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<p>不知不觉，已经过去快一个星期没有继续更新了，中秋假日总会使人想安于现状，这一章继续上面使用 Node.js 进行 Web 开发，介绍模板引擎，尝试建立一个微博网站，实现用户注册登录和发表微博的基础功能。好了，让我们一起开始吧</p>
<h2 id="使用-Node-js-进行-Web-开发（中）"><a href="#使用-Node-js-进行-Web-开发（中）" class="headerlink" title="使用 Node.js 进行 Web 开发（中）"></a>使用 Node.js 进行 Web 开发（中）</h2><h3 id="模板引擎"><a href="#模板引擎" class="headerlink" title="模板引擎"></a>模板引擎</h3><p>Express 的路由控制，是网络架构最核心的部分，即 MVC 架构中的控制器。而视图，主要是通过模板引擎的使用和集成来实现。视图决定了用户最终看到的东西，也是最重要的部分，这里以 ejs 为例介绍模板引擎的使用方法。</p>
<h4 id="什么是模板引擎"><a href="#什么是模板引擎" class="headerlink" title="什么是模板引擎"></a>什么是模板引擎</h4><p>模板引擎（Template Engine） 是一个从页面模板根据一定的规则生成的 HTML 的工具。按照这种模式，整个网站就由一个个页面模块组成，所有的逻辑都嵌入在模块中，这种模式大大降低动态网页开发的门槛，但随着规模的扩大会遇到许多问题。</p>
<ul>
<li>页面功能逻辑与页面布局样式耦合，网站模式变大以后逐渐难以维护</li>
<li>语法复杂，对于非技术的网页设计者来说门槛较高，难以学习。</li>
<li>功能过于全面，页面设计者可以在页面上编程，不利于功能划分，也使模板解析效率降低。</li>
</ul>
<p>这些问题制约了早期模板引擎的发展，直到 MVC 开发模式普及，模板引擎才开始遍地开花。现代的模板引擎是 MVC 的一部分，在功能划分上它严格属于视图部分，因此功能以生存 HTML 页面为核心，不会引入过多的编程语言的功能。</p>
<p>模板引擎的功能主要是将页面模块和要显示的数据结合起来生成 HTML 页面。它既可以运行在服务器端又可以运行在客户端，大多数时候它都在服务器端直接被解析成 HTML ，解析完成后再传输给客户端，因为客户端甚至无法判断页面是否是模板引擎生成的。有时候模板引擎也可以而运行在客户端，即浏览器中，典型的代表就是 XSLT，它以 XML 为输入，在客户端生成 HTML 页面。但是由于浏览器兼容性问题，XSLT 并不是很流行。目前的主流还是由服务器运行模板引擎。</p>
<p>在MVC架构中，模板引擎包含在服务器端。控制器得到用户请求后，从模型获取数据，调用模板引擎。模板引擎以数据和页面模板输入，生成 HTML 页面，然后返回控制器，由控制器交给客户端。</p>
<p><img src="/images/2018-09-21-NodeJs-Part5-模板引擎在-MVC-架构中的位置.png" alt="模板引擎在 MVC 架构中的位置"></p>
<h4 id="使用模板引擎"><a href="#使用模板引擎" class="headerlink" title="使用模板引擎"></a>使用模板引擎</h4><p>基于 JavaScript 的模板引擎有许多种实现。推荐使用 ejs （Embedded JavaScript），因为它十分简单而且与 Express 集成良好。由于它是标准 JavaScript 实现的，因此它不仅可以运行在服务器端，还可以运行在浏览器中。</p>
<p>app.js 中通过以下两个语句设置了模板引擎和页面模板的位置：</p>
<figure class="highlight javascript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">// view engine setup</span></span><br><span class="line">app.set(<span class="string">'views'</span>, path.join(__dirname, <span class="string">'views'</span>));</span><br><span class="line">app.set(<span class="string">'view engine'</span>, <span class="string">'ejs'</span>);</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>表明要使用的模板引擎是 ejs ,页面模板在 views 子目录下。在 routes/index.js 用一下语句，绑定路由和调用模板引擎。</p>
<figure class="highlight javascript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">var</span> express = <span class="built_in">require</span>(<span class="string">'express'</span>);</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">var</span> router = express.Router();</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">/* GET home page. */</span></span><br><span class="line">router.get(<span class="string">'/'</span>, <span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> (<span class="params">req, res, next</span>) </span>{</span><br><span class="line"> res.render(<span class="string">'index'</span>, { <span class="attr">title</span>: <span class="string">'Express'</span> });</span><br><span class="line">});</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p><code>res.render</code> 的功能是调用模板引擎，并将其产生的页面直接返回给客户端。它接受两个参数，第一个是模板的名称，即 <code>views</code> 目录下的模板文件名，不包含文件的扩展名；第二个参数是传递给模板的数据，用于模板翻译。index.ejs 内容如下：</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><h1><%= title %></h1></span><br><span class="line"><p>Welcome to <%= title %></p></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>上面代码其中有两处 <code><%= title %></code> ，用于模板变量显示，它们在模板翻译时会被替换成 Express，因为 <code>res.render</code> 传递了 <code>{ title: 'Express' }</code> 。</p>
<p>ejs 的标签系统非常简单，它只有以下3种标签。</p>
<ul>
<li><code><% code %></code> ：JavaScript 代码。</li>
<li><code><%= code %></code> ：显示替换过 HTML 特殊字符的内容。</li>
<li><code><%- code %></code> ：显示原始 HTML 内容。</li>
</ul>
<p>可以用它们实现页面模板系统能实现的任何内容。</p>
