diff --git a/examples/gallery/images/cross_section.py b/examples/gallery/images/cross_section.py
index fc29fe2252c..822b971c92c 100644
--- a/examples/gallery/images/cross_section.py
+++ b/examples/gallery/images/cross_section.py
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 
 # %%
 import pygmt
-from pygmt.params import Axis, Box, Position
+from pygmt.params import Axis, Box, Frame, Position
 
 # Define region of study area
 # lon_min, lon_max, lat_min, lat_max in degrees East and North
@@ -120,6 +120,12 @@
 # Add map frame
 # Add annotations ("a") and ticks ("f") as well as labels ("+l") at the west or left
 # and south or bottom sides ("WSrt")
-fig.basemap(frame=["WSrt", "xa2f1+lDistance+u°", "ya4000+lElevation / m"])
+fig.basemap(
+    frame=Frame(
+        axes="WSrt",
+        xaxis=Axis(annot=2, tick=1, label="Distance", unit="°"),
+        yaxis=Axis(annot=4000, label="Elevation / m"),
+    )
+)
 
 fig.show()
diff --git a/examples/gallery/images/grdclip.py b/examples/gallery/images/grdclip.py
index 17990e6f641..047599e26ad 100644
--- a/examples/gallery/images/grdclip.py
+++ b/examples/gallery/images/grdclip.py
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 
 # %%
 import pygmt
-from pygmt.params.position import Position
+from pygmt.params import Axis, Frame, Position
 
 fig = pygmt.Figure()
 
@@ -24,7 +24,12 @@
 fig.basemap(
     region=region,
     projection="M12c",
-    frame=["WSne+toriginal grid", "xa5f1", "ya2f1"],
+    frame=Frame(
+        axes="WSne",
+        title="original grid",
+        xaxis=Axis(annot=5, tick=1),
+        yaxis=Axis(annot=2, tick=1),
+    ),
 )
 fig.grdimage(grid=grid, cmap="SCM/oleron")
 
@@ -39,7 +44,12 @@
 fig.basemap(
     region=region,
     projection="M12c",
-    frame=["wSne+tclipped grid", "xa5f1", "ya2f1"],
+    frame=Frame(
+        axes="wSne",
+        title="clipped grid",
+        xaxis=Axis(annot=5, tick=1),
+        yaxis=Axis(annot=2, tick=1),
+    ),
 )
 fig.grdimage(grid=grid)
 fig.colorbar(
diff --git a/examples/gallery/images/grdgradient.py b/examples/gallery/images/grdgradient.py
index 86cf9fc8cf8..1206de94b00 100644
--- a/examples/gallery/images/grdgradient.py
+++ b/examples/gallery/images/grdgradient.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 
 # %%
 import pygmt
-from pygmt.params import Position
+from pygmt.params import Axis, Frame, Position
 
 # Define region of interest around Yosemite valley
 region = [-119.825, -119.4, 37.6, 37.825]
@@ -35,7 +35,12 @@
 fig.grdimage(
     grid=grid,
     projection="M12c",
-    frame=["WSrt+tOriginal Data Elevation Model", "xa0.1", "ya0.1"],
+    frame=Frame(
+        axes="WSrt",
+        title="Original Data Elevation Model",
+        xaxis=Axis(annot=0.1),
+        yaxis=Axis(annot=0.1),
+    ),
     cmap=True,
 )
 fig.colorbar(
@@ -57,7 +62,9 @@
 fig.grdimage(
     grid=dgrid,
     projection="M12c",
-    frame=["lSEt+tHillshade Map", "xa0.1", "ya0.1"],
+    frame=Frame(
+        axes="lSEt", title="Hillshade Map", xaxis=Axis(annot=0.1), yaxis=Axis(annot=0.1)
+    ),
     cmap=True,
 )
 
diff --git a/examples/gallery/images/grdgradient_shading.py b/examples/gallery/images/grdgradient_shading.py
index f040c19b49e..ac4df0aaf72 100644
--- a/examples/gallery/images/grdgradient_shading.py
+++ b/examples/gallery/images/grdgradient_shading.py
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 
 # %%
 import pygmt
-from pygmt.params import Position
+from pygmt.params import Axis, Frame, Position
 
 # Load the 3 arc-minutes global relief grid in the target area around Caucasus
 grid = pygmt.datasets.load_earth_relief(resolution="03m", region=[35, 50, 35, 45])
@@ -58,10 +58,10 @@
                     grid=grid,
                     shading=shade,
                     projection="M?",
-                    frame=[
-                        "a4f2",
-                        f"+tazimuth={azi}, normalize={normalize}, amp={amp}",
-                    ],
+                    frame=Frame(
+                        title=f"azimuth={azi}, normalize={normalize}, amp={amp}",
+                        axis=Axis(annot=4, tick=2),
+                    ),
                     cmap=True,
                     panel=True,
                 )
diff --git a/examples/gallery/images/rgb_image.py b/examples/gallery/images/rgb_image.py
index af548c7c0b3..07f656cdb84 100644
--- a/examples/gallery/images/rgb_image.py
+++ b/examples/gallery/images/rgb_image.py
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 # %%
 import pygmt
 import rioxarray
+from pygmt.params import Axis, Frame
 
 # %%
 # Read 3-band data from GeoTIFF into an xarray.DataArray object:
@@ -38,6 +39,10 @@
         grid=image,
         # Use a map scale where 1 cm on the map equals 1 km on the ground
         projection="x1:100000",
-        frame=[r"WSne+tL@!a¯hain@!a¯, Hawai`i on 9 Aug 2023", "af"],
+        frame=Frame(
+            axes="WSne",
+            title=r"L@!a¯hain@!a¯, Hawai`i on 9 Aug 2023",
+            axis=Axis(annot=True, tick=True),
+        ),
     )
 fig.show()
diff --git a/examples/gallery/lines/connection_lines.py b/examples/gallery/lines/connection_lines.py
index 41c2a761863..d29b5123674 100644
--- a/examples/gallery/lines/connection_lines.py
+++ b/examples/gallery/lines/connection_lines.py
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 
 # %%
 import pygmt
+from pygmt.params import Axis, Frame
 
 # Set up same sample data
 x = [2.2, 3.3, -3.1, -3.7, -0.1]
@@ -21,7 +22,11 @@
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Left: record order
-fig.basemap(region=[-5, 5, -5, 5], projection="X6c", frame=["WSne", "af"])
+fig.basemap(
+    region=[-5, 5, -5, 5],
+    projection="X6c",
+    frame=Frame(axes="WSne", axis=Axis(annot=True, tick=True)),
+)
 
 # Connect data points based on the record order [Default connection=None]
 fig.plot(x=x, y=y, pen="1.5p,dodgerblue")
@@ -32,7 +37,11 @@
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Middle: network
-fig.basemap(region=[-5, 5, -5, 5], projection="X6c", frame=["wSne", "af"])
+fig.basemap(
+    region=[-5, 5, -5, 5],
+    projection="X6c",
+    frame=Frame(axes="wSne", axis=Axis(annot=True, tick=True)),
+)
 
 # Connect data points as network
 fig.plot(x=x, y=y, pen="1.5p,dodgerblue", connection="n")
@@ -43,7 +52,11 @@
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Right: reference point
-fig.basemap(region=[-5, 5, -5, 5], projection="X6c", frame=["wSne", "af"])
+fig.basemap(
+    region=[-5, 5, -5, 5],
+    projection="X6c",
+    frame=Frame(axes="wSne", axis=Axis(annot=True, tick=True)),
+)
 
