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Input and Output

Programs interact with users by receiving input data and displaying output results.

1. Output: The print() Function

The print() function is used to send data (text, numbers, etc.) to the screen.

Basic Printing

You can print strings, numbers, or variables. You can print multiple items by separating them with commas (which prints a space between them by default).

print("Hello, World!")
print(5 + 10)

name = "Alice"
print("Hello,", name)  # Output: Hello, Alice

String Formatting (f-strings)

Formatted string literals, or f-strings, let you embed variables directly inside a string by prefixing the string with f or F and writing variables inside curly braces {}.

age = 20
print(f"I am {age} years old.")  # Output: I am 20 years old.

2. Input: The input() Function

The input() function allows the program to pause and wait for the user to type something.

  • Critical Note: The input() function always returns the user's input as a string (str), even if they type a number.
name = input("Enter your name: ")
print(f"Hello, {name}!")

Reading Numbers (Type Casting)

If you want to perform math operations on the user's input, you must convert (cast) the string to a number type using int() or float().

# Reading an integer
age_input = input("Enter your age: ")
age = int(age_input)
print(f"Next year you will be {age + 1}")

# Reading a float
price = float(input("Enter item price: "))
print(f"Price with tax is {price * 1.1}")

Further Reading