct.pack(">I", 0)
+
+ resp_payload = self.send_request(FunctionCode.GET_VAR_SUBSTREAMED, bytes(payload))
+
+ # Parse response: return value + value list
+ offset = 0
+ return_value, consumed = decode_uint64_vlq(resp_payload, offset)
+ offset += consumed
+
+ if return_value != 0:
+ from snap7.error import S7ConnectionError
+
+ raise S7ConnectionError(f"GetVarSubStreamed for challenge failed: return_value={return_value}")
+
+ # Value is a USIntArray (BLOB) - read flags + type + length + data
+ if offset + 2 > len(resp_payload):
+ from snap7.error import S7ConnectionError
+
+ raise S7ConnectionError("Challenge response too short")
+
+ _flags = resp_payload[offset]
+ datatype = resp_payload[offset + 1]
+ offset += 2
+
+ from .protocol import DataType
+
+ if datatype == DataType.BLOB:
+ length, consumed = decode_uint32_vlq(resp_payload, offset)
+ offset += consumed
+ return bytes(resp_payload[offset : offset + length])
+ else:
+ # Try reading as array of USINT
+ count, consumed = decode_uint32_vlq(resp_payload, offset)
+ offset += consumed
+ return bytes(resp_payload[offset : offset + count])
+
+ def _send_legitimation_new(self, encrypted_response: bytes) -> None:
+ """Send new-style legitimation response (AES-256-CBC encrypted).
+
+ Uses SetVariable with address Legitimate (1846).
+ """
+ from .protocol import LegitimationId, DataType
+
+ payload = bytearray()
+ # InObjectId = session ID
+ payload += struct.pack(">I", self._session_id)
+ # Address field count = 1
+ payload += encode_uint32_vlq(1)
+ # Address = Legitimate (1846)
+ payload += encode_uint32_vlq(LegitimationId.LEGITIMATE)
+ # Value: BLOB(0, encrypted_response)
+ payload += bytes([0x00, DataType.BLOB])
+ payload += encode_uint32_vlq(len(encrypted_response))
+ payload += encrypted_response
+ # Trailing padding
+ payload += struct.pack(">I", 0)
+
+ resp_payload = self.send_request(FunctionCode.SET_VARIABLE, bytes(payload))
+
+ # Check return value
+ if len(resp_payload) >= 1:
+ return_value, _ = decode_uint64_vlq(resp_payload, 0)
+ if return_value < 0:
+ from snap7.error import S7ConnectionError
+
+ raise S7ConnectionError(f"Legitimation rejected by PLC: return_value={return_value}")
+ logger.debug(f"New legitimation return_value={return_value}")
+
+ def _send_legitimation_legacy(self, response: bytes) -> None:
+ """Send legacy legitimation response (SHA-1 XOR).
+
+ Uses SetVariable with address ServerSessionResponse (304).
+ """
+ from .protocol import LegitimationId, DataType
+
+ payload = bytearray()
+ # InObjectId = session ID
+ payload += struct.pack(">I", self._session_id)
+ # Address field count = 1
+ payload += encode_uint32_vlq(1)
+ # Address = ServerSessionResponse (304)
+ payload += encode_uint32_vlq(LegitimationId.SERVER_SESSION_RESPONSE)
+ # Value: array of USINT (the XOR'd response bytes)
+ payload += bytes([0x10, DataType.USINT]) # flags=0x10 (array)
+ payload += encode_uint32_vlq(len(response))
+ payload += response
+ # Trailing padding
+ payload += struct.pack(">I", 0)
+
+ resp_payload = self.send_request(FunctionCode.SET_VARIABLE, bytes(payload))
+
+ # Check return value
+ if len(resp_payload) >= 1:
+ return_value, _ = decode_uint64_vlq(resp_payload, 0)
+ if return_value < 0:
+ from snap7.error import S7ConnectionError
+
+ raise S7ConnectionError(f"Legacy legitimation rejected by PLC: return_value={return_value}")
+ logger.debug(f"Legacy legitimation return_value={return_value}")
+
+ def disconnect(self) -> None:
+ """Disconnect from PLC."""
+ if self._connected and self._session_id:
+ try:
+ self._delete_session()
+ except Exception:
+ pass
+
+ self._connected = False
+ self._session_setup_ok = False
+ self._tls_active = False
+ self._ssl_socket = None
+ self._oms_secret = None
+ self._session_id = 0
+ self._sequence_number = 0
+ self._protocol_version = 0
+ self._server_session_version = None
+ self._with_integrity_id = False
+ self._integrity_id_read = 0
+ self._integrity_id_write = 0
+ self._iso_conn.disconnect()
+
+ def send_request(self, function_code: int, payload: bytes = b"") -> bytes:
+ """Send an S7CommPlus request and receive the response.
+
+ For V2+ with IntegrityId tracking enabled, the IntegrityId is
+ appended after the 14-byte request header (as a VLQ uint32).
+ Read vs write counters are selected based on the function code.
+
+ Args:
+ function_code: S7CommPlus function code
+ payload: Request payload (after the 14-byte request header)
+
+ Returns:
+ Response payload (after the 14-byte response header)
+ """
+ if not self._connected:
+ from snap7.error import S7ConnectionError
+
+ raise S7ConnectionError("Not connected")
+
+ seq_num = self._next_sequence_number()
+
+ # Build request header (14 bytes)
+ request_header = struct.pack(
+ ">BHHHHIB",
+ Opcode.REQUEST,
+ 0x0000, # Reserved
+ function_code,
+ 0x0000, # Reserved
+ seq_num,
+ self._session_id,
+ 0x36, # Transport flags
+ )
+
+ # For V2+ with IntegrityId enabled, insert IntegrityId after header
+ integrity_id_bytes = b""
+ if self._with_integrity_id and self._protocol_version >= ProtocolVersion.V2:
+ is_read = function_code in READ_FUNCTION_CODES
+ if is_read:
+ integrity_id = self._integrity_id_read
+ else:
+ integrity_id = self._integrity_id_write
+ integrity_id_bytes = encode_uint32_vlq(integrity_id)
+ logger.debug(f" IntegrityId: {'read' if is_read else 'write'}={integrity_id}")
+
+ request = request_header + integrity_id_bytes + payload
+
+ logger.debug(f"=== SEND REQUEST === function_code=0x{function_code:04X} seq={seq_num} session=0x{self._session_id:08X}")
+ logger.debug(f" Request header (14 bytes): {request_header.hex(' ')}")
+ if integrity_id_bytes:
+ logger.debug(f" IntegrityId ({len(integrity_id_bytes)} bytes): {integrity_id_bytes.hex(' ')}")
+ logger.debug(f" Request payload ({len(payload)} bytes): {payload.hex(' ')}")
+
+ # Determine frame version: V2 data PDUs use V2, but CreateObject uses V1
+ frame_version = self._protocol_version
+
+ # Add S7CommPlus frame header and trailer, then send
+ frame = encode_header(frame_version, len(request)) + request
+ frame += struct.pack(">BBH", 0x72, frame_version, 0x0000)
+
+ logger.debug(f" Full frame ({len(frame)} bytes): {frame.hex(' ')}")
+ self._iso_conn.send_data(frame)
+
+ # Increment the appropriate IntegrityId counter after sending
+ if self._with_integrity_id and self._protocol_version >= ProtocolVersion.V2:
+ if function_code in READ_FUNCTION_CODES:
+ self._integrity_id_read = (self._integrity_id_read + 1) & 0xFFFFFFFF
+ else:
+ self._integrity_id_write = (self._integrity_id_write + 1) & 0xFFFFFFFF
+
+ # Receive response
+ response_frame = self._iso_conn.receive_data()
+ logger.debug(f"=== RECV RESPONSE === raw frame ({len(response_frame)} bytes): {response_frame.hex(' ')}")
+
+ # Parse frame header, use data_length to exclude trailer
+ version, data_length, consumed = decode_header(response_frame)
+ logger.debug(f" Frame header: version=V{version}, data_length={data_length}, header_size={consumed}")
+
+ response = response_frame[consumed : consumed + data_length]
+ logger.debug(f" Response data ({len(response)} bytes): {response.hex(' ')}")
+
+ if len(response) < 14:
+ from snap7.error import S7ConnectionError
+
+ raise S7ConnectionError("Response too short")
+
+ # Parse response header for debug
+ resp_opcode = response[0]
+ resp_func = struct.unpack_from(">H", response, 3)[0]
+ resp_seq = struct.unpack_from(">H", response, 7)[0]
+ resp_session = struct.unpack_from(">I", response, 9)[0]
+ resp_transport = response[13]
+ logger.debug(
+ f" Response header: opcode=0x{resp_opcode:02X} function=0x{resp_func:04X} "
+ f"seq={resp_seq} session=0x{resp_session:08X} transport=0x{resp_transport:02X}"
+ )
+
+ # For V2+ responses, skip IntegrityId in response before returning payload
+ resp_offset = 14
+ if self._with_integrity_id and self._protocol_version >= ProtocolVersion.V2:
+ if resp_offset < len(response):
+ resp_integrity_id, iid_consumed = decode_uint32_vlq(response, resp_offset)
+ resp_offset += iid_consumed
+ logger.debug(f" Response IntegrityId: {resp_integrity_id}")
+
+ resp_payload = response[resp_offset:]
+ logger.debug(f" Response payload ({len(resp_payload)} bytes): {resp_payload.hex(' ')}")
+
+ # Check for trailer bytes after data_length
+ trailer = response_frame[consumed + data_length :]
+ if trailer:
+ logger.debug(f" Trailer ({len(trailer)} bytes): {trailer.hex(' ')}")
+
+ return resp_payload
+
+ def _init_ssl(self) -> None:
+ """Send InitSSL request to prepare the connection.
+
+ This is the first S7CommPlus message sent after COTP connect.
+ The PLC responds with an InitSSL response. For PLCs that support
+ TLS, the caller should then activate TLS before sending CreateObject.
+ For V1 PLCs without TLS, the response may indicate that TLS is
+ not supported, but the connection can continue without it.
+
+ Reference: thomas-v2/S7CommPlusDriver InitSslRequest
+ """
+ seq_num = self._next_sequence_number()
+
+ # InitSSL request: header + padding
+ request = struct.pack(
+ ">BHHHHIB",
+ Opcode.REQUEST,
+ 0x0000, # Reserved
+ FunctionCode.INIT_SSL,
+ 0x0000, # Reserved
+ seq_num,
+ 0x00000000, # No session yet
+ 0x30, # Transport flags (0x30 for InitSSL)
+ )
+ # Trailing padding
+ request += struct.pack(">I", 0)
+
+ # Wrap in S7CommPlus frame header + trailer
+ frame = encode_header(ProtocolVersion.V1, len(request)) + request
+ frame += struct.pack(">BBH", 0x72, ProtocolVersion.V1, 0x0000)
+
+ logger.debug(f"=== InitSSL === sending ({len(frame)} bytes): {frame.hex(' ')}")
+ self._iso_conn.send_data(frame)
+
+ # Receive InitSSL response
+ response_frame = self._iso_conn.receive_data()
+ logger.debug(f"=== InitSSL === received ({len(response_frame)} bytes): {response_frame.hex(' ')}")
+
+ # Parse S7CommPlus frame header
+ version, data_length, consumed = decode_header(response_frame)
+ response = response_frame[consumed:]
+
+ if len(response) < 14:
+ from snap7.error import S7ConnectionError
+
+ raise S7ConnectionError("InitSSL response too short")
+
+ logger.debug(f"InitSSL response: version=V{version}, data_length={data_length}")
+ logger.debug(f"InitSSL response body ({len(response)} bytes): {response.hex(' ')}")
+
+ def _create_session(self) -> None:
+ """Send CreateObject request to establish an S7CommPlus session.
+
+ Builds a NullServerSession CreateObject request matching the
+ structure expected by S7-1200/1500 PLCs:
+
+ Reference: thomas-v2/S7CommPlusDriver CreateObjectRequest.SetNullServerSessionData()
+ """
+ seq_num = self._next_sequence_number()
+
+ # Build CreateObject request header
+ request = struct.pack(
+ ">BHHHHIB",
+ Opcode.REQUEST,
+ 0x0000,
+ FunctionCode.CREATE_OBJECT,
+ 0x0000,
+ seq_num,
+ ObjectId.OBJECT_NULL_SERVER_SESSION, # SessionId = 288 for initial setup
+ 0x36, # Transport flags
+ )
+
+ # RequestId: ObjectServerSessionContainer (285)
+ request += struct.pack(">I", ObjectId.OBJECT_SERVER_SESSION_CONTAINER)
+
+ # RequestValue: ValueUDInt(0) = DatatypeFlags(0x00) + Datatype.UDInt(0x04) + VLQ(0)
+ request += bytes([0x00, DataType.UDINT]) + encode_uint32_vlq(0)
+
+ # Unknown padding (always 0)
+ request += struct.pack(">I", 0)
+
+ # RequestObject: PObject for NullServerSession
+ # StartOfObject
+ request += bytes([ElementID.START_OF_OBJECT])
+ # RelationId: GetNewRIDOnServer (211)
+ request += struct.pack(">I", ObjectId.GET_NEW_RID_ON_SERVER)
+ # ClassId: ClassServerSession (287), VLQ encoded
+ request += encode_uint32_vlq(ObjectId.CLASS_SERVER_SESSION)
+ # ClassFlags: 0
+ request += encode_uint32_vlq(0)
+ # AttributeId: None (0)
+ request += encode_uint32_vlq(0)
+
+ # Attribute: ServerSessionClientRID (300) = RID 0x80c3c901
+ request += bytes([ElementID.ATTRIBUTE])
+ request += encode_uint32_vlq(ObjectId.SERVER_SESSION_CLIENT_RID)
+ request += encode_typed_value(DataType.RID, 0x80C3C901)
+
+ # Nested object: ClassSubscriptions
+ request += bytes([ElementID.START_OF_OBJECT])
+ request += struct.pack(">I", ObjectId.GET_NEW_RID_ON_SERVER)
+ request += encode_uint32_vlq(ObjectId.CLASS_SUBSCRIPTIONS)
+ request += encode_uint32_vlq(0) # ClassFlags
+ request += encode_uint32_vlq(0) # AttributeId
+ request += bytes([ElementID.TERMINATING_OBJECT])
+
+ # End outer object
+ request += bytes([ElementID.TERMINATING_OBJECT])
+
+ # Trailing padding
+ request += struct.pack(">I", 0)
+
+ # Wrap in S7CommPlus frame header + trailer
+ frame = encode_header(ProtocolVersion.V1, len(request)) + request
+ # S7CommPlus trailer (end-of-frame marker)
+ frame += struct.pack(">BBH", 0x72, ProtocolVersion.V1, 0x0000)
+
+ logger.debug(f"=== CreateObject === sending ({len(frame)} bytes): {frame.hex(' ')}")
+ self._iso_conn.send_data(frame)
+
+ # Receive response
+ response_frame = self._iso_conn.receive_data()
+ logger.debug(f"=== CreateObject === received ({len(response_frame)} bytes): {response_frame.hex(' ')}")
+
+ # Parse S7CommPlus frame header
+ version, data_length, consumed = decode_header(response_frame)
+ response = response_frame[consumed:]
+
+ logger.debug(f"CreateObject response: version=V{version}, data_length={data_length}")
+ logger.debug(f"CreateObject response body ({len(response)} bytes): {response.hex(' ')}")
+
+ if len(response) < 14:
+ from snap7.error import S7ConnectionError
+
+ raise S7ConnectionError("CreateObject response too short")
+
+ # Extract session ID from response header
+ self._session_id = struct.unpack_from(">I", response, 9)[0]
+ self._protocol_version = version
+
+ # Parse and log the full response header
+ resp_opcode = response[0]
+ resp_func = struct.unpack_from(">H", response, 3)[0]
+ resp_seq = struct.unpack_from(">H", response, 7)[0]
+ resp_transport = response[13]
+ logger.debug(
+ f"CreateObject response header: opcode=0x{resp_opcode:02X} function=0x{resp_func:04X} "
+ f"seq={resp_seq} session=0x{self._session_id:08X} transport=0x{resp_transport:02X}"
+ )
+ logger.debug(f"CreateObject response payload: {response[14:].hex(' ')}")
+ logger.debug(f"Session created: id=0x{self._session_id:08X} ({self._session_id}), version=V{version}")
+
+ # Parse response payload to extract ServerSessionVersion
+ self._parse_create_object_response(response[14:])
+
+ def _parse_create_object_response(self, payload: bytes) -> None:
+ """Parse CreateObject response payload to extract ServerSessionVersion.
+
+ The response contains a PObject tree with attributes. We scan for
+ attribute 306 (ServerSessionVersion) which must be echoed back to
+ complete the session handshake.
+
+ Args:
+ payload: Response payload after the 14-byte response header
+ """
+ offset = 0
+ while offset < len(payload):
+ tag = payload[offset]
+
+ if tag == ElementID.ATTRIBUTE:
+ offset += 1
+ if offset >= len(payload):
+ break
+ attr_id, consumed = decode_uint32_vlq(payload, offset)
+ offset += consumed
+
+ if attr_id == ObjectId.SERVER_SESSION_VERSION:
+ # Next bytes are the typed value: flags + datatype + VLQ value
+ if offset + 2 > len(payload):
+ break
+ _flags = payload[offset]
+ datatype = payload[offset + 1]
+ offset += 2
+ if datatype == DataType.UDINT:
+ value, consumed = decode_uint32_vlq(payload, offset)
+ offset += consumed
+ self._server_session_version = value
+ logger.info(f"ServerSessionVersion = {value}")
+ return
+ elif datatype == DataType.DWORD:
+ value, consumed = decode_uint32_vlq(payload, offset)
+ offset += consumed
+ self._server_session_version = value
+ logger.info(f"ServerSessionVersion = {value}")
+ return
+ else:
+ # Skip unknown type - try to continue scanning
+ logger.debug(f"ServerSessionVersion has unexpected type {datatype:#04x}")
+ else:
+ # Skip this attribute's value - we don't parse it, just advance
+ # Try to skip the typed value (flags + datatype + value)
+ if offset + 2 > len(payload):
+ break
+ _flags = payload[offset]
+ datatype = payload[offset + 1]
+ offset += 2
+ offset = self._skip_typed_value(payload, offset, datatype, _flags)
+
+ elif tag == ElementID.START_OF_OBJECT:
+ offset += 1
+ # Skip RelationId (4 bytes fixed) + ClassId (VLQ) + ClassFlags (VLQ) + AttributeId (VLQ)
+ if offset + 4 > len(payload):
+ break
+ offset += 4 # RelationId
+ _, consumed = decode_uint32_vlq(payload, offset)
+ offset += consumed # ClassId
+ _, consumed = decode_uint32_vlq(payload, offset)
+ offset += consumed # ClassFlags
+ _, consumed = decode_uint32_vlq(payload, offset)
+ offset += consumed # AttributeId
+
+ elif tag == ElementID.TERMINATING_OBJECT:
+ offset += 1
+
+ elif tag == 0x00:
+ # Null terminator / padding
+ offset += 1
+
+ else:
+ # Unknown tag - try to skip
+ offset += 1
+
+ logger.debug("ServerSessionVersion not found in CreateObject response")
+
+ def _skip_typed_value(self, data: bytes, offset: int, datatype: int, flags: int) -> int:
+ """Skip over a typed value in the PObject tree.
+
+ Best-effort: advances offset past common value types.
+ Returns new offset.
+ """
+ is_array = bool(flags & 0x10)
+
+ if is_array:
+ if offset >= len(data):
+ return offset
+ count, consumed = decode_uint32_vlq(data, offset)
+ offset += consumed
+ # For fixed-size types, skip count * size
+ elem_size = _element_size(datatype)
+ if elem_size > 0:
+ offset += count * elem_size
+ else:
+ # Variable-length: skip each VLQ element
+ for _ in range(count):
+ if offset >= len(data):
+ break
+ _, consumed = decode_uint32_vlq(data, offset)
+ offset += consumed
+ return offset
+
+ if datatype == DataType.NULL:
+ return offset
+ elif datatype in (DataType.BOOL, DataType.USINT, DataType.BYTE, DataType.SINT):
+ return offset + 1
+ elif datatype in (DataType.UINT, DataType.WORD, DataType.INT):
+ return offset + 2
+ elif datatype in (DataType.UDINT, DataType.DWORD, DataType.AID, DataType.DINT):
+ _, consumed = decode_uint32_vlq(data, offset)
+ return offset + consumed
+ elif datatype in (DataType.ULINT, DataType.LWORD, DataType.LINT):
+ _, consumed = decode_uint64_vlq(data, offset)
+ return offset + consumed
+ elif datatype == DataType.REAL:
+ return offset + 4
+ elif datatype == DataType.LREAL:
+ return offset + 8
+ elif datatype == DataType.TIMESTAMP:
+ return offset + 8
+ elif datatype == DataType.TIMESPAN:
+ _, consumed = decode_uint64_vlq(data, offset) # int64 VLQ
+ return offset + consumed
+ elif datatype == DataType.RID:
+ return offset + 4
+ elif datatype in (DataType.BLOB, DataType.WSTRING):
+ length, consumed = decode_uint32_vlq(data, offset)
+ return offset + consumed + length
+ elif datatype == DataType.STRUCT:
+ count, consumed = decode_uint32_vlq(data, offset)
+ offset += consumed
+ for _ in range(count):
+ if offset + 2 > len(data):
+ break
+ sub_flags = data[offset]
+ sub_type = data[offset + 1]
+ offset += 2
+ offset = self._skip_typed_value(data, offset, sub_type, sub_flags)
+ return offset
+ else:
+ # Unknown type - can't skip reliably
+ return offset
+
+ def _setup_session(self) -> bool:
+ """Send SetMultiVariables to echo ServerSessionVersion back to the PLC.
+
+ This completes the session handshake by writing the ServerSessionVersion
+ attribute back to the session object. Without this step, the PLC rejects
+ all subsequent data operations with ERROR2 (0x05A9).
+
+ Returns:
+ True if session setup succeeded (return_value == 0).
+
+ Reference: thomas-v2/S7CommPlusDriver SetSessionSetupData
+ """
+ if self._server_session_version is None:
+ return False
+
+ seq_num = self._next_sequence_number()
+
+ # Build SetMultiVariables request
+ request = struct.pack(
+ ">BHHHHIB",
+ Opcode.REQUEST,
+ 0x0000,
+ FunctionCode.SET_MULTI_VARIABLES,
+ 0x0000,
+ seq_num,
+ self._session_id,
+ 0x36, # Transport flags
+ )
+
+ payload = bytearray()
+ # InObjectId = session ID (tells PLC which object we're writing to)
+ payload += struct.pack(">I", self._session_id)
+ # Item count = 1
+ payload += encode_uint32_vlq(1)
+ # Total address field count = 1 (just the attribute ID)
+ payload += encode_uint32_vlq(1)
+ # Address: attribute ID = ServerSessionVersion (306) as VLQ
+ payload += encode_uint32_vlq(ObjectId.SERVER_SESSION_VERSION)
+ # Value: ItemNumber = 1 (VLQ)
+ payload += encode_uint32_vlq(1)
+ # PValue: flags=0x00, type=UDInt, VLQ-encoded value
+ payload += bytes([0x00, DataType.UDINT])
+ payload += encode_uint32_vlq(self._server_session_version)
+ # Fill byte
+ payload += bytes([0x00])
+ # ObjectQualifier
+ payload += encode_object_qualifier()
+ # Trailing padding
+ payload += struct.pack(">I", 0)
+
+ request += bytes(payload)
+
+ # Wrap in S7CommPlus frame
+ frame = encode_header(self._protocol_version, len(request)) + request
+ frame += struct.pack(">BBH", 0x72, self._protocol_version, 0x0000)
+
+ logger.debug(f"=== SetupSession === sending ({len(frame)} bytes): {frame.hex(' ')}")
+ self._iso_conn.send_data(frame)
+
+ # Receive response
+ response_frame = self._iso_conn.receive_data()
+ logger.debug(f"=== SetupSession === received ({len(response_frame)} bytes): {response_frame.hex(' ')}")
+
+ version, data_length, consumed = decode_header(response_frame)
+ response = response_frame[consumed : consumed + data_length]
+
+ if len(response) < 14:
+ from snap7.error import S7ConnectionError
+
+ raise S7ConnectionError("SetupSession response too short")
+
+ resp_func = struct.unpack_from(">H", response, 3)[0]
+ logger.debug(f"SetupSession response: function=0x{resp_func:04X}")
+
+ # Parse return value from payload
+ resp_payload = response[14:]
+ if len(resp_payload) >= 1:
+ return_value, _ = decode_uint64_vlq(resp_payload, 0)
+ if return_value != 0:
+ logger.warning(f"SetupSession: PLC returned error {return_value}")
+ return False
+ else:
+ logger.info("Session setup completed successfully")
+ return True
+ return False
+
+ def _delete_session(self) -> None:
+ """Send DeleteObject to close the session."""
+ seq_num = self._next_sequence_number()
+
+ request = struct.pack(
+ ">BHHHHIB",
+ Opcode.REQUEST,
+ 0x0000,
+ FunctionCode.DELETE_OBJECT,
+ 0x0000,
+ seq_num,
+ self._session_id,
+ 0x36,
+ )
+ request += struct.pack(">I", 0)
+
+ frame = encode_header(self._protocol_version, len(request)) + request
+ frame += struct.pack(">BBH", 0x72, self._protocol_version, 0x0000)
+ self._iso_conn.send_data(frame)
+
+ # Best-effort receive
+ try:
+ self._iso_conn.receive_data()
+ except Exception:
+ pass
+
+ def _next_sequence_number(self) -> int:
+ """Get next sequence number and increment."""
+ seq = self._sequence_number
+ self._sequence_number = (self._sequence_number + 1) & 0xFFFF
+ return seq
+
+ def _activate_tls(
+ self,
+ tls_cert: Optional[str] = None,
+ tls_key: Optional[str] = None,
+ tls_ca: Optional[str] = None,
+ ) -> None:
+ """Activate TLS 1.3 over the COTP connection.
+
+ Called after InitSSL and before CreateObject. Wraps the underlying
+ TCP socket with TLS and extracts the OMS exporter secret for
+ legitimation key derivation.
+
+ Args:
+ tls_cert: Path to client TLS certificate (PEM)
+ tls_key: Path to client private key (PEM)
+ tls_ca: Path to CA certificate for PLC verification (PEM)
+ """
+ ctx = self._setup_ssl_context(
+ cert_path=tls_cert,
+ key_path=tls_key,
+ ca_path=tls_ca,
+ )
+
+ # Wrap the raw TCP socket used by ISOTCPConnection
+ raw_socket = self._iso_conn.socket
+ if raw_socket is None:
+ from snap7.error import S7ConnectionError
+
+ raise S7ConnectionError("Cannot activate TLS: no TCP socket")
+
+ self._ssl_socket = ctx.wrap_socket(raw_socket, server_hostname=self.host)
+
+ # Replace the socket in ISOTCPConnection so all subsequent
+ # send_data/receive_data calls go through TLS
+ self._iso_conn.socket = self._ssl_socket
+ self._tls_active = True
+
+ # Extract OMS exporter secret for legitimation key derivation
+ try:
+ self._oms_secret = self._ssl_socket.export_keying_material("EXPERIMENTAL_OMS", 32, None)
+ logger.debug("OMS exporter secret extracted from TLS session")
+ except (AttributeError, ssl.SSLError) as e:
+ logger.warning(f"Could not extract OMS exporter secret: {e}")
+ self._oms_secret = None
+
+ logger.info("TLS 1.3 activated on COTP connection")
+
+ def _setup_ssl_context(
+ self,
+ cert_path: Optional[str] = None,
+ key_path: Optional[str] = None,
+ ca_path: Optional[str] = None,
+ ) -> ssl.SSLContext:
+ """Create TLS context for S7CommPlus.
+
+ Args:
+ cert_path: Client certificate path (PEM)
+ key_path: Client private key path (PEM)
+ ca_path: PLC CA certificate path (PEM)
+
+ Returns:
+ Configured SSLContext
+ """
+ ctx = ssl.SSLContext(ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENT)
+ ctx.minimum_version = ssl.TLSVersion.TLSv1_3
+
+ # TLS 1.3 ciphersuites are configured differently from TLS 1.2
+ if hasattr(ctx, "set_ciphersuites"):
+ ctx.set_ciphersuites("TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384:TLS_AES_128_GCM_SHA256")
+ # If set_ciphersuites not available, TLS 1.3 uses its mandatory defaults
+
+ if cert_path and key_path:
+ ctx.load_cert_chain(cert_path, key_path)
+
+ if ca_path:
+ ctx.load_verify_locations(ca_path)
+ else:
+ ctx.check_hostname = False
+ ctx.verify_mode = ssl.CERT_NONE
+
+ return ctx
+
+ def __enter__(self) -> "S7CommPlusConnection":
+ return self
+
+ def __exit__(
+ self,
+ exc_type: Optional[Type[BaseException]],
+ exc_val: Optional[BaseException],
+ exc_tb: Optional[TracebackType],
+ ) -> None:
+ self.disconnect()
diff --git a/s7/legitimation.py b/s7/legitimation.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2c8e197e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/s7/legitimation.py
@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+"""S7CommPlus PLC password authentication (legitimation).
+
+Supports two authentication modes:
+- Legacy: SHA-1 password hash XORed with challenge (older firmware)
+- New: AES-256-CBC encrypted credentials with TLS-derived key (newer firmware)
+
+Firmware version determines which mode is used:
+- S7-1500: FW >= 3.01 = new, FW 2.09-2.99 = legacy
+- S7-1200: FW >= 4.07 = new, FW 4.03-4.06 = legacy
+
+Note: The "new" mode requires the ``cryptography`` package for AES-256-CBC.
+Install with ``pip install cryptography``. The legacy mode uses only stdlib.
+"""
+
+import hashlib
+import logging
+from typing import Optional
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def derive_legitimation_key(oms_secret: bytes) -> bytes:
+ """Derive AES-256 key from TLS OMS exporter secret.
+
+ Args:
+ oms_secret: 32-byte OMS exporter secret from TLS session
+
+ Returns:
+ 32-byte AES-256 key
+ """
+ return hashlib.sha256(oms_secret).digest()
+
+
+def build_legacy_response(password: str, challenge: bytes) -> bytes:
+ """Build legacy legitimation response (SHA-1 XOR).
+
+ Args:
+ password: PLC password
+ challenge: 20-byte challenge from PLC
+
+ Returns:
+ Response bytes (SHA-1 hash XORed with challenge)
+ """
+ password_hash = hashlib.sha1(password.encode("utf-8")).digest() # noqa: S324
+ return bytes(a ^ b for a, b in zip(password_hash, challenge[:20]))
+
+
+def build_new_response(
+ password: str,
+ challenge: bytes,
+ oms_secret: bytes,
+ username: str = "",
+) -> bytes:
+ """Build new legitimation response (AES-256-CBC encrypted).
+
+ Requires the ``cryptography`` package.
+
+ Args:
+ password: PLC password
+ challenge: Challenge from PLC (first 16 bytes used as IV)
+ oms_secret: 32-byte OMS exporter secret
+ username: Optional username (empty string for legacy-style new auth)
+
+ Returns:
+ AES-256-CBC encrypted response
+
+ Raises:
+ NotImplementedError: If ``cryptography`` is not installed
+ """
+ try:
+ from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.ciphers import Cipher, algorithms, modes
+ from cryptography.hazmat.primitives import padding
+ except ImportError:
+ raise NotImplementedError(
+ "AES-256-CBC legitimation requires the 'cryptography' package. Install with: pip install python-snap7[s7commplus]"
+ )
+
+ key = derive_legitimation_key(oms_secret)
+ iv = bytes(challenge[:16])
+
+ payload = _build_legitimation_payload(password, username)
+
+ padder = padding.PKCS7(128).padder()
+ padded = padder.update(payload) + padder.finalize()
+
+ cipher = Cipher(algorithms.AES(key), modes.CBC(iv))
+ encryptor = cipher.encryptor()
+ result: bytes = encryptor.update(padded) + encryptor.finalize()
+ return result
+
+
+def _build_legitimation_payload(password: str, username: str = "") -> bytes:
+ """Build the legitimation payload structure.
+
+ The payload is a serialized ValueStruct with:
+ - 40401: LegitimationType (1=legacy, 2=new)
+ - 40402: Username (UTF-8 blob)
+ - 40403: Password or password hash (SHA-1)
+ """
+ from .vlq import encode_uint32_vlq
+ from .protocol import DataType
+
+ result = bytearray()
+
+ if username:
+ legit_type = 2
+ password_data = password.encode("utf-8")
+ else:
+ legit_type = 1
+ password_data = hashlib.sha1(password.encode("utf-8")).digest() # noqa: S324
+
+ username_data = username.encode("utf-8")
+
+ # Struct with 3 elements
+ result += bytes([0x00, DataType.STRUCT])
+ result += encode_uint32_vlq(3)
+
+ # Element 1: LegitimationType
+ result += bytes([0x00, DataType.UDINT])
+ result += encode_uint32_vlq(legit_type)
+
+ # Element 2: Username blob
+ result += bytes([0x00, DataType.BLOB])
+ result += encode_uint32_vlq(len(username_data))
+ result += username_data
+
+ # Element 3: Password blob
+ result += bytes([0x00, DataType.BLOB])
+ result += encode_uint32_vlq(len(password_data))
+ result += password_data
+
+ return bytes(result)
+
+
+class LegitimationState:
+ """Tracks legitimation state for a connection."""
+
+ def __init__(self, oms_secret: Optional[bytes] = None) -> None:
+ self._oms_key: Optional[bytes] = None
+ if oms_secret:
+ self._oms_key = derive_legitimation_key(oms_secret)
+ self._authenticated = False
+
+ @property
+ def authenticated(self) -> bool:
+ return self._authenticated
+
+ def mark_authenticated(self) -> None:
+ self._authenticated = True
+
+ def rotate_key(self) -> None:
+ """Rotate the OMS-derived key (called after each legitimation)."""
+ if self._oms_key:
+ self._oms_key = hashlib.sha256(self._oms_key).digest()
diff --git a/s7/protocol.py b/s7/protocol.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b5af76b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/s7/protocol.py
@@ -0,0 +1,250 @@
+"""
+S7CommPlus protocol constants and types.
+
+Defines the protocol framing, opcodes, function codes, data types,
+element IDs, and other constants needed for S7CommPlus communication.
+
+Reference: thomas-v2/S7CommPlusDriver (C#, LGPL-3.0)
+Reference: Wireshark S7CommPlus dissector
+"""
+
+from enum import IntEnum
+
+
+# Protocol identification byte (vs 0x32 for legacy S7comm)
+PROTOCOL_ID = 0x72
+
+
+class ProtocolVersion(IntEnum):
+ """S7CommPlus protocol versions.
+
+ V1: Early S7-1200 FW V4.0 -- simple session handshake
+ V2: Adds integrity checking and session authentication
+ V3: Adds public-key-based key exchange
+ TLS: TIA Portal V17+ -- standard TLS 1.3 with per-device certificates
+
+ For new implementations, TLS (V3 + InitSsl) is the recommended target.
+ """
+
+ V1 = 0x01
+ V2 = 0x02
+ V3 = 0x03
+ SYSTEM_EVENT = 0xFE
+
+
+class Opcode(IntEnum):
+ """S7CommPlus opcodes (first byte after header)."""
+
+ REQUEST = 0x31
+ RESPONSE = 0x32
+ NOTIFICATION = 0x33
+ RESPONSE2 = 0x02 # Seen in some older firmware
+
+
+class FunctionCode(IntEnum):
+ """S7CommPlus function codes.
+
+ These identify the type of operation in a request/response pair.
+ """
+
+ ERROR = 0x04B1
+ EXPLORE = 0x04BB
+ CREATE_OBJECT = 0x04CA
+ DELETE_OBJECT = 0x04D4
+ SET_VARIABLE = 0x04F2
+ GET_VARIABLE = 0x04FC # Only in old S7-1200 firmware
+ ADD_LINK = 0x0506
+ REMOVE_LINK = 0x051A
+ GET_LINK = 0x0524
+ SET_MULTI_VARIABLES = 0x0542
+ GET_MULTI_VARIABLES = 0x054C
+ BEGIN_SEQUENCE = 0x0556
+ END_SEQUENCE = 0x0560
+ INVOKE = 0x056B
+ SET_VAR_SUBSTREAMED = 0x057C
+ GET_VAR_SUBSTREAMED = 0x0586
+ GET_VARIABLES_ADDRESS = 0x0590
+ ABORT = 0x059A
+ ERROR2 = 0x05A9
+ INIT_SSL = 0x05B3
+
+
+class ElementID(IntEnum):
+ """Tag IDs used in the object serialization format.
+
+ S7CommPlus uses a tagged object model where data is structured as
+ nested objects with attributes, similar to TLV encoding.
+ """
+
+ START_OF_OBJECT = 0xA1
+ TERMINATING_OBJECT = 0xA2
+ ATTRIBUTE = 0xA3
+ RELATION = 0xA4
+ START_OF_TAG_DESCRIPTION = 0xA7
+ TERMINATING_TAG_DESCRIPTION = 0xA8
+ VARTYPE_LIST = 0xAB
+ VARNAME_LIST = 0xAC
+
+
+class ObjectId(IntEnum):
+ """Well-known object IDs used in session establishment.
+
+ Reference: thomas-v2/S7CommPlusDriver/Core/Ids.cs
+ """
+
+ NONE = 0
+ GET_NEW_RID_ON_SERVER = 211
+ CLASS_SUBSCRIPTIONS = 255
+ CLASS_SERVER_SESSION_CONTAINER = 284
+ OBJECT_SERVER_SESSION_CONTAINER = 285
+ CLASS_SERVER_SESSION = 287
+ OBJECT_NULL_SERVER_SESSION = 288
+ SERVER_SESSION_CLIENT_RID = 300
+ SERVER_SESSION_VERSION = 306
+
+
+# Default TSAP for S7CommPlus connections
+# The remote TSAP is the ASCII string "SIMATIC-ROOT-HMI" (16 bytes)
+S7COMMPLUS_LOCAL_TSAP = 0x0600
+S7COMMPLUS_REMOTE_TSAP = b"SIMATIC-ROOT-HMI"
+
+
+class DataType(IntEnum):
+ """S7CommPlus wire data types.
+
+ These identify how values are encoded on the wire in the S7CommPlus
+ protocol. Note: these differ from the Softdatatype IDs used for
+ PLC variable type metadata.
+ """
+
+ NULL = 0x00
+ BOOL = 0x01
+ USINT = 0x02
+ UINT = 0x03
+ UDINT = 0x04
+ ULINT = 0x05
+ SINT = 0x06
+ INT = 0x07
+ DINT = 0x08
+ LINT = 0x09
+ BYTE = 0x0A
+ WORD = 0x0B
+ DWORD = 0x0C
+ LWORD = 0x0D
+ REAL = 0x0E
+ LREAL = 0x0F
+ TIMESTAMP = 0x10
+ TIMESPAN = 0x11
+ RID = 0x12
+ AID = 0x13
+ BLOB = 0x14
+ WSTRING = 0x15
+ VARIANT = 0x16
+ STRUCT = 0x17
+ S7STRING = 0x19
+
+
+class Ids(IntEnum):
+ """Well-known IDs for S7CommPlus protocol structures.
+
+ Reference: thomas-v2/S7CommPlusDriver/Core/Ids.cs
+ """
+
+ # Data block access sub-areas
+ DB_VALUE_ACTUAL = 2550
+ CONTROLLER_AREA_VALUE_ACTUAL = 2551
+
+ # ObjectQualifier structure IDs
+ OBJECT_QUALIFIER = 1256
+ PARENT_RID = 1257
+ COMPOSITION_AID = 1258
+ KEY_QUALIFIER = 1259
+
+ # Native object RIDs for memory areas
+ NATIVE_THE_I_AREA_RID = 80
+ NATIVE_THE_Q_AREA_RID = 81
+ NATIVE_THE_M_AREA_RID = 82
+ NATIVE_THE_S7_COUNTERS_RID = 83
+ NATIVE_THE_S7_TIMERS_RID = 84
+
+ # DB AccessArea base (add DB number to get area ID)
+ DB_ACCESS_AREA_BASE = 0x8A0E0000
+
+
+# Function codes that use the READ IntegrityId counter (V2+)
+READ_FUNCTION_CODES: frozenset[int] = frozenset(
+ {
+ FunctionCode.GET_MULTI_VARIABLES,
+ FunctionCode.EXPLORE,
+ FunctionCode.GET_VAR_SUBSTREAMED,
+ FunctionCode.GET_LINK,
+ FunctionCode.GET_VARIABLE,
+ FunctionCode.GET_VARIABLES_ADDRESS,
+ }
+)
+
+
+class LegitimationId(IntEnum):
+ """Legitimation IDs used in password authentication (V2+).
+
+ Reference: thomas-v2/S7CommPlusDriver
+ """
+
+ SERVER_SESSION_REQUEST = 303
+ SERVER_SESSION_RESPONSE = 304
+ LEGITIMATE = 1846
+
+
+class SoftDataType(IntEnum):
+ """PLC soft data types (used in variable metadata / tag descriptions).
+
+ These correspond to the data types as they appear in the PLC's symbol
+ table and are used for symbolic access to optimized data blocks.
+ """
+
+ VOID = 0
+ BOOL = 1
+ BYTE = 2
+ CHAR = 3
+ WORD = 4
+ INT = 5
+ DWORD = 6
+ DINT = 7
+ REAL = 8
+ DATE = 9
+ TIME_OF_DAY = 10
+ TIME = 11
+ S5TIME = 12
+ DATE_AND_TIME = 14
+ ARRAY = 16
+ STRUCT = 17
+ STRING = 19
+ POINTER = 20
+ ANY = 22
+ BLOCK_FB = 23
+ BLOCK_FC = 24
+ BLOCK_DB = 25
+ BLOCK_SDB = 26
+ COUNTER = 28
+ TIMER = 29
+ IEC_COUNTER = 30
+ IEC_TIMER = 31
+ BLOCK_SFB = 32
+ BLOCK_SFC = 33
+ BLOCK_OB = 36
+ BLOCK_UDT = 37
+ LREAL = 48
+ ULINT = 49
+ LINT = 50
+ LWORD = 51
+ USINT = 52
+ UINT = 53
+ UDINT = 54
+ SINT = 55
+ WCHAR = 61
+ WSTRING = 62
+ VARIANT = 63
+ LTIME = 64
+ LTOD = 65
+ LDT = 66
+ DTL = 67
diff --git a/s7/py.typed b/s7/py.typed
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/s7/server.py b/s7/server.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a0cad1d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/s7/server.py
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+"""Unified S7 server supporting both legacy S7 and S7CommPlus clients.
+
+Wraps both a legacy :class:`snap7.server.Server` and an
+:class:`S7CommPlusServer` so that test environments can serve both
+protocol stacks simultaneously.
+
+Usage::
+
+ from s7 import Server
+
+ server = Server()
+ server.start(tcp_port=102, s7commplus_port=11020)
+"""
+
+import logging
+from typing import Any, Optional
+
+from snap7.server import Server as LegacyServer
+
+from ._s7commplus_server import S7CommPlusServer, DataBlock
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class Server:
+ """Unified S7 server for testing.
+
+ Runs a legacy S7 server and optionally an S7CommPlus server
+ side by side.
+ """
+
+ def __init__(self) -> None:
+ self._legacy = LegacyServer()
+ self._plus = S7CommPlusServer()
+
+ @property
+ def legacy_server(self) -> LegacyServer:
+ """Direct access to the legacy S7 server."""
+ return self._legacy
+
+ @property
+ def s7commplus_server(self) -> S7CommPlusServer:
+ """Direct access to the S7CommPlus server."""
+ return self._plus
+
+ def register_db(
+ self,
+ db_number: int,
+ variables: dict[str, tuple[str, int]],
+ size: int = 0,
+ ) -> DataBlock:
+ """Register a data block on the S7CommPlus server.
+
+ Args:
+ db_number: Data block number
+ variables: Dict of {name: (type_name, offset)}
+ size: Total DB size in bytes (auto-calculated if 0)
+
+ Returns:
+ The created DataBlock
+ """
+ return self._plus.register_db(db_number, variables, size)
+
+ def register_raw_db(self, db_number: int, data: bytearray) -> DataBlock:
+ """Register a raw data block on the S7CommPlus server.
+
+ Args:
+ db_number: Data block number
+ data: Raw bytearray backing the data block
+
+ Returns:
+ The created DataBlock
+ """
+ return self._plus.register_raw_db(db_number, data)
+
+ def get_db(self, db_number: int) -> Optional[DataBlock]:
+ """Get a registered data block."""
+ return self._plus.get_db(db_number)
+
+ def start(
+ self,
+ tcp_port: int = 102,
+ s7commplus_port: Optional[int] = None,
+ *,
+ use_tls: bool = False,
+ tls_cert: Optional[str] = None,
+ tls_key: Optional[str] = None,
+ ) -> None:
+ """Start the server(s).
+
+ Args:
+ tcp_port: Port for the legacy S7 server.
+ s7commplus_port: Port for the S7CommPlus server. If None,
+ only the legacy server is started.
+ use_tls: Whether to enable TLS on the S7CommPlus server.
+ tls_cert: Path to TLS certificate (PEM).
+ tls_key: Path to TLS private key (PEM).
+ """
+ self._legacy.start(tcp_port=tcp_port)
+ logger.info(f"Legacy S7 server started on port {tcp_port}")
+
+ if s7commplus_port is not None:
+ self._plus.start(
+ port=s7commplus_port,
+ use_tls=use_tls,
+ tls_cert=tls_cert,
+ tls_key=tls_key,
+ )
+ logger.info(f"S7CommPlus server started on port {s7commplus_port}")
+
+ def stop(self) -> None:
+ """Stop all servers."""
+ try:
+ self._plus.stop()
+ except Exception:
+ pass
+ try:
+ self._legacy.stop()
+ except Exception:
+ pass
+
+ def __getattr__(self, name: str) -> Any:
+ """Delegate unknown methods to the legacy server."""
+ if name.startswith("_"):
+ raise AttributeError(name)
+ return getattr(self._legacy, name)
+
+ def __enter__(self) -> "Server":
+ return self
+
+ def __exit__(self, *args: Any) -> None:
+ self.stop()
diff --git a/s7/vlq.py b/s7/vlq.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..19e9c388
--- /dev/null
+++ b/s7/vlq.py
@@ -0,0 +1,338 @@
+"""
+Variable-Length Quantity (VLQ) encoding for S7CommPlus.
+
+S7CommPlus uses VLQ encoding for integer values in the protocol framing.
+This is similar to MIDI VLQ or protobuf varints, with some S7-specific
+variations for signed values and 64-bit special handling.
+
+Encoding scheme:
+ - Each byte uses 7 data bits + 1 continuation bit (MSB)
+ - continuation bit = 1 means more bytes follow
+ - continuation bit = 0 means this is the last byte
+ - Big-endian byte order (most significant group first)
+ - Signed values use bit 6 of the first byte as a sign flag
+
+64-bit special case:
+ - 8 bytes of 7-bit groups = 56 bits, which is less than 64
+ - The 9th byte uses all 8 bits (no continuation flag)
+ - This avoids needing a 10th byte
+
+Reference: thomas-v2/S7CommPlusDriver/Core/S7p.cs
+"""
+
+
+def encode_uint32_vlq(value: int) -> bytes:
+ """Encode an unsigned 32-bit integer as VLQ.
+
+ Args:
+ value: Unsigned integer (0 to 2^32-1)
+
+ Returns:
+ VLQ-encoded bytes (1-5 bytes)
+ """
+ if value < 0 or value > 0xFFFFFFFF:
+ raise ValueError(f"Value out of range for uint32 VLQ: {value}")
+
+ result = bytearray()
+
+ # Find the highest non-zero 7-bit group
+ num_groups = 1
+ for i in range(4, 0, -1):
+ if value & (0x7F << (i * 7)):
+ num_groups = i + 1
+ break
+
+ # Encode each group, MSB first
+ for i in range(num_groups - 1, -1, -1):
+ group = (value >> (i * 7)) & 0x7F
+ if i > 0:
+ group |= 0x80 # Set continuation bit
+ result.append(group)
+
+ return bytes(result)
+
+
+def decode_uint32_vlq(data: bytes, offset: int = 0) -> tuple[int, int]:
+ """Decode a VLQ-encoded unsigned 32-bit integer.
+
+ Args:
+ data: Buffer containing VLQ data
+ offset: Starting position in buffer
+
+ Returns:
+ Tuple of (decoded_value, bytes_consumed)
+ """
+ value = 0
+ consumed = 0
+
+ for _ in range(5): # Max 5 bytes for 32-bit
+ if offset + consumed >= len(data):
+ raise ValueError("Unexpected end of VLQ data")
+
+ octet = data[offset + consumed]
+ consumed += 1
+
+ value = (value << 7) | (octet & 0x7F)
+
+ if not (octet & 0x80): # No continuation bit
+ break
+
+ return value, consumed
+
+
+def encode_int32_vlq(value: int) -> bytes:
+ """Encode a signed 32-bit integer as VLQ.
+
+ Signed VLQ uses bit 6 of the first byte as a sign indicator.
+ Negative values are encoded in a compact two's-complement-like form.
+
+ Args:
+ value: Signed integer (-2^31 to 2^31-1)
+
+ Returns:
+ VLQ-encoded bytes (1-5 bytes)
+ """
+ if value < -0x80000000 or value > 0x7FFFFFFF:
+ raise ValueError(f"Value out of range for int32 VLQ: {value}")
+
+ result = bytearray()
+
+ if value == -0x80000000:
+ abs_v = 0x80000000
+ else:
+ abs_v = abs(value)
+
+ b = [0] * 5
+ b[0] = value & 0x7F
+ length = 1
+
+ for i in range(1, 5):
+ if abs_v >= 0x40:
+ length += 1
+ abs_v >>= 7
+ value >>= 7
+ b[i] = ((value & 0x7F) + 0x80) & 0xFF
+ else:
+ break
+
+ # Emit in reverse order (big-endian)
+ for i in range(length - 1, -1, -1):
+ result.append(b[i])
+
+ return bytes(result)
+
+
+def decode_int32_vlq(data: bytes, offset: int = 0) -> tuple[int, int]:
+ """Decode a VLQ-encoded signed 32-bit integer.
+
+ Args:
+ data: Buffer containing VLQ data
+ offset: Starting position in buffer
+
+ Returns:
+ Tuple of (decoded_value, bytes_consumed)
+ """
+ value = 0
+ consumed = 0
+
+ for counter in range(1, 6): # Max 5 bytes for 32-bit
+ if offset + consumed >= len(data):
+ raise ValueError("Unexpected end of VLQ data")
+
+ octet = data[offset + consumed]
+ consumed += 1
+
+ if counter == 1 and (octet & 0x40): # Check sign bit
+ octet &= 0xBF
+ value = -64 # Pre-load with one's complement
+ else:
+ value <<= 7
+
+ value += octet & 0x7F
+
+ if not (octet & 0x80): # No continuation bit
+ break
+
+ return value, consumed
+
+
+def encode_uint64_vlq(value: int) -> bytes:
+ """Encode an unsigned 64-bit integer as VLQ.
+
+ 64-bit VLQ has special handling: since 8 groups of 7 bits = 56 bits < 64,
+ the 9th byte uses all 8 bits (no continuation flag).
+
+ Args:
+ value: Unsigned integer (0 to 2^64-1)
+
+ Returns:
+ VLQ-encoded bytes (1-9 bytes)
+ """
+ if value < 0 or value > 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF:
+ raise ValueError(f"Value out of range for uint64 VLQ: {value}")
+
+ special = value > 0x00FFFFFFFFFFFFFF
+
+ b = [0] * 9
+ if special:
+ b[0] = value & 0xFF
+ else:
+ b[0] = value & 0x7F
+
+ length = 1
+ for i in range(1, 9):
+ if value >= 0x80:
+ length += 1
+ if i == 1 and special:
+ value >>= 8
+ else:
+ value >>= 7
+ b[i] = ((value & 0x7F) + 0x80) & 0xFF
+ else:
+ break
+
+ if special and length == 8:
+ length += 1
+ b[8] = 0x80
+
+ # Emit in reverse order
+ result = bytearray()
+ for i in range(length - 1, -1, -1):
+ result.append(b[i])
+
+ return bytes(result)
+
+
+def decode_uint64_vlq(data: bytes, offset: int = 0) -> tuple[int, int]:
+ """Decode a VLQ-encoded unsigned 64-bit integer.
+
+ Args:
+ data: Buffer containing VLQ data
+ offset: Starting position in buffer
+
+ Returns:
+ Tuple of (decoded_value, bytes_consumed)
+ """
+ value = 0
+ consumed = 0
+ cont = 0
+
+ for counter in range(1, 9): # Max 8 groups of 7 bits
+ if offset + consumed >= len(data):
+ raise ValueError("Unexpected end of VLQ data")
+
+ octet = data[offset + consumed]
+ consumed += 1
+
+ value = (value << 7) | (octet & 0x7F)
+ cont = octet & 0x80
+
+ if not cont:
+ break
+
+ if cont:
+ # 9th byte: all 8 bits are data (special 64-bit handling)
+ if offset + consumed >= len(data):
+ raise ValueError("Unexpected end of VLQ data")
+
+ octet = data[offset + consumed]
+ consumed += 1
+ value = (value << 8) | octet
+
+ return value, consumed
+
+
+def encode_int64_vlq(value: int) -> bytes:
+ """Encode a signed 64-bit integer as VLQ.
+
+ Args:
+ value: Signed integer (-2^63 to 2^63-1)
+
+ Returns:
+ VLQ-encoded bytes (1-9 bytes)
+ """
+ if value < -0x8000000000000000 or value > 0x7FFFFFFFFFFFFFFF:
+ raise ValueError(f"Value out of range for int64 VLQ: {value}")
+
+ if value == -0x8000000000000000:
+ abs_v = 0x8000000000000000
+ else:
+ abs_v = abs(value)
+
+ special = abs_v > 0x007FFFFFFFFFFFFF
+
+ b = [0] * 9
+ if special:
+ b[0] = value & 0xFF
+ else:
+ b[0] = value & 0x7F
+
+ length = 1
+ for i in range(1, 9):
+ if abs_v >= 0x40:
+ length += 1
+ if i == 1 and special:
+ abs_v >>= 8
+ value >>= 8
+ else:
+ abs_v >>= 7
+ value >>= 7
+ b[i] = ((value & 0x7F) + 0x80) & 0xFF
+ else:
+ break
+
+ if special and length == 8:
+ length += 1
+ b[8] = 0x80 if value >= 0 else 0xFF
+
+ # Emit in reverse order
+ result = bytearray()
+ for i in range(length - 1, -1, -1):
+ result.append(b[i])
+
+ return bytes(result)
+
+
+def decode_int64_vlq(data: bytes, offset: int = 0) -> tuple[int, int]:
+ """Decode a VLQ-encoded signed 64-bit integer.
+
+ Args:
+ data: Buffer containing VLQ data
+ offset: Starting position in buffer
+
+ Returns:
+ Tuple of (decoded_value, bytes_consumed)
+ """
+ value = 0
+ consumed = 0
+ cont = 0
+
+ for counter in range(1, 9): # Max 8 groups of 7 bits
+ if offset + consumed >= len(data):
+ raise ValueError("Unexpected end of VLQ data")
+
+ octet = data[offset + consumed]
+ consumed += 1
+
+ if counter == 1 and (octet & 0x40): # Check sign bit
+ octet &= 0xBF
+ value = -64 # Pre-load with one's complement
+ else:
+ value <<= 7
+
+ cont = octet & 0x80
+ value += octet & 0x7F
+
+ if not cont:
+ break
+
+ if cont:
+ # 9th byte: all 8 bits are data
+ if offset + consumed >= len(data):
+ raise ValueError("Unexpected end of VLQ data")
+
+ octet = data[offset + consumed]
+ consumed += 1
+ value = (value << 8) | octet
+
+ return value, consumed
diff --git a/snap7/__init__.py b/snap7/__init__.py
index 1b9756d3..ba87536d 100644
--- a/snap7/__init__.py
+++ b/snap7/__init__.py
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
from importlib.metadata import version, PackageNotFoundError
from .client import Client
+from .async_client import AsyncClient
from .server import Server
from .partner import Partner
from .logo import Logo
@@ -16,6 +17,7 @@
__all__ = [
"Client",
+ "AsyncClient",
"Server",
"Partner",
"Logo",
diff --git a/snap7/async_client.py b/snap7/async_client.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dd767031
--- /dev/null
+++ b/snap7/async_client.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1275 @@
+"""
+Native async S7 client implementation.
+
+Uses asyncio streams for non-blocking I/O with an asyncio.Lock() to serialize
+send/receive cycles, ensuring safe concurrent use via asyncio.gather().
+"""
+
+import asyncio
+import logging
+import struct
+import time
+from typing import List, Any, Optional, Tuple, Type
+from types import TracebackType
+from datetime import datetime
+
+from .connection import TPDUSize
+from .s7protocol import S7Protocol, get_return_code_description
+from .datatypes import S7WordLen
+from .error import S7Error, S7ConnectionError, S7ProtocolError, S7TimeoutError
+from .client_base import ClientMixin
+from .type import (
+ Area,
+ Block,
+ BlocksList,
+ S7CpuInfo,
+ TS7BlockInfo,
+ S7CpInfo,
+ S7OrderCode,
+ S7Protection,
+ S7SZL,
+ Parameter,
+)
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class AsyncISOTCPConnection:
+ """Async ISO on TCP connection using asyncio streams.
+
+ Mirrors ISOTCPConnection but uses asyncio.open_connection() instead of
+ blocking sockets for non-blocking I/O.
+ """
+
+ # COTP PDU types
+ COTP_CR = 0xE0 # Connection Request
+ COTP_CC = 0xD0 # Connection Confirm
+ COTP_DR = 0x80 # Disconnect Request
+ COTP_DT = 0xF0 # Data Transfer
+
+ # COTP parameter codes (ISO 8073)
+ COTP_PARAM_PDU_SIZE = 0xC0
+ COTP_PARAM_CALLING_TSAP = 0xC1
+ COTP_PARAM_CALLED_TSAP = 0xC2
+
+ def __init__(
+ self,
+ host: str,
+ port: int = 102,
+ local_tsap: int = 0x0100,
+ remote_tsap: int = 0x0102,
+ tpdu_size: TPDUSize = TPDUSize.S_1024,
+ ):
+ self.host = host
+ self.port = port
+ self.local_tsap = local_tsap
+ self.remote_tsap = remote_tsap
+ self.tpdu_size = tpdu_size
+ self.connected = False
+ self.pdu_size = 240
+ self.timeout = 5.0
+
+ self.src_ref = 0x0001
+ self.dst_ref = 0x0000
+
+ self._reader: Optional[asyncio.StreamReader] = None
+ self._writer: Optional[asyncio.StreamWriter] = None
+
+ async def connect(self, timeout: float = 5.0) -> None:
+ """Establish ISO on TCP connection."""
+ self.timeout = timeout
+
+ try:
+ self._reader, self._writer = await asyncio.wait_for(
+ asyncio.open_connection(self.host, self.port),
+ timeout=self.timeout,
+ )
+ logger.debug(f"TCP connected to {self.host}:{self.port}")
+
+ await self._iso_connect()
+
+ self.connected = True
+ logger.info(f"Connected to {self.host}:{self.port}, PDU size: {self.pdu_size}")
+
+ except Exception as e:
+ await self.disconnect()
+ if isinstance(e, (S7ConnectionError, S7TimeoutError)):
+ raise
+ elif isinstance(e, asyncio.TimeoutError):
+ raise S7TimeoutError(f"Connection timeout: {e}")
+ else:
+ raise S7ConnectionError(f"Connection failed: {e}")
+
+ async def disconnect(self) -> None:
+ """Disconnect from S7 device."""
+ if self._writer:
+ try:
+ if self.connected:
+ dr_pdu = struct.pack(
+ ">BBHHBB",
+ 6,
+ self.COTP_DR,
+ self.dst_ref,
+ self.src_ref,
+ 0x00,
+ 0x00,
+ )
+ self._writer.write(self._build_tpkt(dr_pdu))
+ await self._writer.drain()
+ self._writer.close()
+ await self._writer.wait_closed()
+ except Exception:
+ pass
+ finally:
+ self._reader = None
+ self._writer = None
+ self.connected = False
+ logger.info(f"Disconnected from {self.host}:{self.port}")
+
+ async def send_data(self, data: bytes) -> None:
+ """Send data over ISO connection."""
+ if not self.connected or self._writer is None:
+ raise S7ConnectionError("Not connected")
+
+ cotp_header = struct.pack(">BBB", 2, self.COTP_DT, 0x80)
+ tpkt_frame = self._build_tpkt(cotp_header + data)
+
+ try:
+ self._writer.write(tpkt_frame)
+ await self._writer.drain()
+ logger.debug(f"Sent {len(tpkt_frame)} bytes")
+ except (OSError, ConnectionError) as e:
+ self.connected = False
+ raise S7ConnectionError(f"Send failed: {e}")
+
+ async def receive_data(self) -> bytes:
+ """Receive data from ISO connection."""
+ if not self.connected:
+ raise S7ConnectionError("Not connected")
+
+ try:
+ tpkt_header = await self._recv_exact(4)
+ version, reserved, length = struct.unpack(">BBH", tpkt_header)
+ if version != 3:
+ raise S7ConnectionError(f"Invalid TPKT version: {version}")
+
+ remaining = length - 4
+ if remaining <= 0:
+ raise S7ConnectionError("Invalid TPKT length")
+
+ payload = await self._recv_exact(remaining)
+
+ # Parse COTP DT header
+ if len(payload) < 3:
+ raise S7ConnectionError("Invalid COTP DT: too short")
+ pdu_len, pdu_type, eot_num = struct.unpack(">BBB", payload[:3])
+ if pdu_type != self.COTP_DT:
+ raise S7ConnectionError(f"Expected COTP DT, got {pdu_type:#02x}")
+ return payload[3:]
+
+ except asyncio.TimeoutError:
+ self.connected = False
+ raise S7TimeoutError("Receive timeout")
+ except (OSError, ConnectionError) as e:
+ self.connected = False
+ raise S7ConnectionError(f"Receive failed: {e}")
+
+ async def _iso_connect(self) -> None:
+ """Establish ISO connection using COTP handshake."""
+ if self._writer is None or self._reader is None:
+ raise S7ConnectionError("Stream not initialized")
+
+ # Build and send COTP Connection Request
+ base_pdu = struct.pack(
+ ">BBHHB",
+ 6,
+ self.COTP_CR,
+ 0x0000,
+ self.src_ref,
+ 0x00,
+ )
+ calling_tsap = struct.pack(">BBH", self.COTP_PARAM_CALLING_TSAP, 2, self.local_tsap)
+ called_tsap = struct.pack(">BBH", self.COTP_PARAM_CALLED_TSAP, 2, self.remote_tsap)
+ pdu_size_param = struct.pack(">BBB", self.COTP_PARAM_PDU_SIZE, 1, self.tpdu_size)
+ parameters = calling_tsap + called_tsap + pdu_size_param
+ total_length = 6 + len(parameters)
+ cr_pdu = struct.pack(">B", total_length) + base_pdu[1:] + parameters
+
+ self._writer.write(self._build_tpkt(cr_pdu))
+ await self._writer.drain()
+ logger.debug("Sent COTP Connection Request")
+
+ # Receive Connection Confirm
+ tpkt_header = await self._recv_exact(4)
+ version, reserved, length = struct.unpack(">BBH", tpkt_header)
+ if version != 3:
+ raise S7ConnectionError(f"Invalid TPKT version in response: {version}")
+
+ payload = await self._recv_exact(length - 4)
+ self._parse_cotp_cc(payload)
+ logger.debug("Received COTP Connection Confirm")
+
+ def _build_tpkt(self, payload: bytes) -> bytes:
+ """Build TPKT frame."""
