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<div class="jquery-head"><br> <center><h1>JavaScript模块化思想</h1></center><br></div>
<h1 id="模块化"><a href="#模块化" class="headerlink" title="模块化"></a>模块化</h1><h3 id="模块化的基本思想"><a href="#模块化的基本思想" class="headerlink" title="模块化的基本思想"></a>模块化的基本思想</h3><p>（1）原始写法：<br>模块就是实现特地功能的一组方法（将不同函数简单地放在一起，就是一个模块） </p>
<figure class="highlight javascript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> <span class="title">m1</span>(<span class="params"></span>)</span>{</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">//...</span></span><br><span class="line">}</span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> <span class="title">m2</span>(<span class="params"></span>)</span>{</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">//...</span></span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>缺点：污染了全局变量，无法保证不与其他模块发送变量名的冲突，而且模块成员间看不出来直接关系<br>（2）对象写法：<br>将模块写成一个对象，将所有模块成员都放在对象里面 </p>
<figure class="highlight javascript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">var</span> <span class="built_in">module</span> = <span class="keyword">new</span> <span class="built_in">Object</span>({</span><br><span class="line">_count : <span class="number">0</span>,</span><br><span class="line"> m1 : <span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span>(<span class="params"></span>)</span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">//...</span></span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"> m2 : <span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span>(<span class="params"></span>)</span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">//...</span></span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line">});</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>优点：函数<code>m1()</code>与函数<code>m2()</code>都封装在module对象中，使用的时候就是调用对象中的属性<br><strong>module.m1();</strong> <strong>module._count = 5;</strong><br>（3）立即执行函数写法<br>IIFE 可以达到不暴露私有成员的目的 </p>
<figure class="highlight javascript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">var</span> <span class="built_in">module</span> = (<span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span>(<span class="params"></span>)</span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">var</span> _count = <span class="number">0</span>;</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">var</span> m1 = <span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span>(<span class="params"></span>)</span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">//...</span></span><br><span class="line"> };</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">var</span> m2 = <span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span>(<span class="params"></span>)</span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">//...</span></span><br><span class="line"> };</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span> {</span><br><span class="line"> m1 : m1,</span><br><span class="line"> m2 : m2,</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line">})();</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>优点：外部代码无法读取内部_count变量 console.log(module._count); //undefined<br>（4）放大模式<br>如果模块很大，必须分成几个部分，或者是一个模块需要继承另外一个模块，就有必要使用放大模式（augmentation） </p>
<figure class="highlight javascript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">var</span> <span class="built_in">module</span> = (<span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> (<span class="params">mod</span>)</span>{</span><br><span class="line"> mod.m3 = <span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span>(<span class="params"></span>)</span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">//...</span></span><br><span class="line"> };</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span> mod;</span><br><span class="line">})(<span class="built_in">module</span>);</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>上面的代码为module模块添加了一个新的方法m3，然后返回新的module模块。<br>（5）宽放大模式（Loose augmentation）<br>在浏览器环境中，模块的各个部分通常都是从网上获取的，有时候无法知道哪个部分会先加载。采取4的写法，第一个执行部分有可能加载一个不存在空对象 </p>
<figure class="highlight javascript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">var</span> <span class="built_in">module</span> = (<span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> (<span class="params">mod</span>)</span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">//...</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span> mod;</span><br><span class="line">})(<span class="built_in">window</span>.module || {});</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>（6）输入全局变量<br>独立性是模块的重要特点，模块内部最好不要与程序的其他部分交互，为了在模块内部调用全局变量，必须显式地将其他变量输入模块 </p>
<figure class="highlight javascript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">var</span> <span class="built_in">module</span> = (<span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span>(<span class="params">$,YAHOO</span>)</span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">//...</span></span><br><span class="line">})(jQuery, YAHOO);</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>上面的模块需要使用jQuery和YUI库，就要把这两个库（模块），当作是参数输入module中，这样做除了保证了模块的独立性，还使得模块之间的依赖关系变得明显。 </p>
<h3 id="AMD规范"><a href="#AMD规范" class="headerlink" title="AMD规范"></a>AMD规范</h3><p>通行的javascript模块规范共有两种：<strong>CommonJs</strong>和<strong>AMD</strong><br>（1）CommonJS<br>当node.js项目诞生后，将JavaScript语言用于服务器端编程，node.js的模块系统，就是参照CommonJS规范实现的。在CommonJS中有一个全局性方法<code>require()</code>,用于加载模块。假设有个数学模块math.js。就可以像下面那样加载 </p>