<h4 id="页面布局"><a href="#页面布局" class="headerlink" title="页面布局"></a>页面布局</h4><p>views/index.ejs 里面的代码</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><!DOCTYPE html></span><br><span class="line"><html></span><br><span class="line"> <head></span><br><span class="line"> <title><%= title %></title></span><br><span class="line"> <link rel='stylesheet' href='/stylesheets/style.css' /></span><br><span class="line"> </head></span><br><span class="line"> <body></span><br><span class="line"> <h1><%= title %></h1></span><br><span class="line"> <p>Welcome to <%= title %></p></span><br><span class="line"> </body></span><br><span class="line"></html></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>Express 可以自动套用 layout.ejs ，所以可以将 index.ejs 里面的代码分开</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><!DOCTYPE html></span><br><span class="line"><html></span><br><span class="line"> <head></span><br><span class="line"> <title><%= title %></title></span><br><span class="line"> <link rel='stylesheet' href='/stylesheets/style.css' /></span><br><span class="line"> </head></span><br><span class="line"> <body></span><br><span class="line"> <%- body %></span><br><span class="line"> </body></span><br><span class="line"></html></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p><code>layout.ejs</code> 是一个页面布局模板，它描述了整个页面的框架结构，默认情况下每个单独的页面都继承自这个框架，替换掉 <code><%- body %></code> 部分。这个功能通常非常有用，因为一般为了保持整个网站的一致风格，HTML 页面的 <code><head></code> 部分以及页眉页脚中的大量内容是重复的，因此我们可以把它们放在 <code>layout.ejs</code> 中。当然，这个功能并不是强制的，如果想关闭它，可以在 app.js 的中 <code>app.configure</code> 中添加以下内容，这样页面布局功能就被关闭了。</p>
<figure class="highlight javascript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">app.set(<span class="string">'view options'</span>, {</span><br><span class="line"> layout: <span class="literal">false</span></span><br><span class="line">});</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>另一种情况是，一个网站可能需要不止一种页面布局，例如网站分前台展示和后台管理系统，两者的页面结构有很大的区别，一套页面布局不能满足需求。这时我们可以在页面模板翻译时指定页面布局，即设置 layout 属性，例如：</p>
<figure class="highlight javascript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span>(<span class="params">req, res</span>) </span>{</span><br><span class="line"> res.render(<span class="string">'userlist'</span>, {</span><br><span class="line"> title: <span class="string">'用户列表后台管理系统'</span>,</span><br><span class="line"> layout: <span class="string">'admin'</span></span><br><span class="line"> });</span><br><span class="line">};</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>这段代码会在翻译 userlist 页面模板时套用 admin.ejs 作为页面布局。</p>
<h4 id="片段视图"><a href="#片段视图" class="headerlink" title="片段视图"></a>片段视图</h4><p>Express 的视图系统还支持片段视图（partials），它就是一个页面的片段，通常是重复的内容，用于迭代显示。它就是一个页面的片段，通常是重复的内容，用于迭代显示。通过它你可以将相对独立的页面块分割出去，而且可以避免显式地使用 for 循环。而其实在 Express4.0以后，已经开始用 <code>include</code> 来取代 <code>partials</code> 了。</p>
<p>如果仍要用的话，可以采用以下步骤：</p>
<ol>
<li>运行cmd 输入:npm install express-partials -g </li>
<li>下载成功后.在app.js 中引用此插件 var partials = require(‘express-partials’);</li>
<li>开启此插件, 在app.js 中 app.set(‘view engine’, ‘ejs’); 代码后添加如下代码: app.use(partials());</li>
</ol>
<p>不过这里，我还是用新的方法，首先在 routers/index.js 中新增以下内容。</p>
<figure class="highlight javascript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">router.get(<span class="string">'/list'</span>, <span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> (<span class="params">req, res, next</span>) </span>{</span><br><span class="line"> res.render(<span class="string">'list'</span>, {</span><br><span class="line"> title: <span class="string">'List'</span>,</span><br><span class="line"> items: [<span class="number">1995</span>, <span class="string">'lbh'</span>, <span class="string">'express'</span>, <span class="string">'Node.js'</span>]</span><br><span class="line"> });</span><br><span class="line">});</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>接着在 views目录下新建 list.ejs 内容是</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><ul></span><br><span class="line"> <% items.forEach(function(listitem){%></span><br><span class="line"> <% include listitem%></span><br><span class="line"> <%}) %></span><br><span class="line"></ul></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>同时建立 listitem.ejs 内容是</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><li><%= listitem %></li></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>访问 <a href="http://localhost:3000/list，可以在源代码中看到以下内容：">http://localhost:3000/list，可以在源代码中看到以下内容：</a></p>