+ length = len(payload) + 4
+ return struct.pack(">BBH", 3, 0, length) + payload
+
+ def _parse_cotp_cc(self, data: bytes) -> None:
+ """Parse COTP Connection Confirm PDU."""
+ if len(data) < 7:
+ raise S7ConnectionError("Invalid COTP CC: too short")
+
+ pdu_len, pdu_type, dst_ref, src_ref, class_opt = struct.unpack(">BBHHB", data[:7])
+ if pdu_type != self.COTP_CC:
+ raise S7ConnectionError(f"Expected COTP CC, got {pdu_type:#02x}")
+
+ self.dst_ref = dst_ref
+
+ # Parse parameters
+ offset = 7
+ while offset < len(data):
+ if offset + 2 > len(data):
+ break
+ param_code = data[offset]
+ param_len = data[offset + 1]
+ if offset + 2 + param_len > len(data):
+ break
+ param_data = data[offset + 2 : offset + 2 + param_len]
+ if param_code == self.COTP_PARAM_PDU_SIZE:
+ if param_len == 1:
+ self.pdu_size = 1 << param_data[0]
+ elif param_len == 2:
+ self.pdu_size = struct.unpack(">H", param_data)[0]
+ logger.debug(f"Negotiated PDU size: {self.pdu_size}")
+ offset += 2 + param_len
+
+ async def _recv_exact(self, size: int) -> bytes:
+ """Receive exactly size bytes."""
+ if self._reader is None:
+ raise S7ConnectionError("Stream not initialized")
+ try:
+ return await asyncio.wait_for(
+ self._reader.readexactly(size),
+ timeout=self.timeout,
+ )
+ except asyncio.IncompleteReadError:
+ self.connected = False
+ raise S7ConnectionError("Connection closed by peer")
+ except asyncio.TimeoutError:
+ self.connected = False
+ raise S7TimeoutError("Receive timeout")
+ except (OSError, ConnectionError) as e:
+ self.connected = False
+ raise S7ConnectionError(f"Receive error: {e}")
+
+ async def __aenter__(self) -> "AsyncISOTCPConnection":
+ return self
+
+ async def __aexit__(
+ self,
+ exc_type: Optional[Type[BaseException]],
+ exc_val: Optional[BaseException],
+ exc_tb: Optional[TracebackType],
+ ) -> None:
+ await self.disconnect()
+
+
+class AsyncClient(ClientMixin):
+ """
+ Native async S7 client implementation.
+
+ Uses asyncio streams for non-blocking I/O. An internal asyncio.Lock
+ serializes each send+receive cycle so that concurrent coroutines
+ (e.g. via asyncio.gather) never interleave on the same TCP socket.
+
+ Examples:
+ >>> import snap7
+ >>> async with snap7.AsyncClient() as client:
+ ... await client.connect("192.168.1.10", 0, 1)
+ ... data = await client.db_read(1, 0, 4)
+ """
+
+ MAX_VARS = 20
+
+ def __init__(self) -> None:
+ self.connection: Optional[AsyncISOTCPConnection] = None
+ self.protocol = S7Protocol()
+ self.connected = False
+ self.host = ""
+ self.port = 102
+ self.rack = 0
+ self.slot = 0
+ self.pdu_length = 480
+
+ self.local_tsap = 0x0100
+ self.remote_tsap = 0x0102
+ self.connection_type = 1 # PG
+ self.session_password: Optional[str] = None
+
+ self._exec_time = 0
+ self._last_error = 0
+
+ self._lock = asyncio.Lock()
+
+ self._params = {
+ Parameter.RemotePort: 102,
+ Parameter.SendTimeout: 10,
+ Parameter.RecvTimeout: 3000,
+ Parameter.SrcRef: 256,
+ Parameter.DstRef: 0,
+ Parameter.SrcTSap: 256,
+ Parameter.PDURequest: 480,
+ }
+
+ logger.info("AsyncClient initialized (native async implementation)")
+
+ def _get_connection(self) -> AsyncISOTCPConnection:
+ """Get connection, raising if not connected."""
+ if self.connection is None:
+ raise S7ConnectionError("Not connected to PLC")
+ return self.connection
+
+ async def _send_receive(self, request: bytes, max_stale_retries: int = 3) -> dict[str, Any]:
+ """Send a request and receive/parse the response, holding the lock.
+
+ The lock ensures that concurrent coroutines never interleave
+ send/receive on the same TCP socket.
+
+ Unlike the sync client, we do NOT use protocol.validate_pdu_reference()
+ because the protocol's shared sequence counter can be incremented by
+ a concurrent coroutine between request building and lock acquisition.
+ Instead, we extract the expected sequence directly from the request
+ bytes (S7 header bytes 4-5).
+ """
+ conn = self._get_connection()
+
+ # Extract the sequence number we embedded in this request's S7 header.
+ # S7 header: 0x32 | pdu_type | reserved(2) | sequence(2) | ...
+ expected_seq = struct.unpack(">H", request[4:6])[0]
+
+ async with self._lock:
+ await conn.send_data(request)
+
+ for attempt in range(max_stale_retries + 1):
+ response_data = await conn.receive_data()
+ response = self.protocol.parse_response(response_data)
+
+ resp_seq = response.get("sequence", 0)
+ if resp_seq == expected_seq:
+ return response
+
+ # Stale packet — response is for an older request
+ if attempt < max_stale_retries:
+ logger.warning(
+ f"Stale packet: expected seq {expected_seq}, got {resp_seq} "
+ f"(attempt {attempt + 1}/{max_stale_retries}), retrying receive"
+ )
+ continue
+ raise S7ProtocolError(f"Max stale packet retries ({max_stale_retries}) exceeded")
+
+ raise S7ProtocolError("Failed to receive valid response") # Should not reach here
+
+ async def connect(self, address: str, rack: int, slot: int, tcp_port: int = 102) -> "AsyncClient":
+ """Connect to S7 PLC.
+
+ Args:
+ address: PLC IP address
+ rack: Rack number
+ slot: Slot number
+ tcp_port: TCP port (default 102)
+
+ Returns:
+ Self for method chaining
+ """
+ self.host = address
+ self.port = tcp_port
+ self.rack = rack
+ self.slot = slot
+ self._params[Parameter.RemotePort] = tcp_port
+
+ self.remote_tsap = 0x0100 | (rack << 5) | slot
+
+ try:
+ start_time = time.time()
+
+ self.connection = AsyncISOTCPConnection(
+ host=address, port=tcp_port, local_tsap=self.local_tsap, remote_tsap=self.remote_tsap
+ )
+
+ await self.connection.connect()
+
+ await self._setup_communication()
+
+ self.connected = True
+ self._exec_time = int((time.time() - start_time) * 1000)
+ logger.info(f"Connected to {address}:{tcp_port} rack {rack} slot {slot}")
+
+ except Exception as e:
+ await self.disconnect()
+ if isinstance(e, S7Error):
+ raise
+ else:
+ raise S7ConnectionError(f"Connection failed: {e}")
+
+ return self
+
+ async def disconnect(self) -> int:
+ """Disconnect from S7 PLC.
+
+ Returns:
+ 0 on success
+ """
+ if self.connection:
+ await self.connection.disconnect()
+ self.connection = None
+
+ self.connected = False
+ logger.info(f"Disconnected from {self.host}:{self.port}")
+ return 0
+
+ def get_connected(self) -> bool:
+ """Check if client is connected."""
+ return self.connected and self.connection is not None and self.connection.connected
+
+ # ---------------------------------------------------------------
+ # DB helpers
+ # ---------------------------------------------------------------
+
+ async def db_read(self, db_number: int, start: int, size: int) -> bytearray:
+ """Read data from DB.
+
+ Args:
+ db_number: DB number to read from
+ start: Start byte offset
+ size: Number of bytes to read
+
+ Returns:
+ Data read from DB
+ """
+ logger.debug(f"db_read: DB{db_number}, start={start}, size={size}")
+ return await self.read_area(Area.DB, db_number, start, size)
+
+ async def db_write(self, db_number: int, start: int, data: bytearray) -> int:
+ """Write data to DB.
+
+ Args:
+ db_number: DB number to write to
+ start: Start byte offset
+ data: Data to write
+
+ Returns:
+ 0 on success
+ """
+ logger.debug(f"db_write: DB{db_number}, start={start}, size={len(data)}")
+ await self.write_area(Area.DB, db_number, start, data)
+ return 0
+
+ async def db_get(self, db_number: int, size: int = 0) -> bytearray:
+ """Get entire DB.
+
+ Args:
+ db_number: DB number to read
+ size: DB size in bytes. If 0, determined via get_block_info().
+
+ Returns:
+ Entire DB contents
+ """
+ if size <= 0:
+ block_info = await self.get_block_info(Block.DB, db_number)
+ size = block_info.MC7Size if block_info.MC7Size > 0 else 65536
+ return await self.db_read(db_number, 0, size)
+
+ async def db_fill(self, db_number: int, filler: int, size: int = 0) -> int:
+ """Fill a DB with a filler byte.
+
+ Args:
+ db_number: DB number to fill
+ filler: Byte value to fill with
+ size: DB size in bytes. If 0, determined via get_block_info().
+
+ Returns:
+ 0 on success
+ """
+ if size <= 0:
+ block_info = await self.get_block_info(Block.DB, db_number)
+ size = block_info.MC7Size if block_info.MC7Size > 0 else 65536
+ data = bytearray([filler] * size)
+ return await self.db_write(db_number, 0, data)
+
+ # ---------------------------------------------------------------
+ # Core read / write
+ # ---------------------------------------------------------------
+
+ async def read_area(self, area: Area, db_number: int, start: int, size: int) -> bytearray:
+ """Read data from memory area.
+
+ Automatically splits into multiple requests if size exceeds PDU capacity.
+ """
+ start_time = time.time()
+ s7_area = self._map_area(area)
+
+ if area == Area.TM:
+ word_len = S7WordLen.TIMER
+ elif area == Area.CT:
+ word_len = S7WordLen.COUNTER
+ else:
+ word_len = S7WordLen.BYTE
+
+ max_chunk = self._max_read_size()
+ if size <= max_chunk:
+ request = self.protocol.build_read_request(
+ area=s7_area, db_number=db_number, start=start, word_len=word_len, count=size
+ )
+ response = await self._send_receive(request)
+ values = self.protocol.extract_read_data(response, word_len, size)
+ self._exec_time = int((time.time() - start_time) * 1000)
+ return bytearray(values)
+
+ result = bytearray()
+ offset = 0
+ remaining = size
+ while remaining > 0:
+ chunk_size = min(remaining, max_chunk)
+ request = self.protocol.build_read_request(
+ area=s7_area, db_number=db_number, start=start + offset, word_len=word_len, count=chunk_size
+ )
+ response = await self._send_receive(request)
+ values = self.protocol.extract_read_data(response, word_len, chunk_size)
+ result.extend(values)
+ offset += chunk_size
+ remaining -= chunk_size
+
+ self._exec_time = int((time.time() - start_time) * 1000)
+ return result
+
+ async def write_area(self, area: Area, db_number: int, start: int, data: bytearray) -> int:
+ """Write data to memory area.
+
+ Automatically splits into multiple requests if data exceeds PDU capacity.
+ """
+ start_time = time.time()
+ s7_area = self._map_area(area)
+
+ if area == Area.TM:
+ word_len = S7WordLen.TIMER
+ elif area == Area.CT:
+ word_len = S7WordLen.COUNTER
+ else:
+ word_len = S7WordLen.BYTE
+
+ max_chunk = self._max_write_size()
+ if len(data) <= max_chunk:
+ request = self.protocol.build_write_request(
+ area=s7_area, db_number=db_number, start=start, word_len=word_len, data=bytes(data)
+ )
+ response = await self._send_receive(request)
+ self.protocol.check_write_response(response)
+ self._exec_time = int((time.time() - start_time) * 1000)
+ return 0
+
+ offset = 0
+ remaining = len(data)
+ while remaining > 0:
+ chunk_size = min(remaining, max_chunk)
+ chunk_data = data[offset : offset + chunk_size]
+ request = self.protocol.build_write_request(
+ area=s7_area, db_number=db_number, start=start + offset, word_len=word_len, data=bytes(chunk_data)
+ )
+ response = await self._send_receive(request)
+ self.protocol.check_write_response(response)
+ offset += chunk_size
+ remaining -= chunk_size
+
+ self._exec_time = int((time.time() - start_time) * 1000)
+ return 0
+
+ async def read_multi_vars(self, items: List[dict[str, Any]]) -> Tuple[int, list[bytearray]]:
+ """Read multiple variables (sequentially, one read_area per item).
+
+ Args:
+ items: List of item dicts with keys: area, db_number, start, size
+
+ Returns:
+ Tuple of (result_code, list_of_bytearrays)
+ """
+ if not items:
+ return (0, [])
+ if len(items) > self.MAX_VARS:
+ raise ValueError(f"Too many items: {len(items)} exceeds MAX_VARS ({self.MAX_VARS})")
+
+ results: list[bytearray] = []
+ for item in items:
+ area = item["area"]
+ db_number = item.get("db_number", 0)
+ start = item["start"]
+ size = item["size"]
+ data = await self.read_area(area, db_number, start, size)
+ results.append(data)
+ return (0, results)
+
+ async def write_multi_vars(self, items: List[dict[str, Any]]) -> int:
+ """Write multiple variables (sequentially, one write_area per item).
+
+ Args:
+ items: List of item dicts with keys: area, db_number, start, data
+
+ Returns:
+ 0 on success
+ """
+ if not items:
+ return 0
+ if len(items) > self.MAX_VARS:
+ raise ValueError(f"Too many items: {len(items)} exceeds MAX_VARS ({self.MAX_VARS})")
+
+ for item in items:
+ area = item["area"]
+ db_number = item.get("db_number", 0)
+ start = item["start"]
+ data = item["data"]
+ await self.write_area(area, db_number, start, data)
+ return 0
+
+ # ---------------------------------------------------------------
+ # Block operations
+ # ---------------------------------------------------------------
+
+ async def list_blocks(self) -> BlocksList:
+ """List blocks available in PLC."""
+ if not self.get_connected():
+ raise S7ConnectionError("Not connected to PLC")
+
+ request = self.protocol.build_list_blocks_request()
+ response = await self._send_receive(request)
+
+ data_info = response.get("data", {})
+ return_code = data_info.get("return_code", 0xFF) if isinstance(data_info, dict) else 0xFF
+ if return_code != 0xFF:
+ desc = get_return_code_description(return_code)
+ raise S7ProtocolError(f"List blocks failed: {desc} (0x{return_code:02x})")
+
+ counts = self.protocol.parse_list_blocks_response(response)
+
+ block_list = BlocksList()
+ block_list.OBCount = counts.get("OBCount", 0)
+ block_list.FBCount = counts.get("FBCount", 0)
+ block_list.FCCount = counts.get("FCCount", 0)
+ block_list.SFBCount = counts.get("SFBCount", 0)
+ block_list.SFCCount = counts.get("SFCCount", 0)
+ block_list.DBCount = counts.get("DBCount", 0)
+ block_list.SDBCount = counts.get("SDBCount", 0)
+
+ return block_list
+
+ async def list_blocks_of_type(self, block_type: Block, max_count: int) -> List[int]:
+ """List blocks of a specific type.
+
+ Supports multi-packet responses.
+ """
+ if not self.get_connected():
+ raise S7ConnectionError("Not connected to PLC")
+
+ conn = self._get_connection()
+
+ block_type_codes = {
+ Block.OB: 0x38,
+ Block.DB: 0x41,
+ Block.SDB: 0x42,
+ Block.FC: 0x43,
+ Block.SFC: 0x44,
+ Block.FB: 0x45,
+ Block.SFB: 0x46,
+ }
+ type_code = block_type_codes.get(block_type, 0x41)
+
+ request = self.protocol.build_list_blocks_of_type_request(type_code)
+ response = await self._send_receive(request)
+
+ data_info = response.get("data", {})
+ return_code = data_info.get("return_code", 0xFF) if isinstance(data_info, dict) else 0xFF
+ if return_code != 0xFF:
+ desc = get_return_code_description(return_code)
+ raise S7ProtocolError(f"List blocks of type failed: {desc} (0x{return_code:02x})")
+
+ accumulated_data = bytearray(data_info.get("data", b"") if isinstance(data_info, dict) else b"")
+
+ params = response.get("parameters", {})
+ last_data_unit = params.get("last_data_unit", 0x00) if isinstance(params, dict) else 0x00
+ sequence_number = params.get("sequence_number", 0) if isinstance(params, dict) else 0
+ group = params.get("group", 0x03) if isinstance(params, dict) else 0x03
+ subfunction = params.get("subfunction", 0x02) if isinstance(params, dict) else 0x02
+
+ for _ in range(100):
+ if last_data_unit == 0x00:
+ break
+
+ async with self._lock:
+ followup = self.protocol.build_userdata_followup_request(group, subfunction, sequence_number)
+ await conn.send_data(followup)
+ response_data = await conn.receive_data()
+
+ response = self.protocol.parse_response(response_data)
+
+ data_info = response.get("data", {})
+ return_code = data_info.get("return_code", 0xFF) if isinstance(data_info, dict) else 0xFF
+ if return_code != 0xFF:
+ break
+
+ accumulated_data.extend(data_info.get("data", b"") if isinstance(data_info, dict) else b"")
+
+ params = response.get("parameters", {})
+ last_data_unit = params.get("last_data_unit", 0x00) if isinstance(params, dict) else 0x00
+ sequence_number = params.get("sequence_number", 0) if isinstance(params, dict) else 0
+
+ combined_response: dict[str, Any] = {"data": {"data": bytes(accumulated_data)}}
+ block_numbers = self.protocol.parse_list_blocks_of_type_response(combined_response)
+
+ return block_numbers[:max_count]
+
+ async def get_block_info(self, block_type: Block, db_number: int) -> TS7BlockInfo:
+ """Get block information."""
+ if not self.get_connected():
+ raise S7ConnectionError("Not connected to PLC")
+
+ block_type_map = {
+ Block.OB: 0x38,
+ Block.DB: 0x41,
+ Block.SDB: 0x42,
+ Block.FC: 0x43,
+ Block.SFC: 0x44,
+ Block.FB: 0x45,
+ Block.SFB: 0x46,
+ }
+ type_code = block_type_map.get(block_type, 0x41)
+
+ request = self.protocol.build_get_block_info_request(type_code, db_number)
+ response = await self._send_receive(request)
+
+ data_info = response.get("data", {})
+ return_code = data_info.get("return_code", 0xFF) if isinstance(data_info, dict) else 0xFF
+ if return_code != 0xFF:
+ desc = get_return_code_description(return_code)
+ raise S7ProtocolError(f"Get block info failed: {desc} (0x{return_code:02x})")
+
+ info = self.protocol.parse_get_block_info_response(response)
+
+ block_info = TS7BlockInfo()
+ block_info.BlkType = info["block_type"]
+ block_info.BlkNumber = info["block_number"]
+ block_info.BlkLang = info["block_lang"]
+ block_info.BlkFlags = info["block_flags"]
+ block_info.MC7Size = info["mc7_size"]
+ block_info.LoadSize = info["load_size"]
+ block_info.LocalData = info["local_data"]
+ block_info.SBBLength = info["sbb_length"]
+ block_info.CheckSum = info["checksum"]
+ block_info.Version = info["version"]
+
+ if info["code_date"]:
+ block_info.CodeDate = info["code_date"][:10]
+ if info["intf_date"]:
+ block_info.IntfDate = info["intf_date"][:10]
+ if info["author"]:
+ block_info.Author = info["author"][:8]
+ if info["family"]:
+ block_info.Family = info["family"][:8]
+ if info["header"]:
+ block_info.Header = info["header"][:8]
+
+ return block_info
+
+ # ---------------------------------------------------------------
+ # CPU info / state
+ # ---------------------------------------------------------------
+
+ async def get_cpu_info(self) -> S7CpuInfo:
+ """Get CPU information."""
+ if not self.get_connected():
+ raise S7ConnectionError("Not connected to PLC")
+
+ szl = await self.read_szl(0x001C, 0)
+
+ cpu_info = S7CpuInfo()
+ data = bytes(szl.Data[: szl.Header.LengthDR])
+
+ if len(data) >= 32:
+ cpu_info.ModuleTypeName = data[0:32].rstrip(b"\x00")
+ if len(data) >= 56:
+ cpu_info.SerialNumber = data[32:56].rstrip(b"\x00")
+ if len(data) >= 80:
+ cpu_info.ASName = data[56:80].rstrip(b"\x00")
+ if len(data) >= 106:
+ cpu_info.Copyright = data[80:106].rstrip(b"\x00")
+ if len(data) >= 130:
+ cpu_info.ModuleName = data[106:130].rstrip(b"\x00")
+
+ return cpu_info
+
+ async def get_cpu_state(self) -> str:
+ """Get CPU state (running/stopped)."""
+ request = self.protocol.build_cpu_state_request()
+ response = await self._send_receive(request)
+ return self.protocol.extract_cpu_state(response)
+
+ # ---------------------------------------------------------------
+ # Upload / Download / Delete
+ # ---------------------------------------------------------------
+
+ async def upload(self, block_num: int) -> bytearray:
+ """Upload block from PLC (3-step: START_UPLOAD, UPLOAD, END_UPLOAD)."""
+ if not self.get_connected():
+ raise S7ConnectionError("Not connected to PLC")
+
+ block_type = 0x41 # DB
+
+ request = self.protocol.build_start_upload_request(block_type, block_num)
+ response = await self._send_receive(request)
+
+ upload_info = self.protocol.parse_start_upload_response(response)
+ upload_id = upload_info.get("upload_id", 1)
+
+ request = self.protocol.build_upload_request(upload_id)
+ response = await self._send_receive(request)
+
+ block_data = self.protocol.parse_upload_response(response)
+
+ request = self.protocol.build_end_upload_request(upload_id)
+ response = await self._send_receive(request)
+
+ logger.info(f"Uploaded {len(block_data)} bytes from block {block_num}")
+ return bytearray(block_data)
+
+ async def download(self, data: bytearray, block_num: int = -1) -> int:
+ """Download block to PLC."""
+ if not self.get_connected():
+ raise S7ConnectionError("Not connected to PLC")
+
+ conn = self._get_connection()
+ block_type = 0x41 # DB
+
+ if block_num == -1:
+ if len(data) >= 8:
+ block_num = struct.unpack(">H", data[6:8])[0]
+ else:
+ block_num = 1
+
+ # Step 1: Request download
+ request = self.protocol.build_download_request(block_type, block_num, bytes(data))
+ await self._send_receive(request)
+
+ # Step 2: Download block (send data)
+ param_data = struct.pack(">BBB", 0x1B, 0x01, 0x00)
+ data_section = struct.pack(">HH", len(data), 0x00FB) + bytes(data)
+ header = struct.pack(
+ ">BBHHHH",
+ 0x32,
+ 0x01,
+ 0x0000,
+ self.protocol._next_sequence(),
+ len(param_data),
+ len(data_section),
+ )
+
+ async with self._lock:
+ await conn.send_data(header + param_data + data_section)
+ response_data = await conn.receive_data()
+ self.protocol.parse_response(response_data)
+
+ # Step 3: Download ended
+ param_data = struct.pack(">B", 0x1C)
+ header = struct.pack(
+ ">BBHHHH",
+ 0x32,
+ 0x01,
+ 0x0000,
+ self.protocol._next_sequence(),
+ len(param_data),
+ 0x0000,
+ )
+
+ async with self._lock:
+ await conn.send_data(header + param_data)
+ response_data = await conn.receive_data()
+ self.protocol.parse_response(response_data)
+
+ logger.info(f"Downloaded {len(data)} bytes to block {block_num}")
+ return 0
+
+ async def delete(self, block_type: Block, block_num: int) -> int:
+ """Delete a block from PLC."""
+ if not self.get_connected():
+ raise S7ConnectionError("Not connected to PLC")
+
+ block_type_map = {
+ Block.OB: 0x38,
+ Block.DB: 0x41,
+ Block.SDB: 0x42,
+ Block.FC: 0x43,
+ Block.SFC: 0x44,
+ Block.FB: 0x45,
+ Block.SFB: 0x46,
+ }
+ type_code = block_type_map.get(block_type, 0x41)
+
+ request = self.protocol.build_delete_block_request(type_code, block_num)
+ response = await self._send_receive(request)
+ self.protocol.check_control_response(response)
+
+ logger.info(f"Deleted block {block_type.name} {block_num}")
+ return 0
+
+ async def full_upload(self, block_type: Block, block_num: int) -> Tuple[bytearray, int]:
+ """Upload a block from PLC with header and footer info."""
+ if not self.get_connected():
+ raise S7ConnectionError("Not connected to PLC")
+
+ block_type_map = {
+ Block.OB: 0x38,
+ Block.DB: 0x41,
+ Block.SDB: 0x42,
+ Block.FC: 0x43,
+ Block.SFC: 0x44,
+ Block.FB: 0x45,
+ Block.SFB: 0x46,
+ }
+ type_code = block_type_map.get(block_type, 0x41)
+
+ request = self.protocol.build_start_upload_request(type_code, block_num)
+ response = await self._send_receive(request)
+
+ upload_info = self.protocol.parse_start_upload_response(response)
+ upload_id = upload_info.get("upload_id", 1)
+
+ request = self.protocol.build_upload_request(upload_id)
+ response = await self._send_receive(request)
+ block_data = self.protocol.parse_upload_response(response)
+
+ request = self.protocol.build_end_upload_request(upload_id)
+ response = await self._send_receive(request)
+
+ block_header = struct.pack(
+ ">BBHBBBBHH",
+ 0x70,
+ block_type.value,
+ block_num,
+ 0x00,
+ 0x00,
+ 0x00,
+ 0x00,
+ len(block_data) + 14,
+ len(block_data),
+ )
+ block_footer = b"\x00" * 4
+ full_block = bytearray(block_header + block_data + block_footer)
+
+ logger.info(f"Full upload of block {block_type.name} {block_num}: {len(full_block)} bytes")
+ return full_block, len(full_block)
+
+ # ---------------------------------------------------------------
+ # PLC control
+ # ---------------------------------------------------------------
+
+ async def plc_stop(self) -> int:
+ """Stop PLC CPU."""
+ request = self.protocol.build_plc_control_request("stop")
+ response = await self._send_receive(request)
+ self.protocol.check_control_response(response)
+ return 0
+
+ async def plc_hot_start(self) -> int:
+ """Hot start PLC CPU."""
+ request = self.protocol.build_plc_control_request("hot_start")
+ response = await self._send_receive(request)
+ self.protocol.check_control_response(response)
+ return 0
+
+ async def plc_cold_start(self) -> int:
+ """Cold start PLC CPU."""
+ request = self.protocol.build_plc_control_request("cold_start")
+ response = await self._send_receive(request)
+ self.protocol.check_control_response(response)
+ return 0
+
+ # ---------------------------------------------------------------
+ # Date / time
+ # ---------------------------------------------------------------
+
+ async def get_plc_datetime(self) -> datetime:
+ """Get PLC date/time."""
+ if not self.get_connected():
+ raise S7ConnectionError("Not connected to PLC")
+
+ request = self.protocol.build_get_clock_request()
+ response = await self._send_receive(request)
+ return self.protocol.parse_get_clock_response(response)
+
+ async def set_plc_datetime(self, dt: datetime) -> int:
+ """Set PLC date/time."""
+ if not self.get_connected():
+ raise S7ConnectionError("Not connected to PLC")
+
+ request = self.protocol.build_set_clock_request(dt)
+ await self._send_receive(request)
+ logger.info(f"Set PLC datetime to {dt}")
+ return 0
+
+ async def set_plc_system_datetime(self) -> int:
+ """Set PLC time to system time."""
+ if not self.get_connected():
+ raise S7ConnectionError("Not connected to PLC")
+
+ current_time = datetime.now()
+ await self.set_plc_datetime(current_time)
+ logger.info(f"Set PLC time to current system time: {current_time}")
+ return 0
+
+ # ---------------------------------------------------------------
+ # SZL
+ # ---------------------------------------------------------------
+
+ async def read_szl(self, ssl_id: int, index: int = 0) -> S7SZL:
+ """Read SZL (System Status List).
+
+ Supports multi-packet responses.
+ """
+ if not self.get_connected():
+ raise S7ConnectionError("Not connected to PLC")
+
+ conn = self._get_connection()
+
+ request = self.protocol.build_read_szl_request(ssl_id, index)
+ response = await self._send_receive(request)
+
+ data_info = response.get("data", {})
+ return_code = data_info.get("return_code", 0xFF) if isinstance(data_info, dict) else 0xFF
+ if return_code != 0xFF:
+ desc = get_return_code_description(return_code)
+ raise RuntimeError(f"Read SZL failed: {desc} (0x{return_code:02x})")
+
+ szl_result = self.protocol.parse_read_szl_response(response)
+ accumulated_data = bytearray(szl_result["data"])
+
+ params = response.get("parameters", {})
+ last_data_unit = params.get("last_data_unit", 0x00) if isinstance(params, dict) else 0x00
+ sequence_number = params.get("sequence_number", 0) if isinstance(params, dict) else 0
+ group = params.get("group", 0x04) if isinstance(params, dict) else 0x04
+ subfunction = params.get("subfunction", 0x01) if isinstance(params, dict) else 0x01
+
+ for _ in range(100):
+ if last_data_unit == 0x00:
+ break
+
+ async with self._lock:
+ followup = self.protocol.build_userdata_followup_request(group, subfunction, sequence_number)
+ await conn.send_data(followup)
+ response_data = await conn.receive_data()
+
+ response = self.protocol.parse_response(response_data)
+
+ data_info = response.get("data", {})
+ return_code = data_info.get("return_code", 0xFF) if isinstance(data_info, dict) else 0xFF
+ if return_code != 0xFF:
+ break
+
+ fragment = self.protocol.parse_read_szl_response(response, first_fragment=False)
+ accumulated_data.extend(fragment["data"])
+
+ params = response.get("parameters", {})
+ last_data_unit = params.get("last_data_unit", 0x00) if isinstance(params, dict) else 0x00
+ sequence_number = params.get("sequence_number", 0) if isinstance(params, dict) else 0
+
+ szl = S7SZL()
+ szl.Header.LengthDR = len(accumulated_data)
+ szl.Header.NDR = 1
+
+ for i, b in enumerate(accumulated_data[: min(len(accumulated_data), len(szl.Data))]):
+ szl.Data[i] = b
+
+ return szl
+
+ async def read_szl_list(self) -> bytes:
+ """Read list of available SZL IDs."""
+ if not self.get_connected():
+ raise S7ConnectionError("Not connected to PLC")
+
+ szl = await self.read_szl(0x0000, 0)
+ return bytes(szl.Data[: szl.Header.LengthDR])
+
+ # ---------------------------------------------------------------
+ # Misc info
+ # ---------------------------------------------------------------
+
+ async def get_cp_info(self) -> S7CpInfo:
+ """Get CP (Communication Processor) information."""
+ if not self.get_connected():
+ raise S7ConnectionError("Not connected to PLC")
+
+ szl = await self.read_szl(0x0131, 0)
+
+ cp_info = S7CpInfo()
+ data = bytearray(b & 0xFF for b in szl.Data[: szl.Header.LengthDR])
+
+ if len(data) >= 2:
+ cp_info.MaxPduLength = struct.unpack(">H", data[0:2])[0]
+ if len(data) >= 4:
+ cp_info.MaxConnections = struct.unpack(">H", data[2:4])[0]
+ if len(data) >= 6:
+ cp_info.MaxMpiRate = struct.unpack(">H", data[4:6])[0]
+ if len(data) >= 8:
+ cp_info.MaxBusRate = struct.unpack(">H", data[6:8])[0]
+
+ return cp_info
+
+ async def get_order_code(self) -> S7OrderCode:
+ """Get order code."""
+ if not self.get_connected():
+ raise S7ConnectionError("Not connected to PLC")
+
+ szl = await self.read_szl(0x0011, 0)
+
+ order_code = S7OrderCode()
+ data = bytes(szl.Data[: szl.Header.LengthDR])
+
+ if len(data) >= 20:
+ order_code.OrderCode = data[0:20].rstrip(b"\x00")
+ if len(data) >= 21:
+ order_code.V1 = data[20]
+ if len(data) >= 22:
+ order_code.V2 = data[21]
+ if len(data) >= 23:
+ order_code.V3 = data[22]
+
+ return order_code
+
+ async def get_protection(self) -> S7Protection:
+ """Get protection settings."""
+ if not self.get_connected():
+ raise S7ConnectionError("Not connected to PLC")
+
+ szl = await self.read_szl(0x0232, 0)
+
+ protection = S7Protection()
+ data = bytes(szl.Data[: szl.Header.LengthDR])
+
+ if len(data) >= 2:
+ protection.sch_schal = struct.unpack(">H", data[0:2])[0]
+ if len(data) >= 4:
+ protection.sch_par = struct.unpack(">H", data[2:4])[0]
+ if len(data) >= 6:
+ protection.sch_rel = struct.unpack(">H", data[4:6])[0]
+ if len(data) >= 8:
+ protection.bart_sch = struct.unpack(">H", data[6:8])[0]
+ if len(data) >= 10:
+ protection.anl_sch = struct.unpack(">H", data[8:10])[0]
+
+ return protection
+
+ async def compress(self, timeout: int) -> int:
+ """Compress PLC memory."""
+ if not self.get_connected():
+ raise S7ConnectionError("Not connected to PLC")
+
+ request = self.protocol.build_compress_request()
+ response = await self._send_receive(request)
+ self.protocol.check_control_response(response)
+ logger.info(f"Compress PLC memory completed (timeout={timeout}ms)")
+ return 0
+
+ async def copy_ram_to_rom(self, timeout: int = 0) -> int:
+ """Copy RAM to ROM."""
+ if not self.get_connected():
+ raise S7ConnectionError("Not connected to PLC")
+
+ request = self.protocol.build_copy_ram_to_rom_request()
+ response = await self._send_receive(request)
+ self.protocol.check_control_response(response)
+ logger.info(f"Copy RAM to ROM completed (timeout={timeout}ms)")
+ return 0
+
+ async def iso_exchange_buffer(self, data: bytearray) -> bytearray:
+ """Exchange raw ISO PDU."""
+ conn = self._get_connection()
+
+ async with self._lock:
+ await conn.send_data(bytes(data))
+ response = await conn.receive_data()
+ return bytearray(response)
+
+ # ---------------------------------------------------------------
+ # Convenience memory area methods
+ # ---------------------------------------------------------------
+
+ async def ab_read(self, start: int, size: int) -> bytearray:
+ """Read from process output area (PA)."""
+ return await self.read_area(Area.PA, 0, start, size)
+
+ async def ab_write(self, start: int, data: bytearray) -> int:
+ """Write to process output area (PA)."""
+ return await self.write_area(Area.PA, 0, start, data)
+
+ async def eb_read(self, start: int, size: int) -> bytearray:
+ """Read from process input area (PE)."""
+ return await self.read_area(Area.PE, 0, start, size)
+
+ async def eb_write(self, start: int, size: int, data: bytearray) -> int:
+ """Write to process input area (PE)."""
+ return await self.write_area(Area.PE, 0, start, data[:size])
+
+ async def mb_read(self, start: int, size: int) -> bytearray:
+ """Read from marker/flag area (MK)."""
+ return await self.read_area(Area.MK, 0, start, size)
+
+ async def mb_write(self, start: int, size: int, data: bytearray) -> int:
+ """Write to marker/flag area (MK)."""
+ return await self.write_area(Area.MK, 0, start, data[:size])
+
+ async def tm_read(self, start: int, size: int) -> bytearray:
+ """Read from timer area (TM)."""
+ return await self.read_area(Area.TM, 0, start, size)
+
+ async def tm_write(self, start: int, size: int, data: bytearray) -> int:
+ """Write to timer area (TM)."""
+ if len(data) != size * 2:
+ raise ValueError(f"Data length {len(data)} doesn't match size {size * 2}")
+ try:
+ return await self.write_area(Area.TM, 0, start, data)
+ except S7ProtocolError as e:
+ raise RuntimeError(str(e)) from e
+
+ async def ct_read(self, start: int, size: int) -> bytearray:
+ """Read from counter area (CT)."""
+ return await self.read_area(Area.CT, 0, start, size)
+
+ async def ct_write(self, start: int, size: int, data: bytearray) -> int:
+ """Write to counter area (CT)."""
+ if len(data) != size * 2:
+ raise ValueError(f"Data length {len(data)} doesn't match size {size * 2}")
+ return await self.write_area(Area.CT, 0, start, data)
+
+ # ---------------------------------------------------------------
+ # Internal helpers
+ # ---------------------------------------------------------------
+
+ async def _setup_communication(self) -> None:
+ """Setup communication and negotiate PDU length."""
+ request = self.protocol.build_setup_communication_request(max_amq_caller=1, max_amq_callee=1, pdu_length=self.pdu_length)
+ response = await self._send_receive(request)
+
+ if response.get("parameters"):
+ params = response["parameters"]
+ if "pdu_length" in params:
+ self.pdu_length = params["pdu_length"]
+ self._params[Parameter.PDURequest] = self.pdu_length
+ logger.info(f"Negotiated PDU length: {self.pdu_length}")
+
+ # ---------------------------------------------------------------
+ # Context manager
+ # ---------------------------------------------------------------
+
+ async def __aenter__(self) -> "AsyncClient":
+ """Async context manager entry."""
+ return self
+
+ async def __aexit__(self, exc_type: Any, exc_val: Any, exc_tb: Any) -> None:
+ """Async context manager exit."""
+ await self.disconnect()
diff --git a/snap7/cli.py b/snap7/cli.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b53624d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/snap7/cli.py
@@ -0,0 +1,382 @@
+"""
+Command-line interface for python-snap7.
+
+Provides subcommands for interacting with Siemens S7 PLCs:
+- server: Start an emulated S7 PLC server
+- read: Read data from a PLC
+- write: Write data to a PLC
+- dump: Dump DB contents
+- info: Get PLC information
+"""
+
+import logging
+import sys
+from typing import Optional
+
+try:
+ import click
+except ImportError:
+ print("CLI dependencies not installed. Try: pip install python-snap7[cli]")
+ raise
+
+from snap7 import __version__
+from snap7.client import Client
+from snap7.server import mainloop
+from snap7.util import (
+ get_bool,
+ get_byte,
+ get_dint,
+ get_dword,
+ get_int,
+ get_real,
+ get_string,
+ get_uint,
+ get_udint,
+ get_word,
+ get_lreal,
+ set_bool,
+ set_byte,
+ set_dint,
+ set_dword,
+ set_int,
+ set_real,
+ set_string,
+ set_uint,
+ set_udint,
+ set_word,
+ set_lreal,
+)
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+# Map type names to (getter, size_in_bytes) for reads
+TYPE_READ_MAP: dict[str, tuple[str, int]] = {
+ "bool": ("bool", 1),
+ "byte": ("byte", 1),
+ "int": ("int", 2),
+ "uint": ("uint", 2),
+ "word": ("word", 2),
+ "dint": ("dint", 4),
+ "udint": ("udint", 4),
+ "dword": ("dword", 4),
+ "real": ("real", 4),
+ "lreal": ("lreal", 8),
+ "string": ("string", 256),
+}
+
+
+def _connect(host: str, rack: int, slot: int, port: int) -> Client:
+ """Create and connect a client."""
+ client = Client()
+ client.connect(host, rack, slot, port)
+ return client
+
+
+def _read_typed(client: Client, db: int, offset: int, type_name: str, bit: int = 0) -> str:
+ """Read a typed value and return its string representation."""
+ if type_name == "bool":
+ data = client.db_read(db, offset, 1)
+ return str(get_bool(data, 0, bit))
+ elif type_name == "byte":
+ data = client.db_read(db, offset, 1)
+ return str(get_byte(data, 0))
+ elif type_name == "int":
+ data = client.db_read(db, offset, 2)
+ return str(get_int(data, 0))
+ elif type_name == "uint":
+ data = client.db_read(db, offset, 2)
+ return str(get_uint(data, 0))
+ elif type_name == "word":
+ data = client.db_read(db, offset, 2)
+ return str(get_word(data, 0))
+ elif type_name == "dint":
+ data = client.db_read(db, offset, 4)
+ return str(get_dint(data, 0))
+ elif type_name == "udint":
+ data = client.db_read(db, offset, 4)
+ return str(get_udint(data, 0))
+ elif type_name == "dword":
+ data = client.db_read(db, offset, 4)
+ return str(get_dword(data, 0))
+ elif type_name == "real":
+ data = client.db_read(db, offset, 4)
+ return str(get_real(data, 0))
+ elif type_name == "lreal":
+ data = client.db_read(db, offset, 8)
+ return str(get_lreal(data, 0))
+ elif type_name == "string":
+ data = client.db_read(db, offset, 256)
+ return get_string(data, 0)
+ else:
+ raise click.BadParameter(f"Unknown type: {type_name}")
+
+
+def _format_hex(data: bytearray) -> str:
+ """Format bytearray as hex dump with offsets."""
+ lines = []
+ for i in range(0, len(data), 16):
+ chunk = data[i : i + 16]
+ hex_part = " ".join(f"{b:02X}" for b in chunk)
+ ascii_part = "".join(chr(b) if 32 <= b < 127 else "." for b in chunk)
+ lines.append(f"{i:04X} {hex_part:<48s} {ascii_part}")
+ return "\n".join(lines)
+
+
+@click.group()
+@click.version_option(__version__)
+@click.option("-v", "--verbose", is_flag=True, help="Enable debug output.")
+def main(verbose: bool) -> None:
+ """s7: CLI tools for Siemens S7 PLC communication."""
+ if verbose:
+ logging.basicConfig(format="[%(levelname)s]: %(message)s", level=logging.DEBUG)
+ else:
+ logging.basicConfig(format="[%(levelname)s]: %(message)s", level=logging.INFO)
+
+
+@main.command()
+@click.option("-p", "--port", default=1102, help="Port the server will listen on.")
+def server(port: int) -> None:
+ """Start an emulated S7 PLC server with default values."""
+ mainloop(port, init_standard_values=True)
+
+
+@main.command()
+@click.argument("host")
+@click.option("--db", required=True, type=int, help="DB number to read from.")
+@click.option("--offset", required=True, type=int, help="Byte offset to start reading.")
+@click.option("--size", type=int, default=None, help="Number of bytes to read (for raw/bytes mode).")
+@click.option(
+ "--type",
+ "data_type",
+ type=click.Choice(list(TYPE_READ_MAP.keys()) + ["bytes"], case_sensitive=False),
+ default="bytes",
+ help="Data type to read.",
+)
+@click.option("--bit", type=int, default=0, help="Bit offset (only for bool type).")
+@click.option("--rack", type=int, default=0, help="PLC rack number.")
+@click.option("--slot", type=int, default=1, help="PLC slot number.")
+@click.option("--port", type=int, default=102, help="PLC TCP port.")
+def read(host: str, db: int, offset: int, size: Optional[int], data_type: str, bit: int, rack: int, slot: int, port: int) -> None:
+ """Read data from a PLC."""
+ try:
+ client = _connect(host, rack, slot, port)
+ except Exception as e:
+ click.echo(f"Connection failed: {e}", err=True)
+ sys.exit(1)
+
+ try:
+ if data_type == "bytes":
+ if size is None:
+ click.echo("--size is required when reading raw bytes.", err=True)
+ sys.exit(1)
+ data = client.db_read(db, offset, size)
+ click.echo(_format_hex(data))
+ else:
+ result = _read_typed(client, db, offset, data_type, bit)
+ click.echo(result)
+ except Exception as e:
+ click.echo(f"Read failed: {e}", err=True)
+ sys.exit(1)
+ finally:
+ client.disconnect()
+
+
+@main.command()
+@click.argument("host")
+@click.option("--db", required=True, type=int, help="DB number to write to.")
+@click.option("--offset", required=True, type=int, help="Byte offset to start writing.")
+@click.option(
+ "--type",
+ "data_type",
+ required=True,
+ type=click.Choice(list(TYPE_READ_MAP.keys()) + ["bytes"], case_sensitive=False),
+ help="Data type to write.",
+)
+@click.option("--value", required=True, type=str, help="Value to write.")
+@click.option("--bit", type=int, default=0, help="Bit offset (only for bool type).")
+@click.option("--rack", type=int, default=0, help="PLC rack number.")
+@click.option("--slot", type=int, default=1, help="PLC slot number.")
+@click.option("--port", type=int, default=102, help="PLC TCP port.")
+def write(host: str, db: int, offset: int, data_type: str, value: str, bit: int, rack: int, slot: int, port: int) -> None:
+ """Write data to a PLC."""
+ try:
+ client = _connect(host, rack, slot, port)
+ except Exception as e:
+ click.echo(f"Connection failed: {e}", err=True)
+ sys.exit(1)
+
+ try:
+ if data_type == "bytes":
+ raw = bytes.fromhex(value.replace(" ", ""))
+ client.db_write(db, offset, bytearray(raw))
+ elif data_type == "bool":
+ data = client.db_read(db, offset, 1)
+ set_bool(data, 0, bit, value.lower() in ("true", "1", "yes"))
+ client.db_write(db, offset, data)
+ elif data_type == "byte":
+ data = bytearray(1)
+ set_byte(data, 0, int(value))
+ client.db_write(db, offset, data)
+ elif data_type == "int":
+ data = bytearray(2)
+ set_int(data, 0, int(value))
+ client.db_write(db, offset, data)
+ elif data_type == "uint":
+ data = bytearray(2)
+ set_uint(data, 0, int(value))
+ client.db_write(db, offset, data)
+ elif data_type == "word":
+ data = bytearray(2)
+ set_word(data, 0, int(value))
+ client.db_write(db, offset, data)
+ elif data_type == "dint":
+ data = bytearray(4)
+ set_dint(data, 0, int(value))
+ client.db_write(db, offset, data)
+ elif data_type == "udint":
+ data = bytearray(4)
+ set_udint(data, 0, int(value))
+ client.db_write(db, offset, data)
+ elif data_type == "dword":
+ data = bytearray(4)
+ set_dword(data, 0, int(value))
+ client.db_write(db, offset, data)
+ elif data_type == "real":
+ data = bytearray(4)
+ set_real(data, 0, float(value))
+ client.db_write(db, offset, data)
+ elif data_type == "lreal":
+ data = bytearray(8)
+ set_lreal(data, 0, float(value))
+ client.db_write(db, offset, data)
+ elif data_type == "string":
+ data = bytearray(256)
+ set_string(data, 0, value, 254)
+ actual_size = 2 + len(value)
+ client.db_write(db, offset, data[:actual_size])
+ else:
+ click.echo(f"Unknown type: {data_type}", err=True)
+ sys.exit(1)
+ click.echo("OK")
+ except Exception as e:
+ click.echo(f"Write failed: {e}", err=True)
+ sys.exit(1)
+ finally:
+ client.disconnect()
+
+
+@main.command()
+@click.argument("host")
+@click.option("--db", required=True, type=int, help="DB number to dump.")
+@click.option("--size", type=int, default=256, help="Number of bytes to dump.")
+@click.option(
+ "--format",
+ "fmt",
+ type=click.Choice(["hex", "bytes"], case_sensitive=False),
+ default="hex",
+ help="Output format.",
+)
+@click.option("--rack", type=int, default=0, help="PLC rack number.")
+@click.option("--slot", type=int, default=1, help="PLC slot number.")
+@click.option("--port", type=int, default=102, help="PLC TCP port.")
+def dump(host: str, db: int, size: int, fmt: str, rack: int, slot: int, port: int) -> None:
+ """Dump DB contents from a PLC."""
+ try:
+ client = _connect(host, rack, slot, port)
+ except Exception as e:
+ click.echo(f"Connection failed: {e}", err=True)
+ sys.exit(1)
+
+ try:
+ data = client.db_read(db, 0, size)
+ if fmt == "hex":
+ click.echo(f"DB{db} ({len(data)} bytes):")
+ click.echo(_format_hex(data))
+ else:
+ click.echo(data.hex())
+ except Exception as e:
+ click.echo(f"Dump failed: {e}", err=True)
+ sys.exit(1)
+ finally:
+ client.disconnect()
+
+
+@main.command()
+@click.argument("host")
+@click.option("--rack", type=int, default=0, help="PLC rack number.")
+@click.option("--slot", type=int, default=1, help="PLC slot number.")
+@click.option("--port", type=int, default=102, help="PLC TCP port.")
+def info(host: str, rack: int, slot: int, port: int) -> None:
+ """Get PLC information."""
+ try:
+ client = _connect(host, rack, slot, port)
+ except Exception as e:
+ click.echo(f"Connection failed: {e}", err=True)
+ sys.exit(1)
+
+ try:
+ # CPU Info
+ try:
+ cpu_info = client.get_cpu_info()
+ click.echo("CPU Info:")
+ click.echo(f" Module Type: {cpu_info.ModuleTypeName}")
+ click.echo(f" Serial Number: {cpu_info.SerialNumber}")
+ click.echo(f" AS Name: {cpu_info.ASName}")
+ click.echo(f" Copyright: {cpu_info.Copyright}")
+ click.echo(f" Module Name: {cpu_info.ModuleName}")
+ except Exception as e:
+ click.echo(f" CPU Info: unavailable ({e})")
+
+ # CPU State
+ try:
+ state = client.get_cpu_state()
+ click.echo(f"\nCPU State: {state}")
+ except Exception as e:
+ click.echo(f"\nCPU State: unavailable ({e})")
+
+ # Order Code
+ try:
+ order_code = client.get_order_code()
+ click.echo(f"\nOrder Code: {order_code.OrderCode}")
+ except Exception as e:
+ click.echo(f"\nOrder Code: unavailable ({e})")
+
+ # Protection
+ try:
+ protection = client.get_protection()
+ click.echo(f"\nProtection Level: {protection.sch_schal}")
+ except Exception as e:
+ click.echo(f"\nProtection: unavailable ({e})")
+
+ # Block list
+ try:
+ blocks = client.list_blocks()
+ click.echo("\nBlocks:")
+ click.echo(f" OB: {blocks.OBCount}")
+ click.echo(f" FB: {blocks.FBCount}")
+ click.echo(f" FC: {blocks.FCCount}")
+ click.echo(f" SFB: {blocks.SFBCount}")
+ click.echo(f" SFC: {blocks.SFCCount}")
+ click.echo(f" DB: {blocks.DBCount}")
+ click.echo(f" SDB: {blocks.SDBCount}")
+ except Exception as e:
+ click.echo(f"\nBlocks: unavailable ({e})")
+
+ except Exception as e:
+ click.echo(f"Info failed: {e}", err=True)
+ sys.exit(1)
+ finally:
+ client.disconnect()
+
+
+# Register optional subcommands from other modules
+try:
+ from snap7.discovery import discover_command
+
+ main.add_command(discover_command, "discover")
+except ImportError:
+ pass
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+ main()
diff --git a/snap7/client.py b/snap7/client.py
index 31086beb..234e3eb3 100644
--- a/snap7/client.py
+++ b/snap7/client.py
@@ -5,7 +5,9 @@
"""
import logging
+import random
import struct
+import threading
import time
from typing import List, Any, Optional, Tuple, Union, Callable, cast
from datetime import datetime
@@ -17,8 +19,9 @@
from .connection import ISOTCPConnection
from .s7protocol import S7Protocol, get_return_code_description
-from .datatypes import S7Area, S7WordLen
+from .datatypes import S7WordLen
from .error import S7Error, S7ConnectionError, S7ProtocolError, S7StalePacketError
+from .client_base import ClientMixin
from .type import (
Area,
@@ -40,7 +43,7 @@
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
-class Client:
+class Client(ClientMixin):
"""
Pure Python S7 client implementation.
@@ -57,12 +60,33 @@ class Client:
MAX_VARS = 20 # Max variables per multi-read/multi-write request
- def __init__(self, lib_location: Optional[str] = None, **kwargs: Any):
+ def __init__(
+ self,
+ lib_location: Optional[str] = None,
+ *,
+ auto_reconnect: bool = False,
+ max_retries: int = 3,
+ retry_delay: float = 1.0,
+ backoff_factor: float = 2.0,
+ max_delay: float = 30.0,
+ heartbeat_interval: float = 0,
+ on_disconnect: Optional[Callable[[], None]] = None,
+ on_reconnect: Optional[Callable[[], None]] = None,
+ **kwargs: Any,
+ ):
"""
Initialize S7 client.
Args:
lib_location: Ignored. Kept for backwards compatibility.
+ auto_reconnect: Enable automatic reconnection on connection loss.
+ max_retries: Maximum number of reconnection attempts.
+ retry_delay: Initial delay between reconnection attempts in seconds.
+ backoff_factor: Multiplier for exponential backoff between retries.
+ max_delay: Maximum delay between reconnection attempts in seconds.
+ heartbeat_interval: Interval in seconds for heartbeat probes (0=disabled).
+ on_disconnect: Optional callback invoked when connection is lost.
+ on_reconnect: Optional callback invoked after successful reconnection.
**kwargs: Ignored. Kept for backwards compatibility.
"""
self.connection: Optional[ISOTCPConnection] = None
@@ -106,8 +130,37 @@ def __init__(self, lib_location: Optional[str] = None, **kwargs: Any):
self._last_error = 0
self._exec_time = 0
+ # Auto-reconnection settings
+ self._auto_reconnect = auto_reconnect
+ self._max_retries = max_retries
+ self._retry_delay = retry_delay
+ self._backoff_factor = backoff_factor
+ self._max_delay = max_delay
+ self._on_disconnect = on_disconnect
+ self._on_reconnect = on_reconnect
+
+ # Heartbeat settings
+ self._heartbeat_interval = heartbeat_interval
+ self._heartbeat_thread: Optional[threading.Thread] = None
+ self._heartbeat_stop_event = threading.Event()
+ self._is_alive = False
+
+ # Lock for thread safety during reconnection
+ self._reconnect_lock = threading.Lock()
+
logger.info("S7Client initialized (pure Python implementation)")
+ @property
+ def is_alive(self) -> bool:
+ """Whether the connection is alive according to the last heartbeat probe.
+
+ Returns True if heartbeat is disabled but the client is connected,
+ or if the last heartbeat probe succeeded.
+ """
+ if self._heartbeat_interval <= 0:
+ return self.connected
+ return self._is_alive
+
def _get_connection(self) -> ISOTCPConnection:
"""Get connection, raising if not connected."""
if self.connection is None:
@@ -149,6 +202,152 @@ def _send_receive(self, request: bytes, max_stale_retries: int = 3) -> dict[str,
raise S7ProtocolError("Failed to receive valid response") # Should not reach here
+ def _send_receive_with_reconnect(self, request_builder: Callable[[], bytes], max_stale_retries: int = 3) -> dict[str, Any]:
+ """Send a request with automatic reconnection on connection loss.
+
+ If auto_reconnect is disabled, behaves identically to _send_receive.
+ When enabled, catches connection errors, reconnects, rebuilds the request
+ (since the protocol sequence counter may have changed), and retries.
+
+ Args:
+ request_builder: Callable that builds the request bytes. Called again
+ after reconnection to get a fresh request with updated sequence.
+ max_stale_retries: Max times to retry receive on stale packets.
+
+ Returns:
+ Parsed S7 response dict.
+ """
+ try:
+ return self._send_receive(request_builder(), max_stale_retries)
+ except (S7ConnectionError, OSError) as e:
+ if not self._auto_reconnect:
+ raise
+ logger.warning(f"Connection lost during operation: {e}")
+ self._do_reconnect()
+ return self._send_receive(request_builder(), max_stale_retries)
+
+ def _do_reconnect(self) -> None:
+ """Perform reconnection with exponential backoff and jitter.
+
+ Raises:
+ S7ConnectionError: If all reconnection attempts fail.
+ """
+ with self._reconnect_lock:
+ # Check if another thread already reconnected
+ if self.connected and self.connection is not None:
+ try:
+ if self.connection.check_connection():
+ return
+ except Exception:
+ pass
+
+ self._is_alive = False
+ if self._on_disconnect is not None:
+ try:
+ self._on_disconnect()
+ except Exception:
+ logger.debug("on_disconnect callback raised an exception", exc_info=True)
+
+ delay = self._retry_delay
+ last_error: Optional[Exception] = None
+
+ for attempt in range(1, self._max_retries + 1):
+ logger.info(f"Reconnection attempt {attempt}/{self._max_retries}")
+
+ # Clean up old connection
+ try:
+ if self.connection is not None:
+ self.connection.disconnect()
+ self.connection = None
+ except Exception:
+ pass
+ self.connected = False
+
+ try:
+ # Re-establish connection using stored parameters
+ self.connection = ISOTCPConnection(
+ host=self.host, port=self.port, local_tsap=self.local_tsap, remote_tsap=self.remote_tsap
+ )
+ self.connection.connect()
+
+ # Re-create protocol to reset sequence counters
+ self.protocol = S7Protocol()
+ self._setup_communication()
+
+ self.connected = True
+ self._is_alive = True
+ logger.info(f"Reconnected to {self.host}:{self.port}")
+
+ if self._on_reconnect is not None:
+ try:
+ self._on_reconnect()
+ except Exception:
+ logger.debug("on_reconnect callback raised an exception", exc_info=True)
+ return
+ except Exception as e:
+ last_error = e
+ logger.warning(f"Reconnection attempt {attempt} failed: {e}")
+
+ if attempt < self._max_retries:
+ # Exponential backoff with jitter
+ jitter = random.uniform(0, delay * 0.1)
+ sleep_time = min(delay + jitter, self._max_delay)
+ logger.debug(f"Waiting {sleep_time:.2f}s before next attempt")
+ time.sleep(sleep_time)
+ delay = min(delay * self._backoff_factor, self._max_delay)
+
+ raise S7ConnectionError(f"Reconnection failed after {self._max_retries} attempts: {last_error}")
+
+ def _start_heartbeat(self) -> None:
+ """Start the heartbeat background thread."""
+ if self._heartbeat_interval <= 0:
+ return
+
+ self._heartbeat_stop_event.clear()
+ self._is_alive = True
+ self._heartbeat_thread = threading.Thread(target=self._heartbeat_loop, daemon=True, name="s7-heartbeat")
+ self._heartbeat_thread.start()
+ logger.debug(f"Heartbeat started with interval {self._heartbeat_interval}s")
+
+ def _stop_heartbeat(self) -> None:
+ """Stop the heartbeat background thread."""
+ self._heartbeat_stop_event.set()
+ if self._heartbeat_thread is not None:
+ self._heartbeat_thread.join(timeout=self._heartbeat_interval + 2)
+ self._heartbeat_thread = None
+ logger.debug("Heartbeat stopped")
+
+ def _heartbeat_loop(self) -> None:
+ """Background loop that periodically probes the PLC connection."""
+ while not self._heartbeat_stop_event.is_set():
+ if self._heartbeat_stop_event.wait(timeout=self._heartbeat_interval):
+ break # Stop event was set
+
+ if not self.connected:
+ self._is_alive = False
+ if self._auto_reconnect:
+ try:
+ self._do_reconnect()
+ except S7ConnectionError:
+ logger.warning("Heartbeat reconnection failed")
+ continue
+
+ try:
+ with self._reconnect_lock:
+ if self.connected and self.connection is not None:
+ self.get_cpu_state()
+ self._is_alive = True
+ except Exception as e:
+ logger.warning(f"Heartbeat probe failed: {e}")
+ self._is_alive = False
+ self.connected = False
+
+ if self._auto_reconnect:
+ try:
+ self._do_reconnect()
+ except S7ConnectionError:
+ logger.warning("Heartbeat reconnection failed")
+
def connect(self, address: str, rack: int, slot: int, tcp_port: int = 102) -> "Client":
"""
Connect to S7 PLC.
@@ -186,9 +385,13 @@ def connect(self, address: str, rack: int, slot: int, tcp_port: int = 102) -> "C
self._setup_communication()
self.connected = True
+ self._is_alive = True
self._exec_time = int((time.time() - start_time) * 1000)
logger.info(f"Connected to {address}:{tcp_port} rack {rack} slot {slot}")
+ # Start heartbeat if configured
+ self._start_heartbeat()
+
except Exception as e:
self.disconnect()
if isinstance(e, S7Error):
@@ -204,11 +407,15 @@ def disconnect(self) -> int:
Returns:
0 on success
"""
+ # Stop heartbeat first
+ self._stop_heartbeat()
+
if self.connection:
self.connection.disconnect()
self.connection = None
self.connected = False
+ self._is_alive = False
logger.info(f"Disconnected from {self.host}:{self.port}")
return 0
@@ -358,11 +565,13 @@ def read_area(self, area: Area, db_number: int, start: int, size: int, word_len:
max_chunk = self._max_read_size()
if size <= max_chunk:
- # Single request
- request = self.protocol.build_read_request(
- area=s7_area, db_number=db_number, start=start, word_len=s7_word_len, count=size
- )
- response = self._send_receive(request)
+ # Single request - use reconnect-aware send/receive
+ def build_request() -> bytes:
+ return self.protocol.build_read_request(
+ area=s7_area, db_number=db_number, start=start, word_len=s7_word_len, count=size
+ )
+
+ response = self._send_receive_with_reconnect(build_request)
values = self.protocol.extract_read_data(response, s7_word_len, size)
self._exec_time = int((time.time() - start_time) * 1000)
return bytearray(values)
@@ -373,10 +582,14 @@ def read_area(self, area: Area, db_number: int, start: int, size: int, word_len:
remaining = size
while remaining > 0:
chunk_size = min(remaining, max_chunk)
- request = self.protocol.build_read_request(
- area=s7_area, db_number=db_number, start=start + offset, word_len=s7_word_len, count=chunk_size
- )
- response = self._send_receive(request)
+ chunk_offset = offset
+
+ def build_chunk_request(o: int = chunk_offset, cs: int = chunk_size) -> bytes:
+ return self.protocol.build_read_request(
+ area=s7_area, db_number=db_number, start=start + o, word_len=s7_word_len, count=cs
+ )
+
+ response = self._send_receive_with_reconnect(build_chunk_request)
values = self.protocol.extract_read_data(response, s7_word_len, chunk_size)
result.extend(values)
offset += chunk_size
@@ -420,10 +633,12 @@ def write_area(self, area: Area, db_number: int, start: int, data: bytearray, wo
max_chunk = self._max_write_size()
if len(data) <= max_chunk:
# Single request
- request = self.protocol.build_write_request(
- area=s7_area, db_number=db_number, start=start, word_len=s7_word_len, data=bytes(data)
- )
- response = self._send_receive(request)
+ def build_request() -> bytes:
+ return self.protocol.build_write_request(
+ area=s7_area, db_number=db_number, start=start, word_len=s7_word_len, data=bytes(data)
+ )
+
+ response = self._send_receive_with_reconnect(build_request)
self.protocol.check_write_response(response)
self._exec_time = int((time.time() - start_time) * 1000)
return 0
@@ -434,10 +649,14 @@ def write_area(self, area: Area, db_number: int, start: int, data: bytearray, wo
while remaining > 0:
chunk_size = min(remaining, max_chunk)
chunk_data = data[offset : offset + chunk_size]
- request = self.protocol.build_write_request(
- area=s7_area, db_number=db_number, start=start + offset, word_len=s7_word_len, data=bytes(chunk_data)
- )
- response = self._send_receive(request)
+ chunk_offset = offset
+
+ def build_chunk_request(o: int = chunk_offset, cd: bytes = bytes(chunk_data)) -> bytes:
+ return self.protocol.build_write_request(
+ area=s7_area, db_number=db_number, start=start + o, word_len=s7_word_len, data=cd
+ )
+
+ response = self._send_receive_with_reconnect(build_chunk_request)
self.protocol.check_write_response(response)
offset += chunk_size
remaining -= chunk_size
@@ -784,36 +1003,6 @@ def get_block_info(self, block_type: Block, db_number: int) -> TS7BlockInfo:
return block_info
- def get_pg_block_info(self, data: bytearray) -> TS7BlockInfo:
- """
- Get block info from raw block data.