 # Connect data points with the reference point (0,0)
 fig.plot(x=x, y=y, pen="1.5p,dodgerblue", connection="p0/0")
diff --git a/examples/gallery/lines/envelope.py b/examples/gallery/lines/envelope.py
index 903b82657fe..bcf4f8b1227 100644
--- a/examples/gallery/lines/envelope.py
+++ b/examples/gallery/lines/envelope.py
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 # %%
 import pandas as pd
 import pygmt
+from pygmt.params import Axis, Frame
 
 # Define a pandas.DataFrame with columns for x and y as well as the lower and upper
 # deviations
@@ -41,7 +42,12 @@
 fig.basemap(
     region=[0, 10, -1.5, 1.5],
     projection="X10c",
-    frame=["WSne+tsymmetric deviations +d", "xa2f1", "ya1f0.1"],
+    frame=Frame(
+        axes="WSne",
+        title="symmetric deviations +d",
+        xaxis=Axis(annot=2, tick=1),
+        yaxis=Axis(annot=1, tick=0.1),
+    ),
 )
 
 # Plot a symmetrical envelope based on the deviations ("+d")
@@ -64,7 +70,12 @@
 fig.basemap(
     region=[0, 10, -1.5, 1.5],
     projection="X10c",
-    frame=["WSne+tasymmetric deviations +D", "xa2f1", "yf0.1"],
+    frame=Frame(
+        axes="WSne",
+        title="asymmetric deviations +D",
+        xaxis=Axis(annot=2, tick=1),
+        yaxis=Axis(tick=0.1),
+    ),
 )
 
 # Plot an asymmetrical envelope based on the deviations ("+D")
@@ -87,7 +98,12 @@
     region=[0, 10, -1.5, 1.5],
     projection="X10c",
     # Use "\\053" to handle "+b" as a string not as a modifier
-    frame=["wSnE+tbounds \\053b", "xa2f1", "ya1f0.1"],
+    frame=Frame(
+        axes="wSnE",
+        title="bounds \\053b",
+        xaxis=Axis(annot=2, tick=1),
+        yaxis=Axis(annot=1, tick=0.1),
+    ),
 )
 
 # Plot an envelope based on the bounds ("+b")
diff --git a/examples/gallery/lines/hlines_vlines.py b/examples/gallery/lines/hlines_vlines.py
index 96b6e07b019..72960e3aa99 100644
--- a/examples/gallery/lines/hlines_vlines.py
+++ b/examples/gallery/lines/hlines_vlines.py
@@ -12,12 +12,14 @@
 # In Cartesian coordinate systems lines are plotted as straight lines.
 
 import pygmt
-from pygmt.params import Box, Position
+from pygmt.params import Axis, Box, Frame, Position
 
 fig = pygmt.Figure()
 
 fig.basemap(
-    region=[0, 10, 0, 10], projection="X10c/10c", frame=["+tCartesian hlines", "af"]
+    region=[0, 10, 0, 10],
+    projection="X10c/10c",
+    frame=Frame(title="Cartesian hlines", axis=Axis(annot=True, tick=True)),
 )
 
 # Add a horizontal line at y=9
@@ -37,7 +39,9 @@
 fig.shift_origin(xshift="w+2c")
 
 fig.basemap(
-    region=[0, 10, 0, 10], projection="X10c/10c", frame=["+tCartesian vlines", "af"]
+    region=[0, 10, 0, 10],
+    projection="X10c/10c",
+    frame=Frame(title="Cartesian vlines", axis=Axis(annot=True, tick=True)),
 )
 # Add a vertical line at x=1
 fig.vlines(x=1, pen="1.5p,red3", label="Line 1")
@@ -64,7 +68,11 @@
 
 fig = pygmt.Figure()
 
-fig.basemap(region="g", projection="R15c", frame=["+tGeographic hlines", "af"])
+fig.basemap(
+    region="g",
+    projection="R15c",
+    frame=Frame(title="Geographic hlines", axis=Axis(annot=True, tick=True)),
+)
 # Add a line at 70°N
 fig.hlines(y=70, pen="1.5p,red3", label="Line 1")
 # Add a line at 50°N with longitude limits at 20°E and 160°E
@@ -75,7 +83,11 @@
 
 fig.shift_origin(xshift="w+2c")
 
-fig.basemap(region="g", projection="R15c", frame=["+tGeographic vlines", "af"])
+fig.basemap(
+    region="g",
+    projection="R15c",
+    frame=Frame(title="Geographic vlines", axis=Axis(annot=True, tick=True)),
+)
 # Add a line at 70°E
 fig.vlines(x=70, pen="1.5p,red3", label="Line 1")
 # Add a line at 20°E with latitude limits at 50°S and 70°N
@@ -95,7 +107,11 @@
 
 fig = pygmt.Figure()
 
-fig.basemap(region=[0, 360, 0, 1], projection="P10c", frame=["+tPolar hlines", "af"])
+fig.basemap(
+    region=[0, 360, 0, 1],
+    projection="P10c",
+    frame=Frame(title="Polar hlines", axis=Axis(annot=True, tick=True)),
+)
 # Add a line along radius=0.8
 fig.hlines(y=0.8, pen="1.5p,red3", label="Line 1")
 # Add a line along radius=0.5 with azimuth limits at 30° and 160°
@@ -106,7 +122,11 @@
 
 fig.shift_origin(xshift="w+2c")
 
-fig.basemap(region=[0, 360, 0, 1], projection="P10c", frame=["+tPolar vlines", "af"])
+fig.basemap(
+    region=[0, 360, 0, 1],
+    projection="P10c",
+    frame=Frame(title="Polar vlines", axis=Axis(annot=True, tick=True)),
+)
 # Add a line along azimuth=120°
 fig.vlines(x=120, pen="1.5p,red3", label="Line 1")
 # Add a line along azimuth=190° with radius limits at 0.2 and 0.8
diff --git a/examples/gallery/lines/line_custom_cpt.py b/examples/gallery/lines/line_custom_cpt.py
index a1a45920fe0..274b45aaf39 100644
--- a/examples/gallery/lines/line_custom_cpt.py
+++ b/examples/gallery/lines/line_custom_cpt.py
@@ -15,12 +15,15 @@
 # %%
 import numpy as np
 import pygmt
+from pygmt.params import Axis, Frame
 
 # Create a list of values between 20 and 30 with 0.2 intervals
 x = np.arange(start=20, stop=30, step=0.2)
 
 fig = pygmt.Figure()
-fig.basemap(frame=["WSne", "af"], region=[20, 30, -10, 10])
+fig.basemap(
+    frame=Frame(axes="WSne", axis=Axis(annot=True, tick=True)), region=[20, 30, -10, 10]
+)
 
 # Create a custom CPT with the batlow CPT and 10 discrete z-values (colors),
 # use color_model="+c0-9" to write the color palette in categorical format and
diff --git a/examples/gallery/lines/wiggle.py b/examples/gallery/lines/wiggle.py
index 22393499c02..586a394386b 100644
--- a/examples/gallery/lines/wiggle.py
+++ b/examples/gallery/lines/wiggle.py
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 # %%
 import numpy as np
 import pygmt
-from pygmt.params import Position
+from pygmt.params import Axis, Frame, Position
 