<figure class="highlight html"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="tag"><<span class="name">html</span>></span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="tag"><<span class="name">head</span>></span><span class="tag"></<span class="name">head</span>></span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="tag"><<span class="name">body</span>></span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="tag"><<span class="name">ul</span>></span> </span><br><span class="line"> <span class="tag"><<span class="name">li</span>></span>1995<span class="tag"></<span class="name">li</span>></span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="tag"><<span class="name">li</span>></span>lbh<span class="tag"></<span class="name">li</span>></span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="tag"><<span class="name">li</span>></span>express<span class="tag"></<span class="name">li</span>></span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="tag"><<span class="name">li</span>></span>Node.js<span class="tag"></<span class="name">li</span>></span> </span><br><span class="line"> <span class="tag"></<span class="name">ul</span>></span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="tag"></<span class="name">body</span>></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="tag"></<span class="name">html</span>></span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h4 id="视图助手"><a href="#视图助手" class="headerlink" title="视图助手"></a>视图助手</h4><p>Express 提供了一种叫做视图助手的工具，它的功能是允许在视图中访问一个全局的函数或对象，不用每次调用视图解析的时候单独传入。前面提到的 partial 就是一个视图助手。</p>
<p>视图助手有两类，分别是静态视图助手和动态视图助手。这两者的差别在于，静态视图助手可以是任何类型的对象，包括接受任意参数的函数，但访问到的对象必须是与用户请求无关的，一般指的是项目的名称，地址等配置参数或者是公共的方法，这些变量，方法只能用在模板视图里面。动态视图助手指的是该视图变量，方法与请求有关，一般用来解析请求信息，如用户登录信息，请求地址等。</p>
<p>静态视图助手可以通过 app.helpers() 函数注册，它接受一个对象，对象的每个属性名称为视图助手的名称，属性值对应视图助手的值。动态视图助手则通过 app.dynamicHelpers() 注册，方法与静态视图助手相同，但每个属性的值必须为一个函数，该函数提供 req 和 res 。当然这是express4.0之前的用法，现在视图助手有所不一样了。</p>
<h5 id="静态视图"><a href="#静态视图" class="headerlink" title="静态视图"></a>静态视图</h5><p>在 app.js 中添加</p>
<figure class="highlight javascript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">// app 静态视图助手</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 静态视图助手变量</span></span><br><span class="line">app.locals.appName = <span class="string">'NodeExpressBlog'</span>;</span><br><span class="line">app.locals.sayHello = <span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span>(<span class="params"></span>)</span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="string">'Welcome to my NodeExpressBlog'</span>;</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>新建一个 helper.ejs,内容如下：</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><h1><%= appName%></h1></span><br><span class="line"><p><%= sayHello()%></p></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>访问 <a href="http://localhost:3000/helper">http://localhost:3000/helper</a> 可以看到下面内容</p>
<p><img src="/images/2018-09-21-NodeJs-Part5-express静态视图.png" alt="express静态视图"></p>
<h5 id="动态视图"><a href="#动态视图" class="headerlink" title="动态视图"></a>动态视图</h5><p>动态视图助手的实现方式和路由的方式相似，所以动态视图助手要将语句放在路由的前面</p>
<p>在 routers/index.js 里面添加以下内容</p>
<figure class="highlight javascript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 动态视图助手</span></span><br><span class="line">router.use(<span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span>(<span class="params">req, res, next</span>)</span>{</span><br><span class="line"> res.locals.appUrl = req.url;</span><br><span class="line"> res.locals.Welcome = <span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span>(<span class="params"></span>)</span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="string">'Welcome to my NodeExpressBlog, the url is: '</span> + res.locals.appUrl;</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"> next();</span><br><span class="line">});</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>然后在 helper.ejs 添加以下内容</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><p><%= appUrl %></p></span><br><span class="line"><p><%= Welcome() %></p></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>刷新网页，可以看到以下内容</p>
