- When asserting a mock or spy was called with specific arguments, always constrain as tightly as possible. In order of preference: (1) assert called exactly once with those args (`assert_called_once_with` in Python, `toHaveBeenCalledExactlyOnceWith` in Vitest/Jest); (2) if multiple calls are expected, assert the total call count and use a positional or last-call assertion (`nthCalledWith`, `lastCalledWith` / `assert_has_calls` with `call_args_list[n]`); (3) plain "called with at any point" (`toHaveBeenCalledWith`, `assert_called_with`) is a last resort only when neither the call count nor the call order can reasonably be constrained.
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