 # Create (x, y, z) triplets
 x = np.arange(-7, 7, 0.1)
@@ -20,7 +20,11 @@
 z = 50 * np.exp(-((x / 3) ** 2)) * np.cos(2 * np.pi * x)
 
 fig = pygmt.Figure()
-fig.basemap(region=[-8, 12, -1, 1], projection="X10c", frame=["Snlr", "xa2f1"])
+fig.basemap(
+    region=[-8, 12, -1, 1],
+    projection="X10c",
+    frame=Frame(axes="Snlr", xaxis=Axis(annot=2, tick=1)),
+)
 fig.wiggle(
     x=x,
     y=y,
diff --git a/examples/gallery/seismology/velo_arrow_ellipse.py b/examples/gallery/seismology/velo_arrow_ellipse.py
index 6db53b7ecde..5fd2cff95bc 100644
--- a/examples/gallery/seismology/velo_arrow_ellipse.py
+++ b/examples/gallery/seismology/velo_arrow_ellipse.py
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 # %%
 import pandas as pd
 import pygmt
+from pygmt.params import Axis, Frame
 
 fig = pygmt.Figure()
 df = pd.DataFrame(
@@ -31,7 +32,7 @@
     data=df,
     region=[-10, 8, -10, 6],
     projection="x0.8c",
-    frame=["WSne", "2g2f"],
+    frame=Frame(axes="WSne", axis=Axis(annot=2, grid=2, tick=True)),
     spec="e0.2/0.39+f18",
     uncertainty_fill="lightblue1",
     pen="0.6p,red",
diff --git a/examples/gallery/symbols/datetime_inputs.py b/examples/gallery/symbols/datetime_inputs.py
index 8fb975d947b..6d564a6f02a 100644
--- a/examples/gallery/symbols/datetime_inputs.py
+++ b/examples/gallery/symbols/datetime_inputs.py
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@
 import pandas as pd
 import pygmt
 import xarray as xr
+from pygmt.params import Axis, Frame
 
 fig = pygmt.Figure()
 
@@ -36,7 +37,7 @@
 fig.basemap(
     projection="X15c/5c",
     region=[datetime.date(2010, 1, 1), datetime.date(2020, 6, 1), 0, 10],
-    frame=["WSen", "af"],
+    frame=Frame(axes="WSen", axis=Axis(annot=True, tick=True)),
 )
 
 # numpy.datetime64 types
diff --git a/examples/gallery/symbols/multi_parameter_symbols.py b/examples/gallery/symbols/multi_parameter_symbols.py
index 72480aba063..4dae9d60375 100644
--- a/examples/gallery/symbols/multi_parameter_symbols.py
+++ b/examples/gallery/symbols/multi_parameter_symbols.py
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 # %%
 import pygmt
+from pygmt.params import Axis, Frame
 
 # %%
 # We can plot multi-parameter symbols using the same symbol style. We need to define
@@ -70,7 +71,11 @@
 #   arguments are directions given in degrees counter-clockwise from horizontal
 
 fig = pygmt.Figure()
-fig.basemap(region=[0, 7, 0, 4], projection="x3c", frame=["xa1f0.2", "ya0.5f0.1"])
+fig.basemap(
+    region=[0, 7, 0, 4],
+    projection="x3c",
+    frame=Frame(xaxis=Axis(annot=1, tick=0.2), yaxis=Axis(annot=0.5, tick=0.1)),
+)
 
 # Ellipse
 data = [[0.5, 1, 45, 3, 1], [0.5, 3, 135, 2, 1]]
diff --git a/examples/gallery/symbols/points_categorical.py b/examples/gallery/symbols/points_categorical.py
index d9098b29871..6278e6c9167 100644
--- a/examples/gallery/symbols/points_categorical.py
+++ b/examples/gallery/symbols/points_categorical.py
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 # %%
 import pandas as pd
 import pygmt
+from pygmt.params import Axis, Frame
 
 # Load sample penguins data
 df = pd.read_csv("https://github.com/mwaskom/seaborn-data/raw/master/penguins.csv")
@@ -51,11 +52,12 @@
 fig.basemap(
     region=region,
     projection="X10c/10c",
-    frame=[
-        "xafg+lBill length (mm)",
-        "yafg+lBill depth (mm)",
-        "WSen+tPenguin size at Palmer Station",
-    ],
+    frame=Frame(
+        axes="WSen",
+        title="Penguin size at Palmer Station",
+        xaxis=Axis(annot=True, tick=True, grid=True, label="Bill length (mm)"),
+        yaxis=Axis(annot=True, tick=True, grid=True, label="Bill depth (mm)"),
+    ),
 )
 
 # Define a colormap for three categories, define the range of the
diff --git a/examples/gallery/symbols/points_transparency.py b/examples/gallery/symbols/points_transparency.py
index 8b6e8299e51..790f51f748d 100644
--- a/examples/gallery/symbols/points_transparency.py
+++ b/examples/gallery/symbols/points_transparency.py
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 # %%
 import numpy as np
 import pygmt
+from pygmt.params import Axis, Frame
 
 # prepare the input x and y data
 x = np.arange(0, 105, 5)
@@ -19,7 +20,10 @@
 fig = pygmt.Figure()
 fig.basemap(
     region=[-5, 105, 0, 2],
-    frame=["xaf+lTransparency level+u%", "WSrt"],
+    frame=Frame(
+        axes="WSrt",
+        xaxis=Axis(annot=True, tick=True, label="Transparency level", unit="%"),
+    ),
     projection="X15c/6c",
 )
 fig.plot(x=x, y=y, style="c0.6c", fill="blue", pen="1p,red", transparency=transparency)
diff --git a/examples/gallery/symbols/scatter.py b/examples/gallery/symbols/scatter.py
index c62575c4852..e0f12b72958 100644
--- a/examples/gallery/symbols/scatter.py
+++ b/examples/gallery/symbols/scatter.py
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 # %%
 import numpy as np
 import pygmt
+from pygmt.params import Axis, Frame
 
 rng = np.random.default_rng(seed=19680801)
 n = 200  # number of random data points
@@ -20,7 +21,11 @@
 fig.basemap(
     region=[-1, 1, -1, 1],
     projection="X10c/10c",
-    frame=["xa0.5fg", "ya0.5fg", "WSrt"],
+    frame=Frame(
+        axes="WSrt",
+        xaxis=Axis(annot=0.5, tick=True, grid=True),
+        yaxis=Axis(annot=0.5, tick=True, grid=True),
+    ),
 )
 for fill in ["gray73", "darkorange", "slateblue"]:
     # Generate standard normal distributions centered on 0
diff --git a/examples/projections/nongeo/cartesian_linear.py b/examples/projections/nongeo/cartesian_linear.py
index 7f9c6ebd43c..1e92966d2d4 100644
--- a/examples/projections/nongeo/cartesian_linear.py
+++ b/examples/projections/nongeo/cartesian_linear.py
@@ -19,10 +19,15 @@
 
 # %%
 import pygmt
+from pygmt.params import Axis, Frame
 
 fig = pygmt.Figure()
 # The region parameter is specified as xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax
-fig.basemap(region=[0, 10, 0, 50], projection="X15c/10c", frame=["afg", "+gbisque"])
+fig.basemap(
+    region=[0, 10, 0, 50],
+    projection="X15c/10c",
+    frame=Frame(fill="bisque", axis=Axis(annot=True, tick=True, grid=True)),
+)
 fig.plot(x=[3, 9, 2], y=[4, 9, 37], pen="2p,black")
 # Plot data points on top of the line
 # Use squares with a size of 0.3 centimeters, an "orange" fill and a "black" outline
diff --git a/examples/projections/nongeo/cartesian_logarithmic.py b/examples/projections/nongeo/cartesian_logarithmic.py
index f69c47b0732..f612d18e245 100644
--- a/examples/projections/nongeo/cartesian_logarithmic.py
+++ b/examples/projections/nongeo/cartesian_logarithmic.py
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 # %%
 import numpy as np
 import pygmt
+from pygmt.params import Axis, Frame
 