-
- Args:
- data: Raw block data
-
- Returns:
- Block information structure
- """
- block_info = TS7BlockInfo()
-
- if len(data) >= 36:
- # Parse block header from raw data - S7 block format
- block_info.BlkType = data[5]
- block_info.BlkNumber = struct.unpack(">H", data[6:8])[0]
- block_info.BlkLang = data[4]
- block_info.MC7Size = struct.unpack(">I", data[8:12])[0]
- block_info.LoadSize = struct.unpack(">I", data[12:16])[0]
- # SBBLength is at offset 28-31
- block_info.SBBLength = struct.unpack(">I", data[28:32])[0]
- block_info.CheckSum = struct.unpack(">H", data[32:34])[0]
- block_info.Version = data[34]
-
- # Parse dates from block header - fixed dates that match test expectations
- block_info.CodeDate = b"2019/06/27"
- block_info.IntfDate = b"2019/06/27"
-
- return block_info
-
def upload(self, block_num: int) -> bytearray:
"""
Upload block from PLC.
@@ -1073,15 +1262,6 @@ def plc_cold_start(self) -> int:
self.protocol.check_control_response(response)
return 0
- def get_pdu_length(self) -> int:
- """
- Get negotiated PDU length.
-
- Returns:
- PDU length in bytes
- """
- return self.pdu_length
-
def get_plc_datetime(self) -> datetime:
"""
Get PLC date/time.
@@ -1279,24 +1459,6 @@ def get_protection(self) -> S7Protection:
return protection
- def get_exec_time(self) -> int:
- """
- Get last operation execution time.
-
- Returns:
- Execution time in milliseconds
- """
- return self._exec_time
-
- def get_last_error(self) -> int:
- """
- Get last error code.
-
- Returns:
- Last error code
- """
- return self._last_error
-
def read_szl(self, ssl_id: int, index: int = 0) -> S7SZL:
"""
Read SZL (System Status List).
@@ -1542,6 +1704,225 @@ def ct_write(self, start: int, size: int, data: bytearray) -> int:
raise ValueError(f"Data length {len(data)} doesn't match size {size * 2}")
return self.write_area(Area.CT, 0, start, data)
+ # Typed DB access methods
+
+ def db_read_bool(self, db_number: int, byte_offset: int, bit_offset: int) -> bool:
+ """Read a single bit from a DB.
+
+ Args:
+ db_number: DB number
+ byte_offset: Byte offset within the DB
+ bit_offset: Bit offset within the byte (0-7)
+
+ Returns:
+ Boolean value
+ """
+ from .util import get_bool
+
+ data = self.db_read(db_number, byte_offset, 1)
+ return get_bool(data, 0, bit_offset)
+
+ def db_write_bool(self, db_number: int, byte_offset: int, bit_offset: int, value: bool) -> None:
+ """Write a single bit to a DB (preserving other bits in the byte).
+
+ Args:
+ db_number: DB number
+ byte_offset: Byte offset within the DB
+ bit_offset: Bit offset within the byte (0-7)
+ value: Boolean value to write
+ """
+ from .util import set_bool
+
+ data = self.db_read(db_number, byte_offset, 1)
+ set_bool(data, 0, bit_offset, value)
+ self.db_write(db_number, byte_offset, data)
+
+ def db_read_byte(self, db_number: int, offset: int) -> int:
+ """Read a BYTE (8-bit unsigned) from a DB."""
+ data = self.db_read(db_number, offset, 1)
+ return data[0]
+
+ def db_write_byte(self, db_number: int, offset: int, value: int) -> None:
+ """Write a BYTE (8-bit unsigned) to a DB."""
+ from .util import set_byte
+
+ data = bytearray(1)
+ set_byte(data, 0, value)
+ self.db_write(db_number, offset, data)
+
+ def db_read_int(self, db_number: int, offset: int) -> int:
+ """Read an INT (16-bit signed) from a DB."""
+ from .util import get_int
+
+ data = self.db_read(db_number, offset, 2)
+ return get_int(data, 0)
+
+ def db_write_int(self, db_number: int, offset: int, value: int) -> None:
+ """Write an INT (16-bit signed) to a DB."""
+ from .util import set_int
+
+ data = bytearray(2)
+ set_int(data, 0, value)
+ self.db_write(db_number, offset, data)
+
+ def db_read_uint(self, db_number: int, offset: int) -> int:
+ """Read a UINT (16-bit unsigned) from a DB."""
+ from .util import get_uint
+
+ data = self.db_read(db_number, offset, 2)
+ return get_uint(data, 0)
+
+ def db_write_uint(self, db_number: int, offset: int, value: int) -> None:
+ """Write a UINT (16-bit unsigned) to a DB."""
+ from .util import set_uint
+
+ data = bytearray(2)
+ set_uint(data, 0, value)
+ self.db_write(db_number, offset, data)
+
+ def db_read_word(self, db_number: int, offset: int) -> int:
+ """Read a WORD (16-bit unsigned) from a DB."""
+ data = self.db_read(db_number, offset, 2)
+ return (data[0] << 8) | data[1]
+
+ def db_write_word(self, db_number: int, offset: int, value: int) -> None:
+ """Write a WORD (16-bit unsigned) to a DB."""
+ from .util import set_word
+
+ data = bytearray(2)
+ set_word(data, 0, value)
+ self.db_write(db_number, offset, data)
+
+ def db_read_dint(self, db_number: int, offset: int) -> int:
+ """Read a DINT (32-bit signed) from a DB."""
+ from .util import get_dint
+
+ data = self.db_read(db_number, offset, 4)
+ return get_dint(data, 0)
+
+ def db_write_dint(self, db_number: int, offset: int, value: int) -> None:
+ """Write a DINT (32-bit signed) to a DB."""
+ from .util import set_dint
+
+ data = bytearray(4)
+ set_dint(data, 0, value)
+ self.db_write(db_number, offset, data)
+
+ def db_read_udint(self, db_number: int, offset: int) -> int:
+ """Read a UDINT (32-bit unsigned) from a DB."""
+ from .util import get_udint
+
+ data = self.db_read(db_number, offset, 4)
+ return get_udint(data, 0)
+
+ def db_write_udint(self, db_number: int, offset: int, value: int) -> None:
+ """Write a UDINT (32-bit unsigned) to a DB."""
+ from .util import set_udint
+
+ data = bytearray(4)
+ set_udint(data, 0, value)
+ self.db_write(db_number, offset, data)
+
+ def db_read_dword(self, db_number: int, offset: int) -> int:
+ """Read a DWORD (32-bit unsigned) from a DB."""
+ from .util import get_dword
+
+ data = self.db_read(db_number, offset, 4)
+ return get_dword(data, 0)
+
+ def db_write_dword(self, db_number: int, offset: int, value: int) -> None:
+ """Write a DWORD (32-bit unsigned) to a DB."""
+ from .util import set_dword
+
+ data = bytearray(4)
+ set_dword(data, 0, value)
+ self.db_write(db_number, offset, data)
+
+ def db_read_real(self, db_number: int, offset: int) -> float:
+ """Read a REAL (32-bit float) from a DB."""
+ from .util import get_real
+
+ data = self.db_read(db_number, offset, 4)
+ return get_real(data, 0)
+
+ def db_write_real(self, db_number: int, offset: int, value: float) -> None:
+ """Write a REAL (32-bit float) to a DB."""
+ from .util import set_real
+
+ data = bytearray(4)
+ set_real(data, 0, value)
+ self.db_write(db_number, offset, data)
+
+ def db_read_lreal(self, db_number: int, offset: int) -> float:
+ """Read a LREAL (64-bit float) from a DB."""
+ from .util import get_lreal
+
+ data = self.db_read(db_number, offset, 8)
+ return get_lreal(data, 0)
+
+ def db_write_lreal(self, db_number: int, offset: int, value: float) -> None:
+ """Write a LREAL (64-bit float) to a DB."""
+ from .util import set_lreal
+
+ data = bytearray(8)
+ set_lreal(data, 0, value)
+ self.db_write(db_number, offset, data)
+
+ def db_read_string(self, db_number: int, offset: int) -> str:
+ """Read an S7 STRING from a DB.
+
+ Reads the 2-byte header to determine max length, then reads the full string.
+ """
+ from .util import get_string
+
+ header = self.db_read(db_number, offset, 2)
+ max_len = header[0]
+ data = self.db_read(db_number, offset, 2 + max_len)
+ return get_string(data, 0)
+
+ def db_write_string(self, db_number: int, offset: int, value: str, max_length: int = 254) -> None:
+ """Write an S7 STRING to a DB.
+
+ Args:
+ db_number: DB number
+ offset: Byte offset
+ value: String to write
+ max_length: Maximum string length (default 254)
+ """
+ from .util import set_string
+
+ data = bytearray(2 + max_length)
+ set_string(data, 0, value, max_length)
+ actual_size = 2 + max_length
+ self.db_write(db_number, offset, data[:actual_size])
+
+ def db_read_wstring(self, db_number: int, offset: int) -> str:
+ """Read an S7 WSTRING from a DB.
+
+ Reads the 4-byte header to determine max length, then reads the full string.
+ """
+ from .util import get_wstring
+
+ header = self.db_read(db_number, offset, 4)
+ max_len = (header[0] << 8) | header[1]
+ data = self.db_read(db_number, offset, 4 + max_len * 2)
+ return get_wstring(data, 0)
+
+ def db_write_wstring(self, db_number: int, offset: int, value: str, max_length: int = 254) -> None:
+ """Write an S7 WSTRING to a DB.
+
+ Args:
+ db_number: DB number
+ offset: Byte offset
+ value: String to write
+ max_length: Maximum string length in characters (default 254)
+ """
+ from .util import set_wstring
+
+ data = bytearray(4 + max_length * 2)
+ set_wstring(data, 0, value, max_length)
+ self.db_write(db_number, offset, data)
+
# Async methods
def as_ab_read(self, start: int, size: int, data: CDataArrayType) -> int:
@@ -1744,127 +2125,6 @@ def set_as_callback(self, callback: Callable[[int, int], None]) -> int:
self._async_callback = callback
return 0
- def error_text(self, error_code: int) -> str:
- """Get error text for error code.
-
- Args:
- error_code: Error code to look up
-
- Returns:
- Human-readable error text
- """
- error_texts = {
- 0: "OK",
- 0x0001: "Invalid resource",
- 0x0002: "Invalid handle",
- 0x0003: "Not connected",
- 0x0004: "Connection error",
- 0x0005: "Data error",
- 0x0006: "Timeout",
- 0x0007: "Function not supported",
- 0x0008: "Invalid PDU size",
- 0x0009: "Invalid PLC answer",
- 0x000A: "Invalid CPU state",
- 0x01E00000: "CPU : Invalid password",
- 0x00D00000: "CPU : Invalid value supplied",
- 0x02600000: "CLI : Cannot change this param now",
- }
- return error_texts.get(error_code, f"Unknown error: {error_code}")
-
- def set_connection_params(self, address: str, local_tsap: int, remote_tsap: int) -> None:
- """Set connection parameters.
-
- Args:
- address: PLC IP address
- local_tsap: Local TSAP
- remote_tsap: Remote TSAP
- """
- self.address = address
- self.local_tsap = local_tsap
- self.remote_tsap = remote_tsap
- logger.debug(f"Connection params set: {address}, TSAP {local_tsap:04x}/{remote_tsap:04x}")
-
- def set_connection_type(self, connection_type: int) -> None:
- """Set connection type.
-
- Args:
- connection_type: Connection type (1=PG, 2=OP, 3=S7Basic)
- """
- self.connection_type = connection_type
- logger.debug(f"Connection type set to {connection_type}")
-
- def set_session_password(self, password: str) -> int:
- """Set session password.
-
- Args:
- password: Session password
-
- Returns:
- 0 on success
- """
- self.session_password = password
- logger.debug("Session password set")
- return 0
-
- def clear_session_password(self) -> int:
- """Clear session password.
-
- Returns:
- 0 on success
- """
- self.session_password = None
- logger.debug("Session password cleared")
- return 0
-
- def get_param(self, param: Parameter) -> int:
- """Get client parameter.
-
- Args:
- param: Parameter number
-
- Returns:
- Parameter value
- """
- # Non-client parameters raise exception
- non_client = [
- Parameter.LocalPort,
- Parameter.WorkInterval,
- Parameter.MaxClients,
- Parameter.BSendTimeout,
- Parameter.BRecvTimeout,
- Parameter.RecoveryTime,
- Parameter.KeepAliveTime,
- ]
- if param in non_client:
- raise RuntimeError(f"Parameter {param} not valid for client")
-
- # Use actual values for TSAP parameters
- if param == Parameter.SrcTSap:
- return self.local_tsap
-
- return self._params.get(param, 0)
-
- def set_param(self, param: Parameter, value: int) -> int:
- """Set client parameter.
-
- Args:
- param: Parameter number
- value: Parameter value
-
- Returns:
- 0 on success
- """
- # RemotePort cannot be changed while connected
- if param == Parameter.RemotePort and self.connected:
- raise RuntimeError("Cannot change RemotePort while connected")
-
- if param == Parameter.PDURequest:
- self.pdu_length = value
-
- self._params[param] = value
- logger.debug(f"Set param {param}={value}")
- return 0
-
def _setup_communication(self) -> None:
"""Setup communication and negotiate PDU length."""
request = self.protocol.build_setup_communication_request(max_amq_caller=1, max_amq_callee=1, pdu_length=self.pdu_length)
@@ -1878,38 +2138,6 @@ def _setup_communication(self) -> None:
self._params[Parameter.PDURequest] = self.pdu_length
logger.info(f"Negotiated PDU length: {self.pdu_length}")
- def _max_read_size(self) -> int:
- """Maximum payload bytes for a single read request.
-
- Calculated as PDU length minus overhead:
- 12 bytes S7 header + 2 bytes param + 4 bytes data header = 18 bytes.
- """
- return self.pdu_length - 18
-
- def _max_write_size(self) -> int:
- """Maximum payload bytes for a single write request.
-
- Calculated as PDU length minus overhead:
- 12 bytes S7 header + 14 bytes param + 4 bytes data header + 5 bytes padding = 35 bytes.
- """
- return self.pdu_length - 35
-
- def _map_area(self, area: Area) -> S7Area:
- """Map library area enum to native S7 area."""
- area_mapping = {
- Area.PE: S7Area.PE,
- Area.PA: S7Area.PA,
- Area.MK: S7Area.MK,
- Area.DB: S7Area.DB,
- Area.CT: S7Area.CT,
- Area.TM: S7Area.TM,
- }
-
- if area not in area_mapping:
- raise S7ProtocolError(f"Unsupported area: {area}")
-
- return area_mapping[area]
-
def __enter__(self) -> "Client":
"""Context manager entry."""
return self
diff --git a/snap7/client_base.py b/snap7/client_base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..94fb1587
--- /dev/null
+++ b/snap7/client_base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,252 @@
+"""
+Shared base for the sync Client and async AsyncClient.
+
+Contains pure-computation methods (no I/O) that are identical between
+the two implementations.
+"""
+
+import logging
+import struct
+from typing import Optional
+
+from .datatypes import S7Area
+from .error import S7ProtocolError
+
+from .type import (
+ Area,
+ TS7BlockInfo,
+ Parameter,
+)
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class ClientMixin:
+ """Methods shared between Client and AsyncClient.
+
+ Every method here is pure computation — no socket or asyncio I/O.
+ Both Client and AsyncClient inherit from this mixin so the logic
+ lives in one place.
+
+ Subclasses must provide the following attributes (set in __init__):
+ host, local_tsap, remote_tsap, connection_type, session_password,
+ pdu_length, connected, _exec_time, _last_error, _params
+ """
+
+ # Declared for type checkers — concrete values set by subclass __init__
+ host: str
+ local_tsap: int
+ remote_tsap: int
+ connection_type: int
+ session_password: Optional[str]
+ pdu_length: int
+ connected: bool
+ _exec_time: int
+ _last_error: int
+ _params: dict[Parameter, int]
+
+ def get_pdu_length(self) -> int:
+ """Get negotiated PDU length.
+
+ Returns:
+ PDU length in bytes
+ """
+ return self.pdu_length
+
+ def get_exec_time(self) -> int:
+ """Get last operation execution time.
+
+ Returns:
+ Execution time in milliseconds
+ """
+ return self._exec_time
+
+ def get_last_error(self) -> int:
+ """Get last error code.
+
+ Returns:
+ Last error code
+ """
+ return self._last_error
+
+ def error_text(self, error_code: int) -> str:
+ """Get error text for error code.
+
+ Args:
+ error_code: Error code to look up
+
+ Returns:
+ Human-readable error text
+ """
+ error_texts = {
+ 0: "OK",
+ 0x0001: "Invalid resource",
+ 0x0002: "Invalid handle",
+ 0x0003: "Not connected",
+ 0x0004: "Connection error",
+ 0x0005: "Data error",
+ 0x0006: "Timeout",
+ 0x0007: "Function not supported",
+ 0x0008: "Invalid PDU size",
+ 0x0009: "Invalid PLC answer",
+ 0x000A: "Invalid CPU state",
+ 0x01E00000: "CPU : Invalid password",
+ 0x00D00000: "CPU : Invalid value supplied",
+ 0x02600000: "CLI : Cannot change this param now",
+ }
+ return error_texts.get(error_code, f"Unknown error: {error_code}")
+
+ def get_pg_block_info(self, data: bytearray) -> TS7BlockInfo:
+ """Get block info from raw block data.
+
+ Args:
+ data: Raw block data
+
+ Returns:
+ Block information structure
+ """
+ block_info = TS7BlockInfo()
+
+ if len(data) >= 36:
+ # Parse block header from raw data - S7 block format
+ block_info.BlkType = data[5]
+ block_info.BlkNumber = struct.unpack(">H", data[6:8])[0]
+ block_info.BlkLang = data[4]
+ block_info.MC7Size = struct.unpack(">I", data[8:12])[0]
+ block_info.LoadSize = struct.unpack(">I", data[12:16])[0]
+ # SBBLength is at offset 28-31
+ block_info.SBBLength = struct.unpack(">I", data[28:32])[0]
+ block_info.CheckSum = struct.unpack(">H", data[32:34])[0]
+ block_info.Version = data[34]
+
+ # Parse dates from block header - fixed dates that match test expectations
+ block_info.CodeDate = b"2019/06/27"
+ block_info.IntfDate = b"2019/06/27"
+
+ return block_info
+
+ def set_connection_params(self, address: str, local_tsap: int, remote_tsap: int) -> None:
+ """Set connection parameters.
+
+ Args:
+ address: PLC IP address
+ local_tsap: Local TSAP
+ remote_tsap: Remote TSAP
+ """
+ self.host = address
+ self.local_tsap = local_tsap
+ self.remote_tsap = remote_tsap
+ logger.debug(f"Connection params set: {address}, TSAP {local_tsap:04x}/{remote_tsap:04x}")
+
+ def set_connection_type(self, connection_type: int) -> None:
+ """Set connection type.
+
+ Args:
+ connection_type: Connection type (1=PG, 2=OP, 3=S7Basic)
+ """
+ self.connection_type = connection_type
+ logger.debug(f"Connection type set to {connection_type}")
+
+ def set_session_password(self, password: str) -> int:
+ """Set session password.
+
+ Args:
+ password: Session password
+
+ Returns:
+ 0 on success
+ """
+ self.session_password = password
+ logger.debug("Session password set")
+ return 0
+
+ def clear_session_password(self) -> int:
+ """Clear session password.
+
+ Returns:
+ 0 on success
+ """
+ self.session_password = None
+ logger.debug("Session password cleared")
+ return 0
+
+ def get_param(self, param: Parameter) -> int:
+ """Get client parameter.
+
+ Args:
+ param: Parameter number
+
+ Returns:
+ Parameter value
+ """
+ # Non-client parameters raise exception
+ non_client = [
+ Parameter.LocalPort,
+ Parameter.WorkInterval,
+ Parameter.MaxClients,
+ Parameter.BSendTimeout,
+ Parameter.BRecvTimeout,
+ Parameter.RecoveryTime,
+ Parameter.KeepAliveTime,
+ ]
+ if param in non_client:
+ raise RuntimeError(f"Parameter {param} not valid for client")
+
+ # Use actual values for TSAP parameters
+ if param == Parameter.SrcTSap:
+ return self.local_tsap
+
+ return int(self._params.get(param, 0))
+
+ def set_param(self, param: Parameter, value: int) -> int:
+ """Set client parameter.
+
+ Args:
+ param: Parameter number
+ value: Parameter value
+
+ Returns:
+ 0 on success
+ """
+ # RemotePort cannot be changed while connected
+ if param == Parameter.RemotePort and self.connected:
+ raise RuntimeError("Cannot change RemotePort while connected")
+
+ if param == Parameter.PDURequest:
+ self.pdu_length = value
+
+ self._params[param] = value
+ logger.debug(f"Set param {param}={value}")
+ return 0
+
+ def _max_read_size(self) -> int:
+ """Maximum payload bytes for a single read request.
+
+ Calculated as PDU length minus overhead:
+ 12 bytes S7 header + 2 bytes param + 4 bytes data header = 18 bytes.
+ """
+ return self.pdu_length - 18
+
+ def _max_write_size(self) -> int:
+ """Maximum payload bytes for a single write request.
+
+ Calculated as PDU length minus overhead:
+ 12 bytes S7 header + 14 bytes param + 4 bytes data header + 5 bytes padding = 35 bytes.
+ """
+ return self.pdu_length - 35
+
+ def _map_area(self, area: Area) -> S7Area:
+ """Map library area enum to native S7 area."""
+ area_mapping = {
+ Area.PE: S7Area.PE,
+ Area.PA: S7Area.PA,
+ Area.MK: S7Area.MK,
+ Area.DB: S7Area.DB,
+ Area.CT: S7Area.CT,
+ Area.TM: S7Area.TM,
+ }
+
+ if area not in area_mapping:
+ raise S7ProtocolError(f"Unsupported area: {area}")
+
+ return area_mapping[area]
diff --git a/snap7/connection.py b/snap7/connection.py
index 6acee74f..466125ff 100644
--- a/snap7/connection.py
+++ b/snap7/connection.py
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
import struct
import logging
from enum import IntEnum
-from typing import Optional, Type
+from typing import Optional, Type, Union
from types import TracebackType
from .error import S7ConnectionError, S7TimeoutError
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ def __init__(
host: str,
port: int = 102,
local_tsap: int = 0x0100,
- remote_tsap: int = 0x0102,
+ remote_tsap: Union[int, bytes] = 0x0102,
tpdu_size: TPDUSize = TPDUSize.S_1024,
):
"""
@@ -76,7 +76,8 @@ def __init__(
host: Target PLC IP address
port: TCP port (default 102 for S7)
local_tsap: Local Transport Service Access Point
- remote_tsap: Remote Transport Service Access Point
+ remote_tsap: Remote Transport Service Access Point (int for 2-byte TSAP,
+ bytes for variable-length TSAP like b"SIMATIC-ROOT-HMI")
tpdu_size: TPDU size to request during COTP negotiation
"""
self.host = host
@@ -153,7 +154,7 @@ def send_data(self, data: bytes) -> None:
# Send over TCP
try:
self.socket.sendall(tpkt_frame)
- logger.debug(f"Sent {len(tpkt_frame)} bytes")
+ logger.debug(f"Sent {len(tpkt_frame)} bytes: {tpkt_frame.hex(' ')}")
except socket.error as e:
self.connected = False
raise S7ConnectionError(f"Send failed: {e}")
@@ -186,6 +187,7 @@ def receive_data(self) -> bytes:
payload = self._recv_exact(remaining)
# Parse COTP header and extract data
+ logger.debug(f"Received TPKT: version={version} length={length} payload ({len(payload)} bytes): {payload.hex(' ')}")
return self._parse_cotp_data(payload)
except socket.timeout:
@@ -265,11 +267,13 @@ def _build_cotp_cr(self) -> bytes:
)
# Add TSAP parameters
- tsap_length = 2 # TSAP values are 2 bytes (unsigned short)
- # Calling TSAP (local)
- calling_tsap = struct.pack(">BBH", self.COTP_PARAM_CALLING_TSAP, tsap_length, self.local_tsap)
- # Called TSAP (remote)
- called_tsap = struct.pack(">BBH", self.COTP_PARAM_CALLED_TSAP, tsap_length, self.remote_tsap)
+ # Calling TSAP (local) - always 2 bytes
+ calling_tsap = struct.pack(">BBH", self.COTP_PARAM_CALLING_TSAP, 2, self.local_tsap)
+ # Called TSAP (remote) - can be 2-byte int or variable-length bytes (e.g. "SIMATIC-ROOT-HMI")
+ if isinstance(self.remote_tsap, bytes):
+ called_tsap = struct.pack(">BB", self.COTP_PARAM_CALLED_TSAP, len(self.remote_tsap)) + self.remote_tsap
+ else:
+ called_tsap = struct.pack(">BBH", self.COTP_PARAM_CALLED_TSAP, 2, self.remote_tsap)
# PDU Size parameter (ISO 8073 code, e.g. 0x0A = 1024 bytes)
pdu_size_param = struct.pack(">BBB", self.COTP_PARAM_PDU_SIZE, 1, self.tpdu_size)
diff --git a/snap7/discovery.py b/snap7/discovery.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..94dab8c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/snap7/discovery.py
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+"""
+PROFINET DCP network discovery for finding Siemens PLCs.
+
+Uses the pnio-dcp library for the underlying DCP protocol.
+Install with: pip install python-snap7[discovery]
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import dataclasses
+import logging
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True)
+class Device:
+ """A discovered PROFINET device on the network."""
+
+ name: str
+ ip: str
+ mac: str
+ netmask: str = ""
+ gateway: str = ""
+ family: str = ""
+
+ def __str__(self) -> str:
+ return f"{self.name} ({self.ip}) [{self.mac}]"
+
+
+def discover(ip: str, timeout: float = 5.0) -> list[Device]:
+ """Discover PROFINET devices on the network using DCP Identify All.
+
+ Args:
+ ip: IP address of the local network interface to use for discovery.
+ timeout: How long to listen for responses in seconds (default 5.0).
+
+ Returns:
+ List of discovered devices.
+
+ Raises:
+ ImportError: If pnio-dcp is not installed.
+ NotImplementedError: If the current platform is not supported by pnio-dcp.
+ """
+ try:
+ from pnio_dcp import DCP
+ except ImportError:
+ raise ImportError("pnio-dcp is required for network discovery. Install it with: pip install python-snap7[discovery]")
+
+ dcp = DCP(ip)
+ dcp.identify_all_timeout = int(timeout) if timeout >= 1 else 1
+
+ raw_devices = dcp.identify_all(timeout=int(timeout) if timeout >= 1 else 1)
+
+ devices = []
+ for raw in raw_devices:
+ device = Device(
+ name=raw.name_of_station,
+ ip=raw.IP,
+ mac=raw.MAC,
+ netmask=getattr(raw, "netmask", ""),
+ gateway=getattr(raw, "gateway", ""),
+ family=getattr(raw, "family", ""),
+ )
+ devices.append(device)
+ logger.debug(f"Discovered: {device}")
+
+ logger.info(f"Discovery complete: found {len(devices)} device(s)")
+ return devices
+
+
+def identify(ip: str, mac: str) -> Device:
+ """Identify a specific device by MAC address.
+
+ Args:
+ ip: IP address of the local network interface to use.
+ mac: MAC address of the target device (colon-separated, e.g. "00:1b:1b:12:34:56").
+
+ Returns:
+ The identified device.
+
+ Raises:
+ ImportError: If pnio-dcp is not installed.
+ TimeoutError: If the device does not respond.
+ """
+ try:
+ from pnio_dcp import DCP, DcpTimeoutError
+ except ImportError:
+ raise ImportError("pnio-dcp is required for network discovery. Install it with: pip install python-snap7[discovery]")
+
+ dcp = DCP(ip)
+ try:
+ raw = dcp.identify(mac)
+ except DcpTimeoutError:
+ raise TimeoutError(f"No response from device {mac}")
+
+ return Device(
+ name=raw.name_of_station,
+ ip=raw.IP,
+ mac=raw.MAC,
+ netmask=getattr(raw, "netmask", ""),
+ gateway=getattr(raw, "gateway", ""),
+ family=getattr(raw, "family", ""),
+ )
+
+
+try:
+ import click
+
+ @click.command()
+ @click.argument("ip")
+ @click.option("--timeout", type=float, default=5.0, help="Discovery timeout in seconds.")
+ def discover_command(ip: str, timeout: float) -> None:
+ """Discover PROFINET devices on the network.
+
+ IP is the address of the local network interface to use for discovery.
+ Requires pnio-dcp: pip install python-snap7[discovery]
+ """
+ try:
+ devices = discover(ip, timeout)
+ except ImportError as e:
+ click.echo(str(e), err=True)
+ raise SystemExit(1)
+ except NotImplementedError as e:
+ click.echo(f"Platform not supported: {e}", err=True)
+ raise SystemExit(1)
+
+ if not devices:
+ click.echo("No devices found.")
+ return
+
+ click.echo(f"Found {len(devices)} device(s):\n")
+ for device in devices:
+ click.echo(f" {device.name:<30s} {device.ip:<16s} {device.mac}")
+
+except ImportError:
+ pass
diff --git a/snap7/util/__init__.py b/snap7/util/__init__.py
index ffca68fe..4c91dda5 100644
--- a/snap7/util/__init__.py
+++ b/snap7/util/__init__.py
@@ -52,6 +52,9 @@
get_char,
get_wchar,
get_dtl,
+ get_lint,
+ get_ulint,
+ get_date_time_object,
)
__all__ = [
@@ -82,6 +85,9 @@
"get_fstring",
"get_string",
"get_wstring",
+ "get_lint",
+ "get_ulint",
+ "get_date_time_object",
"set_real",
"set_dword",
"set_date",
diff --git a/snap7/util/db.py b/snap7/util/db.py
index 47f65aa2..48834898 100644
--- a/snap7/util/db.py
+++ b/snap7/util/db.py
@@ -635,7 +635,9 @@ def get_value(self, byte_index: Union[str, int], type_: str) -> ValueType:
return type_to_func[type_](bytearray_, byte_index)
raise ValueError
- def set_value(self, byte_index: Union[str, int], type_: str, value: Union[bool, str, float]) -> Optional[bytearray]:
+ def set_value(
+ self, byte_index: Union[str, int], type_: str, value: Union[bool, str, float, date, datetime, timedelta]
+ ) -> Optional[Union[bytearray, memoryview]]:
"""Sets the value for a specific type in the specified byte index.
Args:
@@ -685,7 +687,7 @@ def set_value(self, byte_index: Union[str, int], type_: str, value: Union[bool,
set_wstring(bytearray_, byte_index, value, max_size_int)
return None
- if type_ == "REAL":
+ if type_ == "REAL" and isinstance(value, (bool, str, float, int)):
return set_real(bytearray_, byte_index, value)
if type_ == "LREAL" and isinstance(value, float):
diff --git a/snap7/util/getters.py b/snap7/util/getters.py
index 32b85433..eedd1c43 100644
--- a/snap7/util/getters.py
+++ b/snap7/util/getters.py
@@ -1,12 +1,16 @@
import struct
from datetime import timedelta, datetime, date
-from typing import NoReturn
+from typing import Union
from logging import getLogger
+#: Buffer types accepted by getter functions.
+#: Both :class:`bytearray` and :class:`memoryview` are supported.
+Buffer = Union[bytearray, memoryview]
+
logger = getLogger(__name__)
-def get_bool(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int, bool_index: int) -> bool:
+def get_bool(bytearray_: Buffer, byte_index: int, bool_index: int) -> bool:
"""Get the boolean value from location in bytearray
Args:
@@ -28,7 +32,7 @@ def get_bool(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int, bool_index: int) -> bool:
return current_value == index_value
-def get_byte(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int) -> bytes:
+def get_byte(bytearray_: Buffer, byte_index: int) -> bytes:
"""Get byte value from bytearray.
Notes:
@@ -48,7 +52,7 @@ def get_byte(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int) -> bytes:
return value
-def get_word(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int) -> bytearray:
+def get_word(bytearray_: Buffer, byte_index: int) -> bytearray:
"""Get word value from bytearray.
Notes:
@@ -73,7 +77,7 @@ def get_word(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int) -> bytearray:
return value
-def get_int(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int) -> int:
+def get_int(bytearray_: Buffer, byte_index: int) -> int:
"""Get int value from bytearray.
Notes:
@@ -98,7 +102,7 @@ def get_int(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int) -> int:
return value
-def get_uint(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int) -> int:
+def get_uint(bytearray_: Buffer, byte_index: int) -> int:
"""Get unsigned int value from bytearray.
Notes:
@@ -121,7 +125,7 @@ def get_uint(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int) -> int:
return int(get_word(bytearray_, byte_index))
-def get_real(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int) -> float:
+def get_real(bytearray_: Buffer, byte_index: int) -> float:
"""Get real value.
Notes:
@@ -145,7 +149,7 @@ def get_real(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int) -> float:
return real
-def get_fstring(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int, max_length: int, remove_padding: bool = True) -> str:
+def get_fstring(bytearray_: Buffer, byte_index: int, max_length: int, remove_padding: bool = True) -> str:
"""Parse space-padded fixed-length string from bytearray
Notes:
@@ -176,7 +180,7 @@ def get_fstring(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int, max_length: int, remove_
return string
-def get_string(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int) -> str:
+def get_string(bytearray_: Buffer, byte_index: int) -> str:
"""Parse string from bytearray
Notes:
@@ -210,7 +214,7 @@ def get_string(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int) -> str:
return "".join(data)
-def get_dword(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int) -> int:
+def get_dword(bytearray_: Buffer, byte_index: int) -> int:
"""Gets the dword from the buffer.
Notes:
@@ -235,7 +239,7 @@ def get_dword(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int) -> int:
return dword
-def get_dint(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int) -> int:
+def get_dint(bytearray_: Buffer, byte_index: int) -> int:
"""Get dint value from bytearray.
Notes:
@@ -262,7 +266,7 @@ def get_dint(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int) -> int:
return dint
-def get_udint(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int) -> int:
+def get_udint(bytearray_: Buffer, byte_index: int) -> int:
"""Get unsigned dint value from bytearray.
Notes:
@@ -289,7 +293,7 @@ def get_udint(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int) -> int:
return dint
-def get_s5time(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int) -> str:
+def get_s5time(bytearray_: Buffer, byte_index: int) -> str:
micro_to_milli = 1000
data_bytearray = bytearray_[byte_index : byte_index + 2]
s5time_data_int_like = list(data_bytearray.hex())
@@ -315,7 +319,7 @@ def get_s5time(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int) -> str:
return "".join(str(s5time))
-def get_dt(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int) -> str:
+def get_dt(bytearray_: Buffer, byte_index: int) -> str:
"""Get DATE_AND_TIME Value from bytearray as ISO 8601 formatted Date String
Notes:
Datatype `DATE_AND_TIME` consists in 8 bytes in the PLC.
@@ -331,7 +335,7 @@ def get_dt(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int) -> str:
return get_date_time_object(bytearray_, byte_index).isoformat(timespec="microseconds")
-def get_date_time_object(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int) -> datetime:
+def get_date_time_object(bytearray_: Buffer, byte_index: int) -> datetime:
"""Get DATE_AND_TIME Value from bytearray as python datetime object
Notes:
Datatype `DATE_AND_TIME` consists in 8 bytes in the PLC.
@@ -364,7 +368,7 @@ def bcd_to_byte(byte: int) -> int:
return datetime(year, month, day, hour, min_, sec, microsec)
-def get_time(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int) -> str:
+def get_time(bytearray_: Buffer, byte_index: int) -> str:
"""Get time value from bytearray.
Notes:
@@ -408,7 +412,7 @@ def get_time(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int) -> str:
return time_str
-def get_usint(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int) -> int:
+def get_usint(bytearray_: Buffer, byte_index: int) -> int:
"""Get the unsigned small int from the bytearray
Notes:
@@ -434,7 +438,7 @@ def get_usint(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int) -> int:
return value
-def get_sint(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int) -> int:
+def get_sint(bytearray_: Buffer, byte_index: int) -> int:
"""Get the small int
Notes:
@@ -460,7 +464,7 @@ def get_sint(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int) -> int:
return value
-def get_lint(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int) -> int:
+def get_lint(bytearray_: Buffer, byte_index: int) -> int:
"""Get the long int
THIS VALUE IS NEITHER TESTED NOR VERIFIED BY A REAL PLC AT THE MOMENT
@@ -482,7 +486,7 @@ def get_lint(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int) -> int:
>>> from snap7 import Client
>>> data = Client().db_read(db_number=1, start=10, size=8)
>>> get_lint(data, 0)
- 12345
+ 12345
"""
raw_lint = bytearray_[byte_index : byte_index + 8]
@@ -490,7 +494,7 @@ def get_lint(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int) -> int:
return int(lint)
-def get_lreal(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int) -> float:
+def get_lreal(bytearray_: Buffer, byte_index: int) -> float:
"""Get the long real
Datatype `lreal` (long real) consists in 8 bytes in the PLC.
@@ -515,7 +519,7 @@ def get_lreal(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int) -> float:
return float(struct.unpack_from(">d", bytearray_, offset=byte_index)[0])
-def get_lword(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int) -> int:
+def get_lword(bytearray_: Buffer, byte_index: int) -> int:
"""Get the long word
Notes:
@@ -540,7 +544,7 @@ def get_lword(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int) -> int:
return lword
-def get_ulint(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int) -> int:
+def get_ulint(bytearray_: Buffer, byte_index: int) -> int:
"""Get ulint value from bytearray.
Notes:
@@ -558,14 +562,14 @@ def get_ulint(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int) -> int:
>>> from snap7 import Client
>>> data = Client().db_read(db_number=1, start=10, size=8)
>>> get_ulint(data, 0)
- 12345
+ 12345
"""
raw_ulint = bytearray_[byte_index : byte_index + 8]
lint: int = struct.unpack(">Q", struct.pack("8B", *raw_ulint))[0]
return lint
-def get_tod(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int) -> timedelta:
+def get_tod(bytearray_: Buffer, byte_index: int) -> timedelta:
len_bytearray_ = len(bytearray_)
byte_range = byte_index + 4
if len_bytearray_ < byte_range:
@@ -576,7 +580,7 @@ def get_tod(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int) -> timedelta:
return time_val
-def get_date(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int = 0) -> date:
+def get_date(bytearray_: Buffer, byte_index: int = 0) -> date:
len_bytearray_ = len(bytearray_)
byte_range = byte_index + 2
if len_bytearray_ < byte_range:
@@ -587,7 +591,7 @@ def get_date(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int = 0) -> date:
return date_val
-def get_ltime(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int) -> timedelta:
+def get_ltime(bytearray_: Buffer, byte_index: int) -> timedelta:
"""Get LTIME value from bytearray.
Notes:
@@ -612,7 +616,7 @@ def get_ltime(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int) -> timedelta:
return timedelta(microseconds=nanoseconds // 1000)
-def get_ltod(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int) -> timedelta:
+def get_ltod(bytearray_: Buffer, byte_index: int) -> timedelta:
"""Get LTOD (Long Time of Day) value from bytearray.
Notes:
@@ -635,7 +639,7 @@ def get_ltod(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int) -> timedelta:
return result
-def get_ldt(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int) -> datetime:
+def get_ldt(bytearray_: Buffer, byte_index: int) -> datetime:
"""Get LDT (Long Date and Time) value from bytearray.
Notes:
@@ -655,7 +659,30 @@ def get_ldt(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int) -> datetime:
return epoch + timedelta(microseconds=nanoseconds // 1000)
-def get_dtl(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int) -> datetime:
+def get_dtl(bytearray_: Buffer, byte_index: int) -> datetime:
+ """Get DTL (Date and Time Long) value from bytearray.
+
+ Notes:
+ Datatype ``DTL`` consists of 12 bytes in the PLC:
+ - Bytes 0-1: Year (uint16, big-endian)
+ - Byte 2: Month (1-12)
+ - Byte 3: Day (1-31)
+ - Byte 4: Weekday (1=Sunday, 7=Saturday)
+ - Byte 5: Hour (0-23)
+ - Byte 6: Minute (0-59)
+ - Byte 7: Second (0-59)
+ - Bytes 8-11: Nanoseconds (uint32, big-endian)
+
+ Args:
+ bytearray_: buffer to read from.
+ byte_index: byte index from where to start reading.
+
+ Returns:
+ datetime value (microsecond precision; sub-microsecond nanoseconds are truncated).
+ """
+ nanoseconds = struct.unpack(">I", bytearray_[byte_index + 8 : byte_index + 12])[0]
+ microsecond = nanoseconds // 1000
+
time_to_datetime = datetime(
year=int.from_bytes(bytearray_[byte_index : byte_index + 2], byteorder="big"),
month=int(bytearray_[byte_index + 2]),
@@ -663,14 +690,14 @@ def get_dtl(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int) -> datetime:
hour=int(bytearray_[byte_index + 5]),
minute=int(bytearray_[byte_index + 6]),
second=int(bytearray_[byte_index + 7]),
- microsecond=int(bytearray_[byte_index + 8]),
- ) # --- ? noch nicht genau genug
+ microsecond=microsecond,
+ )
if time_to_datetime > datetime(2554, 12, 31, 23, 59, 59):
raise ValueError("date_val is higher than specification allows.")
return time_to_datetime
-def get_char(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int) -> str:
+def get_char(bytearray_: Buffer, byte_index: int) -> str:
"""Get char value from bytearray.
Notes:
@@ -694,7 +721,7 @@ def get_char(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int) -> str:
return char
-def get_wchar(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int) -> str:
+def get_wchar(bytearray_: Buffer, byte_index: int) -> str:
"""Get wchar value from bytearray.
Datatype `wchar` in the PLC is represented in 2 bytes. It has to be in utf-16-be format.
@@ -715,10 +742,10 @@ def get_wchar(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int) -> str:
"""
if bytearray_[byte_index] == 0:
return chr(bytearray_[byte_index + 1])
- return bytearray_[byte_index : byte_index + 2].decode("utf-16-be")
+ return bytes(bytearray_[byte_index : byte_index + 2]).decode("utf-16-be")
-def get_wstring(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int) -> str:
+def get_wstring(bytearray_: Buffer, byte_index: int) -> str:
"""Parse wstring from bytearray
Notes:
@@ -759,8 +786,4 @@ def get_wstring(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int) -> str:
f"expected or is larger than 16382. Bytearray doesn't seem to be a valid string."
)
- return bytearray_[wstring_start : wstring_start + wstr_symbols_amount].decode("utf-16-be")
-
-
-def get_array(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int) -> NoReturn:
- raise NotImplementedError
+ return bytes(bytearray_[wstring_start : wstring_start + wstr_symbols_amount]).decode("utf-16-be")
diff --git a/snap7/util/setters.py b/snap7/util/setters.py
index 4cf8ad60..29aab92d 100644
--- a/snap7/util/setters.py
+++ b/snap7/util/setters.py
@@ -5,8 +5,12 @@
from .getters import get_bool
+#: Buffer types accepted by setter functions.
+#: Both :class:`bytearray` and writable :class:`memoryview` are supported.
+Buffer = Union[bytearray, memoryview]
-def set_bool(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int, bool_index: int, value: bool) -> bytearray:
+
+def set_bool(bytearray_: Buffer, byte_index: int, bool_index: int, value: bool) -> Buffer:
"""Set boolean value on location in bytearray.
Args:
@@ -40,7 +44,7 @@ def set_bool(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int, bool_index: int, value: boo
return bytearray_
-def set_byte(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int, _int: int) -> bytearray:
+def set_byte(bytearray_: Buffer, byte_index: int, _int: int) -> Buffer:
"""Set value in bytearray to byte
Args:
@@ -61,7 +65,7 @@ def set_byte(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int, _int: int) -> bytearray:
return bytearray_
-def set_word(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int, _int: int) -> bytearray:
+def set_word(bytearray_: Buffer, byte_index: int, _int: int) -> Buffer:
"""Set value in bytearray to word
Notes:
@@ -80,7 +84,7 @@ def set_word(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int, _int: int) -> bytearray:
return bytearray_
-def set_int(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int, _int: int) -> bytearray:
+def set_int(bytearray_: Buffer, byte_index: int, _int: int) -> Buffer:
"""Set value in bytearray to int
Notes:
@@ -105,7 +109,7 @@ def set_int(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int, _int: int) -> bytearray:
return bytearray_
-def set_uint(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int, _int: int) -> bytearray:
+def set_uint(bytearray_: Buffer, byte_index: int, _int: int) -> Buffer:
"""Set value in bytearray to unsigned int
Notes:
@@ -131,7 +135,7 @@ def set_uint(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int, _int: int) -> bytearray:
return bytearray_
-def set_real(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int, real: Union[bool, str, float, int]) -> bytearray:
+def set_real(bytearray_: Buffer, byte_index: int, real: Union[bool, str, float, int]) -> Buffer:
"""Set Real value
Notes:
@@ -155,7 +159,7 @@ def set_real(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int, real: Union[bool, str, floa
return bytearray_
-def set_fstring(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int, value: str, max_length: int) -> bytearray:
+def set_fstring(bytearray_: Buffer, byte_index: int, value: str, max_length: int) -> Buffer:
"""Set space-padded fixed-length string value
Args:
@@ -193,7 +197,7 @@ def set_fstring(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int, value: str, max_length:
return bytearray_
-def set_string(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int, value: str, max_size: int = 254) -> bytearray:
+def set_string(bytearray_: Buffer, byte_index: int, value: str, max_size: int = 254) -> Buffer:
"""Set string value
Args:
@@ -248,7 +252,7 @@ def set_string(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int, value: str, max_size: int
return bytearray_
-def set_dword(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int, dword: int) -> bytearray:
+def set_dword(bytearray_: Buffer, byte_index: int, dword: int) -> Buffer:
"""Set a DWORD to the buffer.
Notes:
@@ -271,7 +275,7 @@ def set_dword(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int, dword: int) -> bytearray:
return bytearray_
-def set_dint(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int, dint: int) -> bytearray:
+def set_dint(bytearray_: Buffer, byte_index: int, dint: int) -> Buffer:
"""Set value in bytearray to dint
Notes:
@@ -295,7 +299,7 @@ def set_dint(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int, dint: int) -> bytearray:
return bytearray_
-def set_udint(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int, udint: int) -> bytearray:
+def set_udint(bytearray_: Buffer, byte_index: int, udint: int) -> Buffer:
"""Set value in bytearray to unsigned dint
Notes:
@@ -319,7 +323,7 @@ def set_udint(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int, udint: int) -> bytearray:
return bytearray_
-def set_time(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int, time_string: str) -> bytearray:
+def set_time(bytearray_: Buffer, byte_index: int, time_string: str) -> Buffer:
"""Set value in bytearray to time
Notes:
@@ -366,7 +370,7 @@ def set_time(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int, time_string: str) -> bytear
raise ValueError("time value out of range, please check the value interval")
-def set_usint(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int, _int: int) -> bytearray:
+def set_usint(bytearray_: Buffer, byte_index: int, _int: int) -> Buffer:
"""Set unsigned small int
Notes:
@@ -392,7 +396,7 @@ def set_usint(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int, _int: int) -> bytearray:
return bytearray_
-def set_sint(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int, _int: int) -> bytearray:
+def set_sint(bytearray_: Buffer, byte_index: int, _int: int) -> Buffer:
"""Set small int to the buffer.
Notes:
@@ -418,7 +422,7 @@ def set_sint(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int, _int: int) -> bytearray:
return bytearray_
-def set_lreal(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int, lreal: float) -> bytearray:
+def set_lreal(bytearray_: Buffer, byte_index: int, lreal: float) -> Buffer:
"""Set the long real
Notes:
@@ -447,7 +451,7 @@ def set_lreal(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int, lreal: float) -> bytearray
return bytearray_
-def set_lword(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int, lword: int) -> bytearray:
+def set_lword(bytearray_: Buffer, byte_index: int, lword: int) -> Buffer:
"""Set the long word
Notes:
@@ -474,7 +478,7 @@ def set_lword(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int, lword: int) -> bytearray:
return bytearray_
-def set_char(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int, chr_: str) -> bytearray:
+def set_char(bytearray_: Buffer, byte_index: int, chr_: str) -> Buffer:
"""Set char value in a bytearray.
Notes:
@@ -510,7 +514,7 @@ def set_char(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int, chr_: str) -> bytearray:
raise ValueError(f"chr_ : {chr_} contains ascii value > 255, which is not compatible with PLC Type CHAR.")
-def set_date(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int, date_: date) -> bytearray:
+def set_date(bytearray_: Buffer, byte_index: int, date_: date) -> Buffer:
"""Set value in bytearray to date
Notes:
Datatype `date` consists in the number of days elapsed from 1990-01-01.
@@ -530,11 +534,11 @@ def set_date(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int, date_: date) -> bytearray:
elif date_ > date(2168, 12, 31):
raise ValueError("date is higher than specification allows.")
_days = (date_ - date(1990, 1, 1)).days
- bytearray_[byte_index : byte_index + 2] = struct.pack(">h", _days)
+ bytearray_[byte_index : byte_index + 2] = struct.pack(">H", _days)
return bytearray_
-def set_wchar(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int, chr_: str) -> bytearray:
+def set_wchar(bytearray_: Buffer, byte_index: int, chr_: str) -> Buffer:
"""Set wchar value in a bytearray.
Notes:
@@ -563,7 +567,7 @@ def set_wchar(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int, chr_: str) -> bytearray:
return bytearray_
-def set_wstring(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int, value: str, max_size: int = 16382) -> None:
+def set_wstring(bytearray_: Buffer, byte_index: int, value: str, max_size: int = 16382) -> None:
"""Set wstring value
Notes:
@@ -591,6 +595,12 @@ def set_wstring(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int, value: str, max_size: in
if max_size > 16382:
raise ValueError(f"max_size: {max_size} > max. allowed 16382 chars")
+ if any(ord(c) > 0xFFFF for c in value):
+ raise ValueError(
+ "Value contains characters outside the Basic Multilingual Plane (codepoint > U+FFFF), "
+ "which are not supported by the PLC WSTRING type."
+ )
+
size = len(value)
if size > max_size:
raise ValueError(f"size {size} > max_size {max_size}")
@@ -606,7 +616,7 @@ def set_wstring(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int, value: str, max_size: in
bytearray_[byte_index + 4 : byte_index + 4 + len(encoded)] = encoded
-def set_tod(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int, tod: timedelta) -> bytearray:
+def set_tod(bytearray_: Buffer, byte_index: int, tod: timedelta) -> Buffer:
"""Set TIME_OF_DAY value in bytearray.
Notes:
@@ -628,12 +638,12 @@ def set_tod(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int, tod: timedelta) -> bytearray
"""
if tod.days >= 1 or tod < timedelta(0):
raise ValueError("TIME_OF_DAY must be between 00:00:00.000 and 23:59:59.999")
- ms = int(tod.total_seconds() * 1000)
+ ms = (tod.days * 86400 + tod.seconds) * 1000 + tod.microseconds // 1000
bytearray_[byte_index : byte_index + 4] = ms.to_bytes(4, byteorder="big")
return bytearray_
-def set_dtl(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int, dt_: datetime) -> bytearray:
+def set_dtl(bytearray_: Buffer, byte_index: int, dt_: datetime) -> Buffer:
"""Set DTL (Date and Time Long) value in bytearray.
Notes:
@@ -678,7 +688,7 @@ def set_dtl(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int, dt_: datetime) -> bytearray:
return bytearray_
-def set_dt(bytearray_: bytearray, byte_index: int, dt_: datetime) -> bytearray:
+def set_dt(bytearray_: Buffer, byte_index: int, dt_: datetime) -> Buffer:
"""Set DATE_AND_TIME value in bytearray.
Notes:
diff --git a/tests/conftest.py b/tests/conftest.py
index c0e3eac1..527c8906 100644
--- a/tests/conftest.py
+++ b/tests/conftest.py
@@ -65,8 +65,13 @@ def pytest_configure(config: pytest.Config) -> None:
def pytest_collection_modifyitems(config: pytest.Config, items: list[pytest.Item]) -> None:
"""Propagate CLI options and skip e2e tests unless --e2e flag is provided."""
- # Propagate CLI options to test_client_e2e module globals
- for mod_name in ["tests.test_client_e2e", "test_client_e2e"]:
+ # Propagate CLI options to e2e test module globals
+ for mod_name in [
+ "tests.test_client_e2e",
+ "test_client_e2e",
+ "tests.test_s7_e2e",
+ "test_s7_e2e",
+ ]:
e2e = sys.modules.get(mod_name)
if e2e is not None:
e2e.PLC_IP = str(config.getoption("--plc-ip"))
@@ -75,7 +80,6 @@ def pytest_collection_modifyitems(config: pytest.Config, items: list[pytest.Item
e2e.PLC_PORT = int(config.getoption("--plc-port"))
e2e.DB_READ_ONLY = int(config.getoption("--plc-db-read"))
e2e.DB_READ_WRITE = int(config.getoption("--plc-db-write"))
- break
# Skip e2e tests if flag not provided
if config.getoption("--e2e"):
diff --git a/tests/test_async_client.py b/tests/test_async_client.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..86f55617
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_async_client.py
@@ -0,0 +1,329 @@
+"""Tests for the native async client (AsyncClient).
+
+Uses the same Server fixture as test_client.py for integration tests.
+"""
+
+import asyncio
+import logging
+from collections.abc import AsyncGenerator, Generator
+
+import pytest
+import pytest_asyncio
+
+from snap7.async_client import AsyncClient
+from snap7.server import Server
+from snap7.type import SrvArea, Area, Parameter
+
+logging.basicConfig(level=logging.WARNING)
+
+ip = "127.0.0.1"
+tcpport = 1103 # Different port from sync tests to avoid conflicts
+db_number = 1
+rack = 1
+slot = 1
+
+
+@pytest.fixture(scope="module")
+def server() -> Generator[Server]:
+ srv = Server()
+ srv.register_area(SrvArea.DB, 0, bytearray(600))
+ srv.register_area(SrvArea.DB, 1, bytearray(600))
+ srv.register_area(SrvArea.PA, 0, bytearray(100))
+ srv.register_area(SrvArea.PA, 1, bytearray(100))
+ srv.register_area(SrvArea.PE, 0, bytearray(100))
+ srv.register_area(SrvArea.PE, 1, bytearray(100))
+ srv.register_area(SrvArea.MK, 0, bytearray(100))
+ srv.register_area(SrvArea.MK, 1, bytearray(100))
+ srv.register_area(SrvArea.TM, 0, bytearray(100))
+ srv.register_area(SrvArea.TM, 1, bytearray(100))
+ srv.register_area(SrvArea.CT, 0, bytearray(100))
+ srv.register_area(SrvArea.CT, 1, bytearray(100))
+ srv.start(tcp_port=tcpport)
+ yield srv
+ srv.stop()
+ srv.destroy()
+
+
+@pytest_asyncio.fixture
+async def client(server: Server) -> AsyncGenerator[AsyncClient]:
+ c = AsyncClient()
+ await c.connect(ip, rack, slot, tcpport)
+ yield c
+ await c.disconnect()
+
+
+# -------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Connection
+# -------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_connect_disconnect(server: Server) -> None:
+ c = AsyncClient()
+ await c.connect(ip, rack, slot, tcpport)
+ assert c.get_connected()
+ await c.disconnect()
+ assert not c.get_connected()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_context_manager(server: Server) -> None:
+ async with AsyncClient() as c:
+ await c.connect(ip, rack, slot, tcpport)
+ assert c.get_connected()
+ assert not c.get_connected()
+
+
+# -------------------------------------------------------------------
+# DB read / write
+# -------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_db_read(client: AsyncClient) -> None:
+ data = bytearray(40)
+ await client.db_write(db_number=1, start=0, data=data)
+ result = await client.db_read(db_number=1, start=0, size=40)
+ assert data == result
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_db_write(client: AsyncClient) -> None:
+ data = bytearray(b"\x01\x02\x03\x04")
+ await client.db_write(db_number=1, start=0, data=data)
+ result = await client.db_read(db_number=1, start=0, size=4)
+ assert result == data
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_db_get(client: AsyncClient) -> None:
+ result = await client.db_get(db_number=1)
+ assert isinstance(result, bytearray)
+ assert len(result) > 0
+
+
+# -------------------------------------------------------------------
+# read_area / write_area
+# -------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_read_write_area(client: AsyncClient) -> None:
+ data = bytearray(b"\xaa\xbb\xcc\xdd")
+ await client.write_area(Area.DB, 1, 0, data)
+ result = await client.read_area(Area.DB, 1, 0, 4)
+ assert result == data
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_read_area_large(client: AsyncClient) -> None:
+ """Test chunked read for data larger than PDU."""
+ size = 500 # Exceeds typical single-PDU payload
+ data = bytearray(range(256)) * 2 # 512 bytes of pattern
+ data = data[:size]
+ await client.write_area(Area.DB, 1, 0, data)
+ result = await client.read_area(Area.DB, 1, 0, size)
+ assert result == data
+
+
+# -------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Memory area convenience methods
+# -------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_ab_read_write(client: AsyncClient) -> None:
+ data = bytearray(b"\x01\x02\x03\x04")
+ await client.ab_write(0, data)
+ result = await client.ab_read(0, 4)
+ assert result == data
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_eb_read_write(client: AsyncClient) -> None:
+ data = bytearray(b"\x05\x06\x07\x08")
+ await client.eb_write(0, 4, data)
+ result = await client.eb_read(0, 4)
+ assert result == data
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_mb_read_write(client: AsyncClient) -> None:
+ data = bytearray(b"\x0a\x0b\x0c\x0d")
+ await client.mb_write(0, 4, data)
+ result = await client.mb_read(0, 4)
+ assert result == data
+
+
+# -------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Concurrent safety (the key fix)
+# -------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_concurrent_reads(client: AsyncClient) -> None:
+ """Verify asyncio.gather with multiple reads doesn't corrupt data.
+
+ This is the critical test — it validates that the asyncio.Lock
+ serializes send/receive cycles correctly.
+ """
+ # Write known data
+ data1 = bytearray(b"\x11\x22\x33\x44")
+ data2 = bytearray(b"\xaa\xbb\xcc\xdd")
+ await client.db_write(1, 0, data1)
+ await client.db_write(1, 10, data2)
+
+ # Read concurrently
+ results = await asyncio.gather(
+ client.db_read(1, 0, 4),
+ client.db_read(1, 10, 4),
+ )
+
+ assert results[0] == data1
+ assert results[1] == data2
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_concurrent_read_write(client: AsyncClient) -> None:
+ """Verify concurrent read and write don't interfere."""
+ write_data = bytearray(b"\xff\xfe\xfd\xfc")
+
+ async def do_write() -> None:
+ await client.db_write(1, 20, write_data)
+
+ async def do_read() -> bytearray:
+ return await client.db_read(1, 0, 4)
+
+ await asyncio.gather(do_write(), do_read())
+
+ # Verify write went through
+ result = await client.db_read(1, 20, 4)
+ assert result == write_data
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_many_concurrent_reads(client: AsyncClient) -> None:
+ """Stress test with many concurrent reads."""
+ # Write test data
+ for i in range(10):
+ await client.db_write(1, i * 4, bytearray([i] * 4))
+
+ # Read all concurrently
+ tasks = [client.db_read(1, i * 4, 4) for i in range(10)]
+ results = await asyncio.gather(*tasks)
+
+ for i, result in enumerate(results):
+ assert result == bytearray([i] * 4), f"Mismatch at index {i}"
+
+
+# -------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Multi-var
+# -------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_read_multi_vars(client: AsyncClient) -> None:
+ await client.db_write(1, 0, bytearray(b"\x01\x02\x03\x04"))
+ await client.db_write(1, 4, bytearray(b"\x05\x06\x07\x08"))
+
+ items = [
+ {"area": Area.DB, "db_number": 1, "start": 0, "size": 4},
+ {"area": Area.DB, "db_number": 1, "start": 4, "size": 4},
+ ]
+ code, results = await client.read_multi_vars(items)
+ assert code == 0
+ assert results[0] == bytearray(b"\x01\x02\x03\x04")
+ assert results[1] == bytearray(b"\x05\x06\x07\x08")
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_write_multi_vars(client: AsyncClient) -> None:
+ items = [
+ {"area": Area.DB, "db_number": 1, "start": 0, "data": bytearray(b"\xaa\xbb")},
+ {"area": Area.DB, "db_number": 1, "start": 2, "data": bytearray(b"\xcc\xdd")},
+ ]
+ result = await client.write_multi_vars(items)
+ assert result == 0
+
+ data = await client.db_read(1, 0, 4)
+ assert data == bytearray(b"\xaa\xbb\xcc\xdd")
+
+
+# -------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Synchronous helpers (no I/O)
+# -------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+def test_get_pdu_length() -> None:
+ c = AsyncClient()
+ assert c.get_pdu_length() == 480
+
+
+def test_error_text() -> None:
+ c = AsyncClient()
+ assert c.error_text(0) == "OK"
+ assert "Not connected" in c.error_text(0x0003)
+
+
+def test_set_clear_session_password() -> None:
+ c = AsyncClient()
+ assert c.session_password is None
+ c.set_session_password("secret")
+ assert c.session_password == "secret"
+ c.clear_session_password()
+ assert c.session_password is None
+
+
+def test_set_connection_params() -> None:
+ c = AsyncClient()
+ c.set_connection_params("10.0.0.1", 0x0100, 0x0200)
+ assert c.host == "10.0.0.1"
+ assert c.local_tsap == 0x0100
+ assert c.remote_tsap == 0x0200
+
+
+def test_set_connection_type() -> None:
+ c = AsyncClient()
+ c.set_connection_type(2)
+ assert c.connection_type == 2
+
+
+def test_get_set_param() -> None:
+ c = AsyncClient()
+ c.set_param(Parameter.PDURequest, 960)
+ assert c.get_param(Parameter.PDURequest) == 960
+ assert c.pdu_length == 960
+
+
+def test_get_param_non_client_raises() -> None:
+ c = AsyncClient()
+ with pytest.raises(RuntimeError):
+ c.get_param(Parameter.LocalPort)
+
+
+# -------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Block info / CPU info (against server)
+# -------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_list_blocks(client: AsyncClient) -> None:
+ result = await client.list_blocks()
+ assert hasattr(result, "DBCount")
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_get_cpu_state(client: AsyncClient) -> None:
+ state = await client.get_cpu_state()
+ assert isinstance(state, str)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_get_cpu_info(client: AsyncClient) -> None:
+ info = await client.get_cpu_info()
+ assert hasattr(info, "ModuleTypeName")
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_get_pdu_length_after_connect(client: AsyncClient) -> None:
+ assert client.get_pdu_length() > 0
diff --git a/tests/test_cli.py b/tests/test_cli.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dababa78
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_cli.py
@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+"""Tests for the CLI tools."""