<p><img src="/images/2018-09-21-NodeJs-Part5-express动态视图.png" alt="express动态视图"></p>
<p>视图助手的本质其实就是给所有视图注册了全局变量，因此无需每次在调用模板引擎时传递数据对象。</p>
<p>接下来 在 app.js 中加入 </p>
<figure class="highlight javascript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">var</span> util = <span class="built_in">require</span>(<span class="string">'util'</span>);</span><br><span class="line">app.locals.inspect = <span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span>(<span class="params">obj</span>)</span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span> util.inspect(obj, <span class="literal">true</span>);</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>然后在 routers/index.js 添加 </p>
<figure class="highlight javascript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 动态视图助手</span></span><br><span class="line">router.use(<span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span>(<span class="params">req, res, next</span>)</span>{</span><br><span class="line"> res.locals.appUrl = req.url;</span><br><span class="line"> res.locals.Welcome = <span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span>(<span class="params"></span>)</span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="string">'Welcome to my NodeExpressBlog, the url is: '</span> + res.locals.appUrl;</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"> res.locals.headers = req.headers;</span><br><span class="line"> next();</span><br><span class="line">});</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>同样在 helper.ejs 添加</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><p><%=inspect(headers)%></p></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>重开服务器，可以看到</p>
<p><img src="/images/2018-09-21-NodeJs-Part5-视图助手.png" alt="视图助手"></p>
<p>在后面使用 session 时会发现它是非常有用的。</p>
<h3 id="建立微博网站"><a href="#建立微博网站" class="headerlink" title="建立微博网站"></a>建立微博网站</h3><h4 id="功能分析"><a href="#功能分析" class="headerlink" title="功能分析"></a>功能分析</h4><p>首先，微博应该以用户为中心，因<br>此需要有用户的注册和登录功能。微博网站最核心的功能是信息的发表，这个功能涉及许多方面，包括数据库访问、前端显示等。一个完整的微博系统应该支持信息的评论、转发、圈点用户等功能，但出于演示目的，我们不能一一实现所有功能，只是实现一个微博社交网站的雏形。</p>
<h4 id="路由规划"><a href="#路由规划" class="headerlink" title="路由规划"></a>路由规划</h4><p>在完成功能设计以后，下一个要做的事情就是路由规划了。路由规划，或者说控制器规划是整个网站的骨架部分，因为它处于整个架构的枢纽位置，相当于各个接口之间的粘合剂，所以应该优先考虑。</p>
<p>根据功能设计，我们把路由按照以下方案规划。</p>
<ul>
<li><code>/</code>：首页</li>
<li><code>/u/[user]</code>：用户的主页 </li>
<li><code>/post</code>：发表信息</li>
<li><code>/reg</code>：用户注册</li>
<li><code>/login</code>：用户登录</li>
<li><code>/logout</code>：用户登出</li>
</ul>
<p>以上页面还可以根据用户状态细分。发表信息以及用户登出页面必须是已登录用户才能操作的功能，而用户注册和用户登入所面向的对象必须是未登入的用户。首页和用户主页则针对已登入和未登入的用户显示不同的内容。</p>
<p>修改 routers/index.js 的内容</p>
<figure class="highlight javascript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 正式微博路由</span></span><br><span class="line">router.get(<span class="string">'/'</span>, <span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> (<span class="params">req, res, next</span>) </span>{</span><br><span class="line"> res.render(<span class="string">'index'</span>, { <span class="attr">title</span>: <span class="string">'Express'</span> });</span><br><span class="line">});</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 用户的主页 </span></span><br><span class="line">router.get(<span class="string">'/u/:user'</span>, <span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> (<span class="params">req, res, next</span>) </span>{</span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line">});</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 用户注册</span></span><br><span class="line">router.route(<span class="string">'/reg'</span>).