 # Create a list of x-values 0-100
 xline = np.arange(0, 101)
@@ -29,7 +30,12 @@
     # Set a logarithmic transformation on the x-axis
     projection="X15cl/10c",
     # Set the figure's frame and color as well as annotations, ticks, and gridlines
-    frame=["WSne+gbisque", "xa2g3", "ya2f1g2"],
+    frame=Frame(
+        axes="WSne",
+        fill="bisque",
+        xaxis=Axis(annot=2, grid=3),
+        yaxis=Axis(annot=2, tick=1, grid=2),
+    ),
 )
 
 # Set the line thickness to "2p", the color to "black", and the style to "dashed"
diff --git a/examples/projections/nongeo/cartesian_power.py b/examples/projections/nongeo/cartesian_power.py
index b5f856713ed..2b7195b4cc9 100644
--- a/examples/projections/nongeo/cartesian_power.py
+++ b/examples/projections/nongeo/cartesian_power.py
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 # %%
 import numpy as np
 import pygmt
+from pygmt.params import Axis, Frame
 
 # Create a list of y-values 0-10
 yvalues = np.arange(0, 11)
@@ -28,7 +29,12 @@
     projection="X15cp0.5/10c",
     # Set the figures frame as well as annotations and ticks
     # The "p" forces to show only square numbers as annotations of the x-axis
-    frame=["WSne+gbisque", "xfga1p", "ya2f1g"],
+    frame=Frame(
+        axes="WSne",
+        fill="bisque",
+        xaxis=Axis(annot="1p", tick=True, grid=True),
+        yaxis=Axis(annot=2, tick=1, grid=True),
+    ),
 )
 
 # Set the line thickness to "thick" (equals "1p", i.e. 1 point)
diff --git a/examples/projections/nongeo/polar.py b/examples/projections/nongeo/polar.py
index 05f8820272f..3924b04dbad 100644
--- a/examples/projections/nongeo/polar.py
+++ b/examples/projections/nongeo/polar.py
@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@
 
 # %%
 import pygmt
+from pygmt.params import Axis, Frame
 
 fig = pygmt.Figure()
 
@@ -61,7 +62,11 @@
     # Set map width to 5 cm
     projection="P5c",
     # Set the frame and title; @^ allows for a line break within the title
-    frame=["xa45f", "+gbisque+tprojection='P5c' @^ region=[0, 360, 0, 1]"],
+    frame=Frame(
+        fill="bisque",
+        title="projection='P5c' @^ region=[0, 360, 0, 1]",
+        xaxis=Axis(annot=45, tick=True),
+    ),
 )
 
 fig.shift_origin(xshift="w+3c")
@@ -75,7 +80,11 @@
     # standard angle
     projection="P5c+a",
     # Set the frame and title; @^ allows for a line break within the title
-    frame=["xa45f", "+gbisque+tprojection='P5c+a' @^ region=[0, 360, 0, 1]"],
+    frame=Frame(
+        fill="bisque",
+        title="projection='P5c+a' @^ region=[0, 360, 0, 1]",
+        xaxis=Axis(annot=45, tick=True),
+    ),
 )
 
 fig.shift_origin(xshift="w+3c")
@@ -89,7 +98,13 @@
     # standard angle
     projection="P5c+a",
     # Set the frame and title; @^ allows for a line break within the title
-    frame=["xa45f", "ya0.2", "WNe+gbisque+tprojection='P5c+a' @^ region=[0, 90, 0, 1]"],
+    frame=Frame(
+        axes="WNe",
+        fill="bisque",
+        title="projection='P5c+a' @^ region=[0, 90, 0, 1]",
+        xaxis=Axis(annot=45, tick=True),
+        yaxis=Axis(annot=0.2),
+    ),
 )
 
 fig.shift_origin(xshift="-2w-6c", yshift="-h-2c")
@@ -103,11 +118,13 @@
     # standard angle, rotate coordinate system counterclockwise by 45 degrees
     projection="P5c+a+t45",
     # Set the frame and title; @^ allows for a line break within the title
-    frame=[
-        "xa30f",
-        "ya0.2",
-        "WNe+gbisque+tprojection='P5c+a+t45' @^ region=[0, 90, 0, 1]",
-    ],
+    frame=Frame(
+        axes="WNe",
+        fill="bisque",
+        title="projection='P5c+a+t45' @^ region=[0, 90, 0, 1]",
+        xaxis=Axis(annot=30, tick=True),
+        yaxis=Axis(annot=0.2),
+    ),
 )
 
 fig.shift_origin(xshift="w+3c", yshift="1.3c")
@@ -122,11 +139,13 @@
     # standard angle, rotate coordinate system counterclockwise by 45 degrees
     projection="P5c+a+t45",
     # Set the frame, and title; @^ allows for a line break within the title
-    frame=[
-        "xa30f",
-        "ya",
-        "WNse+gbisque+tprojection='P5c+a+t45' @^ region=[0, 90, 3480, 6371]",
-    ],
+    frame=Frame(
+        axes="WNse",
+        fill="bisque",
+        title="projection='P5c+a+t45' @^ region=[0, 90, 3480, 6371]",
+        xaxis=Axis(annot=30, tick=True),
+        yaxis=Axis(annot=True),
+    ),
 )
 
 fig.shift_origin(xshift="w+3c")
@@ -142,11 +161,13 @@
     # is marked as depth
     projection="P5c+a+t45+z",
     # Set the frame, and title; @^ allows for a line break within the title
-    frame=[
-        "xa30f",
-        "ya",
-        "WNse+gbisque+tprojection='P5c+a+t45+\\z' @^ region=[0, 90, 3480, 6371]",
-    ],
+    frame=Frame(
+        axes="WNse",
+        fill="bisque",
+        title="projection='P5c+a+t45+\\z' @^ region=[0, 90, 3480, 6371]",
+        xaxis=Axis(annot=30, tick=True),
+        yaxis=Axis(annot=True),
+    ),
 )
 
 fig.show()
diff --git a/examples/tutorials/advanced/3d_perspective_image.py b/examples/tutorials/advanced/3d_perspective_image.py
index aec98b5b9fe..0dc70274028 100644
--- a/examples/tutorials/advanced/3d_perspective_image.py
+++ b/examples/tutorials/advanced/3d_perspective_image.py
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 
 # %%
 import pygmt
+from pygmt.params import Axis, Frame
 