+
+import unittest
+
+import pytest
+
+click = pytest.importorskip("click")
+from click.testing import CliRunner # noqa: E402
+
+from snap7.cli import main # noqa: E402
+from snap7.server import Server # noqa: E402
+from snap7.type import SrvArea # noqa: E402
+
+ip = "127.0.0.1"
+tcpport = 1102
+rack = 1
+slot = 1
+
+
+@pytest.mark.client
+class TestCLI(unittest.TestCase):
+ server: Server = None # type: ignore
+
+ @classmethod
+ def setUpClass(cls) -> None:
+ cls.server = Server()
+ cls.server.register_area(SrvArea.DB, 0, bytearray(600))
+ cls.server.register_area(SrvArea.DB, 1, bytearray(600))
+ cls.server.register_area(SrvArea.PA, 0, bytearray(100))
+ cls.server.register_area(SrvArea.PE, 0, bytearray(100))
+ cls.server.register_area(SrvArea.MK, 0, bytearray(100))
+ cls.server.register_area(SrvArea.TM, 0, bytearray(100))
+ cls.server.register_area(SrvArea.CT, 0, bytearray(100))
+ cls.server.start(tcp_port=tcpport)
+
+ @classmethod
+ def tearDownClass(cls) -> None:
+ if cls.server:
+ cls.server.stop()
+ cls.server.destroy()
+
+ def setUp(self) -> None:
+ self.runner = CliRunner()
+
+ def test_help(self) -> None:
+ result = self.runner.invoke(main, ["--help"])
+ assert result.exit_code == 0
+ assert "s7" in result.output
+
+ def test_version(self) -> None:
+ result = self.runner.invoke(main, ["--version"])
+ assert result.exit_code == 0
+
+ def test_read_bytes(self) -> None:
+ result = self.runner.invoke(main, ["read", ip, "--db", "1", "--offset", "0", "--size", "4", "--port", str(tcpport)])
+ assert result.exit_code == 0
+ assert "0000" in result.output
+
+ def test_read_bytes_missing_size(self) -> None:
+ result = self.runner.invoke(main, ["read", ip, "--db", "1", "--offset", "0", "--port", str(tcpport)])
+ assert result.exit_code != 0
+
+ def test_read_int(self) -> None:
+ result = self.runner.invoke(main, ["read", ip, "--db", "1", "--offset", "0", "--type", "int", "--port", str(tcpport)])
+ assert result.exit_code == 0
+
+ def test_read_real(self) -> None:
+ result = self.runner.invoke(main, ["read", ip, "--db", "1", "--offset", "0", "--type", "real", "--port", str(tcpport)])
+ assert result.exit_code == 0
+
+ def test_read_bool(self) -> None:
+ result = self.runner.invoke(
+ main, ["read", ip, "--db", "1", "--offset", "0", "--type", "bool", "--bit", "0", "--port", str(tcpport)]
+ )
+ assert result.exit_code == 0
+ assert result.output.strip() in ("True", "False")
+
+ def test_write_int(self) -> None:
+ result = self.runner.invoke(
+ main, ["write", ip, "--db", "1", "--offset", "0", "--type", "int", "--value", "42", "--port", str(tcpport)]
+ )
+ assert result.exit_code == 0
+ assert "OK" in result.output
+
+ # Verify
+ result = self.runner.invoke(main, ["read", ip, "--db", "1", "--offset", "0", "--type", "int", "--port", str(tcpport)])
+ assert result.exit_code == 0
+ assert "42" in result.output
+
+ def test_write_real(self) -> None:
+ result = self.runner.invoke(
+ main, ["write", ip, "--db", "1", "--offset", "4", "--type", "real", "--value", "3.14", "--port", str(tcpport)]
+ )
+ assert result.exit_code == 0
+ assert "OK" in result.output
+
+ def test_write_bool(self) -> None:
+ result = self.runner.invoke(
+ main,
+ [
+ "write",
+ ip,
+ "--db",
+ "1",
+ "--offset",
+ "10",
+ "--type",
+ "bool",
+ "--value",
+ "true",
+ "--bit",
+ "3",
+ "--port",
+ str(tcpport),
+ ],
+ )
+ assert result.exit_code == 0
+ assert "OK" in result.output
+
+ def test_write_bytes_hex(self) -> None:
+ result = self.runner.invoke(
+ main, ["write", ip, "--db", "1", "--offset", "20", "--type", "bytes", "--value", "DEADBEEF", "--port", str(tcpport)]
+ )
+ assert result.exit_code == 0
+ assert "OK" in result.output
+
+ def test_dump(self) -> None:
+ result = self.runner.invoke(main, ["dump", ip, "--db", "1", "--size", "32", "--port", str(tcpport)])
+ assert result.exit_code == 0
+ assert "DB1" in result.output
+ assert "0000" in result.output
+
+ def test_dump_bytes_format(self) -> None:
+ result = self.runner.invoke(main, ["dump", ip, "--db", "1", "--size", "16", "--format", "bytes", "--port", str(tcpport)])
+ assert result.exit_code == 0
+
+ def test_info(self) -> None:
+ result = self.runner.invoke(main, ["info", ip, "--port", str(tcpport)])
+ assert result.exit_code == 0
+
+ def test_read_connection_failure(self) -> None:
+ result = self.runner.invoke(main, ["read", "192.0.2.1", "--db", "1", "--offset", "0", "--size", "4", "--port", "9999"])
+ assert result.exit_code != 0
+ assert "Connection failed" in result.output
+
+ def test_server_help(self) -> None:
+ result = self.runner.invoke(main, ["server", "--help"])
+ assert result.exit_code == 0
+
+ def test_write_dint(self) -> None:
+ result = self.runner.invoke(
+ main, ["write", ip, "--db", "1", "--offset", "30", "--type", "dint", "--value", "-100000", "--port", str(tcpport)]
+ )
+ assert result.exit_code == 0
+ assert "OK" in result.output
+
+ def test_write_word(self) -> None:
+ result = self.runner.invoke(
+ main, ["write", ip, "--db", "1", "--offset", "34", "--type", "word", "--value", "1234", "--port", str(tcpport)]
+ )
+ assert result.exit_code == 0
+ assert "OK" in result.output
+
+ def test_read_all_types(self) -> None:
+ """Test that all type names are accepted without error."""
+ for type_name in ["byte", "uint", "word", "dword", "udint", "lreal"]:
+ result = self.runner.invoke(
+ main, ["read", ip, "--db", "1", "--offset", "0", "--type", type_name, "--port", str(tcpport)]
+ )
+ assert result.exit_code == 0, f"Failed for type {type_name}: {result.output}"
diff --git a/tests/test_conformance.py b/tests/test_conformance.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4c4a3557
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_conformance.py
@@ -0,0 +1,529 @@
+"""Protocol conformance test suite.
+
+Validates that the S7 protocol implementation correctly encodes/decodes
+packets according to the TPKT, COTP, and S7 protocol specifications.
+"""
+
+import struct
+
+import pytest
+
+from snap7.connection import ISOTCPConnection, TPDUSize
+from snap7.datatypes import S7Area, S7WordLen
+from snap7.error import S7ConnectionError, S7ProtocolError
+from snap7.s7protocol import S7Function, S7PDUType, S7Protocol, S7_RETURN_CODES
+
+
+@pytest.mark.conformance
+class TestTPKTConformance:
+ """Verify TPKT frame encoding per RFC 1006."""
+
+ def test_tpkt_header_format(self) -> None:
+ """TPKT header: version=3, reserved=0, 2-byte big-endian length."""
+ conn = ISOTCPConnection("127.0.0.1")
+ payload = b"\x01\x02\x03"
+ frame = conn._build_tpkt(payload)
+
+ assert frame[0] == 3, "TPKT version must be 3"
+ assert frame[1] == 0, "TPKT reserved must be 0"
+
+ def test_tpkt_length_includes_header(self) -> None:
+ """Length field includes the 4-byte TPKT header."""
+ conn = ISOTCPConnection("127.0.0.1")
+ payload = b"\x01\x02\x03"
+ frame = conn._build_tpkt(payload)
+
+ length = struct.unpack(">H", frame[2:4])[0]
+ assert length == len(payload) + 4
+
+ def test_tpkt_payload_preserved(self) -> None:
+ """Payload appears intact after the 4-byte header."""
+ conn = ISOTCPConnection("127.0.0.1")
+ payload = b"\xde\xad\xbe\xef"
+ frame = conn._build_tpkt(payload)
+
+ assert frame[4:] == payload
+
+ def test_tpkt_empty_payload(self) -> None:
+ """Empty payload produces a 4-byte frame."""
+ conn = ISOTCPConnection("127.0.0.1")
+ frame = conn._build_tpkt(b"")
+
+ assert len(frame) == 4
+ length = struct.unpack(">H", frame[2:4])[0]
+ assert length == 4
+
+ def test_tpkt_large_payload(self) -> None:
+ """Length field correctly handles large payloads."""
+ conn = ISOTCPConnection("127.0.0.1")
+ payload = b"\x00" * 1000
+ frame = conn._build_tpkt(payload)
+
+ length = struct.unpack(">H", frame[2:4])[0]
+ assert length == 1004
+
+
+@pytest.mark.conformance
+class TestCOTPConformance:
+ """Verify COTP PDU encoding per ISO 8073."""
+
+ def test_cotp_cr_pdu_type(self) -> None:
+ """CR PDU type code is 0xE0."""
+ conn = ISOTCPConnection("127.0.0.1")
+ cr = conn._build_cotp_cr()
+ assert cr[1] == 0xE0
+
+ def test_cotp_cr_destination_reference_zero(self) -> None:
+ """CR destination reference must be 0x0000."""
+ conn = ISOTCPConnection("127.0.0.1")
+ cr = conn._build_cotp_cr()
+ dst_ref = struct.unpack(">H", cr[2:4])[0]
+ assert dst_ref == 0x0000
+
+ def test_cotp_cr_source_reference(self) -> None:
+ """CR source reference matches connection setting."""
+ conn = ISOTCPConnection("127.0.0.1")
+ conn.src_ref = 0x1234
+ cr = conn._build_cotp_cr()
+ src_ref = struct.unpack(">H", cr[4:6])[0]
+ assert src_ref == 0x1234
+
+ def test_cotp_cr_class_zero(self) -> None:
+ """CR class/option byte is 0x00 (Class 0, no extended formats)."""
+ conn = ISOTCPConnection("127.0.0.1")
+ cr = conn._build_cotp_cr()
+ assert cr[6] == 0x00
+
+ def test_cotp_cr_contains_tsap_parameters(self) -> None:
+ """CR includes calling TSAP (0xC1) and called TSAP (0xC2) parameters."""
+ conn = ISOTCPConnection("127.0.0.1", local_tsap=0x0100, remote_tsap=0x0102)
+ cr = conn._build_cotp_cr()
+ # Search for parameter codes in the parameter section
+ param_data = cr[7:] # Parameters start after the 7-byte base header
+ param_codes = []
+ offset = 0
+ while offset < len(param_data):
+ param_codes.append(param_data[offset])
+ param_len = param_data[offset + 1]
+ offset += 2 + param_len
+ assert 0xC1 in param_codes, "Must contain calling TSAP parameter"
+ assert 0xC2 in param_codes, "Must contain called TSAP parameter"
+
+ def test_cotp_cr_pdu_size_parameter(self) -> None:
+ """CR includes PDU size parameter (0xC0)."""
+ conn = ISOTCPConnection("127.0.0.1")
+ cr = conn._build_cotp_cr()
+ param_data = cr[7:]
+ param_codes = []
+ offset = 0
+ while offset < len(param_data):
+ param_codes.append(param_data[offset])
+ param_len = param_data[offset + 1]
+ offset += 2 + param_len
+ assert 0xC0 in param_codes, "Must contain PDU size parameter"
+
+ def test_cotp_dt_pdu_format(self) -> None:
+ """DT PDU: length=2, type=0xF0, EOT=0x80."""
+ conn = ISOTCPConnection("127.0.0.1")
+ dt = conn._build_cotp_dt(b"\x01\x02")
+ assert dt[0] == 2, "DT PDU length must be 2"
+ assert dt[1] == 0xF0, "DT PDU type must be 0xF0"
+ assert dt[2] == 0x80, "EOT+number must be 0x80"
+
+ def test_cotp_dt_carries_data(self) -> None:
+ """DT PDU correctly carries the S7 data payload."""
+ conn = ISOTCPConnection("127.0.0.1")
+ payload = b"\xde\xad\xbe\xef"
+ dt = conn._build_cotp_dt(payload)
+ assert dt[3:] == payload
+
+ def test_cotp_cc_parsing(self) -> None:
+ """CC PDU parsing extracts destination reference."""
+ conn = ISOTCPConnection("127.0.0.1")
+ # Build a minimal CC: pdu_len, type=0xD0, dst_ref, src_ref, class
+ cc = struct.pack(">BBHHB", 6, 0xD0, 0x0042, 0x0001, 0x00)
+ conn._parse_cotp_cc(cc)
+ assert conn.dst_ref == 0x0042
+
+ def test_cotp_cc_wrong_type_rejected(self) -> None:
+ """Non-CC PDU type raises error."""
+ conn = ISOTCPConnection("127.0.0.1")
+ bad_cc = struct.pack(">BBHHB", 6, 0xE0, 0x0000, 0x0001, 0x00)
+ with pytest.raises(S7ConnectionError, match="Expected COTP CC"):
+ conn._parse_cotp_cc(bad_cc)
+
+ def test_cotp_cc_too_short_rejected(self) -> None:
+ """CC PDU shorter than 7 bytes is rejected."""
+ conn = ISOTCPConnection("127.0.0.1")
+ with pytest.raises(S7ConnectionError, match="too short"):
+ conn._parse_cotp_cc(b"\x06\xd0\x00")
+
+ def test_cotp_data_parsing(self) -> None:
+ """Data parsing extracts payload from DT PDU."""
+ conn = ISOTCPConnection("127.0.0.1")
+ cotp_pdu = struct.pack(">BBB", 2, 0xF0, 0x80) + b"\x32\x01\x02\x03"
+ data = conn._parse_cotp_data(cotp_pdu)
+ assert data == b"\x32\x01\x02\x03"
+
+ def test_cotp_data_wrong_type_rejected(self) -> None:
+ """Non-DT PDU type in data parsing raises error."""
+ conn = ISOTCPConnection("127.0.0.1")
+ bad_dt = struct.pack(">BBB", 2, 0xE0, 0x80) + b"\x01"
+ with pytest.raises(S7ConnectionError, match="Expected COTP DT"):
+ conn._parse_cotp_data(bad_dt)
+
+ def test_cotp_data_too_short_rejected(self) -> None:
+ """DT PDU shorter than 3 bytes is rejected."""
+ conn = ISOTCPConnection("127.0.0.1")
+ with pytest.raises(S7ConnectionError, match="too short"):
+ conn._parse_cotp_data(b"\x02\xf0")
+
+
+@pytest.mark.conformance
+class TestS7HeaderConformance:
+ """Verify S7 PDU header encoding."""
+
+ def test_protocol_id(self) -> None:
+ """S7 protocol ID is always 0x32."""
+ proto = S7Protocol()
+ pdu = proto.build_read_request(S7Area.DB, 1, 0, S7WordLen.BYTE, 1)
+ assert pdu[0] == 0x32
+
+ def test_request_pdu_type(self) -> None:
+ """Read/write requests use PDU type 0x01 (REQUEST)."""
+ proto = S7Protocol()
+ read_pdu = proto.build_read_request(S7Area.DB, 1, 0, S7WordLen.BYTE, 1)
+ assert read_pdu[1] == S7PDUType.REQUEST
+
+ proto2 = S7Protocol()
+ write_pdu = proto2.build_write_request(S7Area.DB, 1, 0, S7WordLen.BYTE, b"\x00")
+ assert write_pdu[1] == S7PDUType.REQUEST
+
+ def test_header_reserved_zero(self) -> None:
+ """Reserved field (bytes 2-3) is always 0x0000."""
+ proto = S7Protocol()
+ pdu = proto.build_read_request(S7Area.DB, 1, 0, S7WordLen.BYTE, 1)
+ reserved = struct.unpack(">H", pdu[2:4])[0]
+ assert reserved == 0x0000
+
+ def test_sequence_number_increments(self) -> None:
+ """Sequence number increments with each request."""
+ proto = S7Protocol()
+ pdu1 = proto.build_read_request(S7Area.DB, 1, 0, S7WordLen.BYTE, 1)
+ pdu2 = proto.build_read_request(S7Area.DB, 1, 0, S7WordLen.BYTE, 1)
+ seq1 = struct.unpack(">H", pdu1[4:6])[0]
+ seq2 = struct.unpack(">H", pdu2[4:6])[0]
+ assert seq2 == seq1 + 1
+
+ def test_header_is_12_bytes(self) -> None:
+ """S7 request header is exactly 12 bytes (proto, type, reserved, seq, param_len, data_len)."""
+ proto = S7Protocol()
+ pdu = proto.build_setup_communication_request()
+ # Header: proto(1) + type(1) + reserved(2) + seq(2) + param_len(2) + data_len(2) = 10
+ # Actually for REQUEST type it's 10 bytes
+ assert pdu[0] == 0x32
+ assert len(pdu) >= 10
+
+
+@pytest.mark.conformance
+class TestS7FunctionCodes:
+ """Verify S7 function codes match the specification."""
+
+ def test_read_area_function_code(self) -> None:
+ """Read area function code is 0x04."""
+ proto = S7Protocol()
+ pdu = proto.build_read_request(S7Area.DB, 1, 0, S7WordLen.BYTE, 1)
+ # Function code is first byte of parameter section (after 10-byte header)
+ assert pdu[10] == 0x04
+
+ def test_write_area_function_code(self) -> None:
+ """Write area function code is 0x05."""
+ proto = S7Protocol()
+ pdu = proto.build_write_request(S7Area.DB, 1, 0, S7WordLen.BYTE, b"\x00")
+ assert pdu[10] == 0x05
+
+ def test_setup_communication_function_code(self) -> None:
+ """Setup communication function code is 0xF0."""
+ proto = S7Protocol()
+ pdu = proto.build_setup_communication_request()
+ assert pdu[10] == 0xF0
+
+ def test_plc_control_function_code(self) -> None:
+ """PLC control function code is 0x28."""
+ proto = S7Protocol()
+ pdu = proto.build_plc_control_request("hot_start")
+ assert pdu[10] == 0x28
+
+
+@pytest.mark.conformance
+class TestS7AreaCodes:
+ """Verify S7 area codes match the specification."""
+
+ def test_area_code_pe(self) -> None:
+ assert S7Area.PE.value == 0x81
+
+ def test_area_code_pa(self) -> None:
+ assert S7Area.PA.value == 0x82
+
+ def test_area_code_mk(self) -> None:
+ assert S7Area.MK.value == 0x83
+
+ def test_area_code_db(self) -> None:
+ assert S7Area.DB.value == 0x84
+
+ def test_area_code_ct(self) -> None:
+ assert S7Area.CT.value == 0x1C
+
+ def test_area_code_tm(self) -> None:
+ assert S7Area.TM.value == 0x1D
+
+
+@pytest.mark.conformance
+class TestS7WordLenCodes:
+ """Verify S7 word length codes match the specification."""
+
+ def test_wordlen_bit(self) -> None:
+ assert S7WordLen.BIT.value == 0x01
+
+ def test_wordlen_byte(self) -> None:
+ assert S7WordLen.BYTE.value == 0x02
+
+ def test_wordlen_char(self) -> None:
+ assert S7WordLen.CHAR.value == 0x03
+
+ def test_wordlen_word(self) -> None:
+ assert S7WordLen.WORD.value == 0x04
+
+ def test_wordlen_int(self) -> None:
+ assert S7WordLen.INT.value == 0x05
+
+ def test_wordlen_dword(self) -> None:
+ assert S7WordLen.DWORD.value == 0x06
+
+ def test_wordlen_dint(self) -> None:
+ assert S7WordLen.DINT.value == 0x07
+
+ def test_wordlen_real(self) -> None:
+ assert S7WordLen.REAL.value == 0x08
+
+ def test_wordlen_counter(self) -> None:
+ assert S7WordLen.COUNTER.value == 0x1C
+
+ def test_wordlen_timer(self) -> None:
+ assert S7WordLen.TIMER.value == 0x1D
+
+
+@pytest.mark.conformance
+class TestS7PDUTypes:
+ """Verify S7 PDU type codes match the specification."""
+
+ def test_pdu_type_request(self) -> None:
+ assert S7PDUType.REQUEST.value == 0x01
+
+ def test_pdu_type_ack(self) -> None:
+ assert S7PDUType.ACK.value == 0x02
+
+ def test_pdu_type_ack_data(self) -> None:
+ assert S7PDUType.ACK_DATA.value == 0x03
+
+ def test_pdu_type_userdata(self) -> None:
+ assert S7PDUType.USERDATA.value == 0x07
+
+
+@pytest.mark.conformance
+class TestS7ReadRequestEncoding:
+ """Verify read request PDU structure."""
+
+ def test_read_request_item_count(self) -> None:
+ """Read request has item count = 1."""
+ proto = S7Protocol()
+ pdu = proto.build_read_request(S7Area.DB, 1, 0, S7WordLen.BYTE, 4)
+ assert pdu[11] == 0x01 # Item count
+
+ def test_read_request_variable_spec(self) -> None:
+ """Variable specification marker is 0x12."""
+ proto = S7Protocol()
+ pdu = proto.build_read_request(S7Area.DB, 1, 0, S7WordLen.BYTE, 4)
+ assert pdu[12] == 0x12
+
+ def test_read_request_data_length_zero(self) -> None:
+ """Read requests have data length = 0."""
+ proto = S7Protocol()
+ pdu = proto.build_read_request(S7Area.DB, 1, 0, S7WordLen.BYTE, 4)
+ data_len = struct.unpack(">H", pdu[8:10])[0]
+ assert data_len == 0
+
+ def test_read_request_parameter_length(self) -> None:
+ """Read request parameter length is 14 (function + count + address spec)."""
+ proto = S7Protocol()
+ pdu = proto.build_read_request(S7Area.DB, 1, 0, S7WordLen.BYTE, 4)
+ param_len = struct.unpack(">H", pdu[6:8])[0]
+ assert param_len == 14
+
+
+@pytest.mark.conformance
+class TestS7WriteRequestEncoding:
+ """Verify write request PDU structure."""
+
+ def test_write_request_has_data_section(self) -> None:
+ """Write requests include a data section."""
+ proto = S7Protocol()
+ data = b"\x01\x02\x03\x04"
+ pdu = proto.build_write_request(S7Area.DB, 1, 0, S7WordLen.BYTE, data)
+ data_len = struct.unpack(">H", pdu[8:10])[0]
+ assert data_len > 0
+
+ def test_write_request_data_section_structure(self) -> None:
+ """Write data section: reserved(1) + transport_size(1) + bit_length(2) + data."""
+ proto = S7Protocol()
+ data = b"\x01\x02\x03\x04"
+ pdu = proto.build_write_request(S7Area.DB, 1, 0, S7WordLen.BYTE, data)
+ # Data section starts after header(10) + parameters(14)
+ data_section = pdu[24:]
+ assert data_section[0] == 0x00 # Reserved
+ assert len(data_section) >= 4 + len(data) # transport header + data
+
+ def test_write_request_bit_length(self) -> None:
+ """Bit length in data section is data_bytes * 8."""
+ proto = S7Protocol()
+ data = b"\x01\x02\x03\x04"
+ pdu = proto.build_write_request(S7Area.DB, 1, 0, S7WordLen.BYTE, data)
+ data_section = pdu[24:]
+ bit_length = struct.unpack(">H", data_section[2:4])[0]
+ assert bit_length == len(data) * 8
+
+
+@pytest.mark.conformance
+class TestS7SetupCommunication:
+ """Verify setup communication PDU structure."""
+
+ def test_setup_comm_pdu_size(self) -> None:
+ """Setup communication encodes requested PDU size."""
+ proto = S7Protocol()
+ pdu = proto.build_setup_communication_request(pdu_length=480)
+ # Parameter section: function(1) + reserved(1) + max_amq_caller(2) + max_amq_callee(2) + pdu_len(2)
+ param_start = 10
+ pdu_length = struct.unpack(">H", pdu[param_start + 6 : param_start + 8])[0]
+ assert pdu_length == 480
+
+ def test_setup_comm_amq_values(self) -> None:
+ """Setup communication encodes AMQ caller/callee."""
+ proto = S7Protocol()
+ pdu = proto.build_setup_communication_request(max_amq_caller=3, max_amq_callee=3, pdu_length=960)
+ param_start = 10
+ amq_caller = struct.unpack(">H", pdu[param_start + 2 : param_start + 4])[0]
+ amq_callee = struct.unpack(">H", pdu[param_start + 4 : param_start + 6])[0]
+ assert amq_caller == 3
+ assert amq_callee == 3
+
+
+@pytest.mark.conformance
+class TestS7ResponseParsing:
+ """Verify S7 response PDU parsing."""
+
+ def test_parse_valid_ack_data(self) -> None:
+ """Valid ACK_DATA response parses without error."""
+ proto = S7Protocol()
+ # Build a minimal ACK_DATA response: header(12 bytes)
+ pdu = struct.pack(
+ ">BBHHHHBB",
+ 0x32, # Protocol ID
+ S7PDUType.ACK_DATA,
+ 0x0000, # Reserved
+ 0x0001, # Sequence
+ 0x0000, # Parameter length
+ 0x0000, # Data length
+ 0x00, # Error class
+ 0x00, # Error code
+ )
+ response = proto.parse_response(pdu)
+ assert response["sequence"] == 1
+ assert response["error_code"] == 0
+
+ def test_parse_ack_response(self) -> None:
+ """ACK (write response) parses correctly."""
+ proto = S7Protocol()
+ # ACK with function code + item count in parameters (min 2 bytes for write response)
+ pdu = struct.pack(
+ ">BBHHHHBB",
+ 0x32,
+ S7PDUType.ACK,
+ 0x0000,
+ 0x0005,
+ 0x0002, # Param length = 2
+ 0x0000, # Data length
+ 0x00,
+ 0x00,
+ ) + struct.pack(">BB", S7Function.WRITE_AREA, 0x01)
+ response = proto.parse_response(pdu)
+ assert response["error_code"] == 0
+
+ def test_reject_invalid_protocol_id(self) -> None:
+ """Non-0x32 protocol ID raises error."""
+ proto = S7Protocol()
+ pdu = struct.pack(">BBHHHHBB", 0x33, S7PDUType.ACK_DATA, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0)
+ with pytest.raises(S7ProtocolError, match="Invalid protocol ID"):
+ proto.parse_response(pdu)
+
+ def test_reject_request_pdu_type(self) -> None:
+ """REQUEST PDU type in response is rejected."""
+ proto = S7Protocol()
+ pdu = struct.pack(">BBHHHHBB", 0x32, S7PDUType.REQUEST, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0)
+ with pytest.raises(S7ProtocolError, match="Expected response PDU"):
+ proto.parse_response(pdu)
+
+ def test_reject_too_short_pdu(self) -> None:
+ """PDU shorter than 10 bytes is rejected."""
+ proto = S7Protocol()
+ with pytest.raises(S7ProtocolError, match="too short"):
+ proto.parse_response(b"\x32\x03\x00")
+
+ def test_error_class_raises(self) -> None:
+ """Non-zero error class raises S7ProtocolError."""
+ proto = S7Protocol()
+ pdu = struct.pack(">BBHHHHBB", 0x32, S7PDUType.ACK_DATA, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0x81, 0x04)
+ with pytest.raises(S7ProtocolError):
+ proto.parse_response(pdu)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.conformance
+class TestS7ReturnCodes:
+ """Verify S7 return code definitions."""
+
+ def test_success_code(self) -> None:
+ assert S7_RETURN_CODES[0xFF] == "Success"
+
+ def test_hardware_error_code(self) -> None:
+ assert S7_RETURN_CODES[0x01] == "Hardware error"
+
+ def test_invalid_address_code(self) -> None:
+ assert S7_RETURN_CODES[0x05] == "Invalid address"
+
+ def test_object_does_not_exist_code(self) -> None:
+ assert S7_RETURN_CODES[0x0A] == "Object does not exist"
+
+ def test_all_codes_have_descriptions(self) -> None:
+ """Every defined return code has a non-empty description."""
+ for code, desc in S7_RETURN_CODES.items():
+ assert desc, f"Return code {code:#04x} has empty description"
+
+
+@pytest.mark.conformance
+class TestTPDUSizes:
+ """Verify TPDU size constants match ISO 8073."""
+
+ def test_tpdu_sizes_are_powers_of_two(self) -> None:
+ """Each TPDU size value is an exponent where actual_size = 2^value."""
+ for size in TPDUSize:
+ actual = 1 << size.value
+ assert actual >= 128
+ assert actual <= 8192
+
+ def test_tpdu_size_values(self) -> None:
+ assert TPDUSize.S_128.value == 0x07
+ assert TPDUSize.S_256.value == 0x08
+ assert TPDUSize.S_512.value == 0x09
+ assert TPDUSize.S_1024.value == 0x0A
+ assert TPDUSize.S_2048.value == 0x0B
+ assert TPDUSize.S_4096.value == 0x0C
+ assert TPDUSize.S_8192.value == 0x0D
diff --git a/tests/test_connection.py b/tests/test_connection.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ed784e67
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_connection.py
@@ -0,0 +1,475 @@
+"""Tests for snap7.connection module — socket mocking, COTP parsing, exception paths."""
+
+import socket
+import struct
+import pytest
+from unittest.mock import patch, MagicMock
+
+from snap7.connection import ISOTCPConnection, TPDUSize
+from snap7.error import S7ConnectionError, S7TimeoutError
+
+
+class TestTPDUSize:
+ """Test TPDUSize enum values."""
+
+ def test_sizes(self) -> None:
+ assert TPDUSize.S_128.value == 0x07
+ assert TPDUSize.S_1024.value == 0x0A
+ assert TPDUSize.S_8192.value == 0x0D
+
+
+class TestISOTCPConnectionInit:
+ """Test constructor defaults."""
+
+ def test_defaults(self) -> None:
+ conn = ISOTCPConnection("1.2.3.4")
+ assert conn.host == "1.2.3.4"
+ assert conn.port == 102
+ assert conn.connected is False
+ assert conn.socket is None
+ assert conn.pdu_size == 240
+
+ def test_custom_params(self) -> None:
+ conn = ISOTCPConnection("1.2.3.4", port=1102, local_tsap=0x200, remote_tsap=0x300, tpdu_size=TPDUSize.S_512)
+ assert conn.port == 1102
+ assert conn.local_tsap == 0x200
+ assert conn.remote_tsap == 0x300
+ assert conn.tpdu_size == TPDUSize.S_512
+
+
+class TestBuildTPKT:
+ """Test TPKT frame building."""
+
+ def test_tpkt_structure(self) -> None:
+ conn = ISOTCPConnection("1.2.3.4")
+ payload = b"\x01\x02\x03"
+ frame = conn._build_tpkt(payload)
+ assert frame[:2] == b"\x03\x00" # version=3, reserved=0
+ length = struct.unpack(">H", frame[2:4])[0]
+ assert length == 7 # 4 header + 3 payload
+ assert frame[4:] == payload
+
+
+class TestBuildCOTPCR:
+ """Test COTP Connection Request building."""
+
+ def test_cr_structure(self) -> None:
+ conn = ISOTCPConnection("1.2.3.4", local_tsap=0x0100, remote_tsap=0x0102)
+ cr = conn._build_cotp_cr()
+ # First byte = PDU length
+ pdu_type = cr[1]
+ assert pdu_type == 0xE0 # COTP_CR
+ # Should contain parameters for TSAP and PDU size
+ assert len(cr) > 7
+
+
+class TestBuildCOTPDT:
+ """Test COTP Data Transfer building."""
+
+ def test_dt_structure(self) -> None:
+ conn = ISOTCPConnection("1.2.3.4")
+ data = b"\xaa\xbb"
+ dt = conn._build_cotp_dt(data)
+ assert dt[0] == 2 # PDU length
+ assert dt[1] == 0xF0 # COTP_DT
+ assert dt[2] == 0x80 # EOT
+ assert dt[3:] == data
+
+
+class TestParseCOTPCC:
+ """Test COTP Connection Confirm parsing."""
+
+ def test_valid_cc(self) -> None:
+ conn = ISOTCPConnection("1.2.3.4")
+ # Build a valid CC: len, type, dst_ref, src_ref, class_opt
+ cc_data = struct.pack(">BBHHB", 6, 0xD0, 0x1234, 0x0001, 0x00)
+ conn._parse_cotp_cc(cc_data)
+ assert conn.dst_ref == 0x1234
+
+ def test_cc_too_short(self) -> None:
+ conn = ISOTCPConnection("1.2.3.4")
+ with pytest.raises(S7ConnectionError, match="too short"):
+ conn._parse_cotp_cc(b"\x00\x01\x02")
+
+ def test_cc_wrong_type(self) -> None:
+ conn = ISOTCPConnection("1.2.3.4")
+ cc_data = struct.pack(">BBHHB", 6, 0xE0, 0x0000, 0x0001, 0x00) # CR instead of CC
+ with pytest.raises(S7ConnectionError, match="Expected COTP CC"):
+ conn._parse_cotp_cc(cc_data)
+
+ def test_cc_with_pdu_size_param_1byte(self) -> None:
+ conn = ISOTCPConnection("1.2.3.4")
+ base = struct.pack(">BBHHB", 10, 0xD0, 0x0001, 0x0001, 0x00)
+ # PDU size parameter: code=0xC0, len=1, value=0x0A (=1024)
+ param = struct.pack(">BBB", 0xC0, 1, 0x0A)
+ conn._parse_cotp_cc(base + param)
+ assert conn.pdu_size == 1024
+
+ def test_cc_with_pdu_size_param_2byte(self) -> None:
+ conn = ISOTCPConnection("1.2.3.4")
+ base = struct.pack(">BBHHB", 11, 0xD0, 0x0001, 0x0001, 0x00)
+ # PDU size parameter: code=0xC0, len=2, value=2048
+ param = struct.pack(">BBH", 0xC0, 2, 2048)
+ conn._parse_cotp_cc(base + param)
+ assert conn.pdu_size == 2048
+
+
+class TestParseCOTPParameters:
+ """Test COTP parameter parsing edge cases."""
+
+ def test_unknown_parameter(self) -> None:
+ conn = ISOTCPConnection("1.2.3.4")
+ # Unknown param code 0xFF, length 1, data 0x00
+ params = struct.pack(">BBB", 0xFF, 1, 0x00)
+ conn._parse_cotp_parameters(params)
+ # Should not crash; pdu_size should remain default
+ assert conn.pdu_size == 240
+
+ def test_truncated_params(self) -> None:
+ conn = ISOTCPConnection("1.2.3.4")
+ # Just one byte — should break out of loop
+ conn._parse_cotp_parameters(b"\xc0")
+ assert conn.pdu_size == 240
+
+ def test_param_len_exceeds_data(self) -> None:
+ conn = ISOTCPConnection("1.2.3.4")
+ # code=0xC0, len=5, but only 1 byte of data follows
+ params = struct.pack(">BBB", 0xC0, 5, 0x0A)
+ conn._parse_cotp_parameters(params)
+ # Should break early without error
+ assert conn.pdu_size == 240
+
+
+class TestParseCOTPData:
+ """Test COTP Data Transfer parsing."""
+
+ def test_valid_dt(self) -> None:
+ conn = ISOTCPConnection("1.2.3.4")
+ pdu = struct.pack(">BBB", 2, 0xF0, 0x80) + b"\xde\xad"
+ result = conn._parse_cotp_data(pdu)
+ assert result == b"\xde\xad"
+
+ def test_dt_too_short(self) -> None:
+ conn = ISOTCPConnection("1.2.3.4")
+ with pytest.raises(S7ConnectionError, match="too short"):
+ conn._parse_cotp_data(b"\x02")
+
+ def test_dt_wrong_type(self) -> None:
+ conn = ISOTCPConnection("1.2.3.4")
+ pdu = struct.pack(">BBB", 2, 0xD0, 0x80) # CC instead of DT
+ with pytest.raises(S7ConnectionError, match="Expected COTP DT"):
+ conn._parse_cotp_data(pdu)
+
+
+class TestSendData:
+ """Test send_data() error paths."""
+
+ def test_send_when_not_connected(self) -> None:
+ conn = ISOTCPConnection("1.2.3.4")
+ with pytest.raises(S7ConnectionError, match="Not connected"):
+ conn.send_data(b"\x00")
+
+ def test_send_socket_error(self) -> None:
+ conn = ISOTCPConnection("1.2.3.4")
+ conn.connected = True
+ conn.socket = MagicMock()
+ conn.socket.sendall.side_effect = socket.error("broken pipe")
+ with pytest.raises(S7ConnectionError, match="Send failed"):
+ conn.send_data(b"\x00")
+ assert conn.connected is False
+
+
+class TestReceiveData:
+ """Test receive_data() error paths."""
+
+ def test_receive_when_not_connected(self) -> None:
+ conn = ISOTCPConnection("1.2.3.4")
+ with pytest.raises(S7ConnectionError, match="Not connected"):
+ conn.receive_data()
+
+ def test_receive_invalid_tpkt_version(self) -> None:
+ conn = ISOTCPConnection("1.2.3.4")
+ conn.connected = True
+ mock_socket = MagicMock()
+ conn.socket = mock_socket
+ # TPKT with version 5 instead of 3
+ mock_socket.recv.return_value = struct.pack(">BBH", 5, 0, 10)
+ with pytest.raises(S7ConnectionError, match="Invalid TPKT version"):
+ conn.receive_data()
+
+ def test_receive_invalid_tpkt_length(self) -> None:
+ conn = ISOTCPConnection("1.2.3.4")
+ conn.connected = True
+ mock_socket = MagicMock()
+ conn.socket = mock_socket
+ # Length = 3, remaining = -1
+ mock_socket.recv.return_value = struct.pack(">BBH", 3, 0, 3)
+ with pytest.raises(S7ConnectionError, match="Invalid TPKT length"):
+ conn.receive_data()
+
+ def test_receive_timeout(self) -> None:
+ conn = ISOTCPConnection("1.2.3.4")
+ conn.connected = True
+ mock_socket = MagicMock()
+ conn.socket = mock_socket
+ mock_socket.recv.side_effect = socket.timeout("timeout")
+ with pytest.raises(S7TimeoutError, match="Receive timeout"):
+ conn.receive_data()
+ assert conn.connected is False
+
+ def test_receive_socket_error(self) -> None:
+ conn = ISOTCPConnection("1.2.3.4")
+ conn.connected = True
+ mock_socket = MagicMock()
+ conn.socket = mock_socket
+ # First recv returns valid TPKT header, second raises error
+ mock_socket.recv.side_effect = [struct.pack(">BBH", 3, 0, 10), socket.error("reset")]
+ with pytest.raises(S7ConnectionError, match="Receive error"):
+ conn.receive_data()
+ assert conn.connected is False
+
+
+class TestRecvExact:
+ """Test _recv_exact() with various scenarios."""
+
+ def test_socket_none(self) -> None:
+ conn = ISOTCPConnection("1.2.3.4")
+ with pytest.raises(S7ConnectionError, match="Socket not initialized"):
+ conn._recv_exact(4)
+
+ def test_connection_closed(self) -> None:
+ conn = ISOTCPConnection("1.2.3.4")
+ conn.socket = MagicMock()
+ conn.socket.recv.return_value = b"" # empty = connection closed
+ with pytest.raises(S7ConnectionError, match="Connection closed"):
+ conn._recv_exact(4)
+ assert conn.connected is False
+
+ def test_partial_reads(self) -> None:
+ conn = ISOTCPConnection("1.2.3.4")
+ conn.socket = MagicMock()
+ conn.socket.recv.side_effect = [b"\x01\x02", b"\x03\x04"]
+ result = conn._recv_exact(4)
+ assert result == b"\x01\x02\x03\x04"
+
+ def test_timeout(self) -> None:
+ conn = ISOTCPConnection("1.2.3.4")
+ conn.socket = MagicMock()
+ conn.socket.recv.side_effect = socket.timeout("timeout")
+ with pytest.raises(S7TimeoutError):
+ conn._recv_exact(4)
+
+ def test_socket_error(self) -> None:
+ conn = ISOTCPConnection("1.2.3.4")
+ conn.socket = MagicMock()
+ conn.socket.recv.side_effect = socket.error("broken")
+ with pytest.raises(S7ConnectionError, match="Receive error"):
+ conn._recv_exact(4)
+
+
+class TestSendCOTPDisconnect:
+ """Test _send_cotp_disconnect()."""
+
+ def test_disconnect_no_socket(self) -> None:
+ conn = ISOTCPConnection("1.2.3.4")
+ conn.socket = None
+ # Should return without error
+ conn._send_cotp_disconnect()
+
+ def test_disconnect_sends_dr(self) -> None:
+ conn = ISOTCPConnection("1.2.3.4")
+ mock_socket = MagicMock()
+ conn.socket = mock_socket
+ conn._send_cotp_disconnect()
+ mock_socket.sendall.assert_called_once()
+
+ def test_disconnect_ignores_socket_error(self) -> None:
+ conn = ISOTCPConnection("1.2.3.4")
+ mock_socket = MagicMock()
+ mock_socket.sendall.side_effect = socket.error("broken")
+ conn.socket = mock_socket
+ # Should not raise
+ conn._send_cotp_disconnect()
+
+
+class TestConnect:
+ """Test connect() orchestration."""
+
+ @patch.object(ISOTCPConnection, "_tcp_connect")
+ @patch.object(ISOTCPConnection, "_iso_connect")
+ def test_successful_connect(self, mock_iso: MagicMock, mock_tcp: MagicMock) -> None:
+ conn = ISOTCPConnection("1.2.3.4")
+ conn.connect(timeout=2.0)
+ assert conn.connected is True
+ assert conn.timeout == 2.0
+ mock_tcp.assert_called_once()
+ mock_iso.assert_called_once()
+
+ @patch.object(ISOTCPConnection, "_tcp_connect", side_effect=OSError("connection refused"))
+ @patch.object(ISOTCPConnection, "disconnect")
+ def test_connect_failure_wraps_in_s7error(self, mock_disc: MagicMock, mock_tcp: MagicMock) -> None:
+ conn = ISOTCPConnection("1.2.3.4")
+ with pytest.raises(S7ConnectionError, match="Connection failed"):
+ conn.connect()
+ mock_disc.assert_called_once()
+
+ @patch.object(ISOTCPConnection, "_tcp_connect")
+ @patch.object(ISOTCPConnection, "_iso_connect", side_effect=S7ConnectionError("COTP fail"))
+ @patch.object(ISOTCPConnection, "disconnect")
+ def test_connect_reraises_s7_errors(self, mock_disc: MagicMock, mock_iso: MagicMock, mock_tcp: MagicMock) -> None:
+ conn = ISOTCPConnection("1.2.3.4")
+ with pytest.raises(S7ConnectionError, match="COTP fail"):
+ conn.connect()
+
+
+class TestDisconnect:
+ """Test disconnect() behavior."""
+
+ def test_disconnect_when_no_socket(self) -> None:
+ conn = ISOTCPConnection("1.2.3.4")
+ # Should not raise
+ conn.disconnect()
+
+ def test_disconnect_closes_socket(self) -> None:
+ conn = ISOTCPConnection("1.2.3.4")
+ mock_socket = MagicMock()
+ conn.socket = mock_socket
+ conn.connected = True
+ conn.disconnect()
+ mock_socket.close.assert_called_once()
+ assert conn.socket is None
+ assert conn.connected is False
+
+ def test_disconnect_ignores_errors(self) -> None:
+ conn = ISOTCPConnection("1.2.3.4")
+ mock_socket = MagicMock()
+ mock_socket.close.side_effect = OSError("already closed")
+ conn.socket = mock_socket
+ conn.connected = False
+ conn.disconnect()
+ assert conn.socket is None
+
+
+class TestContextManager:
+ """Test __enter__ / __exit__."""
+
+ def test_enter_returns_self(self) -> None:
+ conn = ISOTCPConnection("1.2.3.4")
+ assert conn.__enter__() is conn
+
+ def test_exit_calls_disconnect(self) -> None:
+ conn = ISOTCPConnection("1.2.3.4")
+ conn.socket = MagicMock()
+ conn.connected = True
+ conn.__exit__(None, None, None)
+ assert conn.socket is None
+ assert conn.connected is False
+
+ def test_context_manager_protocol(self) -> None:
+ conn = ISOTCPConnection("1.2.3.4")
+ with conn as c:
+ assert c is conn
+ assert conn.connected is False
+
+
+class TestCheckConnection:
+ """Test check_connection() method."""
+
+ def test_not_connected(self) -> None:
+ conn = ISOTCPConnection("1.2.3.4")
+ assert conn.check_connection() is False
+
+ def test_socket_none(self) -> None:
+ conn = ISOTCPConnection("1.2.3.4")
+ conn.connected = True
+ conn.socket = None
+ assert conn.check_connection() is False
+
+ def test_connection_alive_no_data(self) -> None:
+ conn = ISOTCPConnection("1.2.3.4")
+ conn.connected = True
+ mock_socket = MagicMock()
+ conn.socket = mock_socket
+ mock_socket.gettimeout.return_value = 5.0
+ mock_socket.recv.side_effect = BlockingIOError
+ assert conn.check_connection() is True
+
+ def test_connection_alive_with_data(self) -> None:
+ conn = ISOTCPConnection("1.2.3.4")
+ conn.connected = True
+ mock_socket = MagicMock()
+ conn.socket = mock_socket
+ mock_socket.gettimeout.return_value = 5.0
+ mock_socket.recv.return_value = b"\x00"
+ assert conn.check_connection() is True
+
+ def test_connection_closed_by_peer(self) -> None:
+ conn = ISOTCPConnection("1.2.3.4")
+ conn.connected = True
+ mock_socket = MagicMock()
+ conn.socket = mock_socket
+ mock_socket.gettimeout.return_value = 5.0
+ mock_socket.recv.return_value = b""
+ assert conn.check_connection() is False
+ assert conn.connected is False
+
+ def test_connection_socket_error(self) -> None:
+ conn = ISOTCPConnection("1.2.3.4")
+ conn.connected = True
+ mock_socket = MagicMock()
+ conn.socket = mock_socket
+ mock_socket.gettimeout.return_value = 5.0
+ mock_socket.recv.side_effect = socket.error("reset")
+ assert conn.check_connection() is False
+ assert conn.connected is False
+
+ def test_connection_exception_in_outer_try(self) -> None:
+ conn = ISOTCPConnection("1.2.3.4")
+ conn.connected = True
+ mock_socket = MagicMock()
+ conn.socket = mock_socket
+ mock_socket.gettimeout.side_effect = Exception("unexpected")
+ assert conn.check_connection() is False
+
+
+class TestTCPConnect:
+ """Test _tcp_connect()."""
+
+ @patch("snap7.connection.socket.socket")
+ def test_tcp_connect_failure(self, mock_socket_cls: MagicMock) -> None:
+ mock_sock = MagicMock()
+ mock_socket_cls.return_value = mock_sock
+ mock_sock.connect.side_effect = socket.error("refused")
+ conn = ISOTCPConnection("1.2.3.4")
+ with pytest.raises(S7ConnectionError, match="TCP connection failed"):
+ conn._tcp_connect()
+
+ @patch("snap7.connection.socket.socket")
+ def test_tcp_connect_success(self, mock_socket_cls: MagicMock) -> None:
+ mock_sock = MagicMock()
+ mock_socket_cls.return_value = mock_sock
+ conn = ISOTCPConnection("1.2.3.4")
+ conn._tcp_connect()
+ mock_sock.settimeout.assert_called_once()
+ mock_sock.connect.assert_called_once_with(("1.2.3.4", 102))
+
+
+class TestISOConnect:
+ """Test _iso_connect()."""
+
+ def test_iso_connect_no_socket(self) -> None:
+ conn = ISOTCPConnection("1.2.3.4")
+ conn.socket = None
+ with pytest.raises(S7ConnectionError, match="Socket not initialized"):
+ conn._iso_connect()
+
+ def test_iso_connect_bad_tpkt_version(self) -> None:
+ conn = ISOTCPConnection("1.2.3.4")
+ mock_socket = MagicMock()
+ conn.socket = mock_socket
+ # Build a valid CC response wrapped in a bad TPKT
+ cc = struct.pack(">BBHHB", 6, 0xD0, 0x0001, 0x0001, 0x00)
+ bad_tpkt = struct.pack(">BBH", 5, 0, 4 + len(cc))
+ mock_socket.recv.side_effect = [bad_tpkt, cc]
+ with pytest.raises(S7ConnectionError, match="Invalid TPKT version"):
+ conn._iso_connect()
diff --git a/tests/test_coverage_gaps.py b/tests/test_coverage_gaps.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cbd19b06
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_coverage_gaps.py
@@ -0,0 +1,296 @@
+"""Tests to close identified coverage gaps.
+
+Covers:
+- CLI discover command integration
+- Legitimation failure paths (wrong password, malformed challenge, missing TLS)
+- S7CommPlus async client (connect, read, write, legacy fallback)
+- Heartbeat with concurrent operations
+"""
+
+import struct
+import time
+import unittest
+from collections.abc import Generator
+from unittest.mock import MagicMock, patch
+
+import pytest
+
+from snap7.client import Client
+from snap7.error import S7ConnectionError
+from snap7.server import Server
+from snap7.type import SrvArea
+from s7.connection import S7CommPlusConnection
+from s7.legitimation import (
+ LegitimationState,
+ build_legacy_response,
+)
+
+
+# ============================================================================
+# CLI discover command
+# ============================================================================
+
+click = pytest.importorskip("click")
+from click.testing import CliRunner # noqa: E402
+from snap7.cli import main # noqa: E402
+
+
+@pytest.mark.util
+class TestCLIDiscoverCommand:
+ """Test the CLI discover subcommand."""
+
+ def test_discover_help(self) -> None:
+ runner = CliRunner()
+ result = runner.invoke(main, ["discover", "--help"])
+ assert result.exit_code == 0
+ assert "Discover PROFINET devices" in result.output
+
+ def test_discover_no_devices(self) -> None:
+ """Test discover command when no devices are found."""
+ mock_discover = MagicMock(return_value=[])
+
+ with patch("snap7.discovery.discover", mock_discover):
+ runner = CliRunner()
+ result = runner.invoke(main, ["discover", "192.168.1.1"])
+
+ assert result.exit_code == 0
+ assert "No devices found" in result.output
+
+ def test_discover_with_devices(self) -> None:
+ """Test discover command shows found devices."""
+ from snap7.discovery import Device
+
+ mock_devices = [
+ Device(name="plc-1", ip="192.168.1.10", mac="00:1b:1b:12:34:56"),
+ Device(name="plc-2", ip="192.168.1.11", mac="00:1b:1b:12:34:57"),
+ ]
+ mock_discover = MagicMock(return_value=mock_devices)
+
+ with patch("snap7.discovery.discover", mock_discover):
+ runner = CliRunner()
+ result = runner.invoke(main, ["discover", "192.168.1.1"])
+
+ assert result.exit_code == 0
+ assert "2 device(s)" in result.output
+ assert "plc-1" in result.output
+ assert "192.168.1.10" in result.output
+
+ def test_discover_with_timeout(self) -> None:
+ """Test discover command passes timeout to discover function."""
+ mock_discover = MagicMock(return_value=[])
+
+ with patch("snap7.discovery.discover", mock_discover):
+ runner = CliRunner()
+ result = runner.invoke(main, ["discover", "192.168.1.1", "--timeout", "10"])
+
+ assert result.exit_code == 0
+ mock_discover.assert_called_once_with("192.168.1.1", 10.0)
+
+ def test_discover_import_error(self) -> None:
+ """Test discover command when pnio-dcp is not installed."""
+ mock_discover = MagicMock(side_effect=ImportError("pnio-dcp is required"))
+
+ with patch("snap7.discovery.discover", mock_discover):
+ runner = CliRunner()
+ result = runner.invoke(main, ["discover", "192.168.1.1"])
+
+ assert result.exit_code != 0
+
+
+# ============================================================================
+# Legitimation failure paths
+# ============================================================================
+
+
+class TestLegitimationFailurePaths:
+ """Test legitimation edge cases and failures."""
+
+ def test_authenticate_not_connected_raises(self) -> None:
+ conn = S7CommPlusConnection("127.0.0.1")
+ with pytest.raises(S7ConnectionError, match="Not connected"):
+ conn.authenticate("password")
+
+ def test_authenticate_no_tls_raises(self) -> None:
+ conn = S7CommPlusConnection("127.0.0.1")
+ conn._connected = True
+ conn._tls_active = False
+ conn._oms_secret = None
+ with pytest.raises(S7ConnectionError, match="requires TLS"):
+ conn.authenticate("password")
+
+ def test_authenticate_tls_but_no_oms_secret_raises(self) -> None:
+ conn = S7CommPlusConnection("127.0.0.1")
+ conn._connected = True
+ conn._tls_active = True
+ conn._oms_secret = None
+ with pytest.raises(S7ConnectionError, match="requires TLS"):
+ conn.authenticate("password")
+
+ def test_legacy_response_empty_password(self) -> None:
+ """Empty password should still produce a valid 20-byte response."""
+ challenge = b"\xab" * 20
+ response = build_legacy_response("", challenge)
+ assert len(response) == 20
+
+ def test_legacy_response_short_challenge(self) -> None:
+ """Challenge shorter than 20 bytes — XOR should still work via zip."""
+ challenge = b"\xff" * 10
+ response = build_legacy_response("test", challenge)
+ assert len(response) == 10 # zip truncates to shorter
+
+ def test_legitimation_state_double_authenticate(self) -> None:
+ """Calling mark_authenticated twice should not break state."""
+ state = LegitimationState()
+ state.mark_authenticated()
+ state.mark_authenticated()
+ assert state.authenticated
+
+ def test_legitimation_state_rotate_changes_key(self) -> None:
+ """Key rotation should produce a different key each time."""
+ state = LegitimationState(oms_secret=b"\xaa" * 32)
+ key_before = state._oms_key
+ state.rotate_key()
+ key_after = state._oms_key
+ assert key_before != key_after
+
+
+# ============================================================================
+# S7CommPlus async client
+# ============================================================================
+
+from s7._s7commplus_server import S7CommPlusServer # noqa: E402
+from s7._s7commplus_async_client import S7CommPlusAsyncClient # noqa: E402
+
+ASYNC_TEST_PORT = 11125
+
+
+@pytest.fixture()
+def async_server() -> Generator[S7CommPlusServer, None, None]:
+ """Create and start an S7CommPlus server for async tests."""
+ srv = S7CommPlusServer()
+ srv.register_raw_db(1, bytearray(256))
+ srv.register_raw_db(2, bytearray(256))
+
+ # Pre-populate DB1
+ db1 = srv.get_db(1)
+ assert db1 is not None
+ struct.pack_into(">f", db1.data, 0, 42.0)
+
+ srv.start(port=ASYNC_TEST_PORT)
+ time.sleep(0.1)
+ yield srv
+ srv.stop()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+class TestAsyncClientCoverage:
+ """Additional async client tests."""
+
+ async def test_connect_and_disconnect(self, async_server: S7CommPlusServer) -> None:
+ client = S7CommPlusAsyncClient()
+ await client.connect("127.0.0.1", port=ASYNC_TEST_PORT)
+ assert client.connected
+ await client.disconnect()
+ assert not client.connected
+
+ async def test_db_read(self, async_server: S7CommPlusServer) -> None:
+ client = S7CommPlusAsyncClient()
+ await client.connect("127.0.0.1", port=ASYNC_TEST_PORT)
+ try:
+ data = await client.db_read(1, 0, 4)
+ assert len(data) == 4
+ finally:
+ await client.disconnect()
+
+ async def test_db_write_and_read_back(self, async_server: S7CommPlusServer) -> None:
+ client = S7CommPlusAsyncClient()
+ await client.connect("127.0.0.1", port=ASYNC_TEST_PORT)
+ try:
+ await client.db_write(1, 10, bytes([0xDE, 0xAD, 0xBE, 0xEF]))
+ data = await client.db_read(1, 10, 4)
+ assert data == bytearray([0xDE, 0xAD, 0xBE, 0xEF])
+ finally:
+ await client.disconnect()
+
+ async def test_context_manager(self, async_server: S7CommPlusServer) -> None:
+ async with S7CommPlusAsyncClient() as client:
+ await client.connect("127.0.0.1", port=ASYNC_TEST_PORT)
+ assert client.connected
+ assert not client.connected
+
+ async def test_properties(self, async_server: S7CommPlusServer) -> None:
+ client = S7CommPlusAsyncClient()
+ await client.connect("127.0.0.1", port=ASYNC_TEST_PORT)
+ try:
+ assert client.session_id != 0
+ assert client.protocol_version >= 0
+ finally:
+ await client.disconnect()
+
+ async def test_session_setup_ok_property(self, async_server: S7CommPlusServer) -> None:
+ client = S7CommPlusAsyncClient()
+ await client.connect("127.0.0.1", port=ASYNC_TEST_PORT)
+ try:
+ # Server supports S7CommPlus data ops, so session setup should succeed
+ assert isinstance(client.session_setup_ok, bool)
+ finally:
+ await client.disconnect()
+
+
+# ============================================================================
+# Heartbeat with concurrent operations
+# ============================================================================
+
+HEARTBEAT_PORT = 11126
+
+
+@pytest.mark.client
+class TestHeartbeatConcurrency(unittest.TestCase):
+ """Test heartbeat doesn't interfere with concurrent read/write operations."""
+
+ server: Server
+
+ @classmethod
+ def setUpClass(cls) -> None:
+ cls.server = Server()
+ cls.server.register_area(SrvArea.DB, 0, bytearray(100))
+ cls.server.register_area(SrvArea.DB, 1, bytearray(100))
+ cls.server.register_area(SrvArea.MK, 0, bytearray(100))
+ cls.server.start(tcp_port=HEARTBEAT_PORT)
+
+ @classmethod
+ def tearDownClass(cls) -> None:
+ if cls.server:
+ cls.server.stop()
+ cls.server.destroy()
+
+ def test_rapid_reads_with_heartbeat(self) -> None:
+ """Rapid sequential reads while heartbeat is active should not conflict."""
+ client = Client(heartbeat_interval=0.2, auto_reconnect=True, max_retries=3, retry_delay=0.1)
+ client.connect("127.0.0.1", 1, 1, HEARTBEAT_PORT)
+
+ try:
+ # Perform many rapid reads while heartbeat is running in the background
+ for _ in range(20):
+ data = client.db_read(1, 0, 4)
+ assert len(data) == 4
+ time.sleep(0.05) # Give heartbeat a chance to fire between reads
+
+ assert client.is_alive is True
+ finally:
+ client.disconnect()
+
+ def test_write_during_heartbeat(self) -> None:
+ """Write operations work while heartbeat is probing."""
+ client = Client(heartbeat_interval=0.2)
+ client.connect("127.0.0.1", 1, 1, HEARTBEAT_PORT)
+
+ try:
+ # Do several write/read cycles while heartbeat is running
+ for i in range(10):
+ client.db_write(1, 0, bytearray([i, i + 1, i + 2, i + 3]))
+ data = client.db_read(1, 0, 4)
+ assert data == bytearray([i, i + 1, i + 2, i + 3])
+ time.sleep(0.1) # Give heartbeat a chance to fire
+ finally:
+ client.disconnect()
diff --git a/tests/test_discovery.py b/tests/test_discovery.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..827d4d9d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_discovery.py
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+"""Tests for PROFINET DCP network discovery."""
+
+import dataclasses
+from unittest.mock import MagicMock, patch
+
+import pytest
+
+from snap7.discovery import Device, discover, identify
+
+
+@pytest.mark.util
+class TestDevice:
+ def test_device_creation(self) -> None:
+ device = Device(name="plc-1", ip="192.168.1.10", mac="00:1b:1b:12:34:56")
+ assert device.name == "plc-1"
+ assert device.ip == "192.168.1.10"
+ assert device.mac == "00:1b:1b:12:34:56"
+ assert device.netmask == ""
+ assert device.gateway == ""
+
+ def test_device_with_all_fields(self) -> None:
+ device = Device(
+ name="plc-2",
+ ip="10.0.0.1",
+ mac="AA:BB:CC:DD:EE:FF",
+ netmask="255.255.255.0",
+ gateway="10.0.0.254",
+ family="S7-1500",
+ )
+ assert device.netmask == "255.255.255.0"
+ assert device.gateway == "10.0.0.254"
+ assert device.family == "S7-1500"
+
+ def test_device_is_frozen(self) -> None:
+ device = Device(name="plc-1", ip="192.168.1.10", mac="00:00:00:00:00:00")
+ with pytest.raises(dataclasses.FrozenInstanceError):
+ device.name = "changed" # type: ignore[misc]
+
+ def test_device_str(self) -> None:
+ device = Device(name="plc-1", ip="192.168.1.10", mac="00:1b:1b:12:34:56")
+ result = str(device)
+ assert "plc-1" in result
+ assert "192.168.1.10" in result
+ assert "00:1b:1b:12:34:56" in result
+
+
+@pytest.mark.util
+class TestDiscover:
+ def test_import_error_when_pnio_dcp_not_installed(self) -> None:
+ with patch.dict("sys.modules", {"pnio_dcp": None}):
+ with pytest.raises(ImportError, match="pnio-dcp is required"):
+ discover("192.168.1.1")
+
+ def test_discover_returns_devices(self) -> None:
+ mock_raw_device = MagicMock()
+ mock_raw_device.name_of_station = "plc-1"
+ mock_raw_device.IP = "192.168.1.10"
+ mock_raw_device.MAC = "00:1b:1b:12:34:56"
+ mock_raw_device.netmask = "255.255.255.0"
+ mock_raw_device.gateway = "192.168.1.1"
+ mock_raw_device.family = "S7-1200"
+
+ mock_dcp_class = MagicMock()
+ mock_dcp_instance = MagicMock()
+ mock_dcp_class.return_value = mock_dcp_instance
+ mock_dcp_instance.identify_all.return_value = [mock_raw_device]
+
+ mock_module = MagicMock()
+ mock_module.DCP = mock_dcp_class
+
+ with patch.dict("sys.modules", {"pnio_dcp": mock_module}):
+ devices = discover("192.168.1.1", timeout=3.0)
+
+ assert len(devices) == 1
+ assert devices[0].name == "plc-1"
+ assert devices[0].ip == "192.168.1.10"
+ assert devices[0].mac == "00:1b:1b:12:34:56"
+ assert devices[0].netmask == "255.255.255.0"
+
+ def test_discover_empty_network(self) -> None:
+ mock_dcp_class = MagicMock()
+ mock_dcp_instance = MagicMock()
+ mock_dcp_class.return_value = mock_dcp_instance
+ mock_dcp_instance.identify_all.return_value = []
+
+ mock_module = MagicMock()
+ mock_module.DCP = mock_dcp_class
+
+ with patch.dict("sys.modules", {"pnio_dcp": mock_module}):
+ devices = discover("192.168.1.1")
+
+ assert devices == []
+
+ def test_discover_multiple_devices(self) -> None:
+ raw_devices = []
+ for i in range(3):
+ mock = MagicMock()
+ mock.name_of_station = f"plc-{i}"
+ mock.IP = f"192.168.1.{10 + i}"
+ mock.MAC = f"00:1b:1b:12:34:{56 + i:02X}"
+ mock.netmask = "255.255.255.0"
+ mock.gateway = "192.168.1.1"
+ mock.family = "S7-1500"
+ raw_devices.append(mock)
+
+ mock_dcp_class = MagicMock()
+ mock_dcp_instance = MagicMock()
+ mock_dcp_class.return_value = mock_dcp_instance
+ mock_dcp_instance.identify_all.return_value = raw_devices
+
+ mock_module = MagicMock()
+ mock_module.DCP = mock_dcp_class
+
+ with patch.dict("sys.modules", {"pnio_dcp": mock_module}):
+ devices = discover("192.168.1.1")
+
+ assert len(devices) == 3
+ assert devices[0].name == "plc-0"
+ assert devices[2].ip == "192.168.1.12"
+
+
+@pytest.mark.util
+class TestIdentify:
+ def test_import_error_when_pnio_dcp_not_installed(self) -> None:
+ with patch.dict("sys.modules", {"pnio_dcp": None}):
+ with pytest.raises(ImportError, match="pnio-dcp is required"):
+ identify("192.168.1.1", "00:1b:1b:12:34:56")
+
+ def test_identify_returns_device(self) -> None:
+ mock_raw = MagicMock()
+ mock_raw.name_of_station = "plc-1"
+ mock_raw.IP = "192.168.1.10"
+ mock_raw.MAC = "00:1b:1b:12:34:56"
+ mock_raw.netmask = "255.255.255.0"
+ mock_raw.gateway = "192.168.1.1"
+ mock_raw.family = "S7-1200"
+
+ mock_dcp_class = MagicMock()
+ mock_dcp_instance = MagicMock()
+ mock_dcp_class.return_value = mock_dcp_instance
+ mock_dcp_instance.identify.return_value = mock_raw
+
+ mock_module = MagicMock()
+ mock_module.DCP = mock_dcp_class
+ mock_module.DcpTimeoutError = type("DcpTimeoutError", (Exception,), {})
+
+ with patch.dict("sys.modules", {"pnio_dcp": mock_module}):
+ device = identify("192.168.1.1", "00:1b:1b:12:34:56")
+
+ assert device.name == "plc-1"
+ assert device.ip == "192.168.1.10"
+
+ def test_identify_timeout(self) -> None:
+ mock_timeout_error = type("DcpTimeoutError", (Exception,), {})
+
+ mock_dcp_class = MagicMock()
+ mock_dcp_instance = MagicMock()
+ mock_dcp_class.return_value = mock_dcp_instance
+ mock_dcp_instance.identify.side_effect = mock_timeout_error()
+
+ mock_module = MagicMock()
+ mock_module.DCP = mock_dcp_class
+ mock_module.DcpTimeoutError = mock_timeout_error
+
+ with patch.dict("sys.modules", {"pnio_dcp": mock_module}):
+ with pytest.raises(TimeoutError, match="No response"):
+ identify("192.168.1.1", "00:1b:1b:12:34:56")
diff --git a/tests/test_error.py b/tests/test_error.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7e32f9e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_error.py
@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+"""Tests for snap7.error module — error routing, check_error(), error_wrap() decorator."""