</span><br><span class="line"> all(<span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> (<span class="params">req, res, next</span>) </span>{</span><br><span class="line"> next()</span><br><span class="line"> }).get(<span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> (<span class="params">req, res, next</span>) </span>{</span><br><span class="line"> next()</span><br><span class="line"> }).post(<span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> (<span class="params">req, res, next</span>) </span>{</span><br><span class="line"> next()</span><br><span class="line"> });</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 用户登录</span></span><br><span class="line">router.route(<span class="string">'/login'</span>).</span><br><span class="line"> all(<span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> (<span class="params">req, res, next</span>) </span>{</span><br><span class="line"> next()</span><br><span class="line"> }).get(<span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> (<span class="params">req, res, next</span>) </span>{</span><br><span class="line"> next()</span><br><span class="line"> }).post(<span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> (<span class="params">req, res, next</span>) </span>{</span><br><span class="line"> next()</span><br><span class="line"> });</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 用户登出 </span></span><br><span class="line">router.get(<span class="string">'/logout'</span>, <span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> (<span class="params">req, res, next</span>) </span>{</span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line">});</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>由于<code>/reg</code> 以及 <code>/login</code> 接受表单信息的同时还要显示用户注册要填写的表单，所以使用 <code>router.route</code>方法链式将 post/get 方法写在了一起。</p>
<h4 id="界面设计"><a href="#界面设计" class="headerlink" title="界面设计"></a>界面设计</h4><p>Twitter Bootstrap 是由 Twitter 的设计师和工程师发起的开源项目，它提供了一套与 Twitter 风格一致的简洁、优雅的 Web UI，包含了完全由 HTML、CSS、JavaScript 实现的用户交互工具。可以轻松地使用Twitter Bootstrap 制作出优美的界面。</p>
<h4 id="使用-Bootstrap"><a href="#使用-Bootstrap" class="headerlink" title="使用 Bootstrap"></a>使用 Bootstrap</h4><p>从<a href="http://twitter.github.com/bootstrap/下载bootstrap.zip，解压后可以看到以下文件：">http://twitter.github.com/bootstrap/下载bootstrap.zip，解压后可以看到以下文件：</a></p>
<figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">css/bootstrap-responsive.css</span><br><span class="line">css/bootstrap-responsive.min.css</span><br><span class="line">css/bootstrap.css</span><br><span class="line">css/bootstrap.min.css</span><br><span class="line">img/glyphicons-halflings-white.png</span><br><span class="line">img/glyphicons-halflings.png</span><br><span class="line">js/bootstrap.js</span><br><span class="line">js/bootstrap.min.js</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>其中所有的 JavaScript 和 CSS 文件都提供了开发版和产品版，前者是原始的代码，后者经过压缩，文件名中带有 min。将 img 目录复制到工程 public 目录下，将 bootstrap.css、bootstrap-responsive.css 复制到 public/stylesheets 中，将 bootstrap.js 复制到 public/javascripts 目录中，然后从<a href="http://jquery.com/下载一份最新版的">http://jquery.com/下载一份最新版的</a> jquery.js 也放入 public/javascripts 目录中。</p>
<p>由于 express4.x版本以及不再支持 layout.ejs，而是使用 <code>include</code></p>
<p>首先我们本来要插入layout.ejs，内容如下：</p>
<figure class="highlight html"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br><span class="line">42</span><br><span class="line">43</span><br><span class="line">44</span><br><span class="line">45</span><br><span class="line">46</span><br><span class="line">47</span><br><span class="line">48</span><br><span class="line">49</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta"><!DOCTYPE html></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="tag"><<span class="name">html</span>></span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="tag"><<span class="name">head</span>></span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="tag"><<span class="name">title</span>></span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="tag"><<span class="name">%=</span> <span class="attr">title</span> %></span> - Microblog<span class="tag"></<span class="name">title</span>></span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="tag"><<span class="name">link</span> <span class="attr">rel</span>=<span class="string">'stylesheet'</span> <span class="attr">href</span>=<span