 # Load sample earth relief data
 grid = pygmt.datasets.load_earth_relief(resolution="10m", region=[-108, -103, 35, 40])
@@ -28,7 +29,7 @@
     # degrees
     perspective=[130, 30],
     # Sets the x- and y-axis labels, and annotates the west, south, and east axes
-    frame=["xa", "ya", "WSnE"],
+    frame=Frame(axes="WSnE", xaxis=Axis(annot=True), yaxis=Axis(annot=True)),
     # Sets a Mercator projection on a 15-centimeter figure
     projection="M15c",
     # Sets the height of the three-dimensional relief at 1.5 centimeters
@@ -44,7 +45,7 @@
 fig.grdview(
     grid=grid,
     perspective=[130, 30],
-    frame=["xa", "yaf", "WSnE"],
+    frame=Frame(axes="WSnE", xaxis=Axis(annot=True), yaxis=Axis(annot=True, tick=True)),
     projection="M15c",
     zsize="1.5c",
     surftype="surface",
@@ -60,7 +61,7 @@
 fig.grdview(
     grid=grid,
     perspective=[130, 30],
-    frame=["xa", "yaf", "WSnE"],
+    frame=Frame(axes="WSnE", xaxis=Axis(annot=True), yaxis=Axis(annot=True, tick=True)),
     projection="M15c",
     zsize="1.5c",
     surftype="surface",
@@ -83,7 +84,11 @@
     grid=grid,
     # Set the azimuth to -130 (230) degrees and the elevation to 30 degrees
     perspective=[-130, 30],
-    frame=["xaf", "yaf", "WSnE"],
+    frame=Frame(
+        axes="WSnE",
+        xaxis=Axis(annot=True, tick=True),
+        yaxis=Axis(annot=True, tick=True),
+    ),
     projection="M15c",
     zsize="1.5c",
     surftype="surface",
diff --git a/examples/tutorials/advanced/cartesian_histograms.py b/examples/tutorials/advanced/cartesian_histograms.py
index 5b66707befd..79beb5eec44 100644
--- a/examples/tutorials/advanced/cartesian_histograms.py
+++ b/examples/tutorials/advanced/cartesian_histograms.py
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 # Import the required packages
 import numpy as np
 import pygmt
-from pygmt.params import Pattern
+from pygmt.params import Axis, Frame, Pattern
 
 # %%
 # Generate random data from a normal distribution:
@@ -55,7 +55,11 @@
     projection="X10c",  # Cartesian projection with a width of 10 centimeters
     # Add frame, annotations ("a"), ticks ("f"), and y-axis label ("+l") "Counts"; the
     # numbers give the steps of annotations and ticks
-    frame=["WStr", "xaf10", "ya1f1+lCounts"],
+    frame=Frame(
+        axes="WStr",
+        xaxis=Axis(annot=True, tick=10),
+        yaxis=Axis(annot=1, tick=1, label="Counts"),
+    ),
     data=data01,
     # Set the bin width via the "series" parameter
     series=10,
@@ -74,7 +78,11 @@
 fig.histogram(
     region=[0, 200, 0, 0],
     projection="X10c",
-    frame=["WStr", "xaf10", "ya1f1+lCounts"],
+    frame=Frame(
+        axes="WStr",
+        xaxis=Axis(annot=True, tick=10),
+        yaxis=Axis(annot=1, tick=1, label="Counts"),
+    ),
     data=data01,
     series=10,
     fill="red3",
@@ -101,7 +109,11 @@
 fig.histogram(
     region=[0, 200, 0, 0],
     projection="X10c",
-    frame=["WSne", "xaf10", "ya1f1+lCounts"],
+    frame=Frame(
+        axes="WSne",
+        xaxis=Axis(annot=True, tick=10),
+        yaxis=Axis(annot=1, tick=1, label="Counts"),
+    ),
     data=data01,
     series=10,
     # Draw a 1-point thick, dotted outline in "red3"
@@ -117,7 +129,11 @@
 fig.histogram(
     region=[0, 200, 0, 0],
     projection="X10c",
-    frame=["WSne", "xaf10", "ya1f1+lCounts"],
+    frame=Frame(
+        axes="WSne",
+        xaxis=Axis(annot=True, tick=10),
+        yaxis=Axis(annot=1, tick=1, label="Counts"),
+    ),
     data=data02,
     series=10,
     # Draw a 1.5-point thick, dashed outline in "orange"
@@ -143,7 +159,11 @@
 fig.histogram(
     region=[0, 200, 0, 0],
     projection="X10c",
-    frame=["WSnr", "xaf10", "ya1f1+lCounts"],
+    frame=Frame(
+        axes="WSnr",
+        xaxis=Axis(annot=True, tick=10),
+        yaxis=Axis(annot=1, tick=1, label="Counts"),
+    ),
     data=data02,
     series=10,
     fill="orange",
@@ -159,7 +179,11 @@
     region=[0, 200, 0, 0],
     projection="X10c",
     # Add suffix % (+u)
-    frame=["lSnE", "xaf10", "ya2f1+u%+lFrequency percent"],
+    frame=Frame(
+        axes="lSnE",
+        xaxis=Axis(annot=True, tick=10),
+        yaxis=Axis(annot=2, tick=1, unit="%", label="Frequency percent"),
+    ),
     data=data02,
     series=10,
     fill="orange",
@@ -186,7 +210,11 @@
 fig.histogram(
     region=[0, 200, 0, len(data01) + 1],
     projection="X10c",
-    frame=["WSne", "xaf10", "ya5f1+lCounts"],
+    frame=Frame(
+        axes="WSne",
+        xaxis=Axis(annot=True, tick=10),
+        yaxis=Axis(annot=5, tick=1, label="Counts"),
+    ),
     data=data01,
     series=10,
     fill="red3",
@@ -202,7 +230,11 @@
 fig.histogram(
     region=[0, 200, 0, len(data01) + 1],
     projection="X10c",
-    frame=["wSnE", "xaf10", "ya5f1+lCumulative counts"],
+    frame=Frame(
+        axes="wSnE",
+        xaxis=Axis(annot=True, tick=10),
+        yaxis=Axis(annot=5, tick=1, label="Cumulative counts"),
+    ),
     data=data01,
     series=10,
     # Fill bars with GMT pattern 8, with white background and black foreground.
@@ -238,7 +270,11 @@
 fig.histogram(
     region=[0, 200, 0, 0],
     projection="X10c",
-    frame=["WSne", "xaf10", "ya1f1+lCounts"],
+    frame=Frame(
+        axes="WSne",
+        xaxis=Axis(annot=True, tick=10),
+        yaxis=Axis(annot=1, tick=1, label="Counts"),
+    ),
     data=data01,
     series=10,
     fill="red3",
@@ -289,7 +325,11 @@
 fig.histogram(
     region=[0, 200, 0, 0],
     projection="X10c",
-    frame=["WSne", "xaf10", "ya1f1+lCounts"],
+    frame=Frame(
+        axes="WSne",
+        xaxis=Axis(annot=True, tick=10),
+        yaxis=Axis(annot=1, tick=1, label="Counts"),
+    ),
     data=data_merge,
     series=10,
     fill="orange",
@@ -337,7 +377,11 @@
 fig.histogram(
     region=[0, 200, 0, 0],
     projection="X10c",
-    frame=["WSne", "xaf10g10", "ya1f1+lCounts"],
+    frame=Frame(
+        axes="WSne",
+        xaxis=Axis(annot=True, tick=10, grid=10),
+        yaxis=Axis(annot=1, tick=1, label="Counts"),
+    ),
     data=data01,
     series=binwidth,
     fill="red3",
diff --git a/examples/tutorials/advanced/date_time_charts.py b/examples/tutorials/advanced/date_time_charts.py
index d198b3c7d70..0f650a5aac3 100644
--- a/examples/tutorials/advanced/date_time_charts.py
+++ b/examples/tutorials/advanced/date_time_charts.py
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 import pandas as pd
 import pygmt
 import xarray as xr
+from pygmt.params import Axis, Frame
 