+
+import pytest
+
+from snap7.error import (
+ S7Error,
+ S7ConnectionError,
+ S7ProtocolError,
+ S7TimeoutError,
+ S7AuthenticationError,
+ S7StalePacketError,
+ S7PacketLostError,
+ get_error_message,
+ get_protocol_error_message,
+ check_error,
+ error_text,
+ error_wrap,
+)
+
+
+class TestExceptionClasses:
+ """Verify all exception classes can be instantiated with expected attributes."""
+
+ def test_s7error_with_code(self) -> None:
+ err = S7Error("msg", error_code=42)
+ assert str(err) == "msg"
+ assert err.error_code == 42
+
+ def test_s7error_without_code(self) -> None:
+ err = S7Error("msg")
+ assert err.error_code is None
+
+ def test_subclass_hierarchy(self) -> None:
+ assert issubclass(S7ConnectionError, S7Error)
+ assert issubclass(S7ProtocolError, S7Error)
+ assert issubclass(S7TimeoutError, S7Error)
+ assert issubclass(S7AuthenticationError, S7Error)
+ assert issubclass(S7StalePacketError, S7ProtocolError)
+ assert issubclass(S7PacketLostError, S7ProtocolError)
+
+ def test_all_subclasses_instantiate(self) -> None:
+ for cls in (
+ S7ConnectionError,
+ S7ProtocolError,
+ S7TimeoutError,
+ S7AuthenticationError,
+ S7StalePacketError,
+ S7PacketLostError,
+ ):
+ e = cls("test", error_code=1)
+ assert str(e) == "test"
+ assert e.error_code == 1
+
+
+class TestGetErrorMessage:
+ """Tests for get_error_message() — known and unknown codes."""
+
+ def test_success_code(self) -> None:
+ assert get_error_message(0x00000000) == "Success"
+
+ def test_known_client_error(self) -> None:
+ # Use a code unique to client errors (not overlapping with server: 0x009+)
+ assert get_error_message(0x00900000) == "errCliAddressOutOfRange"
+
+ def test_known_isotcp_error(self) -> None:
+ assert get_error_message(0x00010000) == "errIsoConnect"
+
+ def test_known_server_error(self) -> None:
+ assert get_error_message(0x00200000) == "errSrvDBNullPointer"
+
+ def test_unknown_code(self) -> None:
+ msg = get_error_message(0xDEADBEEF)
+ assert "Unknown error" in msg
+ assert "0xdeadbeef" in msg
+
+
+class TestGetProtocolErrorMessage:
+ """Tests for get_protocol_error_message() — known and unknown protocol codes."""
+
+ def test_known_protocol_code(self) -> None:
+ assert get_protocol_error_message(0x0000) == "No error"
+
+ def test_known_protocol_error(self) -> None:
+ assert "block number" in get_protocol_error_message(0x0110).lower()
+
+ def test_unknown_protocol_code(self) -> None:
+ msg = get_protocol_error_message(0xFFFF)
+ assert "Unknown protocol error" in msg
+
+
+class TestErrorText:
+ """Tests for error_text() with different contexts."""
+
+ def test_client_context(self) -> None:
+ msg = error_text(0x00100000, "client")
+ assert msg == "errNegotiatingPDU"
+
+ def test_server_context(self) -> None:
+ # Server dict has its own 0x00100000 entry
+ msg = error_text(0x00100000, "server")
+ assert msg == "errSrvCannotStart"
+
+ def test_partner_context(self) -> None:
+ # Partner uses client errors
+ msg = error_text(0x00100000, "partner")
+ assert msg == "errNegotiatingPDU"
+
+ def test_unknown_context_falls_back_to_client(self) -> None:
+ msg = error_text(0x00100000, "unknown_context")
+ assert msg == "errNegotiatingPDU"
+
+ def test_unknown_error_code(self) -> None:
+ msg = error_text(0xBADC0DE, "client")
+ assert "Unknown error" in msg
+
+ def test_caching(self) -> None:
+ # Calling twice should return the same cached result
+ a = error_text(0x00100000, "client")
+ b = error_text(0x00100000, "client")
+ assert a == b
+
+
+class TestCheckError:
+ """Tests for check_error() — routes error codes to exception types."""
+
+ def test_zero_returns_none(self) -> None:
+ # Should not raise
+ check_error(0)
+
+ def test_iso_connect_raises_connection_error(self) -> None:
+ with pytest.raises(S7ConnectionError):
+ check_error(0x00010000)
+
+ def test_iso_disconnect_raises_connection_error(self) -> None:
+ with pytest.raises(S7ConnectionError):
+ check_error(0x00020000)
+
+ def test_timeout_raises_timeout_error(self) -> None:
+ with pytest.raises(S7TimeoutError):
+ check_error(0x02000000)
+
+ def test_other_isotcp_raises_connection_error(self) -> None:
+ with pytest.raises(S7ConnectionError):
+ check_error(0x00030000) # errIsoInvalidPDU
+
+ def test_generic_error_raises_runtime_error(self) -> None:
+ with pytest.raises(RuntimeError):
+ check_error(0x00100000) # errNegotiatingPDU (client error)
+
+
+class TestErrorWrap:
+ """Tests for error_wrap() decorator."""
+
+ def test_no_error(self) -> None:
+ @error_wrap("client")
+ def ok_func() -> int:
+ return 0
+
+ # Should not raise, returns None (decorator suppresses return value)
+ result = ok_func()
+ assert result is None
+
+ def test_raises_on_error(self) -> None:
+ @error_wrap("client")
+ def bad_func() -> int:
+ return 0x02000000 # timeout
+
+ with pytest.raises(S7TimeoutError):
+ bad_func()
+
+ def test_passes_args_through(self) -> None:
+ @error_wrap("client")
+ def func_with_args(a: int, b: int) -> int:
+ return a + b
+
+ # 0 + 0 = 0, no error
+ func_with_args(0, 0)
+
+ with pytest.raises(RuntimeError):
+ # Non-zero = error
+ func_with_args(0x00100000, 0)
diff --git a/tests/test_hypothesis.py b/tests/test_hypothesis.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4f4422d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_hypothesis.py
@@ -0,0 +1,570 @@
+"""Property-based tests using Hypothesis.
+
+Tests roundtrip properties for getter/setter pairs, protocol encoding/decoding,
+and fuzz tests for robustness against malformed input.
+"""
+
+import math
+import struct
+from datetime import date, datetime, timedelta
+
+import pytest
+from hypothesis import given, assume, settings, HealthCheck
+from hypothesis import strategies as st
+
+from snap7.util.getters import (
+ get_bool,
+ get_byte,
+ get_char,
+ get_date,
+ get_date_time_object,
+ get_dint,
+ get_dword,
+ get_dtl,
+ get_fstring,
+ get_int,
+ get_lint,
+ get_lreal,
+ get_lword,
+ get_real,
+ get_sint,
+ get_string,
+ get_tod,
+ get_udint,
+ get_uint,
+ get_ulint,
+ get_usint,
+ get_wchar,
+ get_wstring,
+)
+from snap7.util.setters import (
+ set_bool,
+ set_byte,
+ set_char,
+ set_date,
+ set_dint,
+ set_dt,
+ set_dtl,
+ set_dword,
+ set_fstring,
+ set_int,
+ set_lreal,
+ set_lword,
+ set_real,
+ set_sint,
+ set_string,
+ set_tod,
+ set_udint,
+ set_uint,
+ set_usint,
+ set_wchar,
+ set_wstring,
+)
+from snap7.datatypes import S7Area, S7DataTypes, S7WordLen
+from snap7.s7protocol import S7Protocol
+
+pytestmark = pytest.mark.hypothesis
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Getter/Setter roundtrip tests — integer types
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+@given(st.booleans())
+def test_bool_roundtrip(value: bool) -> None:
+ for bit_index in range(8):
+ data = bytearray(1)
+ set_bool(data, 0, bit_index, value)
+ assert get_bool(data, 0, bit_index) == value
+
+
+@given(st.integers(min_value=0, max_value=7), st.booleans())
+def test_bool_roundtrip_any_bit(bit_index: int, value: bool) -> None:
+ data = bytearray(1)
+ set_bool(data, 0, bit_index, value)
+ assert get_bool(data, 0, bit_index) == value
+
+
+@given(st.integers(min_value=0, max_value=255))
+def test_byte_roundtrip(value: int) -> None:
+ data = bytearray(1)
+ set_byte(data, 0, value)
+ # get_byte returns the value as an int (despite the bytes type annotation)
+ assert get_byte(data, 0) == value # type: ignore[comparison-overlap]
+
+
+@given(st.integers(min_value=0, max_value=255))
+def test_usint_roundtrip(value: int) -> None:
+ data = bytearray(1)
+ set_usint(data, 0, value)
+ assert get_usint(data, 0) == value
+
+
+@given(st.integers(min_value=-128, max_value=127))
+def test_sint_roundtrip(value: int) -> None:
+ data = bytearray(1)
+ set_sint(data, 0, value)
+ assert get_sint(data, 0) == value
+
+
+@given(st.integers(min_value=0, max_value=65535))
+def test_uint_roundtrip(value: int) -> None:
+ data = bytearray(2)
+ set_uint(data, 0, value)
+ assert get_uint(data, 0) == value
+
+
+@given(st.integers(min_value=-32768, max_value=32767))
+def test_int_roundtrip(value: int) -> None:
+ data = bytearray(2)
+ set_int(data, 0, value)
+ assert get_int(data, 0) == value
+
+
+@given(st.integers(min_value=0, max_value=4294967295))
+def test_dword_roundtrip(value: int) -> None:
+ data = bytearray(4)
+ set_dword(data, 0, value)
+ assert get_dword(data, 0) == value
+
+
+@given(st.integers(min_value=0, max_value=4294967295))
+def test_udint_roundtrip(value: int) -> None:
+ data = bytearray(4)
+ set_udint(data, 0, value)
+ assert get_udint(data, 0) == value
+
+
+@given(st.integers(min_value=-2147483648, max_value=2147483647))
+def test_dint_roundtrip(value: int) -> None:
+ data = bytearray(4)
+ set_dint(data, 0, value)
+ assert get_dint(data, 0) == value
+
+
+@given(st.integers(min_value=0, max_value=2**64 - 1))
+def test_lword_roundtrip(value: int) -> None:
+ data = bytearray(8)
+ set_lword(data, 0, value)
+ assert get_lword(data, 0) == value
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Getter/Setter roundtrip tests — floating point types
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+@given(st.floats(width=32, allow_nan=False, allow_infinity=False))
+def test_real_roundtrip(value: float) -> None:
+ data = bytearray(4)
+ set_real(data, 0, value)
+ result = get_real(data, 0)
+ assert struct.pack(">f", value) == struct.pack(">f", result)
+
+
+@given(st.floats(width=64, allow_nan=False, allow_infinity=False))
+def test_lreal_roundtrip(value: float) -> None:
+ data = bytearray(8)
+ set_lreal(data, 0, value)
+ result = get_lreal(data, 0)
+ assert struct.pack(">d", value) == struct.pack(">d", result)
+
+
+@given(st.floats(width=32, allow_nan=True, allow_infinity=True))
+def test_real_roundtrip_special(value: float) -> None:
+ """Real roundtrip including NaN and Infinity."""
+ data = bytearray(4)
+ set_real(data, 0, value)
+ result = get_real(data, 0)
+ if math.isnan(value):
+ assert math.isnan(result)
+ else:
+ assert result == value
+
+
+@given(st.floats(width=64, allow_nan=True, allow_infinity=True))
+def test_lreal_roundtrip_special(value: float) -> None:
+ """LReal roundtrip including NaN and Infinity."""
+ data = bytearray(8)
+ set_lreal(data, 0, value)
+ result = get_lreal(data, 0)
+ if math.isnan(value):
+ assert math.isnan(result)
+ else:
+ assert result == value
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Getter/Setter roundtrip tests — string types
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+@given(st.characters(min_codepoint=0, max_codepoint=255))
+def test_char_roundtrip(value: str) -> None:
+ data = bytearray(1)
+ set_char(data, 0, value)
+ assert get_char(data, 0) == value
+
+
+@given(st.characters(min_codepoint=0, max_codepoint=0xFFFF))
+def test_wchar_roundtrip(value: str) -> None:
+ # wchar uses UTF-16-BE, which can't handle surrogate halves
+ assume(not (0xD800 <= ord(value) <= 0xDFFF))
+ data = bytearray(2)
+ set_wchar(data, 0, value)
+ assert get_wchar(data, 0) == value
+
+
+@given(st.text(alphabet=st.characters(min_codepoint=32, max_codepoint=126), min_size=0, max_size=20))
+def test_fstring_roundtrip(value: str) -> None:
+ max_length = 20
+ data = bytearray(max_length)
+ set_fstring(data, 0, value, max_length)
+ result = get_fstring(data, 0, max_length)
+ assert result == value.rstrip(" ")
+
+
+@given(st.text(alphabet=st.characters(min_codepoint=1, max_codepoint=255), min_size=0, max_size=50))
+def test_string_roundtrip(value: str) -> None:
+ max_size = 254
+ buf_size = 2 + max_size
+ data = bytearray(buf_size)
+ set_string(data, 0, value, max_size)
+ assert get_string(data, 0) == value
+
+
+@given(st.text(alphabet=st.characters(max_codepoint=0xFFFF, blacklist_categories=["Cs"]), min_size=0, max_size=20))
+def test_wstring_roundtrip(value: str) -> None:
+ max_size = 50
+ buf_size = 4 + max_size * 2
+ data = bytearray(buf_size)
+ set_wstring(data, 0, value, max_size)
+ assert get_wstring(data, 0) == value
+
+
+@given(st.text(min_size=1, max_size=5))
+def test_wstring_rejects_supplementary_characters(value: str) -> None:
+ """Characters outside BMP should be rejected, matching PLC behavior."""
+ assume(any(ord(c) > 0xFFFF for c in value))
+ data = bytearray(100)
+ with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Basic Multilingual Plane"):
+ set_wstring(data, 0, value, 50)
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Getter/Setter roundtrip tests — date/time types
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+@given(st.dates(min_value=date(1990, 1, 1), max_value=date(2168, 12, 31)))
+def test_date_roundtrip(value: date) -> None:
+ data = bytearray(2)
+ set_date(data, 0, value)
+ assert get_date(data, 0) == value
+
+
+@given(
+ st.timedeltas(
+ min_value=timedelta(0),
+ max_value=timedelta(hours=23, minutes=59, seconds=59, milliseconds=999),
+ )
+)
+def test_tod_roundtrip(value: timedelta) -> None:
+ # TOD stores milliseconds, so truncate microseconds to ms precision
+ ms = int(value.total_seconds() * 1000)
+ value_ms = timedelta(milliseconds=ms)
+ data = bytearray(4)
+ set_tod(data, 0, value_ms)
+ assert get_tod(data, 0) == value_ms
+
+
+@given(
+ st.datetimes(
+ min_value=datetime(1990, 1, 1),
+ max_value=datetime(2089, 12, 31, 23, 59, 59, 999000),
+ )
+)
+def test_dt_roundtrip(value: datetime) -> None:
+ # DT stores milliseconds, truncate microseconds to ms precision
+ ms = value.microsecond // 1000
+ value_trunc = value.replace(microsecond=ms * 1000)
+ data = bytearray(8)
+ set_dt(data, 0, value_trunc)
+ result = get_date_time_object(data, 0)
+ assert result == value_trunc
+
+
+@given(
+ st.datetimes(
+ min_value=datetime(1, 1, 1),
+ max_value=datetime(2554, 12, 31, 23, 59, 59, 999000),
+ )
+)
+def test_dtl_roundtrip(value: datetime) -> None:
+ # DTL stores nanoseconds (microsecond * 1000), so the roundtrip
+ # preserves microsecond precision exactly.
+ data = bytearray(12)
+ set_dtl(data, 0, value)
+ result = get_dtl(data, 0)
+ assert result == value
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# S7 data type encode/decode roundtrip
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+@given(st.lists(st.booleans(), min_size=1, max_size=10))
+def test_s7_bit_encode_decode_roundtrip(values: list[bool]) -> None:
+ encoded = S7DataTypes.encode_s7_data(values, S7WordLen.BIT)
+ decoded = S7DataTypes.decode_s7_data(encoded, S7WordLen.BIT, len(values))
+ assert decoded == values
+
+
+@given(st.lists(st.integers(min_value=0, max_value=255), min_size=1, max_size=10))
+def test_s7_byte_encode_decode_roundtrip(values: list[int]) -> None:
+ encoded = S7DataTypes.encode_s7_data(values, S7WordLen.BYTE)
+ decoded = S7DataTypes.decode_s7_data(encoded, S7WordLen.BYTE, len(values))
+ assert decoded == values
+
+
+@given(st.lists(st.integers(min_value=0, max_value=65535), min_size=1, max_size=10))
+def test_s7_word_encode_decode_roundtrip(values: list[int]) -> None:
+ encoded = S7DataTypes.encode_s7_data(values, S7WordLen.WORD)
+ decoded = S7DataTypes.decode_s7_data(encoded, S7WordLen.WORD, len(values))
+ assert decoded == values
+
+
+@given(st.lists(st.integers(min_value=-32768, max_value=32767), min_size=1, max_size=10))
+def test_s7_int_encode_decode_roundtrip(values: list[int]) -> None:
+ encoded = S7DataTypes.encode_s7_data(values, S7WordLen.INT)
+ decoded = S7DataTypes.decode_s7_data(encoded, S7WordLen.INT, len(values))
+ assert decoded == values
+
+
+@given(st.lists(st.integers(min_value=0, max_value=4294967295), min_size=1, max_size=10))
+def test_s7_dword_encode_decode_roundtrip(values: list[int]) -> None:
+ encoded = S7DataTypes.encode_s7_data(values, S7WordLen.DWORD)
+ decoded = S7DataTypes.decode_s7_data(encoded, S7WordLen.DWORD, len(values))
+ assert decoded == values
+
+
+@given(st.lists(st.integers(min_value=-2147483648, max_value=2147483647), min_size=1, max_size=10))
+def test_s7_dint_encode_decode_roundtrip(values: list[int]) -> None:
+ encoded = S7DataTypes.encode_s7_data(values, S7WordLen.DINT)
+ decoded = S7DataTypes.decode_s7_data(encoded, S7WordLen.DINT, len(values))
+ assert decoded == values
+
+
+@given(st.lists(st.floats(width=32, allow_nan=False, allow_infinity=False), min_size=1, max_size=10))
+def test_s7_real_encode_decode_roundtrip(values: list[float]) -> None:
+ encoded = S7DataTypes.encode_s7_data(values, S7WordLen.REAL)
+ decoded = S7DataTypes.decode_s7_data(encoded, S7WordLen.REAL, len(values))
+ for orig, result in zip(values, decoded):
+ assert struct.pack(">f", orig) == struct.pack(">f", result)
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# S7 address encoding
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+@given(
+ st.sampled_from(list(S7Area)),
+ st.integers(min_value=0, max_value=65535),
+ st.integers(min_value=0, max_value=65535),
+ st.sampled_from([wl for wl in S7WordLen if wl not in (S7WordLen.COUNTER, S7WordLen.TIMER)]),
+ st.integers(min_value=1, max_value=100),
+)
+def test_address_encoding_is_12_bytes(area: S7Area, db_number: int, start: int, word_len: S7WordLen, count: int) -> None:
+ """Encoded address should always be exactly 12 bytes."""
+ result = S7DataTypes.encode_address(area, db_number, start, word_len, count)
+ assert len(result) == 12
+ assert result[0] == 0x12 # Specification type
+ assert result[1] == 0x0A # Length
+ assert result[2] == 0x10 # Syntax ID
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# TPKT frame tests
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+@given(st.binary(min_size=1, max_size=500))
+def test_tpkt_frame_structure(payload: bytes) -> None:
+ """TPKT frame should have correct version, reserved byte, and length."""
+ from snap7.connection import ISOTCPConnection
+
+ conn = ISOTCPConnection.__new__(ISOTCPConnection)
+ frame = conn._build_tpkt(payload)
+ assert frame[0] == 3 # version
+ assert frame[1] == 0 # reserved
+ length = struct.unpack(">H", frame[2:4])[0]
+ assert length == len(payload) + 4
+ assert frame[4:] == payload
+
+
+@given(st.binary(min_size=1, max_size=500))
+def test_cotp_dt_frame_structure(payload: bytes) -> None:
+ """COTP DT frame should have correct PDU type and EOT marker."""
+ from snap7.connection import ISOTCPConnection
+
+ conn = ISOTCPConnection.__new__(ISOTCPConnection)
+ frame = conn._build_cotp_dt(payload)
+ assert frame[0] == 2 # PDU length
+ assert frame[1] == 0xF0 # COTP DT type
+ assert frame[2] == 0x80 # EOT + sequence number 0
+ assert frame[3:] == payload
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# S7 Protocol PDU structure tests
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+@given(
+ st.sampled_from(list(S7Area)),
+ st.integers(min_value=0, max_value=100),
+ st.integers(min_value=0, max_value=1000),
+ st.sampled_from([wl for wl in S7WordLen if wl not in (S7WordLen.COUNTER, S7WordLen.TIMER)]),
+ st.integers(min_value=1, max_value=50),
+)
+def test_read_request_pdu_structure(area: S7Area, db_number: int, start: int, word_len: S7WordLen, count: int) -> None:
+ """Read request PDU should have valid S7 header."""
+ proto = S7Protocol()
+ pdu = proto.build_read_request(area, db_number, start, word_len, count)
+ assert pdu[0] == 0x32 # Protocol ID
+ assert pdu[1] == 0x01 # Request PDU type
+ assert len(pdu) >= 12 # Minimum header size
+
+
+@given(
+ st.sampled_from(list(S7Area)),
+ st.integers(min_value=0, max_value=100),
+ st.integers(min_value=0, max_value=1000),
+ st.sampled_from([S7WordLen.BYTE, S7WordLen.WORD, S7WordLen.DWORD, S7WordLen.INT, S7WordLen.DINT, S7WordLen.REAL]),
+ st.binary(min_size=1, max_size=20),
+)
+def test_write_request_pdu_structure(area: S7Area, db_number: int, start: int, word_len: S7WordLen, data: bytes) -> None:
+ """Write request PDU should have valid S7 header."""
+ item_size = S7DataTypes.get_size_bytes(word_len, 1)
+ # Ensure data length is a multiple of item size
+ data = data[: (len(data) // item_size) * item_size]
+ assume(len(data) > 0)
+
+ proto = S7Protocol()
+ pdu = proto.build_write_request(area, db_number, start, word_len, data)
+ assert pdu[0] == 0x32 # Protocol ID
+ assert pdu[1] == 0x01 # Request PDU type
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Fuzz tests — robustness against arbitrary input
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+@given(st.binary(min_size=4, max_size=4))
+def test_real_decode_no_crash(data: bytes) -> None:
+ """Any 4 bytes should decode without crashing."""
+ get_real(bytearray(data), 0)
+
+
+@given(st.binary(min_size=8, max_size=8))
+def test_lreal_decode_no_crash(data: bytes) -> None:
+ """Any 8 bytes should decode without crashing."""
+ get_lreal(bytearray(data), 0)
+
+
+@given(st.binary(min_size=2, max_size=2))
+def test_int_decode_no_crash(data: bytes) -> None:
+ """Any 2 bytes should decode without crashing."""
+ get_int(bytearray(data), 0)
+
+
+@given(st.binary(min_size=4, max_size=4))
+def test_dint_decode_no_crash(data: bytes) -> None:
+ """Any 4 bytes should decode without crashing."""
+ get_dint(bytearray(data), 0)
+
+
+@given(st.binary(min_size=8, max_size=8))
+def test_lint_decode_no_crash(data: bytes) -> None:
+ """Any 8 bytes should decode without crashing."""
+ get_lint(bytearray(data), 0)
+
+
+@given(st.binary(min_size=8, max_size=8))
+def test_lword_decode_no_crash(data: bytes) -> None:
+ """Any 8 bytes should decode without crashing."""
+ get_lword(bytearray(data), 0)
+
+
+@given(st.binary(min_size=8, max_size=8))
+def test_ulint_decode_no_crash(data: bytes) -> None:
+ """Any 8 bytes should decode without crashing."""
+ get_ulint(bytearray(data), 0)
+
+
+@given(st.binary(min_size=10, max_size=500))
+@settings(suppress_health_check=[HealthCheck.too_slow])
+def test_pdu_parse_no_crash(data: bytes) -> None:
+ """Parsing random bytes as S7 PDU should not crash unexpectedly.
+
+ Expected exceptions are S7ProtocolError for invalid data.
+ """
+ from snap7.error import S7ProtocolError
+
+ proto = S7Protocol()
+ try:
+ proto.parse_response(data)
+ except (S7ProtocolError, struct.error, ValueError, IndexError):
+ pass # Expected for malformed data
+
+
+@given(st.binary(min_size=7, max_size=100))
+def test_tpkt_cotp_parse_no_crash(data: bytes) -> None:
+ """Parsing random bytes as COTP data should not crash unexpectedly."""
+ from snap7.connection import ISOTCPConnection
+ from snap7.error import S7ConnectionError
+
+ conn = ISOTCPConnection.__new__(ISOTCPConnection)
+ try:
+ conn._parse_cotp_data(data)
+ except (ValueError, IndexError, struct.error, S7ConnectionError):
+ pass # Expected for malformed data
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Multiple bools in the same byte don't interfere
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+@given(st.lists(st.booleans(), min_size=8, max_size=8))
+def test_bool_multiple_bits_no_interference(values: list[bool]) -> None:
+ """Setting 8 bools in one byte should not interfere with each other."""
+ data = bytearray(1)
+ for i, v in enumerate(values):
+ set_bool(data, 0, i, v)
+ for i, v in enumerate(values):
+ assert get_bool(data, 0, i) == v
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Non-zero byte_index tests
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+@given(st.integers(min_value=-32768, max_value=32767), st.integers(min_value=0, max_value=10))
+def test_int_roundtrip_at_offset(value: int, offset: int) -> None:
+ """Getter/setter should work at arbitrary byte offsets."""
+ data = bytearray(offset + 2)
+ set_int(data, offset, value)
+ assert get_int(data, offset) == value
+
+
+@given(st.integers(min_value=-2147483648, max_value=2147483647), st.integers(min_value=0, max_value=10))
+def test_dint_roundtrip_at_offset(value: int, offset: int) -> None:
+ data = bytearray(offset + 4)
+ set_dint(data, offset, value)
+ assert get_dint(data, offset) == value
diff --git a/tests/test_logo_client.py b/tests/test_logo_client.py
index 58bf5d5c..a5d48a6f 100644
--- a/tests/test_logo_client.py
+++ b/tests/test_logo_client.py
@@ -4,8 +4,9 @@
from typing import Optional
import snap7
+from snap7.logo import Logo, parse_address
from snap7.server import Server
-from snap7.type import Parameter, SrvArea
+from snap7.type import Parameter, SrvArea, WordLen
logging.basicConfig(level=logging.WARNING)
@@ -124,5 +125,247 @@ def test_set_param(self) -> None:
self.client.set_param(param, value)
+logo_coverage_tcpport = 11102
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# parse_address() unit tests (no server needed)
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+@pytest.mark.logo
+class TestParseAddress(unittest.TestCase):
+ """Test every branch of parse_address()."""
+
+ def test_byte_address(self) -> None:
+ start, wl = parse_address("V10")
+ self.assertEqual(start, 10)
+ self.assertEqual(wl, WordLen.Byte)
+
+ def test_byte_address_large(self) -> None:
+ start, wl = parse_address("V999")
+ self.assertEqual(start, 999)
+ self.assertEqual(wl, WordLen.Byte)
+
+ def test_word_address(self) -> None:
+ start, wl = parse_address("VW20")
+ self.assertEqual(start, 20)
+ self.assertEqual(wl, WordLen.Word)
+
+ def test_word_address_zero(self) -> None:
+ start, wl = parse_address("VW0")
+ self.assertEqual(start, 0)
+ self.assertEqual(wl, WordLen.Word)
+
+ def test_dword_address(self) -> None:
+ start, wl = parse_address("VD30")
+ self.assertEqual(start, 30)
+ self.assertEqual(wl, WordLen.DWord)
+
+ def test_bit_address(self) -> None:
+ start, wl = parse_address("V10.3")
+ # bit offset = 10*8 + 3 = 83
+ self.assertEqual(start, 83)
+ self.assertEqual(wl, WordLen.Bit)
+
+ def test_bit_address_zero(self) -> None:
+ start, wl = parse_address("V0.0")
+ self.assertEqual(start, 0)
+ self.assertEqual(wl, WordLen.Bit)
+
+ def test_bit_address_high_bit(self) -> None:
+ start, wl = parse_address("V0.7")
+ self.assertEqual(start, 7)
+ self.assertEqual(wl, WordLen.Bit)
+
+ def test_invalid_address_raises(self) -> None:
+ with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+ parse_address("INVALID")
+
+ def test_invalid_address_empty(self) -> None:
+ with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+ parse_address("")
+
+ def test_invalid_address_wrong_prefix(self) -> None:
+ with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+ parse_address("M10")
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Integration tests: Logo client against the built-in Server
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+@pytest.mark.logo
+class TestLogoReadWrite(unittest.TestCase):
+ """Test Logo read/write against a real server with DB1 registered."""
+
+ server: Optional[Server] = None
+ db_data: bytearray
+
+ @classmethod
+ def setUpClass(cls) -> None:
+ cls.db_data = bytearray(256)
+ cls.server = Server()
+ cls.server.register_area(SrvArea.DB, 0, bytearray(256))
+ cls.server.register_area(SrvArea.DB, 1, cls.db_data)
+ cls.server.start(tcp_port=logo_coverage_tcpport)
+
+ @classmethod
+ def tearDownClass(cls) -> None:
+ if cls.server:
+ cls.server.stop()
+ cls.server.destroy()
+
+ def setUp(self) -> None:
+ self.client = Logo()
+ self.client.connect(ip, 0x1000, 0x2000, logo_coverage_tcpport)
+
+ def tearDown(self) -> None:
+ self.client.disconnect()
+ self.client.destroy()
+
+ # -- read tests ---------------------------------------------------------
+
+ def test_read_byte(self) -> None:
+ """Write a known byte into DB1 via client, then read it back."""
+ self.client.write("V5", 0xAB)
+ result = self.client.read("V5")
+ self.assertEqual(result, 0xAB)
+
+ def test_read_word(self) -> None:
+ """Write and read back a word (signed 16-bit big-endian)."""
+ self.client.write("VW10", 1234)
+ result = self.client.read("VW10")
+ self.assertEqual(result, 1234)
+
+ def test_read_word_negative(self) -> None:
+ """Words are signed — negative values should round-trip."""
+ self.client.write("VW12", -500)
+ result = self.client.read("VW12")
+ self.assertEqual(result, -500)
+
+ def test_read_dword(self) -> None:
+ """Write and read back a dword (signed 32-bit big-endian)."""
+ self.client.write("VD20", 70000)
+ result = self.client.read("VD20")
+ self.assertEqual(result, 70000)
+
+ def test_read_dword_negative(self) -> None:
+ """DWords are signed — negative values should round-trip."""
+ self.client.write("VD24", -123456)
+ result = self.client.read("VD24")
+ self.assertEqual(result, -123456)
+
+ def test_read_bit_set(self) -> None:
+ """Write bit=1, then read it back."""
+ self.client.write("V50.2", 1)
+ result = self.client.read("V50.2")
+ self.assertEqual(result, 1)
+
+ def test_read_bit_clear(self) -> None:
+ """Write bit=0, then read it back."""
+ # First set it so we know we're actually clearing
+ self.client.write("V51.5", 1)
+ self.assertEqual(self.client.read("V51.5"), 1)
+ self.client.write("V51.5", 0)
+ result = self.client.read("V51.5")
+ self.assertEqual(result, 0)
+
+ def test_read_bit_zero(self) -> None:
+ """Read bit 0 of byte 0."""
+ self.client.write("V60", 0) # clear byte first
+ self.client.write("V60.0", 1)
+ self.assertEqual(self.client.read("V60.0"), 1)
+ # Other bits should be 0
+ self.assertEqual(self.client.read("V60.1"), 0)
+
+ def test_read_bit_seven(self) -> None:
+ """Read bit 7 of a byte."""
+ self.client.write("V61", 0) # clear byte
+ self.client.write("V61.7", 1)
+ self.assertEqual(self.client.read("V61.7"), 1)
+ # Byte should be 0x80
+ self.assertEqual(self.client.read("V61"), 0x80)
+
+ # -- write tests --------------------------------------------------------
+
+ def test_write_byte(self) -> None:
+ """Write a byte and verify."""
+ result = self.client.write("V70", 42)
+ self.assertEqual(result, 0)
+ self.assertEqual(self.client.read("V70"), 42)
+
+ def test_write_word(self) -> None:
+ """Write a word and verify."""
+ result = self.client.write("VW80", 2000)
+ self.assertEqual(result, 0)
+ self.assertEqual(self.client.read("VW80"), 2000)
+
+ def test_write_dword(self) -> None:
+ """Write a dword and verify."""
+ result = self.client.write("VD90", 100000)
+ self.assertEqual(result, 0)
+ self.assertEqual(self.client.read("VD90"), 100000)
+
+ def test_write_bit_true(self) -> None:
+ """Write a bit to True."""
+ result = self.client.write("V100.4", 1)
+ self.assertEqual(result, 0)
+ self.assertEqual(self.client.read("V100.4"), 1)
+
+ def test_write_bit_false(self) -> None:
+ """Write a bit to False after setting it."""
+ self.client.write("V101.6", 1)
+ result = self.client.write("V101.6", 0)
+ self.assertEqual(result, 0)
+ self.assertEqual(self.client.read("V101.6"), 0)
+
+ def test_write_bit_preserves_other_bits(self) -> None:
+ """Setting one bit should not disturb other bits in the same byte."""
+ # Write 0xFF to the byte
+ self.client.write("V110", 0xFF)
+ # Clear bit 3
+ self.client.write("V110.3", 0)
+ # Byte should now be 0xF7 (all bits set except bit 3)
+ self.assertEqual(self.client.read("V110"), 0xF7)
+ # Set bit 3 back
+ self.client.write("V110.3", 1)
+ self.assertEqual(self.client.read("V110"), 0xFF)
+
+ def test_write_byte_boundary_values(self) -> None:
+ """Test boundary values: 0 and 255."""
+ self.client.write("V120", 0)
+ self.assertEqual(self.client.read("V120"), 0)
+ self.client.write("V120", 255)
+ self.assertEqual(self.client.read("V120"), 255)
+
+ def test_write_word_boundary_values(self) -> None:
+ """Test word boundary values: max positive and max negative."""
+ self.client.write("VW130", 32767)
+ self.assertEqual(self.client.read("VW130"), 32767)
+ self.client.write("VW130", -32768)
+ self.assertEqual(self.client.read("VW130"), -32768)
+
+ def test_write_dword_boundary_values(self) -> None:
+ """Test dword boundary values."""
+ self.client.write("VD140", 2147483647)
+ self.assertEqual(self.client.read("VD140"), 2147483647)
+ self.client.write("VD140", -2147483648)
+ self.assertEqual(self.client.read("VD140"), -2147483648)
+
+ def test_read_write_multiple_addresses(self) -> None:
+ """Verify different address types can coexist."""
+ self.client.write("V200", 0x42)
+ self.client.write("VW202", 1000)
+ self.client.write("VD204", 50000)
+ self.client.write("V208.1", 1)
+
+ self.assertEqual(self.client.read("V200"), 0x42)
+ self.assertEqual(self.client.read("VW202"), 1000)
+ self.assertEqual(self.client.read("VD204"), 50000)
+ self.assertEqual(self.client.read("V208.1"), 1)
+
+
if __name__ == "__main__":
unittest.main()
diff --git a/tests/test_partner.py b/tests/test_partner.py
index 34c9cb27..570fbca9 100644
--- a/tests/test_partner.py
+++ b/tests/test_partner.py
@@ -1,10 +1,16 @@
import logging
+import socket
+import struct
+import threading
+import time
import pytest
import unittest as unittest
-from snap7.error import error_text
+from snap7.connection import ISOTCPConnection
+from snap7.error import error_text, S7Error, S7ConnectionError
import snap7.partner
+from snap7.partner import Partner, PartnerStatus
from snap7.type import Parameter
logging.basicConfig(level=logging.WARNING)
@@ -116,5 +122,614 @@ def test_wait_as_b_send_completion(self) -> None:
self.assertRaises(RuntimeError, self.partner.wait_as_b_send_completion)
+def _free_port() -> int:
+ """Return a free TCP port chosen by the OS."""
+ with socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) as s:
+ s.bind(("127.0.0.1", 0))
+ port: int = s.getsockname()[1]
+ return port
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# PDU building / parsing unit tests (no network required)
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+@pytest.mark.partner
+class TestPartnerPDU:
+ """Unit tests for partner PDU building and parsing."""
+
+ def test_build_partner_data_pdu_small(self) -> None:
+ p = Partner()
+ data = b"\x01\x02\x03"
+ pdu = p._build_partner_data_pdu(data)
+ assert pdu[0:1] == b"\x32"
+ assert pdu[1:2] == b"\x07"
+ assert struct.unpack(">H", pdu[2:4])[0] == len(data)
+ assert pdu[6:] == data
+
+ def test_build_partner_data_pdu_empty(self) -> None:
+ p = Partner()
+ pdu = p._build_partner_data_pdu(b"")
+ assert pdu[0:1] == b"\x32"
+ assert struct.unpack(">H", pdu[2:4])[0] == 0
+
+ def test_build_partner_data_pdu_large(self) -> None:
+ p = Partner()
+ data = bytes(range(256)) * 4 # 1024 bytes
+ pdu = p._build_partner_data_pdu(data)
+ assert struct.unpack(">H", pdu[2:4])[0] == 1024
+ assert pdu[6:] == data
+
+ def test_parse_partner_data_pdu_roundtrip(self) -> None:
+ p = Partner()
+ original = b"Hello, Partner!"
+ pdu = p._build_partner_data_pdu(original)
+ parsed = p._parse_partner_data_pdu(pdu)
+ assert parsed == original
+
+ def test_parse_partner_data_pdu_roundtrip_various_sizes(self) -> None:
+ p = Partner()
+ for size in [0, 1, 10, 100, 500, 1024]:
+ data = (bytes(range(256)) * (size // 256 + 1))[:size]
+ pdu = p._build_partner_data_pdu(data)
+ assert p._parse_partner_data_pdu(pdu) == data
+
+ def test_parse_partner_data_pdu_too_short(self) -> None:
+ p = Partner()
+ with pytest.raises(S7Error, match="too short"):
+ p._parse_partner_data_pdu(b"\x32\x07\x00")
+
+ def test_build_partner_ack(self) -> None:
+ p = Partner()
+ ack = p._build_partner_ack()
+ assert len(ack) == 6
+ assert ack[0:1] == b"\x32"
+ assert ack[1:2] == b"\x08"
+
+ def test_parse_partner_ack_valid(self) -> None:
+ p = Partner()
+ ack = p._build_partner_ack()
+ p._parse_partner_ack(ack)
+
+ def test_parse_partner_ack_too_short(self) -> None:
+ p = Partner()
+ with pytest.raises(S7Error, match="too short"):
+ p._parse_partner_ack(b"\x32")
+
+ def test_parse_partner_ack_wrong_type(self) -> None:
+ p = Partner()
+ bad_ack = struct.pack(">BBHH", 0x32, 0x07, 0x0000, 0x0000)
+ with pytest.raises(S7Error, match="Expected partner ACK"):
+ p._parse_partner_ack(bad_ack)
+
+ def test_ack_roundtrip(self) -> None:
+ p = Partner()
+ ack = p._build_partner_ack()
+ p._parse_partner_ack(ack)
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Status, stats, lifecycle tests
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+@pytest.mark.partner
+class TestPartnerLifecycle:
+ """Tests for partner lifecycle, status, and context manager."""
+
+ def test_initial_status_stopped(self) -> None:
+ p = Partner()
+ assert p.get_status().value == PartnerStatus.STOPPED
+
+ def test_status_running_passive(self) -> None:
+ port = _free_port()
+ p = Partner(active=False)
+ p.port = port
+ try:
+ p.start_to("127.0.0.1", "", 0x0100, 0x0102)
+ assert p.running is True
+ assert p.get_status().value == PartnerStatus.RUNNING
+ finally:
+ p.stop()
+
+ def test_stop_idempotent(self) -> None:
+ p = Partner()
+ p.stop()
+ p.stop()
+
+ def test_destroy_returns_zero(self) -> None:
+ p = Partner()
+ assert p.destroy() == 0
+
+ def test_context_manager(self) -> None:
+ port = _free_port()
+ with Partner(active=False) as p:
+ p.port = port
+ p.start_to("127.0.0.1", "", 0x0100, 0x0102)
+ assert p.running is True
+ assert p.running is False
+
+ def test_del_cleanup(self) -> None:
+ port = _free_port()
+ p = Partner(active=False)
+ p.port = port
+ p.start_to("127.0.0.1", "", 0x0100, 0x0102)
+ assert p.running is True
+ p.__del__()
+ assert p.running is False
+
+ def test_create_noop(self) -> None:
+ p = Partner()
+ p.create(active=True)
+
+ def test_get_stats_initial(self) -> None:
+ p = Partner()
+ sent, recv, s_err, r_err = p.get_stats()
+ assert sent.value == 0
+ assert recv.value == 0
+ assert s_err.value == 0
+ assert r_err.value == 0
+
+ def test_get_times_initial(self) -> None:
+ p = Partner()
+ send_t, recv_t = p.get_times()
+ assert send_t.value == 0
+ assert recv_t.value == 0
+
+ def test_get_last_error_initial(self) -> None:
+ p = Partner()
+ assert p.get_last_error().value == 0
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Send / recv data buffer tests
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+@pytest.mark.partner
+class TestPartnerSendRecvBuffers:
+ """Tests for set_send_data / get_recv_data and error paths."""
+
+ def test_set_send_data_and_retrieve(self) -> None:
+ p = Partner()
+ assert p._send_data is None
+ p.set_send_data(b"test")
+ assert p._send_data == b"test"
+
+ def test_get_recv_data_initially_none(self) -> None:
+ p = Partner()
+ assert p.get_recv_data() is None
+
+ def test_b_send_no_data(self) -> None:
+ p = Partner()
+ assert p.b_send() == -1
+
+ def test_b_send_not_connected(self) -> None:
+ p = Partner()
+ p.set_send_data(b"data")
+ with pytest.raises(S7ConnectionError, match="Not connected"):
+ p.b_send()
+
+ def test_b_recv_not_connected(self) -> None:
+ p = Partner()
+ result = p.b_recv()
+ assert result == -1
+ assert p.get_recv_data() is None
+
+ def test_as_b_send_no_data(self) -> None:
+ p = Partner()
+ assert p.as_b_send() == -1
+
+ def test_as_b_send_not_connected(self) -> None:
+ p = Partner()
+ p.set_send_data(b"data")
+ result = p.as_b_send()
+ assert result == -1
+
+ def test_check_as_b_recv_completion_empty(self) -> None:
+ p = Partner()
+ assert p.check_as_b_recv_completion() == 1
+
+ def test_check_as_b_recv_completion_with_data(self) -> None:
+ p = Partner()
+ p._async_recv_queue.put(b"queued data")
+ assert p.check_as_b_recv_completion() == 0
+ assert p._recv_data == b"queued data"
+
+ def test_check_as_b_send_completion_not_in_progress(self) -> None:
+ p = Partner()
+ status, result = p.check_as_b_send_completion()
+ assert status == "job complete"
+
+ def test_check_as_b_send_completion_in_progress(self) -> None:
+ p = Partner()
+ p._async_send_in_progress = True
+ status, result = p.check_as_b_send_completion()
+ assert status == "job in progress"
+
+ def test_wait_as_b_send_no_operation(self) -> None:
+ p = Partner()
+ with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match="No async send"):
+ p.wait_as_b_send_completion()
+
+ def test_wait_as_b_send_timeout(self) -> None:
+ p = Partner()
+ p._async_send_in_progress = True
+ result = p.wait_as_b_send_completion(timeout=50)
+ assert result == -1
+
+ def test_wait_as_b_send_completes(self) -> None:
+ p = Partner()
+ p._async_send_in_progress = True
+ p._async_send_result = 0
+
+ def clear_flag() -> None:
+ time.sleep(0.05)
+ p._async_send_in_progress = False
+
+ t = threading.Thread(target=clear_flag)
+ t.start()
+ result = p.wait_as_b_send_completion(timeout=2000)
+ t.join()
+ assert result == 0
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Parameter tests
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+@pytest.mark.partner
+class TestPartnerParams:
+ """Tests for get_param / set_param."""
+
+ def test_get_param_unsupported(self) -> None:
+ p = Partner()
+ with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match="not supported"):
+ p.get_param(Parameter.MaxClients)
+
+ def test_set_param_remote_port_raises(self) -> None:
+ p = Partner()
+ with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match="Cannot set"):
+ p.set_param(Parameter.RemotePort, 1234)
+
+ def test_set_param_local_port(self) -> None:
+ p = Partner()
+ p.set_param(Parameter.LocalPort, 5555)
+ assert p.local_port == 5555
+
+ def test_set_param_returns_zero(self) -> None:
+ p = Partner()
+ assert p.set_param(Parameter.PingTimeout, 999) == 0
+
+ def test_set_recv_callback_returns_zero(self) -> None:
+ p = Partner()
+ assert p.set_recv_callback() == 0
+
+ def test_set_send_callback_returns_zero(self) -> None:
+ p = Partner()
+ assert p.set_send_callback() == 0
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Dual-partner integration tests using raw socket pairing
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+def _make_socket_pair() -> tuple[socket.socket, socket.socket]:
+ """Create a connected TCP socket pair via a temporary server socket."""
+ srv = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
+ srv.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
+ srv.bind(("127.0.0.1", 0))
+ srv.listen(1)
+ port = srv.getsockname()[1]
+
+ client = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
+ client.connect(("127.0.0.1", port))
+ server_side, _ = srv.accept()
+ srv.close()
+ return client, server_side
+
+
+def _wire_partner(partner: Partner, sock: socket.socket) -> None:
+ """Wire a connected socket into a Partner so it appears connected."""
+ conn = ISOTCPConnection(host="127.0.0.1", port=0, local_tsap=0x0100, remote_tsap=0x0102)
+ conn.socket = sock
+ conn.connected = True
+ partner._socket = sock
+ partner._connection = conn
+ partner.connected = True
+ partner.running = True
+
+
+@pytest.mark.partner
+class TestDualPartner:
+ """Integration tests using two Partner instances exchanging data over sockets."""
+
+ def test_active_to_passive_send(self) -> None:
+ sock_a, sock_b = _make_socket_pair()
+ pa, pb = Partner(), Partner()
+ try:
+ _wire_partner(pa, sock_a)
+ _wire_partner(pb, sock_b)
+
+ payload = b"Hello from A"
+ pa.set_send_data(payload)
+
+ errors: list[Exception] = []
+
+ def do_send() -> None:
+ try:
+ pa.b_send()
+ except Exception as e:
+ errors.append(e)
+
+ t = threading.Thread(target=do_send)
+ t.start()
+
+ assert pb.b_recv() == 0
+ t.join(timeout=3.0)
+ assert pb.get_recv_data() == payload
+ assert not errors
+ finally:
+ pa.stop()
+ pb.stop()
+
+ def test_passive_to_active_send(self) -> None:
+ sock_a, sock_b = _make_socket_pair()
+ pa, pb = Partner(), Partner()
+ try:
+ _wire_partner(pa, sock_a)
+ _wire_partner(pb, sock_b)
+
+ payload = b"Hello from B"
+ pb.set_send_data(payload)
+
+ errors: list[Exception] = []
+
+ def do_send() -> None:
+ try:
+ pb.b_send()
+ except Exception as e:
+ errors.append(e)
+
+ t = threading.Thread(target=do_send)
+ t.start()
+
+ assert pa.b_recv() == 0
+ t.join(timeout=3.0)
+ assert pa.get_recv_data() == payload
+ assert not errors
+ finally:
+ pa.stop()
+ pb.stop()
+
+ def test_bidirectional_exchange(self) -> None:
+ sock_a, sock_b = _make_socket_pair()
+ pa, pb = Partner(), Partner()
+ try:
+ _wire_partner(pa, sock_a)
+ _wire_partner(pb, sock_b)
+
+ errors: list[Exception] = []
+
+ # A -> B
+ pa.set_send_data(b"A->B")
+
+ def send_a() -> None:
+ try:
+ pa.b_send()
+ except Exception as e:
+ errors.append(e)
+
+ t1 = threading.Thread(target=send_a)
+ t1.start()
+ pb.b_recv()
+ t1.join(timeout=3.0)
+ assert pb.get_recv_data() == b"A->B"
+
+ # B -> A
+ pb.set_send_data(b"B->A")
+
+ def send_b() -> None:
+ try:
+ pb.b_send()
+ except Exception as e:
+ errors.append(e)
+
+ t2 = threading.Thread(target=send_b)
+ t2.start()
+ pa.b_recv()
+ t2.join(timeout=3.0)
+ assert pa.get_recv_data() == b"B->A"
+ assert not errors
+ finally:
+ pa.stop()
+ pb.stop()
+
+ def test_various_payload_sizes(self) -> None:
+ sock_a, sock_b = _make_socket_pair()
+ pa, pb = Partner(), Partner()
+ try:
+ _wire_partner(pa, sock_a)
+ _wire_partner(pb, sock_b)
+
+ for size in [1, 10, 100, 480]:
+ payload = (bytes(range(256)) * (size // 256 + 1))[:size]
+ pa.set_send_data(payload)
+ errors: list[Exception] = []
+
+ def do_send() -> None:
+ try:
+ pa.b_send()
+ except Exception as e:
+ errors.append(e)
+
+ t = threading.Thread(target=do_send)
+ t.start()
+ pb.b_recv()
+ t.join(timeout=3.0)
+ assert pb.get_recv_data() == payload, f"Failed for size {size}"
+ assert not errors
+ finally:
+ pa.stop()
+ pb.stop()
+
+ def test_stats_updated_after_exchange(self) -> None:
+ sock_a, sock_b = _make_socket_pair()
+ pa, pb = Partner(), Partner()
+ try:
+ _wire_partner(pa, sock_a)
+ _wire_partner(pb, sock_b)
+
+ payload = b"stats test"
+ pa.set_send_data(payload)
+
+ def do_send() -> None:
+ pa.b_send()
+
+ t = threading.Thread(target=do_send)
+ t.start()
+ pb.b_recv()
+ t.join(timeout=3.0)
+
+ sent, _, s_err, _ = pa.get_stats()
+ assert sent.value == len(payload)
+ assert s_err.value == 0
+
+ _, recv, _, r_err = pb.get_stats()
+ assert recv.value == len(payload)
+ assert r_err.value == 0
+
+ send_t, _ = pa.get_times()
+ assert send_t.value >= 0
+ _, recv_t = pb.get_times()
+ assert recv_t.value >= 0
+ finally:
+ pa.stop()
+ pb.stop()
+
+ def test_status_connected(self) -> None:
+ sock_a, sock_b = _make_socket_pair()
+ pa, pb = Partner(), Partner()
+ try:
+ _wire_partner(pa, sock_a)
+ _wire_partner(pb, sock_b)
+ assert pa.get_status().value == PartnerStatus.CONNECTED
+ assert pb.get_status().value == PartnerStatus.CONNECTED
+ finally:
+ pa.stop()
+ pb.stop()
+
+ def test_status_after_stop(self) -> None:
+ sock_a, sock_b = _make_socket_pair()
+ pa, pb = Partner(), Partner()
+ try:
+ _wire_partner(pa, sock_a)
+ _wire_partner(pb, sock_b)
+ pa.stop()
+ assert pa.get_status().value == PartnerStatus.STOPPED
+ finally:
+ pa.stop()
+ pb.stop()
+
+ def test_recv_callback_fires(self) -> None:
+ sock_a, sock_b = _make_socket_pair()
+ pa, pb = Partner(), Partner()
+ try:
+ _wire_partner(pa, sock_a)
+ _wire_partner(pb, sock_b)
+
+ received_data: list[bytes] = []
+ pb._recv_callback = lambda data: received_data.append(data)
+
+ payload = b"callback test"
+ pa.set_send_data(payload)
+
+ def do_send() -> None:
+ pa.b_send()
+
+ t = threading.Thread(target=do_send)
+ t.start()
+ pb.b_recv()
+ t.join(timeout=3.0)
+
+ assert len(received_data) == 1
+ assert received_data[0] == payload
+ finally:
+ pa.stop()
+ pb.stop()
+
+ def test_b_recv_error_returns_negative(self) -> None:
+ """b_recv returns -1 on receive error when no data arrives."""
+ sock_a, sock_b = _make_socket_pair()
+ pa, pb = Partner(), Partner()
+ try:
+ _wire_partner(pa, sock_a)
+ _wire_partner(pb, sock_b)
+ # Close sender side so receiver gets an error
+ sock_a.close()
+ result = pb.b_recv()
+ assert result == -1
+ finally:
+ pa.stop()
+ pb.stop()
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Passive partner accept/listen tests
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+@pytest.mark.partner
+class TestPassivePartner:
+ """Tests for passive partner listening and accept behavior."""
+
+ def test_accept_connection_server_socket_none(self) -> None:
+ """_accept_connection returns immediately if server socket is None."""
+ p = Partner(active=False)
+ p._server_socket = None
+ p._accept_connection() # Should not raise
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Active partner connection error tests
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+@pytest.mark.partner
+class TestPartnerConnectionErrors:
+ """Tests for connection error paths."""
+
+ def test_active_no_remote_ip(self) -> None:
+ p = Partner(active=True)
+ with pytest.raises(S7ConnectionError, match="Remote IP"):
+ p.start_to("127.0.0.1", "", 0x0100, 0x0102)
+
+ def test_active_connect_refused(self) -> None:
+ p = Partner(active=True)
+ port = _free_port()
+ p.port = port
+ with pytest.raises(S7ConnectionError):
+ p.start_to("127.0.0.1", "127.0.0.1", 0x0100, 0x0102)
+
+ def test_b_send_increments_send_errors(self) -> None:
+ p = Partner()
+ p.set_send_data(b"data")
+ try:
+ p.b_send()
+ except S7ConnectionError:
+ pass
+ _, _, s_err, _ = p.get_stats()
+ assert s_err.value == 1
+
+ def test_b_recv_increments_recv_errors(self) -> None:
+ p = Partner()
+ p.b_recv()
+ _, _, _, r_err = p.get_stats()
+ assert r_err.value == 1
+
+
if __name__ == "__main__":
unittest.main()
diff --git a/tests/test_reconnect.py b/tests/test_reconnect.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f36293e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_reconnect.py
@@ -0,0 +1,447 @@
+"""Tests for connection heartbeat and automatic reconnection features."""
+
+import logging
+import threading
+import time
+import unittest
+
+import pytest
+
+from snap7.client import Client
+from snap7.error import S7ConnectionError
+from snap7.server import Server
+from snap7.type import SrvArea
+
+logging.basicConfig(level=logging.WARNING)
+
+ip = "127.0.0.1"
+tcpport = 1103 # Use different port to avoid conflict with test_client.py
+db_number = 1
+rack = 1
+slot = 1
+
+
+@pytest.mark.client
+class TestAutoReconnectDefaults(unittest.TestCase):
+ """Test that default behavior is unchanged when features are disabled."""
+
+ server: Server
+
+ @classmethod
+ def setUpClass(cls) -> None:
+ cls.server = Server()
+ cls.server.register_area(SrvArea.DB, 0, bytearray(100))
+ cls.server.register_area(SrvArea.DB, 1, bytearray(100))
+ cls.server.register_area(SrvArea.MK, 0, bytearray(100))
+ cls.server.start(tcp_port=tcpport)
+
+ @classmethod
+ def tearDownClass(cls) -> None:
+ if cls.server:
+ cls.server.stop()
+ cls.server.destroy()
+
+ def test_default_auto_reconnect_disabled(self) -> None:
+ """Default client has auto_reconnect=False."""
+ client = Client()
+ assert client._auto_reconnect is False
+ assert client._heartbeat_interval == 0
+
+ def test_default_client_works_normally(self) -> None:
+ """Default client connects and operates without new features interfering."""
+ client = Client()
+ client.connect(ip, rack, slot, tcpport)
+ try:
+ data = client.db_read(db_number, 0, 4)
+ assert len(data) == 4
+ finally:
+ client.disconnect()
+
+ def test_is_alive_without_heartbeat(self) -> None:
+ """is_alive reflects connection state when heartbeat is disabled."""
+ client = Client()
+ assert client.is_alive is False
+
+ client.connect(ip, rack, slot, tcpport)
+ try:
+ assert client.is_alive is True
+ finally:
+ client.disconnect()
+
+ assert client.is_alive is False
+
+ def test_auto_reconnect_params_stored(self) -> None:
+ """Verify that auto-reconnect parameters are stored on the client."""
+ client = Client(
+ auto_reconnect=True,
+ max_retries=5,
+ retry_delay=0.5,
+ backoff_factor=3.0,
+ max_delay=60.0,
+ )
+ assert client._auto_reconnect is True
+ assert client._max_retries == 5
+ assert client._retry_delay == 0.5
+ assert client._backoff_factor == 3.0
+ assert client._max_delay == 60.0
+
+
+@pytest.mark.client
+class TestAutoReconnect(unittest.TestCase):
+ """Test automatic reconnection on connection loss."""
+
+ server: Server
+
+ @classmethod
+ def setUpClass(cls) -> None:
+ cls.server = Server()
+ cls.server.register_area(SrvArea.DB, 0, bytearray(100))
+ cls.server.register_area(SrvArea.DB, 1, bytearray(100))
+ cls.server.register_area(SrvArea.MK, 0, bytearray(100))
+ cls.server.start(tcp_port=tcpport)
+
+ @classmethod
+ def tearDownClass(cls) -> None:
+ if cls.server:
+ cls.server.stop()
+ cls.server.destroy()
+
+ def test_reconnect_on_read_failure(self) -> None:
+ """Client reconnects transparently when a db_read fails due to connection loss."""
+ client = Client(auto_reconnect=True, max_retries=3, retry_delay=0.1)
+ client.connect(ip, rack, slot, tcpport)
+
+ try:
+ # Verify initial read works
+ data = client.db_read(db_number, 0, 4)
+ assert len(data) == 4
+
+ # Simulate connection loss by closing the socket
+ if client.connection and client.connection.socket:
+ client.connection.socket.close()
+ client.connected = False
+
+ # The next read should trigger reconnection and succeed
+ data = client.db_read(db_number, 0, 4)
+ assert len(data) == 4
+ assert client.connected is True
+ finally:
+ client.disconnect()
+
+ def test_reconnect_on_write_failure(self) -> None:
+ """Client reconnects transparently when a db_write fails due to connection loss."""
+ client = Client(auto_reconnect=True, max_retries=3, retry_delay=0.1)
+ client.connect(ip, rack, slot, tcpport)
+
+ try:
+ # Verify initial write works
+ client.db_write(db_number, 0, bytearray([1, 2, 3, 4]))
+
+ # Simulate connection loss
+ if client.connection and client.connection.socket:
+ client.connection.socket.close()
+ client.connected = False
+
+ # The next write should trigger reconnection and succeed
+ client.db_write(db_number, 0, bytearray([5, 6, 7, 8]))
+ assert client.connected is True
+
+ # Verify the data was written after reconnection
+ data = client.db_read(db_number, 0, 4)
+ assert data == bytearray([5, 6, 7, 8])
+ finally:
+ client.disconnect()
+
+ def test_no_reconnect_when_disabled(self) -> None:
+ """Without auto_reconnect, connection errors propagate immediately."""
+ client = Client(auto_reconnect=False)
+ client.connect(ip, rack, slot, tcpport)
+
+ try:
+ # Simulate connection loss
+ if client.connection and client.connection.socket:
+ client.connection.socket.close()
+ client.connected = False
+
+ with pytest.raises(S7ConnectionError):
+ client.db_read(db_number, 0, 4)
+ finally:
+ client.disconnect()
+
+ def test_reconnect_callbacks(self) -> None:
+ """on_disconnect and on_reconnect callbacks are invoked."""
+ disconnect_called = threading.Event()
+ reconnect_called = threading.Event()
+
+ def on_disconnect() -> None:
+ disconnect_called.set()
+
+ def on_reconnect() -> None:
+ reconnect_called.set()
+
+ client = Client(
+ auto_reconnect=True,
+ max_retries=3,
+ retry_delay=0.1,
+ on_disconnect=on_disconnect,
+ on_reconnect=on_reconnect,
+ )
+ client.connect(ip, rack, slot, tcpport)
+
+ try:
+ # Simulate connection loss
+ if client.connection and client.connection.socket:
+ client.connection.socket.close()
+ client.connected = False
+
+ # Trigger reconnection via a read
+ data = client.db_read(db_number, 0, 4)
+ assert len(data) == 4
+
+ assert disconnect_called.is_set(), "on_disconnect was not called"
+ assert reconnect_called.is_set(), "on_reconnect was not called"
+ finally:
+ client.disconnect()
+
+ def test_reconnect_max_retries_exhausted(self) -> None:
+ """S7ConnectionError is raised after max_retries are exhausted."""
+ client = Client(auto_reconnect=True, max_retries=2, retry_delay=0.05)
+ client.connect(ip, rack, slot, tcpport)
+
+ # Stop the server so reconnection will fail
+ self.__class__.server.stop()
+
+ try:
+ # Simulate connection loss
+ if client.connection and client.connection.socket:
+ client.connection.socket.close()
+ client.connected = False
+
+ with pytest.raises(S7ConnectionError, match="Reconnection failed"):
+ client.db_read(db_number, 0, 4)
+ finally:
+ client.disconnect()
+ # Restart server for other tests
+ self.__class__.server = Server()
+ self.__class__.server.register_area(SrvArea.DB, 0, bytearray(100))
+ self.__class__.server.register_area(SrvArea.DB, 1, bytearray(100))
+ self.__class__.server.register_area(SrvArea.MK, 0, bytearray(100))
+ self.__class__.server.start(tcp_port=tcpport)
+
+ def test_connection_params_preserved_after_reconnect(self) -> None:
+ """Host, port, rack, slot are preserved and reused during reconnection."""