class="string">'/stylesheets/bootstrap.css'</span> /></span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="tag"><<span class="name">link</span> <span class="attr">rel</span>=<span class="string">'stylesheet'</span> <span class="attr">href</span>=<span class="string">'/stylesheets/style.css'</span> /></span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="tag"><<span class="name">style</span> <span class="attr">type</span>=<span class="string">"text/css"</span>></span><span class="undefined"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="undefined"> body {</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="undefined"> padding-top: 60px;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="undefined"> padding-bottom: 40px;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="undefined"> }</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="undefined"> </span><span class="tag"></<span class="name">style</span>></span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="tag"><<span class="name">link</span> <span class="attr">href</span>=<span class="string">"stylesheets/bootstrap-responsive.css"</span> <span class="attr">rel</span>=<span class="string">"stylesheet"</span>></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="tag"></<span class="name">head</span>></span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="tag"><<span class="name">body</span>></span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="tag"><<span class="name">div</span> <span class="attr">class</span>=<span class="string">"navbar navbar-fixed-top"</span>></span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="tag"><<span class="name">div</span> <span class="attr">class</span>=<span class="string">"navbar-inner"</span>></span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="tag"><<span class="name">div</span> <span class="attr">class</span>=<span class="string">"container"</span>></span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="tag"><<span class="name">a</span> <span class="attr">class</span>=<span class="string">"btn btn-navbar"</span> <span class="attr">data-toggle</span>=<span class="string">"collapse"</span> <span class="attr">data-target</span>=<span class="string">".nav-collapse"</span>></span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="tag"><<span class="name">span</span> <span class="attr">class</span>=<span class="string">"icon-bar"</span>></span><span class="tag"></<span class="name">span</span>></span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="tag"><<span class="name">span</span> <span class="attr">class</span>=<span class="string">"icon-bar"</span>></span><span class="tag"></<span class="name">span</span>></span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="tag"><<span class="name">span</span> <span class="attr">class</span>=<span class="string">"icon-bar"</span>></span><span class="tag"></<span class="name">span</span>></span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="tag"></<span class="name">a</span>></span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="tag"><<span class="name">a</span> <span class="attr">class</span>=<span class="string">"brand"</span> <span class="attr">href</span>=<span class="string">"/"</span>></span>Microblog<span class="tag"></<span class="name">a</span>></span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="tag"><<span class="name">div</span> <span class="attr">class</span>=<span class="string">"nav-collapse"</span>></span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="tag"><<span class="name">ul</span> <span class="attr">class</span>=<span class="string">"nav"</span>></span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="tag"><<span class="name">li</span> <span class="attr">class</span>=<span class="string">"active"</span>></span><span class="tag"><<span class="name">a</span> <span class="attr">href</span>=<span class="string">"/"</span>></span>首页<span class="tag"></<span class="name">a</span>></span><span class="tag"></<span