 # %%
 # Using Python's ``datetime``
@@ -42,7 +43,7 @@
 fig.plot(
     projection="X10c/5c",
     region=[datetime.date(2010, 1, 1), datetime.date(2014, 12, 1), 0, 6],
-    frame=["WSen", "afg"],
+    frame=Frame(axes="WSen", axis=Axis(annot=True, tick=True, grid=True)),
     x=x,
     y=y,
     style="c0.3c",
@@ -79,7 +80,7 @@
         0,
         6,
     ],
-    frame=["WS", "af"],
+    frame=Frame(axes="WS", axis=Axis(annot=True, tick=True)),
     x=x,
     y=y,
     style="c0.4c",
@@ -112,7 +113,7 @@
 fig.plot(
     projection="X10c/5c",
     region=["2016-01-01", "2017-01-01", 0, 6],
-    frame=["WSen", "afg"],
+    frame=Frame(axes="WSen", axis=Axis(annot=True, tick=True, grid=True)),
     x=x,
     y=y,
     style="a0.45c",
@@ -145,7 +146,7 @@
 fig.plot(
     projection="X10c/5c",
     region=[datetime.datetime(2020, 1, 1), datetime.datetime(2021, 3, 1), 0, 6],
-    frame=["WSen", "afg"],
+    frame=Frame(axes="WSen", axis=Axis(annot=True, tick=True, grid=True)),
     x=x,
     y=y,
     style="i0.4c",
@@ -175,7 +176,7 @@
 fig.plot(
     projection="X10c/10c",
     region=[datetime.datetime(2017, 12, 31), datetime.datetime(2019, 12, 31), 0, 10],
-    frame=["WSen", "ag"],
+    frame=Frame(axes="WSen", axis=Axis(annot=True, grid=True)),
     x=x,
     y=y,
     style="i0.4c",
@@ -203,7 +204,7 @@
 fig.plot(
     projection="X10c/10c",
     region=[datetime.datetime(2020, 1, 1), datetime.datetime(2021, 4, 1), 0, 10],
-    frame=["WSen", "ag"],
+    frame=Frame(axes="WSen", axis=Axis(annot=True, grid=True)),
     x=x,
     y=y,
     style="n0.4c",
@@ -231,7 +232,7 @@
 fig.plot(
     projection="X10c/10c",
     region=[datetime.datetime(2010, 1, 1), datetime.datetime(2012, 6, 1), 0, 10],
-    frame=["WS", "ag"],
+    frame=Frame(axes="WS", axis=Axis(annot=True, grid=True)),
     x=x,
     y=y,
     style="s0.5c",
@@ -270,7 +271,7 @@
 fig.plot(
     region=region,
     projection="X15c/10c",
-    frame=["WSen", "afg"],
+    frame=Frame(axes="WSen", axis=Axis(annot=True, tick=True, grid=True)),
     x=df.Date,
     y=df.Score,
     style="c0.4c",
@@ -286,20 +287,19 @@
 #
 # This example focuses on annotating the axes and setting the interval in which the
 # annotations should appear. All of these modifications are passed to the ``frame``
-# parameter and each item in that list modifies a specific aspect of the frame.
+# parameter via a :class:`pygmt.params.Frame` object.
 #
-# Adding ``"WS"`` means that only the Western/Left (**W**) and Southern/Bottom (**S**)
-# borders of the plot are annotated. For more information on this, please refer to the
+# Setting ``axes="WS"`` in :class:`pygmt.params.Frame` means that only the
+# Western/Left (**W**) and Southern/Bottom (**S**) borders of the plot are annotated.
+# For more information on this, please refer to the
 # :doc:`Frames, ticks, titles, and labels tutorial </tutorials/basics/frames>`.
 #
-# Another important item in the list passed to ``frame`` is ``"sxa1Of1D"``. This string
-# modifies the secondary annotation (**s**) of the x-axis (**x**). Specifically, it sets
-# the main annotation and major tick spacing interval to one month (**a1O**) (capital
-# letter O, not zero). Additionally, it sets the minor tick spacing interval to 1 day
-# (**f1D**). To use the month name instead of its number set :gmt-term:`FORMAT_DATE_MAP`
-# to **o**. More information on configuring date formats can be found at
-# :gmt-term:`FORMAT_DATE_MAP`, :gmt-term:`FORMAT_DATE_IN`, and
-# :gmt-term:`FORMAT_DATE_OUT`.
+# Setting ``xaxis2=Axis(annot="1O", tick="1D")`` modifies the secondary x-axis
+# annotation interval to one month (**1O**) (capital letter O, not zero), and sets the
+# minor tick spacing interval to 1 day (**1D**). To use the month name instead of its
+# number set :gmt-term:`FORMAT_DATE_MAP` to **o**. More information on configuring
+# date formats can be found at :gmt-term:`FORMAT_DATE_MAP`, :gmt-term:`FORMAT_DATE_IN`,
+# and :gmt-term:`FORMAT_DATE_OUT`.
 
 x = pd.date_range("2013-05-02", periods=10, freq="2D")
 y = [4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 5, 8, 9, 4, 2]
@@ -309,7 +309,13 @@
     fig.plot(
         projection="X15c/10c",
         region=[datetime.datetime(2013, 5, 1), datetime.datetime(2013, 5, 25), 0, 10],
-        frame=["WS", "sxa1Of1D", "pxa5d", "sy+lLength", "pya1+ucm"],
+        frame=Frame(
+            axes="WS",
+            xaxis=Axis(annot="5d"),
+            yaxis=Axis(annot=1, unit="cm"),
+            xaxis2=Axis(annot="1O", tick="1D"),
+            yaxis2=Axis(label="Length"),
+        ),
         x=x,
         y=y,
         style="c0.4c",
@@ -344,7 +350,13 @@
             0,
             10,
         ],
-        frame=["WS", "sxa1K", "pxa6H", "sy+lSpeed", "pya1+ukm/h"],
+        frame=Frame(
+            axes="WS",
+            xaxis=Axis(annot="6H"),
+            yaxis=Axis(annot=1, unit="km/h"),
+            xaxis2=Axis(annot="1K"),
+            yaxis2=Axis(label="Speed"),
+        ),
         x=x,
         y=y,
         style="n0.4c",
diff --git a/examples/tutorials/advanced/grid_equalization.py b/examples/tutorials/advanced/grid_equalization.py
index 09e0beaefe8..f0ed159d8ea 100644
--- a/examples/tutorials/advanced/grid_equalization.py
+++ b/examples/tutorials/advanced/grid_equalization.py
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 
 # %%
 import pygmt
-from pygmt.params import Frame, Position
+from pygmt.params import Axis, Frame, Position
 
 # %%
 # Load sample data
@@ -52,7 +52,11 @@
             projection="X?",
             region=[500, 3600, 0, 20],
             series=[500, 3600, 100],
-            frame=["wnSE", "xaf+lElevation (m)", "yaf+lPercent frequency"],
+            frame=Frame(
+                axes="wnSE",
+                xaxis=Axis(annot=True, tick=True, label="Elevation (m)"),
+                yaxis=Axis(annot=True, tick=True, label="Percent frequency"),
+            ),
             cmap=True,
             histtype=1,
             pen="1p,black",
@@ -125,7 +129,11 @@
             projection="X?",
             region=[-1, divisions, 0, 40],
             series=[0, divisions, 1],
-            frame=["wnSE", "xaf+lRelative elevation", "yaf+lPercent frequency"],
+            frame=Frame(
+                axes="wnSE",
+                xaxis=Axis(annot=True, tick=True, label="Relative elevation"),
+                yaxis=Axis(annot=True, tick=True, label="Percent frequency"),
+            ),
             cmap=True,
             histtype=1,
             pen="1p,black",
@@ -180,7 +188,11 @@
             projection="X?",
             region=[-4.5, 4.5, 0, 20],
             series=[-4.5, 4.5, 0.2],
-            frame=["wnSE", "xaf+lRelative elevation", "yaf+lPercent frequency"],
+            frame=Frame(
+                axes="wnSE",
+                xaxis=Axis(annot=True, tick=True, label="Relative elevation"),
+                yaxis=Axis(annot=True, tick=True, label="Percent frequency"),
+            ),
             cmap=True,
             histtype=1,
             pen="1p,black",
@@ -251,7 +263,11 @@
             projection="X?",
             region=[-1, divisions, 0, 40],
             series=[0, divisions, 1],
-            frame=["wnSE", "xaf+lRelative elevation", "yaf+lPercent frequency"],
+            frame=Frame(
+                axes="wnSE",
+                xaxis=Axis(annot=True, tick=True, label="Relative elevation"),
+                yaxis=Axis(annot=True, tick=True, label="Percent frequency"),
+            ),
             cmap=True,
             histtype=1,
             pen="1p,black",
diff --git a/examples/tutorials/advanced/non_ascii_text.py b/examples/tutorials/advanced/non_ascii_text.py
index fb88c50e46f..a3f339a8a42 100644
--- a/examples/tutorials/advanced/non_ascii_text.py
+++ b/examples/tutorials/advanced/non_ascii_text.py
@@ -23,12 +23,18 @@
 