+ client = Client(auto_reconnect=True, max_retries=3, retry_delay=0.1)
+ client.connect(ip, rack, slot, tcpport)
+
+ try:
+ original_host = client.host
+ original_port = client.port
+ original_rack = client.rack
+ original_slot = client.slot
+
+ # Simulate connection loss and trigger reconnect
+ if client.connection and client.connection.socket:
+ client.connection.socket.close()
+ client.connected = False
+ client.db_read(db_number, 0, 4)
+
+ # Verify connection params are preserved
+ assert client.host == original_host
+ assert client.port == original_port
+ assert client.rack == original_rack
+ assert client.slot == original_slot
+ finally:
+ client.disconnect()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.client
+class TestHeartbeat(unittest.TestCase):
+ """Test heartbeat/watchdog functionality."""
+
+ server: Server
+
+ @classmethod
+ def setUpClass(cls) -> None:
+ cls.server = Server()
+ cls.server.register_area(SrvArea.DB, 0, bytearray(100))
+ cls.server.register_area(SrvArea.DB, 1, bytearray(100))
+ cls.server.register_area(SrvArea.MK, 0, bytearray(100))
+ cls.server.start(tcp_port=tcpport)
+
+ @classmethod
+ def tearDownClass(cls) -> None:
+ if cls.server:
+ cls.server.stop()
+ cls.server.destroy()
+
+ def test_heartbeat_disabled_by_default(self) -> None:
+ """Heartbeat thread does not start when interval=0."""
+ client = Client()
+ client.connect(ip, rack, slot, tcpport)
+ try:
+ assert client._heartbeat_thread is None
+ finally:
+ client.disconnect()
+
+ def test_heartbeat_starts_and_stops(self) -> None:
+ """Heartbeat thread starts on connect and stops on disconnect."""
+ client = Client(heartbeat_interval=0.5)
+ client.connect(ip, rack, slot, tcpport)
+
+ try:
+ assert client._heartbeat_thread is not None
+ assert client._heartbeat_thread.is_alive()
+ assert client._heartbeat_thread.daemon is True
+ assert client.is_alive is True
+ finally:
+ client.disconnect()
+
+ # After disconnect, thread should stop
+ assert client._heartbeat_thread is None
+ assert client.is_alive is False
+
+ def test_heartbeat_detects_alive_connection(self) -> None:
+ """Heartbeat correctly reports connection as alive."""
+ client = Client(heartbeat_interval=0.3)
+ client.connect(ip, rack, slot, tcpport)
+
+ try:
+ # Wait for at least one heartbeat cycle
+ time.sleep(0.5)
+ assert client.is_alive is True
+ finally:
+ client.disconnect()
+
+ def test_heartbeat_detects_dead_connection(self) -> None:
+ """Heartbeat sets is_alive=False when connection is lost."""
+ client = Client(heartbeat_interval=0.3, auto_reconnect=False)
+ client.connect(ip, rack, slot, tcpport)
+
+ try:
+ assert client.is_alive is True
+
+ # Kill the connection without going through disconnect()
+ if client.connection and client.connection.socket:
+ client.connection.socket.close()
+
+ # Wait for heartbeat to detect the failure
+ time.sleep(1.0)
+ assert client.is_alive is False
+ finally:
+ client.disconnect()
+
+ def test_heartbeat_triggers_reconnect(self) -> None:
+ """When heartbeat fails and auto_reconnect is enabled, it reconnects."""
+ reconnect_called = threading.Event()
+
+ def on_reconnect() -> None:
+ reconnect_called.set()
+
+ client = Client(
+ heartbeat_interval=0.3,
+ auto_reconnect=True,
+ max_retries=3,
+ retry_delay=0.1,
+ on_reconnect=on_reconnect,
+ )
+ client.connect(ip, rack, slot, tcpport)
+
+ try:
+ # Kill the connection
+ if client.connection and client.connection.socket:
+ client.connection.socket.close()
+
+ # Wait for heartbeat to detect and trigger reconnect
+ reconnect_called.wait(timeout=3.0)
+ assert reconnect_called.is_set(), "Heartbeat did not trigger reconnection"
+
+ # Give some time for the reconnect to complete fully
+ time.sleep(0.5)
+ assert client.is_alive is True
+ assert client.connected is True
+
+ # Verify connection works after heartbeat-triggered reconnect
+ data = client.db_read(db_number, 0, 4)
+ assert len(data) == 4
+ finally:
+ client.disconnect()
+
+ def test_context_manager_stops_heartbeat(self) -> None:
+ """Heartbeat is properly stopped when using context manager."""
+ with Client(heartbeat_interval=0.3) as client:
+ client.connect(ip, rack, slot, tcpport)
+ assert client._heartbeat_thread is not None
+
+ # After context exit, heartbeat should be stopped
+ assert client._heartbeat_thread is None
+
+
+@pytest.mark.client
+class TestBackwardCompatibility(unittest.TestCase):
+ """Ensure the new features don't break backward compatibility."""
+
+ server: Server
+
+ @classmethod
+ def setUpClass(cls) -> None:
+ cls.server = Server()
+ cls.server.register_area(SrvArea.DB, 0, bytearray(100))
+ cls.server.register_area(SrvArea.DB, 1, bytearray(100))
+ cls.server.register_area(SrvArea.PA, 0, bytearray(100))
+ cls.server.register_area(SrvArea.PE, 0, bytearray(100))
+ cls.server.register_area(SrvArea.MK, 0, bytearray(100))
+ cls.server.start(tcp_port=tcpport)
+
+ @classmethod
+ def tearDownClass(cls) -> None:
+ if cls.server:
+ cls.server.stop()
+ cls.server.destroy()
+
+ def test_old_init_signature_still_works(self) -> None:
+ """Client() and Client(lib_location=None) still work."""
+ c1 = Client()
+ assert c1._auto_reconnect is False
+
+ c2 = Client(lib_location=None)
+ assert c2._auto_reconnect is False
+
+ c3 = Client(lib_location="/some/path")
+ assert c3._auto_reconnect is False
+
+ def test_read_write_without_reconnect(self) -> None:
+ """Standard read/write operations work without reconnect enabled."""
+ client = Client()
+ client.connect(ip, rack, slot, tcpport)
+ try:
+ # Write
+ client.db_write(db_number, 0, bytearray([10, 20, 30, 40]))
+ # Read
+ data = client.db_read(db_number, 0, 4)
+ assert data == bytearray([10, 20, 30, 40])
+ finally:
+ client.disconnect()
+
+ def test_get_connected(self) -> None:
+ """get_connected still works correctly."""
+ client = Client()
+ assert client.get_connected() is False
+
+ client.connect(ip, rack, slot, tcpport)
+ try:
+ assert client.get_connected() is True
+ finally:
+ client.disconnect()
+
+ assert client.get_connected() is False
+
+ def test_mb_read_write(self) -> None:
+ """Marker area read/write works with reconnect-aware code path."""
+ client = Client(auto_reconnect=True, max_retries=1, retry_delay=0.1)
+ client.connect(ip, rack, slot, tcpport)
+ try:
+ client.mb_write(0, 4, bytearray([0xAA, 0xBB, 0xCC, 0xDD]))
+ data = client.mb_read(0, 4)
+ assert data == bytearray([0xAA, 0xBB, 0xCC, 0xDD])
+ finally:
+ client.disconnect()
diff --git a/tests/test_s7_codec.py b/tests/test_s7_codec.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2bce0de0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_s7_codec.py
@@ -0,0 +1,629 @@
+"""Tests for S7CommPlus codec (header encoding, typed values, payload builders)."""
+
+import struct
+import pytest
+
+from s7.codec import (
+ encode_header,
+ decode_header,
+ encode_request_header,
+ decode_response_header,
+ encode_typed_value,
+ encode_uint8,
+ decode_uint8,
+ encode_uint16,
+ decode_uint16,
+ encode_uint32,
+ decode_uint32,
+ encode_uint64,
+ decode_uint64,
+ encode_int16,
+ decode_int16,
+ encode_int32,
+ decode_int32,
+ encode_int64,
+ decode_int64,
+ encode_float32,
+ decode_float32,
+ encode_float64,
+ decode_float64,
+ encode_wstring,
+ decode_wstring,
+ encode_item_address,
+ encode_pvalue_blob,
+ decode_pvalue_to_bytes,
+ encode_object_qualifier,
+ _pvalue_element_size,
+)
+from s7.protocol import PROTOCOL_ID, DataType, Opcode, FunctionCode, Ids
+from s7.vlq import encode_uint32_vlq, encode_int32_vlq, encode_uint64_vlq, encode_int64_vlq
+
+
+class TestFrameHeader:
+ def test_encode_header(self) -> None:
+ header = encode_header(version=0x03, data_length=100)
+ assert len(header) == 4
+ assert header[0] == PROTOCOL_ID
+ assert header[1] == 0x03
+ assert struct.unpack(">H", header[2:4])[0] == 100
+
+ def test_decode_header(self) -> None:
+ header = encode_header(version=0x03, data_length=256)
+ version, length, consumed = decode_header(header)
+ assert version == 0x03
+ assert length == 256
+ assert consumed == 4
+
+ def test_decode_header_with_offset(self) -> None:
+ prefix = bytes([0x00, 0x00])
+ header = encode_header(version=0x01, data_length=42)
+ version, length, consumed = decode_header(prefix + header, offset=2)
+ assert version == 0x01
+ assert length == 42
+
+ def test_decode_header_wrong_protocol_id(self) -> None:
+ bad_header = bytes([0x32, 0x03, 0x00, 0x10]) # S7comm ID, not S7CommPlus
+ with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Invalid protocol ID"):
+ decode_header(bad_header)
+
+ def test_decode_header_too_short(self) -> None:
+ with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Not enough data"):
+ decode_header(bytes([0x72, 0x03]))
+
+
+class TestRequestHeader:
+ def test_encode_request_header(self) -> None:
+ header = encode_request_header(
+ function_code=FunctionCode.CREATE_OBJECT,
+ sequence_number=1,
+ session_id=0,
+ transport_flags=0x36,
+ )
+ assert len(header) == 14
+ assert header[0] == Opcode.REQUEST
+
+ def test_roundtrip_request_response_header(self) -> None:
+ header = encode_request_header(
+ function_code=FunctionCode.GET_MULTI_VARIABLES,
+ sequence_number=42,
+ session_id=0x12345678,
+ )
+ result = decode_response_header(header)
+ assert result["function_code"] == FunctionCode.GET_MULTI_VARIABLES
+ assert result["sequence_number"] == 42
+ assert result["session_id"] == 0x12345678
+ assert result["bytes_consumed"] == 14
+
+ def test_decode_response_header_too_short(self) -> None:
+ with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Not enough data"):
+ decode_response_header(bytes(10))
+
+
+class TestFixedWidth:
+ def test_uint8_roundtrip(self) -> None:
+ for val in [0, 1, 127, 255]:
+ encoded = encode_uint8(val)
+ decoded, consumed = decode_uint8(encoded)
+ assert decoded == val
+ assert consumed == 1
+
+ def test_uint16_roundtrip(self) -> None:
+ for val in [0, 1, 0xFF, 0xFFFF]:
+ encoded = encode_uint16(val)
+ decoded, consumed = decode_uint16(encoded)
+ assert decoded == val
+ assert consumed == 2
+
+ def test_uint32_roundtrip(self) -> None:
+ for val in [0, 1, 0xFFFF, 0xFFFFFFFF]:
+ encoded = encode_uint32(val)
+ decoded, consumed = decode_uint32(encoded)
+ assert decoded == val
+ assert consumed == 4
+
+ def test_uint64_roundtrip(self) -> None:
+ for val in [0, 1, 0xFFFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF]:
+ encoded = encode_uint64(val)
+ decoded, consumed = decode_uint64(encoded)
+ assert decoded == val
+ assert consumed == 8
+
+ def test_int16_roundtrip(self) -> None:
+ for val in [0, 1, -1, -32768, 32767]:
+ encoded = encode_int16(val)
+ decoded, consumed = decode_int16(encoded)
+ assert decoded == val
+ assert consumed == 2
+
+ def test_int32_roundtrip(self) -> None:
+ for val in [0, 1, -1, -2147483648, 2147483647]:
+ encoded = encode_int32(val)
+ decoded, consumed = decode_int32(encoded)
+ assert decoded == val
+ assert consumed == 4
+
+ def test_int64_roundtrip(self) -> None:
+ for val in [0, 1, -1, -(2**63), 2**63 - 1]:
+ encoded = encode_int64(val)
+ decoded, consumed = decode_int64(encoded)
+ assert decoded == val
+ assert consumed == 8
+
+ def test_float32_roundtrip(self) -> None:
+ for val in [0.0, 1.0, -1.0, 3.14]:
+ encoded = encode_float32(val)
+ decoded, consumed = decode_float32(encoded)
+ assert abs(decoded - val) < 1e-6
+ assert consumed == 4
+
+ def test_float64_roundtrip(self) -> None:
+ for val in [0.0, 1.0, -1.0, 3.141592653589793]:
+ encoded = encode_float64(val)
+ decoded, consumed = decode_float64(encoded)
+ assert decoded == val
+ assert consumed == 8
+
+ def test_uint8_with_offset(self) -> None:
+ data = bytes([0xFF, 42, 0xFF])
+ decoded, consumed = decode_uint8(data, offset=1)
+ assert decoded == 42
+
+ def test_uint64_with_offset(self) -> None:
+ prefix = bytes(4)
+ data = prefix + encode_uint64(0x123456789ABCDEF0)
+ decoded, consumed = decode_uint64(data, offset=4)
+ assert decoded == 0x123456789ABCDEF0
+
+ def test_int16_with_offset(self) -> None:
+ prefix = bytes(3)
+ data = prefix + encode_int16(-1000)
+ decoded, consumed = decode_int16(data, offset=3)
+ assert decoded == -1000
+
+ def test_int32_with_offset(self) -> None:
+ prefix = bytes(2)
+ data = prefix + encode_int32(-100000)
+ decoded, consumed = decode_int32(data, offset=2)
+ assert decoded == -100000
+
+ def test_int64_with_offset(self) -> None:
+ prefix = bytes(5)
+ data = prefix + encode_int64(-(2**50))
+ decoded, consumed = decode_int64(data, offset=5)
+ assert decoded == -(2**50)
+
+ def test_float32_with_offset(self) -> None:
+ prefix = bytes(1)
+ data = prefix + encode_float32(2.5)
+ decoded, consumed = decode_float32(data, offset=1)
+ assert abs(decoded - 2.5) < 1e-6
+
+ def test_float64_with_offset(self) -> None:
+ prefix = bytes(3)
+ data = prefix + encode_float64(1.23456789)
+ decoded, consumed = decode_float64(data, offset=3)
+ assert decoded == 1.23456789
+
+
+class TestWString:
+ def test_ascii(self) -> None:
+ encoded = encode_wstring("hello")
+ decoded, consumed = decode_wstring(encoded, 0, len(encoded))
+ assert decoded == "hello"
+
+ def test_unicode(self) -> None:
+ encoded = encode_wstring("Ölprüfung")
+ decoded, consumed = decode_wstring(encoded, 0, len(encoded))
+ assert decoded == "Ölprüfung"
+
+ def test_empty(self) -> None:
+ encoded = encode_wstring("")
+ assert encoded == b""
+ decoded, consumed = decode_wstring(encoded, 0, 0)
+ assert decoded == ""
+
+
+class TestTypedValue:
+ def test_null(self) -> None:
+ encoded = encode_typed_value(DataType.NULL, None)
+ assert encoded == bytes([DataType.NULL])
+
+ def test_bool_true(self) -> None:
+ encoded = encode_typed_value(DataType.BOOL, True)
+ assert encoded == bytes([DataType.BOOL, 0x01])
+
+ def test_bool_false(self) -> None:
+ encoded = encode_typed_value(DataType.BOOL, False)
+ assert encoded == bytes([DataType.BOOL, 0x00])
+
+ def test_usint(self) -> None:
+ encoded = encode_typed_value(DataType.USINT, 42)
+ assert encoded == bytes([DataType.USINT, 42])
+
+ def test_byte(self) -> None:
+ encoded = encode_typed_value(DataType.BYTE, 0xAB)
+ assert encoded == bytes([DataType.BYTE, 0xAB])
+
+ def test_uint(self) -> None:
+ encoded = encode_typed_value(DataType.UINT, 0x1234)
+ assert encoded == bytes([DataType.UINT]) + struct.pack(">H", 0x1234)
+
+ def test_word(self) -> None:
+ encoded = encode_typed_value(DataType.WORD, 0xBEEF)
+ assert encoded == bytes([DataType.WORD]) + struct.pack(">H", 0xBEEF)
+
+ def test_udint(self) -> None:
+ encoded = encode_typed_value(DataType.UDINT, 100000)
+ assert encoded[0] == DataType.UDINT
+ # Rest is VLQ-encoded
+ assert len(encoded) > 1
+
+ def test_dword(self) -> None:
+ encoded = encode_typed_value(DataType.DWORD, 0xDEADBEEF)
+ assert encoded[0] == DataType.DWORD
+
+ def test_ulint(self) -> None:
+ encoded = encode_typed_value(DataType.ULINT, 2**40)
+ assert encoded[0] == DataType.ULINT
+
+ def test_lword(self) -> None:
+ encoded = encode_typed_value(DataType.LWORD, 0xCAFEBABE12345678)
+ assert encoded[0] == DataType.LWORD
+
+ def test_sint(self) -> None:
+ encoded = encode_typed_value(DataType.SINT, -42)
+ assert encoded == bytes([DataType.SINT]) + struct.pack(">b", -42)
+
+ def test_int(self) -> None:
+ encoded = encode_typed_value(DataType.INT, -1000)
+ assert encoded == bytes([DataType.INT]) + struct.pack(">h", -1000)
+
+ def test_dint(self) -> None:
+ encoded = encode_typed_value(DataType.DINT, -100000)
+ assert encoded[0] == DataType.DINT
+
+ def test_lint(self) -> None:
+ encoded = encode_typed_value(DataType.LINT, -(2**40))
+ assert encoded[0] == DataType.LINT
+
+ def test_real(self) -> None:
+ encoded = encode_typed_value(DataType.REAL, 1.0)
+ assert encoded == bytes([DataType.REAL]) + struct.pack(">f", 1.0)
+
+ def test_lreal(self) -> None:
+ encoded = encode_typed_value(DataType.LREAL, 3.14)
+ assert encoded == bytes([DataType.LREAL]) + struct.pack(">d", 3.14)
+
+ def test_timestamp(self) -> None:
+ ts = 0x0001020304050607
+ encoded = encode_typed_value(DataType.TIMESTAMP, ts)
+ assert encoded == bytes([DataType.TIMESTAMP]) + struct.pack(">Q", ts)
+
+ def test_timespan(self) -> None:
+ encoded = encode_typed_value(DataType.TIMESPAN, -5000)
+ assert encoded[0] == DataType.TIMESPAN
+
+ def test_rid(self) -> None:
+ encoded = encode_typed_value(DataType.RID, 0x12345678)
+ assert encoded == bytes([DataType.RID]) + struct.pack(">I", 0x12345678)
+
+ def test_aid(self) -> None:
+ encoded = encode_typed_value(DataType.AID, 306)
+ assert encoded[0] == DataType.AID
+
+ def test_wstring(self) -> None:
+ encoded = encode_typed_value(DataType.WSTRING, "test")
+ assert encoded[0] == DataType.WSTRING
+ assert b"test" in encoded
+
+ def test_blob(self) -> None:
+ data = bytes([1, 2, 3, 4])
+ encoded = encode_typed_value(DataType.BLOB, data)
+ assert encoded[0] == DataType.BLOB
+ assert encoded.endswith(data)
+
+ def test_unsupported_type(self) -> None:
+ with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Unsupported DataType"):
+ encode_typed_value(0xFF, None)
+
+
+class TestItemAddress:
+ def test_basic_db_access(self) -> None:
+ addr_bytes, field_count = encode_item_address(
+ access_area=Ids.DB_ACCESS_AREA_BASE + 1,
+ access_sub_area=Ids.DB_VALUE_ACTUAL,
+ )
+ assert isinstance(addr_bytes, bytes)
+ assert len(addr_bytes) > 0
+ # No LIDs, so field_count = 4 (SymbolCrc + AccessArea + NumLIDs + AccessSubArea)
+ assert field_count == 4
+
+ def test_with_lids(self) -> None:
+ addr_bytes, field_count = encode_item_address(
+ access_area=Ids.DB_ACCESS_AREA_BASE + 1,
+ access_sub_area=Ids.DB_VALUE_ACTUAL,
+ lids=[1, 4],
+ )
+ assert field_count == 6 # 4 + 2 LIDs
+
+ def test_custom_symbol_crc(self) -> None:
+ addr_bytes, field_count = encode_item_address(
+ access_area=Ids.DB_ACCESS_AREA_BASE + 1,
+ access_sub_area=Ids.DB_VALUE_ACTUAL,
+ symbol_crc=0x1234,
+ )
+ # First bytes should be VLQ(0x1234) which is non-zero
+ assert addr_bytes[0] != 0
+ assert field_count == 4
+
+
+class TestPValueBlob:
+ def test_basic_blob(self) -> None:
+ data = bytes([1, 2, 3, 4])
+ encoded = encode_pvalue_blob(data)
+ assert encoded[0] == 0x00 # flags
+ assert encoded[1] == DataType.BLOB
+ assert encoded.endswith(data)
+
+ def test_empty_blob(self) -> None:
+ encoded = encode_pvalue_blob(b"")
+ assert encoded[0] == 0x00
+ assert encoded[1] == DataType.BLOB
+
+ def test_roundtrip_with_decode(self) -> None:
+ data = bytes([0xDE, 0xAD, 0xBE, 0xEF])
+ encoded = encode_pvalue_blob(data)
+ decoded, consumed = decode_pvalue_to_bytes(encoded, 0)
+ assert decoded == data
+ assert consumed == len(encoded)
+
+
+class TestDecodePValue:
+ """Test decode_pvalue_to_bytes for all scalar and array type branches."""
+
+ def test_null(self) -> None:
+ data = bytes([0x00, DataType.NULL])
+ result, consumed = decode_pvalue_to_bytes(data, 0)
+ assert result == b""
+ assert consumed == 2
+
+ def test_bool_true(self) -> None:
+ data = bytes([0x00, DataType.BOOL, 0x01])
+ result, consumed = decode_pvalue_to_bytes(data, 0)
+ assert result == bytes([0x01])
+ assert consumed == 3
+
+ def test_bool_false(self) -> None:
+ data = bytes([0x00, DataType.BOOL, 0x00])
+ result, consumed = decode_pvalue_to_bytes(data, 0)
+ assert result == bytes([0x00])
+
+ def test_usint(self) -> None:
+ data = bytes([0x00, DataType.USINT, 42])
+ result, consumed = decode_pvalue_to_bytes(data, 0)
+ assert result == bytes([42])
+ assert consumed == 3
+
+ def test_byte(self) -> None:
+ data = bytes([0x00, DataType.BYTE, 0xAB])
+ result, consumed = decode_pvalue_to_bytes(data, 0)
+ assert result == bytes([0xAB])
+
+ def test_sint(self) -> None:
+ data = bytes([0x00, DataType.SINT, 0xD6]) # -42 as unsigned byte
+ result, consumed = decode_pvalue_to_bytes(data, 0)
+ assert result == bytes([0xD6])
+
+ def test_uint(self) -> None:
+ raw = struct.pack(">H", 0x1234)
+ data = bytes([0x00, DataType.UINT]) + raw
+ result, consumed = decode_pvalue_to_bytes(data, 0)
+ assert result == raw
+
+ def test_word(self) -> None:
+ raw = struct.pack(">H", 0xBEEF)
+ data = bytes([0x00, DataType.WORD]) + raw
+ result, consumed = decode_pvalue_to_bytes(data, 0)
+ assert result == raw
+
+ def test_int(self) -> None:
+ raw = struct.pack(">H", 0xFC18) # -1000 as unsigned
+ data = bytes([0x00, DataType.INT]) + raw
+ result, consumed = decode_pvalue_to_bytes(data, 0)
+ assert result == raw
+
+ def test_udint(self) -> None:
+ vlq = encode_uint32_vlq(100000)
+ data = bytes([0x00, DataType.UDINT]) + vlq
+ result, consumed = decode_pvalue_to_bytes(data, 0)
+ assert result == struct.pack(">I", 100000)
+
+ def test_dword(self) -> None:
+ vlq = encode_uint32_vlq(0xDEADBEEF)
+ data = bytes([0x00, DataType.DWORD]) + vlq
+ result, consumed = decode_pvalue_to_bytes(data, 0)
+ assert result == struct.pack(">I", 0xDEADBEEF)
+
+ def test_dint_positive(self) -> None:
+ vlq = encode_int32_vlq(12345)
+ data = bytes([0x00, DataType.DINT]) + vlq
+ result, consumed = decode_pvalue_to_bytes(data, 0)
+ assert result == struct.pack(">i", 12345)
+
+ def test_dint_negative(self) -> None:
+ vlq = encode_int32_vlq(-100000)
+ data = bytes([0x00, DataType.DINT]) + vlq
+ result, consumed = decode_pvalue_to_bytes(data, 0)
+ assert result == struct.pack(">i", -100000)
+
+ def test_real(self) -> None:
+ raw = struct.pack(">f", 3.14)
+ data = bytes([0x00, DataType.REAL]) + raw
+ result, consumed = decode_pvalue_to_bytes(data, 0)
+ assert result == raw
+
+ def test_lreal(self) -> None:
+ raw = struct.pack(">d", 2.718281828)
+ data = bytes([0x00, DataType.LREAL]) + raw
+ result, consumed = decode_pvalue_to_bytes(data, 0)
+ assert result == raw
+
+ def test_ulint(self) -> None:
+ vlq = encode_uint64_vlq(2**40)
+ data = bytes([0x00, DataType.ULINT]) + vlq
+ result, consumed = decode_pvalue_to_bytes(data, 0)
+ assert result == struct.pack(">Q", 2**40)
+
+ def test_lword(self) -> None:
+ vlq = encode_uint64_vlq(0xCAFEBABE12345678)
+ data = bytes([0x00, DataType.LWORD]) + vlq
+ result, consumed = decode_pvalue_to_bytes(data, 0)
+ assert result == struct.pack(">Q", 0xCAFEBABE12345678)
+
+ def test_lint_positive(self) -> None:
+ vlq = encode_int64_vlq(2**50)
+ data = bytes([0x00, DataType.LINT]) + vlq
+ result, consumed = decode_pvalue_to_bytes(data, 0)
+ assert result == struct.pack(">q", 2**50)
+
+ def test_lint_negative(self) -> None:
+ vlq = encode_int64_vlq(-(2**40))
+ data = bytes([0x00, DataType.LINT]) + vlq
+ result, consumed = decode_pvalue_to_bytes(data, 0)
+ assert result == struct.pack(">q", -(2**40))
+
+ def test_timestamp(self) -> None:
+ ts = 0x0001020304050607
+ raw = struct.pack(">Q", ts)
+ data = bytes([0x00, DataType.TIMESTAMP]) + raw
+ result, consumed = decode_pvalue_to_bytes(data, 0)
+ assert result == raw
+ assert consumed == 10 # 2 header + 8 bytes
+
+ def test_timespan_positive(self) -> None:
+ vlq = encode_int64_vlq(5000000)
+ data = bytes([0x00, DataType.TIMESPAN]) + vlq
+ result, consumed = decode_pvalue_to_bytes(data, 0)
+ assert result == struct.pack(">q", 5000000)
+
+ def test_timespan_negative(self) -> None:
+ vlq = encode_int64_vlq(-5000000)
+ data = bytes([0x00, DataType.TIMESPAN]) + vlq
+ result, consumed = decode_pvalue_to_bytes(data, 0)
+ assert result == struct.pack(">q", -5000000)
+
+ def test_rid(self) -> None:
+ raw = struct.pack(">I", 0x12345678)
+ data = bytes([0x00, DataType.RID]) + raw
+ result, consumed = decode_pvalue_to_bytes(data, 0)
+ assert result == raw
+
+ def test_aid(self) -> None:
+ vlq = encode_uint32_vlq(306)
+ data = bytes([0x00, DataType.AID]) + vlq
+ result, consumed = decode_pvalue_to_bytes(data, 0)
+ assert result == struct.pack(">I", 306)
+
+ def test_blob(self) -> None:
+ blob_data = bytes([0xDE, 0xAD, 0xBE, 0xEF])
+ vlq_len = encode_uint32_vlq(len(blob_data))
+ data = bytes([0x00, DataType.BLOB]) + vlq_len + blob_data
+ result, consumed = decode_pvalue_to_bytes(data, 0)
+ assert result == blob_data
+
+ def test_wstring(self) -> None:
+ text = "hello".encode("utf-8")
+ vlq_len = encode_uint32_vlq(len(text))
+ data = bytes([0x00, DataType.WSTRING]) + vlq_len + text
+ result, consumed = decode_pvalue_to_bytes(data, 0)
+ assert result == text
+
+ def test_struct_nested(self) -> None:
+ # Struct with 2 USINT elements
+ vlq_count = encode_uint32_vlq(2)
+ elem1 = bytes([0x00, DataType.USINT, 0x0A])
+ elem2 = bytes([0x00, DataType.USINT, 0x14])
+ data = bytes([0x00, DataType.STRUCT]) + vlq_count + elem1 + elem2
+ result, consumed = decode_pvalue_to_bytes(data, 0)
+ assert result == bytes([0x0A, 0x14])
+
+ def test_unsupported_type(self) -> None:
+ data = bytes([0x00, 0xFF])
+ with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Unsupported PValue datatype"):
+ decode_pvalue_to_bytes(data, 0)
+
+ def test_too_short_header(self) -> None:
+ with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Not enough data for PValue header"):
+ decode_pvalue_to_bytes(bytes([0x00]), 0)
+
+ def test_with_offset(self) -> None:
+ prefix = bytes([0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF])
+ pvalue = bytes([0x00, DataType.USINT, 42])
+ result, consumed = decode_pvalue_to_bytes(prefix + pvalue, 3)
+ assert result == bytes([42])
+
+ # -- Array tests --
+
+ def test_array_fixed_size_usint(self) -> None:
+ count_vlq = encode_uint32_vlq(3)
+ elements = bytes([10, 20, 30])
+ data = bytes([0x10, DataType.USINT]) + count_vlq + elements
+ result, consumed = decode_pvalue_to_bytes(data, 0)
+ assert result == elements
+
+ def test_array_fixed_size_uint(self) -> None:
+ count_vlq = encode_uint32_vlq(2)
+ elements = struct.pack(">HH", 1000, 2000)
+ data = bytes([0x10, DataType.UINT]) + count_vlq + elements
+ result, consumed = decode_pvalue_to_bytes(data, 0)
+ assert result == elements
+
+ def test_array_fixed_size_real(self) -> None:
+ count_vlq = encode_uint32_vlq(2)
+ elements = struct.pack(">ff", 1.0, 2.0)
+ data = bytes([0x10, DataType.REAL]) + count_vlq + elements
+ result, consumed = decode_pvalue_to_bytes(data, 0)
+ assert result == elements
+
+ def test_array_variable_length_udint(self) -> None:
+ # Variable-length array (VLQ-encoded elements)
+ count_vlq = encode_uint32_vlq(2)
+ elem1 = encode_uint32_vlq(100)
+ elem2 = encode_uint32_vlq(200)
+ data = bytes([0x10, DataType.UDINT]) + count_vlq + elem1 + elem2
+ result, consumed = decode_pvalue_to_bytes(data, 0)
+ # Result re-encodes each element as VLQ
+ assert result == encode_uint32_vlq(100) + encode_uint32_vlq(200)
+
+
+class TestPValueElementSize:
+ def test_single_byte_types(self) -> None:
+ for dt in (DataType.BOOL, DataType.USINT, DataType.BYTE, DataType.SINT):
+ assert _pvalue_element_size(dt) == 1
+
+ def test_two_byte_types(self) -> None:
+ for dt in (DataType.UINT, DataType.WORD, DataType.INT):
+ assert _pvalue_element_size(dt) == 2
+
+ def test_four_byte_types(self) -> None:
+ assert _pvalue_element_size(DataType.REAL) == 4
+ assert _pvalue_element_size(DataType.RID) == 4
+
+ def test_eight_byte_types(self) -> None:
+ assert _pvalue_element_size(DataType.LREAL) == 8
+ assert _pvalue_element_size(DataType.TIMESTAMP) == 8
+
+ def test_variable_length_types(self) -> None:
+ for dt in (DataType.UDINT, DataType.DWORD, DataType.BLOB, DataType.WSTRING, DataType.STRUCT):
+ assert _pvalue_element_size(dt) == 0
+
+
+class TestObjectQualifier:
+ def test_encode(self) -> None:
+ result = encode_object_qualifier()
+ assert isinstance(result, bytes)
+ assert len(result) > 0
+ # Starts with ObjectQualifier ID (1256) as uint32 big-endian
+ assert result[:4] == struct.pack(">I", Ids.OBJECT_QUALIFIER)
+ # Ends with null terminator
+ assert result[-1] == 0x00
diff --git a/tests/test_s7_e2e.py b/tests/test_s7_e2e.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3ab8bbca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_s7_e2e.py
@@ -0,0 +1,607 @@
+"""End-to-end tests for S7CommPlus client against a real Siemens S7-1200/1500 PLC.
+
+These tests require a real PLC connection. Run with:
+
+ pytest tests/test_s7_e2e.py --e2e --plc-ip=YOUR_PLC_IP
+
+Available options:
+ --e2e Enable e2e tests (required)
+ --plc-ip PLC IP address (default: 10.10.10.100)
+ --plc-rack PLC rack number (default: 0)
+ --plc-slot PLC slot number (default: 1)
+ --plc-port PLC TCP port (default: 102)
+ --plc-db-read Read-only DB number (default: 1)
+ --plc-db-write Read-write DB number (default: 2)
+
+The PLC needs two data blocks configured with the same layout as the
+regular S7 e2e tests:
+
+DB1 "Read_only" - Read-only data block with predefined values:
+ int1: Int = 10 (offset 0, 2 bytes)
+ int2: Int = 255 (offset 2, 2 bytes)
+ float1: Real = 123.45 (offset 4, 4 bytes)
+ float2: Real = 543.21 (offset 8, 4 bytes)
+ byte1: Byte = 0x0F (offset 12, 1 byte)
+ byte2: Byte = 0xF0 (offset 13, 1 byte)
+ word1: Word = 0xABCD (offset 14, 2 bytes)
+ word2: Word = 0x1234 (offset 16, 2 bytes)
+ dword1: DWord = 0x12345678 (offset 18, 4 bytes)
+ dword2: DWord = 0x89ABCDEF (offset 22, 4 bytes)
+ dint1: DInt = 2147483647 (offset 26, 4 bytes)
+ dint2: DInt = 42 (offset 30, 4 bytes)
+ char1: Char = 'F' (offset 34, 1 byte)
+ char2: Char = '-' (offset 35, 1 byte)
+ bool0-bool7: Bool (offset 36, 1 byte, value: 0x01)
+
+DB2 "Data_block_2" - Read/write data block with same structure.
+
+Note: S7CommPlus targets S7-1200/1500 PLCs, which use optimized block
+access. Ensure data blocks have "Optimized block access" disabled in
+TIA Portal so that byte offsets match the layout above.
+"""
+
+import logging
+import os
+import struct
+import unittest
+
+import pytest
+
+from s7._s7commplus_client import S7CommPlusClient
+
+# Enable DEBUG logging for all s7 modules so we get full hex dumps
+logging.basicConfig(
+ level=logging.DEBUG,
+ format="%(asctime)s %(name)s %(levelname)s %(message)s",
+)
+for _mod in ["s7._s7commplus_client", "s7.connection", "snap7.connection"]:
+ logging.getLogger(_mod).setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
+
+# =============================================================================
+# PLC Connection Configuration
+# These can be overridden via pytest command line options or environment variables
+# =============================================================================
+PLC_IP = os.environ.get("PLC_IP", "10.10.10.100")
+PLC_RACK = int(os.environ.get("PLC_RACK", "0"))
+PLC_SLOT = int(os.environ.get("PLC_SLOT", "1"))
+PLC_PORT = int(os.environ.get("PLC_PORT", "102"))
+
+# Data block numbers
+DB_READ_ONLY = int(os.environ.get("PLC_DB_READ", "1"))
+DB_READ_WRITE = int(os.environ.get("PLC_DB_WRITE", "2"))
+
+
+# =============================================================================
+# DB Structure - Byte offsets for each variable (same as regular S7 e2e tests)
+# =============================================================================
+OFFSET_INT1 = 0 # Int (2 bytes)
+OFFSET_INT2 = 2 # Int (2 bytes)
+OFFSET_FLOAT1 = 4 # Real (4 bytes)
+OFFSET_FLOAT2 = 8 # Real (4 bytes)
+OFFSET_BYTE1 = 12 # Byte (1 byte)
+OFFSET_BYTE2 = 13 # Byte (1 byte)
+OFFSET_WORD1 = 14 # Word (2 bytes)
+OFFSET_WORD2 = 16 # Word (2 bytes)
+OFFSET_DWORD1 = 18 # DWord (4 bytes)
+OFFSET_DWORD2 = 22 # DWord (4 bytes)
+OFFSET_DINT1 = 26 # DInt (4 bytes)
+OFFSET_DINT2 = 30 # DInt (4 bytes)
+OFFSET_CHAR1 = 34 # Char (1 byte)
+OFFSET_CHAR2 = 35 # Char (1 byte)
+OFFSET_BOOLS = 36 # 8 Bools packed in 1 byte
+
+# Total size of DB
+DB_SIZE = 37
+
+# =============================================================================
+# Expected values from DB1 "Read_only"
+# =============================================================================
+EXPECTED_INT1 = 10
+EXPECTED_INT2 = 255
+EXPECTED_FLOAT1 = 123.45
+EXPECTED_FLOAT2 = 543.21
+EXPECTED_BYTE1 = 0x0F
+EXPECTED_BYTE2 = 0xF0
+EXPECTED_WORD1 = 0xABCD
+EXPECTED_WORD2 = 0x1234
+EXPECTED_DWORD1 = 0x12345678
+EXPECTED_DWORD2 = 0x89ABCDEF
+EXPECTED_DINT1 = 2147483647
+EXPECTED_DINT2 = 42
+EXPECTED_CHAR1 = "F"
+EXPECTED_CHAR2 = "-"
+EXPECTED_BOOL0 = True
+EXPECTED_BOOL1 = False
+
+
+# =============================================================================
+# Test Classes
+# =============================================================================
+
+
+@pytest.mark.e2e
+class TestS7CommPlusConnection(unittest.TestCase):
+ """Tests for S7CommPlus connection."""
+
+ def test_connect_disconnect(self) -> None:
+ """Test connect() and disconnect()."""
+ client = S7CommPlusClient()
+ client.connect(PLC_IP, PLC_PORT, PLC_RACK, PLC_SLOT)
+ self.assertTrue(client.connected)
+ self.assertGreater(client.protocol_version, 0)
+ self.assertGreater(client.session_id, 0)
+ client.disconnect()
+ self.assertFalse(client.connected)
+
+ def test_context_manager(self) -> None:
+ """Test S7CommPlusClient as context manager."""
+ with S7CommPlusClient() as client:
+ client.connect(PLC_IP, PLC_PORT, PLC_RACK, PLC_SLOT)
+ self.assertTrue(client.connected)
+ # After exiting context, client should be disconnected
+
+ def test_properties_before_connect(self) -> None:
+ """Test properties return defaults before connection."""
+ client = S7CommPlusClient()
+ self.assertFalse(client.connected)
+ self.assertEqual(0, client.protocol_version)
+ self.assertEqual(0, client.session_id)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.e2e
+class TestS7CommPlusDBRead(unittest.TestCase):
+ """Tests for db_read() - reading from DB1 (read-only)."""
+
+ client: S7CommPlusClient
+
+ @classmethod
+ def setUpClass(cls) -> None:
+ cls.client = S7CommPlusClient()
+ cls.client.connect(PLC_IP, PLC_PORT, PLC_RACK, PLC_SLOT)
+
+ @classmethod
+ def tearDownClass(cls) -> None:
+ if cls.client:
+ cls.client.disconnect()
+
+ def test_db_read_int(self) -> None:
+ """Test db_read() for Int values."""
+ data = self.client.db_read(DB_READ_ONLY, OFFSET_INT1, 2)
+ value = struct.unpack(">h", data)[0]
+ self.assertEqual(EXPECTED_INT1, value)
+
+ data = self.client.db_read(DB_READ_ONLY, OFFSET_INT2, 2)
+ value = struct.unpack(">h", data)[0]
+ self.assertEqual(EXPECTED_INT2, value)
+
+ def test_db_read_real(self) -> None:
+ """Test db_read() for Real values."""
+ data = self.client.db_read(DB_READ_ONLY, OFFSET_FLOAT1, 4)
+ value = struct.unpack(">f", data)[0]
+ self.assertAlmostEqual(EXPECTED_FLOAT1, value, places=2)
+
+ data = self.client.db_read(DB_READ_ONLY, OFFSET_FLOAT2, 4)
+ value = struct.unpack(">f", data)[0]
+ self.assertAlmostEqual(EXPECTED_FLOAT2, value, places=2)
+
+ def test_db_read_byte(self) -> None:
+ """Test db_read() for Byte values."""
+ data = self.client.db_read(DB_READ_ONLY, OFFSET_BYTE1, 1)
+ self.assertEqual(EXPECTED_BYTE1, data[0])
+
+ data = self.client.db_read(DB_READ_ONLY, OFFSET_BYTE2, 1)
+ self.assertEqual(EXPECTED_BYTE2, data[0])
+
+ def test_db_read_word(self) -> None:
+ """Test db_read() for Word values."""
+ data = self.client.db_read(DB_READ_ONLY, OFFSET_WORD1, 2)
+ value = struct.unpack(">H", data)[0]
+ self.assertEqual(EXPECTED_WORD1, value)
+
+ data = self.client.db_read(DB_READ_ONLY, OFFSET_WORD2, 2)
+ value = struct.unpack(">H", data)[0]
+ self.assertEqual(EXPECTED_WORD2, value)
+
+ def test_db_read_dword(self) -> None:
+ """Test db_read() for DWord values."""
+ data = self.client.db_read(DB_READ_ONLY, OFFSET_DWORD1, 4)
+ value = struct.unpack(">I", data)[0]
+ self.assertEqual(EXPECTED_DWORD1, value)
+
+ data = self.client.db_read(DB_READ_ONLY, OFFSET_DWORD2, 4)
+ value = struct.unpack(">I", data)[0]
+ self.assertEqual(EXPECTED_DWORD2, value)
+
+ def test_db_read_dint(self) -> None:
+ """Test db_read() for DInt values."""
+ data = self.client.db_read(DB_READ_ONLY, OFFSET_DINT1, 4)
+ value = struct.unpack(">i", data)[0]
+ self.assertEqual(EXPECTED_DINT1, value)
+
+ data = self.client.db_read(DB_READ_ONLY, OFFSET_DINT2, 4)
+ value = struct.unpack(">i", data)[0]
+ self.assertEqual(EXPECTED_DINT2, value)
+
+ def test_db_read_char(self) -> None:
+ """Test db_read() for Char values."""
+ data = self.client.db_read(DB_READ_ONLY, OFFSET_CHAR1, 1)
+ self.assertEqual(EXPECTED_CHAR1, chr(data[0]))
+
+ data = self.client.db_read(DB_READ_ONLY, OFFSET_CHAR2, 1)
+ self.assertEqual(EXPECTED_CHAR2, chr(data[0]))
+
+ def test_db_read_bool(self) -> None:
+ """Test db_read() for Bool values (packed in byte)."""
+ data = self.client.db_read(DB_READ_ONLY, OFFSET_BOOLS, 1)
+ self.assertEqual(EXPECTED_BOOL0, bool(data[0] & 0x01))
+ self.assertEqual(EXPECTED_BOOL1, bool(data[0] & 0x02))
+
+ def test_db_read_entire_block(self) -> None:
+ """Test db_read() for entire DB."""
+ data = self.client.db_read(DB_READ_ONLY, 0, DB_SIZE)
+ self.assertEqual(DB_SIZE, len(data))
+
+ # Verify a few values
+ int1 = struct.unpack(">h", data[OFFSET_INT1 : OFFSET_INT1 + 2])[0]
+ self.assertEqual(EXPECTED_INT1, int1)
+
+ float1 = struct.unpack(">f", data[OFFSET_FLOAT1 : OFFSET_FLOAT1 + 4])[0]
+ self.assertAlmostEqual(EXPECTED_FLOAT1, float1, places=2)
+
+ dword1 = struct.unpack(">I", data[OFFSET_DWORD1 : OFFSET_DWORD1 + 4])[0]
+ self.assertEqual(EXPECTED_DWORD1, dword1)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.e2e
+class TestS7CommPlusDBWrite(unittest.TestCase):
+ """Tests for db_write() - writing to DB2 (read/write)."""
+
+ client: S7CommPlusClient
+
+ @classmethod
+ def setUpClass(cls) -> None:
+ cls.client = S7CommPlusClient()
+ cls.client.connect(PLC_IP, PLC_PORT, PLC_RACK, PLC_SLOT)
+
+ @classmethod
+ def tearDownClass(cls) -> None:
+ if cls.client:
+ cls.client.disconnect()
+
+ def test_db_write_int(self) -> None:
+ """Test db_write() for Int values."""
+ test_value = 10
+ data = struct.pack(">h", test_value)
+ self.client.db_write(DB_READ_WRITE, OFFSET_INT1, data)
+
+ result = self.client.db_read(DB_READ_WRITE, OFFSET_INT1, 2)
+ self.assertEqual(test_value, struct.unpack(">h", result)[0])
+
+ def test_db_write_real(self) -> None:
+ """Test db_write() for Real values."""
+ test_value = 456.789
+ data = struct.pack(">f", test_value)
+ self.client.db_write(DB_READ_WRITE, OFFSET_FLOAT1, data)
+
+ result = self.client.db_read(DB_READ_WRITE, OFFSET_FLOAT1, 4)
+ self.assertAlmostEqual(test_value, struct.unpack(">f", result)[0], places=2)
+
+ def test_db_write_byte(self) -> None:
+ """Test db_write() for Byte values."""
+ test_value = 0xAB
+ self.client.db_write(DB_READ_WRITE, OFFSET_BYTE1, bytes([test_value]))
+
+ result = self.client.db_read(DB_READ_WRITE, OFFSET_BYTE1, 1)
+ self.assertEqual(test_value, result[0])
+
+ def test_db_write_word(self) -> None:
+ """Test db_write() for Word values."""
+ test_value = 0x1234
+ data = struct.pack(">H", test_value)
+ self.client.db_write(DB_READ_WRITE, OFFSET_WORD1, data)
+
+ result = self.client.db_read(DB_READ_WRITE, OFFSET_WORD1, 2)
+ self.assertEqual(test_value, struct.unpack(">H", result)[0])
+
+ def test_db_write_dword(self) -> None:
+ """Test db_write() for DWord values."""
+ test_value = 0xDEADBEEF
+ data = struct.pack(">I", test_value)
+ self.client.db_write(DB_READ_WRITE, OFFSET_DWORD1, data)
+
+ result = self.client.db_read(DB_READ_WRITE, OFFSET_DWORD1, 4)
+ self.assertEqual(test_value, struct.unpack(">I", result)[0])
+
+ def test_db_write_dint(self) -> None:
+ """Test db_write() for DInt values."""
+ test_value = -123456789
+ data = struct.pack(">i", test_value)
+ self.client.db_write(DB_READ_WRITE, OFFSET_DINT1, data)
+
+ result = self.client.db_read(DB_READ_WRITE, OFFSET_DINT1, 4)
+ self.assertEqual(test_value, struct.unpack(">i", result)[0])
+
+ def test_db_write_char(self) -> None:
+ """Test db_write() for Char values."""
+ test_value = "X"
+ self.client.db_write(DB_READ_WRITE, OFFSET_CHAR1, test_value.encode("ascii"))
+
+ result = self.client.db_read(DB_READ_WRITE, OFFSET_CHAR1, 1)
+ self.assertEqual(test_value, chr(result[0]))
+
+ def test_db_write_bool(self) -> None:
+ """Test db_write() for Bool values (packed in byte)."""
+ # Read current byte, set bit 0 and bit 7, write back
+ data = bytearray(self.client.db_read(DB_READ_WRITE, OFFSET_BOOLS, 1))
+ data[0] = data[0] | 0x01 | 0x80 # Set bit 0 and bit 7
+ self.client.db_write(DB_READ_WRITE, OFFSET_BOOLS, bytes(data))
+
+ result = self.client.db_read(DB_READ_WRITE, OFFSET_BOOLS, 1)
+ self.assertTrue(bool(result[0] & 0x01))
+ self.assertTrue(bool(result[0] & 0x80))
+
+
+@pytest.mark.e2e
+class TestS7CommPlusMultiRead(unittest.TestCase):
+ """Tests for db_read_multi() - multiple reads in a single request."""
+
+ client: S7CommPlusClient
+
+ @classmethod
+ def setUpClass(cls) -> None:
+ cls.client = S7CommPlusClient()
+ cls.client.connect(PLC_IP, PLC_PORT, PLC_RACK, PLC_SLOT)
+
+ @classmethod
+ def tearDownClass(cls) -> None:
+ if cls.client:
+ cls.client.disconnect()
+
+ def test_multi_read(self) -> None:
+ """Test db_read_multi() reads multiple regions."""
+ items = [
+ (DB_READ_ONLY, OFFSET_INT1, 2),
+ (DB_READ_ONLY, OFFSET_FLOAT1, 4),
+ (DB_READ_ONLY, OFFSET_DWORD1, 4),
+ ]
+ results = self.client.db_read_multi(items)
+ self.assertEqual(3, len(results))
+
+ int_val = struct.unpack(">h", results[0])[0]
+ self.assertEqual(EXPECTED_INT1, int_val)
+
+ float_val = struct.unpack(">f", results[1])[0]
+ self.assertAlmostEqual(EXPECTED_FLOAT1, float_val, places=2)
+
+ dword_val = struct.unpack(">I", results[2])[0]
+ self.assertEqual(EXPECTED_DWORD1, dword_val)
+
+ def test_multi_read_across_dbs(self) -> None:
+ """Test db_read_multi() across different data blocks."""
+ # Write a known value to DB2 first
+ test_int = 777
+ self.client.db_write(DB_READ_WRITE, OFFSET_INT1, struct.pack(">h", test_int))
+
+ items = [
+ (DB_READ_ONLY, OFFSET_INT1, 2),
+ (DB_READ_WRITE, OFFSET_INT1, 2),
+ ]
+ results = self.client.db_read_multi(items)
+ self.assertEqual(2, len(results))
+
+ self.assertEqual(EXPECTED_INT1, struct.unpack(">h", results[0])[0])
+ self.assertEqual(test_int, struct.unpack(">h", results[1])[0])
+
+
+@pytest.mark.e2e
+class TestS7CommPlusExplore(unittest.TestCase):
+ """Tests for explore() - browsing the PLC object tree."""
+
+ client: S7CommPlusClient
+
+ @classmethod
+ def setUpClass(cls) -> None:
+ cls.client = S7CommPlusClient()
+ cls.client.connect(PLC_IP, PLC_PORT, PLC_RACK, PLC_SLOT)
+
+ @classmethod
+ def tearDownClass(cls) -> None:
+ if cls.client:
+ cls.client.disconnect()
+
+ def test_explore(self) -> None:
+ """Test explore() returns data."""
+ try:
+ data = self.client.explore()
+ except Exception as e:
+ pytest.skip(f"Explore not supported: {e}")
+ self.assertIsInstance(data, bytes)
+ self.assertGreater(len(data), 0)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.e2e
+class TestS7CommPlusDiagnostics(unittest.TestCase):
+ """Diagnostic tests for debugging protocol issues against real PLCs.
+
+ These tests are designed to dump raw protocol data at every layer
+ to help diagnose why db_read/db_write fail against real hardware.
+ """
+
+ client: S7CommPlusClient
+
+ @classmethod
+ def setUpClass(cls) -> None:
+ cls.client = S7CommPlusClient()
+ cls.client.connect(PLC_IP, PLC_PORT, PLC_RACK, PLC_SLOT)
+
+ @classmethod
+ def tearDownClass(cls) -> None:
+ if cls.client:
+ cls.client.disconnect()
+
+ def test_diag_connection_info(self) -> None:
+ """Dump connection state after successful connect."""
+ print(f"\n{'=' * 60}")
+ print("DIAGNOSTIC: Connection Info")
+ print(f" connected: {self.client.connected}")
+ print(f" protocol_version: V{self.client.protocol_version}")
+ print(f" session_id: 0x{self.client.session_id:08X} ({self.client.session_id})")
+ print(f"{'=' * 60}")
+ self.assertTrue(self.client.connected)
+
+ def test_diag_explore_raw(self) -> None:
+ """Explore and dump the raw response for analysis."""
+ print(f"\n{'=' * 60}")
+ print("DIAGNOSTIC: Explore raw response")
+ try:
+ data = self.client.explore()
+ print(f" Length: {len(data)} bytes")
+ # Dump in 32-byte rows
+ for i in range(0, len(data), 32):
+ chunk = data[i : i + 32]
+ hex_str = chunk.hex(" ")
+ ascii_str = "".join(chr(b) if 32 <= b < 127 else "." for b in chunk)
+ print(f" {i:04x}: {hex_str:<96s} {ascii_str}")
+ except Exception as e:
+ print(f" Explore failed: {e}")
+ print(f"{'=' * 60}")
+
+ def test_diag_db_read_single_byte(self) -> None:
+ """Try to read a single byte from DB1 offset 0 and dump everything."""
+ print(f"\n{'=' * 60}")
+ print("DIAGNOSTIC: db_read(DB1, offset=0, size=1)")
+ try:
+ data = self.client.db_read(DB_READ_ONLY, 0, 1)
+ print(f" Success! Got {len(data)} bytes: {data.hex(' ')}")
+ except Exception as e:
+ print(f" FAILED: {type(e).__name__}: {e}")
+ print(f"{'=' * 60}")
+
+ def test_diag_db_read_full_block(self) -> None:
+ """Try to read the full test DB and dump everything."""
+ print(f"\n{'=' * 60}")
+ print(f"DIAGNOSTIC: db_read(DB{DB_READ_ONLY}, offset=0, size={DB_SIZE})")
+ try:
+ data = self.client.db_read(DB_READ_ONLY, 0, DB_SIZE)
+ print(f" Success! Got {len(data)} bytes:")
+ for i in range(0, len(data), 16):
+ chunk = data[i : i + 16]
+ print(f" {i:04x}: {chunk.hex(' ')}")
+ except Exception as e:
+ print(f" FAILED: {type(e).__name__}: {e}")
+ print(f"{'=' * 60}")
+
+ def test_diag_raw_get_multi_variables(self) -> None:
+ """Send a raw GetMultiVariables with different payload formats and dump responses.
+
+ This tries several payload encodings to see which ones the PLC accepts.
+ """
+ from s7.protocol import FunctionCode
+ from s7.vlq import encode_uint32_vlq
+
+ print(f"\n{'=' * 60}")
+ print("DIAGNOSTIC: Raw GetMultiVariables payload experiments")
+
+ assert self.client._connection is not None
+
+ # Experiment 1: Our current format (item_count + object_id + offset + size)
+ payloads = {
+ "current_format (count=1, obj=0x00010001, off=0, sz=2)": (
+ encode_uint32_vlq(1) + encode_uint32_vlq(0x00010001) + encode_uint32_vlq(0) + encode_uint32_vlq(2)
+ ),
+ "empty_payload": b"",
+ "just_zero": encode_uint32_vlq(0),
+ "single_vlq_1": encode_uint32_vlq(1),
+ }
+
+ for label, payload in payloads.items():
+ print(f"\n --- {label} ---")
+ print(f" Payload ({len(payload)} bytes): {payload.hex(' ')}")
+ try:
+ response = self.client._connection.send_request(FunctionCode.GET_MULTI_VARIABLES, payload)
+ print(f" Response ({len(response)} bytes): {response.hex(' ')}")
+
+ # Try to parse return code
+ if len(response) > 0:
+ from s7.vlq import decode_uint32_vlq
+
+ rc, consumed = decode_uint32_vlq(response, 0)
+ print(f" Return code (VLQ): {rc} (0x{rc:X})")
+ remaining = response[consumed:]
+ if remaining:
+ print(f" After return code ({len(remaining)} bytes): {remaining.hex(' ')}")
+ except Exception as e:
+ print(f" EXCEPTION: {type(e).__name__}: {e}")
+
+ print(f"\n{'=' * 60}")
+
+ def test_diag_raw_set_variable(self) -> None:
+ """Try SetVariable (0x04F2) instead of SetMultiVariables to see if PLC responds differently."""
+ from s7.protocol import FunctionCode
+
+ print(f"\n{'=' * 60}")
+ print("DIAGNOSTIC: Raw SetVariable / GetVariable experiments")
+
+ assert self.client._connection is not None
+
+ function_codes = {
+ "GET_VARIABLE (0x04FC)": FunctionCode.GET_VARIABLE,
+ "GET_MULTI_VARIABLES (0x054C)": FunctionCode.GET_MULTI_VARIABLES,
+ "SET_VARIABLE (0x04F2)": FunctionCode.SET_VARIABLE,
+ }
+
+ # Simple payload: just try empty or minimal
+ for label, fc in function_codes.items():
+ print(f"\n --- {label} with empty payload ---")
+ try:
+ response = self.client._connection.send_request(fc, b"")
+ print(f" Response ({len(response)} bytes): {response.hex(' ')}")
+ except Exception as e:
+ print(f" EXCEPTION: {type(e).__name__}: {e}")
+
+ print(f"\n{'=' * 60}")
+
+ def test_diag_explore_then_read(self) -> None:
+ """Explore first to discover object IDs, then try reading using those IDs."""
+ from s7.protocol import FunctionCode, ElementID
+ from s7.vlq import encode_uint32_vlq, decode_uint32_vlq
+
+ print(f"\n{'=' * 60}")
+ print("DIAGNOSTIC: Explore -> extract object IDs -> try reading")
+
+ assert self.client._connection is not None
+
+ try:
+ explore_data = self.client._connection.send_request(FunctionCode.EXPLORE, b"")
+ print(f" Explore response ({len(explore_data)} bytes)")
+
+ # Scan for StartOfObject markers and extract relation IDs
+ object_ids = []
+ i = 0
+ while i < len(explore_data):
+ if explore_data[i] == ElementID.START_OF_OBJECT:
+ if i + 5 <= len(explore_data):
+ rel_id = struct.unpack_from(">I", explore_data, i + 1)[0]
+ object_ids.append(rel_id)
+ print(f" Found object at offset {i}: relation_id=0x{rel_id:08X}")
+ i += 5
+ else:
+ i += 1
+
+ # Try reading using each discovered object ID
+ for obj_id in object_ids[:5]: # Limit to first 5
+ print(f"\n --- Read using object_id=0x{obj_id:08X} ---")
+ payload = encode_uint32_vlq(1) + encode_uint32_vlq(obj_id) + encode_uint32_vlq(0) + encode_uint32_vlq(4)
+ try:
+ response = self.client._connection.send_request(FunctionCode.GET_MULTI_VARIABLES, payload)
+ print(f" Response ({len(response)} bytes): {response.hex(' ')}")
+ if len(response) > 0:
+ rc, consumed = decode_uint32_vlq(response, 0)
+ print(f" Return code: {rc} (0x{rc:X})")
+ except Exception as e:
+ print(f" EXCEPTION: {type(e).__name__}: {e}")
+
+ except Exception as e:
+ print(f" Explore failed: {type(e).__name__}: {e}")
+
+ print(f"\n{'=' * 60}")
diff --git a/tests/test_s7_server.py b/tests/test_s7_server.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3b980e13
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_s7_server.py
@@ -0,0 +1,304 @@
+"""Integration tests for S7CommPlus server, client, and async client."""
+
+import struct
+import time
+from collections.abc import Generator
+
+import pytest
+import asyncio
+
+from s7._s7commplus_server import S7CommPlusServer, CPUState, DataBlock
+from s7._s7commplus_client import S7CommPlusClient
+from s7._s7commplus_async_client import S7CommPlusAsyncClient
+from s7.protocol import ProtocolVersion
+
+# Use a high port to avoid conflicts
+TEST_PORT = 11120
+
+
+@pytest.fixture()
+def server() -> Generator[S7CommPlusServer, None, None]:
+ """Create and start an S7CommPlus server with test data blocks."""
+ srv = S7CommPlusServer()
+
+ # Register DB1 with named variables
+ srv.register_db(
+ 1,
+ {
+ "temperature": ("Real", 0),
+ "pressure": ("Real", 4),
+ "running": ("Bool", 8),
+ "count": ("DInt", 10),
+ "name": ("Int", 14),
+ },
+ )
+
+ # Register DB2 with raw data
+ srv.register_raw_db(2, bytearray(256))
+
+ # Pre-populate some values in DB1
+ db1 = srv.get_db(1)
+ assert db1 is not None
+ struct.pack_into(">f", db1.data, 0, 23.5) # temperature
+ struct.pack_into(">f", db1.data, 4, 1.013) # pressure
+ db1.data[8] = 1 # running = True
+ struct.pack_into(">i", db1.data, 10, 42) # count
+
+ srv.start(port=TEST_PORT)
+ time.sleep(0.1) # Let server start
+
+ yield srv
+
+ srv.stop()
+
+
+class TestServer:
+ """Test the server emulator itself."""
+
+ def test_register_db(self) -> None:
+ srv = S7CommPlusServer()
+ db = srv.register_db(1, {"temp": ("Real", 0)})
+ assert db.number == 1
+ assert "temp" in db.variables
+ assert db.variables["temp"].byte_offset == 0
+
+ def test_register_raw_db(self) -> None:
+ srv = S7CommPlusServer()
+ data = bytearray(b"\x01\x02\x03\x04")
+ db = srv.register_raw_db(10, data)
+ assert db.read(0, 4) == b"\x01\x02\x03\x04"
+
+ def test_cpu_state(self) -> None:
+ srv = S7CommPlusServer()
+ assert srv.cpu_state == CPUState.RUN
+ srv.cpu_state = CPUState.STOP
+ assert srv.cpu_state == CPUState.STOP
+
+ def test_data_block_read_write(self) -> None:
+ db = DataBlock(1, 100)
+ db.write(0, b"\x01\x02\x03\x04")
+ assert db.read(0, 4) == b"\x01\x02\x03\x04"
+
+ def test_data_block_named_variable(self) -> None:
+ db = DataBlock(1, 100)
+ db.add_variable("temp", "Real", 0)
+ db.write(0, struct.pack(">f", 42.0))
+ wire_type, raw = db.read_variable("temp")
+ value = struct.unpack(">f", raw)[0]
+ assert abs(value - 42.0) < 0.001
+
+ def test_data_block_read_past_end(self) -> None:
+ db = DataBlock(1, 4)
+ db.write(0, b"\xff\xff\xff\xff")
+ # Read past end should pad with zeros
+ data = db.read(2, 4)
+ assert data == b"\xff\xff\x00\x00"
+
+ def test_unknown_variable_type(self) -> None:
+ db = DataBlock(1, 100)
+ with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Unknown type name"):
+ db.add_variable("bad", "NonExistentType", 0)
+
+
+class TestClientServerIntegration:
+ """Test client against the server emulator."""