class="name">li</span>></span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="tag"><<span class="name">li</span>></span><span class="tag"><<span class="name">a</span> <span class="attr">href</span>=<span class="string">"/login"</span>></span>登入<span class="tag"></<span class="name">a</span>></span><span class="tag"></<span class="name">li</span>></span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="tag"><<span class="name">li</span>></span><span class="tag"><<span class="name">a</span> <span class="attr">href</span>=<span class="string">"/reg"</span>></span>注册<span class="tag"></<span class="name">a</span>></span><span class="tag"></<span class="name">li</span>></span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="tag"></<span class="name">ul</span>></span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="tag"></<span class="name">div</span>></span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="tag"></<span class="name">div</span>></span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="tag"></<span class="name">div</span>></span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="tag"></<span class="name">div</span>></span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="tag"><<span class="name">div</span> <span class="attr">id</span>=<span class="string">"container"</span> <span class="attr">class</span>=<span class="string">"container"</span>></span><span class="tag"></<span class="name">div</span>></span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="tag"><<span class="name">hr</span> /></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="tag"><<span class="name">footer</span>></span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="tag"><<span class="name">p</span>></span><span class="tag"><<span class="name">a</span> <span class="attr">href</span>=<span class="string">"http://laibh.top"</span> <span class="attr">target</span>=<span class="string">"_blank"</span>></span>赖同学<span class="tag"></<span class="name">a</span>></span> 2018<span class="tag"></<span class="name">p</span>></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="tag"></<span class="name">footer</span>></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="tag"></<span class="name">div</span>></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="tag"></<span class="name">body</span>></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="tag"><<span class="name">script</span> <span class="attr">src</span>=<span class="string">"/javascripts/jquery.js"</span>></span><span class="undefined"></span><span class="tag"></<span class="name">script</span>></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="tag"><<span class="name">script</span> <span class="attr">src</span>=<span class="string">"/javascripts/bootstrap.js"</span>></span><span class="undefined"></span><span class="tag"></<span class="name">script</span>></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="tag"></<span class="name">body</span>></span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="tag"></<span class="name">html</span>></span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>上面代码是使用 Bootstrap部件实现的一个简单页面框架，整个页面分为顶部工具栏、正文和页脚三部分，其中正文和页脚包含在名为 container 的 div 标签中。</p>
<p>然后我们新建两个ejs 文件，分别是 footer.ejs 和 header.ejs </p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">// header.ejs </span><br><span class="line"><!DOCTYPE html></span><br><span class="line"><html></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><head></span><br><span class="line"> <title></span><br><span class="line"> <%= title %> - Microblog</title></span><br><span class="line"> <link rel='stylesheet' href='/stylesheets/bootstrap.css' /></span><br><span class="line"> <link rel='stylesheet' href='/stylesheets/style.css' /></span><br><span class="line"> <style type="text/css"></span><br><span class="line"> body {</span><br><span class="line"> padding-top: 60px;</span><br><span class="line"> padding-bottom: 40px;</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"> </style></span><br><span class="line"> <link