<figure class="highlight javascript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">var</span> math = <span class="built_in">require</span>(<span class="string">"math"</span>);</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">//调用模块提供的方法</span></span><br><span class="line">math.add(<span class="number">2</span>,<span class="number">3</span>);</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>限制：CommonJS规范不适用浏览器环境，相同的代码，在浏览器中运行，必须等到math.js加载完成，如果加载的时候很长，那么整个应用就会停在那里等。这对服务端不是问题，因为所有的模块都是存放在本地硬盘或在那个，可以同步加载完成，等待的时间就是硬盘的读取时间。而在浏览器，因为模块都存放在服务端，等待时间取决于网速的快慢，可能要等很久的时间，浏览器处于假死的状态。因此浏览器端的模块不可以采用同步加载（synchronous）,只能采用异步加载（asynchronous）这就是AMD诞生的背景。<br>（2）AMD<br>全程“Asynchronous Module Definition”意思是异步模块定义。它采用异步方式加载模块，模块的加载不影响后面语句的运行。所有一栏这个模块的语句，都定义在一个回调函数中。等到加载完成后，这个回调函数才会执行。AMD也采用require()语句加载模块，不同于CommonJS的是它要求两个参数。 </p>
<figure class="highlight javascript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="built_in">require</span>([<span class="built_in">module</span>],callback);</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>第一个参数[module]是一个数组，里面的成员就是要加载的模块；第二个参数callback则是加载完成之后的回调函数。还是使用CommonJS的代码，如下 </p>
<figure class="highlight javascript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="built_in">require</span>([‘math’]，<span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span>(<span class="params">math</span>)</span>{</span><br><span class="line"> math.add(<span class="number">2</span>,<span class="number">3</span>);</span><br><span class="line">});</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>math.add()与math模块加载不是同步的，所以浏览器不会出现假死的状态。AMD比CommonJS更适合浏览器环境 </p>
<h3 id="require-js的使用"><a href="#require-js的使用" class="headerlink" title="require.js的使用"></a>require.js的使用</h3><p>（1）原始加载js方法<br>加载多个js文件，加载的时候浏览器会停止网页渲染，加载的文件越多，页面失去响应的时间就会越长。其次由于js文件之间存在依赖关系。因此必须严格保证加载顺序，依赖性最大的模块一定要放在最后加载，当依赖关系很复杂的时候，代码的编写和维护都会变得困难。<br>（2）require.js的加载<br>优点：实现了js文件的异步加载，避免了网页失去响应，管理模块之间的依赖性，便于代码的编写和维护<br>。使用步骤：<br>1.下载require.js<br>2.加载这个require.js，也可能造成网页失去响应。解决办法有两个，一个是把它放在网页底部加载，另一个是 <code><script src="js/require.js" defer aysnc = 'true'></script></code><br>async属性表明这个文件需要异步加载，避免网页失去响应。IE不支持这个属性，只支持defer<br>3.加载完require.js 后就要加载我们自己的代码，假定我们的代码文件是main.js,也放在js目录下。<br><code><script src ="js/require.js" data-main="js/main"></script></code><br>data-main属性的作用是，指定网页程序的主要模块。<br>（3）主模块的写法<br>主模块要依赖其他模块，使用AMD规范定义的<code>require()</code>函数。 </p>
<figure class="highlight javascript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">//main.js</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">require</span>([<span class="string">'moduleA'</span>,<span class="string">'moduleB'</span>,<span class="string">'moduleC'</span>],<span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span>(<span class="params">moduleA, moduleB, moduleC</span>)</span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">//...</span></span><br><span class="line">});</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p><code>require()</code>函数接受两个参数。第一个参数是数组，表示所依赖的模块。上例就是[‘moduleA’, ‘moduleB’, ‘moduleC’] ，即主模块依赖这三个模块。第二个参数就是一个回调函数，当前面指定的模块都加载完成之后，它将被调用，加载的模块会以参数形式传入该函数，从而在回调函数的内部就可以使用<br>这些模块了。require()异步加载moduleA,moduleB,moduleC,浏览器就不会失去响应，它指定的回调函数，只有前面的<br>模块都加载成功后，才会运行，解决了依赖性的问题。<br>实际例子： </p>
<figure class="highlight javascript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="built_in">require</span>([<span class="string">'jquery'</span>,<span class="string">'underscore'</span>,<span class="string">'backbone'</span>],<span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span>(<span class="params">$,_,Backbone</span>)</span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">//...</span></span><br><span class="line">});</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p><code>require.js</code>会加载<code>jQuery</code>，<code>underscore</code>,<code>backbone</code> 然后再运行回调函数，主要模块的代码就写在回调函数中<br>（4）模块的加载<br><code>require.config()</code>，我们可以通过这个方法，对模块的加载行为记性自定义。require.config()就写在主模块<strong>main.js</strong>的头部。参数是一个对象，这个对象的paths属性指定各个模块的加载路径。默认是在同一个目录（js子目录） </p>
<figure class="highlight javascript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="built_in">require</span>.config({</span><br><span class="line"> paths: {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="string">"jquery"</span>: <span class="string">"jquery.min"</span>,</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="string">"underscore"</span>: <span class="string">"underscore.min"</span>,</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="string">"backbone"</span>: <span class="string">"backbone.min"</span>,</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line">});</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>不在通过目录，例如在js/lib，有两种写法：<br>1.逐一指定路径 </p>
<figure class="highlight javascript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="built_in">require</span>.config({</span><br><span class="line"> paths: {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="string">"jquery"</span>: <span class="string">"lib/jquery.min"</span>,</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="string">"underscore"</span>: <span class="string">"lib/underscore.min"</span>,</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="string">"backbone"</span>: <span class="string">"lib/backbone.min"</span>,</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line">});</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>2.改变基目录 </p>
<figure class="highlight javascript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="built_in">require</span>.config({</span><br><span class="line"> baseUrl: <span class="string">"js/lib"</span>,</span><br><span class="line"> paths: {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="string">"jquery"</span>: <span class="string">"jquery.min"</span>,</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="string">"underscore"</span>: <span class="string">"underscore.min"</span>,</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="string">"backbone"</span>: <span class="string">"backbone.min"</span>,</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line">});</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>如果是在另一个主机上，也可以指定它的地址 </p>