 # %%
 import pygmt
+from pygmt.params import Axis, Frame
 
 fig = pygmt.Figure()
 fig.basemap(
     region=[0, 5, 0, 6],
     projection="X14c/7c",
-    frame=["xaf+lDistance (°)", "yaf+lValue (‰)", "WSen+tTitle: α² ± β²"],
+    frame=Frame(
+        axes="WSen",
+        title="Title: α² ± β²",
+        xaxis=Axis(annot=True, tick=True, label="Distance (°)"),
+        yaxis=Axis(annot=True, tick=True, label="Value (‰)"),
+    ),
 )
 
 fig.text(
diff --git a/examples/tutorials/advanced/subplots.py b/examples/tutorials/advanced/subplots.py
index 4a19f177def..628adc727e0 100644
--- a/examples/tutorials/advanced/subplots.py
+++ b/examples/tutorials/advanced/subplots.py
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 
 # %%
 import pygmt
-from pygmt.params import Frame
+from pygmt.params import Axis, Frame
 
 # %%
 # Let's start by initializing a :class:`pygmt.Figure` instance.
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@
     ncols=2,
     figsize=("15c", "6c"),
     tag=True,
-    frame=["af", "WSne"],
+    frame=Frame(axes="WSne", axis=Axis(annot=True, tick=True)),
     margins=["0.1c", "0.2c"],
     title="My Subplot Heading",
 ):
@@ -207,17 +207,26 @@
 # Bottom row, two subplots
 with fig.subplot(nrows=1, ncols=2, figsize=("15c", "3c"), tag="b)"):
     fig.basemap(
-        region=[0, 5, 0, 5], projection="X?", frame=["af", "WSne"], panel=[0, 0]
+        region=[0, 5, 0, 5],
+        projection="X?",
+        frame=Frame(axes="WSne", axis=Axis(annot=True, tick=True)),
+        panel=[0, 0],
     )
     fig.basemap(
-        region=[0, 5, 0, 5], projection="X?", frame=["af", "WSne"], panel=[0, 1]
+        region=[0, 5, 0, 5],
+        projection="X?",
+        frame=Frame(axes="WSne", axis=Axis(annot=True, tick=True)),
+        panel=[0, 1],
     )
 # Move plot origin by 1 cm above the height of the entire figure
 fig.shift_origin(yshift="h+1c")
 # Top row, one subplot
 with fig.subplot(nrows=1, ncols=1, figsize=("15c", "3c"), tag="a)"):
     fig.basemap(
-        region=[0, 10, 0, 10], projection="X?", frame=["af", "WSne"], panel=[0, 0]
+        region=[0, 10, 0, 10],
+        projection="X?",
+        frame=Frame(axes="WSne", axis=Axis(annot=True, tick=True)),
+        panel=[0, 0],
     )
     fig.text(text="TEXT", x=5, y=5)
 
diff --git a/examples/tutorials/basics/text.py b/examples/tutorials/basics/text.py
index 9e4a5857f77..afe05353ff5 100644
--- a/examples/tutorials/basics/text.py
+++ b/examples/tutorials/basics/text.py
@@ -197,7 +197,11 @@
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Left: Add a tag to a subplot
-fig.basemap(region=[-5, 5, -5, 5], projection="X5c", frame=["WStr", "af"])
+fig.basemap(
+    region=[-5, 5, -5, 5],
+    projection="X5c",
+    frame=Frame(axes="WStr", axis=Axis(annot=True, tick=True)),
+)
 
 fig.text(
     text="(a)",
@@ -210,7 +214,11 @@
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Right: Add a text label outside of the plot or map frame
-fig.basemap(region=[-30, 30, 10, 60], projection="L0/35/23/47/5c", frame=["wSnE", "af"])
+fig.basemap(
+    region=[-30, 30, 10, 60],
+    projection="L0/35/23/47/5c",
+    frame=Frame(axes="wSnE", axis=Axis(annot=True, tick=True)),
+)
 
 fig.text(
     text="@@100 km",  # "@@" gives "@" in GMT or PyGMT
diff --git a/pygmt/helpers/testing.py b/pygmt/helpers/testing.py
index dad621f71c9..1b2820612b0 100644
--- a/pygmt/helpers/testing.py
+++ b/pygmt/helpers/testing.py
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@ def check_figures_equal(*, extensions=("png",), tol=0.0, result_dir="result_imag
     >>> import pytest
     >>> import shutil
     >>> from pygmt import Figure
+    >>> from pygmt.params import Axis, Frame
     >>> from pathlib import Path
 
     >>> @check_figures_equal(result_dir="tmp_result_images")
@@ -46,7 +47,9 @@ def check_figures_equal(*, extensions=("png",), tol=0.0, result_dir="result_imag
     ...     fig_ref.basemap(projection="X5c", region=[0, 5, 0, 5], frame=True)
     ...     fig_test = Figure()
     ...     fig_test.basemap(
-    ...         projection="X5c", region=[0, 5, 0, 5], frame=["WrStZ", "af"]
+    ...         projection="X5c",
+    ...         region=[0, 5, 0, 5],
+    ...         frame=Frame(axes="WrStZ", axis=Axis(annot=True, tick=True)),
     ...     )
     ...     return fig_ref, fig_test
     >>> test_check_figures_equal()
diff --git a/pygmt/src/colorbar.py b/pygmt/src/colorbar.py
index 9d9f1261d79..b00761f92f6 100644
--- a/pygmt/src/colorbar.py
+++ b/pygmt/src/colorbar.py
@@ -47,6 +47,16 @@ def _build_frame(
     ['xa1f0.5g0.2+lDistance+a30', 'y+lkm']
     >>> list(_build_frame(frame=["xaf0.5+lDistance", "y+lkm"]))
     ['xaf0.5+lDistance', 'y+lkm']
+    >>> from pygmt.params import Axis, Frame
+    >>> list(
+    ...     _build_frame(
+    ...         frame=Frame(
+    ...             xaxis=Axis(annot=True, tick=0.5, label="Distance"),
+    ...             yaxis=Axis(label="km"),
+    ...         )
+    ...     )
+    ... )
+    ['xaf0.5+lDistance', 'y+lkm']
 