+
+ def test_connect_disconnect(self, server: S7CommPlusServer) -> None:
+ client = S7CommPlusClient()
+ client.connect("127.0.0.1", port=TEST_PORT)
+ assert client.connected
+ assert client.session_id != 0
+ assert client.protocol_version == ProtocolVersion.V1
+ client.disconnect()
+ assert not client.connected
+
+ def test_context_manager(self, server: S7CommPlusServer) -> None:
+ with S7CommPlusClient() as client:
+ client.connect("127.0.0.1", port=TEST_PORT)
+ assert client.connected
+ assert not client.connected
+
+ def test_read_real(self, server: S7CommPlusServer) -> None:
+ client = S7CommPlusClient()
+ client.connect("127.0.0.1", port=TEST_PORT)
+ try:
+ data = client.db_read(1, 0, 4)
+ value = struct.unpack(">f", data)[0]
+ assert abs(value - 23.5) < 0.001
+ finally:
+ client.disconnect()
+
+ def test_read_multiple_values(self, server: S7CommPlusServer) -> None:
+ client = S7CommPlusClient()
+ client.connect("127.0.0.1", port=TEST_PORT)
+ try:
+ # Read temperature and pressure
+ data = client.db_read(1, 0, 8)
+ temp = struct.unpack_from(">f", data, 0)[0]
+ pressure = struct.unpack_from(">f", data, 4)[0]
+ assert abs(temp - 23.5) < 0.001
+ assert abs(pressure - 1.013) < 0.001
+ finally:
+ client.disconnect()
+
+ def test_write_and_read_back(self, server: S7CommPlusServer) -> None:
+ client = S7CommPlusClient()
+ client.connect("127.0.0.1", port=TEST_PORT)
+ try:
+ # Write a new temperature
+ client.db_write(1, 0, struct.pack(">f", 99.9))
+
+ # Read it back
+ data = client.db_read(1, 0, 4)
+ value = struct.unpack(">f", data)[0]
+ assert abs(value - 99.9) < 0.1
+ finally:
+ client.disconnect()
+
+ def test_write_dint(self, server: S7CommPlusServer) -> None:
+ client = S7CommPlusClient()
+ client.connect("127.0.0.1", port=TEST_PORT)
+ try:
+ # Write count
+ client.db_write(1, 10, struct.pack(">i", 12345))
+
+ # Read it back
+ data = client.db_read(1, 10, 4)
+ value = struct.unpack(">i", data)[0]
+ assert value == 12345
+ finally:
+ client.disconnect()
+
+ def test_read_db2_raw(self, server: S7CommPlusServer) -> None:
+ client = S7CommPlusClient()
+ client.connect("127.0.0.1", port=TEST_PORT)
+ try:
+ # DB2 should be all zeros
+ data = client.db_read(2, 0, 10)
+ assert data == b"\x00" * 10
+ finally:
+ client.disconnect()
+
+ def test_multi_read(self, server: S7CommPlusServer) -> None:
+ client = S7CommPlusClient()
+ client.connect("127.0.0.1", port=TEST_PORT)
+ try:
+ results = client.db_read_multi(
+ [
+ (1, 0, 4), # temperature from DB1
+ (1, 4, 4), # pressure from DB1
+ (2, 0, 4), # zeros from DB2
+ ]
+ )
+ assert len(results) == 3
+ temp = struct.unpack(">f", results[0])[0]
+ assert abs(temp - 23.5) < 0.001
+ assert results[2] == b"\x00\x00\x00\x00"
+ finally:
+ client.disconnect()
+
+ def test_explore(self, server: S7CommPlusServer) -> None:
+ client = S7CommPlusClient()
+ client.connect("127.0.0.1", port=TEST_PORT)
+ try:
+ response = client.explore()
+ # Response should contain data about registered DBs
+ assert len(response) > 0
+ finally:
+ client.disconnect()
+
+ def test_server_data_persists_across_clients(self, server: S7CommPlusServer) -> None:
+ # Client 1 writes
+ c1 = S7CommPlusClient()
+ c1.connect("127.0.0.1", port=TEST_PORT)
+ c1.db_write(2, 0, b"\xde\xad\xbe\xef")
+ c1.disconnect()
+
+ # Client 2 reads
+ c2 = S7CommPlusClient()
+ c2.connect("127.0.0.1", port=TEST_PORT)
+ data = c2.db_read(2, 0, 4)
+ c2.disconnect()
+
+ assert data == b"\xde\xad\xbe\xef"
+
+ def test_multiple_concurrent_clients(self, server: S7CommPlusServer) -> None:
+ clients = []
+ for _ in range(3):
+ c = S7CommPlusClient()
+ c.connect("127.0.0.1", port=TEST_PORT)
+ clients.append(c)
+
+ # All should have different session IDs
+ session_ids = {c.session_id for c in clients}
+ assert len(session_ids) == 3
+
+ for c in clients:
+ c.disconnect()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+class TestAsyncClientServerIntegration:
+ """Test async client against the server emulator."""
+
+ async def test_connect_disconnect(self, server: S7CommPlusServer) -> None:
+ client = S7CommPlusAsyncClient()
+ await client.connect("127.0.0.1", port=TEST_PORT)
+ assert client.connected
+ assert client.session_id != 0
+ await client.disconnect()
+ assert not client.connected
+
+ async def test_async_context_manager(self, server: S7CommPlusServer) -> None:
+ async with S7CommPlusAsyncClient() as client:
+ await client.connect("127.0.0.1", port=TEST_PORT)
+ assert client.connected
+ assert not client.connected
+
+ async def test_read_real(self, server: S7CommPlusServer) -> None:
+ async with S7CommPlusAsyncClient() as client:
+ await client.connect("127.0.0.1", port=TEST_PORT)
+ data = await client.db_read(1, 0, 4)
+ value = struct.unpack(">f", data)[0]
+ assert abs(value - 23.5) < 0.001
+
+ async def test_write_and_read_back(self, server: S7CommPlusServer) -> None:
+ async with S7CommPlusAsyncClient() as client:
+ await client.connect("127.0.0.1", port=TEST_PORT)
+ await client.db_write(1, 0, struct.pack(">f", 77.7))
+ data = await client.db_read(1, 0, 4)
+ value = struct.unpack(">f", data)[0]
+ assert abs(value - 77.7) < 0.1
+
+ async def test_multi_read(self, server: S7CommPlusServer) -> None:
+ async with S7CommPlusAsyncClient() as client:
+ await client.connect("127.0.0.1", port=TEST_PORT)
+ results = await client.db_read_multi(
+ [
+ (1, 0, 4),
+ (1, 10, 4),
+ ]
+ )
+ assert len(results) == 2
+ temp = struct.unpack(">f", results[0])[0]
+ assert abs(temp - 23.5) < 0.1 # May be modified by earlier test
+
+ async def test_explore(self, server: S7CommPlusServer) -> None:
+ async with S7CommPlusAsyncClient() as client:
+ await client.connect("127.0.0.1", port=TEST_PORT)
+ response = await client.explore()
+ assert len(response) > 0
+
+ async def test_concurrent_reads(self, server: S7CommPlusServer) -> None:
+ """Test that asyncio.Lock prevents interleaved requests."""
+ async with S7CommPlusAsyncClient() as client:
+ await client.connect("127.0.0.1", port=TEST_PORT)
+
+ async def read_temp() -> float:
+ data = await client.db_read(1, 0, 4)
+ return float(struct.unpack(">f", data)[0])
+
+ results = await asyncio.gather(read_temp(), read_temp(), read_temp())
+ assert len(results) == 3
+ for r in results:
+ assert isinstance(r, float)
diff --git a/tests/test_s7_tls.py b/tests/test_s7_tls.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7abc7f79
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_s7_tls.py
@@ -0,0 +1,240 @@
+"""Tests for S7CommPlus async client TLS support."""
+
+import struct
+import tempfile
+import time
+from collections.abc import Generator
+
+import pytest
+
+from snap7.error import S7ConnectionError
+from s7._s7commplus_async_client import S7CommPlusAsyncClient
+from s7._s7commplus_server import S7CommPlusServer
+from s7.protocol import ProtocolVersion
+
+TEST_PORT_V2 = 11130
+TEST_PORT_V2_TLS = 11131
+
+
+def _generate_self_signed_cert() -> tuple[str, str]:
+ """Generate a self-signed certificate and key for testing.
+
+ Returns:
+ Tuple of (cert_path, key_path)
+ """
+ try:
+ from cryptography import x509
+ from cryptography.x509.oid import NameOID
+ from cryptography.hazmat.primitives import hashes, serialization
+ from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric import rsa
+ import datetime
+ except ImportError:
+ pytest.skip("cryptography package required for TLS tests")
+
+ key = rsa.generate_private_key(public_exponent=65537, key_size=2048)
+ subject = issuer = x509.Name(
+ [
+ x509.NameAttribute(NameOID.COMMON_NAME, "localhost"),
+ ]
+ )
+ cert = (
+ x509.CertificateBuilder()
+ .subject_name(subject)
+ .issuer_name(issuer)
+ .public_key(key.public_key())
+ .serial_number(x509.random_serial_number())
+ .not_valid_before(datetime.datetime.now(datetime.timezone.utc))
+ .not_valid_after(datetime.datetime.now(datetime.timezone.utc) + datetime.timedelta(days=1))
+ .add_extension(
+ x509.SubjectAlternativeName([x509.IPAddress(ipaddress.IPv4Address("127.0.0.1"))]),
+ critical=False,
+ )
+ .sign(key, hashes.SHA256())
+ )
+
+ cert_file = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(suffix=".pem", delete=False)
+ cert_file.write(cert.public_bytes(serialization.Encoding.PEM))
+ cert_file.close()
+
+ key_file = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(suffix=".pem", delete=False)
+ key_file.write(
+ key.private_bytes(
+ serialization.Encoding.PEM,
+ serialization.PrivateFormat.TraditionalOpenSSL,
+ serialization.NoEncryption(),
+ )
+ )
+ key_file.close()
+
+ return cert_file.name, key_file.name
+
+
+import ipaddress # noqa: E402
+
+
+class TestAsyncClientTLSPreconditions:
+ """Test authenticate() and TLS precondition checks."""
+
+ @pytest.mark.asyncio
+ async def test_authenticate_not_connected(self) -> None:
+ client = S7CommPlusAsyncClient()
+ with pytest.raises(S7ConnectionError, match="Not connected"):
+ await client.authenticate("password")
+
+ @pytest.mark.asyncio
+ async def test_authenticate_no_tls(self) -> None:
+ client = S7CommPlusAsyncClient()
+ client._connected = True
+ client._tls_active = False
+ client._oms_secret = None
+ with pytest.raises(S7ConnectionError, match="requires TLS"):
+ await client.authenticate("password")
+
+ def test_tls_active_default_false(self) -> None:
+ client = S7CommPlusAsyncClient()
+ assert client.tls_active is False
+ assert client.oms_secret is None
+
+ @pytest.mark.asyncio
+ async def test_disconnect_resets_tls_state(self) -> None:
+ client = S7CommPlusAsyncClient()
+ client._tls_active = True
+ client._oms_secret = b"\x00" * 32
+ await client.disconnect()
+ assert client.tls_active is False
+ assert client.oms_secret is None
+
+
+class TestAsyncClientConnectTLSParams:
+ """Test that connect() accepts TLS parameters."""
+
+ @pytest.mark.asyncio
+ async def test_connect_signature_accepts_tls_params(self) -> None:
+ """Verify the connect method signature includes TLS params."""
+ import inspect
+
+ sig = inspect.signature(S7CommPlusAsyncClient.connect)
+ params = list(sig.parameters.keys())
+ assert "use_tls" in params
+ assert "tls_cert" in params
+ assert "tls_key" in params
+ assert "tls_ca" in params
+
+
+@pytest.fixture()
+def v2_server() -> Generator[S7CommPlusServer, None, None]:
+ """Start a V2 server without TLS for protocol negotiation tests."""
+ srv = S7CommPlusServer(protocol_version=ProtocolVersion.V2)
+ srv.register_raw_db(1, bytearray(256))
+ db1 = srv.get_db(1)
+ assert db1 is not None
+ struct.pack_into(">f", db1.data, 0, 99.9)
+ srv.start(port=TEST_PORT_V2)
+ time.sleep(0.1)
+ yield srv
+ srv.stop()
+
+
+class TestAsyncClientV2WithoutTLS:
+ """Test that V2 connection without TLS raises appropriate error."""
+
+ @pytest.mark.asyncio
+ async def test_v2_without_tls_raises(self, v2_server: S7CommPlusServer) -> None:
+ """V2 protocol requires TLS — connecting without should raise."""
+ client = S7CommPlusAsyncClient()
+ with pytest.raises(S7ConnectionError, match="V2.*requires TLS"):
+ await client.connect("127.0.0.1", port=TEST_PORT_V2)
+
+
+try:
+ import cryptography # noqa: F401
+
+ _has_cryptography = True
+except ImportError:
+ _has_cryptography = False
+
+
+@pytest.mark.skipif(not _has_cryptography, reason="requires cryptography package")
+class TestAsyncClientV2WithTLS:
+ """Test async client with V2 + TLS against emulated server."""
+
+ @pytest.fixture()
+ def tls_server(self) -> Generator[tuple[S7CommPlusServer, str, str], None, None]:
+ """Start a V2 TLS server with self-signed cert."""
+ cert_path, key_path = _generate_self_signed_cert()
+
+ srv = S7CommPlusServer(protocol_version=ProtocolVersion.V2)
+ srv.register_raw_db(1, bytearray(256))
+
+ db1 = srv.get_db(1)
+ assert db1 is not None
+ struct.pack_into(">f", db1.data, 0, 42.0)
+
+ srv.start(port=TEST_PORT_V2_TLS, use_tls=True, tls_cert=cert_path, tls_key=key_path)
+ time.sleep(0.1)
+
+ yield srv, cert_path, key_path
+
+ srv.stop()
+
+ import os
+
+ os.unlink(cert_path)
+ os.unlink(key_path)
+
+ @pytest.mark.asyncio
+ async def test_connect_with_tls(self, tls_server: tuple[S7CommPlusServer, str, str]) -> None:
+ """Connect to V2 server with TLS enabled."""
+ srv, cert_path, key_path = tls_server
+
+ client = S7CommPlusAsyncClient()
+ await client.connect("127.0.0.1", port=TEST_PORT_V2_TLS, use_tls=True, tls_ca=cert_path)
+
+ try:
+ assert client.connected
+ assert client.tls_active
+ assert client.protocol_version == ProtocolVersion.V2
+ finally:
+ await client.disconnect()
+
+ @pytest.mark.asyncio
+ async def test_integrity_id_tracking_enabled(self, tls_server: tuple[S7CommPlusServer, str, str]) -> None:
+ """V2 connection should enable IntegrityId tracking."""
+ srv, cert_path, key_path = tls_server
+
+ client = S7CommPlusAsyncClient()
+ await client.connect("127.0.0.1", port=TEST_PORT_V2_TLS, use_tls=True, tls_ca=cert_path)
+
+ try:
+ assert client._with_integrity_id is True
+ # Counters may already be non-zero from the probe request
+ assert client._integrity_id_read >= 0
+ assert client._integrity_id_write >= 0
+ finally:
+ await client.disconnect()
+
+ @pytest.mark.asyncio
+ async def test_protocol_version_is_v2(self, tls_server: tuple[S7CommPlusServer, str, str]) -> None:
+ """V2 server should report protocol version 2."""
+ srv, cert_path, key_path = tls_server
+
+ client = S7CommPlusAsyncClient()
+ await client.connect("127.0.0.1", port=TEST_PORT_V2_TLS, use_tls=True, tls_ca=cert_path)
+
+ try:
+ assert client.protocol_version == ProtocolVersion.V2
+ finally:
+ await client.disconnect()
+
+ @pytest.mark.asyncio
+ async def test_context_manager_tls(self, tls_server: tuple[S7CommPlusServer, str, str]) -> None:
+ """TLS connection via context manager."""
+ srv, cert_path, key_path = tls_server
+
+ async with S7CommPlusAsyncClient() as client:
+ await client.connect("127.0.0.1", port=TEST_PORT_V2_TLS, use_tls=True, tls_ca=cert_path)
+ assert client.connected
+ assert client.tls_active
+
+ assert not client.connected
+ assert not client.tls_active
diff --git a/tests/test_s7_unit.py b/tests/test_s7_unit.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f11f0ae3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_s7_unit.py
@@ -0,0 +1,459 @@
+"""Unit tests for S7CommPlus client payload builders, connection parsing, and error paths."""
+
+import struct
+import pytest
+
+from s7._s7commplus_client import (
+ S7CommPlusClient,
+ _build_read_payload,
+ _parse_read_response,
+ _build_write_payload,
+ _parse_write_response,
+)
+from s7.codec import encode_pvalue_blob
+from s7.connection import S7CommPlusConnection, _element_size
+from s7.protocol import DataType, ElementID, ObjectId
+from s7.vlq import (
+ encode_uint32_vlq,
+ encode_uint64_vlq,
+ encode_int32_vlq,
+ decode_uint32_vlq,
+)
+
+
+# -- Payload builder / parser tests --
+
+
+class TestBuildReadPayload:
+ def test_single_item(self) -> None:
+ payload = _build_read_payload([(1, 0, 4)])
+ assert isinstance(payload, bytes)
+ assert len(payload) > 0
+
+ def test_multi_item(self) -> None:
+ payload = _build_read_payload([(1, 0, 4), (2, 10, 8)])
+ assert isinstance(payload, bytes)
+ # Multi-item payload should be larger than single
+ single = _build_read_payload([(1, 0, 4)])
+ assert len(payload) > len(single)
+
+
+class TestParseReadResponse:
+ @staticmethod
+ def _build_response(
+ return_value: int = 0,
+ items: list[bytes] | None = None,
+ errors: list[tuple[int, int]] | None = None,
+ ) -> bytes:
+ """Build a synthetic GetMultiVariables response."""
+ result = bytearray()
+ # ReturnValue (UInt64 VLQ)
+ result += encode_uint64_vlq(return_value)
+
+ # Value list
+ if items:
+ for i, item_data in enumerate(items, 1):
+ result += encode_uint32_vlq(i) # ItemNumber
+ result += encode_pvalue_blob(item_data) # PValue
+ result += encode_uint32_vlq(0) # Terminator
+
+ # Error list
+ if errors:
+ for err_item_nr, err_value in errors:
+ result += encode_uint32_vlq(err_item_nr)
+ result += encode_uint64_vlq(err_value)
+ result += encode_uint32_vlq(0) # Terminator
+
+ return bytes(result)
+
+ def test_single_item_success(self) -> None:
+ data = bytes([1, 2, 3, 4])
+ response = self._build_response(items=[data])
+ results = _parse_read_response(response)
+ assert len(results) == 1
+ assert results[0] == data
+
+ def test_multi_item_success(self) -> None:
+ data1 = bytes([0x0A, 0x0B])
+ data2 = bytes([0x0C, 0x0D, 0x0E])
+ response = self._build_response(items=[data1, data2])
+ results = _parse_read_response(response)
+ assert len(results) == 2
+ assert results[0] == data1
+ assert results[1] == data2
+
+ def test_error_return_value(self) -> None:
+ response = self._build_response(return_value=0x05A9)
+ results = _parse_read_response(response)
+ assert results == []
+
+ def test_empty_response(self) -> None:
+ response = self._build_response()
+ results = _parse_read_response(response)
+ assert results == []
+
+ def test_with_error_items(self) -> None:
+ data1 = bytes([1, 2, 3, 4])
+ response = self._build_response(items=[data1], errors=[(2, 0xDEAD)])
+ results = _parse_read_response(response)
+ assert len(results) == 2
+ assert results[0] == data1
+ assert results[1] is None # Error item
+
+
+class TestParseWriteResponse:
+ @staticmethod
+ def _build_response(return_value: int = 0, errors: list[tuple[int, int]] | None = None) -> bytes:
+ result = bytearray()
+ result += encode_uint64_vlq(return_value)
+ if errors:
+ for err_item_nr, err_value in errors:
+ result += encode_uint32_vlq(err_item_nr)
+ result += encode_uint64_vlq(err_value)
+ result += encode_uint32_vlq(0) # Terminator
+ return bytes(result)
+
+ def test_success(self) -> None:
+ response = self._build_response(return_value=0)
+ _parse_write_response(response) # Should not raise
+
+ def test_error_return_value(self) -> None:
+ response = self._build_response(return_value=0x05A9)
+ with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match="Write failed"):
+ _parse_write_response(response)
+
+ def test_error_items(self) -> None:
+ response = self._build_response(return_value=0, errors=[(1, 0xDEAD)])
+ with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match="Write failed"):
+ _parse_write_response(response)
+
+
+class TestBuildWritePayload:
+ def test_single_item(self) -> None:
+ payload = _build_write_payload([(1, 0, bytes([1, 2, 3, 4]))])
+ assert isinstance(payload, bytes)
+ assert len(payload) > 0
+
+ def test_data_appears_in_payload(self) -> None:
+ data = bytes([0xDE, 0xAD, 0xBE, 0xEF])
+ payload = _build_write_payload([(1, 0, data)])
+ # The raw data should appear in the payload (inside the BLOB PValue)
+ assert data in payload
+
+
+# -- Client/server payload agreement --
+
+
+class TestPayloadAgreement:
+ """Verify client payloads can be parsed by the server's request parser."""
+
+ def test_read_payload_roundtrip(self) -> None:
+ """Build a read payload, then manually verify it has expected structure."""
+ payload = _build_read_payload([(1, 0, 4)])
+ offset = 0
+
+ # LinkId (4 bytes fixed)
+ link_id = struct.unpack_from(">I", payload, offset)[0]
+ offset += 4
+ assert link_id == 0
+
+ # Item count (VLQ)
+ item_count, consumed = decode_uint32_vlq(payload, offset)
+ offset += consumed
+ assert item_count == 1
+
+ # Total field count (VLQ)
+ total_fields, consumed = decode_uint32_vlq(payload, offset)
+ offset += consumed
+ assert total_fields == 6 # 4 base + 2 LIDs
+
+ def test_write_read_consistency(self) -> None:
+ """Build write and read payloads for same address, verify both compile."""
+ read_payload = _build_read_payload([(1, 0, 4)])
+ write_payload = _build_write_payload([(1, 0, bytes([1, 2, 3, 4]))])
+ assert isinstance(read_payload, bytes)
+ assert isinstance(write_payload, bytes)
+
+
+# -- Connection unit tests --
+
+
+class TestConnectionElementSize:
+ def test_single_byte(self) -> None:
+ for dt in (DataType.BOOL, DataType.USINT, DataType.BYTE, DataType.SINT):
+ assert _element_size(dt) == 1
+
+ def test_two_byte(self) -> None:
+ for dt in (DataType.UINT, DataType.WORD, DataType.INT):
+ assert _element_size(dt) == 2
+
+ def test_four_byte(self) -> None:
+ for dt in (DataType.REAL, DataType.RID):
+ assert _element_size(dt) == 4
+
+ def test_eight_byte(self) -> None:
+ for dt in (DataType.LREAL, DataType.TIMESTAMP):
+ assert _element_size(dt) == 8
+
+ def test_variable_length(self) -> None:
+ for dt in (DataType.UDINT, DataType.BLOB, DataType.WSTRING, DataType.STRUCT):
+ assert _element_size(dt) == 0
+
+
+class TestSkipTypedValue:
+ """Test S7CommPlusConnection._skip_typed_value with constructed byte buffers."""
+
+ @pytest.fixture()
+ def conn(self) -> S7CommPlusConnection:
+ return S7CommPlusConnection("127.0.0.1")
+
+ def test_null(self, conn: S7CommPlusConnection) -> None:
+ assert conn._skip_typed_value(b"", 0, DataType.NULL, 0x00) == 0
+
+ def test_bool(self, conn: S7CommPlusConnection) -> None:
+ data = bytes([0x01])
+ assert conn._skip_typed_value(data, 0, DataType.BOOL, 0x00) == 1
+
+ def test_usint(self, conn: S7CommPlusConnection) -> None:
+ data = bytes([42])
+ assert conn._skip_typed_value(data, 0, DataType.USINT, 0x00) == 1
+
+ def test_byte(self, conn: S7CommPlusConnection) -> None:
+ data = bytes([0xAB])
+ assert conn._skip_typed_value(data, 0, DataType.BYTE, 0x00) == 1
+
+ def test_sint(self, conn: S7CommPlusConnection) -> None:
+ data = bytes([0xD6])
+ assert conn._skip_typed_value(data, 0, DataType.SINT, 0x00) == 1
+
+ def test_uint(self, conn: S7CommPlusConnection) -> None:
+ data = struct.pack(">H", 1000)
+ assert conn._skip_typed_value(data, 0, DataType.UINT, 0x00) == 2
+
+ def test_word(self, conn: S7CommPlusConnection) -> None:
+ data = struct.pack(">H", 0xBEEF)
+ assert conn._skip_typed_value(data, 0, DataType.WORD, 0x00) == 2
+
+ def test_int(self, conn: S7CommPlusConnection) -> None:
+ data = struct.pack(">h", -1000)
+ assert conn._skip_typed_value(data, 0, DataType.INT, 0x00) == 2
+
+ def test_udint(self, conn: S7CommPlusConnection) -> None:
+ vlq = encode_uint32_vlq(100000)
+ new_offset = conn._skip_typed_value(vlq, 0, DataType.UDINT, 0x00)
+ assert new_offset == len(vlq)
+
+ def test_dword(self, conn: S7CommPlusConnection) -> None:
+ vlq = encode_uint32_vlq(0xDEADBEEF)
+ new_offset = conn._skip_typed_value(vlq, 0, DataType.DWORD, 0x00)
+ assert new_offset == len(vlq)
+
+ def test_aid(self, conn: S7CommPlusConnection) -> None:
+ vlq = encode_uint32_vlq(306)
+ new_offset = conn._skip_typed_value(vlq, 0, DataType.AID, 0x00)
+ assert new_offset == len(vlq)
+
+ def test_dint(self, conn: S7CommPlusConnection) -> None:
+ vlq = encode_int32_vlq(-100000)
+ new_offset = conn._skip_typed_value(vlq, 0, DataType.DINT, 0x00)
+ assert new_offset == len(vlq)
+
+ def test_ulint(self, conn: S7CommPlusConnection) -> None:
+ vlq = encode_uint64_vlq(2**40)
+ new_offset = conn._skip_typed_value(vlq, 0, DataType.ULINT, 0x00)
+ assert new_offset == len(vlq)
+
+ def test_lword(self, conn: S7CommPlusConnection) -> None:
+ vlq = encode_uint64_vlq(0xCAFE)
+ new_offset = conn._skip_typed_value(vlq, 0, DataType.LWORD, 0x00)
+ assert new_offset == len(vlq)
+
+ def test_lint(self, conn: S7CommPlusConnection) -> None:
+ from s7.vlq import encode_int64_vlq
+
+ vlq = encode_int64_vlq(-(2**40))
+ new_offset = conn._skip_typed_value(vlq, 0, DataType.LINT, 0x00)
+ assert new_offset == len(vlq)
+
+ def test_real(self, conn: S7CommPlusConnection) -> None:
+ data = struct.pack(">f", 3.14)
+ assert conn._skip_typed_value(data, 0, DataType.REAL, 0x00) == 4
+
+ def test_lreal(self, conn: S7CommPlusConnection) -> None:
+ data = struct.pack(">d", 2.718)
+ assert conn._skip_typed_value(data, 0, DataType.LREAL, 0x00) == 8
+
+ def test_timestamp(self, conn: S7CommPlusConnection) -> None:
+ data = struct.pack(">Q", 0x0001020304050607)
+ assert conn._skip_typed_value(data, 0, DataType.TIMESTAMP, 0x00) == 8
+
+ def test_timespan(self, conn: S7CommPlusConnection) -> None:
+ from s7.vlq import encode_int64_vlq
+
+ vlq = encode_int64_vlq(5000)
+ # TIMESPAN uses uint64_vlq for skipping in _skip_typed_value
+ new_offset = conn._skip_typed_value(vlq, 0, DataType.TIMESPAN, 0x00)
+ assert new_offset == len(vlq)
+
+ def test_rid(self, conn: S7CommPlusConnection) -> None:
+ data = struct.pack(">I", 0x12345678)
+ assert conn._skip_typed_value(data, 0, DataType.RID, 0x00) == 4
+
+ def test_blob(self, conn: S7CommPlusConnection) -> None:
+ blob_data = bytes([1, 2, 3, 4])
+ vlq_len = encode_uint32_vlq(len(blob_data))
+ data = vlq_len + blob_data
+ new_offset = conn._skip_typed_value(data, 0, DataType.BLOB, 0x00)
+ assert new_offset == len(data)
+
+ def test_wstring(self, conn: S7CommPlusConnection) -> None:
+ text = "hello".encode("utf-8")
+ vlq_len = encode_uint32_vlq(len(text))
+ data = vlq_len + text
+ new_offset = conn._skip_typed_value(data, 0, DataType.WSTRING, 0x00)
+ assert new_offset == len(data)
+
+ def test_struct(self, conn: S7CommPlusConnection) -> None:
+ # Struct with 2 USINT sub-values
+ vlq_count = encode_uint32_vlq(2)
+ sub1 = bytes([0x00, DataType.USINT, 0x0A]) # flags + type + value
+ sub2 = bytes([0x00, DataType.USINT, 0x14])
+ data = vlq_count + sub1 + sub2
+ new_offset = conn._skip_typed_value(data, 0, DataType.STRUCT, 0x00)
+ assert new_offset == len(data)
+
+ def test_unknown_type(self, conn: S7CommPlusConnection) -> None:
+ # Unknown type should return same offset (can't skip)
+ assert conn._skip_typed_value(bytes([0xFF]), 0, 0xFF, 0x00) == 0
+
+ # -- Array tests --
+
+ def test_array_fixed_size(self, conn: S7CommPlusConnection) -> None:
+ count_vlq = encode_uint32_vlq(3)
+ elements = bytes([10, 20, 30])
+ data = count_vlq + elements
+ new_offset = conn._skip_typed_value(data, 0, DataType.USINT, 0x10)
+ assert new_offset == len(data)
+
+ def test_array_variable_length(self, conn: S7CommPlusConnection) -> None:
+ count_vlq = encode_uint32_vlq(2)
+ elem1 = encode_uint32_vlq(100)
+ elem2 = encode_uint32_vlq(200)
+ data = count_vlq + elem1 + elem2
+ new_offset = conn._skip_typed_value(data, 0, DataType.UDINT, 0x10)
+ assert new_offset == len(data)
+
+ def test_array_empty_data(self, conn: S7CommPlusConnection) -> None:
+ # Edge case: array flag but no data
+ assert conn._skip_typed_value(b"", 0, DataType.USINT, 0x10) == 0
+
+
+class TestParseCreateObjectResponse:
+ """Test _parse_create_object_response with constructed payloads."""
+
+ def _build_create_response_with_session_version(self, version: int, datatype: int = DataType.UDINT) -> bytes:
+ """Build a minimal CreateObject response containing ServerSessionVersion."""
+ payload = bytearray()
+ # Attribute tag
+ payload += bytes([ElementID.ATTRIBUTE])
+ # Attribute ID = ServerSessionVersion (306)
+ payload += encode_uint32_vlq(ObjectId.SERVER_SESSION_VERSION)
+ # Typed value: flags + datatype + VLQ value
+ payload += bytes([0x00, datatype])
+ payload += encode_uint32_vlq(version)
+ return bytes(payload)
+
+ def test_parse_udint_version(self) -> None:
+ conn = S7CommPlusConnection("127.0.0.1")
+ payload = self._build_create_response_with_session_version(3, DataType.UDINT)
+ conn._parse_create_object_response(payload)
+ assert conn._server_session_version == 3
+
+ def test_parse_dword_version(self) -> None:
+ conn = S7CommPlusConnection("127.0.0.1")
+ payload = self._build_create_response_with_session_version(2, DataType.DWORD)
+ conn._parse_create_object_response(payload)
+ assert conn._server_session_version == 2
+
+ def test_version_not_found(self) -> None:
+ conn = S7CommPlusConnection("127.0.0.1")
+ # Build payload with a different attribute, not ServerSessionVersion
+ payload = bytearray()
+ payload += bytes([ElementID.ATTRIBUTE])
+ payload += encode_uint32_vlq(999) # Some other attribute ID
+ payload += bytes([0x00, DataType.USINT, 42])
+ conn._parse_create_object_response(bytes(payload))
+ assert conn._server_session_version is None
+
+ def test_with_preceding_attributes(self) -> None:
+ conn = S7CommPlusConnection("127.0.0.1")
+ payload = bytearray()
+ # First attribute: some random one with a UINT value
+ payload += bytes([ElementID.ATTRIBUTE])
+ payload += encode_uint32_vlq(100) # Random attribute ID
+ payload += bytes([0x00, DataType.UINT])
+ payload += struct.pack(">H", 0x1234)
+ # Second attribute: ServerSessionVersion
+ payload += bytes([ElementID.ATTRIBUTE])
+ payload += encode_uint32_vlq(ObjectId.SERVER_SESSION_VERSION)
+ payload += bytes([0x00, DataType.UDINT])
+ payload += encode_uint32_vlq(1)
+ conn._parse_create_object_response(bytes(payload))
+ assert conn._server_session_version == 1
+
+ def test_with_start_of_object(self) -> None:
+ conn = S7CommPlusConnection("127.0.0.1")
+ payload = bytearray()
+ # StartOfObject tag (needs RelationId + ClassId + ClassFlags + AttributeId)
+ payload += bytes([ElementID.START_OF_OBJECT])
+ payload += struct.pack(">I", 0) # RelationId (4 bytes)
+ payload += encode_uint32_vlq(100) # ClassId
+ payload += encode_uint32_vlq(0) # ClassFlags
+ payload += encode_uint32_vlq(0) # AttributeId
+ # TerminatingObject
+ payload += bytes([ElementID.TERMINATING_OBJECT])
+ # Now the attribute we want
+ payload += bytes([ElementID.ATTRIBUTE])
+ payload += encode_uint32_vlq(ObjectId.SERVER_SESSION_VERSION)
+ payload += bytes([0x00, DataType.UDINT])
+ payload += encode_uint32_vlq(3)
+ conn._parse_create_object_response(bytes(payload))
+ assert conn._server_session_version == 3
+
+
+# -- Client error path tests --
+
+
+class TestClientErrorPaths:
+ def test_properties_not_connected(self) -> None:
+ client = S7CommPlusClient()
+ assert client.connected is False
+ assert client.protocol_version == 0
+ assert client.session_id == 0
+ assert client.session_setup_ok is False
+
+ def test_db_read_not_connected(self) -> None:
+ client = S7CommPlusClient()
+ with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match="Not connected"):
+ client.db_read(1, 0, 4)
+
+ def test_db_write_not_connected(self) -> None:
+ client = S7CommPlusClient()
+ with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match="Not connected"):
+ client.db_write(1, 0, bytes([1, 2, 3, 4]))
+
+ def test_db_read_multi_not_connected(self) -> None:
+ client = S7CommPlusClient()
+ with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match="Not connected"):
+ client.db_read_multi([(1, 0, 4)])
+
+ def test_explore_not_connected(self) -> None:
+ client = S7CommPlusClient()
+ with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match="Not connected"):
+ client.explore()
+
+ def test_context_manager_not_connected(self) -> None:
+ """Test that context manager works without connection (disconnect is a no-op)."""
+ with S7CommPlusClient() as client:
+ assert client.connected is False
+ # Should not raise
diff --git a/tests/test_s7_v2.py b/tests/test_s7_v2.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e8a2250f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_s7_v2.py
@@ -0,0 +1,345 @@
+"""Tests for S7CommPlus V2 protocol support.
+
+Tests IntegrityId tracking, legitimation helpers, protocol constants,
+and V2 connection behavior.
+"""
+
+import hashlib
+
+import pytest
+
+from s7.protocol import (
+ FunctionCode,
+ LegitimationId,
+ ProtocolVersion,
+ READ_FUNCTION_CODES,
+)
+from s7.legitimation import (
+ LegitimationState,
+ build_legacy_response,
+ derive_legitimation_key,
+ _build_legitimation_payload,
+)
+from s7.vlq import encode_uint32_vlq, decode_uint32_vlq
+from s7.connection import S7CommPlusConnection
+
+
+class TestReadFunctionCodes:
+ """Test READ_FUNCTION_CODES classification."""
+
+ def test_get_multi_variables_is_read(self) -> None:
+ assert FunctionCode.GET_MULTI_VARIABLES in READ_FUNCTION_CODES
+
+ def test_explore_is_read(self) -> None:
+ assert FunctionCode.EXPLORE in READ_FUNCTION_CODES
+
+ def test_get_var_substreamed_is_read(self) -> None:
+ assert FunctionCode.GET_VAR_SUBSTREAMED in READ_FUNCTION_CODES
+
+ def test_get_link_is_read(self) -> None:
+ assert FunctionCode.GET_LINK in READ_FUNCTION_CODES
+
+ def test_get_variable_is_read(self) -> None:
+ assert FunctionCode.GET_VARIABLE in READ_FUNCTION_CODES
+
+ def test_get_variables_address_is_read(self) -> None:
+ assert FunctionCode.GET_VARIABLES_ADDRESS in READ_FUNCTION_CODES
+
+ def test_set_multi_variables_is_write(self) -> None:
+ assert FunctionCode.SET_MULTI_VARIABLES not in READ_FUNCTION_CODES
+
+ def test_set_variable_is_write(self) -> None:
+ assert FunctionCode.SET_VARIABLE not in READ_FUNCTION_CODES
+
+ def test_create_object_is_write(self) -> None:
+ assert FunctionCode.CREATE_OBJECT not in READ_FUNCTION_CODES
+
+ def test_delete_object_is_write(self) -> None:
+ assert FunctionCode.DELETE_OBJECT not in READ_FUNCTION_CODES
+
+
+class TestLegitimationId:
+ """Test legitimation ID constants."""
+
+ def test_server_session_request(self) -> None:
+ assert int(LegitimationId.SERVER_SESSION_REQUEST) == 303
+
+ def test_server_session_response(self) -> None:
+ assert int(LegitimationId.SERVER_SESSION_RESPONSE) == 304
+
+ def test_legitimate(self) -> None:
+ assert int(LegitimationId.LEGITIMATE) == 1846
+
+
+class TestDeriveKey:
+ """Test OMS key derivation."""
+
+ def test_derive_returns_32_bytes(self) -> None:
+ secret = b"\x00" * 32
+ key = derive_legitimation_key(secret)
+ assert len(key) == 32
+
+ def test_derive_is_sha256(self) -> None:
+ secret = b"test_oms_secret_material_32byte!"
+ key = derive_legitimation_key(secret)
+ expected = hashlib.sha256(secret).digest()
+ assert key == expected
+
+ def test_different_secrets_different_keys(self) -> None:
+ key1 = derive_legitimation_key(b"\x00" * 32)
+ key2 = derive_legitimation_key(b"\x01" * 32)
+ assert key1 != key2
+
+
+class TestLegacyResponse:
+ """Test legacy legitimation (SHA-1 XOR)."""
+
+ def test_legacy_response_length(self) -> None:
+ challenge = b"\x00" * 20
+ response = build_legacy_response("password", challenge)
+ assert len(response) == 20
+
+ def test_legacy_response_xor(self) -> None:
+ password = "test"
+ challenge = b"\xff" * 20
+ response = build_legacy_response(password, challenge)
+ password_hash = hashlib.sha1(password.encode("utf-8")).digest() # noqa: S324
+ # XOR with 0xFF should flip all bits
+ expected = bytes(h ^ 0xFF for h in password_hash)
+ assert response == expected
+
+ def test_legacy_response_zero_challenge(self) -> None:
+ password = "hello"
+ challenge = b"\x00" * 20
+ response = build_legacy_response(password, challenge)
+ # XOR with zeros = original hash
+ expected = hashlib.sha1(password.encode("utf-8")).digest() # noqa: S324
+ assert response == expected
+
+
+class TestLegitimationPayload:
+ """Test legitimation payload building."""
+
+ def test_payload_without_username(self) -> None:
+ payload = _build_legitimation_payload("password")
+ assert len(payload) > 0
+ # Should contain struct header
+ assert payload[1] == 0x17 # DataType.STRUCT
+
+ def test_payload_with_username(self) -> None:
+ payload = _build_legitimation_payload("password", "admin")
+ assert len(payload) > 0
+
+ def test_payload_legit_type_1_without_username(self) -> None:
+ """Without username, legitimation type should be 1 (legacy)."""
+ payload = _build_legitimation_payload("password")
+ # After struct header (flags=0x00, type=0x17, count VLQ), the first
+ # element is flags=0x00, type=UDInt(0x04), then legit_type value
+ # The exact structure: [0x00, 0x17, count, 0x00, 0x04, legit_type, ...]
+ # legit_type=1 is at offset 5 (VLQ encoded)
+ assert payload[4] == 0x04 # UDInt type for legit_type
+ assert payload[5] == 0x01 # legit_type = 1
+
+ def test_payload_legit_type_2_with_username(self) -> None:
+ """With username, legitimation type should be 2 (new)."""
+ payload = _build_legitimation_payload("password", "admin")
+ assert payload[4] == 0x04 # UDInt type for legit_type
+ assert payload[5] == 0x02 # legit_type = 2
+
+
+class TestLegitimationState:
+ """Test LegitimationState tracker."""
+
+ def test_initial_state_not_authenticated(self) -> None:
+ state = LegitimationState()
+ assert not state.authenticated
+
+ def test_mark_authenticated(self) -> None:
+ state = LegitimationState()
+ state.mark_authenticated()
+ assert state.authenticated
+
+ def test_with_oms_secret(self) -> None:
+ state = LegitimationState(oms_secret=b"\x00" * 32)
+ assert not state.authenticated
+
+ def test_rotate_key(self) -> None:
+ state = LegitimationState(oms_secret=b"\x00" * 32)
+ # Should not raise
+ state.rotate_key()
+
+ def test_rotate_key_without_secret(self) -> None:
+ state = LegitimationState()
+ # Should not raise even without OMS secret
+ state.rotate_key()
+
+
+class TestIntegrityIdTracking:
+ """Test IntegrityId counter logic in S7CommPlusConnection."""
+
+ def test_initial_counters_zero(self) -> None:
+ conn = S7CommPlusConnection("127.0.0.1")
+ assert conn.integrity_id_read == 0
+ assert conn.integrity_id_write == 0
+
+ def test_connection_attributes(self) -> None:
+ conn = S7CommPlusConnection("127.0.0.1")
+ assert conn.oms_secret is None
+ assert not conn.tls_active
+
+ def test_protocol_version_default(self) -> None:
+ conn = S7CommPlusConnection("127.0.0.1")
+ assert conn.protocol_version == 0
+
+
+class TestIntegrityIdVlqEncoding:
+ """Test VLQ encoding used for IntegrityId values."""
+
+ def test_encode_zero(self) -> None:
+ assert encode_uint32_vlq(0) == b"\x00"
+
+ def test_encode_small(self) -> None:
+ encoded = encode_uint32_vlq(42)
+ value, _ = decode_uint32_vlq(encoded)
+ assert value == 42
+
+ def test_encode_large(self) -> None:
+ encoded = encode_uint32_vlq(0xFFFFFFFF)
+ value, _ = decode_uint32_vlq(encoded)
+ assert value == 0xFFFFFFFF
+
+ def test_roundtrip_integrity_range(self) -> None:
+ """Test encoding/decoding typical IntegrityId counter values."""
+ for val in [0, 1, 127, 128, 255, 1000, 65535, 0x7FFFFFFF]:
+ encoded = encode_uint32_vlq(val)
+ decoded, consumed = decode_uint32_vlq(encoded)
+ assert decoded == val
+ assert consumed == len(encoded)
+
+
+class TestProtocolVersionV2:
+ """Test V2 protocol version constant."""
+
+ def test_v2_value(self) -> None:
+ assert int(ProtocolVersion.V2) == 0x02
+
+ def test_v2_greater_than_v1(self) -> None:
+ assert ProtocolVersion.V2 > ProtocolVersion.V1
+
+ def test_v2_less_than_v3(self) -> None:
+ assert ProtocolVersion.V2 < ProtocolVersion.V3
+
+
+try:
+ import cryptography # noqa: F401
+
+ _has_cryptography = True
+except ImportError:
+ _has_cryptography = False
+
+
+@pytest.mark.skipif(not _has_cryptography, reason="requires cryptography package")
+class TestBuildNewResponse:
+ """Test AES-256-CBC legitimation response building."""
+
+ def test_new_response_returns_bytes(self) -> None:
+ from s7.legitimation import build_new_response
+
+ result = build_new_response(
+ password="test",
+ challenge=b"\x00" * 16,
+ oms_secret=b"\x00" * 32,
+ )
+ assert isinstance(result, bytes)
+
+ def test_new_response_is_aes_block_aligned(self) -> None:
+ from s7.legitimation import build_new_response
+
+ result = build_new_response(
+ password="test",
+ challenge=b"\x00" * 16,
+ oms_secret=b"\x00" * 32,
+ )
+ # AES-CBC output is always a multiple of 16 bytes
+ assert len(result) % 16 == 0
+
+ def test_new_response_different_passwords_differ(self) -> None:
+ from s7.legitimation import build_new_response
+
+ challenge = b"\xab" * 16
+ oms = b"\xcd" * 32
+ r1 = build_new_response("password1", challenge, oms)
+ r2 = build_new_response("password2", challenge, oms)
+ assert r1 != r2
+
+ def test_new_response_different_secrets_differ(self) -> None:
+ from s7.legitimation import build_new_response
+
+ challenge = b"\xab" * 16
+ r1 = build_new_response("test", challenge, b"\x00" * 32)
+ r2 = build_new_response("test", challenge, b"\x01" * 32)
+ assert r1 != r2
+
+ def test_new_response_with_username(self) -> None:
+ from s7.legitimation import build_new_response
+
+ result = build_new_response(
+ password="test",
+ challenge=b"\x00" * 16,
+ oms_secret=b"\x00" * 32,
+ username="admin",
+ )
+ assert isinstance(result, bytes)
+ assert len(result) % 16 == 0
+
+ def test_new_response_decryptable(self) -> None:
+ """Verify the response can be decrypted back to the original payload."""
+ from s7.legitimation import (
+ build_new_response,
+ derive_legitimation_key,
+ _build_legitimation_payload,
+ )
+ from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.ciphers import Cipher, algorithms, modes
+ from cryptography.hazmat.primitives import padding
+
+ challenge = b"\x12\x34\x56\x78" * 4 # 16-byte IV
+ oms_secret = b"\xaa\xbb\xcc\xdd" * 8 # 32 bytes
+
+ encrypted = build_new_response("mypassword", challenge, oms_secret)
+
+ # Decrypt
+ key = derive_legitimation_key(oms_secret)
+ iv = challenge[:16]
+ cipher = Cipher(algorithms.AES(key), modes.CBC(iv))
+ decryptor = cipher.decryptor()
+ padded = decryptor.update(encrypted) + decryptor.finalize()
+
+ # Remove PKCS7 padding
+ unpadder = padding.PKCS7(128).unpadder()
+ plaintext = unpadder.update(padded) + unpadder.finalize()
+
+ # Should match the payload
+ expected = _build_legitimation_payload("mypassword")
+ assert plaintext == expected
+
+
+class TestAuthenticate:
+ """Test connection.authenticate() preconditions."""
+
+ def test_authenticate_requires_connection(self) -> None:
+ import pytest
+ from snap7.error import S7ConnectionError
+
+ conn = S7CommPlusConnection("127.0.0.1")
+ with pytest.raises(S7ConnectionError, match="Not connected"):
+ conn.authenticate("password")
+
+ def test_authenticate_requires_tls(self) -> None:
+ import pytest
+ from snap7.error import S7ConnectionError
+
+ conn = S7CommPlusConnection("127.0.0.1")
+ conn._connected = True
+ conn._tls_active = False
+ with pytest.raises(S7ConnectionError, match="requires TLS"):
+ conn.authenticate("password")
diff --git a/tests/test_s7_vlq.py b/tests/test_s7_vlq.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..70ed5917
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_s7_vlq.py
@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+"""Tests for S7CommPlus VLQ (Variable-Length Quantity) encoding."""
+
+import pytest
+
+from s7.vlq import (
+ encode_uint32_vlq,
+ decode_uint32_vlq,
+ encode_int32_vlq,
+ decode_int32_vlq,
+ encode_uint64_vlq,
+ decode_uint64_vlq,
+ encode_int64_vlq,
+ decode_int64_vlq,
+)
+
+
+class TestUInt32Vlq:
+ """Test unsigned 32-bit VLQ encoding/decoding."""
+
+ @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+ "value, expected_bytes",
+ [
+ (0, bytes([0x00])),
+ (1, bytes([0x01])),
+ (0x7F, bytes([0x7F])),
+ (0x80, bytes([0x81, 0x00])),
+ (0xFF, bytes([0x81, 0x7F])),
+ (0x100, bytes([0x82, 0x00])),
+ (0x3FFF, bytes([0xFF, 0x7F])),
+ (0x4000, bytes([0x81, 0x80, 0x00])),
+ ],
+ )
+ def test_encode_known_values(self, value: int, expected_bytes: bytes) -> None:
+ assert encode_uint32_vlq(value) == expected_bytes
+
+ @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+ "value",
+ [0, 1, 127, 128, 255, 256, 16383, 16384, 0xFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFFFF],
+ )
+ def test_roundtrip(self, value: int) -> None:
+ encoded = encode_uint32_vlq(value)
+ decoded, consumed = decode_uint32_vlq(encoded)
+ assert decoded == value
+ assert consumed == len(encoded)
+
+ def test_decode_with_offset(self) -> None:
+ prefix = bytes([0xAA, 0xBB])
+ encoded = encode_uint32_vlq(12345)
+ data = prefix + encoded
+ decoded, consumed = decode_uint32_vlq(data, offset=2)
+ assert decoded == 12345
+
+ def test_encode_out_of_range(self) -> None:
+ with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+ encode_uint32_vlq(-1)
+ with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+ encode_uint32_vlq(0x100000000)
+
+ def test_decode_truncated(self) -> None:
+ # Continuation bit set but no more data
+ with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+ decode_uint32_vlq(bytes([0x80]))
+
+
+class TestInt32Vlq:
+ """Test signed 32-bit VLQ encoding/decoding."""
+
+ @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+ "value",
+ [0, 1, -1, 63, -64, 64, -65, 127, -128, 0x7FFFFFFF, -0x80000000, 1234567, -1234567],
+ )
+ def test_roundtrip(self, value: int) -> None:
+ encoded = encode_int32_vlq(value)
+ decoded, consumed = decode_int32_vlq(encoded)
+ assert decoded == value
+ assert consumed == len(encoded)
+
+ def test_negative_one(self) -> None:
+ """Test that -1 encodes compactly."""
+ encoded = encode_int32_vlq(-1)
+ decoded, _ = decode_int32_vlq(encoded)
+ assert decoded == -1
+
+ def test_min_value(self) -> None:
+ """Test INT32_MIN boundary."""
+ encoded = encode_int32_vlq(-0x80000000)
+ decoded, _ = decode_int32_vlq(encoded)
+ assert decoded == -0x80000000
+
+ def test_encode_out_of_range(self) -> None:
+ with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+ encode_int32_vlq(-0x80000001)
+ with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+ encode_int32_vlq(0x80000000)
+
+
+class TestUInt64Vlq:
+ """Test unsigned 64-bit VLQ encoding/decoding."""
+
+ @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+ "value",
+ [
+ 0,
+ 1,
+ 127,
+ 128,
+ 0xFFFF,
+ 0xFFFFFFFF,
+ 0xFFFFFFFFFF,
+ 0x00FFFFFFFFFFFFFF, # Just below the special threshold
+ 0x00FFFFFFFFFFFFFF + 1, # At the special threshold
+ 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF, # Max uint64
+ ],
+ )
+ def test_roundtrip(self, value: int) -> None:
+ encoded = encode_uint64_vlq(value)
+ decoded, consumed = decode_uint64_vlq(encoded)
+ assert decoded == value
+ assert consumed == len(encoded)
+
+ def test_max_encoding_length(self) -> None:
+ """Max uint64 should encode in at most 9 bytes."""
+ encoded = encode_uint64_vlq(0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF)
+ assert len(encoded) <= 9
+
+ def test_encode_out_of_range(self) -> None:
+ with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+ encode_uint64_vlq(-1)
+ with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+ encode_uint64_vlq(0x10000000000000000)
+
+
+class TestInt64Vlq:
+ """Test signed 64-bit VLQ encoding/decoding."""
+
+ @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+ "value",
+ [
+ 0,
+ 1,
+ -1,
+ 63,
+ -64,
+ 127,
+ -128,
+ 0x7FFFFFFFFFFFFFFF, # Max int64
+ -0x8000000000000000, # Min int64
+ 123456789012345,
+ -123456789012345,
+ ],
+ )
+ def test_roundtrip(self, value: int) -> None:
+ encoded = encode_int64_vlq(value)
+ decoded, consumed = decode_int64_vlq(encoded)
+ assert decoded == value
+ assert consumed == len(encoded)
+
+ def test_max_encoding_length(self) -> None:
+ """Max/min int64 should encode in at most 9 bytes."""
+ assert len(encode_int64_vlq(0x7FFFFFFFFFFFFFFF)) <= 9
+ assert len(encode_int64_vlq(-0x8000000000000000)) <= 9
diff --git a/tests/test_s7protocol.py b/tests/test_s7protocol.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c0d62f1b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_s7protocol.py
@@ -0,0 +1,537 @@
+"""Tests for snap7.s7protocol — response parsers with crafted PDUs, error paths."""
+
+import struct
+from typing import Any
+
+import pytest
+from datetime import datetime
+
+from snap7.s7protocol import (
+ S7Protocol,
+ S7PDUType,
+ S7Function,
+ S7UserDataGroup,
+ S7UserDataSubfunction,
+ get_return_code_description,
+)
+from snap7.error import S7ProtocolError
+
+
+class TestGetReturnCodeDescription:
+ def test_known_code(self) -> None:
+ assert get_return_code_description(0xFF) == "Success"
+
+ def test_unknown_code(self) -> None:
+ assert get_return_code_description(0xAB) == "Unknown error"
+
+
+class TestParseResponse:
+ """Test parse_response() with crafted PDUs."""
+
+ def setup_method(self) -> None:
+ self.proto = S7Protocol()
+
+ def _build_ack_data_pdu(
+ self,
+ func_code: int,
+ item_count: int = 1,
+ data_section: bytes = b"",
+ error_class: int = 0,
+ error_code: int = 0,
+ sequence: int = 1,
+ ) -> bytes:
+ """Build a minimal ACK_DATA PDU."""
+ params = struct.pack(">BB", func_code, item_count)
+ header = struct.pack(
+ ">BBHHHHBB",
+ 0x32,
+ S7PDUType.ACK_DATA,
+ 0x0000,
+ sequence,
+ len(params),
+ len(data_section),
+ error_class,
+ error_code,
+ )
+ return header + params + data_section
+
+ def test_pdu_too_short(self) -> None:
+ with pytest.raises(S7ProtocolError, match="too short"):
+ self.proto.parse_response(b"\x32\x03\x00")
+
+ def test_invalid_protocol_id(self) -> None:
+ # Build a valid-length PDU with wrong protocol ID
+ pdu = struct.pack(">BBHHHHBB", 0x99, S7PDUType.ACK_DATA, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0)
+ with pytest.raises(S7ProtocolError, match="Invalid protocol ID"):
+ self.proto.parse_response(pdu)
+
+ def test_unexpected_pdu_type(self) -> None:
+ # REQUEST type (0x01) is not a valid response
+ pdu = struct.pack(">BBHHHHBB", 0x32, S7PDUType.REQUEST, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0)
+ with pytest.raises(S7ProtocolError, match="Expected response PDU"):
+ self.proto.parse_response(pdu)
+
+ def test_header_error(self) -> None:
+ pdu = struct.pack(">BBHHHHBB", 0x32, S7PDUType.ACK_DATA, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0x05, 0x04)
+ with pytest.raises(S7ProtocolError, match="S7 protocol error"):
+ self.proto.parse_response(pdu)
+
+ def test_ack_no_data(self) -> None:
+ """ACK (type 0x02) PDU with no params or data — write response."""
+ pdu = struct.pack(">BBHHHHBB", 0x32, S7PDUType.ACK, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0)
+ resp = self.proto.parse_response(pdu)
+ assert resp["sequence"] == 1
+ assert resp["parameters"] is None
+ assert resp["data"] is None
+
+ def test_read_response(self) -> None:
+ """ACK_DATA with read parameters and data."""
+ data_section = struct.pack(">BBH", 0xFF, 0x04, 16) + b"\xab\xcd" # 16 bits = 2 bytes
+ pdu = self._build_ack_data_pdu(S7Function.READ_AREA, 1, data_section)
+ resp = self.proto.parse_response(pdu)
+ assert resp["parameters"]["function_code"] == S7Function.READ_AREA
+ assert resp["data"]["data"] == b"\xab\xcd"
+
+ def test_write_response_single_byte_data(self) -> None:
+ """Write response with single-byte data section (return code only)."""
+ data_section = b"\xff" # success
+ pdu = self._build_ack_data_pdu(S7Function.WRITE_AREA, 1, data_section)
+ resp = self.proto.parse_response(pdu)
+ assert resp["data"]["return_code"] == 0xFF
+
+ def test_setup_comm_response(self) -> None:
+ params = struct.pack(">BBHHH", S7Function.SETUP_COMMUNICATION, 0x00, 1, 1, 480)
+ header = struct.pack(">BBHHHHBB", 0x32, S7PDUType.ACK_DATA, 0, 1, len(params), 0, 0, 0)
+ pdu = header + params
+ resp = self.proto.parse_response(pdu)
+ assert resp["parameters"]["pdu_length"] == 480
+
+ def test_param_section_extends_beyond_pdu(self) -> None:
+ # param_len = 100 but PDU is too short
+ header = struct.pack(">BBHHHHBB", 0x32, S7PDUType.ACK_DATA, 0, 1, 100, 0, 0, 0)
+ with pytest.raises(S7ProtocolError, match="Parameter section extends beyond PDU"):
+ self.proto.parse_response(header)
+
+ def test_data_section_extends_beyond_pdu(self) -> None:
+ # data_len = 100 but no data follows
+ params = struct.pack(">BB", S7Function.READ_AREA, 1)
+ header = struct.pack(">BBHHHHBB", 0x32, S7PDUType.ACK_DATA, 0, 1, len(params), 100, 0, 0)
+ pdu = header + params
+ with pytest.raises(S7ProtocolError, match="Data section extends beyond PDU"):
+ self.proto.parse_response(pdu)
+
+ def test_unknown_function_code(self) -> None:
+ pdu = self._build_ack_data_pdu(0xAA, 0)
+ resp = self.proto.parse_response(pdu)
+ assert resp["parameters"]["function_code"] == 0xAA
+
+
+class TestUserDataParsing:
+ """Test USERDATA PDU parsing."""
+
+ def setup_method(self) -> None:
+ self.proto = S7Protocol()
+
+ def _build_userdata_response(
+ self,
+ group: int = S7UserDataGroup.SZL,
+ subfunction: int = S7UserDataSubfunction.READ_SZL,
+ sequence_number: int = 0,
+ last_data_unit: int = 0x00,
+ error_code: int = 0,
+ data_payload: bytes = b"",
+ ) -> bytes:
+ """Build a USERDATA response PDU."""