href="stylesheets/bootstrap-responsive.css" rel="stylesheet"></span><br><span class="line"></head></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><body></span><br><span class="line"> <div class="navbar navbar-fixed-top"></span><br><span class="line"> <div class="navbar-inner"></span><br><span class="line"> <div class="container"></span><br><span class="line"> <a class="btn btn-navbar" data-toggle="collapse" data-target=".nav-collapse"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="icon-bar"></span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="icon-bar"></span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="icon-bar"></span></span><br><span class="line"> </a></span><br><span class="line"> <a class="brand" href="/">Microblog</a></span><br><span class="line"> <div class="nav-collapse"></span><br><span class="line"> <ul class="nav"></span><br><span class="line"> <li class="active"><a href="/">首页</a></li></span><br><span class="line"> <li><a href="/login">登入</a></li></span><br><span class="line"> <li><a href="/reg">注册</a></li></span><br><span class="line"> </ul></span><br><span class="line"> </div></span><br><span class="line"> </div></span><br><span class="line"> </div></span><br><span class="line"> </div></span><br><span class="line"> <div id="container" class="container"></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">// footer.ejs</span><br><span class="line"></div></span><br><span class="line"><hr /></span><br><span class="line"><footer></span><br><span class="line"> <p><a href="http://laibh.top" target="_blank">赖同学</a> 2018</p></span><br><span class="line"></footer></span><br><span class="line"></div></span><br><span class="line"></body></span><br><span class="line"><script src="/javascripts/jquery.js"></script></span><br><span class="line"><script src="/javascripts/bootstrap.js"></script></span><br><span class="line"></body></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></html></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>然后，在 index.ejs 添加以下内容</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><% include header.ejs %></span><br><span class="line"><div class="hero-unit"></span><br><span class="line"> <h1>欢迎来到 Microblog</h1></span><br><span class="line"> <p>Microblog 是一个基于 Node.js 的微博系统。</p></span><br><span class="line"> <p></span><br><span class="line"> <a class="btn btn-primary btn-large" href="/login">登录</a></span><br><span class="line"> <a class="btn btn-large" href="/reg">立即注册</a></span><br><span class="line"> </p></span><br><span class="line"></div></span><br><span class="line"><div class="row"></span><br><span class="line"> <div class="span4"></span><br><span class="line"> <h2>Carbo 说</h2></span><br><span class="line"> <p>东风破早梅 向暖一枝开 冰雪无人见 春从天上来</p></span><br><span class="line"> </div></span><br><span class="line"> <div class="span4"></span><br><span class="line"> <h2>BYVoid 说</h2></span><br><span class="line"> <p></span><br><span class="line"> Open Chinese Convert（OpenCC）是一个开源的中文简繁转换项目，</span><br><span class="line"> 致力于制作高质量的基于统计预料的简繁转换词库。</span><br><span class="line"> 还提供函数库(libopencc)、命令行简繁转换工具、人工校对工具、词典生成程序、</span><br><span class="line"> 在线转换服务及图形用户界面。</p></span><br><span class="line"> </div></span><br><span class="line"> <div class="span4"></span><br><span class="line"> <h2>佛振 说</h2></span><br><span class="line"> <p>中州韵输入法引擎 / Rime Input Method Engine 取意历史上通行的中州韵，</span><br><span class="line"> 愿写就一部汇集音韵学智慧的输入法经典之作。</span><br><span class="line"> 项目网站设在 http://laibh.top</span><br><span class="line"> 创造应用价值是一方面，更要坚持对好技术的追求，希望能写出灵动而易于扩展的代码，</span><br><span class="line"> 使其成为一款个性十足的开源输入法。</p></span><br><span class="line"> </div></span><br><span class="line"></div></span><br><span class="line"><% include footer.ejs %></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>访问 <a href="http://localhost:3000/">http://localhost:3000/</a> ，就可以看到以下内容</p>
<p><img src="/images/2018-09-21-NodeJs-Part5-博客首页.png" alt="博客首页"></p>
<p>不知不觉，又篇幅有点长了，后面的是最后一章，将会介绍用户注册和登录已经发表微博的基本功能，希望可以在下一章一起学习。</p>
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