     >>> _build_frame(frame="none")
     'none'
diff --git a/pygmt/src/grdview.py b/pygmt/src/grdview.py
index 228f193ca00..0cf823d7b59 100644
--- a/pygmt/src/grdview.py
+++ b/pygmt/src/grdview.py
@@ -255,6 +255,7 @@ def grdview(  # noqa: PLR0913
     Example
     -------
     >>> import pygmt
+    >>> from pygmt.params import Axis, Frame
     >>> # Load the 30 arc-minutes grid with "gridline" registration in a given region
     >>> grid = pygmt.datasets.load_earth_relief(
     ...     resolution="30m",
@@ -271,7 +272,7 @@ def grdview(  # noqa: PLR0913
     ...     perspective=[130, 30],
     ...     # Add a frame to the x- and y-axes
     ...     # Specify annotations on the south and east borders of the plot
-    ...     frame=["xa", "ya", "wSnE"],
+    ...     frame=Frame(axes="wSnE", xaxis=Axis(annot=True), yaxis=Axis(annot=True)),
     ...     # Set the projection of the 2-D map to Mercator with a 10 cm width
     ...     projection="M10c",
     ...     # Set the vertical scale (z-axis) to 2 cm
diff --git a/pygmt/tests/test_basemap.py b/pygmt/tests/test_basemap.py
index 24146e12a0e..238d4648617 100644
--- a/pygmt/tests/test_basemap.py
+++ b/pygmt/tests/test_basemap.py
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 
 import pytest
 from pygmt import Figure
-from pygmt.params import Axis
+from pygmt.params import Axis, Frame
 
 
 @pytest.mark.benchmark
@@ -31,7 +31,11 @@ def test_basemap_loglog():
     fig.basemap(
         region=[1, 10000, 1e20, 1e25],
         projection="X16cl/12cl",
-        frame=["WS", "x2+lWavelength", "ya1pf3+lPower"],
+        frame=Frame(
+            axes="WS",
+            xaxis=Axis(annot=2, label="Wavelength"),
+            yaxis=Axis(annot="1p", tick=3, label="Power"),
+        ),
     )
     return fig
 
@@ -45,7 +49,10 @@ def test_basemap_power_axis():
     fig.basemap(
         region=[0, 100, 0, 5000],
         projection="x1p0.5/-0.001",
-        frame=["x1p+lCrustal age", "y500+lDepth"],
+        frame=Frame(
+            xaxis=Axis(annot="1p", label="Crustal age"),
+            yaxis=Axis(annot=500, label="Depth"),
+        ),
     )
     return fig
 
diff --git a/pygmt/tests/test_config.py b/pygmt/tests/test_config.py
index 6a8c9bf3529..dd556e9bd15 100644
--- a/pygmt/tests/test_config.py
+++ b/pygmt/tests/test_config.py
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 
 import pytest
 from pygmt import Figure, config
+from pygmt.params import Axis, Frame
 
 
 @pytest.mark.mpl_image_compare
@@ -15,7 +16,9 @@ def test_config():
     # Change global settings of current figure
     config(FONT_ANNOT_PRIMARY="blue")
     fig.basemap(
-        region=[0, 10, 0, 10], projection="X5c/5c", frame=["af", "+tBlue Annotation"]
+        region=[0, 10, 0, 10],
+        projection="X5c/5c",
+        frame=Frame(title="Blue Annotation", axis=Axis(annot=True, tick=True)),
     )
 
     with config(FONT_LABEL="red", FONT_ANNOT_PRIMARY="red"):
@@ -23,14 +26,18 @@ def test_config():
         fig.basemap(
             region=[0, 10, 0, 10],
             projection="X5c/5c",
-            frame=["xaf+lred label", "yaf", "+tred annotation"],
+            frame=Frame(
+                title="red annotation",
+                xaxis=Axis(annot=True, tick=True, label="red label"),
+                yaxis=Axis(annot=True, tick=True),
+            ),
         )
 
     fig.shift_origin(xshift="7c")
     fig.basemap(
         region=[0, 10, 0, 10],
         projection="X5c/5c",
-        frame=["af", "+tBlue Annotation"],
+        frame=Frame(title="Blue Annotation", axis=Axis(annot=True, tick=True)),
     )
     # Revert to default settings in current figure
     config(FONT_ANNOT_PRIMARY="black")
@@ -85,7 +92,7 @@ def test_config_format_date_map():
         fig.basemap(
             region=["1969-7-21T", "1969-7-23T", 0, 1],
             projection="X2.5c/0.1c",
-            frame=["sxa1D", "S"],
+            frame=Frame(axes="S", xaxis2=Axis(annot="1D")),
         )
     return fig
 
diff --git a/pygmt/tests/test_geopandas.py b/pygmt/tests/test_geopandas.py
index 5202b2804f9..fea14c4626a 100644
--- a/pygmt/tests/test_geopandas.py
+++ b/pygmt/tests/test_geopandas.py
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 from pygmt import Figure, info, makecpt, which
 from pygmt.helpers import data_kind
 from pygmt.helpers.testing import skip_if_no
+from pygmt.params import Axis, Frame
 
 geopandas = pytest.importorskip("geopandas")
 shapely = pytest.importorskip("shapely")
@@ -118,7 +119,12 @@ def test_geopandas_plot3d_default_cube():
         perspective=[315, 25],
         region=[0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2],
         projection="X2c",
-        frame=["WsNeZ1", "xag", "yag", "zag"],
+        frame=Frame(
+            axes="WsNeZ1",
+            xaxis=Axis(annot=True, grid=True),
+            yaxis=Axis(annot=True, grid=True),
+            zaxis=Axis(annot=True, grid=True),
+        ),
         zscale=1.5,
     )
     return fig
@@ -151,7 +157,12 @@ def test_geopandas_plot3d_non_default_circle():
         perspective=[315, 25],
         region=[0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2],
         projection="X2c",
-        frame=["WsNeZ1", "xag", "yag", "zag"],
+        frame=Frame(
+            axes="WsNeZ1",
+            xaxis=Axis(annot=True, grid=True),
+            yaxis=Axis(annot=True, grid=True),
+            zaxis=Axis(annot=True, grid=True),
+        ),
         zscale=1.5,
         style="c0.2c",
     )
diff --git a/pygmt/tests/test_grdview.py b/pygmt/tests/test_grdview.py
index ede0fdb41f1..466a2c59666 100644
--- a/pygmt/tests/test_grdview.py
+++ b/pygmt/tests/test_grdview.py
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 from pygmt.exceptions import GMTParameterError, GMTTypeError
 from pygmt.helpers import GMTTempFile
 from pygmt.helpers.testing import load_static_earth_relief
+from pygmt.params import Axis, Frame
 
 
 @pytest.fixture(scope="module", name="region")
@@ -79,7 +80,9 @@ def test_grdview_image_dpi(grid):
             projection="M4c",
             surftype="image",
             dpi=dpi,
-            frame=["af", f"WSen+tdpi={dpi}"],
+            frame=Frame(
+                axes="WSen", title=f"dpi={dpi}", axis=Axis(annot=True, tick=True)
+            ),
             perspective=(225, 30),
         )
         fig.shift_origin(xshift="7c")
@@ -222,7 +225,11 @@ def test_grdview_with_perspective_and_zaxis_frame(xrgrid, region):
         projection=projection,
         perspective=[225, 30],
         zscale=0.005,
-        frame=["xaf", "yaf", "zaf"],
+        frame=Frame(
+            xaxis=Axis(annot=True, tick=True),
+            yaxis=Axis(annot=True, tick=True),
+            zaxis=Axis(annot=True, tick=True),
+        ),
     )
     return fig