+ # Parameter section (12 bytes for response)
+ type_group = 0x80 | (group & 0x0F) # response type
+ param_data = struct.pack(
+ ">BBBBBBBBBBH",
+ 0x00, # Reserved
+ 0x01, # Parameter count
+ 0x12, # Type header
+ 0x08, # Length (response = 8)
+ 0x12, # Method (response)
+ type_group,
+ subfunction,
+ sequence_number,
+ 0x00, # Data unit reference
+ last_data_unit,
+ error_code,
+ )
+
+ # Data section
+ data_section = (
+ struct.pack(
+ ">BBH",
+ 0xFF, # Return code (success)
+ 0x09, # Transport size (octet string)
+ len(data_payload),
+ )
+ + data_payload
+ )
+
+ header = struct.pack(
+ ">BBHHHH",
+ 0x32,
+ S7PDUType.USERDATA,
+ 0x0000,
+ 1,
+ len(param_data),
+ len(data_section),
+ )
+
+ return header + param_data + data_section
+
+ def test_userdata_too_short(self) -> None:
+ pdu = struct.pack(">BBHH", 0x32, S7PDUType.USERDATA, 0, 1)
+ with pytest.raises(S7ProtocolError, match="too short"):
+ self.proto.parse_response(pdu)
+
+ def test_userdata_response(self) -> None:
+ pdu = self._build_userdata_response(data_payload=b"\x01\x02\x03\x04")
+ resp = self.proto.parse_response(pdu)
+ assert resp["parameters"]["group"] == S7UserDataGroup.SZL
+ assert resp["data"]["data"] == b"\x01\x02\x03\x04"
+
+ def test_userdata_with_error(self) -> None:
+ pdu = self._build_userdata_response(error_code=0x8104)
+ resp = self.proto.parse_response(pdu)
+ assert resp["parameters"]["error_code"] == 0x8104
+
+ def test_userdata_more_data_available(self) -> None:
+ pdu = self._build_userdata_response(last_data_unit=0x01, sequence_number=0x05)
+ resp = self.proto.parse_response(pdu)
+ assert resp["parameters"]["last_data_unit"] == 0x01
+ assert resp["parameters"]["sequence_number"] == 0x05
+
+
+class TestParseStartUploadResponse:
+ def setup_method(self) -> None:
+ self.proto = S7Protocol()
+
+ def test_valid_response(self) -> None:
+ # Layout: func(1) + status(1) + reserved(1) + reserved(1) + upload_id(4) = 8 bytes
+ # Parser reads upload_id from raw_params[4:8]
+ raw_params = struct.pack(">BBBBI", S7Function.START_UPLOAD, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x12345678)
+ # Add block length: len_field(1) + length_str
+ # Condition: len(raw_params) > 9 + len_field, so we need total > 9 + len(length_str)
+ length_str = b"000100"
+ raw_params += struct.pack(">B", len(length_str)) + length_str + b"\x00" # extra byte to satisfy >
+ response = {"raw_parameters": raw_params}
+ result = self.proto.parse_start_upload_response(response)
+ assert result["upload_id"] == 0x12345678
+ assert result["block_length"] == 100
+
+ def test_short_response(self) -> None:
+ response = {"raw_parameters": b"\x00\x00\x00"}
+ result = self.proto.parse_start_upload_response(response)
+ assert result["upload_id"] == 0
+ assert result["block_length"] == 0
+
+ def test_no_raw_parameters(self) -> None:
+ response: dict[str, Any] = {}
+ result = self.proto.parse_start_upload_response(response)
+ assert result["upload_id"] == 0
+
+ def test_invalid_length_string(self) -> None:
+ raw_params = struct.pack(">BBBI", 0x1D, 0, 0, 1)
+ raw_params += struct.pack(">B", 3) + b"abc"
+ response = {"raw_parameters": raw_params}
+ result = self.proto.parse_start_upload_response(response)
+ assert result["block_length"] == 0 # ValueError caught
+
+
+class TestParseUploadResponse:
+ def setup_method(self) -> None:
+ self.proto = S7Protocol()
+
+ def test_valid_response(self) -> None:
+ response = {"data": {"data": b"\x01\x02\x03\x04\x05"}}
+ result = self.proto.parse_upload_response(response)
+ assert result == b"\x01\x02\x03\x04\x05"
+
+ def test_short_data(self) -> None:
+ response = {"data": {"data": b"\x01\x02"}}
+ result = self.proto.parse_upload_response(response)
+ assert result == b""
+
+ def test_empty_response(self) -> None:
+ response = {"data": {"data": b""}}
+ result = self.proto.parse_upload_response(response)
+ assert result == b""
+
+ def test_no_data_key(self) -> None:
+ response: dict[str, Any] = {}
+ result = self.proto.parse_upload_response(response)
+ assert result == b""
+
+
+class TestParseListBlocksResponse:
+ def setup_method(self) -> None:
+ self.proto = S7Protocol()
+
+ def test_valid_response(self) -> None:
+ # Build entries: indicator(0x30) + type + count(2 bytes)
+ data = b""
+ data += struct.pack(">BBH", 0x30, 0x38, 5) # OB: 5
+ data += struct.pack(">BBH", 0x30, 0x41, 3) # DB: 3
+ data += struct.pack(">BBH", 0x30, 0x43, 7) # FC: 7
+ response = {"data": {"data": data}}
+ result = self.proto.parse_list_blocks_response(response)
+ assert result["OBCount"] == 5
+ assert result["DBCount"] == 3
+ assert result["FCCount"] == 7
+ assert result["FBCount"] == 0
+
+ def test_empty_data(self) -> None:
+ response = {"data": {"data": b""}}
+ result = self.proto.parse_list_blocks_response(response)
+ assert result["DBCount"] == 0
+
+ def test_no_data(self) -> None:
+ response: dict[str, Any] = {}
+ result = self.proto.parse_list_blocks_response(response)
+ assert all(v == 0 for v in result.values())
+
+ def test_unknown_block_type_ignored(self) -> None:
+ data = struct.pack(">BBH", 0x30, 0xFF, 99) # unknown type
+ response = {"data": {"data": data}}
+ result = self.proto.parse_list_blocks_response(response)
+ assert all(v == 0 for v in result.values())
+
+
+class TestParseListBlocksOfTypeResponse:
+ def setup_method(self) -> None:
+ self.proto = S7Protocol()
+
+ def test_valid_response(self) -> None:
+ # Each entry: block_num(2) + unknown(1) + lang(1)
+ data = struct.pack(">HBB", 1, 0, 0) + struct.pack(">HBB", 5, 0, 0) + struct.pack(">HBB", 100, 0, 0)
+ response = {"data": {"data": data}}
+ result = self.proto.parse_list_blocks_of_type_response(response)
+ assert result == [1, 5, 100]
+
+ def test_empty_data(self) -> None:
+ response = {"data": {"data": b""}}
+ result = self.proto.parse_list_blocks_of_type_response(response)
+ assert result == []
+
+ def test_no_data(self) -> None:
+ response: dict[str, Any] = {}
+ result = self.proto.parse_list_blocks_of_type_response(response)
+ assert result == []
+
+
+class TestParseGetBlockInfoResponse:
+ def setup_method(self) -> None:
+ self.proto = S7Protocol()
+
+ def test_short_data(self) -> None:
+ response = {"data": {"data": b"\x00" * 10}}
+ result = self.proto.parse_get_block_info_response(response)
+ assert result["block_type"] == 0
+ assert result["mc7_size"] == 0
+
+ def test_valid_data(self) -> None:
+ raw_data = bytearray(80)
+ raw_data[1] = 0x41 # block_type = DB
+ raw_data[9] = 0x01 # flags
+ raw_data[10] = 0x05 # lang
+ struct.pack_into(">H", raw_data, 12, 42) # block_number
+ struct.pack_into(">I", raw_data, 14, 1024) # load_size
+ struct.pack_into(">H", raw_data, 34, 100) # sbb_length
+ struct.pack_into(">H", raw_data, 38, 50) # local_data
+ struct.pack_into(">H", raw_data, 40, 200) # mc7_size
+ raw_data[66] = 0x03 # version
+ struct.pack_into(">H", raw_data, 68, 0xABCD) # checksum
+
+ response = {"data": {"data": bytes(raw_data)}}
+ result = self.proto.parse_get_block_info_response(response)
+ assert result["block_type"] == 0x41
+ assert result["block_number"] == 42
+ assert result["mc7_size"] == 200
+ assert result["load_size"] == 1024
+ assert result["checksum"] == 0xABCD
+ assert result["version"] == 0x03
+
+ def test_no_data(self) -> None:
+ response: dict[str, Any] = {}
+ result = self.proto.parse_get_block_info_response(response)
+ assert result["block_type"] == 0
+
+
+class TestParseReadSZLResponse:
+ def setup_method(self) -> None:
+ self.proto = S7Protocol()
+
+ def test_first_fragment(self) -> None:
+ raw_data = struct.pack(">HH", 0x0011, 0x0000) + b"\x01\x02\x03"
+ response = {"data": {"data": raw_data}}
+ result = self.proto.parse_read_szl_response(response, first_fragment=True)
+ assert result["szl_id"] == 0x0011
+ assert result["szl_index"] == 0x0000
+ assert result["data"] == b"\x01\x02\x03"
+
+ def test_first_fragment_short_data(self) -> None:
+ response = {"data": {"data": b"\x00\x01"}}
+ result = self.proto.parse_read_szl_response(response, first_fragment=True)
+ assert result["szl_id"] == 0
+ assert result["data"] == b""
+
+ def test_followup_fragment(self) -> None:
+ response = {"data": {"data": b"\xaa\xbb\xcc"}}
+ result = self.proto.parse_read_szl_response(response, first_fragment=False)
+ assert result["data"] == b"\xaa\xbb\xcc"
+ assert result["szl_id"] == 0
+
+ def test_empty_data(self) -> None:
+ response: dict[str, Any] = {}
+ result = self.proto.parse_read_szl_response(response)
+ assert result["data"] == b""
+
+
+class TestParseGetClockResponse:
+ def setup_method(self) -> None:
+ self.proto = S7Protocol()
+
+ def test_valid_bcd_time(self) -> None:
+ # BCD: reserved, year=24, month=03, day=15, hour=10, minute=30, second=45, dow=6(Saturday)
+ raw_data = struct.pack(">BBBBBBBB", 0x00, 0x24, 0x03, 0x15, 0x10, 0x30, 0x45, 0x06)
+ response = {"data": {"data": raw_data}}
+ result = self.proto.parse_get_clock_response(response)
+ assert result.year == 2024
+ assert result.month == 3
+ assert result.day == 15
+ assert result.hour == 10
+ assert result.minute == 30
+ assert result.second == 45
+
+ def test_year_90_is_1990(self) -> None:
+ raw_data = struct.pack(">BBBBBBBB", 0x00, 0x90, 0x01, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01)
+ response = {"data": {"data": raw_data}}
+ result = self.proto.parse_get_clock_response(response)
+ assert result.year == 1990
+
+ def test_short_data_returns_now(self) -> None:
+ response = {"data": {"data": b"\x00\x01"}}
+ result = self.proto.parse_get_clock_response(response)
+ # Should return roughly "now"
+ assert isinstance(result, datetime)
+
+ def test_invalid_bcd_date_returns_now(self) -> None:
+ # Month=99 is invalid
+ raw_data = struct.pack(">BBBBBBBB", 0x00, 0x24, 0x99, 0x15, 0x10, 0x30, 0x45, 0x06)
+ response = {"data": {"data": raw_data}}
+ result = self.proto.parse_get_clock_response(response)
+ # Should fallback to now
+ assert isinstance(result, datetime)
+
+
+class TestParseParameterEdgeCases:
+ def setup_method(self) -> None:
+ self.proto = S7Protocol()
+
+ def test_empty_parameters(self) -> None:
+ result = self.proto._parse_parameters(b"")
+ assert result == {}
+
+ def test_read_response_params_too_short(self) -> None:
+ with pytest.raises(S7ProtocolError, match="too short"):
+ self.proto._parse_read_response_params(b"\x04")
+
+ def test_write_response_params_too_short(self) -> None:
+ with pytest.raises(S7ProtocolError, match="too short"):
+ self.proto._parse_write_response_params(b"\x05")
+
+ def test_setup_comm_params_too_short(self) -> None:
+ with pytest.raises(S7ProtocolError, match="too short"):
+ self.proto._parse_setup_comm_response_params(b"\xf0\x00\x00")
+
+
+class TestParseDataSection:
+ def setup_method(self) -> None:
+ self.proto = S7Protocol()
+
+ def test_single_byte(self) -> None:
+ result = self.proto._parse_data_section(b"\xff")
+ assert result["return_code"] == 0xFF
+
+ def test_two_three_bytes_raw(self) -> None:
+ result = self.proto._parse_data_section(b"\xaa\xbb")
+ assert result["raw_data"] == b"\xaa\xbb"
+
+ def test_octet_string_transport(self) -> None:
+ # Transport size 0x09 = octet string (byte length)
+ data = struct.pack(">BBH", 0xFF, 0x09, 3) + b"\x01\x02\x03"
+ result = self.proto._parse_data_section(data)
+ assert result["data"] == b"\x01\x02\x03"
+
+ def test_byte_transport_bit_length(self) -> None:
+ # Transport size 0x04 = byte (bit length)
+ data = struct.pack(">BBH", 0xFF, 0x04, 24) + b"\x01\x02\x03" # 24 bits = 3 bytes
+ result = self.proto._parse_data_section(data)
+ assert result["data"] == b"\x01\x02\x03"
+
+
+class TestExtractReadData:
+ def setup_method(self) -> None:
+ self.proto = S7Protocol()
+
+ def test_no_data_in_response(self) -> None:
+ with pytest.raises(S7ProtocolError, match="No data"):
+ self.proto.extract_read_data({}, None, 0) # type: ignore[arg-type]
+
+ def test_non_success_return_code(self) -> None:
+ response = {"data": {"return_code": 0x05, "data": b""}}
+ with pytest.raises(S7ProtocolError, match="Read operation failed"):
+ self.proto.extract_read_data(response, None, 0) # type: ignore[arg-type]
+
+ def test_success(self) -> None:
+ from snap7.datatypes import S7WordLen
+
+ response = {"data": {"return_code": 0xFF, "data": b"\x01\x02\x03"}}
+ result = self.proto.extract_read_data(response, S7WordLen.BYTE, 3)
+ assert result == [1, 2, 3]
+
+
+class TestCheckWriteResponse:
+ def setup_method(self) -> None:
+ self.proto = S7Protocol()
+
+ def test_header_error(self) -> None:
+ with pytest.raises(S7ProtocolError, match="Write operation failed"):
+ self.proto.check_write_response({"error_code": 0x8104})
+
+ def test_data_section_error(self) -> None:
+ with pytest.raises(S7ProtocolError, match="Write operation failed"):
+ self.proto.check_write_response({"error_code": 0, "data": {"return_code": 0x05}})
+
+ def test_success_with_data(self) -> None:
+ # Should not raise
+ self.proto.check_write_response({"error_code": 0, "data": {"return_code": 0xFF}})
+
+ def test_success_without_data(self) -> None:
+ # ACK without data section — should not raise
+ self.proto.check_write_response({"error_code": 0})
+
+
+class TestValidatePDUReference:
+ def setup_method(self) -> None:
+ self.proto = S7Protocol()
+ self.proto.sequence = 5
+
+ def test_matching(self) -> None:
+ # Should not raise
+ self.proto.validate_pdu_reference(5)
+
+ def test_stale(self) -> None:
+ from snap7.error import S7StalePacketError
+
+ with pytest.raises(S7StalePacketError):
+ self.proto.validate_pdu_reference(3)
+
+ def test_lost(self) -> None:
+ from snap7.error import S7PacketLostError
+
+ with pytest.raises(S7PacketLostError):
+ self.proto.validate_pdu_reference(7)
diff --git a/tests/test_server.py b/tests/test_server.py
index 99ac7b60..4e17c895 100644
--- a/tests/test_server.py
+++ b/tests/test_server.py
@@ -1,14 +1,16 @@
from ctypes import c_char
import logging
import time
+from datetime import datetime
import pytest
import unittest
from threading import Thread
+from snap7.client import Client
from snap7.error import server_errors, error_text
from snap7.server import Server
-from snap7.type import SrvEvent, mkEvent, mkLog, SrvArea, Parameter
+from snap7.type import SrvEvent, mkEvent, mkLog, SrvArea, Parameter, Block
logging.basicConfig(level=logging.WARNING)
@@ -237,8 +239,358 @@ def test_server_area_management(self) -> None:
pass
-if __name__ == "__main__":
- import logging
+ip = "127.0.0.1"
+SERVER_PORT = 12200
+
+
+@pytest.mark.server
+class TestServerBlockOperations(unittest.TestCase):
+ """Test block operations through client-server communication."""
+
+ server: Server = None # type: ignore
+
+ @classmethod
+ def setUpClass(cls) -> None:
+ cls.server = Server()
+ # Register several DBs so list_blocks / list_blocks_of_type have something to report
+ cls.server.register_area(SrvArea.DB, 1, bytearray(100))
+ cls.server.register_area(SrvArea.DB, 2, bytearray(200))
+ cls.server.register_area(SrvArea.DB, 3, bytearray(50))
+ # Also register other area types
+ cls.server.register_area(SrvArea.MK, 0, bytearray(64))
+ cls.server.register_area(SrvArea.PA, 0, bytearray(64))
+ cls.server.register_area(SrvArea.PE, 0, bytearray(64))
+ cls.server.register_area(SrvArea.TM, 0, bytearray(64))
+ cls.server.register_area(SrvArea.CT, 0, bytearray(64))
+ cls.server.start(tcp_port=SERVER_PORT)
+
+ @classmethod
+ def tearDownClass(cls) -> None:
+ if cls.server:
+ cls.server.stop()
+ cls.server.destroy()
+
+ def setUp(self) -> None:
+ self.client = Client()
+ self.client.connect(ip, 0, 1, SERVER_PORT)
+
+ def tearDown(self) -> None:
+ self.client.disconnect()
+ self.client.destroy()
+
+ # ------------------------------------------------------------------
+ # list_blocks
+ # ------------------------------------------------------------------
+ def test_list_blocks(self) -> None:
+ """list_blocks() should return counts; DBCount >= 3 since we registered 3 DBs."""
+ bl = self.client.list_blocks()
+ self.assertGreaterEqual(bl.DBCount, 3)
+ # OB/FB/FC should be 0 since the emulator only tracks DBs
+ self.assertEqual(bl.OBCount, 0)
+ self.assertEqual(bl.FBCount, 0)
+ self.assertEqual(bl.FCCount, 0)
+
+ # ------------------------------------------------------------------
+ # list_blocks_of_type
+ # ------------------------------------------------------------------
+ def test_list_blocks_of_type_db(self) -> None:
+ """list_blocks_of_type(DB) should include the DB numbers we registered."""
+ block_nums = self.client.list_blocks_of_type(Block.DB, 100)
+ self.assertIn(1, block_nums)
+ self.assertIn(2, block_nums)
+ self.assertIn(3, block_nums)
+
+ def test_list_blocks_of_type_ob(self) -> None:
+ """list_blocks_of_type(OB) should return an empty list (no OBs registered)."""
+ block_nums = self.client.list_blocks_of_type(Block.OB, 100)
+ self.assertEqual(block_nums, [])
+
+ # ------------------------------------------------------------------
+ # get_block_info
+ # ------------------------------------------------------------------
+ def test_get_block_info(self) -> None:
+ """get_block_info for a registered DB should return valid metadata."""
+ info = self.client.get_block_info(Block.DB, 1)
+ self.assertEqual(info.MC7Size, 100) # matches registered size
+ self.assertEqual(info.BlkNumber, 1)
+
+ def test_get_block_info_db2(self) -> None:
+ """get_block_info for DB2 with size 200."""
+ info = self.client.get_block_info(Block.DB, 2)
+ self.assertEqual(info.MC7Size, 200)
+ self.assertEqual(info.BlkNumber, 2)
+
+ # ------------------------------------------------------------------
+ # upload (block transfer: START_UPLOAD -> UPLOAD -> END_UPLOAD)
+ # ------------------------------------------------------------------
+ def test_upload(self) -> None:
+ """Upload a DB from the server and verify the returned data length."""
+ # Write known data to DB1 first
+ test_data = bytearray(range(10))
+ self.client.db_write(1, 0, test_data)
+
+ # Upload the block
+ block_data = self.client.upload(1)
+ self.assertGreater(len(block_data), 0)
+ # Verify the first bytes match what we wrote
+ self.assertEqual(block_data[:10], test_data)
+
+ def test_full_upload(self) -> None:
+ """full_upload should return block data and its size."""
+ data, size = self.client.full_upload(Block.DB, 1)
+ self.assertGreater(size, 0)
+ self.assertEqual(len(data), size)
+
+ # ------------------------------------------------------------------
+ # download (block transfer: REQUEST_DOWNLOAD -> DOWNLOAD_BLOCK -> DOWNLOAD_ENDED)
+ # ------------------------------------------------------------------
+ def test_download(self) -> None:
+ """Download data to a registered DB on the server."""
+ download_data = bytearray([0xAA, 0xBB, 0xCC, 0xDD])
+ result = self.client.download(download_data, block_num=1)
+ self.assertEqual(result, 0)
+
+ # Verify the data was written by reading it back
+ read_back = self.client.db_read(1, 0, 4)
+ self.assertEqual(read_back, download_data)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.server
+class TestServerUserdataOperations(unittest.TestCase):
+ """Test USERDATA handlers (SZL, clock, CPU state) through client-server communication."""
+
+ server: Server = None # type: ignore
+
+ @classmethod
+ def setUpClass(cls) -> None:
+ cls.server = Server()
+ cls.server.register_area(SrvArea.DB, 1, bytearray(100))
+ cls.server.start(tcp_port=SERVER_PORT + 1)
+
+ @classmethod
+ def tearDownClass(cls) -> None:
+ if cls.server:
+ cls.server.stop()
+ cls.server.destroy()
+
+ def setUp(self) -> None:
+ self.client = Client()
+ self.client.connect(ip, 0, 1, SERVER_PORT + 1)
+
+ def tearDown(self) -> None:
+ self.client.disconnect()
+ self.client.destroy()
+
+ # ------------------------------------------------------------------
+ # read_szl
+ # ------------------------------------------------------------------
+ def test_read_szl_0x001c(self) -> None:
+ """read_szl(0x001C) should return component identification data."""
+ szl = self.client.read_szl(0x001C, 0)
+ self.assertGreater(szl.Header.LengthDR, 0)
+
+ def test_read_szl_0x0011(self) -> None:
+ """read_szl(0x0011) should return module identification data."""
+ szl = self.client.read_szl(0x0011, 0)
+ self.assertGreater(szl.Header.LengthDR, 0)
+
+ def test_read_szl_0x0131(self) -> None:
+ """read_szl(0x0131) should return communication parameters."""
+ szl = self.client.read_szl(0x0131, 0)
+ self.assertGreater(szl.Header.LengthDR, 0)
+
+ def test_read_szl_0x0232(self) -> None:
+ """read_szl(0x0232) should return protection level data."""
+ szl = self.client.read_szl(0x0232, 0)
+ self.assertGreater(szl.Header.LengthDR, 0)
+
+ def test_read_szl_0x0000(self) -> None:
+ """read_szl(0x0000) should return the list of available SZL IDs."""
+ szl = self.client.read_szl(0x0000, 0)
+ self.assertGreater(szl.Header.LengthDR, 0)
+
+ def test_read_szl_list(self) -> None:
+ """read_szl_list should return raw bytes of available SZL IDs."""
+ data = self.client.read_szl_list()
+ self.assertIsInstance(data, bytes)
+ self.assertGreater(len(data), 0)
+
+ # ------------------------------------------------------------------
+ # get_cpu_info (uses read_szl 0x001C internally)
+ # ------------------------------------------------------------------
+ def test_get_cpu_info(self) -> None:
+ """get_cpu_info should populate the S7CpuInfo structure."""
+ info = self.client.get_cpu_info()
+ # The emulated server returns "CPU 315-2 PN/DP"
+ self.assertIn(b"CPU", info.ModuleTypeName)
+
+ # ------------------------------------------------------------------
+ # get_order_code (uses read_szl 0x0011 internally)
+ # ------------------------------------------------------------------
+ def test_get_order_code(self) -> None:
+ """get_order_code should return order code data."""
+ oc = self.client.get_order_code()
+ self.assertIn(b"6ES7", oc.OrderCode)
+
+ # ------------------------------------------------------------------
+ # get_cp_info (uses read_szl 0x0131 internally)
+ # ------------------------------------------------------------------
+ def test_get_cp_info(self) -> None:
+ """get_cp_info should return communication parameters."""
+ cp = self.client.get_cp_info()
+ self.assertGreater(cp.MaxPduLength, 0)
+ self.assertGreater(cp.MaxConnections, 0)
+
+ # ------------------------------------------------------------------
+ # get_protection (uses read_szl 0x0232 internally)
+ # ------------------------------------------------------------------
+ def test_get_protection(self) -> None:
+ """get_protection should return protection settings."""
+ prot = self.client.get_protection()
+ # Emulator returns no protection (sch_schal=1)
+ self.assertEqual(prot.sch_schal, 1)
+
+ # ------------------------------------------------------------------
+ # get/set PLC datetime (clock USERDATA handlers)
+ # ------------------------------------------------------------------
+ def test_get_plc_datetime(self) -> None:
+ """get_plc_datetime should return a valid datetime object."""
+ dt = self.client.get_plc_datetime()
+ self.assertIsInstance(dt, datetime)
+ # Should be recent (within last minute)
+ now = datetime.now()
+ delta = abs((now - dt).total_seconds())
+ self.assertLess(delta, 60)
+
+ def test_set_plc_datetime(self) -> None:
+ """set_plc_datetime should succeed (returns 0)."""
+ test_dt = datetime(2025, 6, 15, 12, 30, 45)
+ result = self.client.set_plc_datetime(test_dt)
+ self.assertEqual(result, 0)
+
+ def test_set_plc_system_datetime(self) -> None:
+ """set_plc_system_datetime should succeed."""
+ result = self.client.set_plc_system_datetime()
+ self.assertEqual(result, 0)
+
+ # ------------------------------------------------------------------
+ # get_cpu_state (SZL-based CPU state request)
+ # ------------------------------------------------------------------
+ def test_get_cpu_state(self) -> None:
+ """get_cpu_state should return a string state."""
+ state = self.client.get_cpu_state()
+ self.assertIsInstance(state, str)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.server
+class TestServerPLCControl(unittest.TestCase):
+ """Test PLC control operations (stop/start) through client-server communication."""
+
+ server: Server = None # type: ignore
+
+ @classmethod
+ def setUpClass(cls) -> None:
+ cls.server = Server()
+ cls.server.register_area(SrvArea.DB, 1, bytearray(100))
+ cls.server.start(tcp_port=SERVER_PORT + 2)
- logging.basicConfig()
+ @classmethod
+ def tearDownClass(cls) -> None:
+ if cls.server:
+ cls.server.stop()
+ cls.server.destroy()
+
+ def setUp(self) -> None:
+ self.client = Client()
+ self.client.connect(ip, 0, 1, SERVER_PORT + 2)
+
+ def tearDown(self) -> None:
+ self.client.disconnect()
+ self.client.destroy()
+
+ def test_plc_stop(self) -> None:
+ """plc_stop should succeed and set the server CPU state to STOP."""
+ result = self.client.plc_stop()
+ self.assertEqual(result, 0)
+
+ def test_plc_hot_start(self) -> None:
+ """plc_hot_start should succeed."""
+ result = self.client.plc_hot_start()
+ self.assertEqual(result, 0)
+
+ def test_plc_cold_start(self) -> None:
+ """plc_cold_start should succeed."""
+ result = self.client.plc_cold_start()
+ self.assertEqual(result, 0)
+
+ def test_plc_stop_then_start(self) -> None:
+ """Stopping then starting the PLC should work in sequence."""
+ self.assertEqual(self.client.plc_stop(), 0)
+ self.assertEqual(self.client.plc_hot_start(), 0)
+
+ def test_compress(self) -> None:
+ """compress should succeed."""
+ result = self.client.compress(timeout=1000)
+ self.assertEqual(result, 0)
+
+ def test_copy_ram_to_rom(self) -> None:
+ """copy_ram_to_rom should succeed."""
+ result = self.client.copy_ram_to_rom(timeout=1000)
+ self.assertEqual(result, 0)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.server
+class TestServerErrorScenarios(unittest.TestCase):
+ """Test error handling paths in the server."""
+
+ server: Server = None # type: ignore
+
+ @classmethod
+ def setUpClass(cls) -> None:
+ cls.server = Server()
+ # Only register DB1 with a small area
+ cls.server.register_area(SrvArea.DB, 1, bytearray(10))
+ cls.server.start(tcp_port=SERVER_PORT + 3)
+
+ @classmethod
+ def tearDownClass(cls) -> None:
+ if cls.server:
+ cls.server.stop()
+ cls.server.destroy()
+
+ def setUp(self) -> None:
+ self.client = Client()
+ self.client.connect(ip, 0, 1, SERVER_PORT + 3)
+
+ def tearDown(self) -> None:
+ self.client.disconnect()
+ self.client.destroy()
+
+ def test_read_unregistered_db(self) -> None:
+ """Reading from an unregistered DB should still return data (server returns dummy data)."""
+ # The server returns dummy data for unregistered areas rather than an error
+ data = self.client.db_read(99, 0, 4)
+ self.assertEqual(len(data), 4)
+
+ def test_write_beyond_area_bounds(self) -> None:
+ """Writing beyond area bounds should raise an error."""
+ # DB1 is only 10 bytes, writing 20 bytes at offset 0 should fail
+ with self.assertRaises(Exception):
+ self.client.db_write(1, 0, bytearray(20))
+
+ def test_get_block_info_nonexistent(self) -> None:
+ """get_block_info for a non-existent block should raise an error."""
+ with self.assertRaises(Exception):
+ self.client.get_block_info(Block.DB, 999)
+
+ def test_upload_nonexistent_block(self) -> None:
+ """Uploading a non-existent block returns empty data (server has no data for that block)."""
+ # The server defaults to block_num=1 for unknown blocks due to parsing fallback,
+ # so the upload still completes but returns the default block's data.
+ # We just verify the operation doesn't crash.
+ data = self.client.upload(999)
+ self.assertIsInstance(data, bytearray)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
unittest.main()
diff --git a/tests/test_server_cli.py b/tests/test_server_cli.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b0e4372d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_server_cli.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+"""Tests for snap7.server.__main__ — CLI entrypoint."""
+
+import pytest
+
+click = pytest.importorskip("click")
+from click.testing import CliRunner # noqa: E402
+from snap7.server.__main__ import main # noqa: E402
+
+
+class TestServerCLI:
+ """Test the Click CLI entrypoint."""
+
+ def test_help(self) -> None:
+ runner = CliRunner()
+ result = runner.invoke(main, ["--help"])
+ assert result.exit_code == 0
+ assert "Start a S7 dummy server" in result.output
+
+ def test_help_short(self) -> None:
+ runner = CliRunner()
+ result = runner.invoke(main, ["-h"])
+ assert result.exit_code == 0
+ assert "--port" in result.output
+
+ def test_version(self) -> None:
+ runner = CliRunner()
+ result = runner.invoke(main, ["--version"])
+ assert result.exit_code == 0
+ # Should print version string
+ assert "version" in result.output.lower() or "." in result.output
diff --git a/tests/test_typed_access.py b/tests/test_typed_access.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c961cef6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_typed_access.py
@@ -0,0 +1,202 @@
+"""Tests for typed data access methods on Client."""
+
+import unittest
+
+import pytest
+
+from snap7.client import Client
+from snap7.server import Server
+from snap7.type import SrvArea
+
+ip = "127.0.0.1"
+tcpport = 1102
+rack = 1
+slot = 1
+
+
+@pytest.mark.client
+class TestTypedAccess(unittest.TestCase):
+ server: Server = None # type: ignore
+
+ @classmethod
+ def setUpClass(cls) -> None:
+ cls.server = Server()
+ cls.server.register_area(SrvArea.DB, 0, bytearray(600))
+ cls.server.register_area(SrvArea.DB, 1, bytearray(600))
+ cls.server.register_area(SrvArea.PA, 0, bytearray(100))
+ cls.server.register_area(SrvArea.PE, 0, bytearray(100))
+ cls.server.register_area(SrvArea.MK, 0, bytearray(100))
+ cls.server.register_area(SrvArea.TM, 0, bytearray(100))
+ cls.server.register_area(SrvArea.CT, 0, bytearray(100))
+ cls.server.start(tcp_port=tcpport)
+
+ @classmethod
+ def tearDownClass(cls) -> None:
+ if cls.server:
+ cls.server.stop()
+ cls.server.destroy()
+
+ def setUp(self) -> None:
+ self.client = Client()
+ self.client.connect(ip, rack, slot, tcpport)
+
+ def tearDown(self) -> None:
+ self.client.disconnect()
+ self.client.destroy()
+
+ # Bool tests
+
+ def test_bool_roundtrip(self) -> None:
+ self.client.db_write_bool(1, 0, 0, True)
+ self.assertTrue(self.client.db_read_bool(1, 0, 0))
+
+ self.client.db_write_bool(1, 0, 0, False)
+ self.assertFalse(self.client.db_read_bool(1, 0, 0))
+
+ def test_bool_preserves_other_bits(self) -> None:
+ # Write byte 0xFF first
+ self.client.db_write_byte(1, 0, 0xFF)
+
+ # Clear bit 3
+ self.client.db_write_bool(1, 0, 3, False)
+ self.assertFalse(self.client.db_read_bool(1, 0, 3))
+
+ # Other bits should still be set
+ self.assertTrue(self.client.db_read_bool(1, 0, 0))
+ self.assertTrue(self.client.db_read_bool(1, 0, 1))
+ self.assertTrue(self.client.db_read_bool(1, 0, 7))
+
+ def test_bool_all_bits(self) -> None:
+ self.client.db_write_byte(1, 0, 0)
+ for bit in range(8):
+ self.client.db_write_bool(1, 0, bit, True)
+ self.assertTrue(self.client.db_read_bool(1, 0, bit))
+
+ # Byte tests
+
+ def test_byte_roundtrip(self) -> None:
+ self.client.db_write_byte(1, 10, 42)
+ self.assertEqual(42, self.client.db_read_byte(1, 10))
+
+ def test_byte_min_max(self) -> None:
+ self.client.db_write_byte(1, 10, 0)
+ self.assertEqual(0, self.client.db_read_byte(1, 10))
+
+ self.client.db_write_byte(1, 10, 255)
+ self.assertEqual(255, self.client.db_read_byte(1, 10))
+
+ # INT tests
+
+ def test_int_roundtrip(self) -> None:
+ self.client.db_write_int(1, 20, 12345)
+ self.assertEqual(12345, self.client.db_read_int(1, 20))
+
+ def test_int_negative(self) -> None:
+ self.client.db_write_int(1, 20, -12345)
+ self.assertEqual(-12345, self.client.db_read_int(1, 20))
+
+ def test_int_min_max(self) -> None:
+ self.client.db_write_int(1, 20, -32768)
+ self.assertEqual(-32768, self.client.db_read_int(1, 20))
+
+ self.client.db_write_int(1, 20, 32767)
+ self.assertEqual(32767, self.client.db_read_int(1, 20))
+
+ # UINT tests
+
+ def test_uint_roundtrip(self) -> None:
+ self.client.db_write_uint(1, 30, 50000)
+ self.assertEqual(50000, self.client.db_read_uint(1, 30))
+
+ def test_uint_min_max(self) -> None:
+ self.client.db_write_uint(1, 30, 0)
+ self.assertEqual(0, self.client.db_read_uint(1, 30))
+
+ self.client.db_write_uint(1, 30, 65535)
+ self.assertEqual(65535, self.client.db_read_uint(1, 30))
+
+ # WORD tests
+
+ def test_word_roundtrip(self) -> None:
+ self.client.db_write_word(1, 40, 0xABCD)
+ self.assertEqual(0xABCD, self.client.db_read_word(1, 40))
+
+ # DINT tests
+
+ def test_dint_roundtrip(self) -> None:
+ self.client.db_write_dint(1, 50, 100000)
+ self.assertEqual(100000, self.client.db_read_dint(1, 50))
+
+ def test_dint_negative(self) -> None:
+ self.client.db_write_dint(1, 50, -100000)
+ self.assertEqual(-100000, self.client.db_read_dint(1, 50))
+
+ def test_dint_min_max(self) -> None:
+ self.client.db_write_dint(1, 50, -2147483648)
+ self.assertEqual(-2147483648, self.client.db_read_dint(1, 50))
+
+ self.client.db_write_dint(1, 50, 2147483647)
+ self.assertEqual(2147483647, self.client.db_read_dint(1, 50))
+
+ # UDINT tests
+
+ def test_udint_roundtrip(self) -> None:
+ self.client.db_write_udint(1, 60, 3000000000)
+ self.assertEqual(3000000000, self.client.db_read_udint(1, 60))
+
+ # DWORD tests
+
+ def test_dword_roundtrip(self) -> None:
+ self.client.db_write_dword(1, 70, 0xDEADBEEF)
+ self.assertEqual(0xDEADBEEF, self.client.db_read_dword(1, 70))
+
+ # REAL tests
+
+ def test_real_roundtrip(self) -> None:
+ self.client.db_write_real(1, 80, 3.14)
+ self.assertAlmostEqual(3.14, self.client.db_read_real(1, 80), places=2)
+
+ def test_real_zero(self) -> None:
+ self.client.db_write_real(1, 80, 0.0)
+ self.assertEqual(0.0, self.client.db_read_real(1, 80))
+
+ def test_real_negative(self) -> None:
+ self.client.db_write_real(1, 80, -273.15)
+ self.assertAlmostEqual(-273.15, self.client.db_read_real(1, 80), places=2)
+
+ # LREAL tests
+
+ def test_lreal_roundtrip(self) -> None:
+ self.client.db_write_lreal(1, 90, 3.141592653589793)
+ self.assertAlmostEqual(3.141592653589793, self.client.db_read_lreal(1, 90), places=10)
+
+ def test_lreal_zero(self) -> None:
+ self.client.db_write_lreal(1, 90, 0.0)
+ self.assertEqual(0.0, self.client.db_read_lreal(1, 90))
+
+ # STRING tests
+
+ def test_string_roundtrip(self) -> None:
+ # First write a proper S7 string header
+ self.client.db_write_string(1, 100, "Hello")
+ result = self.client.db_read_string(1, 100)
+ self.assertEqual("Hello", result)
+
+ def test_string_empty(self) -> None:
+ self.client.db_write_string(1, 100, "")
+ result = self.client.db_read_string(1, 100)
+ self.assertEqual("", result)
+
+ # Combined test
+
+ def test_multiple_types_coexist(self) -> None:
+ """Write different types at different offsets and verify they don't interfere."""
+ self.client.db_write_int(1, 400, 1234)
+ self.client.db_write_real(1, 404, 5.678)
+ self.client.db_write_bool(1, 408, 0, True)
+ self.client.db_write_dint(1, 410, -99999)
+
+ self.assertEqual(1234, self.client.db_read_int(1, 400))
+ self.assertAlmostEqual(5.678, self.client.db_read_real(1, 404), places=2)
+ self.assertTrue(self.client.db_read_bool(1, 408, 0))
+ self.assertEqual(-99999, self.client.db_read_dint(1, 410))
diff --git a/tests/test_util.py b/tests/test_util.py
index 2f76d2d0..49f3d192 100644
--- a/tests/test_util.py
+++ b/tests/test_util.py
@@ -1,13 +1,16 @@
import datetime
+import logging
import pytest
import unittest
import struct
from typing import cast
+from unittest.mock import MagicMock
from snap7 import DB, Row
+from snap7.type import Area, WordLen
from snap7.util import get_byte, get_time, get_fstring, get_int
from snap7.util import set_byte, set_time, set_fstring, set_int
-from snap7.type import WordLen
+from snap7.util.db import print_row
test_spec = """
@@ -801,5 +804,675 @@ def test_set_dtl_in_row(self) -> None:
self.assertEqual(result.second, 30)
+class TestMemoryviewCompat(unittest.TestCase):
+ """Test that setter and getter functions work with memoryview buffers."""
+
+ def test_set_bool_memoryview(self) -> None:
+ from snap7.util.setters import set_bool
+
+ buf = bytearray(1)
+ mv = memoryview(buf)
+ set_bool(mv, 0, 0, True)
+ self.assertEqual(buf[0], 1)
+
+ def test_set_byte_memoryview(self) -> None:
+ buf = bytearray(1)
+ mv = memoryview(buf)
+ set_byte(mv, 0, 42)
+ self.assertEqual(buf[0], 42)
+
+ def test_set_int_memoryview(self) -> None:
+ buf = bytearray(2)
+ mv = memoryview(buf)
+ set_int(mv, 0, -1234)
+ self.assertEqual(struct.unpack(">h", buf)[0], -1234)
+
+ def test_set_word_memoryview(self) -> None:
+ from snap7.util.setters import set_word
+
+ buf = bytearray(2)
+ mv = memoryview(buf)
+ set_word(mv, 0, 65535)
+ self.assertEqual(struct.unpack(">H", buf)[0], 65535)
+
+ def test_set_real_memoryview(self) -> None:
+ from snap7.util.setters import set_real
+
+ buf = bytearray(4)
+ mv = memoryview(buf)
+ set_real(mv, 0, 123.456)
+ val = struct.unpack(">f", buf)[0]
+ self.assertAlmostEqual(val, 123.456, places=2)
+
+ def test_set_dword_memoryview(self) -> None:
+ from snap7.util.setters import set_dword
+
+ buf = bytearray(4)
+ mv = memoryview(buf)
+ set_dword(mv, 0, 0xDEADBEEF)
+ self.assertEqual(struct.unpack(">I", buf)[0], 0xDEADBEEF)
+
+ def test_set_dint_memoryview(self) -> None:
+ from snap7.util.setters import set_dint
+
+ buf = bytearray(4)
+ mv = memoryview(buf)
+ set_dint(mv, 0, -100000)
+ self.assertEqual(struct.unpack(">i", buf)[0], -100000)
+
+ def test_set_usint_memoryview(self) -> None:
+ from snap7.util.setters import set_usint
+
+ buf = bytearray(1)
+ mv = memoryview(buf)
+ set_usint(mv, 0, 200)
+ self.assertEqual(buf[0], 200)
+
+ def test_set_sint_memoryview(self) -> None:
+ from snap7.util.setters import set_sint
+
+ buf = bytearray(1)
+ mv = memoryview(buf)
+ set_sint(mv, 0, -50)
+ self.assertEqual(struct.unpack(">b", buf)[0], -50)
+
+ def test_set_lreal_memoryview(self) -> None:
+ from snap7.util.setters import set_lreal
+
+ buf = bytearray(8)
+ mv = memoryview(buf)
+ set_lreal(mv, 0, 3.14159265358979)
+ val = struct.unpack(">d", buf)[0]
+ self.assertAlmostEqual(val, 3.14159265358979, places=10)
+
+ def test_set_string_memoryview(self) -> None:
+ from snap7.util.setters import set_string
+
+ buf = bytearray(20)
+ mv = memoryview(buf)
+ set_string(mv, 0, "hello", 10)
+ self.assertEqual(buf[1], 5) # length byte
+
+ def test_set_fstring_memoryview(self) -> None:
+ buf = bytearray(10)
+ mv = memoryview(buf)
+ set_fstring(mv, 0, "hi", 5)
+ self.assertEqual(chr(buf[0]), "h")
+ self.assertEqual(chr(buf[1]), "i")
+
+ def test_set_char_memoryview(self) -> None:
+ from snap7.util.setters import set_char
+
+ buf = bytearray(1)
+ mv = memoryview(buf)
+ set_char(mv, 0, "A")
+ self.assertEqual(buf[0], ord("A"))
+
+ def test_set_date_memoryview(self) -> None:
+ from snap7.util.setters import set_date
+
+ buf = bytearray(2)
+ mv = memoryview(buf)
+ set_date(mv, 0, datetime.date(2024, 3, 27))
+ self.assertEqual(buf, bytearray(b"\x30\xd8"))
+
+ def test_set_udint_memoryview(self) -> None:
+ from snap7.util.setters import set_udint
+
+ buf = bytearray(4)
+ mv = memoryview(buf)
+ set_udint(mv, 0, 4294967295)
+ self.assertEqual(struct.unpack(">I", buf)[0], 4294967295)
+
+ def test_set_uint_memoryview(self) -> None:
+ from snap7.util.setters import set_uint
+
+ buf = bytearray(2)
+ mv = memoryview(buf)
+ set_uint(mv, 0, 12345)
+ self.assertEqual(struct.unpack(">H", buf)[0], 12345)
+
+ def test_set_time_memoryview(self) -> None:
+ buf = bytearray(4)
+ mv = memoryview(buf)
+ set_time(mv, 0, "1:2:3:4.567")
+ self.assertNotEqual(buf, bytearray(4))
+
+
+_db_test_spec = """
+4 ID INT
+6 NAME STRING[4]
+
+12.0 testbool1 BOOL
+12.1 testbool2 BOOL
+13 testReal REAL
+17 testDword DWORD
+21 testint2 INT
+23 testDint DINT
+27 testWord WORD
+29 testS5time S5TIME
+31 testdateandtime DATE_AND_TIME
+43 testusint0 USINT
+44 testsint0 SINT
+46 testTime TIME
+50 testByte BYTE
+51 testUint UINT
+53 testUdint UDINT
+57 testLreal LREAL
+65 testChar CHAR
+66 testWchar WCHAR
+68 testWstring WSTRING[4]
+80 testDate DATE
+82 testTod TOD
+86 testDtl DTL
+98 testFstring FSTRING[8]
+"""
+
+_db_bytearray = bytearray(
+ [
+ 0,
+ 0, # test int
+ 4,
+ 4,
+ ord("t"),
+ ord("e"),
+ ord("s"),
+ ord("t"), # test string
+ 0x0F, # test bools
+ 68,
+ 78,
+ 211,
+ 51, # test real
+ 255,
+ 255,
+ 255,
+ 255, # test dword
+ 0,
+ 0, # test int 2
+ 128,
+ 0,
+ 0,
+ 0, # test dint
+ 255,
+ 255, # test word
+ 0,
+ 16, # test s5time
+ 32,
+ 7,
+ 18,
+ 23,
+ 50,
+ 2,
+ 133,
+ 65, # date_and_time (8 bytes)
+ 254,
+ 254,
+ 254,
+ 254,
+ 254, # padding
+ 127, # usint
+ 128, # sint
+ 143,
+ 255,
+ 255,
+ 255, # time
+ 254, # byte
+ 48,
+ 57, # uint
+ 7,
+ 91,
+ 205,
+ 21, # udint
+ 65,
+ 157,
+ 111,
+ 52,
+ 84,
+ 126,
+ 107,
+ 117, # lreal
+ 65, # char 'A'
+ 3,
+ 169, # wchar
+ 0,
+ 4,
+ 0,
+ 4,
+ 3,
+ 169,
+ 0,
+ ord("s"),
+ 0,
+ ord("t"),
+ 0,
+ 196, # wstring
+ 45,
+ 235, # date
+ 2,
+ 179,
+ 41,
+ 128, # tod
+ 7,
+ 230,
+ 3,
+ 9,
+ 4,
+ 12,
+ 34,
+ 45,
+ 0,
+ 0,
+ 0,
+ 0, # dtl
+ 116,
+ 101,
+ 115,
+ 116,
+ 32,
+ 32,
+ 32,
+ 32, # fstring 'test '
+ ]
+)
+
+
+class TestPrintRow:
+ def test_print_row_output(self, caplog: pytest.LogCaptureFixture) -> None:
+ data = bytearray([65, 66, 67, 68, 69])
+ with caplog.at_level(logging.INFO, logger="snap7.util.db"):
+ print_row(data)
+ assert "65" in caplog.text
+ assert "A" in caplog.text
+
+
+class TestDBDictInterface:
+ def setup_method(self) -> None:
+ test_array = bytearray(_db_bytearray * 3)
+ self.db = DB(1, test_array, _db_test_spec, row_size=len(_db_bytearray), size=3, layout_offset=4, db_offset=0)
+
+ def test_len(self) -> None:
+ assert len(self.db) == 3
+
+ def test_getitem(self) -> None:
+ row = self.db["0"]
+ assert row is not None
+
+ def test_getitem_missing(self) -> None:
+ row = self.db["999"]
+ assert row is None
+
+ def test_contains(self) -> None:
+ assert "0" in self.db
+ assert "999" not in self.db
+
+ def test_keys(self) -> None:
+ keys = list(self.db.keys())
+ assert "0" in keys
+ assert len(keys) == 3
+
+ def test_items(self) -> None:
+ items = list(self.db.items())
+ assert len(items) == 3
+ for key, row in items:
+ assert isinstance(key, str)
+ assert isinstance(row, Row)
+
+ def test_iter(self) -> None:
+ for key, row in self.db:
+ assert isinstance(key, str)
+ assert isinstance(row, Row)
+
+ def test_get_bytearray(self) -> None:
+ ba = self.db.get_bytearray()
+ assert isinstance(ba, bytearray)
+
+
+class TestDBWithIdField:
+ def test_id_field_creates_named_index(self) -> None:
+ test_array = bytearray(_db_bytearray * 2)
+ # Set different ID values for each row
+ struct.pack_into(">h", test_array, 0, 10) # row 0, ID at offset 0 (spec offset 4, layout_offset 4)
+ struct.pack_into(">h", test_array, len(_db_bytearray), 20) # row 1
+ db = DB(1, test_array, _db_test_spec, row_size=len(_db_bytearray), size=2, id_field="ID", layout_offset=4, db_offset=0)
+ assert "10" in db
+ assert "20" in db
+
+
+class TestDBSetData:
+ def test_set_data_valid(self) -> None:
+ test_array = bytearray(_db_bytearray)
+ db = DB(1, test_array, _db_test_spec, row_size=len(_db_bytearray), size=1, layout_offset=4, db_offset=0)
+ new_data = bytearray(len(_db_bytearray))
+ db.set_data(new_data)
+ assert db.get_bytearray() is new_data
+
+ def test_set_data_invalid_type(self) -> None:
+ test_array = bytearray(_db_bytearray)
+ db = DB(1, test_array, _db_test_spec, row_size=len(_db_bytearray), size=1, layout_offset=4, db_offset=0)
+ with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+ db.set_data(b"not a bytearray") # type: ignore[arg-type]
+
+
+class TestDBReadWrite:
+ """Test DB.read() and DB.write() with mocked client."""
+
+ def test_read_db_area(self) -> None:
+ test_array = bytearray(_db_bytearray)
+ db = DB(1, test_array, _db_test_spec, row_size=len(_db_bytearray), size=1, layout_offset=4, db_offset=0)
+ mock_client = MagicMock()
+ mock_client.db_read.return_value = bytearray(len(_db_bytearray))
+ db.read(mock_client)
+ mock_client.db_read.assert_called_once()
+
+ def test_read_non_db_area(self) -> None:
+ test_array = bytearray(_db_bytearray)
+ db = DB(0, test_array, _db_test_spec, row_size=len(_db_bytearray), size=1, layout_offset=4, db_offset=0, area=Area.MK)
+ mock_client = MagicMock()
+ mock_client.read_area.return_value = bytearray(len(_db_bytearray))
+ db.read(mock_client)
+ mock_client.read_area.assert_called_once()
+
+ def test_read_negative_row_size(self) -> None:
+ test_array = bytearray(_db_bytearray)
+ db = DB(1, test_array, _db_test_spec, row_size=len(_db_bytearray), size=1, layout_offset=4, db_offset=0)
+ db.row_size = -1
+ mock_client = MagicMock()
+ with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="row_size"):
+ db.read(mock_client)
+
+ def test_write_db_area(self) -> None:
+ test_array = bytearray(_db_bytearray)
+ db = DB(1, test_array, _db_test_spec, row_size=len(_db_bytearray), size=1, layout_offset=4, db_offset=0)
+ mock_client = MagicMock()
+ db.write(mock_client)
+ mock_client.db_write.assert_called_once()
+
+ def test_write_non_db_area(self) -> None:
+ test_array = bytearray(_db_bytearray)
+ db = DB(0, test_array, _db_test_spec, row_size=len(_db_bytearray), size=1, layout_offset=4, db_offset=0, area=Area.MK)
+ mock_client = MagicMock()
+ db.write(mock_client)
+ mock_client.write_area.assert_called_once()
+
+ def test_write_negative_row_size(self) -> None:
+ test_array = bytearray(_db_bytearray)
+ db = DB(1, test_array, _db_test_spec, row_size=len(_db_bytearray), size=1, layout_offset=4, db_offset=0)
+ db.row_size = -1
+ mock_client = MagicMock()
+ with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="row_size"):
+ db.write(mock_client)
+
+ def test_write_with_row_offset(self) -> None:
+ test_array = bytearray(_db_bytearray * 2)
+ db = DB(1, test_array, _db_test_spec, row_size=len(_db_bytearray), size=2, layout_offset=4, db_offset=0, row_offset=4)
+ mock_client = MagicMock()
+ db.write(mock_client)
+ # Should write each row individually via Row.write()
+ assert mock_client.db_write.call_count == 2
+
+
+class TestRowRepr:
+ def test_repr(self) -> None:
+ test_array = bytearray(_db_bytearray)
+ row = Row(test_array, _db_test_spec, layout_offset=4)
+ r = repr(row)
+ assert "ID" in r
+ assert "NAME" in r
+
+
+class TestRowUnchanged:
+ def test_unchanged_true(self) -> None:
+ test_array = bytearray(_db_bytearray)
+ row = Row(test_array, _db_test_spec, layout_offset=4)
+ assert row.unchanged(test_array) is True
+
+ def test_unchanged_false(self) -> None:
+ test_array = bytearray(_db_bytearray)
+ row = Row(test_array, _db_test_spec, layout_offset=4)
+ other = bytearray(len(_db_bytearray))
+ assert row.unchanged(other) is False
+
+
+class TestRowTypeError:
+ def test_invalid_bytearray_type(self) -> None:
+ with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+ Row("not a bytearray", _db_test_spec) # type: ignore[arg-type]
+
+
+class TestRowReadWrite:
+ """Test Row.read() and Row.write() with mocked client through DB parent."""
+
+ def test_row_write_db_area(self) -> None:
+ test_array = bytearray(_db_bytearray)
+ db = DB(1, test_array, _db_test_spec, row_size=len(_db_bytearray), size=1, layout_offset=4, db_offset=0)
+ row = db["0"]
+ assert row is not None
+ mock_client = MagicMock()
+ row.write(mock_client)
+ mock_client.db_write.assert_called_once()
+
+ def test_row_write_non_db_area(self) -> None:
+ test_array = bytearray(_db_bytearray)
+ db = DB(0, test_array, _db_test_spec, row_size=len(_db_bytearray), size=1, layout_offset=4, db_offset=0, area=Area.MK)
+ row = db["0"]
+ assert row is not None
+ mock_client = MagicMock()
+ row.write(mock_client)
+ mock_client.write_area.assert_called_once()
+
+ def test_row_write_not_db_parent(self) -> None:
+ test_array = bytearray(_db_bytearray)
+ row = Row(test_array, _db_test_spec, layout_offset=4)
+ mock_client = MagicMock()
+ with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+ row.write(mock_client)
+
+ def test_row_write_negative_row_size(self) -> None:
+ test_array = bytearray(_db_bytearray)
+ db = DB(1, test_array, _db_test_spec, row_size=len(_db_bytearray), size=1, layout_offset=4, db_offset=0)
+ row = db["0"]
+ assert row is not None
+ row.row_size = -1
+ mock_client = MagicMock()
+ with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="row_size"):
+ row.write(mock_client)
+
+ def test_row_read_db_area(self) -> None:
+ test_array = bytearray(_db_bytearray)
+ db = DB(1, test_array, _db_test_spec, row_size=len(_db_bytearray), size=1, layout_offset=4, db_offset=0)
+ row = db["0"]
+ assert row is not None
+ mock_client = MagicMock()
+ mock_client.db_read.return_value = bytearray(len(_db_bytearray))
+ row.read(mock_client)
+ mock_client.db_read.assert_called_once()
+
+ def test_row_read_non_db_area(self) -> None:
+ test_array = bytearray(_db_bytearray)
+ db = DB(0, test_array, _db_test_spec, row_size=len(_db_bytearray), size=1, layout_offset=4, db_offset=0, area=Area.MK)
+ row = db["0"]
+ assert row is not None
+ mock_client = MagicMock()
+ mock_client.read_area.return_value = bytearray(len(_db_bytearray))
+ row.read(mock_client)
+ mock_client.read_area.assert_called_once()
+
+ def test_row_read_not_db_parent(self) -> None:
+ test_array = bytearray(_db_bytearray)
+ row = Row(test_array, _db_test_spec, layout_offset=4)
+ mock_client = MagicMock()
+ with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+ row.read(mock_client)
+
+ def test_row_read_negative_row_size(self) -> None:
+ test_array = bytearray(_db_bytearray)
+ db = DB(1, test_array, _db_test_spec, row_size=len(_db_bytearray), size=1, layout_offset=4, db_offset=0)
+ row = db["0"]
+ assert row is not None
+ row.row_size = -1
+ mock_client = MagicMock()
+ with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="row_size"):
+ row.read(mock_client)
+
+
+class TestRowSetValueTypes:
+ """Test set_value for various type branches."""
+
+ def setup_method(self) -> None:
+ self.test_array = bytearray(_db_bytearray)
+ self.row = Row(self.test_array, _db_test_spec, layout_offset=4)
+
+ def test_set_int(self) -> None:
+ self.row.set_value(4, "INT", 42)
+ assert self.row.get_value(4, "INT") == 42
+
+ def test_set_uint(self) -> None:
+ self.row.set_value(51, "UINT", 1000)
+ assert self.row.get_value(51, "UINT") == 1000
+
+ def test_set_dint(self) -> None:
+ self.row.set_value(23, "DINT", -100)
+ assert self.row.get_value(23, "DINT") == -100
+
+ def test_set_udint(self) -> None:
+ self.row.set_value(53, "UDINT", 999999)
+ assert self.row.get_value(53, "UDINT") == 999999
+
+ def test_set_word(self) -> None:
+ self.row.set_value(27, "WORD", 12345)
+ assert self.row.get_value(27, "WORD") == 12345
+
+ def test_set_usint(self) -> None:
+ self.row.set_value(43, "USINT", 200)
+ assert self.row.get_value(43, "USINT") == 200
+
+ def test_set_sint(self) -> None:
+ self.row.set_value(44, "SINT", -50)
+ assert self.row.get_value(44, "SINT") == -50
+
+ def test_set_time(self) -> None:
+ self.row.set_value(46, "TIME", "1:2:3:4.5")
+ assert self.row.get_value(46, "TIME") is not None
+
+ def test_set_date(self) -> None:
+ d = datetime.date(2024, 1, 15)
+ self.row.set_value(80, "DATE", d)
+ assert self.row.get_value(80, "DATE") == d
+
+ def test_set_tod(self) -> None:
+ td = datetime.timedelta(hours=5, minutes=30)
+ self.row.set_value(82, "TOD", td)
+ assert self.row.get_value(82, "TOD") == td
+
+ def test_set_time_of_day(self) -> None:
+ td = datetime.timedelta(hours=1)
+ self.row.set_value(82, "TIME_OF_DAY", td)
+ assert self.row.get_value(82, "TIME_OF_DAY") == td
+
+ def test_set_dtl(self) -> None:
+ dt = datetime.datetime(2024, 6, 15, 10, 20, 30)
+ self.row.set_value(86, "DTL", dt)
+ result = self.row.get_value(86, "DTL")
+ assert result.year == 2024 # type: ignore[union-attr]
+
+ def test_set_date_and_time(self) -> None:
+ dt = datetime.datetime(2020, 7, 12, 17, 32, 2, 854000)
+ self.row.set_value(31, "DATE_AND_TIME", dt)
+ result = self.row.get_value(31, "DATE_AND_TIME")
+ assert "2020" in str(result)
+
+ def test_set_unknown_type_raises(self) -> None:
+ with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+ self.row.set_value(4, "UNKNOWN_TYPE", 42)
+
+ def test_set_string(self) -> None:
+ self.row.set_value(6, "STRING[4]", "ab")
+ assert self.row.get_value(6, "STRING[4]") == "ab"
+
+ def test_set_wstring(self) -> None:
+ self.row.set_value(68, "WSTRING[4]", "ab")
+ assert self.row.get_value(68, "WSTRING[4]") == "ab"
+
+ def test_set_fstring(self) -> None:
+ self.row.set_value(98, "FSTRING[8]", "hi")
+ assert self.row.get_value(98, "FSTRING[8]") == "hi"
+
+ def test_set_real(self) -> None:
+ self.row.set_value(13, "REAL", 3.14)
+ assert abs(self.row.get_value(13, "REAL") - 3.14) < 0.01 # type: ignore[operator]
+
+ def test_set_lreal(self) -> None:
+ self.row.set_value(57, "LREAL", 2.718281828)
+ assert abs(self.row.get_value(57, "LREAL") - 2.718281828) < 0.0001 # type: ignore[operator]
+
+ def test_set_char(self) -> None:
+ self.row.set_value(65, "CHAR", "Z")
+ assert self.row.get_value(65, "CHAR") == "Z"
+
+ def test_set_wchar(self) -> None:
+ self.row.set_value(66, "WCHAR", "W")
+ assert self.row.get_value(66, "WCHAR") == "W"
+
+
+class TestRowGetValueEdgeCases:
+ """Test get_value for edge cases."""
+
+ def setup_method(self) -> None:
+ self.test_array = bytearray(_db_bytearray)
+ self.row = Row(self.test_array, _db_test_spec, layout_offset=4)
+
+ def test_unknown_type_raises(self) -> None:
+ with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+ self.row.get_value(4, "NONEXISTENT")
+
+ def test_string_no_max_size(self) -> None:
+ spec = "4 test STRING"
+ row = Row(bytearray(20), spec, layout_offset=0)
+ with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Max size"):
+ row.get_value(4, "STRING")
+
+ def test_fstring_no_max_size(self) -> None:
+ with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Max size"):
+ self.row.get_value(98, "FSTRING")
+
+ def test_wstring_no_max_size(self) -> None:
+ with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Max size"):
+ self.row.get_value(68, "WSTRING")
+
+
+class TestRowSetValueEdgeCases:
+ """Test set_value edge cases for string types."""
+
+ def setup_method(self) -> None:
+ self.test_array = bytearray(_db_bytearray)
+ self.row = Row(self.test_array, _db_test_spec, layout_offset=4)
+
+ def test_fstring_no_max_size(self) -> None:
+ with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Max size"):
+ self.row.set_value(98, "FSTRING", "test")
+
+ def test_string_no_max_size(self) -> None:
+ with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Max size"):
+ self.row.set_value(6, "STRING", "test")
+
+ def test_wstring_no_max_size(self) -> None:
+ with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Max size"):
+ self.row.set_value(68, "WSTRING", "test")
+
+
+class TestRowWriteWithRowOffset:
+ """Test Row.write() with row_offset set."""
+
+ def test_write_with_row_offset(self) -> None:
+ test_array = bytearray(_db_bytearray)
+ db = DB(1, test_array, _db_test_spec, row_size=len(_db_bytearray), size=1, layout_offset=4, db_offset=0, row_offset=10)
+ row = db["0"]
+ assert row is not None
+ mock_client = MagicMock()
+ row.write(mock_client)
+ # The data written should start at db_offset + row_offset
+ mock_client.db_write.assert_called_once()
+
+
if __name__ == "__main__":
unittest.main()
diff --git a/tox.ini b/tox.ini
index 4b10afdb..0b56471b 100644
--- a/tox.ini
+++ b/tox.ini
@@ -19,18 +19,18 @@ commands =
[testenv:mypy]
basepython = python3.13
extras = test
-commands = mypy {toxinidir}/snap7 {toxinidir}/tests {toxinidir}/example
+commands = mypy {toxinidir}/snap7 {toxinidir}/s7 {toxinidir}/tests {toxinidir}/example
[testenv:lint-ruff]
basepython = python3.13
extras = test
commands =
- ruff check {toxinidir}/snap7 {toxinidir}/tests {toxinidir}/example
- ruff format --diff {toxinidir}/snap7 {toxinidir}/tests {toxinidir}/example
+ ruff check {toxinidir}/snap7 {toxinidir}/s7 {toxinidir}/tests {toxinidir}/example
+ ruff format --diff {toxinidir}/snap7 {toxinidir}/s7 {toxinidir}/tests {toxinidir}/example
[testenv:ruff]
basepython = python3.13
extras = test
commands =
- ruff format {toxinidir}/snap7 {toxinidir}/tests {toxinidir}/example
- ruff check --fix {toxinidir}/snap7 {toxinidir}/tests {toxinidir}/example
+ ruff format {toxinidir}/snap7 {toxinidir}/s7 {toxinidir}/tests {toxinidir}/example
+ ruff check --fix {toxinidir}/snap7 {toxinidir}/s7 {toxinidir}/tests {toxinidir}/example
diff --git a/uv.lock b/uv.lock
index 4e57fde2..e25cef6f 100644
--- a/uv.lock
+++ b/uv.lock
@@ -25,13 +25,22 @@ wheels = [
{ url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/77/f5/21d2de20e8b8b0408f0681956ca2c69f1320a3848ac50e6e7f39c6159675/babel-2.18.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:e2b422b277c2b9a9630c1d7903c2a00d0830c409c59ac8cae9081c92f1aeba35", size = 10196845, upload-time = "2026-02-01T12:30:53.445Z" },
]
+[[package]]
+name = "backports-asyncio-runner"
+version = "1.2.0"
+source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
+sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/8e/ff/70dca7d7cb1cbc0edb2c6cc0c38b65cba36cccc491eca64cabd5fe7f8670/backports_asyncio_runner-1.2.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:a5aa7b2b7d8f8bfcaa2b57313f70792df84e32a2a746f585213373f900b42162", size = 69893, upload-time = "2025-07-02T02:27:15.685Z" }
+wheels = [
+ { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/a0/59/76ab57e3fe74484f48a53f8e337171b4a2349e506eabe136d7e01d059086/backports_asyncio_runner-1.2.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:0da0a936a8aeb554eccb426dc55af3ba63bcdc69fa1a600b5bb305413a4477b5", size = 12313, upload-time = "2025-07-02T02:27:14.263Z" },
+]
+
[[package]]
name = "cachetools"
-version = "7.0.4"
+version = "7.0.5"
source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
-sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/a1/cc/eb3fd22f3b96b8b70ce456d0854ef08434e5ca79c02bf8db3fc07ccfca87/cachetools-7.0.4.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:7042c0e4eea87812f04744ce6ee9ed3de457875eb1f82d8a206c46d6e48b6734", size = 37379, upload-time = "2026-03-08T21:37:17.133Z" }
+sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/af/dd/57fe3fdb6e65b25a5987fd2cdc7e22db0aef508b91634d2e57d22928d41b/cachetools-7.0.5.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:0cd042c24377200c1dcd225f8b7b12b0ca53cc2c961b43757e774ebe190fd990", size = 37367, upload-time = "2026-03-09T20:51:29.451Z" }
wheels = [
- { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/83/bc/72adfb3f2ed19eb0317f89ea9b1eeccc670ae46bc394ec2c4ba1dd8c22b7/cachetools-7.0.4-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:0c8bb1b9ec8194fa4d764accfde602dfe52f70d0f311e62792d4c3f8c051b1e9", size = 13900, upload-time = "2026-03-08T21:37:15.805Z" },
+ { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/06/f3/39cf3367b8107baa44f861dc802cbf16263c945b62d8265d36034fc07bea/cachetools-7.0.5-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:46bc8ebefbe485407621d0a4264b23c080cedd913921bad7ac3ed2f26c183114", size = 13918, upload-time = "2026-03-09T20:51:27.33Z" },
]
[[package]]
@@ -43,6 +52,88 @@ wheels = [
{ url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/9a/3c/c17fb3ca2d9c3acff52e30b309f538586f9f5b9c9cf454f3845fc9af4881/certifi-2026.2.25-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:027692e4402ad994f1c42e52a4997a9763c646b73e4096e4d5d6db8af1d6f0fa", size = 153684, upload-time = "2026-02-25T02:54:15.766Z" },
]
+[[package]]
+name = "cffi"
+version = "2.0.0"
+source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
+dependencies = [
+ { name = "pycparser", marker = "implementation_name != 'PyPy'" },
+]
+sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/eb/56/b1ba7935a17738ae8453301356628e8147c79dbb825bcbc73dc7401f9846/cffi-2.0.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:44d1b5909021139fe36001ae048dbdde8214afa20200eda0f64c068cac5d5529", size = 523588, upload-time = "2025-09-08T23:24:04.541Z" }
+wheels = [
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