<figure class="highlight javascript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="built_in">require</span>.config({</span><br><span class="line"> paths: {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="string">"jquery"</span>: <span class="string">"https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.7.2/jquery.min"</span></span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line">});</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>require.js要求每个模块都是单一个js文件，这样的话，加载多个模块，就会发送多次http请求，也会影响到网页的加载速度。因而它提供了一个优化工具，当模块部署完毕后，可以使用这个工具将多个模块合并在一个文件中，减少http请求数。<br>（5）AMD写法<br>require.js加载的模块，采用AMD规范，那就是说模板也应该按照AMD的规范来写。<br>具体的说，就是模块必须采用特定的<code>define()</code>函数来定义。如果一个模块不依赖其他模块，那么可以直接定义在difine（）函数之中。<br>假定现在有个math.js文件，它定了一个math模块，那么math.js就要这样写： </p>
<figure class="highlight javascript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">//math.js</span></span><br><span class="line">define(<span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span>(<span class="params"></span>)</span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">var</span> add = <span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span>(<span class="params">x,y</span>)</span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span> x+y;</span><br><span class="line"> };</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span> {</span><br><span class="line"> add : add</span><br><span class="line"> };</span><br><span class="line">});</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>加载方法如下： </p>
<figure class="highlight javascript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">//main.js</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">require</span>([<span class="string">'math'</span>],<span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span>(<span class="params">math</span>)</span>{</span><br><span class="line"> alert(math.add(<span class="number">1</span>,<span class="number">1</span>));</span><br><span class="line">});</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">//如果这个模块还依赖其他模块，那么define（）函数的第一个参数，就必须是一个数组，指明该模块的依赖性</span></span><br><span class="line">define([<span class="string">'myLib'</span>],<span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span>(<span class="params">myLib</span>)</span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> <span class="title">foo</span>(<span class="params"></span>)</span>{</span><br><span class="line"> myLib.doSomething();</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span> {</span><br><span class="line"> foo : foo</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line">});</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>当require()函数加载上面的这个模块的时候，就会先加载myLib.js文件<br>（6）加载非规范的模块<br>在加载非规范的模块之前先用require.config()定义它们的一些特征，underscore与backbone这两个库为<br>例子。 </p>
<figure class="highlight javascript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="built_in">require</span>.config({</span><br><span class="line"> shim: {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="string">'underscore'</span>:{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">export</span>:<span class="string">'_'</span></span><br><span class="line"> },</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="string">'backbone'</span>:{</span><br><span class="line"> deps:[<span class="string">'underscore'</span>,<span class="string">'jquery'</span>],</span><br><span class="line"> exports: <span class="string">'Backbone'</span></span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"> },</span><br><span class="line">});</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p><code>require.config()</code>接受一个配置对象，这个对象除了<strong>paths</strong>属性之外，还有一个<strong>shim</strong>属性，专门来配置不兼容的模块，具体来说，每个模块都要定义<strong>exports</strong>值（输出的变量名），来表明这个模块外部调用时的名称，<strong>deps</strong>数组来表明该模块的依赖性。<br>jQuery的插件可以这样定义 </p>
<figure class="highlight javascript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">shim{</span><br><span class="line"> jquery.srcoll<span class="string">':{</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"> deps: ['</span>jquery<span class="string">'],</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"> exports: '</span>jQuery.fn.scroll<span class="string">'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"> }</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">}</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>（7）require.js插件<br>domready插件，可以让回调函数在页面DOM结构加载完成后再运行 </p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">require(['domready!'],function(doc){</span><br><span class="line"> //called once the Dom is ready</span><br><span class="line">});</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>text和image插件，则是运行require.js加载文本和图片文件 </p>
<figure class="highlight javascript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">define([<span class="string">'text!review.txt'</span>,<span class="string">'image!cat.jpg'</span>],<span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span>(<span class="params">review,cat</span>)</span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">console</span>.log(review);</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">document</span>.body.appendChild(cat);</span><br><span class="line">});</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p><a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/2012/11/require_js.html" title="点我">参考自阮一峰老师文章</a></p>
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